Class Book_.WSi^ Copyii§ht>i- COPYRIGHT DEPOSm Many free countries have lost their lib- erty, and ours may lose hers; but if she shall, be it my proudest plume, not that I •was the last to desert, but that I never deserted her. To the sacred memory of the brave pioneers who made this Great State possible, this Httle book is affectionately dedicated by the author. WALLER'S HISTORY OF ILLINOIS BY ELBERT WALLER, A. M. TAMAROA, ILLINOIS 1920 SEVENTH EDITION WAGONER PRINTING COMPANY GALESBURG, ILLINOIS COPYRIGHT 192/ BY ELBERT WALLER FEB 18 1921 g)CU608793 PREFACE Illinois has contri1)uted so larg-ely to American history that we cannot fully comprehend the story of our beloved country unless we know something of tlie trials and triumphs of the people who have given to Illinois its prominence in national affairs. It is my aim here to present the important facts in Illinois history in chronological order and in brief and tangible shape without making any attempt at rhetorical display. Grateful acknowledgements are due to Ex- County Superintendent Mrs. Emma M. Bryan, of Murphysboro, to Ex-County Superintendent Mau- rice A. Mudd, of Chester, to Editor H. L. Farmer, of Tamaroa, to Dr. J. T. Marlow, of Tamaroa, to Dr. J. F. Snyder, of Virginia, to Captain Herman Mayhew, of Morgan Park Military Academy, and to many other friends who have been of material help in preparing the facts here presented. I Avish likewise to express my gratitude to the tens of thousands of teachers and students who have taught and studied earlier issues of this book and have patronized me so liberally; Elbert Waller WE ARE ININI" While on his journey down the Mississippi, Mar- quette discovered human footprints near the mouth of the Des Moines and by tracing them a distance of five or six miles he reached an Indian village. He called out in the Algonquin tongue, "Who are you?" and received the reply, ''We are Inini." This was in- terpreted to mean real men as distinguished from the Iroquois, whom they hated for their cruelty. From Inini it changed to Illini; the adjective ending, ese or ois, was added and it became Illinese and finally Illinois. From that time on, Illinois was a general term applied to all the Indians of this region. Cahokia Around near £ast St. Louis — the Largest Pyramid in the World — 102 feet high, 780 feet wide and 1080 feet long. Erected by hand, probably as early as 500 B. C. CHAPTER I THE ABORIGINES 1. Unsolved Problems. Who were the first men on Illinois soil and whence came they? These are questions that are as puzzling as the Sphinx's Rid- dle and questions that may never be answered. They left us their graves and their mounds, their only history. Whether these mounds were for an- cestral worship or the worship of a Supreme Being or whether they were for defense, we know not. As a race, whither did they go? Was each race ex- terminated by a succeeding one or were they all the ancestors of the Indians? These questions are like- wise^ unanswerable. They gave us their country, but its history vanished with those who made it. All we know is that the Indians were here when the white man came. Of those who were here we shall try to tell you. 2. Groups of Indians. Since the Indians were more or less nomadic it is hard to classify them and to tell just what lands each tribe occupied. Early explorers arrange those east of the Mississippi into 10 ILLIXOIS three great groups; the Muscogees, living in the south ; the Iroquois or Five Nations (rather eight nations), inhabiting the country from New York to the St. Lawrence and westward to the Great Lakes ; the Algonquins, the most powerful of them all, oc- cupying practically all the remaining territory. 3. The mini Federation. When LaSalle came he found the Indians, later known as the Illini Fed- eration, occupying most of the region drained by the Illinois river and its tributaries. This federation may be said to have been composed of the follow- ing: the Kaskaskias, the Cahokias, the Peorias ; the Tamaroas, and the Mitchigamies. 4. The Miami Federation. Next is the wise and daring Miami Federation. It was composed of the Miamis, the Eel-Rivers, the Weas, and the Pianke- shaws. They occupied a broad expanse of territory to the eastward. 5. Other Indians. Other tribes not in federa- tions were : the Winnebagoes, the Kickapoos, the Pottawatomies, the Sacs and Foxes who settled to- gether on Rock River, and the Shawnees who Avere not Algonquins but who came from Georgia and settled in the Ohio Valley.* Of the Winnebago tribe, Blanchard in his Llistory of the Northwest, says : *'The Winnebagoes were of the Sioux stock and may be set down as the most heroic of all, they never having been conquered on the field of battle, either by other tribes or even by the armies of the United States, as the fate of Custer's army in 1879 gives melancholy experience." * A Piankeshaw tradition says that they themselves al- waj^s lived here and that the Shawnees just came up out of the ground. ILLINOIS n 6. Early Indian Wans. Wars among these tribes were common, each struggling for the best hunting ground. The most noted will, alone, re- quire our attention. The Winnebagoes from the west, the Sacs, the Foxes and the Kickapoos from the north and the fierce Iroquois from the far east, made such inroads on the Illini that they became weak and discouraged. The Tamaroas were fol- lowed to the Mississippi and after hundreds of the "braves" were killed, 700 women and children were carried away as slaves. 7. Help from the French. In 1679 LaSalle built Fort Creve Cour on Peoria Lake, but while he w^as on an expedition down the Illinois and the Mississ- ippi rivers the fort was destroyed. Not to be dis- mayed, he, in 1682, built Fort St. Louis on what is now known as Starved Rock The Illini, with a ral- lying of their old courage, came to him and built up prosperous villages around him. (See 12.) 8. Cahokia and Kaskaskia. In 1700 the Kaskas- kias left Old Kaskaskia (where Utica now stands') and founded a New Kaskaskia (now usually spoken of as Old Kaskaskia), near the mouth of the river then given that name (now called Okaw). The Ca- hokias and the Tamaroas made a settlement at Tamaroa, later known as Cahokia, in what has long been known as the ''American Bottom," south of the city of East St. Louis. The Peorias went to the lake which now bears their name. Fear of the Iroquois seems to have been what prompted the Tamaroas and Cahokias to leave their old hunting ground but now, when they were at peace, many of them con- cluded to go back. Then other old but unexpected enemies appeared on the scene. (See 14.) 12 ILLINOIS StarA'ed Rock 9. The mini Exterminated. In 1769 a Peoria Indian, being bribed for a barrel of rum, killed Pon- tiac, an Ottawa chief, at Cahokia. This brought on a war from the tribes that had so long been loyal to him. The Iroquois had troubles at home and never joined in, but the Sacs and Foxes, the Potta- watomies, and the Kickapoos "never forgot" and in that same year, the last of that noble Federation, took refuge on the site of old Fort. St. Louis and there perished of thirst and hunger. From this tragic incident, Starved Rock gets its name. 10. The First and the Last. The maps on the two succeeding pages will show you about where they were when the white men found them and where they were when their lands came under the control of the United States of America. Their further history is uneventful except as they appear in the War of 1812 and in the Black Hawk War. ILLINOIS 13 His prairies and his forests have been transformed into fields of golden grain or into magnificent cities. On his trail has been built the railroad, on which mighty engines of commerce, in the hands of a new race, are pushing him onward and onward to that Land from which no traveler ever returns — his Happy Hunting Ground. "No more for them the wild deer bounds, The plow is on their hunting ground; The pale man's axe rings through their woods, The pale man's sail skims o'er their floods." si LOOBTJOtt OF I/JDIRNS teaz LOCATION OF IhDJAM3 I7SZ. Marquette's First Glimpse of Illinois CHAPTER II EXPLORATION, CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT 1673-1781 11. Marquette and Joliet. Father Jacques Mar- quette, a Jesuit priest, and Louis Joliet, a French Canadian fur trader, were the first white men to set foot on Illinois soil. In 1673 they crossed what is now Wisconsin, westward to the Mississippi, then sailed down that river and finally up the Illinois. Crossing overland from the headwaters of the latter, they returned by Lake Michigan to the mission at Green Bay, whence they started. Marquette re- turned to the mini country the next year, preached to the Indians and established a mission — the first ILLINOIS 17 church in Illinois. He soon became afflicted with that dread disease, consumption, and started to re- turn to Canada. On the south shore of Lake Mich- i^^an he died and was there buried. Later the In- dians took up his remains and, with great reverence, took them to the mission at St. Ignace. Joliet had command of the expedition and was later given the island of Anticosti for his services to France. Mar- quette went along as a subordinate. Public opinion honors Marquette the more and why not justly so? He wanted nothing for his services. He was a man of God "whose saintly character will long remain an inspiration to men of every creed and calling." "Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." The mission he es- tablished was called the Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin. It was kept up and it kept its name even after they moved to the new settlements of Tamaroa and Kaskaskia. It is the name by which the church and parish in the vicinity of Kaskaskia are still known. (See appen- dix IL) 12. LaSalle and Tonti. The French now re- solved to take possession of the Illini country and sent Robert Cavalier de LaSalle and Henry Tonti (an Italian) to build a line of forts. In 1679 they went to the south end of Peoria Lake, where they built Fort Creve Cour (see appendix 12), the oldest fortress in the state. An enemy of LaSalle's told the Indians that LaSalle was an Iroquois spy and caused them to be unfriendly to his party. They sailed down to the Gulf of Mexico, claimed all the country- for France and returning, built Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, orc^anized the Illini tribes and other 18 ILLINOIS tribes into another federation (see 3) in 1682. "From this fortress inaccessible as an eagle's nest, LaSalle looked down upon the homes of more than twenty thousand Indians." Leaving Tonti, he went to France and tried to return by way of the Gulf of Mexico, but he could not find the mouth of the Mississippi. He was finally assassinated by one of ■/ yj Robert Cavalier de LaSalle his own men, 1687. Thus died in the prime of his manhood, Robert Cavalier de LaSalle, "without doubt one of the most remarkable explorers whose names live in history." "Never, under the imper- ishable mail of paladin or crusader, beat a heart of more intrepid mettle." Tonti was greatly grieved at the death of LaSalle but he did not give up. He had been in the French military service and had lost his right arm in battle. Parkman says, "He was brave, loyal and generous, always vigilant and al- ways active, beloved and feared alike by the white man and the red." He was the man of the hour, the ILLINOIS 19 only one who could hold things together. He re- mained until the colony grew stronger and was moved to Cahokia and Kaskaskia at the mouth of the Okaw. Then he founded a colony at Natchez. Mississippi, and later went to the French colonies which had been established on the Gulf of Mexico, where he died in 1704. 13. Father Hennepin. Father Hennepin was with LaSalle and was sent to explore the upper Mississippi. He got as far as the Falls of St. An- thony, was captured by the Indians, escaped, re- turned to France and wrote what is thought to be a true account of his expedition. After LaSalle's death, Hennepin wrote a dififerent story, retracting his former one and claiming to have been the first to explore the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. The latter story is an impossible one as his dates are badly mixed. 14. Tamaroa, Kaskaskia, Louisiana. Other Frenchmen came over bringing their families. The Kaskaskias decided to abandon their old village and, in 1700, they formed at the mouth of the Kaskaskia River what has since been known as Kaskaskia. Here with them some of the French formed a set- tlement. Some of the white people also went to the Tamaroa (now Cahokia) settlement. It is thus evi- dent that the first two white settlements in Illinois, Tamaroa and Kaskaskia, were simultaneous — 1700. Since they were going down the river it is quite probable that the Tamaroa settlement was a day or two the earlier. In 1712, the Illinois country was made a part of the Louisiana Territory instead of a part of Canada. A man named Crozat, a favorite of the King, was given a franchise to mine the prec- 20 ILLINOIS ions metals from the hills of Illinois. He failed to g-et rich and this was followed by the Mississippi Scheme by the notorious John Law. (See John Law in Eng. Hist.) 15. Fort Chartres. In the year 1718 Louis XIV, King- of France, appointed Pierre Duque Boisbraint as Military Commandant in the Illinois Country, About 18 miles up the Mississippi from Kaskaskia he built a fortress and called it Fort Chartres. The stone of which it was built was brought from the bluffs to the east. It was not completed for about thirty years, but it cost a million dollars and prac- tically bankrupted the government of France. It was the greatest structure of its kind on the Wes- tern Continent, but it never fired a hostile shot. 16. Slavery Introduced. In the year 1719, just a hundred years after slavery was introduced into Virginia, Philip Renault bought five hundred slaves in San Domingo and brought them to Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres expecting to use them in mining- precious metals, of which the bluffs were supposed to be full. After this hallucination disappeared the slaves were sold to the planters. These slaves were the forefathers of the slave population of Illinois. 17. Surrender of Fort Chartres. When the brave General Wolfe and his men defeated the French at Quebec, the fate of the future Illinois was practically decided, for it led to the signing of the Treaty of Paris September 3rd, 1763, which provided that France g-ive all her territory east of the Mississippi to the English. The English proceeded with cau- tion to occupy their new territory and it was Octo- ber 10th, 1765, when Capt. Sterling, with his 42nd Highlanders, took possession of Fort Chartres, ILLINOIS 21 which we have said before was the seat of French government in Illinois. On the above date the Lilies of France came down from the flagstaff and the Union Jack (the flag of Great Britain adopted in 1707), went up in its place. The people were guar- anteed religious freedom and all the rights of British subjects if they would take the oath of allegiance to the King of England and if they chose to remain French subjects they were at liberty to go to French territory, taking along all their goods and chattels. Possibly as many as two-thirds of them went to St. Louis not knowing that region had been secretly ceded to Spain. • 18. Proclamation of George III. On the 24th day of October, 1765, George III issued a proclama- tion which forbade any of his ''loving subjects" to acquire title to any of this territory w^rested from the French. That he intended to divide the whole coun- try west of the Alleghenies into baronial estates and thus establish a government similar to the old Feu- dal System in a vast inland empire, cannot be doubted. 19. The Jury System Adopted. Hitherto the people had been content to allow the Priest to act as judge and jury in disputed cases but the Eno^lish wanted something different and the jury system was adopted. The first court in Illinois was convened at Fort Chartres December 9th, 1768. 20. Fort Gage. In 1772 the Mississippi over- flowed its banks and sw^ept away a part of Fort Chartres. The British had now an enemy that no bravery could daunt, so they built a fort near Kas- kaskia and called it Fort Gage, in honor of General Gage who had command of the British troops in Boston. 