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 CENTENNIAL PORTFOLIO: 
 
 A SOUVENIR OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 LITHOGRAPHIC VIEAVS OF FIFTY OF ITS PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS, WITH LETTER-PRESS DESCRIPTION 
 
 By THOMPSON WESTCOTT. 
 
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 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 THOMAS HUNTER, PUBLISHER, 
 
 716 FILBERT STREET. 
 1876. 
 
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 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S76, by 
 
 THOMAS HUNTER, 
 
 In the Offioe of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 
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 ^, 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1876. 
 
 TKE idea of holding a grand commemoration of the centennial anniversary 
 of the independence of the United States was naturally such a one as 
 would present itself to the popular mind whenever, in the progress of time, 
 the approach of the new century v/as thought of In 1832, with great unanimity, 
 the centennial anniversary of the birth of Washington was celebrated through- 
 out the country, so that the centennial idea grew up with the present genera- 
 lion, and was becoming more prominent as regards the national anniversary 
 while years rolled on. The first formal movement toward the adoption of a 
 resolution to celebrate the centenary of national independence was made by 
 the Franklin Institute and Academy of Fine Arts of Philadelphia, which 
 memorialized Congress toward the close of 1S69 in favor of holding an inter- 
 national exhibition. Philadelphia, the birthplace of American independence, 
 was designated as proper for the e-xhibition because it was the seat of the Con- 
 tinental Congress during nearly the whole of the Revolution, and in 1776 the 
 resolution of independence and the accompanying declaration of reasons for 
 that act were adopted at the State house. The presentation of this subject 
 attracted attention throughout the country. 
 
 Shortly after the memorial was presented, the councils of the city of 
 Philadelphia appointed a committee upon the centennial celebration, but 
 during nearly a year Congress took scarcely any notice of the design. It was 
 
 not formally considered until the session of 1S70-71, and at that time, besides 
 the State of Pennsylvania, the only advocate among the commonwealths of the 
 Union was the State of New Jersey, which in February, 1S71, appointed a com- 
 mittee to visit Philadelphia and to communicate with city councils. On the 
 3d of March of that year a bill was passed " to provide for celebrating the 
 one hundredth anniversary of American independence by holding an interna- 
 tional exhibition of arts, manufactures and products of the soil and mine, in 
 the city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1S76." The 
 preamble said, " As the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which 
 the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanction 
 of the Congress of the United States." The act then proceeded to provide for 
 the appointment of one delegate from each State to constitute a commission, 
 to be nominated by the governors of the States and Territories and appointed 
 by the President. 
 
 This bill cieated a body which was without means of subsistence. Although 
 appropriations were asked of Congress for the purpose of carrying out the de- 
 sign of the exhibition, everything connected with providing for the expense of 
 the display was stricken out of the hill. Nor was there authority given to the 
 Commission to raise a penny by subscription. At this juncture the councils of 
 Philadelphia came forward and appropriated money for the expenses of the 
 
m 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1876. 
 
 U S. Commission ; and if this had not been done, this body would have ad- 
 journed si,u- dU. so crippled was its condition under the original act of Con- 
 crress. Nevertheless, the Commission assembled, and expecting great difficulty 
 Tn prevailing upon Congress to make appropriations to carry out the cost of 
 the exhibition suggested that a financial corporation should be created to raise 
 money and erect the buildings. Accordingly, on June i, 1872, Congress passed 
 an act creating the Centennial Board of Finance, with authority to receive sub- 
 scriptions to the capital stock not exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided 
 into shares of not over ten dollars each, and to use the proceeds for the erection 
 of the buildings and all suitable fixtures and appurtenances, and for carrying 
 on the exhibition to its close. 
 
 The passage of this act gave vitality to the entire project and rendered it 
 possible of success. The act of Congress created a corporation, to be formed 
 by the subscribers to the stock of the board. Shortly afterward subscriptions 
 were obtained, principally in the city of Philadelphia, under which the board 
 was organized, with John Welsh as President, Frederick Fraley Secretary and 
 Treasurer, and a Board of Directors. The first work of the Board of Finance 
 was to make proportionate the stock of ^10,000,0=0 to the States of the Union, 
 according to their population, for purposes of subscription. One hundred days 
 were allotted to the States and Territories to take up their quota of stock. The 
 State of New Jersey subscribed $100,000 to the stock ; Delaware, $10,000 ; New 
 Hampshire, $10,000; Connecticut, $10,000; and there the State subscriptions 
 ended. The city of Wilmington subscribed $5000. The State of Pennsylvania 
 did not subscribe to the stock, but gave one million of dollars to the Com- 
 mission for the erection of the building since known as Memorial Hall, which 
 is to remain permanently in the Park as the property of the State. The city 
 
 of Philadelphia subscribed nothing to the stock, but made several appropria- 
 tions for the expenses of the Centennial Commission, and appropriated 
 $1,500,000 besides, a portion of which was expended in erecting Horticultural 
 Hall and the balance in the construction of Machinery Hall. Both of these 
 buildings, therefore, belong to the city of Philadelphia, and are permanent. 
 The Commission Was thus relieved of the burden of providing for a large pro- 
 portion of the estimated expenses, so that the task before that body was-com- 
 paratively easier than it was at the beginning. 
 
 Under the original act of 1871 it was provided that whenever the President 
 should be informed by the governor of Pennsylvania that provision had been 
 made for the erection of exhibition buildings, he should make proclamation, 
 setting forth the particulars, and communicate with the diplomatic corps of all 
 nations, etc. On June 26, 1873, Governor Hartranft apprised President Grant 
 that provision had been made for the erection of the exposition buildings. 
 On the 3d of July the President issued his proclamation, declaring that the 
 exhibition would be held in 1876, and Secretary Fish on the 5th of July noti- 
 fied foreign nations and invited them to participate. Before the beginning of 
 1876 formal acceptances were received from Great Britain, France, Germany, 
 Austria, Belgium, Sweden, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Egypt, 
 Denmark, Turkey, Switzerland, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Chili, Peru, Argen- 
 tine Confederation, Sandwich Islands, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, 
 Nicaragua, Colombia, Liberia, Orange Free State, Equador, Guatemala, Salva- 
 dor and Honduras. 
 
 On the 4th of July. 1873, the commissioners of Fairmount Park formally 
 conveyed 236 acres of land in the most beautiful part of the enclosure, bordering 
 on the Schuylkill and extending from Lansdowne to Belmont. Plans of a 
 
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 THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1S76. 
 
 building were advertised for, the first idea being to have but one structure, - 
 covering 44 acres, in addition to Memorial Hall, Subsequently the idea of a 
 single edifice was abandoned, and it was determined to erect several buildings 
 for the different objects of display. On March 3, 1S75, Congress appropriated 
 §505,000 for the arrangement of an official government display, of which 
 §150,000 was to be devoted to the erection of a special building for the govern- 
 ment exhibition. 
 
 On July 4, 1874, ground was first broken for the construction of these 
 buildings, and before the loth of May, 1876, all the main buildings under the 
 charge of the Board of Finance were finished ; some had been ready for four 
 and five months, and there was no delay on the part of the managers, to the incon- 
 venience of exhibitors, but rather was there a slowness on the part of the latter. 
 
 At the commencement of the last session of Congress the officers of the 
 Board of Finance memorialized that body, stating that they had collected from 
 all sources, for the purposes of the Exhibition. $5,187,750. They needed 
 $^.537,100 to carry the whole work through and open the buildings free of 
 debt. Applications for assistance had been made in previous years without 
 success, but the work had now so far advanced and the buildings were so 
 spacious and beautiful that in shame it may be said Congress was forced to do 
 something for this object. Accordingly, on the r4th of February, the President 
 signed a bill granting $1,500,000 to finish the buildings. The estimate of the 
 Board of Finance was that an additional amount of §1,500,000 would be re- 
 quired to conduct the Exhibition from its opening, May 10, 1S76, to its close 
 on November loth of the same year. 
 
 On the 22d of April the Centennial Board of Finance reported to the stock- 
 holders that it had received the following amounts : 
 
 From the State of Pennsylvania §1 ,000,000 
 
 " " city of Philadelphia 1,500,000 
 
 " " stock subscriptions 2,500,000 
 
 " appropriation by the U. S 1,500,000 
 
 " " concessions, gifts and interests 500,000 
 
 Total §7,000,000 
 
 Leaving one and a half million of dollars to be raised by admission fees for 
 payment of current expenses of the display. Of the stock subscriptions, 
 §1,872,180 were subscribed by citizens of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, and 
 by corporations created by the State ; §492,120 represents the subscriptions of 
 cidzens and corporations of all other States and Territories of the Union. 
 
 The balance of §627,120 was subscribed by the States of New Jersey, New 
 Hampshire, Connecticut, Delaware, and by the city of Wilmington. Some of 
 the States have made special appropriadons to their commissioners and for 
 the erection of State buildings for the accommodation and reception of their 
 citizens. 
 
 The Centennial Commission divide the buildings into five groups. The first 
 of these comprise the buildings erected by the Commission, which include the 
 Main, Memorial, Machinery, Agricultural Halls, with their respective annexes, 
 the latter being in many cases buildings of large size, including two buildings 
 for the exhibition of minerals on the south side of the Main Building and the 
 Wagon and Carriage Exhibition Building, also an annex to the Main Build- 
 ing. Memorial Hall has as annexes the Photographic Gallery and the great 
 Art annex, which is as large as the main building. Machinery Hall, besides 
 the boiler-houses, has the Gas-works exhibit, Shoe and Leather Building and 
 
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 5'rrp 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1S76. 
 
 several special exhibitions as annexes. Agricultural Hall has annexes in the 
 Pomological Building and the Cattk Exhibition sheds. Besides the buildings 
 named belonging to this group are the offices of the Commission, the Jury 
 Pavilion and the House of Public Comfort, Dispensary and Hospital under 
 control of the Commission to relieve persons taken sick or injured. Upon the 
 ground these buildings are represented according to their numbers on the 
 ground-plan, and designated by small blue flags over the principal doorways. 
 The second group is composed of buildings belonging to the United States and 
 to the States of the Union, and carry a red flag. They comprise the United 
 States Government Building, United States Hospital, United States Hospital 
 Tent, United States Signal Office, United States Block-house and United States 
 Laboratory, and the buildings of the States of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
 Educational, Indiana, lUinois, Wisconsin. Michigan, New Hampshne, Con- 
 necticut, Massachusetts, Delaware, Minnesota, Arkansas, West Virginia, Mis- 
 souri, Kansas and Colorado, Iowa, California, Rhode Island, New Jersey, 
 Mississippi, Vermont, New York, Maryland, Tennessee (tent) and Virginia. 
 Buildings erected by foreign nations are the next group, designated by a white 
 signal flag. They have been erected by Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Brazil, 
 Portugal, Sweden (schooihouse), Japan (a private dwelling for Japanese Com- 
 mission), France (in the public works and ceramic ware buildings and com- 
 missioners' building). Canada (in log house). Chili has erected a building for 
 demonstrating the amalgamating of ores. The fourth group is composed of 
 restaurants and houses of entertainment. They are the German (Lauber's) 
 restaurant, French (Les Trois Freres Provencjaux, by Goyard), Lafayette 
 (Sudreaux), Great American (Tobiason & Heilbrun), Southern (Mercer), 
 George's Hill (Callman). Jewish, Vienna Bakery and Coffee-house, Milk Dairy, 
 
 New England Kitchen, House of Public Comfort, Turkish Coffee-house, 
 Tunisian Coffee-house, and a number of buffets, soda fountains, confectionery 
 stands in the various buildings and other parts of the grounds. The fifth group 
 embraces, under the name of Miscellaneous Buildings, which has a large inter- 
 pretation, almost every other structure on the grounds. They are designated 
 by a yellow flag. Principal among them is the Women's Exhibition Building 
 and the Wbmen's Schooihouse adjoining, the Glassware Factory of Gillinder, 
 Campbell's Printing-house, the Saw-mill, Newspaper Pavilion, buildings of the 
 Pressed Fuel Company and of the Fusee Company, Iron and Sheet-metal 
 Building, Photographic Studio, Self-coiling Shutters Building, Empire Trans- 
 portation Company Building. Singer Manufacturing Company Building, Burial 
 Casket House, Liberty Stove-works, Warren, Fuller & Co.'s display of heating 
 apparatus, Glass Exhibition Building of Klautschek, Thomas & Co., Bankers' 
 Building, Brewers' Building, Dairymen's Butter and Cheese Building, Moorish 
 Bazaar, Syrian Bazaar. Japanese Bazaar, Tunisian Cafe and Bazaar, Bible So- 
 ciety Building, Philadelphia City Pavilion, World's Ticket Office, Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Office and Adams Express, Charleston Guano Company, Yale Lock 
 Company and Averill Paint Company. There are 3 buildings for newspaper- 
 offices, and several other houses of various kinds in the occupation of private 
 parties. 
 
 The grounds are near the Schuylkill River, and through them open from the 
 banks of that stream two beautiful ravines which are densely shaded, along 
 which natural streams flow with musical murmur. Bridges cross these gorges, 
 the main ones being from 80 to too feet above the bottom of the glens, and 
 give easy access to the grounds. The ravines, which are known as Lans- 
 downe Glen and Belmont Valley, are inviting by their coolness and shade. 
 
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 THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1S76. 
 
 
 The walks through them are disposed in such a manner as to bring out the 
 most picturesque points. A fine lake is west of Belmont Avenue and north of 
 Machinery Hall, and adds beauty lo the landscape. Two fountains jet up 
 from the rock-work in elegant display. The land at the north-west rises gently 
 toward George's Hill, so that the surface of the enclosure presents a pleasing 
 variety in the undulations of the ground. There are several other fountains con- 
 nected as ornaments to the main buildings, including Bartholdi's beautiful de- 
 sign. The Catholic Societies' Fountain, west of Machinery Hall, is one of the 
 largest and finest constructions of the kind in the United States. Through the 
 grounds the narrow-gauge railway of the West End Company winds around 
 the buildings, and with four trains drawn by locomotives conveys travelers 
 swiftly from place lo place and affords them opportunities to see all the structures 
 and to learn for themselves the situations of those which they wish to visit and 
 all the peculiarities of the grounds. There are 194 buildings and constructions 
 of all kinds within the 236 acres dedicated to the International Exhibition, 
 Some of them are of the largest size, and splendid specimens of architectural 
 genius, skill and judgment; whilst others, although but small, violate no canon 
 
 oSJs 
 
 of good taste, but are appropriate in design and appearance for the objects in- 
 tended. To the philosophical visitor who looks around and views the beautiful 
 structures which have gone up as if by magic upon this territory, it must be a 
 regret that in a few months they will, as if by magic, disappear. Machinery 
 Hall, Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall, rising up in position distant from 
 each other and seeming to have no object in common, will be all that will re- 
 main to tell the story of the greatness of this Exhibition to succeeding genera- 
 tions. In a few months, as if the wand of Prospero were waved over the scene, 
 all will disappear. 
 