22 ILLINOIS ^ ^S*: Powder Magazine — the last relic af old Fort Chartres 21. The Quebec Act. In the year 1774, the Brit- ish Parliament .passed what was known as the ''Quebec Act," which annexed all the territory north of the Ohio to Canada. By virtue of their original charters, Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut claimed this territory. As might be expected, the people of these colonies did not like this high- handed way of doing business and resented it in words that forbode revolution. The sequel to this resistance to British tyranny may be attributed greatly to the character of the people and to their manner of living. The soil was fertile and it yielded abundantly to those who tilled it. Like- wise the forest furnished plenty of game for the hunter. So bountiful was the supply from field ILLINOIS 23 and forest that many of the people were employed in taking flatboats filled with produce down to- New Orleans. While most of them were of a reverential turn of mind, yet they were a "happy- g-o-lucky" sort of people and life passed merrily among them. Frolics were common and the Rev- erend Father was often the leading figure among them. 22. Three Indian Departments. On July 13th, 1775, the Continental Congress which was then in session at Philadelphia, established three Indian de- partments, viz : the Northern, the Middle and the Southern. The Illinois Country belonged to the Middle. This law never amounted to anything but it is worthy of mention because it was the first leg- islation in America concerning Illinois. 23. Clark's Daring Scheme. George Rogers Clark conceived the bold project of taking the Illi- nois Country from the British. This pleased Pat- rick Henry, Governor of Virginia, who on January 2nd, 1778, commissioned him Lieutenant Colonel, gave him orders to organize seven companies of fifty men each and to proceed to take the British post of Kaskaskia. The real object of raising these companies was kept a secret and, in order to delude British sympathizers, a public order was given to proceed to Kentucky and protect the settlers against the Indians. 24. Clark Starts to Take Kaskaskia. Colonel Clark, with three companies, went down the Ohio from Fort Pitt to Corn Island.. Here he was joined^ by about a hundred Kentuckians. For the first time- he made known the real object of the campaign.. About a hundred men deserted, leaving him about 24 ILLINOIS the same number as before but undoubtedly of bet- ter mettle. 25. Providential Aid. While going- down the river he was overtaken by Captain Linn who bore a message that France and America had formed an alliance. Smith's History of Illinois says this was Providential. It might be said to have been Provi- dential also that a party of hunters who knew the trails fell in with them. 26. Overland to Kaskaskia. Believing the Miss- issippi to be fortified, Colonel Clark chose to g^o overland to Kaskaskia, and landed about a mile above Fort Massac. On the 29th of June he started across the countrv. On the third day they got lost in what is now Williamson County. Suspecting the g-uide (one of the hunters), they threatened to kill him, but he found the trail and they reached the blufifs overlooking Kaskaskia on the sixth day — July 4th, 1778. 27. The Taking of Kaskaskia. The attack was well planned. His little army was divided into three divisions and under the cover of darkness, the left one was to cross the Kaskaskia River below the town ; the rig-ht was to cross above ; both to await orders from Clark who led the center into town. A big ''frolic" for which Kaskaskia was famous, was in progress and all were there, even the garrison. Leaving his men outside, Clark boldly walked in and stood, an interested spectator. An Indian brave discovered him and gave a war-whoop. All was ex- ^citement but Clark tried to quiet them, bidding them to go on with the dance, adding that he had "jest ■ drapped in" to tell them that they were dancinsr \under the flag of Virginia instead of the flag of ILLINOIS Great Britain. They were all ordered to give up their arms, to go to their homes and not to attempt to leave under penalty of death. The word was given to all the soldiers who immediately took pos- session of the town. The Union Jack came down and the Stars and Stripes went up. (See Clark's Memoirs.) The little army whose bravery had won this bloodless battle, paraded the streets all night, yelling like savages. Nobody slept. 28. Father Gibault's Plea. The next day, ''with fear and trembling," a number of the old men, led by Father Gibault, begged for mercy for his people and particularly that members of families should not be separated, possibly having in mind the treat- ment of the Acadians. Never did a bright manhood shine bore brightly through a rough exterior than when Clark answered, "Do you take us for sav- 26 r.LIXO^S ages?" and explained to them that their French brethren were in alliance with the Americans and that England was a common enemy. They all took the oath of allegiance to the United States of Amer- ica. Cahokia and all the adjacent community promptly yielded and Young America became firmly established on Illinois soil. 29. Captain Helm. In the autumn of this year, Captain Helm with a small force, not enough for a corporal's guard, went over to "Vincennes on the Wabash," persuaded the people to place themselves under American rule, and Captain Helm became Commandant. 30. The "Hair-buyer." On the 15th of the fol- lowing- December, Sir Henry Hamilton (the hair- buyer), with eighty red-coats and four hundred In- dian braves, advanced upon the fort at Vincennes and demanded its surrender. Captain Helm de- manded the honors of war. His terms were granted, and the "entire garrison, consisting of one officer and one man, walked out with colors flying." 31. Clark's Trip to Vincennes. "I must now take Hamilton or he will take me," said Colonel Clark. Accordingly, on February 10th, 1779, he started a keel-boat down the Mississippi with forty- six men and some supplies, to co-operate with him in command of his old soldiers and a company of Frenchmen, one hundred seventy in all, marching overland to Vincennes. In a brief work we cannot enumerate the hardships experienced on this expe- dition. Crossing the drowned lands of the Wabash would discourage anyone but men of mettle. By wading, swimming and rafting, they got through, the stronger helping the weaker, and on February 22nd they saw Vincennes. ILLINOIS 27 Clark Crossing: the Drowned Lands of the Wabash (From Anderson's Grammar School History, published by Chas. E. Merrill Co., Chicago and New York) 32. Clark's letter. The next day Colonel Clark sent in the following note : To the Inhabitants of Vinccnncs : Being now within two miles of your village with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and not being willing to surprise you, I take this opportunity to request such of you as are true citizens and willing to enjoy the liberty which I bring you, to remain still in your houses and those, if any there be, who are friends of the King, let them instantly repair to the fort and join the hair-buyer general and fight like men. If any of the latter do not go to the fort and shall be discovered afterwards, they may depend upon severe punishment. On the con- trary, those who are true friends to liberty, may depend upon being well treated and I once more request them to 28 ILLINOIS keep out of the streets, for every one I find in arms on my arrival shall be treated as an enemy. Respectfully yours, George Rogers Clark. 33. The Taking of Vincennes. As indicated, fire was opened on the fort that nio-ht. The fire was returned. This continued all nig-ht and practically all the next day. Late in the afternoon Hamilton signed articles of capitulation and the fort was for- mally delivered February 25th, 1779. Colonel Clark's army, two hundred sixteen men, had taken from Great Britain territory enough for an empire. 34. Clark's Last Days. Shall we follow this great man's career further? We fain would do so but a few words must sufifice. It often happens that those whom God means shall do good works are to be wrongly treated by the very ones whom they are to benefit. This case was no exception. Personally he was never paid anything nor was he in any way rewarded. He asked for a pension but Congress voted him a sword. He answered, 'T asked for bread and they gave me a toy." He suffered many years with rheumatism contracted in his country's service, and died neglected and in poverty, the same year that the Illinois Country which he had gained for America, became a state — 1818. 35. Illinois County Organized. Witchcraft. In 1778, the Legislature of Virginia created the ofTfice of Lieutenant-commandant of the Illinois Country and Governor Henry appointed John Todd of Kentucky, to fill the place. Todd ar- rived at Kaskaskia the next year and issued a proc- lamation organizing Illinois County. He appointed a Magistrate at Kaskaskia, one at Cahokia, and 1 ILLINOIS 29 another at Prairie du Rocher, to hold court at their respective places. He also appointed a Cap- tain of the Militia at each place to assist the Mas:- istrate in carrying out the laws. Among the early settlers superstition held sway and many still be- lieved in witchcraft. One negro at Kaskaskia and one at Cahokia were sentenced to be burned at the stake and their ashes scattered. Mr, Todd signed their death-warrant in 1777, and they were duly executed. Doubtless there were others, but these are the only ones of which we have any reliable record. Mr. Todd went to Kentucky in 1780 and was killed in a fight with the Indians. For the next ten years, Illinois was practically without any government. (See 43.) CHAPTER III '^WAY OUT WEST TO ILLINOY"'' 1781-1818 I hear the tread of pioneers, Of nations yet to be, The first low wash of waves, Where soon shall roll a human sea, — Whittier 36. Settlement of the American Bottom. Col. George Rogers Clark was not only a soldier. He was a pathfinder as well. After the Revolution, some of the men who had been with him emigrated to the Illinois Country and settled near the Mississ- ippi, above Kaskaskia, in what has since been known as the ''American Bottom." They were fol- lowed by other emigration parties from ''Back East." who pushed across the mountains to the Mononga- hela Valley or to Pittsburg, built large flat-boats or keel-boats on which they loaded all their belongings and finally landed somewhere in that strange new country — Illinois. Z7 . Keel-Boats. When the white man came to Illinois, it became necessary to establish trade routes. The pioneer boatment were quick to see their chance and built what was known as keel- boats, possibly fifteen or twenty feet wide and fifty or sixty feet long, and with these crafts they plied the Ohio and the Mississippi from Pittsburg to New Orleans. Regardless of the fact that they w^ere in constant danger of being attacked by Indians or ILLINOIS 81 other boatmen, they drank and gambled and had a glorious time generally as they went down, but the return trip was full of hardships. Often they could make no progress at all against the current and they had to go ahead and tie a rope to a tree, then pull themselves up "hands over," or wind the rope up on a windlass. It is not surprising that a trip often took a whole season. 38. Pioneer Boatmen. These boatmen were strong and courageous and knew what hardships were. They despised a life of ease and luxury. They feared neither God nor devil, and much further were they from fearing man. They often had to fight Indians and even sometimes competing crews fought to the death. It was their very nature to love excitement and if nothing else offered to provide it. they would often have a fight just to see who could whip. (See Pioneer Days by the Author.) 39. Duplicity of France. France (not individual Frenchmen like Lafayette) had agreed to help the United States in the Revolution more on account of her enmity to England than her good feeling for America, and when the negotiations which led to a treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain were in progress it was plain that the French representative was warmly supporting the claim of Spain to all territory west of the Alleghenies. Eng- land, dreading the combined power of France and Spain, did not prolong the controversy and the treaty of peace was signed September 3rd, 1783. This relinquished all of England's claim to territorv east of the Mississippi River and confirmed the title of the United States. 32 ILLINOIS 40. The First School in Illinois. The same year, 1783, Samuel J. Seeley taught the first school in Illi- nois. It was a subscription school and each family was supposed to pay in proportion to the number of children attending. It was at New Design in what is now Monroe County. 41. Claims to Illinois Surrendered. The states of New York, Virginia, Massachusetts and Connect- icut claimed the territory north of the Ohio River. The first had but little ground for its claim and gave it up in 1784. Virginia magnanimously ceded her clairn in 1784, with the understanding that the lands be sold to pay the war debts of the states. Massa- chusetts followed the same year and Connecticut ceded her claim in 1786. 42. The Ordinance of 1787. On July 13th, 1787, Congress passed a measure proposed by Thomas Jefiferson. It was a code of laws for the government of the Northwest Territory, and was known as the Ordinance of 1787. Some of the principal provis- ions were : that Congress should appoint a gov- ernor, a secretary and three judges to administer the laws ; that religious freedom should be guaran- teed ; that within its borders neither slavery nor in- voluntary servitude except as a punishment for crime should ever exist in any of the territory ; that it should eventually be divided into not less than three states and never into more than five states, each of which could be admitted into the Union when it had sixty thousand free inhabitants. Nearly fifty years afterwards Daniel Webster said, "We are accustomed to praise the great law-givers of an- tiquity, we help to perpetuate the fame of Solon and of Lycurbus, but I doubt whether one single law. ILLINOIS 33 ancient or modern, has produced effects more dis- tinct, marked and lasting in character than the Or- dinance of 1787." 43. General Arthur St. Clair. It may be said to have been three years after the adoption of the Or- dinance of 1787 before Illinois had any government at all. On October 5th, 1787, General Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor of the Northwest Ter- ritory. He spent some time in the present limits of Ohio and Indiana and reached Kaskaskia in 1790. On April 27th of the same year, he organized St. Clair County with Cahokia as the county seat, the first in the present state of Illinois. It included all the Illinois country south of the Illinois River and west of a line drawn from the mouth of Mackinaw Creek near the present citv of Pekin, to Fort Massac near the present city of Metropolis. 44. The First M. E. Church in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard founded the first Methodist church in Illinois in 1793. It was at Shiloh in the New De- sign settlement in Monroe County. 45. Randolph County Organized. Randolph County was organized October 5th, 1795. It in- cluded part of St. Clair County, being all of the Illi- nois Country south of a line drawn due east from the Mississippi, through the New Design settlement to the Wabash River. This division was made as a result of a misunderstanding between two of the officers. One was to be judge in Randolph County, the other in St. Clair. 46. The First Baptist Church in Illinois. The first Baptist church in Illinois was organized by Rev. David Badgley, at New Design, in 1796. 