 "Our revels now are ended. These our actors, 
 As 1 foretold you, were all spirits, and 
 Are melted into air, into thin air: 
 And like the baseless fabric of this vision. 
 The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, 
 The solemn temples, the great globe itself, 
 Yea, all which it ioherit, shall dissolve. 
 And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, 
 Leave not a rack behind." 
 
ofen 
 
 No. 
 
 Historical Sketch of the Exposition iii 
 
 Map of Centennial Grounds ix 
 
 Art Gallery i 
 
 Main Exhibition Building 3 
 
 Horticultural Hall 3 
 
 Machinery Hall 4 
 
 Agricultural Hall 5 
 
 U. S. Government Building 6 
 
 Women's Pavilion 7 
 
 Judges' Hall S 
 
 Shoe and Leather Building g 
 
 Carriage Building 10 
 
 Photograph Exhibition Building 11 
 
 Pomological Building 12 
 
 Brewers' Building 13 
 
 BuTTEii and Cheese Factory 14 
 
 Department of Public Comfort 15 
 
 Pennsy'lvania Educational Building 16 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 No. 
 
 English Government Buildings 17. 
 
 French Government Building 18 
 
 German Government Building 19 
 
 Brazilian Government Building 20 
 
 Spanish Government Building 21 
 
 Japanese Dwelling 22 
 
 Swedish School-House 23 
 
 Canada Log House 24 
 
 New Hampshire State Building.- 25 
 
 Massachusetts State Building 26 
 
 Connecticut State Building 27 
 
 New York State Building 28 
 
 New Jersey State Building 29 
 
 Pennsylvania State Building 30 
 
 Delaware State BuildIng 31 
 
 Maryland State Building : 32 
 
 ■West 'Virginia St.ate Building 33 
 
 Arkansas State Building 34 
 
 viii 
 
 No. 
 
 Missouri State Building '. 35 
 
 Mississippi State Building 36 
 
 Ohio State Building 37 
 
 Indiana State Building 38 
 
 Illinois State Building 39 
 
 Michigan St.ate Building 40 
 
 ■Wisconsin State Building 41 
 
 Iowa State Building 42 
 
 Kansas and Colorado State Building. . ■ • 43 
 
 Cook's 'World's Ticket-Office 44 
 
 Gillinder & Son's Glass Factory 45 
 
 Singer Sewing Machine Co.'s Building .... 46 
 
 French Restaurant 47 
 
 Campbell Printing-Press Building 48 
 
 Photographic Studio 49 
 
 Japanese Bazaar 50 
 
 Independence Hall in 1776 51 
 
 Independence Hall in 1876 52 
 
 
MAP OF CENTENNIAL GROUNDS 
 
 FAIRMOUNT PARK PHILADELPHIA. 
 
I 
 
MEMORIAL HALL lART GALLERY). 
 
 THIS building, the most ornate and striking among the edifices on the 
 Centennial grounds, was constructed for the State of Pennsylvania, and 
 is intended to remain a permanent ornament of the Park. It stands north 
 of the Main Building, in a commanding position overlooking the river Schuyl- 
 kill. The ground is elevated, and is 122 feet above the level of the river. 
 The materials are granite, brick, glass and iron, no wood being used in 
 construction. The building is ^6^ feet long, 210 feet wide and 59 feet in 
 height. The dome over the rotunda rises 150 feet above the ground, and 
 15 capped by a colossal bell, upon which stands an emblematic figure of 
 Columbia, cast in zinc. The main front, facing the south, presents a grand 
 entrance, with arcades on either side and square pavilions at the corners. 
 The centre consists of three large arched doorways, each 40 feet high by 15 
 feet wide, standing upon a platform 70 feet wide, the ascent to which is by :3 
 steps. Between the arches of the doorway are clusters of columns terminating 
 in emblematic designs illustrative of Science and Art. Colossal sitting figures 
 of Science and Art crown the cornice of the main entrance. The arcades east 
 and west of the main entrance are each 90 feet long and 40 feet high. They 
 connect the principal centre building with the pavilions at the corners. They 
 are of 5 groined arches, and open upon garden plots, each 90 by 36 feet, orna- 
 mented in the centre by fountains and statuary. The pavilions are 45 feet 
 square. There are two of them on the north end of the building, connected 
 with those at the south by saloon galleries. The pavilions are each lighted by 
 two large windows, each 12} feet wide and 34 feet high, fitted up with paintings, 
 stained glass, etc. In front, upon pedestals, opening the approach to the build- 
 ing, are two bronze figures of heroic size, representing Pegasus led by the 
 Muses, which were brought from Vienna and presented some years ago to the 
 
 Fairmount Park Commission by R. H. Gratz. The outside walls on the east 
 and west sides display the pavilions and the walls for pictures, relieved by 
 niches, above which is a highly ornamented frieze. The north front is of the 
 same character as the south, except that instead of arcades there are small 
 windows opening into small rooms or galleries. There are 13 of these. The 
 dome is of glass and iron, and at the corners are figures representing the four 
 quarters of the globe. All the statuary of the exterior is cast in zinc from designs 
 by Mueller, a German artist. The main entrance, on the south, opens upon a 
 hall 60 feet wide, 82 feet long and 53 feet high, (ireat doorways open from this 
 hall into the centre hall, which is 83 feet square and So feet to the ceiling of the 
 dome. East and west of the rotunda are galleries each 98 feet long, 88 feet 
 wide and 35 feet in height. The centre hall and galleries form a grand hall, 
 2S7 feet long and 85 feet wide, capable of holding Sooo persons, nearly twice 
 the dimensions of the largest hall in the country. East and west of the long 
 galleries are two others, each 89 feet long and 28 feet wide, which are connected 
 with apartments that open into the pavilion-rooms. On the north side there are 
 13 smaller rooms, which open on a corridor [4 feet wide, and may be used for 
 studios or exhibition-rooms. The interior halls are lighted from above; the 
 pavilions from the sides ; the northern rooms from the front. The interior doors 
 are of iron and bronze, richly ornamented. All the apartments are embellished 
 with ornaments in rich bas-relief. The floors are laid with marble tiles, and the 
 entire building, in CKterior appearance and interior finish, is rich and tasteful. 
 The pavilions are devoted to statuary ; the galleries mainly to paintings. The 
 total area covered by the building is about i^ acres. The total wall-space is 
 87,990 square feet. The architect was H. J. Schwarzmann ; builder, R. J. 
 Dobbins. Cost, $1,500,000, paid by the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
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 INDUSTRIAL HALL (MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING). 
 
 THE largest building in the Centennial grounds was erected by the Centen- 
 nial Board of Finance; and occupies 21.27 acres. Two annexes for the 
 exhibition of minerals have since been made to it on the south side, which 
 change somewhat the appearance of the building from its original design. This 
 magnificent structure is devoted to the exhibition of objects connected with 
 manufactures, metallurgy, mining, education and science. The Main Build- 
 ing, according to the original design, is a parallelogram running east and west 
 1S76 feet long, and from north to south 464 feet wide. It extends along the 
 north side of Elm Avenue from Forty-first to Belmont Avenue. The height 
 may be said to be one story, although the elevations of the roof are at different 
 altitudes. There is a central avenue 120 feet in width, 1S32 feet in length, the 
 interior height of which at the apex of the roof is 70 feet. On either side of this 
 is an avenue of equal length, 100 feet wide. Outside of the latter are aisles 48 
 feet in width ; and still outside of the last named are 2 aisles 24 feet in width. 
 The eaves of the outer avenues are 48 feet from the ground, the ceiling sloping 
 upward. To break the great length of roof 3 transepts have been introduced, 
 crossing the building, and being 416 feet in length. The intersections of these 
 various avenues make at the centre of the building 9 spaces, which are from 
 ICO to 120 feet square, and which aggregate 416 feet square. Within the main 
 transept, rising as it were from the floor of the building, are 4 great towers, 48 
 feet square, which extend above the roof to the height of 120 feet. The interiors 
 of these towers are accessible by stairways, and support a series of light galleries, 
 which are handsomely decorated, and furnish splendid views of the interior of 
 the building and of the upper portions of the Park and of the surrounding 
 country. The east, west and centre of the fronts of the building are relieved 
 
 of the monotony which would attach to the plain features of so great a structure 
 by central projections with galleries and towers, and towers at the corners 75 
 feet from the ground. The various heights break the straight lines, and have 
 enabled the architects to overcome the exceeding difficulty of treatment of such 
 an immense space of building-front, which under ordinary circumstances would 
 present a painful uniformity of appearance. The superstructure is composed of 
 brick, iron, glass and stone, ventilation being ensured by Louvre windows, and 
 the lighting being perfect, so that everything can be seen during the ordinary 
 hours of daylight with better advantage than was ever before afforded in a 
 building of this kind. There are 672 iron columns to support the interior; they 
 are placed upon piers of masonry, are 24 feet apart, and sustain the iron roof- 
 trusses. Some of these pillars are but 23 feet in length; the largest, 1.5 feet. 
 The aggregate weight of columns is 2,200,000 pounds ; the roof-truss and girders, 
 5.000,000 pounds. The building contains five miles of avenues and thirty-five 
 miles of transepts and aisles. More than half the present population of Phila- 
 delphia could be placed within its walls at one time. The pillars and roof 
 are tastefully decorated; the walls are ornamented; so that even when it was 
 empty the structure was attractive. The turrets, the emblems and trophies 
 over the entrances, the gay flags floating from hundreds of staffs, render the 
 building exceedingly effective. The annexes to the Main Building give 
 considerable additional space. The architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph 
 M.Wilson; the builder, Richard J. Dobbins. Cost, gr, 600, 000. The build- 
 ing was commenced May 8, 1875; ^^^^^ girder set up November 18 of same 
 year; completed and transferred to the Centennial Commission February 14, 
 1S76. 
 
NORTH ENTRANCE 
 
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 GROUND PLAN OF MAIN BUILDING. 
 
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HORTICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 ONE of the most attractive structures upon the Centennial grounds is Horti- 
 cultural Hall. It is so peculiar in appearance, and so unlike. the usual 
 order of buildings in this country, that it commands particular attention and 
 admiration. The style is Mauresque, and of the character of the Moorish archi- 
 tecture of the twelfth centuiy, of which one of the finest examples is to be found 
 in the remains of the palace of Alhambra in Spain. The characteristics of this 
 architecture are light, fanciful and ornate. Bright colors and strong contrasts 
 are allowable. The result has been the construction of a building which re- 
 sembles a palace of Eastern romance, attractive and graceful. This hall is at 
 the head of Fountain Avenue, on the north side of Lansdowne Valley and north- 
 east of Memorial Hall. It is constructed of iron, brick and glass. It is vaulted 
 in the basement stories, and is substantial and fire-proof. It is j,83 feet in length, 
 193 feet in width, and in height to the top of the lantern 72 feet, covering 1.05 
 acres. The east and west entrances are approached by flights of marble steps 
 rising from terraces and leading to an open kiosquc 20 feet in diameter. The 
 basements are occupied by kitchens, storerooms, heating arrangements, etc. 
 The central conservatory occupies the main floor, and is 230x80 feet, and 55 
 feet high to the base of the lantern, which is 170 feet long, 20 wide and 14 high. 
 The interior of the conservatory is ornamented with fountains and places for 
 the exhibition of plants. Around the sides of this apartment Moorish arches 
 of white, black and red brick support a gallery 5 feet in width. This arcade is 
 
 a very conspicuous ornament of the interior, and attracts universal attention. 
 The upper part of the conservatory is ornamented in blue and gold, bright and 
 showy. Four chandeliers in the Moorish style of elaborate construction are to 
 light up the interior; they are of 60 lights, and there are side-lights around the 
 room. Outside of the space, in the building devoted to the main conservatory, 
 are the forcing-houses for the propagation of young plants; they are 4 in num- 
 ber, each 100 K 30 feet, and covered with roofs of iron and glass. Vestibules or 
 entrances divide these forcing-houses ; they are in use for purposes of offices, 
 so are also the vestibules on the east and west, extending the full length of the 
 building. Over the forcing-houses are outside galleries, 10 feet in width and 
 100 in length, which are connected with the grand promenade formed by the 
 roofs of the rooms on the ground-floor. Stairways at the corners of the build- 
 ing lead to the outside as well as to the inside gallery. Connected with 
 Horticultural Hall are 35 acres of ground, which extend westward over the Bel- 
 mont road as far as the Catholic Fountain, and which are gay with flowers from 
 all parts of the world. This edifice stands on Lansdowne Terrace, near the 
 Schuylkill River, and commands a fine view in every direction. It was built 
 at the cost of the city of Philadelphia, and presented to the Centennial Com- 
 mission for the purpose of the Exhibition. It will remain permanently as an 
 ornament of the Park and for future use. The architect was H. J. Schwarz- 
 mann ; builder, John Rice. Cost, $251,937. 
 
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GROUND PLAN OF H RTl CU LTU RAL HALL. 
 
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 HORTICULTURAL HALL 
 
 GALERIE D HORTICULTURE. 
 
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 MACH IN ERY HALL. 
 
 IN general appearance at a distance resembles the Main Exhibition Building, 
 but the architectural details are quite different. The structure is located 
 about 550 feet west of the .Main Exhibition Building, its north front being upon 
 the same line, so that, viewed from the interior of the grounds, this building ap- 
 pears to be a continuation of the other. This structure is 1402 feet long, 360 
 feet wide, with an annex extending from the centre 210 feet in depth to Elm 
 Avenue, this extra space being 20S feet wide. There are also 2 other annexes 
 and 4 boiler-houses, with some small buildings. There are two main avenues, 
 each 90 feet wide, with a central aisle between them, 60 feet in width. Two 
 aisles, each 63 feet wide, one on the north and one on the south side, finish 
 out the ground-plan. Taking off from the interior the front constructions and 
 galleries, these aisles are each 1360 feet long. In the centre is a transept 90 
 feet wide, extending from north to south, and widening on the south line of the 
 main building to 208 feet. The chief portion of this edifice is one story in 
 height, the main cornice on the outside being 40 feet from the ground. The 
 interior height to the top of the elevator, from the avenues, is 70 feet ; in the 
 aisles it is 40 feet. The foundations are piers of masonry, upon which are 
 erected solid timber columns, which stand in rows 16 feet apart. The columns 
 are 40 feet high, and support the 90-feet roof-spans and the 60-feet roof-spans 
 at the aisles. The outer walls are built of masonry to the height of 5 feet, above 
 
 which are glazed sash in connection with the columns. These windows are 
 movable for ventilation, and there are Louvre ventilators along the avenues 
 and aisles. The light is from the north' and south. The annex fitted up for 
 hydraulic inachines has a tank 60 x 160 feet, with 10 feet depth of water. The 
 interior is handsomely decorated in light colors, the pillars, ties, struts and roof 
 being painted with taste, so as to create an agreeable effect. The exterior is 
 diversified in the long lines by facades and projections at the main entrances, 
 which extend 78 feet in height and are ornamented with arches and towers. 
 In the centre there is a facade and tower with projecting wings. East and west 
 of the centre, about halfway between that portion of the building and the ends, 
 are other projections. There are eight entrances upon the sides, four of which, 
 with doorways and ornaments, help to break up the uniformity. From these 
 doorways walks lead across the building, 10 feet wide. The promenades in the 
 avenues are 15 feet wide ; in the aisles, 10 feet wide ; and in the transept, 25 
 feet wide. The entire area is 558,440 square feet, or nearly 13 acres, and with 
 the gallery space the available area is nearly 14 acres. The architects are 
 Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson ; the builder, Philip Ouigley, of Wilming- 
 ton, Del. Cost of the building, $792,000. This building was constructed en- 
 tirely at the cost of the city of Philadelphia, and will permanendy remain on 
 the grounds after the Exhibition is closed. 
 
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 MASCHINEN HALLE- MACHINERY HALL GALERIE DES MACHlNES^ 
 
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 AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 T~^OR the accommodation of the agricultural part of the Exhibition, which, 
 for obvious reasons, would not assimilate with other parts of the display, 
 the construction of a separate building was considered necessary. Agricultural 
 Hall is the most northern of the regular Exhibition buildings erected by the 
 Centennial Board of Finance. It is north of Belmont Valley, upon ground 
 which slopes gently upward toward Belmont Mansion of revolutionary 
 memory. It is the least expensive of the great buildings, and yet as important 
 as any for the purposes of the display. The materials are wood and glass. 
 The ground-plan consists of a long nave crossed by 3 transepts, each being 
 constructed of Howe truss arches of the Gothic form — a style of building which 
 can be expeditiously put together and at the same time be effective in appear- 
 ance. The nave is S20 feet long and 100 feet in width. Each end of the nave 
 projects loo feet beyond the nearest transept. The height of the nave is 75 
 feet. The central transept is 465 feet long and ico feet wide, and of the same 
 height as the nave — 75 feet from the floor to the point of the arch. The area 
 covered is 236,572 square feet. The north and south transepts are of the same 
 
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 length as the centre, but they are but each So feet wide and 75 feet high. Be- 
 tween the nave and the transepts are courts connected with the building, and 
 adding to the space for exhibition. The ground-plan of the structure, with out- 
 side spaces at the corners to be made available, may be said to be a paral- 
 lelogram 465 X 626 feet, not including the nave beyond the transepts. The 
 space thus covered is 7} acres. The interior is painted in light colors, and 
 presents a cheerful appearance. The naves, transepts and aisles are 16 in 
 number. The architect was James H. Windrim ; builder, Philip Quigley. 
 Cost, 5197,000. 
 
 The e.\terior shows ornamentation sufficient to make the edifice attractive. 
 A central tower and steeple rises at the intersection of the nave and the main 
 transept. The fronts of the transept and nave are each ornamented with towers 
 rising to a conspicuous height. The court-spaces have Gothic fronts and are 
 not of as great altitudes as the other sections, and serve to break the roof-surface 
 into various heights. The building is full lighted by lantern skylights direct 
 from the roof, and care has been taken to ensure good ventilation. 
 
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 AGRICULTURAL HALL 
 
 GALERrE D AGRICULTURE. 
 
 
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 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 T TXDER the authority of an act of Congress passed in 1S73, arrangements 
 ^^ were ordered to be made for the display of articles and utensils designed 
 to be exhibited by the Executive Departments of the Federal government. The 
 intention originally was to occupy portions of the Exhibition buildings for this 
 purpose, but after consideration it became evident that it would be much better 
 if the display could be made in a building entirely under control of the Board 
 representing the Executive Departments, which was authorized to be appointed 
 under the act. The Departments of War, Navy, Interior and Post-office, with 
 the Agricultural Bureau and the Smithsonian Institute, were to be represented 
 in the exhibition, which, according to the act, was intended to be of "such 
 articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illus- 
 trate the functions and administrative faculties of the government in time of 
 peace and its resources as a war-power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the 
 nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people." By 
 an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1875, ^" appropriation of $505,000 was 
 placed at the disposal of the Board for the arrangement of this exhibition, 
 $[50,000 of which might be expended in the erection of a special building for 
 
 the accommodation of the government collection. This structure stands at the 
 intersection of Belmont and Fountain Avenues, and is in the shape of a cross, 
 the short arms being those upon the north, east and'south, whilst the long por- 
 tion extends to the west. The greatest length of this building is 400 feet, the 
 nave being that long and 100 feet wide. The cross transept placed nearest 
 the eastern end of the building is loo feet in width and 300 feet in depth. 
 There are attached aisles and sections of 40x60 feet, 40x200 feet and 20x30 
 feet on each side centre. Where the nave and transept unite, a cupola rises 
 above the rest of the building to the height of 60 feet, surmounted by a lantern. 
 The area occupied by this structure is 83,640 square feet. The building is of 
 wood, with pilasters upon the outside, and is neatly painted in neutral colors, 
 and decorated in the interior. Immediately north of this Hall is a small 
 hospital upon the United States Army plan, modest in appearance, but yet of 
 importance. The architect was James H. Windrim ; builders, Aaron Doan 
 & Co. Cost of Main Government Building, §62,000. The style is simple and 
 pleasing to the eye, and from a distance the proportions and outline create a 
 very favorable impression. 
 
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 VER.STAATEN AUSSTELL? GEB. U . S. G O V E R N M E N T BUILDING PAVILION DU GOUVERNMENT ETAS UNIS 
 
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 WOMEN'S PAVILION, 
 
 '"pHE Women's Centennial Committee have performed a noble work in aid- 
 ing the great Exhibition. A very large amount of money has been raised 
 through the exertions of that committee and invested in the stock of the Board 
 of Finance. After matiy months of labor in that direction, the ladies interested 
 desired special means of exhibiting the work of women in such manner as 
 would display to advantage the industry, taste and manufacturing and artistic 
 skill of the sex. For obvious reasons this object could not be effected in the 
 general Exhibition Buildings so as to separate the work of women from that 
 of men. It was therefore resolved by the Women's Centennial Committee to 
 raise a special fund for a building of their own, which should not in any man- 
 ner" interfere with the contributions devoted to the great object of the Exhibi- 
 tion. Liberal responses were made to this proposition, and an amount of 
 money quite sufficient for the purpose was secured with but little difficulty. 
 The Women's Pavilion is situate on the east side of Belmont Avenue, oppo- 
 
 site the United States Government Building. It is formed by two naves, each 
 64 X 192 feet, which intersect each other. At the end of each of these naves is 
 a porch, 8 x 32 feet. The corners formed by the two naves are filled out by 
 4 pavilions, each 48 feet square. The centre of the edifice is raised 25 feet 
 higher than the rest of the building, and is surmounted by an observatory with 
 a cupola on top, 90 feet above the ground. The material is of wood. The in- 
 terior is very attractive. Four columns which sustain the dome are the only 
 incumbrances which can obstruct the view. The roof is mainly supported by 
 trusses resting on the outside walls. The walls are painted with light color, 
 neatly panelled with blue upon the ceilings. The panels on the side walls are 
 decorated with groups allegorical of faith, hope, charity, art, labor, instruction 
 and the family, from designs of Camille Pitou. The area covered by the Pavilion 
 is 30,000 square feet. The architect of this fine building was H.J. Schwarzmann ; 
 builders, Jacob G. Peters and John D. Burger, of Lancaster, Pa. Cost, S40,ooo- 
 
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 DAMEN HALLE. 
 
 WOMEN S PAVILION 
 
 PAVILLON DES DAMES 
 
 
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 JUDGES' HALL. 
 
 A CCORDING to the plan agreed upon by the Centennial Commission, the 
 magnificent collection of articles displayed at the Exhibition are to be 
 subjected to the examination of 200 judges, one-half of whom are foreigners 
 and one-half citizens of the United States. They are selected for their known 
 qualification and character, and are experts in the departments to which they 
 are respectively assigned. The judges from the United States are appointed 
 by the Centennial Commission ; the foreign judges, by the Commission of each 
 country. These judges examine the articles and base their awards on merit. 
 In consideration of the important question, What is merit? are involved 
 originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for 
 the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants, economy and cost. All 
 these matters are taken into consideration by the judges in making their final 
 reports, which are written, and upon which the awards are to be made by the 
 Centennial Commission. The Commission does not offer graded premiums. 
 The medal of the Exposition will be of bronze, uniform in all cases; but the 
 worth of the medal to the exhibitor will depend upon the written report of the 
 
 judges, which will fully point o^t the merit of the object exhibited. The large 
 number of judges engaged in this work, and the necessity of having some ac- 
 commodation of their own for consultation and comparison, necessitated the 
 erection of a building for their occupation and use. The Judges' Hall stands on 
 the east side of Belmont Avenue, north of the west end of the Main Exhibition 
 Building. It is handsome in exterior appearance and finely decorated in the 
 interior. It is 152 feet long by 1 15 feet wide. The towers at the four corners 
 of the building are each 50 feet high, and have been made very ornate. The 
 woodwork on the inside is handsome. The interior is fitted up for the use of the 
 judges and for meetings of committees and larger number of persons. In the 
 centre is a hall for meetings, 60x80 feet. In the rear is a smaller apartment, 
 60 X 26 feet, intended to be used for large committee meetings. These rooms can 
 be thrown into one by taking down the partitions. There are 14 small committee- 
 rooms, and in the second story a comfortable sitting-room. There is much taste 
 in the construction of this Hall, which is painted upon the exterior with neutral 
 colors, judiciously contrasted. Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann. Cost, $30,000. 
 
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 JUDGES HALL 
 
 PAVILLON DU JURY. 
 
 
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 SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 
 
 C^EVERAL special industries which might have been accommodated by a 
 ^"'^ display of their products in the Main Exhibition Building, or of the appa- 
 ratus used in the preparation of goods in Machinery Hall, could not, in the 
 opinion of persons interested in such pursuits, be as well illustrated in build- 
 ings for general exhibition as they would be in special enclosures which might 
 answer all the purposes of great workshops, showing every process of manu- 
 facture, from the incipient handling of the raw material to the finished work. 
 The manufacturers of shoes and boots were of the belief that a special building 
 for their own accommodation would be preferable, and in this idea they united, 
 and raised means to erect the structure known as the Shoe and Leather Build- 
 ing. In general character it assimilates with Machinery Hall, which it adjoins 
 on the south, and of which it is considered an annex. The structure is 314 feet 
 long and, 160 feet in width, and although not ornate in architecture is in 
 pleasing style. The interior contains leather of all kinds — sole leather tanned 
 with oak bark and with hemlock, union crop leather tanned with both sub- 
 stances, and also for upper leathers kip, calf, fine morocco, cura^oa, kid, lamb 
 and sheep skins. The process of leather manufacture after tanning, including 
 
 skiving, splitting, stripping, edge-setting and burnishing', is shown. The art 
 of making shoes and boots is displayed, including all varieties, from the coarse 
 brogan and plough-shoe up to the most dainty lady's gaiter or slipper. The 
 manufacture of leather articles, from a pocketbook to a Saratoga trunk, is 
 illustrated, as is saddlemaking from horse and pig skin. A large steam-engine 
 in the centre furnishes the power to run "the machinery. The manufacture of 
 shoes and boots by these means is so strongly contrasted with the methods of 
 the old-fashioned cordwainer, who hammered on his lapstone and drew his 
 wax-ends tight, that every one visiting this building is exceedingly pleased. 
 The hall is well lighted. The main aisle is 15 feet wide, two parallel aisles, 
 each 10 feet, running from east to west; they are crossed by other aisles, 
 making 8 main exhibition spaces. Stairways lead to the second floor, which 
 is divided into rooms at each end, and galleries on the north and south, 8 feet 
 wide by 112 feet in length. The roof construction is divided on the cross-sec- 
 tions into an So feet span circular truss, and 16 and 24 feet sections, which are 
 triangular in shape. The architect was Alexander B. Bary of Philadelphia ; 
 builders, J. H. Coffrode & Co. Cost, $31,000. 
 
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SCHUH i lEDER FABRIK. 
 
 SHOE & LEATHER BUILDING. 
 
 EXPOSITON DE CHAUSSURES ET DES CUIRS. 
 
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 CARRIAGE EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
 '"P'HIS spacious hall may be considered an annex of the iVIain Exhibition 
 Building, in which the area was so greatly taken up by fine goods that it 
 was thought that vehicles would not meet with proper attention. The Carriage 
 Building is immediately east of Memorial Hall, and would anywhere else than 
 in the Centennial grounds be considered a large structure. In shape it is a 
 parallelogram, 393 feet long by 277 feet wide. It is constructed of wood 
 sheathed on the outside with corrugated iron. It is of the height of a single 
 story, but from the floor to the roof is 36 feet. A hip-roof rises from the walls, 
 which are 24 feet in height, and in this there are five skylights which run the 
 
 entire length of the building and furnish ample light to the interior. This 
 necessity is further assisted by a large number of windows, each 14 feet in 
 height, upon the sides of the building. There are 4 large entrances, with 
 offices annexed, and a number of smaller ones. The floor space is 100,000 
 square feet, and the interior is occupied by specimens of light and heavy 
 coaches, fancy wagons and pleasure-carriages, fashionable vehicles, sleighs, 
 omnibuses and railway-cars sent from Great Britain, Canada, Germany, 
 Austria, Belgium, Italy, France and the United States. The architect was 
 H. J. Schwarzmann. 
 
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KUTSCHEN AUSSTELLUNG. 
 
 EXPOSICION DEVEHICUL03 
 
 EXPOSITION OES CARROSSES. 
 