34 ILLINOIS 47. Indiana Territory. By act of Congress, May 7th, 1800, Ohio was cut out of the Northwest Terri- tory and the remainder was called Indiana Terri- tory. It was to be a territory of the first class, in which all the officers were appointed by the Gov- ernor. This law went into effect July 4th, 1800. ''Saint Vincennes" (Vincennes) became the capital and General William H. Harrison, the hero of Tip- pecanoe, was appointed governor. Old Fort Dearborn — The Beginning: of Cliicagro 48. Fort Dearborn Built. Almost immediately after the close of the Revolution, British subjects began to plan to annex the territory, north and west of the Ohio, to Quebec, and did all they could to create a hostile feeling between the Indians and American citizens. Accordingl3^ the United States Government thought it best to build a fort in this region. A spot on the eastern shore of Lake Mich- ILLINOIS 33 igan was selected at first, but the Chippewas and the Ottawas objected. The next place chosen was at the mouth of the ''Chicagou River." Here Fort Dearborn was built in 1804. It was named in honor of General Henry Dearborn, who was then Secre- tary of War. (See 54, 55, 100.) 49. Fort Massac. Aaron Burr. Tradition says that Fort Massac was built by Ferdinand DeSoto, the Spanish explorer, in 1542. Whether this is true, we know not, but it is a fact that the French occu- pied it as early as 1701. "Here Wilkinson, Sebas- tian, Powers and others, with Spanish, French and Creole women plotted to dismember the American Union, Here the gifted Aaron Burr rested, re- freshed himself and planned his southern expedi- tion ; his plot to make an empire out of the south- Avest and if events favored, to set himself on the throne of the Montezumas." (111. Hist. Library, Vol 8.) (See "Aaron Burr" in Elson's Side Fights on U. S. History.) 50. The First Masonic Lodge in Illinois. The first Masonic lodge in Illinois was organized at Kas- kaskia, September 13th, 1806, by seven pioneers who were bound by the mystic tie. The name of this lodge was "Western Star." 51. Illinois Territory Organized. On February 3rd, 1809, the State of Indiana was cut out of the Indiana Territory and the remainder was called Illi- nois Territory. Kaskaskia was the capital. An old atlas gives the following picture of the first capitol. 52. The First Steamboat in the West. In 1811, the same year as the great earthquake at New Mad- rid, the "New Orleans," the first steamboat west of the Alleghenies was built at Pittsburg and plied the ILLINOIS Capitol of Illinois Territory Ohio and the Mississippi for several years. Others were built and by 1818 a new era in navigation had been ushered in. The steamboat had come to stay and the death knell of the keel-boat had been sounded. 53. New Encouragement to Immigrants. Illi- nois Territory was changed to the second class on May 21st, 1812. This gave them the right to elect all town and county officers. The same year Galla- tin, Johnson and Madison counties were organized. All these had a tendency to encourage immigra- tion and the country rapidly filled up. 54. American Forts in Illinois. Prior to the war of 1812, British agents had been among the Indians of the Illinois Country and poisoned their minds against the Americans. With the declaration of war against England, the Indians began. The Ameri- cans had not been asleep but had built a line of forts or block houses from Alton to Kaskaskia, an- other from Kaskaskia to the salt works in the Wa- bash Valley, another along the Wabash and the ILLINOIS 37 Ohio, and one — Old Fort Dearborn — near where Dearborn Station. Chicago, now stands. The larg- est and strongest of these. Camp Russel at Edwards- ville, was made military headquarters for Illinois. Fort Dearborn Monument, Chicago 55. The Fort Dearborn Massacre. Captain Heald commanded a garrison of seventy men at Fort Dearborn and was ordered to evacuate it and go to Vincennes. He started, but on the next day, August 15th, 1812, the men with their women and children were attacked by overwhelming numbers of Indians and most of them were horribly massa- cred. This is known as the Dearborn Massacre. 56. The Rangers. Colonel William Russell, of Kentucky, organized a regiment of rangers — Ken- tuckians and Illinoisans. Governor Edwards or- dered him to Peoria, the Indian "hot-bed." Captain Craig went up the Illinois River with supplies to co-operate with him. The latter arrived first and re- 38 ILLINOIS ceived such a hot fire from the Indians that he could not land until Colonel Russell arrived. The In- dians, seeing themselves confronted by a superior force, fled. Captain Craig landed, burned the town, captured the remaining inhabitants, mostly French- men, and took them to Alton. (This last act was cruel and unnecessary.) The next year they re- turned to Peoria and built Fort Clark, burnt several Indian villages, then divided the force into three parts, leaving only a small garrison. One part went up the Illinois River and the other went among the Sacs and Foxes on Rock River. 57. Battle of Campbell's Island. Lieutenant Campbell, with two boats, led an expedition up the Mississippi, in 1814, and had a deadly encounter with the Indians on what has since been known as Campbell's Island. Later in the same year. Major Zachary Taylor, the same man who became presi- dent, made a similar expedition and had an encoun- ter with British and Indians. Neither expedition was a success, but the enemy won dear victories. 58. Muster Days. The experiences growing^ out of this war caused Congress to pass a law requiring all able-bodied men to practice military drill once each month. The days on which they met were called ''Muster days." After the officers had "bawled themselves hoarse" they would have a bar- becue, meantime they "swapped yarns" and "Sleights of art and feats of strength went round." These old-time Muster days, after they had served so good a purpose, degenerated into drunken brawls, usually ending in a free-for-all fight. When Andrew Jackson became President he recommended that musters be discontinued, and it was done. ILLINOIS 39 59. The Illinois Herald. On September 6th. 1814, Matthew Duncan published the first copy of the Illinois Herald. This was at Kaskaskia, and was the first newspaper in the state. There are now about two thousand. 60. Wildcat Banks. The Bank of Shawneetown, the Bank of Kaskaskia and the Bank of Edwards- ville were chartered by the territorial legislature in 1816. This was the beginning of ''Wildcat Bank? " Hitherto the settlers never had much money, though it must be remembered that anything of value served as a medium of exchange. 61. The Cumberland Presbyterian Church. At Sharon, in White County, the first church of this denomination was organized in 1816, by Rev. James McGready, a descendant of one of the organizers of that denomination. 62. The Covenanter Presbyterian Church. In 1817, Rev. Samuel Wylie organized the first Cove- nanter Presbyterian church in the state. This was in a httle grove just across the K-askaskia River from Kaskaskia. The well respected family of Wylies in Randolph County are his descendants. _ 63. Pioneer Travel. The quarter of a centurv immediately preceding and as long a time following the admission of Illinois as a state (1818), we might properly call "Pioneer Days." The complete story of the trials and triumphs of the brave pioneers of those days will never be written, but not even a brief work would serve its purpose if it said nothing of them. When the Englishman, the Scotchman, the Frenchman, the Irishman and the Swede left the ''Old Home," they did not come at the rate of forty 40 ILLINOIS miles an hour on a passenger train, but they came in boats or in a covered ("kivered") wagon drawn by oxen, ''way out west to lUinoy." A Train of Prairie Schooners (From Woodburn & Moran's American History, published by Long- mans, Green & Co., New York) 64. The Pioneer Settlements. Those who came from the New England states — New York, New Jer- sey and Delaware — settled principally in the north- ern part. People of Pennsylvania, Ohio and In- diana settled in the central part, while people from Maryland, The Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky settled in the southern part. For mutual protection several families came together and they formed a settlement near some stream where timber and water were plentiful. Every man had an axe, a rifle, a frow (fro), a drawing-knife, and he soon ILLINOIS 41 made a shaving-horse. Among them they would own one or more whipsaws. Thus equipped, they built^ their single-room log houses with "stick and clay" chimneys, their puncheon floors and their clap- board roofs. They made their furniture, for all the furniture( ?) they brought along was a skillet with an iron lid. The Lord sent manna from heaven to feed the Israelites and he was not less kind to the Pioneers. He filled the forest with deer which might be killed for food. Thus, through the help of Divine Providence, they had venison to eat and, figuratively and literally, kept the wolf from the door. Nor were the women and children idle while this was going on. They worked in the "clearino-" or did anything there was to do. This is the "start" these brave and good people had when they came into a region filled with wild animals and merciless Indian savages. 65. Pioneer Home, Clothing, Etc. In the sum- mers of the earlier days the feet were not hidden, "In the prison cells of pride" for they all went barefooted. The clothing was made of "buckskin" and they wore "coonskin" caps These were their "everyday" and their "Sunday" clothes, too, except that occasionally the girls were "Decked in their homespun flax and wool" which they had brought from the "old home back east. The fashion soon changed and they grew their own wool and cotton, they carded it, wove it, spun It and, on a home-made loom, wove it into cloth Then it was made into clothes for all the ^^^ J' „^^'^'^^" "Father" went to a log-rolling" Mother went, too, and took her "knitting" alon^ I he 'husking-bee" and the "apple-cutting" were 42 ILLINOIS common forms of sociability and of combining bus- iness with pleasure. 66. The Pioneer Church. The neighbors went into the forests and built the rude log church. On one side they put seats for the men and boys, and on the other they put seats for the girls and their mothers. The preacher was one of their number who worked through the week, studied his Bible at night and preached for two or three hours on Sun- day. "At church, with meek and unaffected grace, His looks adorned the venerable place; Truth from his lips prevailed with double sway, While fools who came to scoff remained to pray." The old ''camp-meeting," once so great a factor for good, is now a reality only in memory. 67. Pioneer Schools. Smith says, "teacher was like the seasons; he came and he went." He took anything of value for tuition and "boarded round." Though the people "All declared how much he knew," it is evident that his scholarship, as a general thing, "would not pass muster" now. Here is a copy set by one of them, "luck at the coppy carefull." Often the Bible was the only reader in the school. All were in the same Arithmetic class. They used slates and home-made soapstone (talc) pencils, home-made ink and quill pens. If they had a blackboard it was nothing but a board painted black and was for the teacher only. ILLINOIS 43 68. Thanatopsis. There were no fever ther- mometers and the good old mother was the family physician, the neighbors were the undertakers. "Yet e'en these bones from insult to protect, Some frail memorial still erected nigh, With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked. Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. Their name, their years, spelt b^'^ the unlettered muse, The place of fame and elegy supply. And many a holy text around she strews. That teach the rustic moralist to die." 69. Song of the Pioneers. The following is taken from an atlas published in 1878 : "A song for the early times out west, And our green old forest home. Whose pleasant memories freshly, yet Across the bosom come; A song for the free and gladsome life, In those early days we led. With a teeming soil beneath our feet. And a smiling Heaven o'erhead! Oh! the waves of life danced merrily. And had a joyous flow, In the days when we were pioneers. Some fifty years ago! But now our course of life is short. And as from day to day. We're walking on with halting steps. And fainting by the way. Another land more bright than this. To our dim sight appears. And on our way to it we'll soon Again be pioneers. Yet while w^e linger we may all A backward glance still throw. To the days when we were pioneers, -^ Some fifty years ago." 8eal of the State of Illinois CHAPTER IV A GREAT STATE AND GREAT PROBLEMS 1818-1860 70. The Enabling Act. On April 18th, 1818 Congress passed what was known as the EnabHnj^ Act. This law provided that the boundary of Illi- nois should be as follows: Beginning at the mouth of the Wabash River ; thence up the same and with the line of Indiana, to the northwest corner of said state; thence east with the line of said state to the middle of Lake Michigan ; thence north along the middle of said Lake to north latitude 42 degrees and 30 minutes ; thence west to the middle of the Mississippi River; thence down along the middle of that river to its confluence with the Ohio River ; thence up that river along the northwestern shore ILLINOIS 45 to the point of beginning. It further provided that when this territory had 40,000 inhabitants, the peo- ple were authorized to form a constitution and that it might become a state. Nathaniel Pope was our territorial delegate in Congress at the time and he drew up the Enabling Act, making the northern boundary 41 degrees 39 minutes. In that form it was recommended by the committee having it in charge, but when it was before Congress for passage he proposed an amendment which made it 42 de- grees 30 minutes north latitude. The amendment carried after much debating and thus it remains. Shadrach Bond 71. Illinois Admitted. The American Atlas, published a few years later, says the population of Illinois in 1818 was 35,220, but by a peculiar manipulation of figures in taking the census, it was claimed that Illinois had 40,000 people. Delegates 46 ILLINOIS were elected to a constitutional convention. The constitution was drawn up and agreed to by the del- egates (August 26th, 1818), but was never voted on by the people. An election was held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Congressman (one), and members of the General Assembly (State Legisla- ture). The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, the capi- tal, on October 5th, 1818, and Shadrach Bond, the Governor-elect, was duly inaugurated on the next day. John McLean had been elected to Congress and the Legislature elected Jesse B. Thomas and Ninian Edwards to the United States Senate. Mc- Lean, Thomas and Edwards went to Washington but Congress would not swear them in until it had approved the constitution. After strenuous opposi- tion, a bill approving it passed December 3rd. and President Monroe signed it the next day. Illinois thus became a state on December 4th, 1818. The home of a French planter was used as the capitol. 72. A Pro-slavery Trick. The advocates of sla- very knew that Congress would not admit Illinois to the Union unless the constitution contained an anti-slavery clause. With this in view they inserted a clause providing that, "Neither slavery nor invol- untary servitude shall hereafter be introduced." The trick in the word, "hereafter," was discovered, but men like William H. Harrison did not believe it was so intended and it passed. Subsequent events con- firmed the views of the most pessimistic in the mat- ter. 7?). Old Glory. By studying the history of our flag it will be seen that Congress had just adopted the present style of flag, i. e., thirteen stars and thir- teen stripes, with one star added for each state added ILLINOIS 47 to the original thirteen. Illinois' star appeared in the flag on July 4th, 1819. 