 CARRIAGE EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
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 PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
 fn^^HIS structure was specially prepared for the exhibition of photographs, 
 for which there was no room in the Art Gallery. It stands east of 
 Memorial Hall, and north of the Main Exhibition Building. It is 25S feet in 
 length by 107 feet in width. The style is French Renaissance. The monotony 
 of length is broken by bay-windows and porticoes. The height of the gallery 
 is one story, but the interior is lofty. The space for exhibition is divided by 
 2S hanging screens, 4 of which, in the centre, are 19 feet long, and the others 
 24 feet long each. They stand 16 feet apart, and are J-shaped, admirably 
 lighted and useful for display. The smaller screens each furnish a hanging- 
 space of 190 square feet. The larger ones make forty-eight spaces, each of 
 which has an area of 240 square feet. The walls of the building add 5320 feet 
 more to the object of the professional display. Altogether, the screens and 
 walls furnish 19,080 feet of available hanging-space, no picture to hang lower 
 than 22 feet from the floor. The exhibition of actinic pictures is very fine, and 
 when contrasted in memor)' with the first results of the discoveries of Daguerre 
 and the productions of the Talbotype show immense progress in this branch 
 of artistic science. Photography has by many been considered an automatic 
 process in which chemical action prevails throughout, from the preparation of 
 
 the plate and the direct interposition of the rays of the sun, the formation of the 
 image, the securing of the fugitive impression upon the plate, the transfer to the 
 sensitive paper, and the fixing of the impression and further processes until it 
 is presented with finished effect. Chemistry plays the principal part in this 
 wonderful drama; but it is like every other drama, which, however finely 
 written, loses the greater part of its impression if the parts are played by poor 
 actors. Knowledge, study, practical experience, and, beyond all, good taste, 
 are necessary to the photographer ; and how requisite these qualities are is 
 shown by the varieties of pictures in this exhibition. They are all fine, but 
 there are some which attract the attention of even uninstructed spectators. 
 Germany, Austria, England, France and the United States furnish the col- 
 lection, and many of the pieces are of the highest degree of interest. 
 Members of the Photographic profession throughout the United States joined 
 in the movement which led to the construction of this building, and it has 
 been erected at their expense. Cost, $26,000. Materials, iron, brick, glass 
 and bronze. The roof is composed entirely of glass, so that the light thrown 
 upon the pictures is clear and soft, bringing out the most delicate details and 
 effects. 
 
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 PHOTOGRAPHIEN AUSSTELLUNG. 
 
 EXPOSICION DEFOTOGRAFIAS 
 
 EXPOSITION DE PHOTOGRAPHIES. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
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 POMOLOGICAL BUILDING. 
 
 EAST of the northern section of Agricultural Hall, and south of the 
 Brewers' Building, stands the annex for the exhibition of fruits. It is one 
 of the many structures upon the ground which is to be used occasionally, and 
 may at various periods during the Exhibition season be entirely empty. It is 
 temporary in its character, and therefore is plainly constructed, without 
 any effort at ornamentation. The attention which has been given to the 
 building is such as will facilitate the principal object for which it was con- 
 structed — utility — perfect adaptation to the purpose being the only matter of 
 study. The Pomological Building ranges from east to west, and is in dimen- 
 sions iSox 200 feet. The exterior at the east and west ends shows a series of 
 four shed roofs and four gables, between which are aisles extending the whole 
 length of the building from east to west. The walls rise from the ground to within 
 a convenient distance of the roof, from which extend sashes continuous on all 
 sides of the building, which throw in light and can be arranged for ventilation. 
 The main sections peer lantern-like above the aisles, and are also supplied with 
 side-lights, so that the interior is bright and cheerful, and the best opportunities 
 are given for seeing everything which forms the subject of display. There are 
 four main avenues and five aisles extending the full length of the building, 
 intersected by five cross-aisles. In the centre of these passages are placed the 
 
 tables, four in each row, with tables at the side-rows and ends of the building, 
 making fifty-two without counting the tables around the four sides of the apart- 
 ment. These tables are made to show fruit to advantage, with shelves in the 
 fashion of truncated pyramids. The roof is supported by plain joists and 
 girders, arranged without display of ornamentation for purposes of utility only. 
 The avenues are about 6 feet in width. Light and air are abundant. The in- 
 terior is painted white, which renders the appearance of the grand hall cheerful 
 and attractive for the purposes designed. The main entrances are in the 
 centre, on each side, having Gothic doorways. In this building, during the 
 season, will be held at different times exhibitions of fresh American fruits par- 
 ticularly, as they appear when plucked before decay sets in. The programnie 
 embraces special exhibitions of strawberries, blackberries, raspberries and other 
 small fruits. The melon, the citron and the cantaloupe will be duly honored. 
 The peach will be displayed in its luscious beauty, In the autumn the pear 
 and the apple, the plum and the grape, will be shown in every variety, fresh 
 and luxuriant. The arrangement will relieve Agricullural Hall from what 
 might be at times an inconvenience ; and for the accommodation of visitors 
 or persons disposed to' examine for themselves, the Pomological Building has 
 special claims. 
 
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OBSTAUSTELLUNGS GEB. 
 
 EDIFICIO POMOLOGtCO. 
 
 PAVILLON POUR LXXPOSITION QES FRUITS. 
 
 POMOLOCrCAL BUILDING. 
 
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 BREWERS' BUILDING. 
 
 As an annex to Agricultural Hall the brewers of the United States have 
 erected at a cost of $20,000 a special establishment designed to illustrate 
 the mysteries of their ancient art. The building is 96 feet in width by 272 feet 
 in length. It is two stories in height, has a main front which stands out from 
 the centre of the hall and presents a pleasing feature. A square tower rises 
 from the roof and throws light into the interior. Tlie design is plain and sub- 
 stantial, as is consonant with the idea of a brewery — a style of structure toward 
 the decoration of which architectural elegance has not been specially directed. 
 Over the main southern entrance is a large statue of the jolly King Gambrinus, 
 whose memory as the inventor of lager beer is held in high respect by every 
 Teuton. The second roof, at its rise, displays a beer barrel of heroic size, 
 which is decorated with flags of all the nations which indulge in malt liquors, 
 which, in short, may be said to be all the nations of the world. Other entrances 
 bear as trophies the implements of the trade adjunct to the preparation and 
 production of ale, beer and porter. Over the eastern entrance-door, in the 
 interior, is a great trophy, in the centre of which is a medallion which bears 
 this inscription : 
 
 IN THE YEAR IS63, 1,558,083 BARRELS OF BEER WERE BREWED IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES; IN 1875, 8,743,744 BARRELS WERE PRODUCED FROM MALT 
 
 LIQUORS, ON WHICH A TAX WAS PAID OF $9,144,004. 
 
 This is a practical way of presenting concise facts >vhich show the pro- 
 
 digious growth of the business. Upon the walls of the interior, conspicuously 
 displayed, are inscriptions in English and German, embodying sentiments 
 appropriate to the trade. The centre room is to the roof S5 feet high. There 
 are four other rooms, each 45 feet to the top. Adjacent is an ice-house, with 
 separate compartments for ale and beer, regulated according to necessity of 
 temperature, and a testing-room. It is in the interior that the Brewers' Building 
 expects to present the most interesting subjects to the visitor. Even in the 
 brew-house it is possible to be historical ; and the brewers offer to the atten- 
 tion of their guests a model of the brew-house of a hundred years ago, which 
 differed very little from the brew-house of a century earlier, and which is 
 contrasted with the brewery of the present day. One may learn here how 
 William Penn, who was no total abstinence man, but was much interested in 
 the b!;ewery and the vineyard, built his brew-house at his manor of Penns- 
 bury about 1683. In those days they had time, the grain being plentiful and 
 the demand limited, to patiently prepare a good beverage. But at this era the 
 great demand for malt liquors makes it necessary for the brewer to hurry up 
 his product. The design of this establishment is to show how by improved 
 processes and machinery the art of brewing can be accelerated with perfect 
 honesty without the necessity of adulteration, so as to produce a pure liquor. 
 Samples of the finest ales, beer, porter and brown stout made in this country 
 and Europe are also shown, and the result is general gratification to visitors. 
 Builder, James B. Doyle. 
 
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BRAUEREi. BREWERS BUILDING. 
 
 BRASSERIE. 
 
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 AMERICAN DAIRYMEN'S (BUTTER AND CHEESE) BUILDING. 
 
 BUTTER and cheese, until within a few years, were in this country what 
 might be called individual products — that is, they were manufactured by 
 farmers, each for himself, upon his own premises, and in his own way. The 
 preparation of these substances was a daily occupation — as much so as cooking 
 or feeding stock. The result has always been peculiar differences in the 
 quality of butter and the consistency of cheese, dependent upon the skill and 
 care of those who had charge of the dairy. The idt^a of utilizing the milk 
 product and its manufacture, so as to produce the uniformity and excellence 
 which are to be obtained by association, specific method and scientific 
 processes best attainable under the control of corporations, is a modern one, 
 and may be said to be entirely American. The co-operation of the various 
 companies engaged in this manufacture has resulted in the construction of 
 the American Dairymen's Association Building in the Centennial grounds. 
 Whilst the structure is well adapted for the purpose designed and is of pleas- 
 ing appearance, utility has been studied, so* as to ensure the desired effect 
 without extravagant outlay. The improved butter and cheese building stands 
 a little east of Agricultural Hall and overhangs Belmont valley. It consists 
 of amain building no feet in length and 36 in width, with two wings each 
 80x32 feet, extending eastward from the main structure. A piazza S feet in width 
 surrounds three sides of the building. The factory is two stones in height, with 
 attics. The roof is steep pitched, and a square tower rises in the centre at the 
 intersection of the main building and wings. The exterior is painted in light 
 colors, and presents a pleasing appearance. The cost of this building was 
 $20,000. The interior is fitted up principally for purposes of exhibition, but 
 
 also to illustrate practically the process by which the benevolent lacteal con- 
 tributions of the placid cow are transmuted into the unctuous composition or 
 transformed into the more solid and substantial edible. The most modern 
 processes used in this manufacture are here displayed as in a practical working 
 dairy. The raising of the cream, the churning of the butter, the solidification 
 of the cheese, and all the processes attending the business, are displayed with 
 the apparatus— churns, vats, presses, pools and other utensils. The butter-room 
 is a great refrigerator, cool and admirably adapted to keep the special article 
 of interest firm and sweet. All these processes are open to the examination 
 of the visitor through a glass partition, which extends along one side of the 
 hall and affords him a full view of the manner in which the labor is 
 conducted. For exhibition the cheese- and butter-rooms furnish samples 
 from more than 2000 American dairies and factories, demonstrating the magni- 
 tude and importance of this interest and showing the superiority of the method 
 of operation. The articles exhibited, being perishable, are constantly changed, 
 the butter and cheese being sold and disposed of and new samples brought in. 
 The design seems to be to make this building something like an exchange, 
 which will be of benefit to the dairymen of the country and serve to con- 
 vince foreigners of the value of the business. The butter trade of the 
 United States is increasing rapidly. In the fiscal year of 1874-5 ^^^ exports 
 of butter amounted to 4,150,000 pounds. The value of the entire butter 
 product of the country has been estimated at $420,600,000. The current pro- 
 duction of cheese is estimated at about 300,000,000 pounds. American cheese 
 is now a valuable export which finds ready sale in Europe. 
 
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 14 
 
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BUTTER SiKASE FABRIK. 
 
 EDIFICIO DEMANTE9U1LLA Y CUESO 
 
 FABRICATION OU BEURE ET DU FORMAGE. 
 
 BUTTER StCHEESE FACTORY. 
 
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 HOUSE OF PUBLIC COMFORT. 
 
 '"T^HE thoughtful attention which the Centennial authorities have given to 
 the subjects entrusted to them cannot be more remarkably shown than in 
 the circumstances connected with the erection of the House of Public Comfort. 
 The proper ordering of the sizes, shapes and objects of the Exhibition Build- 
 ings is within the ordinary and expected jurisdiction of the managers, but 
 the Department of Public Comfort might never have been originated, and no 
 visitor or exhibitor would have thought of the necessity of anything of the 
 kind. Yet to the stranger who learns that there is such an establishment 
 scarcely any other information could be more welcome. The House of Public 
 Comfort is a place where every one will find the means of individual accom- 
 modation. It is furnished with wash-rooms for ladies and gentlemen, recep- 
 tion-rooms, parlors and resting-places, hair-dressing and barber shops and 
 baths, boot-blacking and brushing conveniences, rooms and desks for writing, 
 with paper and postage stamps, newspaper and magazine stands. It receives, 
 keeps and restores portmanteaus, packages, bundles and lunch-baskets. Ittakes 
 care of umbrellas and furnishes them for use in case of sudden rain. It is 
 supplied with messenger-boys and has connection with the telegraph. It may 
 be a place of reunion for visitors who wish to go different ways. To crown all, 
 
 it will furnish the weary traveler with lunch and refreshments. There is 
 scarcely a want which a visitor to the Exhibition may have that cannot be ac- 
 commodated at this Comfort House ; and as the idea of the establishment did 
 not arise from private speculation, but was really an object of the Commission 
 for the relief of visitors, the official management deserves thanks for the origi- 
 nation of such a happy idea. The House of Public Comfort occupies a solid 
 square of ground loox loo feet. The front shows a central building of two 
 stories in height, the upper one being a roofed gallery, affording shade and a 
 fine view of the busy scenes on the Cen-tennlal grounds. A little square steeple 
 with pointed roof adjoins it. The main building is united by wings on the east 
 and west to two side buildings. That upon the east is occupied by the general 
 telegraph department and the American District Telegraph. The western 
 section is occupied as an office of the U. S. Centennial Commission. Those 
 who understand, know that the House of Public Comfort is one of the most 
 useful on the grounds, and that the title is no misnomer. The builders were 
 Balderston and Hutton of Philadelphia, by special contract with the Centennial 
 Commission. The establishment is under the superintendence of W. Marsh 
 Kasson. 
 
 15 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC COMFORT. 
 
 DEPARTMEMTZUR BEIJU EMLICHKEITDES PUBLIKUMS. PAVILION POUR LES BESOINS PUBUCS.TELEGRAPHIE&c. 
 
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 PENNSYLVANIA' EDUCATIONAL BUILDING. 
 