74. Vandalia. The Black Code. In 1819, Gov- ernor Bond called the Legislature together and it passed a law locating the capital at Vandalia. It also passed what was known as the "Black Code." As the name rnight imply, it was concerning the negro. It provided : That a negro could not bring suit nor testify' in any court ; that if he were found ten miles from home he could be taken before a jus- tice" and whipped twenty-five lashes ; that un- less he had a certificate of freedom his services for one year could be sold by the sheriflF; that he might be sold on execution or mortgaged for his master's debts ; that no person could legally bring a slave to the state for the purpose of freeing him without giv- ing a bond of $1,000 guaranteeing that such slave would be a law-abiding and self-supporting citizen. The negro slave had a home and a master that would protect him butthe free negro was an outcast liable to all kinds of indignities even to being kidnapped and sold down the river. He therefore often made himself a voluntary slave to some master. 75. Records Moved to Vandalia. In the fall of 1820, at a cost of only twenty-five dollars, a young man, Sidney Breese, who later became United States Senator, moved the records to the new capi- tol, a two-story frame building at Vandalia. As an incident of pioneer life it might be noted that while Vandalia was the capital the members of the Legis- lature became tired of venison and wanted '"'civilized meat." 76. The State Bank. Banks everywhere in the country were failing and times were extremely hard. 48 ILLI^^OIS In order to satisfy a popular clamor, the Legislature, in 1820, passed a law organizing a State Bank. It was to be at Vandalia and to have branches at Brownsville, near where Miirphysboro now stands, at Edwardsville, at Albion and at Shawneetown. State Bank bills were issued to the amount of a half million dollars. Several of our wisest financiers were opposed to the state's going into the "wild cat bank" business, but the masses wanted it. The bills depreciated to thirty cents on the dollar and times were harder than before (except for members of the Legislature. That body passed a law that state offi- cers should be paid in this money at current value). 77. Dueling. In 1821, Timothy Burnett was hanged at Belleville for killing Alonzo C. Stewart in a duel. This was the only legal execution for duel- ing in Illinois. A peculiar code of honor made duel- ing common in the early days and it seemed that the only way to stop it was to stigmatize the victor as a criminal as well as to make death certain for both. 78. An Attempt to Legalize Slavery. In 1822, Edward Coles was elected governor. In his inau- gural address he advocated the repeal of the Black Laws, and this brought on a contest that lasted during his entire term. The slavery men, claiming no longer to be bound by the Ordinance of 1787, wanted to amend the constitution so as to legalize slavery in Illinois. Accordingly, in 1823, the Legis- lature, after unseating Nicholas Hansen, who op- posed the amendment, and seating John Shaw, who favored it, passed a resolution to submit to the peo- ple, the question of calling a convention to revise the constitution. Governor Coles spent his entire salary for four years ($4,000), fighting this measure. ILLINOIS Morris Birkbeck, a liberty-loving Englishman, Rev. John Mason Peck, a Yankee Baptist preacher, Hon. Henry Eddy, editor of the Illinois Emigrant at Shawneetov^n, and many others did valuabe service in the fight. It was voted on, August 2nd, 1824, and Edward Coles the anti-slavery men won by a majority of 1668. It might be added that Governor Coles, like many other good men, was very unpopular in his lifetime, but his name will long live in history as one who did most to prevent the legalizing of slavery in Illi- nois. 79. A New Capitol. In 1824, a new capitol, a two-story brick structure which cost $12,381.50, was built to replace the one built in 1820 which had been destroyed by fire. 80. Free Schools. The first law providing for a free school in Illinois was proposed by Joseph Dun- can, Representative from Jackson Count}^ It passed 50 ILLINOIS on January 15th, 1825. About the same time the public-spirited citizens of Edwards County built a schoolhouse with ''real glass windows." It was the first of its kind in the state. 81. Lafayette's Visit. In 1825, General Lafay- ette visited the state of Illinois and was received with great honor at Kaskaskia, at Vandalia and at Shawneetown. Reynolds says he was lame from a wound received in achieving our liberties and it seemed that his lameness added to his noble bearing as it told to the heart the story of the Revolution. 82. The Dunkards and the Universalists. In 1825, Rev George Wolf organized a church not far from the hill known as Bald Knob in Union County. It was dedicated to ''Religious Liberty," but was composed mostly of Dunkards and Universalists. S3. The State Bank "Whitewashed." Ninian Edwards, a former territorial governor, was elected governor in 1826. One of his first acts was to openly charge the management of the State Bank with wilful violation of the law. The Legislature "in- vestigated" and, as modern politicians put it, the whole thing was "whitewashed." One member of the Legislature, who was sent to Shawneetown to examine the bank reported that he found things in a flourishing condition with plenty of good whiskey there and sugar to sweeten it. Governor Edwards was what might be termed an aristocrat. He wore a coat trimmed in gold lace at his inaugural. 84. Shurtleff College Organized. On New Year's day, 1827, Dr. John Mason Peck organized "The Theological Seminary and High School" at Rock Springs, St. Clair County. It was the first ILLINOIS 61 seminary in the state. Later it was moved to Alton and is now Shurtleff College. 85. The Winnebago War. The so-called AVin- nebago War, in 1827, is one of the most disgraceful things recorded on the pages of history. The Win- nebagoes lived near Galena and the "Palefaces," by hundreds, were overrunning their lands in search of lead. Some boatmen from Fort Snelling, in a drink- ing carousal with the Indians, forced their squaws on the boats and pulled away, not returning until the next day. The Indians had sobered up. and in their righteous indignation attacked them. Several on each side were killed in the fight. Sixteen hun- dred soldiers came to the scene. Several Indians were arrested, tried for murder and executed. Ye Gods ! talk of Helen of Troy ! Had American wom- anhood been thus disgraced, the United States would have fought the world or the offender — not the defender — would have been punished. 86. McKendree College. In 1828. Rev. Peter Cartright organized McKendree College at Leb- anon, St. Clair County. It is the oldest college in the state, having a continuous record and among its products may be credited many of the leaders in our political, social, industrial and religious life. 87. The Free School Law Repealed. In 1829, the Duncan Free School Law was repealed and a new one passed providing for the sale of lands which had been donated by Congress for the benefit of the public schools. The object of the sale was, not to help the schools, but to loan the money to the state and help the tottering State Bank which had been the spoils of politicians for so many years. 52 ILLINOIS 88. A Peniteniary Built at Alton. In 1830, John Reynolds was elected governor. In the same year the Salt Works near Equality, which the United States had recently ceded to Illinois, were sold and the first penitentiary was built at Alton with the proceeds. 89. The State Bank Closed. lost a half million dollars in ' ciering-," the State Bank went 1831, its charter having expired After the state had high-handed finan- out of business in Black Hawk 90. Black Hawk Abdicates. The Black Hawk War occurred in 1831-2. Several years before some ILLINOIS 53 Indians of the Sac and Fox tribes, while intoxicated, had transferred to the United States most of the lands in the region of Rock River belonging to the tribes, reserving it until the land was sold to actual settlers. Black Hawk, the Sac Chief, objected on the ground of fraud. Now that Keokuk, a rival chief, had ceded all his lands east of the Mississippi, and that his own village had been taken while he was away hunting, he could no longer endure it. His war-like spirit was for a while appeased by an old friend, a fur trader at Rock Island. The people, who were themselves usurpers, did not feel secure! and called on Governor Reynolds for protection. Sixteen hundred soldiers were soon on the scene. Black Hawk and his famishing followers of men, women and children, crossed the Mississippi west- ward. On January 26th, 1832, the troops burned his village. Four days later he gave up all claim to Illi- nois soil. 9\. The Black Hawk War. In the spring of 1832 he started across the northwest corner of Illi- nois, going to his friends, the Winnebagoes, in Wis- consin, to beg a place to plant corn, and was or- dered back. He did not heed. Governor Reynolds, with all the pomp of an Alexander with eighteen hundred rnen, met him near Dixon. Here a man nam^d Stillman, while leading a reconnoitering party, met a half dozen "Braves" under a flag of truce and fired on them. "Black Hawk's spirit rose high in his bosom" at such an act. He attacked Stillman and killed twelve of his men, putting the rest^ to flight. This disgraceful scene was the real beginning of the war. 92. Black Hawk Surrenders. The time of most of the soldiers had now expired and thev went home. 54 ILLINOIS but a new army of twenty-seven hundred men was raised. This was in addition to General Scott's army of one thousand men at Fort Dearborn which did no service on account of the cholera. Black Hawk, seeing;- this formidable force arrayed asfainst him, fled. He was pursued and in a series of con- flicts more than a hundred of his men were killed. He finally surrendered to the Winnebag^oes and was turned over to the United States authorities, Au- g-ust 27th, and the war was over. 93. Black Hawk's Speech. It had taken over seven thousand troops and had cost over a million dollars to put four hundred men with their starving- families off the land of which they had been robbed. The Federal Court decided that nothing but honor- able warfare could be charged against him and he was released in 1833. "Black Hawk is an Indian; he has done nothing of which an Indian need to be ashamed. He has fought the battles of his countrymen against^ the white men, who came year after year to cheat therfi and take away their lands. You know the cause of our making war — it is known to all white men — thev ought to be ashamed of it. The white men despise the Indians and drive them from their homes, but the Indians are not deceitful. The white men speak bad of the Indian and look at him spitefully, but the Indian does not tell lies. Indians do not steal. Black Hawk is satisfied. He will go to the world of spirits contented. He has done his duty. His Father will meet him and reward him." — Extract from a speech delivered by Black Hawk when he was turned over by the Winne- bagoes to the United States authorities. 94. A Short Term Governor. In 1834, Governor Reynolds was elected to Congress and on November 17th of that year he resigned the office of Governor, whereupon Acting Lieutenant Governor William L. D. Ewing became governor. ILLINOIS 55 95. Extravagance. State Banks. Surplus Reve- nue. On December 3rd, 1834, Joseph Duncan was inaug-urated g-overnor. He advocated a free school system, a series of internal improvements and a state bank. The Legislature ignored the school question but the same year it passed a law to incorporate a company to construct the Illinois and Michigan canal. Then, in anticipation of securing loans from the government according to President Jackson's policy, they passed other laws organizing the State Bank, and to revive the defunct Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown. For political reasons these banks never got any money that was distributed to "Pet Banks," though in 1836 Congress divided among the states, the money that had accumulated in the na- tional treasury. Illinois received $335,000. It was to be added to the School Fund and is known as the surplus revenue. This was technically a loan but really a gift. The state used the money and pays interest on it into the school fund. 96. The I. O. O. F. Organized. On Christmas day, 1835, the first lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the state was organized at Alton. It was named Western Star Lodge. 97. Another New Capitol. The state was be- ginning to need a new capitol and several cities were rivals with Vandalia for its location. Hoping to settle the matter for all time to come, the public- spirited citizens of Vandalia, in 1836, tore down the capitol that had been erected in 1824, and built a commodious brick structure at a cost of $16,000. It was used by Fayette County as a Court House for over eisfhtv years, but has been bought by the State of Illinois. 56 ILLINOIS Jjsist state House at Vandalia, (As it was) 98. The Internal Improvement Craze. The people were wild on internal improvements. Gov- ernor Duncan awakened to the situation and strong- ly counselled economy, but to no avail. In 1837, the Legislature authorized the construction of a series of railroads, canals, etc., that raJsed the state debt from $217,276 to $6,668,784, 99. The Murder of Lovejoy. On November 7th, 1837, Elijah P. Lovejoy was murdered by a pro- slavery mob at Alton, because he published an anti- slavery paper. Several presses had been destroyed and he was defending a new one against an ex- cited crowd when the fatal shot was fired. Almost prophetic of his impending death he had said only a few days before, "The present excitement will soon be over; the voice of conscience will at last be heard and in some season of honest thought you will be ILLINOIS 57 compelled to say, 'He was right.' " He was the first to lay down his life in that awful struggle for liberty, and his martyrdom is spoken of as the beginning of the end of slavery. Lovejoy Monument, Alton. Illinois 100. Chicago Incorporated. "Gone West." The city of Chicago was incorporated in 1837 and Wil- liam B. Ogden was elected the first mayor. A short time previous to this, the Pottowatomie band con- sisting of over five thousand, visited Chicago for the last time and found substantial buildings where the grass had grown for ages. This war-like band had already made a treaty to go west of the Missouri, and now fully realized that they must take up the lot of the exile. They engaged in a mimic war- dance, then silently and sadly took their departure for the unknown west. 58 ILLINOIS 101. The First Railroad in Illinois. The Great Northern Cross Raih-oad which had been plan- ned to run from Spring-field to Quincy (see 98), was completed from Springfield to Meredosia, a distance of about twenty-five miles. An engine was brought from Pittsburg and put on it November 8th, 1838. This was the first in the state. 102. The Necessity of Economy. Thomas Car- lin was inaugurated governor December 7th, 1838. He became alarmed at the financial difficulties con- fronting the State and, following the example of his illustrious predecessor, he "about-faced" and coun- selled economy. The Legislature now saw that they were right and tried as hard to save money as prev- ious ones had to spend it. 103. The Great Epidemic. In the summer and fall of 1838, a great epidemic of chills and fever raged in Southern Illinois. For a period of over four months there was scarcely any rain. The dews no longer fell and the sun was mercilessly warm. In the meantime suflfering and death reigned su- preme. In going through these regions, travelers would often find homes in which every member of the family was sick. What a blessing it was that a stranger should be guided by Divine Providence to the lonely cabin to give a cup of cold water to the sick and the dying! It continued until after the great eclipse of the sun on September 18th. The Indians said the Great Spirit was angry and many others thought the Judgment Day was at hand, but the sun came out bright as ever and that was fol- lowed by a good rain. The air w^as purified and the pestilence vanished. ILLINOIS 69 104. The Capitol Moved to Springfield. Greatly through the influence of Abraham Lincoln, who was then a Representative, the capital was moved to Springfield in 1839. The old Presbyterian Church was used as a capitol pending the completion of the one being built by the state. (The capitol built this year is now the Sangamon County Court House.) James G. Bimey 105. The First Anti-slavery Candidate. In the presidential canvass of 1840, other things besides "log cabin and hard cider" were thought of. The martyrdom of Lovejoy had its results, the question of slavery was brought into national politics and James G. Birney, of Fulton County, became the first candidate for president on the Anti-slavery ticket. 106. The State Becomes Bankrupt. Thomas Ford was inaugurated governor December 8th, 1842. The state was in deplorable shape, financially. Many 60 ILLINOIS wild expenditures had been made until in 1842 the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown and the State Bank at Spring-field became bankrupt. The state lost heavily in each of these and in all its speculative schemes. The people awakened from their delusive dream of munificence and splendor, found the state $14,000,000 in debt, its credit to such a low ebb that its bonds sold with difficulty at fourteen cents on the dollar and nothing to show for it except a rail- road from Meredosia to Springfield (101), which was afterwards sold for $100,000 in state bonds. There was now open talk of repudiating the state debt but Governor Ford took a very decided stand in favor of paying the whole of it w^ithout defalcation or dis- count. His wise counsel prevailed and the credit of the state was saved. 107. The State Superintendent of Schools. In 1844, the Legislature created the office of State Su- perintendent of Public Schools, but for the sake of economy it was provided that the Secretary of State should perform the duties of the office. TSee 119.) 108. The Mormon Trouble. The Mormons, or Latter Day Saints, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County, and became a power in Illinois politics. They secured favors from each party, Whigs and Democrats, until they became so strong as to main- tain their owm militia and to defy the authority of the state. Things came to a crisis in 1844 when Jo- seph Smith and Hyrum Smith, his brother, were ar- rested for counterfeiting, placed in the county jail at Carthage and were murdered by a mob. A reign of chaos followed but in 1846 the Mormons went to Utah and established Salt Lake Citv. There were ILLINOIS 61 sixteen thousand of them, and it is said to have taken twelve hundred wagons. 109. A Ruling Against Slavery. In 1845, the United States Supreme Court decided that the de- scendants of slaves brought to the state prior to the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787, could not be held as slaves. 110. The Mexican War. On May 13th, 1846, President Polk called for volunteers to serve in the war with Mexico. The call on Illinois was for three thousand troops, but it was met with six thousand General James Shields (Kindness of Dr. J. F. Snyder, Virginia, Illinois) of our brave men who acquitted themselves cred- itably in every battle. They were led by that great statesman and soldier, General James Shields. ''From Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma westward to Monterey the intrepid fighters marched, and then 62 ILLINOIS across and down to Saltillo, Victoria and Tampico until they routed Santa Anna on the field of Buena Vista. In the south of Mexico the conquerino^ host mowed a swath of glory from Vera Cruz until they reached the heart and center and camped within the capital of Mexico." 111. General James Shields. When the Mexican War was over, General Shields came back to Kas- kaskia and was elected to the United States Senate. After he completed his term he moved to Minnesota and was honored by that state with the same office. He then went to California, enlisted in the Civil War, and, with the rank of Brig^adier General, was assi.gned to the Army of the Potomac. After the Civil W^ar was over he went to Missouri and was elected to the United States Senate. When his term of office expired, he went to Iowa where he died. 112. Some New Problems. Augustus C. French was inaugurated governor on December 9th, 1846. There were so many problems before him for solu- tion that it would have frightened the faint-hearted. The Mexican War was in progress. The state had outgrown the old constitution and chang^ed condi- tions made a new one necessary. The internal im- provement question, which had agitated the minds of the people for so many years, was up for settle- ment and the failures of the past had made it ex- tremely difficult to do anything- now. Each of these questions were met face to face and solved in course of time, much to the credit of those who did it. 113. Wisconsin Versus Illinois. Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 1848. This is worthy of note in Illinois history, because the former state ILLINOIS 63 tried to gain back the strip of territory which had been added to the latter in 1818. 114. The I. and M. Canal. The G. & C. U. Ry. Co. In 1848, the Illinois and Michigan Canal was completed. It had been under consideration for twent3^-five years and work had been carried on at intervals for twelve years. The United States had given each odd-numbered section in a strip of land ten miles in width along its entire length to aid in its construction, and it had cost the state over $5,- 000,000, but after all, it paid and has since been deepened until water flows through it from Lake Michigan down the Illinois River. It is now the Chicago Drainage Canal. This same year a rail- road was built from Chicago, ten miles westward, by the Galena & Chicago Union Railway Companv. This was the beginning of the great Chicago '&: Northwestern Railway System. The Pioneer — First Locomotive in Chicago (Kindness of M. J. Clay, Chicago, Illinois) 115. A New Constitution. By a vote of the peo- ple, a new constitution was adopted March 6th, 1848. It contained a clause prohibiting slavery and was the 64 TLLIXOTS first state constitution to prohibit imprisonment for debt. It also provided that an election for state offi- cers should be held that year. Since Governor French had thereby been legislated out of two years of his term, he was given a second term practically without opposition. On January 8th, 1849, he was inaugurated the second time. 116. The Flatheads and the Regulators. The trouble between the Flatheads and the Regulators, or what is sometimes called the "Carnival of Crime," was carried on in Massac and adjoining counties in the forties. In the early days most of the immi- grants to Southern Illinois came across or down the Ohio River. That region then became the chosen location of a band of outlaws, for there they could easily trade or sell to the unsuspecting immigrant, stolen horses or buy goods of them, paying therefor counterfeit money or forged warrants on the State Treasury. They made it a business also to kidnap free negroes, take them South and sell them into bondage. These outlaws became so strong as to control elections and the courts. If people inter- fered, their property was destroyed and sometimes they themselves were killed. The law abiding citi- zens organized the "Regulators" and the outlaws were given the name "Flatheads." Finally, in 1849, through the influence of Ex-Governor Reynolds, who was again in the legislature, a law was passed whereby persons accused of crime could be taken to adjoining counties for trial. This, with other legis- lation, restored order. 117. A Land Gift for Railroads. In 1850, Con- gress gave to the State every odd-numbered section of land in a strip twelve miles wide extending from ILLINOIS *»^ Cairo to LaSalle, from LaSalle to Chicas^o and from I a^alle to Galena, this land to be used by the state in any wav it chose for the construction of a rail- road There was a provision that where any of this land had been entered or purchased of the govern- ment the state should chose other land m its stead. The United States reserved the use of the nght-ot- way for the transportation of its armies and imple- ments of war in time of war. 118 Five Important Laws. In 1851, five im- portant laws were passed : a law authonzmo: coun- ties "to adopt township organization, a law author- izino- the establishment of private banks, a law put- tinc^ restrictions on the sale of liquors, a law pro- vidhio- for homestead exemption and a law a^^thor- izino-^he construction of the Illinois Central Rail- road. 119. Negro Immigration. State Supt. of Schools. Toel A. Matteson was inaug-urated s^overnor Tanuary 9th 1853. The next year a law was passed "to pre- vent the immio-ration of free ne2:roes." and another one also which created the ofifice of State Suoerin- tendent of Public Instruction as a separate otiice. Ninian W. Edwards, son of Ninian Edwards, was appointed to fill this ofifice. (See 107.) 120. Free Schools. Teachers' Examinations. In 1855 a law was passed which ^ives us the basis of our present free school system. Among other things it required teachers to pass an examination in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, and geog- raphy. Strange as it mav seem to us now, the peo- ple thought these requirements too severe and thcv were repealed two years later. 66 ILLINOIS 121. The Republican Party. In 1856, the Re- publican party was oi\c^anized. The anti-slavery people of Illinois were active \n this party and put in the field an entire state ticket which was elected, though James Buchanan carried the state for presi- dent. T.oromotive used by the I. C. R. R. Co. in 1856 122. The Illinois Central Railroad. The Illinois Central Railroad was completed in 1856. To en- courage and help the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany to build it, the state had granted all the land given by the government for that purpose (117). There is a popular opinion that the Illinois Central Railroad Company pays no tax, but in lieu thereof pays to the state seven per cent of the gross earn- ings. Here are the facts as taken from their charter : it pays no tax except to the state. It must pay five per cent of the g-ross earnings and a state tax not to exceed three-fourths of one per cent of the valuation of all the assets, provided that if these do not equal seven per cent of the gross receipts, the said Com- ILLINOIS 67 pany must also pay the difference to the state. It will thus be seen that the state is entitled to the alternative that will bring the most money into the state treasury. Much censure was heaped upon the legislature for giving all this land to a corporation, but it was a wise move, financially and otherwise. Land through which the road ran was offered in 1851 at $1.25 per acre with no buyer. In 1856. the same land sold at from $2.50 to $5.00 per acre. The money received by the state was applied to its in- terest-bearing obligations and in course of time the immense debt of the state was paid (140). The above conditions concerning taxes applied only to the original lines and not to lines which have been bought or leased since. Illinois State Normal University, Xormal 123. State Normal. School Tax. Penitentiary. William H. Bissell was inaugurated governor Jan- 68 ILLINOIS uary 12th, 1857. This same year three important laws were passed. One provided for the establish- ment of a State Normal University, which was lo- cated at Normal. Another provided that people of any school district conld vote a tax for school pur- poses not to exceed two per cent, in addition to the tax authorized by the law of 1855. The last one au- thorized the building- of the penitentiary at Joliet. 124. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates. In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas became candidates for the LTnited States Senate. It would be decided by the legislature, many of the members of which were to be elected that fall. Lincoln chal- lenged Douglas to a series of debates. The chal- lenge was accepted and they debated at Ottawa. Freeport, Jonesboro, Charleston, Galesburg, Quincy and Alton. Against the protest of his friends, Lin- coln asked Douglas if he favored popular sover- eignty. The latter answered in the affirmative. Lincoln had said, ''This may lead to my own defeat, but it will keep Douglas from ever being president." (Can it be that Lincoln foresaw that this ans^ver would split the Democratic party and open up the way for the ultimate success of his own party ?"> The Republican ticket received the majority, but by reason of an unfair apportionment the Democrats had 54 in the General Assembly and the Republicans only 46. Douglas won, but Lincoln's sound logic and foresightedness made him the successful candi- date for president two years later. This debate is sometimes spoken of as "The Battle of the Giants," and was probably the greatest event of its kind in the Nineteenth Century. 125. Ex-Governor Matteson in Trouble. An event of which we are not proud now requires our ILLINOIS 69 attention. In 1859, it was discovered that Ex-Gov- ernor Joel A. Matteson had defrauded the state out of about $250,000. His property v^as seized by the state and it thus regained most of the money. He w^as never prosecuted, but his latter days v^ere days of sorrow and regret, and he died without money or friends. 126. A Short-Term Governor. On March 8th, 1860, Governor Bissell died and Lieutenant Gov- ernor John Wood became governor. 127. The "Underground Railway." From early days in Illinois, slaves from the South fled north- ward and were pursued by the slave catcher. While those who sympathized with slavery assisted the pursuers, the anti-slavery men helped the slave in his flight toward Cana^da and for that purpose con- ducted what has been known as the underground railway. It was a violation of the law, but they felt that unfair means had been brought to bear in the elections and in the courts and that the slave-catcher and kidnapper were daily violating the law in their inhuman traflic. Thus they felt justified in appeal- ing to a "higher law." 128. "The Underground Railway." The south- ern terminus of one of these routes was on the Ohio, near Metropolis, another was at Chester, another at Alton, and a fourth one at Quincy. They came to- gether near LaSalle. Here the negroes either hired out among the farmers or made their way to Lake Michigan and got aboard a steamer, where they were purposely not discovered until they reached a British port, then, with great show of indignation, they were put ofif. By this plan hundreds of negro 70 ILLINOIS men, women and children were taken from slavery to freedom. 129. "The Underground Railway." "The en- g"ineers. conductors, brakemen and station assents upon these lines were God-fearing- men, who had the courage of their convictions, and, if occasion re- quired, did not hesitate, when on duty, to use force to protect their passengers from the interference of slave owners and slave catchers, whom they loathed and despised." CHAPTER V 1860-1920 130. Abraham Lincoln. On May 16th, 1860, the National Republican Convention met at the Wig"- wam in Chicago and nominated Abraham Lincoln for president." He was elected over Stephen A. Douglas, his closest rival, the following November and for the next five years— during the trying years of the Great Rebellion — the history of Illinois be- comes an important part of that of the Nation. "Not without thy wondrous story, lUinois. lUinois. Can be writ the Nation's glory, Illinois, Illinois. Richard Vates. Sr. 131. "We Are Coming, Father Abraham." Rich- ard Yates, the "War Governor," was inaugurated January 14th, 1861. We were now enterins^ into a 72 ILLINOIS great conflict. On April 14th Fort Sumpier was fired en by the Confederates and the Civil War had begum The next day President Lincoln called on each loyal state for troops and the men from evenr hill and dale in Illinois responded, '*\Ve are coming. Father Abraham.'* Acting under instructions from the War Department. Governor Yates ordered Cairo to be fortified, then removed thirtv- thousand mus- kets, a number of cannon and a lot of other supplies from the United States arsenal at St, Louis, at that time a secession hot-bed, and without orders tele- graphed the troops at Cairo to capture two boats of supplies that the Rebels were taking down the river. 