 /~\CTAGOXAL in shape of ihe main walls, the lantern and the cupola, the 
 
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 severe mathematical character of the ground plan of the Pennsylvania 
 
 Educational Building is broken by annexes on the north and south of one 
 story in height, which serve useful purposes and render the appearance of the 
 building more pleasing than it would be if the strict form was adhered to. In 
 di.imeter this structure is one hundred feet. The annexes are 19x44 feet. 
 The unbroken walls of the main building rise to some distance above the 
 foundation, from which point windows extend up to the cornice and throw light 
 into the interior from every side. The central h.iU is lighted from the lantern 
 in the same manner, and a cupola tasteful in proportion and appearance sur- 
 mounts the whole. The plan of the building ensures good ventilation by ad- 
 justable sashes, and the interior is bright and attractive. The exterior is 
 painted neatly in colors which agree harmoniously even in their contrasts. 
 The building stands north of the Carriage Building, east of Belmont Avenue 
 near the Lansdowne drive, and is not far from the Swedish school-house. The 
 difference between the two is that, whilst the foreign structure shows the manner 
 in which the Swedish children are accommodated at the present time, the 
 Pennsylvania hall does not give any idea of the shape or appearance of the 
 Pennsylvania school-house. It is an exhibition room in which, as in the foreign 
 
 example, the manner of education is shown in the matters for examination, but 
 the display has not the practical appearance which is attached to the idea of a 
 temple of primary education. Everything connected with the plans of general 
 instruction is here properly shown. The road to knowledge may be followed 
 from the alphabetical card and primer by the stations where spelling-books, 
 grammars, geographies and arithmetical treatises are placed, up to the stop- 
 ping-places of history, language, science and art. From the Kindergarten 
 to the college the entire course of instruction may be traced, and in every 
 practical necessity the collection is complete. There are maps, drawings, 
 illustrations and all the apparatus of the school, which are arranged with 
 systematic regularity, so that every one disposed to study this most interesting 
 subject will find the method easy. The erection of this building is due to the 
 efforts of the Pennsylvania Teachers' Institute, and to the great interest and 
 earnestness of Professor J. B. Wickersham, the superintendent of education of 
 the State of Pennsylvania. The Legislature gave $15,000 toward the cost of 
 the building; the Teachers' Institute subscribed S5000. The latter has fitted 
 up a room in the western end of the building at a cost of over $1000 for meet- 
 ings and a general reception-room for visitors. The builders were Peters cS: 
 Burger, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 
 
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 PENNSYLVANIA ERziEHUNGS GEB. PEN N SYLYANI A E DUCATIO NAL BUILDING. ecoles de la pennsylvanie. 
 
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 ST. GEORGE'S HOUSE (ENGLISH COMMISSION BUILDINGS). 
 
 A MONG the most attractive features of the grounds are the three buildings 
 "^^ -erected by the English Commission. St. George's House, the largest 
 and most elaborate, is used for the offices of the English Commissioners, 
 which are south of State Avenue and adjoining the New York Building. One 
 of the others is in use as a kitchen, and the third is occupied by the English 
 police. This group of buildings represents in a very picturesque manner the 
 old half-timber houses of two centuries ago, many of which yet remain near 
 Chester and in other parts of England. The main structure covers a space of 
 93x68 feet, with projections. The exterior is indescribable with any degree 
 of minuteness. It is composed of gables, projecting, bay and oriel windows, 
 verandas and balconies, and defies that sort of taste which sees beauty only 
 in straight lines. There are projections and recesses, porches and other ar- 
 rangements, all of which to the American eye appear inexpressibly odd. The 
 
 chimneys are broad and massive ; the roof covered with red earthenware tiles ; 
 the windows, which are numerous, are composed of very small panes of glass 
 set in leaden sashes. Outside, the house appears to be all window and gable ; 
 inside, there are several rooms finely finished in carved oak, which open into 
 one another, and which connect with the main hall, stairways and corridors. 
 The high mantelpieces are of carved wood bordered with painted and enameled 
 tiles. The hearths and the floors are tiled ; and the interior is so unlike any- 
 thing that we have in this country that inspection of it reveals an interesting 
 curiosity. The staff building is 65 :< 35. The kitchen building is 60 >■■ 20. The 
 architect' was Thomas Harris of London; builder, John Rice, under the im- 
 mediate supervision of J. H. Cundall, C. E., the engineer of the Commission. 
 The interior is furnished with appropriate old-fashioned English furniture, 
 under the direction of Mr. Cooper, of London. 
 
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ENGL COMMISSION. E N G LI SH C O M M I SS I ON BUILDING. 
 
 COMMISSION ANGLAISE. 
 
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 FRENCH GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
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 '"T^HE Revolutionary ally of the struggling American States was rather slow 
 in acceding to the idea of a participation in the Centennial Exposition. 
 The cause may be ascribed to the half-hearted way in which Mr. Secretary- 
 Fish invited the attention of foreign governments to the display. For some 
 time it was doubtful whether France took any interest in the Exhibition. When 
 that government did come in, the delay was such as to affect all the prepara- 
 tions. When the Exhibition opened on May lo, the French department was 
 behind those of other nations, and the special French buildings were scarcely 
 commenced, the principal one, indeed, having met with misfortune in a high 
 wind during the latter part of April. France is now represented by three 
 buildings. The principal one may be said to be unexpectedly plain in appear- 
 ance, presenting scarcely anything in the way of architectural elaboration 
 beyond -the most ordinary structure. The walls are of brick which is not of 
 near as fine quaUty as the ordinary brick used in dwellings in Philadelphia. 
 A slight attempt at ornament is made by interspersing through the walls black- 
 headed bricks in crosses and diamond figures — a style of ornamentation 
 common in the early brick edifices built in Philadelphia between Penn's 
 settlement and 1719-20. The roof is gabled, of moderate pitch, the cornice 
 of galvanized iron, and pilasters of that metal are placed on the outside walls. 
 
 The sides of the doorways are bordered with blue, black and white tiles which 
 were brought from France. The arrangement strikes the spectator as peculiar, 
 although, perhaps, he will not insist that it is beautiful. The large doors are of 
 iron. The greater portion of the roof is of glass, which throws a strong light 
 into the interior. The size. of the building is 90 x 45 feet ; height 30 feet. Archi- 
 tect and engineer, M. Lavonie. Builder, M. D'Hevigny. The object of this 
 particular structure is the display of models of railroads, bridges, fortresses, 
 depots, factories and public works. The situation is east of the annex to the 
 Art Gallery, upon Lansdowne drive. The greater proportion of the materials 
 came from France, and the building was erected by French workmen. Near 
 by this Public Works building is the headquarters of the French commission 
 in a pavilion 20x53 feet, which is noticeable from the stained glass which 
 ornaments it. Another pavilion in the vicinity is constructed entirely of zinc. 
 It is an octagon 24 feet in diameter, with an adjoining rectangular wing 27 feet 
 long. This structure is intended for the exhibition of articles made of zinc. 
 The French Ceramic Pavilion, for the display of pottery, tiles and bronzes, is 
 near the Moorish villa, which is on the .north side of Lansdowne drive and 
 north of the Swedish school-house. It is built of iron and tiles. The contents 
 show the skill of French artists in fine china vases and earthenware. 
 
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 FRANZOSISCHE COMMISSION. 
 
 EDIrlCIO QELACOMISION FRANCESA. 
 
 COMMISSION FRANCAISE. 
 
 FRENCH COMMISSION BUILDING. 
 
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 GERMAN GOVERNMENT PAVILION. 
 
 T X THILST the ^reat majority of the structures erected by the foreign 
 * " governments and the States of the Union upon the Centennial grounds 
 are of wood, Germany has resolved to be distinguished by a structure solid and 
 strong, analogous, as an architectural idea, to the plain and practical character 
 of the people of the German nation. This building is of brick, rough-cast and 
 plastered, situate on Lansdowne Drive, near the east side of Belmont Avenue, 
 S3 feet in length by 42 in breadth, and is finished in the Italian Renaissance 
 style, being principally noticeable upon account of the portico, which is spa- 
 cious and handsome. The approach to this grand feature of the edifice is by 
 broad steps, which lead, with balustrade, to the principal entrance. The m.ain 
 passage leads into a hall, which is finished in stucco-work, the walls and ceil- 
 ings adorned with fresco paintings. The officers of the commission occupy the 
 rooms upon one side of the hall, and upon the other side are reception-rooms 
 for ladies and gentlemen. The roof of the main building is quadrangular in | 
 
 shape, rises gently to a small central space, from which towers the flagstaff. 
 The main hall is 32 feet square ; the ceiling is 34 feet from the floor. The 
 imperial arms of the German empire are frescoed in the centre. The black 
 eagle is presented with outstretched wings, in which the feathers are separated 
 with bizarre taste, and the tail is eked out with the collar and cross of an 
 order of nobility. The claws, red and strong, are suggestive of power for 
 attack or defence. Upon the breast is the shield of the Hofienzollerns, 
 charged with a duplicate eagle grasping the globe and sceptre and bearing 
 the white and black quarterings of the Imperial House. The four corners 
 of the ceiling are embellished with emblematical designs, interspersed with 
 garlands and floral decorations, Cupids and figures in a high style of elabo- 
 rate painting. A building adjoining the main structure is occupied by 
 German exhibitors for the purpose of displaying the quality of their native 
 wines. 
 
 19 
 
DEUTSCHE COMMISSION. 
 
 EOiriCIO DE LA COMISION ALEMANA 
 
 COMMISSION ALLEMANDE. 
 
 GERMAN COWM ISSION BUILDING. 
 
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 BRAZILIAN PAVILION. 
 
 '~pHE empire of Brazil is distinguished by the taste which is manifest in 
 arranging the details connected with the participation of the government 
 of that country in the Exhibition. The Pavilion of Brazil is situate upon a 
 gentle wooded elevation or knoll of ground rising near the head of the Lans- 
 downe Ravine and east of the German Building. The situation is one of the 
 most attractive on the grounds, and the edifice is worthy of its position. The 
 ground-plan is octagonal in form ; but the porches and bay-windows — the lat- 
 ter extending out on all sides of the building except the front — break up the 
 mathematical exactness which otherwise would be apparent. The style is 
 light and graceful. The pavilion has an airy appearance which is pleasing to 
 every beholder. The porch in front is sufficiently spacious to ensure shade 
 and good ventilation for the interior, and the roof makes a very attractive bal- 
 cony and promenade. The exterior shows pleasing combinations of colors, 
 
 in which brown, yellow and red are harmoniously contrasted, the orna- 
 mentation of the scroll-work being very elaborate. The interior is about 70 
 feet in diameter. A large hall runs through the building from the door- 
 way. On each side of the hall are two rooms, one opening to the front and 
 the other to the rear. Stairways lead from the farther end of the hall into 
 the turret-room above and to the balcony. The turret is divided into four 
 rooms, each containing three windows and communicating with the balcony, 
 thus ensuring light, access to a handsome promenade and a view of the 
 Park in fine weather. The turret is surmounted by a finial of classic pro- 
 portion. The walls of the interior rooms are covered with gold paper veined 
 with flowers and vines. The furniture is plain, but in good taste. Im- 
 mediately around the building the enclosure is neatly laid out and planted 
 v.'ith Brazilian plants. 
 

 BRASILIANISCHE COMMISSION, 
 
 EDinClO DELA COMISION BRASILENA 
 
 COMMISSION DU BRESIL. 
 
 BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONERS BUILDING. 
 
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 SPANISH GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 O PAIN prepared for the use of her commissioners and servants an octagonal 
 ^""^ building somewhat in the lantern style, with but small decoration, and not 
 of a character to attract particular attention. The hasty visitor to the grounds 
 might pass it by as of no more claim than many which are near ; but it needs 
 nothing more than that a little attention shall be paid to the structure to dis- 
 cover that it is a very neat architectural example. The Moorish doorway may 
 be called plain, but it is in strict subordination to the rules which govern in 
 that fantastic style, lacking only elaboration of ornament which shows in the 
 Alhambra and other ancient remains which certify to the Moorish domination 
 in Spain. The windows are Mauresque. The appropriate decorations at the 
 eaves of the first story are of zinc, from designs by Mueller, who has prepared 
 also the coat-of-arms which surmounts the doorway. The upper lantern is 
 lighted from all sides, and the finish is in harmony with the general style. 
 The flag of Spain floats over all. This structure is occupied by a detachment 
 of Spanish engineer soldiers, consisting of a lieutenant, sergeant, corporal and 
 twenty privates. The interior arrangements are those of a barrack, and the 
 
 pavilion is under strict military discipline. After the original structure was 
 finished, an arcade was constructed near the principal building, in the Moorish 
 style ; it is small, but much more showy in the details than the principal head- 
 quarters. This construction is used for a dining-room, offices and wash-rooms. 
 At a still later period a large structure was erected adjoining, for the use of the 
 commission. This is a parallelogram, high, airy and well lighted. It will not 
 compare in richness of style with the octagon or arcade ; but it is a sensible, 
 substantial affair, and is in a position wherein a pleasant view of the grounds 
 and coolness — the situation being most inviting to the breeze — are objects 
 always "to be attained. The commissioners have their official residence in 
 this additional building, which is fitted up with every convenience for the 
 discharge of their business duties in a manner satisfactory to Spaniards as 
 well as of Americans who wait upon them. The octagon is 50 feet in 
 diameter, and the larger structure 80 >- 100 feet. The Spanish buildings are 
 upon the Avenue of the Republic, adjoining on the west the buildings of 
 West Virginia. 
 
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SPANISCHES STAATS GEB, 
 
 SPANISH BUILDING. 
 
 PAVILION DE L'ESPAGNE. 
 
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 THE JAPANESE DWELLING. 
 
 
 ^ I ^HIS house, during its erection, created more curiosity and attracted in- 
 finitely more visitors than any other building on the grounds. It was 
 erected by native Japanese workmen, with materials brought from home, and 
 built in their own manner with curious tools and yet more curious manual 
 processes. In fact, the whole work seemed to be executed upon exactly re- 
 verse methods of carpentering to those in use in this country. The building 
 is situate west of the British Buildings. It was put together without the use of 
 iron. The different parts were mortised, beveled, dovetailed and joined, and 
 where it was necessary to use any other fastenings wooden pins were employed. 
 The woods are of fine grain, carefully planed and finished, and the house, 
 which is the best-built structure on the Centennial grounds, was as nicely put 
 together as a piece of cabinet-work. The lower story of the outside is sur- 
 rounded by wooden lattice-work, which slides backward and forward, and opens 
 or closes the prospect from the windows of the interior, which are at some little 
 distance within. The second story has solid wooden movable panels on the 
 outside, which may be opened for air or light, or which may be entirely closed 
 
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 in storms or when the sunlight is too strong. The roof is covered with heavy 
 black eardien tiles, which were laid upon a sort of colored mortar; these tiles 
 are ornamented at the edge of the roof by being painted white. The doorway, 
 surmounted by a porch, is not in the centre of the front, but on one side ; it is 
 very carefully ornamented in the prevailing style of the rest of the building. 
 Immediately over the entrance step, under the pediment, is an exceedingly 
 fine specimen of carving in wood, with fiowers, birds and other objects. Two 
 wings extend northward from the main portion of the dwelling, enclosing a 
 courtyard, which is fenced in, ensuring privacy. This unique building is one 
 of the most noted curiosities of the Exhibition. It is occupied as a dwelling by 
 several Japanese exhibitors. In style, ornamentation and care of construction 
 it is far superior to the Japanese chop-house, 100x20 feet, with a wing on 
 each side, 45 feet long, which is north of the House of Public Comfort. The 
 interior of the dwelling is covered with costly carpets of odd design. The walls 
 are hung with curtains of vegetable fibre, which keep out the sun, but admit 
 the air. 
 
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JAPANESISCHES WOHNHAUS. 
 
 JAPANESE DWELLING 
 
 PAVILLON DU JAPON. 
 
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 SWEDISH SCHOOL-HOUSE. 
 
 'T^'HIS notable structure is situate east of Belmont Avenue and north of the 
 west end of the Main Building. Sweden is represented upon the grounds 
 by no other building than this, and nothing could be better designed to give 
 an idea of the good sense and taste of the people of that country. The school- 
 house was prepared in Sweden and sent over in sections, accurately arranged 
 and easily put together. The material is of wood, which has been oiled and 
 polished, and, so far as can be seen, has been put together without the use 
 of a nail or screw. The boards are beveled, so that no seams are visible. The 
 doorways and window-frames are unique in pattern and appearance, and the 
 overhanging roof gives a quaint and old-fashioned aspect to tire house. The 
 
 principal entrance is by a porch on the west side, a doorway and entry being 
 opposite, on the eastern side. The interior is fitted with school-furniture and 
 other accessories, which will show the system of instruction adopted in the old 
 country, and the accommodations which are given to teachers and pupils. Con- 
 nected with this building, and immediately adjoining it on the east, is a small 
 wooden structure which contains intricate and delicate machinery belonging 
 to Thevrell's printing meteorograph, which registers inside of the schoolhouse 
 in automatic precision the passage of time, the velocity and direction of the 
 wind, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. These details show 
 how the Swedish "Frobs." makes up his prognostications. 
 
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 SCHWEDISCBES SCHULHAUS. 
 
 EDIFICIO DE ESCUELA DESUECIA 
 
 ECOLE SUEQOISE. 
 
 SWEDISH SCHOOL HOUSE, 
 
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 1 
 
 CANADIAN LOG HOUSE. 
 
 WRITERS upon the theory of architecture who are ambitious to go back 
 to the very beginning, say that men were taught the art of building 
 by observing the operations of Nature. Thus, from the cave, supposed to be 
 the earliest dweUing-place after our parents were driven from Eden, came, it is 
 said, the Egyptian styles which commenced with entrances to caves and ex- 
 tended to buildings above ground, fashioned after the first forms. The forest, 
 with its stately trunks of trees, suggested the Grecian colonnade ; the branches 
 which met overhead in the deep recesses of the woods are said to have given 
 to mankind the idea of the Gothic arch. Whoever is disposed to follow out 
 this fanciful philosophy will find it illustrated in the Canadian Log House, so 
 called. The magnificent portico of the Parthenon may be imagined to have 
 been the perfection of an arrangement of trunks of trees Hke that which forms 
 the exterior of this fabric. All that is necessary is to extend the size of the 
 building, substitute for the huge trunks with the natural bark upon them which 
 form the colonnade, stone for wood, and patient workmanship and carving, and 
 the idea is completely realized. There are few who would discover the exer- 
 cise of aesthetic beauty in a lumber-yard, or imagine that, by the piling up of 
 rough boards and taste in the arrangement, something like a structure might 
 be made which would attract general attention ; and yet the Canadian Log 
 House is scarcely more than a timber display. The material, except in the 
 portico, is composed of the same sort of boards as may be used in any structure 
 or article which is ordinarily made of wood. The boards are piled as they are 
 while undergoing the process of seasoning, each plank being separated from its 
 
 neighbor by small blocks, between which is ensured the necessary circulation 
 of air for the drying of the timber. It is the manner in -which the wood is 
 arranged that makes of this mere board-pile a structure unique and attractive 
 to the spectator. Six pillars, which are trunks of huge trees, are upon the east 
 and west sides, and on the north and south two extra pillars of the same cha- 
 racter make with the corner columns a portico of four. These fine specimens 
 of the Canadian forest are not decorated with capitals, but between them a 
 light lattice-work extends, which relieves the eye and draws attention from 
 the unfinished character of the upper portion of the column. The pillars sup- 
 port a roof of rough planks laid upon each other, in the centre of which rises, 
 by an arrangement of boards piled on boards, a cupola Gothic in style, sur- 
 mounted by a flagstaff displaying a flag. In the interior two finished columns 
 of ash help to support the roof Loose boards piled in such manner as to open 
 a doorway from side to side make also a stairway leading to the cupola. The 
 principal trophy of the building is a section of white pine cut from a 38-feet log 
 taken from a tree which was 303 feet in height. The inscription on it avers 
 that the tree was 664 years old when taken down. This is, of course, a matter 
 of estimate assumed by counting the rings in the wood. At all events, the tree 
 must have been very old, as the diameter of the trunk is at least 8 feet. Various 
 specimens of Canadian woods are arranged in other parts of this rude temple, 
 showing abundance of forest wealth in the Dominion, and rendering a solution 
 of the building problem easy. The size of the house is about 60x40 feet, and 
 it is situate south-east of the British buildings and nearly adjoining to them. 
 
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 CANADISCHES BLOCKHAUS. 
 
 MADEIRAS DEL CANADA. 
 
 EXPOSITION DES BOIS DU CANADA. 
 
 CANADA LOG HOUSE. 
 
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 NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE BUILDING. 
 
 L "'AST of the Connecticut Building' on State Avenue, with the pavilion of Mich- 
 igan as a neighbor on the other side, are the accommodations furnished 
 for the use of its citizens by the State of New Hampshire. The situation is 
 north-east of the villa of the State of New York. For the purposes of this 
 structure a space of ground is dedicated 50 >. 50 feet. The style is plain, repre- 
 senting the half-timbered American house, the framework standing out from 
 the weather-boarding, the bracings running at right angles with each other or 
 diagonal. The building is two stories in height, the front gable flattened off 
 near the peak ; on the east and west sides three sharply-pitched gables rise above 
 the windows. The first story has at the north end, extending east and west, a 
 one-story extension or office, connecting with the piazza, supported by plain 
 open columns, which extends upon three sides of the building. The entrance is 
 by a low flight of steps, which lead through a broad door to the interior. This 
 is fitted up in good style, but not extravagantly, comfort evidently being a more 
 desirable object than show. There is a parlor for ladies, a reception-room for 
 
 gentlemen, with apartments adjoining for toilette and other purposes. The 
 ' second story is divided into several apartments for the convenience of the 
 commission. Exceeding simplicity seems to have governed in the arrange- 
 ments. The interior, unplastered, showing the wood of the weather-boarding 
 or wainscoting, has a plain and rough appearance, which is in contrast with 
 the usual style of fitting up of neighboring buildings. The dark woods do not 
 woo the light, but seem to invite shade and coolness. The quadrangular 
 stairway in the reception-room opens at the back, instead of at the front, as is 
 most usual in American house's. This square approach to the second story in 
 the centre of the building renders possible an arrangement of apartments up 
 stairs which is unlike the general style in this country. There are other pecu- 
 liarities about the place which elicit general attention. Natives of New Hamp- 
 shire who resort to this edifice are received with great cordiality, made 
 comfortable by the representatives of the State, and go away well satisfied 
 with the character of the accommodations which have been prepared. 
 
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 NEW HAMPSHIRE STAATS GEB. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING. pavillon ou new Hampshire 
 
MASSACHUSETTS STATE BUILDING. 
 
 OOMEWHAT sombre in appearance, quaint and old-fashioned in style, the 
 *^-^ addilion of the central cupola seems to be all that would distinguish the 
 building of the Bay State from one of those practical, comfortable houses 
 which are still to be met with in the neighborhood of Cape Cod and in other 
 parts of Massachusetts. It is situate on the north side of State Avenue, oppo- 
 site the building of the State of New York. It is in the style of the colonial 
 times. The front has an overhanging roof, and in the gable is a square oriel 
 window for the garret, which rises from a larger and deeper square oriel win- 
 dow for the second story, whilst beneath is an old-fashioned porch. The 
 ground-plan is cruciform. On each side of the front is a one-story structure 
 analogous to the New England kitchen or the "keeping-room." Piazzas extend 
 in front and on the sides of these wings. The chimneys are heavy and large 
 
 and broad. The central tower and lookout seem to come from one of the sea- 
 shore hotels which are now to be found on the New England coast. The size 
 of the Massachusetts Building is 95 x 70 feet. The wings on each side, one 
 story high, are each 26x60 feet. The audience-room, laid with red and black 
 tiles, is 31 — 6 feet by 37—6 feet, and has an open timber ceiling. A room for 
 the State Commission, 26x21, and a room for the press, are on the same floor; 
 also a large manager's room, reception-rooms, etc. There are eleven chambers 
 in the second story. The ridge-pole of the pitched roof is 50 feet from the 
 ground, and the central tower rises 25 feet above it. In interior arrangement 
 and thoughtful tidaptation for the purposes intended, this is one of the best 
 planned houses on the grounds. A practical object is demonstrated in the ar- 
 rangements, which show good sense and ability. 
 
 26 
 
 m 
 
^■X/^^ 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS STAATS GEB. 
 
 PASELLON DE MASSAQHUSETTS. 
 
 PAVILLION DU MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING. 
 
m 
 
 orry^ 
 
 CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDING. 
 
 /''CONNECTICUT is housed on the north side of State Avenue, west of Bel- 
 ^-^ mont Avenue and east of the Massachusetts Building. The plan of the 
 building erected by the State of Connecticut was made by Donald G. Mitchell, 
 the author of the " Reveries of a Bachelor," known by his no/ii de plume 
 of " Ik Marvel." The house represents an old-style dwelling in the Land of 
 Steady Habits, improved and beautified to some degree by the porches and 
 piazzas. There is a long sloping back roof which extends nearly to the 
 ground. The external walls are plastered and shingled, showing the cross- 
 beams in the old-fashioned style. The chimney is low, wide and bulging, 
 adding to the quaint appearance of the structure. Over the central porch the 
 
 arms of the State of Connecticut appear as a blazon ; the motto beneath, "Qui 
 transtulit sustinet." Inside, the house is one story in height, the roof timbers 
 plainly showing. There is an overhanging gallery which relieves the room 
 of a barn-like effect that otherwise would be painful. The chimney-place is of 
 the good old fashion, broad and deep, bordered with plain brownstone and 
 glazed earthenware tiles bearing quaint antique pictorial designs. There are 
 two deep mantel-shelves, the upper one resting on brackets which are sup- 
 ported by the lower or principal one. The dimensions of the building are — 
 front, 30 feet; depth, 40 feet; western wing, 10x12 feet; piazza, 10x20 feet. 
 The main apartment is 22x30 feet; ceiling, 15 feet. 
 
 bJj£« 
 
 27 
 
 
CONNECTICUT STAATS GEB. 
 
 PABELLON DE CONNECTICUT. 
 
 PAVILLON OU CONNECTICUT. 
 
 CONNECTICUT COTTAGE 
 
r 
 
 NEW YORK STATE BUILDING. 
 
 '"T^HIS building is on the south side of State Avenue, north of St. George's 
 House. The Empire State presents a very showy structure, which can- 
 not be said to represent any ancient style of building. The house seems to be 
 modeled upon the plan of the ordinary fancy villas which dot the banks of the 
 Hudson River from New York to Albany, or woo the sea-breezes upon Staten 
 Island or Long Island. It is gay, but not illustrative of any State peculiarity. 
 The dimensions are So feet in length by 35 feet in breadth. The piazzas are 15 
 feet wide. The tower in the front is broad and convenient, and affords a fine 
 view of the Exhibition grounds. The fanciful ornamentation is plenteous, and 
 the painting and finish in the most elaborate style of the American villa. 
 Here are displayed the wonders which result from the modern adaptation of 
 machinery to the production of irregular forms, in the wood mouldings and 
 
 scroll-work, the decorations and patterns, which have all the beauty of carving 
 without requiring the labor and patience once necessary to obtain them. This 
 style of mansion illustrates the tendency of the American mind in architecture, 
 which is too frequently governed by a desire to obtain all the advantages of 
 fine appearance without solidity of construction. Severe critics decry the appli- 
 cation of pretence to the necessities of art or convenience. They must have 
 everything solid and real, or they are discontented. But the forms of beauty 
 can be enjoyed even if they are but shells. A statue which is pleasing to the 
 eye and designed with high taste and skill is none the less beautiful because it 
 is hollow. The interior of the building is handsomely fitted up with parlors 
 and reception-rooms, and offices and accommodations for the officers of the 
 State of New York and the citizens of that great Commonwealth. 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
NEW YORKSTAATS GEB, 
 
 PABELLON DENEW YORK. 
 
 PAVILLION DU NEW YORK. 
 
 NEWYORK BUILDING. 
 
I' 
 
saMAAi 
 
 m 
 
 fb^ 
 
 z<Sl 
 
 m 
 
 NEW JERSEY STATE BUILDING. 
 
 '~r~^HIS fanciful structure attracts the immediate attention of every one who 
 comes within sight of it. Its commanding position and size, the extraor- 
 dinary character of the architecture — which is unhke anything usually seen in 
 this country, with its peaks, gables, projections and porches, together with the 
 prominent and lofty tower — are studies for every one. The style inclines to the 
 Norwegian type, but is a method whereby the fancy of the architect has had 
 abundant play. The building is two stories in height. The roof is peaked 
 and covered with red clay tiles. A considerable portion of the tower end of 
 the second story, at the north-western portion of the structure, is covered with 
 tiles of the same color. The contrasts are strong and the general effect pecu- 
 
 liar, rendering this one of the most remarkable buildings in the Centennial 
 grounds. It is situated on the east side of Belmont Avenue, immediately oppo- 
 site the U. S. Government Hospital. The inside finish is plain. There are 
 offices, reception-rooms, retiring-rooms and other conveniences for the people 
 of New Jersey, for whose benefit in particular the house was erected. The 
 building is, however, so centrally and conveniently located that many weary 
 visitors from other States and countries take advantage of the comforts it 
 affords. The commissioners from this State deserve the thanks of the thou- 
 sands who are thus benefited by their enterprise in securing so desirable a 
 location and in projecting a building so well adapted to their wants. 
 
 falis)^ 
 
 29 
 
 
NEWJERSEY STAATS GEB 
 
 NEW JERSEY BUILDING. 
 