132. "Either Patriots or Traitors." When the ILLIXOIS 73 clouds of war fell like a pall over the land. Stephen A. Douglas was patriotic enough, like Jonathan of old, to rise above blasted hopes and disappoint- ments, above partisanship and prejudice, to help his successful rival and he came out for the Union, de- claring : "There can be no neutrals in this war : either patriots or traitors." Some who had voted for Douglas ("Douglas Democrats") remained Dem- ocrats and came out for the Union. A few who were secessionists at heart voted with the Demo- crats but did all in their power to further the inter- ests of the secessionists, generally joining such an organization as the Knights of the Golden Circle, a band of organized traitors. Still many of them be- came "Lincoln Republicans" (nicknamed "Black Republicans" because they were opposed to the ex- tension of slavery I and were loyal to the Union. The author's father voted for Douglas and became a Republican, and more than once did the Knights of the Golden Circle attempt to take his life. 133. General John A. Logan. John A. Logan was in Congress when the war broke out. but he re- signed his office, went back to Southern Illinois, and. in defiance of opposition, made speeches for the I'nion in localities where it was unsafe for it to be known that he was not in favor of secession. He did more than any other one man to save Southern Illinois for the L'nion. He started from Cairo as Colonel, fought in more than a hundred battles and bv dauntless courage won the rank oi Major Gen- eral. He later served his state in Congress and the United States Senate and was the candidate of the Republican party for A-ice president in 1884. He 74 ILLINOIS stands without a peer as a soldier, as a statesman and as a man. General John A. Logan 134. General Ulysses S. Grant. When Presi- dent Lincoln called for volunteers, Ulysses S. Grant volunteered to serve the country in any capacity and soon demonstrated his ability as a military leader, inscribing- on his banners such victories as Donelson, Shiloh, luka, Corinth and Vicksburg. By act of Congress he was then made Lieutenant General. This office was created that he might be placed in command of all the armies of the United States. He at once took command of the Army of the Potomac in person because he wanted to fight General Robert E. Lee, the ablest Confederate gen- ILLINOIS 75 eral. The world knows the trag^ic story of the cap- ture of General Lee's army after four long, bloody years. After the war was over. Grant served two terms as President of the United States. General Ulysses S. Grant 135. Our Patriotic Songs. More than two cen- turies ago, Andrew Fletcher said, "Give me the making of the ballads and I care not who makes the laws of a nation." That his logic is correct was never better demonstrated than in the Civil War, but he might have added, 'T care not who fights the battles." The patriotic songs: "Kingdom Coming," "Brave Boys Are They," and "Marching Through Georgia," were all written by Henry Clay Work of Illinois, and "Just Before the Battle. Mother," 76 ILLINOIS ''Tramp, Tramp, Tramp," and "The Battle Cry of Freedom/' were written by G. F. Root of Illinois. If the battle went ill or well, when the soldier heard these patriotic melodies his heart rose high in his bosom and he was eager to renew the conflict. 136. Governor Yates and the Legislature. In 1863, the Legislature expressed itself decidedly against the Union and Governor Yates adjourned it against its will. This reminds us of Oliver Crom- well's dissolving the Long Parliament more than two hundred years before. The war dragged miser- ably on while the patriot mothers — bless their sacred memory — bore the burdens at home. 137. God Accepted the Sacrifice. On January 16th, 1865, General Richard J. Oglesby was inau- gurated governor. On February 1st, of the same year, President Lincoln signed the Thirteenth Amendment. The fact was telegraphed to Governor Oglesby, transmitted to the General Assembly and adopted all in the same day. A few days later the Black Laws (74) were repealed. The war ended April 9th with the surrender of Lee's army and Lin- coln was assassinated April 14th. Thus ends the story of slavery, so full of sadness yet so full of glory. Illinois had furnished Abraham Lincoln, the Martyr President ; Ulysses S. Grant, one of the greatest military strategists of modern times ; John A. Logan, the greatest volunteer soldier the world ever knew ; and 259,000 of her gallant "men behind the guns," who carried their blood-stained banner through the very region that cradled and nurtured and from whence sallied forth on its mission of crime, misery and blood, the disturbing and disor- ganizing spirit of secession and rebellion. The blood ILLINOIS 77 and tears of our bravest and best had been offered to pay for the Nation's sins and God had accepted the sacrifice. "Ah! never shall the land forget How gushed the life blood of her brave Gushed warm with hope and courage yet Upon the soil they fought to save." (ieneral Kirhard J. Oglesby 138. English Prophecy Disproved. Eno-land was much in sympathy with the South, and. Avhen it was, evident that the Union would be preserved, prophesied that such a vast army could never be dis-' banded peaceably as each soldier, practiced to the arts of war and' unused to peace, would become practically an outlaw, but he returned to the aban- doned office or shop or farm when the war was over, ''And quietly took up the broken ends of love and hfe as best he could, a better citizen for having- been so g-ood a soldier." 78 ILLINOIS 139. The Grand Army of the Republic. To. Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who had served the country as surg-eon of the 14th Illinois Infantry during the Civil ^Var, is due the honor of ori^-inating the Grand Army of the Republic, he having- organized Post No. 1 at Decatur. Illinois, April 6th, the fourth anniversarv of the battle of Shiloh. Engrineerinjf Hall, I'niversity of Illinois 140. The University of Illinois. In 1867, a law was passed which established the State University at Urbana. The expense of building it was greatly offset by a gift of 480,000 acres of land which the government gave to the state for that purpose. 141. State Capitals, State Capitols. On October 5th, 1868, the corner stone of tlie new State Capitol was laid. It took twenty years to complete it and cost nearly five million dollars, but it is one of the finest in the United States. (Briefly reviewing: the ILLINOIS 79 Territory of Illinois had one capitol. thoiio^h it never owned it ; the State of Illinois has had three capital cities — Kaskaskia, Vandalia and Springfield, and seven capitol buildings, five of which it owned. See 71, 75, 79,97, 104.)^ Present i*tate Capitol 142. Our Third Constitution. General John M. Palmer was inaugurated governor on January 11th, 1869. and on July 2nd of the next year our third state constitution was adopted. Among many other good features, it contained a provision prohibiting the state or any political division thereof from giving aid 80 ILLINOIS to any private enterprise and another providing- for minority representation. 143. The Southern IUinois,.Normal. In the year 1870, the Le^^islature passed alaw to establish the Southern Illinois Normal University. After a spir- ited contest among different cities of southern Illi- nois it was linallv located at Carbondale and its doors were opened four years later. Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale 144. The Chicago Fire. On October 8th and 9th. 1871, the great Chicago fire occurred. It cov- ered an area of 2200 acres — burning nearlv 16.000 buildings with a total valuation of $200,000,000. The death roll was over 300 and 200,000 were ren dered homeless. Insurance for about $100,000,000 was carried by 201 companies : 68 of these compan- ILLINOIS 81 ies were forced into liquidation and only about half the insurance was ever collected. From the ruins of the old wooden city a ''New Chicag^o" immediatelv sprang^ up that has been the wonder of the world. It is said that the fire was caused by a cow's kick- ing a lantern over. It may seem strange if we say that the smoke was seen over the entire state. 145. Two Promotions. General Richard J. Og- lesby was again inaugurated governor on January 13th, 1873. Eight days later he was elected to the United States Senate. He resigned the governor- ship and Lieutenant Governor John L. Beveridge became governor. 146. Out of Debt. Two More Promotions. Shelby M. Cullom w^as inaugurated governor on January 8th, 1877. During this administration the last burdensome dollar of state indebtedness, which at one time amounted to $16,000,000, was paid and Illinois alone of all the states was out of debt until Governor Altgeld's administration. Governor Cul- lom was re-elected in 1880 and re-inaugurated lan- uary 10th, 1881. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1883 and Lieutenant Governor John M. Hamilton succeeded to the governor's office*. 147. The Haymarket Riot. General Richard J. Oglesby was for the third time inaugurated gov- ernor on January 13th, 1885. On May 4th, 1886, a mob collected on Haymarket 'Square, Chicago, and when the police approached seven of the latter were killed by the explosion of a bomb thrown among them. Eight men were tried for this crime, four of whom were hanged and three were sent to the pen- itentiary. The other committed suicide. 82 ILLINOIS 148. The Chicago Drainage Canal. Joseph W. Fifer, popularly called "Private Joe," was inaugur- ated governor on January 14th, 1889. This year a law^ was passed for the construction of the Chicago Drainage Canal. It was to be along the route of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and was to be deep enough to allow the water to flow from Lake Miclii- gan into the Illinois River. (See 95, 174.) 149. The Last of Old Kaskaskia. The Mississ- ippi River had a number of times overflowed its banks and was changing its course in the region of Old Kaskaskia to such an extent that the site of that once proud metropolis of the Mississippi Valley had almost disappeared and the graves of those who had lived there in the early days of Illinois seemed soon to be washed away. In 1892 the Legislature appropriated v$10,000 for the purpose of removing the remains from the cemetery to one to be selected on higher ground. On account of objections raised by their descendants, the graves of a few were left to be washed away, but there were probably more than 2,000 removed to "Garrison Hill," a beautiful site overlooking the Mississippi as it flows placidly over the old. The exact number will never be known, as the Mississippi had broken in and badly mixed some of the graves and part of the removal was of necessity a "wholesale" afifair, however, the work was done with much credit to all concerned. In the new cemetery on Garrison Hill stands a beau- tiful monument bearing this inscription : ILLINOIS Those who sleep here were first buried at Kaskaskia, and afterwards removed to this cemetery. They were the early pioneers of the great iV'is>issippi Valley. They planted free institutions in a wilderness and were the founders of a great commonwealth. In mem- ory of their service, Illinois gratefully erects this monument. 1892 The original site of town and cemetery is now entirely covered by the Mississippi River, but as we view this "City of the Dead" our minds wander back more than two centuries to the time when the peo- ple of Kaskaskia laid the foundation of the "Grand Old Commonwealth of Illinois." 150. The World's Columbian Exposition. John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, was inaugu- rated governor in January, 1893. During this year the World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chi- cago. It was to celebrate the four-hundredth anni- versary of the discovery of America. It was the greatest thing of its kind ever undertaken, well, planned and carried out in a manner that reflected great credit on the city of Chicago, the State of Illi- nois, and to the whole country. 151. The Haymarket Rioters Pardoned. On June 26th, 1893, Governor Altgeld pardoned the three Haymarket rioters that were in the peniten- tiary. This at once made him very unpopular and a storm of criticism arose all over the state. He was dubbed by his enemies as "The Anarchist Gov- ernor." The Author did not agree with him in pol- 84 ILLINOIS itics, and more or less joined in the criticism, but asks now for a more charitable judgment of the Governor's acts. The Governor contended that these men did not have a fair trial, andthat may be true, for even in this twentieth century people are sometimes punished to make a record for an un- scrupulous prosecutor or to shield some other per- son who is "more guilty" or ''most guilty." 152. Strike of the American Railway Union. In 1894 the American Railway Union went out on a strike in the city of Chicago. Chaos reigned until President Cleveland ordered Federal troops to the scene to preserve order. Governor Altgeld took ofifense at this alleged usurpation of authority, but he finally ordered out state troops to take their places. Eastern Illinois Normal, Charleston ILLINOIS 85 153. Two New Normal Schools. The Leg^isla- ture passed laws in 1875 creating two new normal schools. One is located at Charleston and is known as "The Eastern Illinois Normal," the other is at DeKalb and is called ''The Northern Illinois Normal School." In completing the history of Governor Altgeld's administration, one thing, at least, must Northern Illinois Normal, DeKalb be said to his credit, i. e., that he believed in sub- stantial buildings and to such an extent did he en- force his opinions on the architects, that the build- ings erected by the State stand as monuments to what is know^n as Altgeld architecture. 154. The Western Illinois Normal John R. as ILLINOIS Tanner was inaug-urated governor January, 1897. This year the Legislature passed a law to establish ''The Western Illinois Normal School." It is lo- cated at Macomb. - "' ' Western Illinois Normal, Mat'omb 155. The Spanish-American War. In 1898. the Spanish-American War was fought. Governor Tan- ner promptly offered the service of the State Militia and within three days the entire eight regiments were ready for the fra}^ Several other regiments were organized and were anxious for a fight, but the services of only one more regiment was needed. 156. The Farmers' Institute. "Dark Horses." Richard Yates, son of the "War Governor," was in- augurated governor January 8th, 1901. This same ILLINOIS 87 year a law was passed providing for Farmers' Insti- tutes. This law has already proven a great help to the farmers of the State and the wisdom of those who favored it can no longer be questioned. The campaign for governor in 1904 was quite exciting. Seven avowed candidates were in the field for the nomination on the republican ticket and there were several so-called ''dark horses." The State Conven- tion lasted nearly a month. Finally, Charles S. De- neen, of Chicago, was nominated and he was elected over Hon. Lawrence Stringer, the democratic nom- inee. 157. Primary Election Laws. Charles S. De- neen was inaugurated governor January 9th, 1905. That year a Primary Election law was passed, but the next year the Supreme Court declared it uncon- stitutional. Governor Deneen then called the Leg- islature together in special session and a new one was passed. 158. A Local Option Law. In 1907 the Legis- lature passed a Local Option Law which provides that the people of any city, township or county may vote on the question of licensing the saloon. As a result of this the liquor traffic has been greatly re- duced. 159. More About Primary Election Laws. In 1908, the Legislature repealed the Primary Election Law then on the statute books, and passed another^ but the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutionaL This was another campaign year. The republicans, nominated Governor Deneen to make the race again^ and the democrats offered that deservedly popular man, Adlai E. Stevenson, of Bloomington, who had honored the State by serving as vice president of the 88 ILLINOIS United States from 1893 to 1897. This "battle of the ballots" was foug-ht along- political lines and the former was re-elected. AdLai E. Stevenson 160. The Springfield Riot. On August 14th, 1908, a race riot broke out in Springfield, almost under the shadow of the monument of the immortal Lincoln, and for nearly two days, in fact until four reg"iments of militia were on the scene, lawlessness reigned supreme. Seven people were killed and more than fifty wounded, while property valued at more than $100,000 was destroyed. The next year. Miss Anna Pelley, of Anna, was murdered by a ILLINOIS 89 ne^g^ro at Cairo. He was arrested and put in jail, but it became known that a crowd was being- organized to resort to "lynch law," and the sheriff tried to escape with him, but was headed off near Dongola. The negro was taken back and hanged in the heart of the city. Miss Pelley was buried at her home and the public spirited citizens of Anna and Cairo erect- ed a beautiful monument to her memory. Mob law is wrong-, but back of it all is the fact that the poli- ticians catered for the nogro vote and did not en- force the laws against them. 161. A House Divided Against Itself. Governor Charles S. Deneen was a candidate for re-election in 1912. A faction of the republicans went to the newly organized American Progressive Party, ("Bull Moose Party") and nominated Hon. Frank H. Funk. The democrats nominated Hon. Edward F. Dunne. After a spirited contest, the last on the list was elected, and he was inaugurated Februarv 3rd, 1913. 162. Woman Suffrage in Illinois. In 1913, after a spirited fight, the General Assembly passed a law granting woman suffrage. The State Constitution, however, provides that on certain subjects and for certain officials only men can vote. The 19th Amend- ment to the Constitution of the United States su- percedes the Constitution of Illinois. (See 168.) 163. Civil Adm. Code. The War. At the elec- tion in November, 1916, the choice for governor fell to former Congressman, Frank O. Lowden, who was the republican candidate. He was inaugurated in January. 1917. On his recommendation the Gen- eral Assembly passed a law known as the Civil Ad- ministrative Code which combined much of the bus- 90 ILLINOIS iness of the State into nine departments, thus doing away with much of the cumbersome and conflicting work of different boards, commissions, etc. TSee Illinois Blue Book, 1916-17.) On April 6th, of this year, the Congress of the United States declared war on Germany. In a manner that could not be misunderstood, Governor Lowden expressed a sen- timent of loyalty and patriotism that was worthy of our great traditions and it was the sentiment of Illi- nois, for Illinois was ready to bear her full share of the burden. 164. The East St. Louis Riot. Durins: the spring of 1917 an unusual number of colored laborers were attracted to East St. Louis by the high wages of- fered and it led to friction between the employers and the unions. Trouble ensued. On May 29th several persons were injured and on July 2nd, one of the most disgraceful riots in the history of the United States broke out. Almost a hundred people were killed. Thousands of colored people were driven from the city regardless of condition or cir- cumstances and property valued at more than half a million dollars was destroyed. The local authori- ties were unable or unwilling to cope with the sit- uation and even the militia failed to restore order for more than twenty-four hours after their arrival. As a result of this, some were persecuted and others prosecuted. Either justly or unjustly, eighteen per- sons were sent to the penitentiary. 165. The Illinois Centennial. On December 3rd, 1918, Illinois had been admitted as a state in the Union one hundred years. In commemoration of that fact, a great state-wide celebration was held. Monuments and even buildings were erected to ILLINOIS 91 perpetuate the memory of great things accorn- pHshed and to hand down to future generations in some form or another, the story of the brave pion- eers and others who sacrificed all, took a wilderness and gave to the world the State of Illinois. 166. Victory. On November 11th, 1918, the World War closed with a series of brilliant achieve- ments. The world will never forget how our boys ''over there" brought victory to the Allied cause, even though at tremendous cost of blood and treas- ure. Again we are reminded of the following from Pericles' Funeral Oration, ''The whole earth is a sepulchre of famous men ; not only are they com- memorated by columns and inscriptions in their own country but in foreign lands; there dwells also an unwritten memorial of them graven, not in stone, but in the hearts of men." Illinois, as one of the great commonwealths of the Union, is proud to have borne so noble a part. Heroic souls — men, women, and children alike, responded, raising war gardens, tilling the soil, working in factories, lending money to the Government, and giving freely to every pa- triotic cause, but that is not all: Illinois gave over 351,000 of her brave sons, who, like the "war horses that paweth in the valley," were ready for any effort or sacrifice that might be the price of victory. 167. Dry America. After twenty-six other states had ratified the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, the Les^isla- ture of Illinois ratified it on January 14th, 1919. It was later ratified by more than the number required and is now a part of the Constitution. It makes it 92 ILLIXOIS unlawful to manufacture or to sell intoxicating liq- uors in the United States. 168. Woman Suffrage. The Nineteenth Amend- ment which granted Woman Suffrage became a part of the Constitution of the United States in 1920. Illinois ratified it June 10th, 1918, and it is worthy of note that Illinois was the first to do so. Tennes- see was the thirty-sixth, the number required. \. Map of ILLIIIOIS with COUllTY LINES 1818 - 1918. CHAPTER VI SOMEWHAT GEOGRAPHICAL By thy rivers gently flowing, Illinois, Illinois, O'er thy prairies gently growing, Illinois, Illinois, Comes an echo on the breeze, Rustling through the leafy trees, And its mellow tones are these — Illinois. Illinois, And its mellow tones are these, Illinois. 170. Where Illinois Stands. The len^^th of Illi- nois is 388 miles. It has an area of 56,000 square miles and contains over 6,000,000 people. It ranks third among- the states of the Union in the produc- tion of manufactured goods and of iron and steel products ; second in the production of coal ; first in farm products. It contains more miles of railroad than any other state. In the manufacture of watches, farm implements, railroad cars and packed meats it leads the world. 171. Possibilities. There is now strong proba- bility that the Chicago Drainage Canal, the Illinois River and the Mississippi River will be converted into a deep waterway connecting the Lakes with the Gulf. The materialization of this enterprise would make a seaport of every town along these rivers. There can be no reasonable conclusion reached as to the vast possibilities opening up before us. IN CONCLUSION 172. Women of Illinois. Attempting to give only the important facts we have now traced the his- tory of the great state of Illinois from its discovery by Marquette and Joliet to the present, telling of many brave deeds and brilliant achievements of the men of Illinois with but few references to the women ILLINOIS 95 of Illinois, and, without any desire to detract from the glory due the men, we wish here to direct atten- tion to the sainted old mother who, out of un- bounded love, read the Bible, the best of classics, to her sons and daughters, teaching them by precept and practice to imitate that "Perfect Model" of love and faith and duty. ''Be a good boy, is what she says to the little fellow each day as he starts to school. Be a good boy, is what she says to the youth as he leaves for college. Be a good boy is still her sacred charge, when, standing at the gate, she gives him her blessing as he goes out into the world." 173. The Teacher. Nor would we forget the good and faithful teacher in the little school house on the hill, who takes the little urchins from a var- iety of homes, teaching them how to be useful citi- zens, often quelling miniature rebellions, giving them stories of loyalty and patriotism, instilling in them a reverence for our forefathers and a love for our country's flag and all it represents. 174. Patriots — All. When the Civil War broke out, no less did the "Woman of Illinois" expect of her son, her brother, or her lover, than the Spartan mother did of her son whom she told to come back bearing his shield triumphantly or be brought back dead upon it. The soldier "sang of love and not of fame" when he took up the sweet refrain of "Just Before the Battle, Mother." Well does the author remember that when each regiment of Illinois troops went to the front in the Spanish-American War its band would play, "The Girl I Left Behind Me." In our World War the women, as well as the men, like the Patriarch of old, eilfered up their own sons. 96 ILLINOIS praying for victory without the sacrifice if it pleased God. but resigning- to His will if He required it. Such influences through childhood and youth and manhood would make him feel happy to die fighting for his country. The immortal Lincoln had these in mind when he said: "Let reverence of the laAv be breathed by every mother to the lisping babe that prattles in her lap ; let it be taught in schools, semi- naries, and colleges ; let it be written in primers, spelling books and almanacs ; let it be preached from pulpits, and proclaimed in legislative halls, and en- forced in courts of justice; in short, let it become the political religion of the nation." 175. "I'm From Illinois." "Through the long vista of departed years. The kindling eye now gazes — dimmed with tears And now with magic power behold it brings The sweets of memory without its stings." ^^llen we view our great state in the light of past, present and future events, witnessing its tri- umphs of both peace and war. it makes us proud to be an Illinoisan and there is added greater wealth of pride \han ever before to that beloved boast. 'T am an American citizen." and that auxiliary one, "I'm from Illinois." As La Salle looked from his fort on Starved Rock, "inaccessible as an eagle's nest," over his thousands of Indian Braves that roamed over valley and plain, little did he dream that instead of a vast French Dominion, a state like oiu's would exist with a name that had always been maoic in his ears — Illinois. ILLINOIS 97 Every acre of ground, every house and lot, every bit of personal property in the State gets its value largely through the development of standards of intelligent appre- ciation and intelligent desires. When the savage roamed over this rich land it was worthless, because he had not the intelligence, not the education, not the training to under- stand the land and its resources. The safety of property depends upon the honesty of the people. The honesty of the people depends upon their respect for law and prop- erty. This respect for law and property is largely a crea- ture for education. I believe the value and safety of prop- erty depend upon the universality and soundness of our education. 98 ILLINOIS REFERENCES Illinois Blue Book, contains much valuable information and can be gotten free from the Secretary of State. Governors of Illinois, contains sketches of all the governors and can be gotten free from the Secretary of the Illinois Historical Society. The following can be bought at reasonable prices : The Jesuits of North America, Francis Parkman. Fifty Years of Conflict, Francis Parkman. Conspiracy of Pontiac, Francis Parkman. Discovery of the Great West, Francis Parkman. The Struggle for a Continent, Francis Parkman. The Man With the Iron Hand, John C. Parrish. Old Kaskaskia, Mrs. Catherwood. Starved Rock, E. G. Osman. France in America, R. C. Thwait. Life and Adventures of Black Hawk, Benjamin Drake. Pioneer Days, Elbert Waller. Negro Servitude in Illinois, A^ D. Harris. Students History of Illinois, Geo. W. Smith. Illinois, Grace Humphrey. Historic Illinois, Randall Parrish. Alice of Old Vincennes, Maurice Thompson. (A fine story) The following can be found in public libraries : History of Illinois, Rufus Blanchard. (Old. A good sketch of the Indians.) The Early History of Illinois, Sidney Breese. History of Illinois, Ninian W. Edwards. (1778-1833) History of Illinois, Henry Brown. (To 1844) Illinois, Historical and Statistical, Judge John Moses. My Own Times, John Reynolds. Pioneer History of Illinois. John Reynolds. History of Education in Illinois, John W. Cook. Centennial History of Illinois, Vol. I, (1673-1818) Centennial History of Illinois, Vol. II, (1818-1848) Centennial History of Illinois. Vol. Ill, (1848-1870) Centennial History of Illinois, Vol. IV, (1870-1893) Centennial History of Illinois, Vol. V. (1893-1918) ILLINOIS 99 You should have a copy of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. Several publishing houses supply them as school classics. You should have a copy of the Life of Lincoln. There are many good ones. APPENDIX IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS 1673 — Coming of Marquette and Joliet, (12) 1679 — Coming of LaSalle and Tonti. (13) 1700 — Settlement of Cahokia and Kaskaskia. (14) 1719 — First slaves brought to Illinois. (16) 1765 — The Union Jack displaces the Lilies of France. (17) 1778 — Expedition of George Rogers Clark. (23-34) 1787— Ordinance of 1787 adopted. (42) 1811— First steamboat on the Ohio. (52) 1812 — Massacre of Fort Dearborn. (55) 1814 — First newspaper published in Illinois. (59) 1816 — Beginning of "Wildcat Banks" in Illinois. (60) 1818— Illinois admitted to the Union. (70-71) 1820— Capital moved to Vandalia. (74) 1824 — Fight against legalizing slavery in Illinois. (78) 1825 — First free schools established in Illinois. (80) 1832— The Black Hawk War. (90-93) 1837— Murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. (99) 1839— Capital moved to Springfield. (104) 1840 — First Anti-slaverv candidate for president. (105) 1844— The Mormon trouble. (108) 1848 — Second constitution of Illinois adopted. (115) 1858— Lincoln-Douglas debates. (124) 1860 — Lincoln elected president. (130) 1865— End of the Civil War. (137) 1870— Third Constitution of Illinois adopted. (142) 1898— Spanish-American War. (155) 1918— Illinois Centennial. (165) 1918— World War ended. (166) 11. JESUIT MISSIONARIES— The motto of this order was "Ad Maijorem Dei Gloriam." They were anxious to spread the gospel among the Indians and to convert them. 100 ILLINOIS Referring to them in the "Conspiracy of Pontiac," Park- man says, "They toiled with self-sacrificing devotion which extorts a tribute of admiration even from sectarian bigotry." 12. FORT CREVE COUR— Father Hennepin said, "We named it Creve conr because the desertion of some of our men and other difficulties had almost broken our hearts." We are hardly inclined to believe that LaSalle would have given it that name for that reason although the difficulties he surmounted would have broken the heart of a man of ordinary mettle. It is more probable that the name was given by Tonti as a reminder of victory, for while he was with the French army under Louis XIV he helped to take a fort by that name from the Netherlands. GOVERNORS AND LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS D., Democrat; R., Republican; **Resigned; *Died in office. Date Governor 1818— Shadrach Bond D 1822— Edward Cole D 1826— Ninian Edwards D 1830— John Reynolds* D 1834— William L. D. Ewing...D 1834 — Joseph Duncan D 1838— Thomas Carlin D 1842— Thomas Ford D 1846 — Augustus C. French D 1848— Augustus C. French.... D 1853— Joel A. Mattison D 1857— William H. Bissell**. . .R 1860_John Wood R 1861— Richard Yates, Sr R 1865— Richard J. Oglesby R 1869— Tohn M. Palmer R 1873— Richard J. Oglesby**. . .R 1873— John L. Beveridge R 1877— Shelbv M. Cullom R 1881— Shelby M. Cullom**. .. .R l^ievitenant Governor Pierre Menard D Adolphus Hubbard D William Kinney D William L. D. Ewing...D j Alexander M. Jenkins*.. D / William H. Davidson... D Stinson H. Anderson... D John Moore D Joseph B. Wells D William McMurtry D Gustave Koerner D John Wood R Frances A. Hoffman.... D William Bross R John Dougherty R John L. Beveridge R Andrew Shuman R John M. Hamilton R ILLINOIS 101 Date Governor 1883— John M. Hamilton R 1885— Richard J. Oglesby R 1889— Joseph W. Fifer R 1893— John P. Altgeld D 1897— John R. Tanner R 1901— Richard Yates, Jr R 1905— Chas. S. Deneen R 1909— Chas. S. Deneen. ..:.. .R 1913— Edward F. Dunne D 1917— Frank O. Lowden R Lieutenant Governor John C. Smith R Lyman B. Ray R Joseph B. Gill D William A. Northcott. . .R William A. Northcott. . .R Lawrence Y. Sherman... R John G. Oglesby R Barret O'Hara D John G. Oglesby R U.S. SENATORS FROM ILLINOIS 1818-1919 "The Senate of the United .States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years." "No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be cl;iosen." The U. S. Constitution was so amended in 1913 as to provide for their election by the people hereafter. * Died in office; ** Resigned; Independent. D., Democrat; R., Republican; Ind., Name Residence In Out Ninian Edwards . . . . ..D.. . . Kaskaskia . . . . ..1818 i819 Jesse B. Thomas . . . . ..D.. . . Kaskaskia . . . . ..1818 1823 ** Ninian Edwards . . ...D.. . .Edwardsville .. ..1819 1824 Jesse B. Thomas ..D.. . .Edwardsville .. ...1823 1829 John McLean ,..D.. . . Shawneetown . . . 