 PAVILLON DU NEWJERSEY 
 
r 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 '"pHE State of Pennsylvania, which gave generously toward the cost of the 
 -*- great Exposition, was tardy in making arrangements for the accommoda- 
 tion of its own officers and people. The time for holding the E.-chibition had 
 nearly come before the Legislature made the necessary appropriation. The 
 plans had been prepared and everything was ready when the contracts were 
 authorized. When the building was commenced, it was pushed forward with 
 such rapidity that it was ready for use a few days after the Exhibition was 
 opened. This structure is situate south of Fountain Avenue, north of Machinery 
 Hall, near the west end of the lake, The architecture is in the Gothic style, 
 ornamented with a central tower 165 feet high, which is flanked by two smaller 
 octagonal towers connected with the principal one by flying buttresses. The 
 
 building is of wood, and is surrounded by a tasteful piazza six feet wide. The 
 dimensions are 60x100 feet; the height to the eaves is 22 feet, from which 
 ascends the slanting roof 17 feet, making the height to the peak 39 feet. The 
 roof is covered with slate, and is pierced by dormer windows. At the east 
 and west ends a Gothic porch opens, extending in the gable near to the peak 
 of the roof. The interior contains a main hall, 30 x 50 feet, two pailors, each 20 
 feet square, with dressing-rooms and other conveniences attached. There are 
 two committee-rooms also. The Pennsylvania State Commission and the 
 State government occupy this building as their headquarters, and it will be a 
 place of resort for the people of the Commonwealth, Architect, H. J. Schwarz- 
 mann : builders, Peters &; Burger, of Lancaster, Pa. Cost, §15,000. 
 
 30 
 
MOB 
 

 PENNSYLVANIA STAATS GEE 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING. pavillon de la pennsylvanie 
 
m= 
 
 DELAWARE STATE BUILDING. 
 
 "T^ELAWARE State Building is situate on the north side of State Avenue, 
 adjoining on the west the Massachusetts Building. The style is Gothic, 
 of modern villa architecture; the house small, as becomes, perhaps, the 
 Diamond State, the territorial area of which is not broad and extensive. It is 
 54x34 feet, framed of hemlock lined and covered with Delaware floor-boards 
 and weather-boarded with Delaware sidings. The entire building is put up of 
 Delaware timber. A porch and tower stand out from the front, and relieve the 
 plainness of the walls on either side. Over the doorway the coat-of-arms of 
 the State of Delaware attracts attention. From the flagstaff a white flag, with 
 the name of the State upon it, floats in the breeze, and the staff itself is sur- 
 mounted by the proud emblem of this little commonwealth, "The Blue Hen's 
 Chicken." The ground in front is laid out as a garden. The central path is 
 divided by a diamond shaped flower-bed, and there are beds of the same shape 
 for flowers on either side. The house is of two stories, and suitable for the 
 
 accommodation of the Delaware commissioners and the people of that State. 
 The interior is divided by a broad entry, from which rises a convenient staircase 
 leading to the upper rooms in the second story. The ladies' parlor is on the 
 west, neatly papered in green and gold, furnished comfortably and connecting 
 with toilette-rooms beyond. The gentlemen's reception-room, on the east, 
 connects with a retiring-room. The paper is brown and gold. Accommoda- 
 tions for reading and writing are furnished, and, everything is in good order to 
 make visitors comfortable. The second floor is divided into four rooms, two 
 of which are fitted up as chambers and two are business-offices of the com- 
 mission. The building is pleasant, and enjoys during the summer the favor of 
 the prevailing south-west wind, which penetrates every apartment and renders 
 the place cool and comfortable. The architect was E. L. Rice ; the builder, J. L. 
 Kilgore, both of Wilmington, Del. In cost this is one of the cheapest build- 
 ings on the ground, but economy has been governed by good taste. 
 
 bOs)^ 
 
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DELAWARE STAATS GEB. 
 
 DELAWARE BUILDING. 
 
 PAVILLON DU DELAWARE. 
 
 11 
 
aafl 
 
m 
 
 -^^, 
 
 MARYLAND STATE BUILDING. 
 
 "T 'K Test of her territorial neighbor, Delaware, upon State Avenue, Mary- 
 land maintains her headquarters, immediately north of the California 
 edifice. Tennessee is on her right; and being close under the rise of George's 
 Hill, the position is sufficiently elevated to overlook the grounds. The style 
 of this house is not near so ornamental as some of the State headquarters in 
 the vicinity. The Maryland appropriation was very moderate, and the build- 
 ing was not commenced until near the opening of the Exhibition. The ground 
 plan is that of a cruciform structure. The centre is 31^ feet wide by 60 feet in 
 length. The wings upon the east and west are each 30x31.} feet. At the 
 angles of the cross are piazzas, each 12x30 feet, serviceable for their shade, 
 rendering the interior apartments more pleasant and taking off from the exact 
 appearance which the bare cruciform figure presents. The building is of two 
 stories, the cornices wide and overhanging, dc^ornted with ornamental sawed- 
 work in scrolls, tracery, geometrical figures and shields bearing the State mono- 
 gram and the dates 1776-1S76. The centre pediment bears in large characters 
 the word "Maryland." The turned and carved finials give a finish to the 
 exterior. The interior is devoted to purposes of exhibition as well as of accom- 
 modation. The central hall presents in appropriate exhibits the mineral, 
 mining, and other productions of the State of Maryland, including coal, stone 
 
 and marble, and also illustrates the fowling and fishing interests, including 
 in the latter the oyster fishery, which is of great importance. There are 
 models of fish-hatching houses, of fishing-rafts and buildings used in the 
 shad-fisheries of the Susquehanna, and also of the oyster-catching material, 
 vessels, pungys, canoes, drags, rafts, etc. A very important portion of this 
 exhibit is devoted to showing the various enemies of the oyster which prey 
 upon his existence — all except man, the greatest foe of all, who calmly stalks 
 around and rejoices that he comes last. The Maryland Academy of Sciences 
 furnishes liberal selections from its museum. The Maryland Historical Society 
 has loaned valuable antiquarian relics, and particularly the portraits of his- 
 torical worthies of the State from the time of Calvert down to the present day. 
 On the left of the main hall are the press-rooms, intended for newspaper head- 
 quarters for correspondents, etc., likewise parlors and retiring-rooms and other 
 conveniences, rendering this house agreeable as a stopping-place for citizens 
 of the State, and presenting to all who may drop in something to look at 
 of interest and instruction. Architect, Geo. A. Fredrick. Builders, S. H. 
 &: J. F. Adams. Ornamental wood-work by J. Thomas & Son ; all of 
 Baltimore. The building was erected under the special superintendence of 
 John H. B. Latrobe, U. S. Centennial Commissioner. 
 
 bljb^ 
 
 m 
 
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 MARYLAND STAATS GEB. 
 
 PABELLON DE MARYLAND. 
 
 PAVILLON DU MARYLAND. 
 
 MARYLAND BUILDING. 
 
I 
 
m 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 WISELY the authorities of the State of West Virginia resolved to unite 
 in the building prepared for their accommodation the double feature 
 of a mansion for the reception of friends and strangers and an exhibition- 
 hall. In the great buildings on the grounds this State could make but little 
 figure among ihe exhibitors in the American department. Its productions, 
 which are nearly all natural, would stand but little chance for examination 
 alongside of fine manufactured goods, objects of art, and ingenious machinery 
 which older commonwealths might present. A special building of its own, 
 in which the varieties of the bounty which Nature has bestowed upon the State 
 could be shown, would attract most attention, and the effect would be more 
 permanent upon the memories of those who might examine the products. 
 For this reason West Virginia is represented by two buildings. One is the 
 State headquarters, of about 40x40 feet, two stories in height, and built upon a 
 ground plan which places it diagonally in position with the exhibition-hall, 
 which is behind it. The main building, in comparison with that which it 
 adjoins, might be said to be shaped like the letter ^ — ^a seeming result, however, 
 from the manner in which it is placed. This house is two stories in height. It 
 has been constructed, with great care, of native woods, neatly paneled, and with 
 the framework arranged so as to show the varieties in color and grain. From 
 the point at lyhich the angles of the front building meet rises a small 
 cupola, surmounted by a spire. The interior is nicely fitted up and arranged, 
 and near the door is an inscription, " West Virginia welcomes all; the latch- 
 string is always out." The main building is of a dimension of 30 x 59 feet. 
 
 and built entirely of West Virginia woods. The exhibition-room is a plain 
 parallelogram of 40x60 feet, which is filled with specimens of the stone, 
 ores, coal, wood, sands, oil and mineral waters which the territory of the State 
 furnishes. The vegetable products are illustrated by tobacco in leaf and 
 manufactured into cigars and snuff. The cereals are numerous, and the soil 
 upon which they grow accompanies the specimens, so as to give the fairest idea 
 of its rich and fertile character. There are o\'er So varieties of wood dis- 
 played on a pedestal in the centre of the hall; a rough and a polished 
 specimen are placed side by side. The granite and marble and building-stone 
 show great variety and beauty in color. Coal in diversity is displayed not 
 only in the building, but in pillars outside on the grounds. The public-school 
 system is also illustrated by specimens of the books and apparatus used, with 
 maps and other examples. The petroleum product of this commonwealth is 
 large, and care has been taken to show the variety of light and heavy oils. 
 The substances which are used in forming mineral paints are plentiful, and 
 there are specimens of fine sand for making glass, and of marls valuable in 
 cultivation and equal to those of New Jersey. The display is one which must 
 convince all who examine it of the immense mineral wealth of the State, and 
 of the value of its vegetable productions. It only needs enterprise and capital 
 to show that this commonwealth is one of the richest in the Union. The 
 situation of these structures is adjoining and immediately east of the Spanish 
 building, north-west of the Catholic fountain, with Arkansas as an immediate 
 neighbor. 
 
 33 
 
 i 
 
V ^'..Z.'-^ o . 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA STAATS GEB. 
 
 PABELLON DEWEIST VIRGINIA. 
 
 WESTVIRGINrA BUILDING. 
 
 PAVILION DU WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
oidtaB 
 
m= 
 
 ^ 
 
 ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING. 
 
 A STRUCTURE octagonal in form, rising like a pavilion or lantern, of 
 -^^^ three stories, has been prepared for the State of Arkansas. By these 
 means, the building being surrounded by windows, a great degree of light is 
 ensured. The appearance of the exterior is neat and pleasing, and the interior 
 is cheerful. Over the main door, which fronts the south, is the escutcheon of 
 the State of Arkansas. The diameter of the centre circle of the building is 82 
 feet ; the superficial area, 5000 square feet. The ceiling, spherical in surface, 
 rises to the base of the octagonal dome, which at the top is 50 feet above the 
 floor. A circle of columns support the roof of the principal octagon. The wall 
 material is wood and glass, roof of iron. The interior is fitted up comfortably 
 for a double purpose — partly for the accommodation of the commissioners and 
 citizens of the State, and partly as an exhibit of the products of Arkansas. 
 There is a ladies' parlor, neatly furnished and provided with a piano, a room 
 for gentlemen, offices, clothes-rooms, etc. At the north side a magnificent stuffed 
 eagle with outstretched wings — one of the finest specimens of the bird that can 
 beshown anywhere — supports the coat-of-arms of the State. He overlooks a 
 
 very handsome cabinet made in Arkansas, constructed of 35 specimens of 
 native woods, and an elegant piece of workmanship. Among these are 
 woods of the Osage orange, which is indigenous to the State, white holly, 
 walnut of various textures and appearance, corrugated pine, tulip, sassafras, 
 ash, oak, cherry, rattan vine, grape and other varieties. Specimens of the 
 trunks of the trees and vines which produced these woods in other portions of 
 the hall show that they are of extraordinary size and diameter, proving a 
 wildness and freedom of growth not to be excelled in other parts of the Union. 
 The grasses and corn and grains are remarkable. Stalks of corn are here 
 displayed which are 17 feet high and produced 76 bushels to the acre. Cotton, 
 which since the close of the rebellion has become once more a matter of culti- 
 vation, is on exhibition, and proves to be of fine quality and long fibre. The 
 ores of lead, and of iron, fossil and magnetic, the petrifactions and novaculite 
 or hone-stone, are also worthy of examination. The architect of this building 
 was A. B. Bary of Philadelphia. Situation north of Fountain Avenue, adjoining 
 West Virginia Building on the east, and not far from the Catholic Fountain. 
 
 34 
 
 
 c^ 
 
i^MdnA^hrtMHHi^lHMB 
 
 
 ARKANSAS STAATS GEB. 
 
 ARKANSAS BUILDING. 
 
 urns. 
 
 PAVILLON DZ L'ARKANSAS. 
 
MISSOURI STATE BUILDING. 
 
 /'"CONSTRUCTED in the Gothic villa style, the Missouri headquarters, 
 ^^ which stand on the north side of State Avenue, the farthest west of all 
 the State buildings on that side of the grounds, close up in handsome pro- 
 portions the line of State buildings in the neighborhood. Iowa adjoins on 
 the east, and the George's Hill restaurant is immediately south. The front 
 shows a principal gable, which rises high near the west side of the house, and 
 is decorated elaborately with finial, and scroll-work of sawed timber. A large 
 arched window opens into this portion of the building. East of the gable a 
 dormer-window rises upon the roof At the east corner is a square tower, with 
 window in the second story, which extends above the main building, and is fin- 
 ished off with a Mansard roof. A gable on the east side rises at the northern end 
 of the house. There are two dormer-windows on that side between the gable 
 and the tower. On the western side are four dormer-windows. The second 
 story is formed altogether by the pitched roof and gables, lighted by the 
 dormers. There is a piazza arranged on the east, south and west sides, 
 supporting a veranda, pleasant for promenade and observation. On the first 
 
 floor the main door opens into a large sitting-room, which occupies nearly the 
 whole length and width of the building. Nine windows carried down to the 
 floor open on the piazzas, thus ensuring abundance of ventilation and light. 
 This is the main receplion-room for gendemen. The walls on the sides are 
 wainscoted in hardwoods, fluted and varnished. The walls above are neatly 
 colored and ornamented. The floor is matted; the furniture is comfortable 
 and easy ; and altogether there is an air of hospitality about the apartment 
 which assures the visitor that he is welcome. Some specimens of the products 
 of Missouri are arranged around this room. The ladies' parlor is in the second 
 story, the approach to which is by an easy stairway arranged in the front tower. 
 The apartment is pleasant and comfortable in all respects. There is a sitting- 
 room for gentlemen, which is used for an office. There are four rooms in the 
 second story. The exterior is painted in light colors. Dimensions, 48 x 56 feet. 
 The material is mostly of Missouri woods prepared in that State. Designing 
 architect, C. K. Ramsey. Superintending architect, L. C. Miller; both of St. 
 Louis, Missouri. 
 
 i 
 
 ft 
 
t 
 
 B 
 
MISSOURI STAATS GEB... 
 