1824 1825 Elias Kent Kane . . . ,..D.. . .Kaskaskia .... . . 1825 1831 ♦John McLean ..D.. . . Shawneetown . . . 1829 1830 David J. Baker ..D.. ..Kaskaskia ..11- -12-30 : 12-11-30 John M. Robinson.... ..D.. . .Carmi : ...1830 1835 *Elias Kent Kane ..D.. ..Kaskaskia ...1831 1835 John M. Robinson.... ..D.. . . Carmi ..1835 1841 W. L D. Ewing ..D.. . . Vandalia . . 1835 1837 Richard M. Young. . . ...D.. . .Jonesboro ..1837 1843 ♦Samuel McRoberts . ..D.. . . Waterloo . . 1841 1843 102 ILLIXOIS Name Sidney Breese James Semple Stephen A. Douglas James Shields Stephen A. Douglas Lyman Truinbull . . ♦Stephen A. Douglas Lyman Trumbull . . O. H. Browning. . . . W. A. Richardson . . Richard Yates. Sr. . . Lyman Trumbull . . John A. Logan Richard J. Oglesby. David Davis John A. L^gan Shelby M. Cullom.. ♦John A. Logan .... Charles B, Farwell. Shelby M. Cullom.. John M. Palmer Shelby M. Cullom.. William E. Mason . . Shelby M. Cullom.. Albert T. Hopkins.. Shelbv M. Cullom.. **nV. R. Lorimer.. J. Hamilton Lewis. L. Y. Sherman L. Y. Sherman Medill McCormick Residence In Out ..D....Carlvle 1843 1849 ..D.... Alton 1843 1847 ..D....Quincv 1847 1853 ..D.... Springfield 1849 1855 ..D.... Chicago 1853 1859 ..D.... Belleville 1855 1861 ..D.... Chicago 1859 1861 ..R.... Chicago 1861 1867 ..R....Quincv 1861 1863 ..D....Quincv 1863 1865 ..R.... Jacksonville 1865 1871 ..R.... Chicago 1867 1873 ..R.... Chicago 1871 1877 ..R.... Decatur 1873 1879 • Ind Bloomington 1877 1883 ..R.... Chicago 1879 1885 ..R.... Springfield 1883 1889 ..R.... Chicago 1885 1886 ..R.... Chicago 1887 1891 ..R.... Springfield 1889 1895 ..D....SDringfield 1891 1897 ..R.... Springfield 1895 1901 ..R ...Chicago 1897 1903 ..R.... Springfield 1901 1907 ..R.... Aurora 1903 1909 ..R.... Springfield 1907 1913 ..R.... Chicago 1909 1912 ..D.... Chicago 1913 1919 ..R.... Chicago 1913 1915 ..R.... Chicago 1915 ..R.... Chicago 1919 *** On account of briber\' of legislators he was declared not legally elected, July 13. 1912. ILLINOIS 103 FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTIES OF ILLINOIS * Not under township organization. Name Organized Sq. mi. Adams 1825.... 830. Alexander* ....1819.... 220. Bond 1817.... 380. Boone 1837.... 288. Brown 1839.... 306. Bureau 1837.... 840. Calhoun* 1825.... 251. Carroll 1839.... 450. Cass* 1837.... 460. Champaign .... 1833. .. .1008. Christian 1839.... 702. Clark 1819.... 513. Qay 1824.... 466. Clinton 1824.... 487. Coles 1830.... 520. Cook 1831.... 890. Crawford 1816.... 470. Cumberland ...1843.... 350. DeKalb 1837.... 650. DeWitt 1839.... 440. Douglas 1857.... 410. DuPage 1839.... 340. Edgar 1823.... 640. Edwards* 1814.... 220. Effingham .....1831.... 486. Fayette 1821.... 720. Ford 1859.... 580. Franklin 1818.... 430. Fulton 1823.... 864. Gallatin 1812.... 340. Greene 1821.... 540. Grundy 1841.... 440. Hamilton 1821.... 440. Hancock 1825.... 780. Hardin* 1839.... 180. Henderson ....1841.... 380. Pop, 1910 Origin of Name 64588 J. Q. Adams 22741 W. M. Alexander 17075 Shadrach Bond 15481 Daniel Boone 10397 Jacob Brown 43975 P. de Buero 8610 J. C. Calhoun 18035 Chas. Carroll 17372 Lewis Cass 51829 A county in Ohio 34549 A county in Ky. 23517 Geo. R. Clark 18661 Henrv Qay , 22832 DeWitt Clinton , 34517 Edward Coles 2405233 Dan P. Cook , 26281 W. H. Crawford 14281 Cumberland R'd 33457 Baron DeKalb , 18906 DeWitt Qinton . 19591 S. A. Douglas 33432 Dupage River 27336 John Edgar 10490 Ninian Edwards . 20255 Ed. Effingham . 28001 La Favette . 17096 Thos. Ford 25943. .. .Benjamin Franklin . 49549 Robert Fulton . 14628 Albert Gallatin 23363 Nathaniel Greene . 24162 Felix Grundv . 18227 A. Hamilton . 30638 John Hancock 7015 A county in Ky. . 10727 Henderson River 104 ILLINOIS Name Organized Sq. mi. Henry 1825.... 825. Iroquois 1833. ... 1100. Jackson 1816.... 580. Jasper 1831.... 484. Jefferson 1819.... 466. Jersey 1839.... 360. Jo Daviess ....1817.... 650. Johnson* 1812.... 340. Kane 1836.... 540. Kankakee .. ..1851.... 680. Kendall 1841.... 321. Knox 1825.... 720. Lake 1839.... 394. LaSalle 1831 .... 1152. Lawrence ... .1821.... 362., Lee 1839.... 728. Livingston ... .1837. ... 1026. Logan 1839.... 620. Macon 1829.... 580. Macoupin 1829.... 864. Madison 1812.... 740. Marion 1824.... 576. Marshall 1839.... 350. Mason 1841.... 518. Massac* 1843.. .. 240. McDonough ..1826.... 576., McHenry 1836.... 612. McLean 1830. . . . 11'61 . , Menard* 1839.... 311. Mercer 1825.... 550. Monroe* 1816.... 380. Montgomery . . 1821 740. Morgan* 1823.... 563. Moultrie 1843.... 340. Ogle 1836.... 773. Peoria 1825.... 630. Perry* 1827.... 432. Piatt 1841.... 440. Pike 1821.... 756. Pope* 1816.... 360. Pulaski* 1843.... 190. Putnam 1825.... 170. Pop, 1910 Origin of Name 41736 Patrick Henry 15543 Indian name 33143 Andrew Jackson 18157 Sgt. W." Jasper 291 11 Thomas Jefferson 13954 New Jersey 22654 Jo Daviess 14331 R. M. Johnson 91862 Elias K. Kane 40752 Indian name 10777 Amos Kendall 46159 Henry Knox 55058 Lake M ichigan 90132 LaSalle. Exp. 22661 Jas. Lawrence 27250 R. H. Lee 40465 Ed. Livingston 30216 Dr. John Logan 54186 Nathaniel Macon 50685 Indian name 89847 Jas. Madison 35037 Francis Marion 15679 John Marshall \7377 A county in Ky. 14200 Fort Massac 26887 T. McDonough 32509 Wm. McHenry 68008 John McLean 12796 Pierre Menard 19723 Hugh Mercer 13508 Jas. Monroe 35311 R. Montgomery 34420 Daniel Morgan M630 Wm. Moultrie 27864 Joseph Ogle 100255 Indian name 22088 0. H. Perry 16376 Benj. Piatt 28622 Z. M. Pike 1121.S Nathaniel Pope 15650 Casimir Pulaski 7561 Israel Putnam ILLINOIS 105 Name Organized Sq. mi. Randolph* .. ..1795.... 560.. Richland 1841.... 380.. Rock Island ...1831.... 420.. Saline 1847.... 396.. Sangamon 1821.... 875.. Schuyler 1825.... 414.. Scott* 1839.... 252.. Shelby 1827.... 760.. Stark 1839.... 290.. St. Clair 1790.... 680.. Stephenson ....1837.... 573.. Tazewell 1827.... 650.. Union* 1818.... 400.. Vermillion 1826.... 882.. Wabash* 1824.... 220.. Warren 1825.... 540.. Washington ...1818.... 557.. Wayne 1819... 720.. White 1815.... 500.. Whiteside 1836.... 676.. Will 1836.... 850.. Williamson ....1839.... 440.. Winnebago ....1836.... 540.. Woodford 1841.... 556.. Population of Illinois Pop, 1910 Origin of Name 29120 Em'd Randolph 15970 A county in Ohio 70404 Island same name 30204 Saline Creek 91029 Indian name 14852 Philip Schuyler 10067 A county in Ky. 31693 Isaac Shelby 10098 John Stark 119870 A. St. Clair 36821 Benj. Stephenson 34027 L. W. Tazewell 21856 The Union 77996 Vermillion River 14913 Indian name 23133 Jos. Warren 18753 G. Washington 25697 Anthony Wayne 23052 Leonard White 34507 S. Whiteside 84371 Conrad Will "45098.... A county in Tenn. 63153 Indian name 20506 A county in Ky. (in 1920) 6,485,098. 106 ILLINOIS STATE OFFICERS GOVERNOR Len Small, elected 1920. LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR Fred E. Sterling, elected 1920. SECRETARY OF STATE L. L. Emerson, re-elected 1920. AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS Andrew Russell, re-lected 1920. STATE TREASURER Edward E. Miller, elected 1920. SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Francis G. Blair, re-elected 1920. ATTORNEY GENERAL Edward J. Brundage, re-elected 1920. CLERK OF SUPREME COURT Charles W. Vail, re-elected 1920. The Treasurer holds ofifice for two years and cannot succeed himself. All the others, with the exception of the Clerk of the Supreme Court are elected for four years. He is elected for six years. INDEX (Numbers refer to paragraphs.) Aborigines, 1-10. A. F. & A. M., 50. Albion, Id. Algonquins, 2, 5. Alleghenies, 36. Altgeld, John P., 146, 150, 152. Alton, 54, 84, 88, 124, 128. Amendment, Thirteenth, 137. Amendment, Eighteenth, 167 Amendment, Nineteenth, 168. American Bottom, 8, 36. American Railway Union, 152. Americans, 54. Anarchists, 147. Badgley, Rev. David, 46, Bank of Kaskaskia, 60. Bank of Edwardsville, 60. Bank of Illinois, 106. Bank of Shawneetown, 60. Banks, Private, 118. Bank, State, 76, 87, 89, 95, 106. Banks, "Wildcat". 60, 1(>. Baptist Church, 46. Beveridge, John L., 145. Birney, Gen. James G., 105 Bissell, William H.. 123, 126. Black Hawk War, 11, 90-93 Black Laws, 74, 137. Block Houses, 54. Boats, 31, Zd, Z7. Boatmen, ?>7, 38. Boisbrant, Pierre Duque, 15. Bond, Shadrach, 74. Boundary of Illinois, 70. Breese, Sidney, 75. British, 20, 21, 54, 57. British Sympathizers, 23. Brownsville, 76. Burnett, Timothy, 77. Burr, Aaron, 49. Cahokia, 3, 8. Cairo, 117, 131. Campbell's Island, 57. Campbell, L't 57. Camp Russell, 54. Canals, 95, 114, 148, 171. Capital, 71, 74, 75. 104. Capitol, 51, 71, 75, 97, 104, 141. Carlin, Thomas, 102. Carbondale, 143. Carnival of Crime, 116. Carthage, 95. Cartright, Rev. Peter, 86. Catholic Church, 12. Charleston, 124, 153. Chartres, Fort, 15, 17, 20. Chester, 128. Chicago, 48, 54, 100, 144. Chicago Fire, 144. Church, Baotist, 46. Church Catholic, 11. Church, Dunkards', 82. 108 ILLINOIS Church, M. E., 44. Church, Cum. Pres. 61. Church, Cov. Pres., 62. Church, Universalists', 82. Civil War, 130-137. Clark, George Rogers, 23-36. Coles, Edward, 78. Congress, 42, 47, 70, 87, 110, 113. Connecticut, 21, 41. Constitution, 71, 78, 113, 115, 142. Corn Island, 24. Counties, see Appendix. Court, Federal, 93. Court, U. S. Supreme, 109. Court, First in Illinois, 19. Counterfeiting, 108, 116. Covenanter Presbyterian Church, 62. Craig, Capt., 56. Crime, Carnival of, 114. Crozat, 14. Cullom, Shelby M., 146. Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 61. Dearborn Massacre, 54. Debt, State, 96, 106, 146. Debt, War. 41. DeKalb, 150. Deep Waterway. 171. Democrats, 108. Deneen, Chas. S., 157. Dixon, 81. Douglas, Stephen A., 124, 132. Dueling, 77. Duncan. Joseph, 80, 87, 98. Duncan, Matthew, 59. Dunkards, 82. Dunne, E. F., 161. East St. Louis, 164. Eddy, Henry, 78. Edwards County, 80. Edwards, Ninian W., 119. Edwards, Ninian, 83. Edwardsville, 83. Eel Rivers, 4. Eighteenth Amendment, 167. Enabling Act, 70. England, 33, 39, 54, 138. Epidemic, 103. Ewing, L. D., 94. Exposition, 150. Farmers Institute, 156. Federal Court, 93. Fifer, Joseph W., 148. Flag, 27, 73. Flatheads, 116. Ford, Thomas, 106. Fort Chartres, 15, 20. Fort Clark, 56. Fort Creve Cour, 7, 13. Fort Dearborn, 48, 54, 55, 92. Fort Gage, 20. Fort Massac, 27. Fort Snelling, 85. Fort St. Louis, 7, 9, 13. Fort Sumpter, 131. Forts, 54. Foxes, 5, 6, 9, 56. France, 17, 39. Fraud. 125. French, Augustus C. 112, 115. Galena, 75, 102. Galesburg, 124. Garrison Hill, 149. George III, 18. Gibault, Father. 28. Grant. U. S., 134. 137. Great Northern Cross R. R., 101, 106. ILLINOIS 109 Hamilton, John M., 146. Hamilton, Sir Henry, 30, 33. Harrison, William H.. 72. Haymarket Riot, 147, 151. Heald, Capt., 55. Helm, Capt., 29. Hennepin, Father Louis, 13. Henry, Patrick, 23. Homestead Exemption, 118. mini, 3, 6. 7, 9, 13, 43. Illinois, 12, 13, 15, 35, 43, 54, 70. Illinois Central R. R., 118, 122. Illinois Territory, 51, 53. Illinois Herald, 59. Indiana, 43, 51. Indiana Territory, 47. Indians, 1, 14, 23, 27, 30, 54, 55, 57. Internal Improvements, 98, 113. I. O. O. F., 96. Iroquois, 2, 6, 9, 13. Jackson, Andrew, 58, 95. Jackson County, 80. lesuits, 11. Joliet, 123. Joliet, Louis, 12. Jonesboro, 124. Juries, 19. Kaskaskia. 8, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23, 26, 27, 35, 36, 43, 59, 71, 81, 145, 149. Kaskaskia Cemetery, 149. Kaskaskia Riyer, 14, 27, 54. Kaskaskias, 14. Keel Boats, 31, 36, 37. Kentucky, 23, 55. Kentuckians, 24, 56. Keokuk, 90. Kickapoos, 5, 6, 9. Kidnappers, 116, 127. Knights of Golden Circle, 132. Lafayette, Gen., 81. Lands, Indian, 90. Lands, R. R., 117, 119. Lands, School, 87. Latter Day Saints, 95. LaSalle, 117, 128. LaSalle, Robert, 3, 7, 13, 175. Lebanon, 86. Legislature, 62, 74, 76, 78, 98, 116, 136. 149, 157. Lillard, Rey. Joseph, 44. Lincoln, Abraham. 124, 130, 132, 134, 137, 174. Linn, Capt., 25. Liquor, 118, 125. Logan, John A., 133, 137. Louisiana, 14. Louis XIV. 14, 15. Loyejoy, Rey. Elijah P., 99. Lowden, Frank O., 163. Macomb, 151. Marquette, Father Jacques, 11. Masonic Lodge, 50. Matteson, Joel A., 119, 125. McGready, Rey. James, 61. McKendree College, 86. McLean. John, 71. M. E. Church, 44. Meridosia, 101. Metropolis, 43, 128. Mexican War, 110. Miamis, 4. Michigamies, 3. Minority Representation, 142. 110 ILLINOIS Mormons. 108. Money, 60. Monroe, James, 71. Mounds, 1. MurphysborxD, 76. Muscogees, 2. Muster Days, 58. Nauvoo, 108. Negroes, 16, 42, 72, 74, 78, 105, 109, 119, 127, 129, 137, 164. New Design, 40, 44, 46. Newspapers, 59. New York, 41. Nineteenth Amendment, 168. Normal, 123. Normal, Eastern, 153. Normal, Northern, 153. Normal, Southern, 143. Normal, State, 123. Normal, Western, 154. Northern Cross Road, 101, 106. Northwest Territory, 47. Odd Fellows, 96. Ogden. W. B., 100. Oglesby, Richard J., 133, 141, 143. Ohio, 43, 47. Ordinance of 1787, 42, 78. Ottawa, 124. Palmer. Gen. John M. 142. Peck, Rev. John M., 78, 84. Pelley, Anna. 161. Penitentiary, 88, 123. Peoria, 56. Peorias, 3, 8, 9. Pet Banks. 95. Piankeshaws, 4. Pioneers, 63-69. Polk, James K., 106. Pope, Nathaniel, 70. Pottawatomies, 5, 9, 100. Presbyterian Church, 61, 62. Primary Elections, 156, 159. Prohibition, 167. Quincy, 101, 124, 128. Quebec Act, 21. Railroad Lands, 117, 122. Railroads, 101, 106, 114, 118, 122. Randolph County, 45. Rangers, 56. Rebellion, 133, 137. Regulators, 116. Religious Freedom, 42. Renault, Philip F., 16. Republicans, 121, 130. Reynolds, John, 48, 88, 90, 94, 114. Riot, Chicago, 169. Riot, East St. Louis. 164. Riot, Springfield, 160. Rock Island, 90. Rock Springs. 84. Russell, William, 56. Sacs, 5, 6, 9, 56, 80, 90. Salt Works, 88. School Lands, 87. Schools, 40, 80, 87, 95, 107, 119. 120, 123. Scott. Winfield, 92. Seeley, S. J.. 40. Sharon. 61. Shawnees, 5. Shawneetown, 60. 76. 81. 83. Shields, Gen. James, 110, 111. Shiloh. 44. Shurtleff College, 84, ILLINOIS 111 Sioux, 5. Slavery, 16, 42, 72, 74, 78, 105, 109, 127, 129. 132, 137. Smith, Prof. G. W., 25. Smith, Joseph, 108. Songs, 135. Spain, 39. Spanish-American War, 155. Springfield, 101, 103, 160. Starved Rock, 9, 173. State Bank, 87, 89, 95. 106. State Debt, 98, 106, 146. State Normal, 123. State University, 140. St. Qair, Gen. Arthur, 43 St. Clair County, 43, 45. Stevenson, B. F., 139. Stevenson, A. E., 159. Stewart, A. C, 77. Sterling, Capt.. 17. Steamboats, 52. Stillman, 91. St. Louis, 17, 131. Supt. of Schools, 107, 115. Supreme Court of U. S., 109. Surplus Revenue, 95. Tamaroa, 8, Tamaroas, 3, 6. 8, 14. Tanner, John R., 154. Taylor, Zacharv. 57. Teachers. 68, 120. 174. Thirteenth Amendment, 137. Thomas, Jesse B. 62. Todd. John, 35. Tonti, Henry, 12. Township Organization, 118. Treaty of Paris, 17. Underground Railway, 127, 129. Union Jack, 17, 27. Universalists, 82. Urbana, 140. Utica, 8. Vandalia, 74, 75, 81, 102. Venison, 64, 75. Vincennes, 29, 31, 55. Virginia, 21, 23, 35, 41. Wabash River, 29, 31, 45, 54. War Debt. 41. War of 1812, 11, 54-57. War Governor, 131. Weas, 4. Whigs, 108. Wigwam. The, 130. "Wildcat" Banks, 60, 76. Winnebagoes. 5, 6. Wisconsin, 12, 91, 113. Witchcraft, 35. Wolfe, Rev. George, 82. Wolfe, Gen. James, 17. Women, 172, 173, 174. Wood, John. 126. World's Columbian Ex- position. 150. Wylie, Rev. Samuel, 62. Yates, Richard, 156. Yates, Richard, Sr., 127. HISTORY OF COUNTY, ILLINOIS