 PABELLON DE MISSOURI. 
 
 PAVILLON DU MISSOURI. 
 
 MISSOURI BUILDING. 
 
MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDING. 
 
 RUDEST in external appearance, homeliest in interior fitting up and furnish- 
 ing, the building of the State of Mississippi challenges attention by the 
 contrast which it presents with the gay and fanciful structures around it. 
 Whilst the arts of the carpenter, the cabinet-maker, and even of the upholsterer, 
 have been brought to aid in the embellishment of the mansions in which most 
 of the States receive their citizens, Mississippi displays no more of the builder's 
 art than need be exercised by the emigrant who pitches upon a homestead 
 in the shadows of the woods, and whose residence is a simple log cabin which 
 he himself, although uninstructed in architectural mysteries, can fabricate. 
 The State receives her visitors in a rude shelter which suggests the earliest style 
 of home known to her settlers. Her accommodations are comprised within a 
 space of 40x30 feet. The situation is in the north-western portion of the 
 Centennial enclosure, west of the Japanese building. The outside walls are 
 chiefly of hickory split logs with the bark on. The door-frames and window- 
 frames are made of different qualities of pine. The doorway affects the Gothic 
 as much as can be done, by the meeting at the centre of two logs rising at 
 slight pitch. The panels of the door are intended to display the great variety 
 in the character of the native woods of Mississippi, those portions of the 
 structure being made of 48 different varieties. The eaves overhang the walls 
 and the porticoes, and they are fringed with long Spanish moss, which forms so 
 
 constant a pendant from the great trees which line the banks of the Mississippi 
 River. This substance is arranged in picturesque style, and adds greatly to the 
 rural character of the building. The balcony is supported by pillars made 
 from the limbs of trees, rustic and of such shapes as nature has permitted, 
 whilst the capitals are gnarled and grotesque knots and roots fantastic in 
 arrangement. The interior is fitted up with native woods ; upon the inner walls, 
 smooth and polished, so as to show the grain and natural color. Pine pre- 
 dominates, but there is great contrast even in that product, which varies in 
 appearance and quality according to the species and portions of the trees from 
 which they were taken, not only in the grain and shadings, but in the substantial 
 color. There are 68 kinds of woods in the interior, distinct from those in the 
 panels of the doors, so that the timber treasures of the State are here shown 
 in 116 varieties. The ornaments of the interior, brackets and other adjuncts 
 are as the forests furnish them, and add to the general interest of the structure. 
 All the timber used in this house came from Mississippi. Carpenters, citizens 
 of the commonwealth, came with it, and have erected this unique and pictur- 
 esque cabin. The commissioners from Mississippi are accommodated 
 here. Residents of the State are welcomed, and strangers from all parts of 
 the United States and of the world are courteously received and afforded 
 opportunities to see and examine for themselves. 
 
 oX^ 
 
 36 
 
MISSISSIPPI STAATS GEB. 
 
 PABELLON DEMISISIPI. 
 
 PAVILLON DU MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI BUILDING. 
 
liB 
 
^ 
 
 OHIO STATE BUILDING. 
 
 T X THEN this structure, on the northside of State Avenue, west of Belmont 
 Avenue, was planned, the intention was to display in a striking man- 
 ner the character and qualities of the different sorts of stone which are to be 
 found in the State of Ohio. This design has been partially carried out. The 
 first story of the main building is formed of stone of different colors and quali- 
 ties. The second story of the front and gable is of Dayton stone of a light 
 color, interspersed with limestone. In the upper part of the gable' is displayed 
 a shield, on which is carved the arms of the State of Ohio. The glass in the 
 windows is made from ground Massilon stone from a quarry near Ravenna, 
 Ohio. It is fine and clear, and hardly inferior to French plate-glass. The 
 
 other portions of the second story are of wood, and there is attached a wooden 
 pavilion to the north of the main building, intended to exhibit articles from the 
 State of Ohio, The latter is in the modified Gothic villa style, and is 45 feet 
 front by 60 feet in depth. It is to be regretted that this house could not be 
 finished in the manner originally designed. It would have been a handsome 
 ornament to the grounds. The pavilion building is 40 feet in front and 60 
 feet long. It has a veranda on both sides, the western one supported by a 
 columned porch, and that on the east being without columns. Architects, 
 Heard & Sons, of Cleveland, Ohio ; builders, Aaron Doan & Co., of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
idGB 
 
-iSs;,*^, 
 
 OHIO STAATS GEB. OHIO BUILDING 
 
 IZ 
 
 PAVILION DE tOHlO 
 
■m»lll- -'?*~'U" *^ ^^^B 
 
m 
 
 THE INDIANA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 'n~^HIS pavilion is upon State Avenue, west of the Ohio Building. It is some- 
 what peculiar in appearance and decoration, and by some has been 
 compared to the upper decks and "Texas" of a Mississippi River steamboat. 
 It is built of wood, and is in the form of an irregular cross, 55 feet in length. 
 From the level of the ceilings of the side rooms a truss-arched roof rises 24 
 feet above the centre of the hall, which is lighted from the rotunda above. 
 There are three porches for entrance — one at the centre and the others at the 
 sides. In the interior, upon the walls, are 200 tablets, 93 of which are to be 
 used by the counties of the State for their statistics. By these means is fur- 
 nished in the most concise form a very complete and satisfactory summary 
 of the condition of the State of Indiana in all those particulars which are 
 of interest and importance to the political economist. Each county shows the 
 date of its settlement, the time of its organization as a county, census figures of 
 population, statements of principal products, particularization of industries, 
 geological and natural features, together with the population of the larger vil- 
 
 9 
 o-Ui>^ 
 
 lages and an enumeration of churches and school-houses. The cities by this 
 assistance set forth their commercial statistics, and manifest, to all who observe, 
 the character of their most notable industries. The design is to comprise upon 
 these tablets matters of knowledge and interest equal in value to the most 
 elaborately written article which might be printed in a cyclopedia. The re- 
 maining tablets are to be devoted to the business-men of the State, to be used 
 for advertising and other purposes. There are also committee-rooms, a ladies' 
 parlor, a gentlemen's parlor, and other apartments. A handsome fountain 
 rises in the centre of the great hall. The materials used in this very showy 
 construction are wood, brick, iron and glass. It was declared semi officially 
 when this structure was commenced that it was intended to illustrate "as far as 
 possible Indiana homes and their productions." The materials are such as the 
 State produces, but the most enthusiastic citizen will not be prepared to go so 
 far as to assert that "Indiana homes" are generally as ornate as this very 
 handsome building. Cost, §io,ooo. 
 
 38 
 
 5ELo 
 
♦ 
 
INDIANA STAATS GEB. INDIANA BUILDING. PAVILLON.de L INDIANA. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING. 
 
 /^F the Gothic villa style, the Illinois State Building, cheerful in coloring, 
 ^"^ bright and attractive, claims attention from those who pass along State 
 Avenue. It is situated immediately west of the Indiana State Building, with 
 Wisconsin as a neighbor on the other side. The house is of two stories and of 
 irregular form, with two gables in front, the central one being lower than that 
 at the end. On the east and west sides are two gables ; a tower and small 
 spire, hexagonal in shape, above the second story is a feature of the south- 
 eastern corner. The eastern and western sides are provided with bay-windows. 
 A piazza extends around the eastern and southern sides of the house. It is 
 broad and comfortable, affording pleasant shade, the benefit of the breeze 
 and a fine view of the Exhibition Buildings. The main entrance-door opens 
 into a reception-room, which extends the entire width of the building. The 
 floor is laid in marquetry work of oak and walnut. The walls are half wain- 
 scoted in hardwoods. At the western end is a handsome mantel of clouded 
 
 marble of a peculiar color, resembling lead color or gray mingled with white. 
 The ornamentation of this elegant piece of lUinois stone-work is of black and 
 white marble. The novel appearance of the mantel-piece attracts the admi- 
 ration of every visitor. From the main reception-room opens on the west the 
 ladies' parlor, which is nicely furnished and connected with a drawing-room. 
 The gentlemen's parlor and reading-room is on the east. From the centre 
 of the main reception-room an arched passage leads to the stairway ascending 
 to the upper rooms. In that part of the building are four apartments for the 
 Commission. The secretary's office is on the east of the reception-room, fitted 
 up appropriately for the purpose. Everything connected with this structure is 
 comfortable, and the people of Illinois as well as those of other States are made 
 welcome. The size of the house is 40 x 60 feet. The architects were Wheelock 
 & Thomas, of Chicago; the builder, Jonathan Clark, of the same city. The 
 timbers were all prepared in Illinois and transported to the E.\.hibition. 
 
 bUs/'^ 
 
 39 
 
I 
 
 1^ 
 
ILLINOIS 5TAATS GEB. 
 
 ILLINOIS BUILDING. 
 
 PAVILLON DE L'lLLINOIS. 
 
 (SiaHlfllMI 21!!l]M^I2(^m llMMH!g®S 
 
riH 
 
^ 
 
 MICHIGAN STATE BUILDING. 
 
 /^N the north side of State Avenue, west of the Wisconsin Building and 
 ^"^ adjoining the headquarters of New Hampshire, is the very showy structure 
 erected by the State of Michigan. In appearance, elaboration and detail, 
 embellishment and ornamentation, it is as rich as any State structure upon the 
 grounds. The house is Swiss in appearance and decoration, the outlines being 
 broken up by bay-windows, verandas, porches and hanging galleries, with 
 snug little piazzas and much open work. The central tower is an imposing 
 feature, and strikingly illustrative of the most ornate characteristics of the archi- 
 tecture of Switzerland. The coloring is in happy contrast, and the general 
 effect of the exterior is graceful and pleasing. The ground plan shows an area 
 of about 50-; 65 feet. The idea has been to make this building in all respects 
 illustrative of Michigan material and of Michigan workmanship. The brown- 
 stone foundation comes from the Marquette quarries ; the roofing slate is from 
 Huron Bay, Lake Superior ; the wainscoting in the reception-room is of highly- 
 
 polished alabaster from the Grand Rapids quarries. The office of the governor 
 of Michigan is ornamented with a mantel and side panelings of Michigan 
 marble. The interior finish of other rooms is of native woods and polished 
 marble and alabaster. The floors are laid with hardwoods of various kinds 
 and patterns. The main staircase is spacious and handsome. The doors 
 are of solid walnut and elaborately carved. The fitting up is of the finest 
 character. The furniture is of Michigan woods, made by Michigan cabinet- 
 makers. The walls are ornamented with pictures by Michigan artists. "Off 
 Sleeping Bear Point, Lake Michigan," a large and elegant painting by Robert 
 Hopkins, occupies a prominent position. The interior is fitted up with offices, 
 parlors, reception-rooms and other conveniences, and it is expected that the 
 citizens of Michigan visiting the Exhibition will not omit a friendly call at the 
 State headquarters building, and certainly, when they see it, they will all agree 
 that they have something to be proud of. 
 
 oiiU)^ 
 
 40 
 
I 
 
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 i0>' 
 
 —£!%] 
 
 <in~>7£^ 
 
 MICHIGAN STAATS GEB. 
 
 MICHIGAN BUILDING. 
 
 PAVILION DU MICHIGAN. 
 
^ 
 
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 m 
 
 WISCONSIN STATE BUILDING. 
 
 "P^LAINEST among the State buildings, with no more ornamentation than 
 the ordinary frame house of the well-to-do citizen, the State of Wisconsin 
 does not challenge admiration by the beauty of the arrangements which she 
 has made for the accommodation of her commissioners and citizens. There 
 is no superfluity of ornament here, but the interior shows that the more import- 
 ant objects of comfort and convenience have been studied. This house is on 
 the north side of State Avenue, between the buildings of Michigan and Illinois 
 and north-west of the west end of the United States Government Building. 
 The dimensions are 45x50 feet, height of two stories, with a central round- 
 headed window and window-door in front at the second story, and a double 
 round-headed window on each side. A small cupola of pyramidal shape 
 rises above the ornamental pediment and is surmounted by a flagstaff. A piazza 
 supported by plain pillars extends around the eastern, western and southern 
 sides of the house. From the main entrance-door a hall extends through the 
 building seven feet wide. On the western side is the ladies' parlor, 16 y- 20 feet, 
 
 which is connected with a retiring-room in the rear. The floor is carpeted with 
 Brussels, the walls covered with gilt paper, the ceiling in light blue, and panel- 
 ings of thick Wisconsin paper in imitation of woods being arranged at the 
 proper places. The furniture was made in Wisconsin. On the east side there 
 is a reception-room 20x16 for gentlemen, baggage-room, washrooms and a 
 reading-room, which is furnished with files of papers published in Wisconsin. 
 A stairway leads to the second floor, upon which the main entry, running from 
 north to south, is of the width of the hall below. This story is divided into six 
 rooms, three upon each side, which are used as sleeping-apartments by the 
 employes, in addition to which there is a private office room. North of this 
 building is an annex intended for special display of the productions of Wiscon- 
 sin. It contains specimens of the ores, minerals, stone and woods of the 
 
 ' State. Over this collection presides the war-eagle "Old Abe," a bird which 
 can boast of a biography the particulars of which some of the "Badger State" 
 
 I attendants will be glad to relate. 
 
 axis/^ 
 
 41- 
 
 c^6 
 
I 
 
 HH0 
 
^^- 
 
 WISCONSIN STAAJS GEB. 
 
 PABELLON DEWISCONSIN. 
 
 PAVILION DU WISCONSIN. 
 
 WISCONSIN BUILDING. 
 
■■asffli 
 
f^ 
 
 IOWA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 ' I 'HERE is simplicity and plainness of construction about the building of 
 the State of Iowa which might tempt strangers to pass it by, but they will 
 find within such arrangements as will practically demonstrate the ruling idea 
 in its construction — namely, that it should be convenient and suitable for the 
 purposes of a State headquarters. The house is two stories in height, and the 
 ground plan like to the letter "]". The narrowest portion is in the front 
 building, which is 40x42 feet. At the northern end are bay-windows upon the 
 east and west side, adjoining which on each side are doors and porches, so that 
 the width of the edifice in that portion is 54 feet. The roof is of the old- 
 fashioned gable shape. The front is plain, with a central double window with 
 square head, and double windows of the same dimensions on each side. The 
 piazza in front is supported by clustered columns. The appearance of this 
 
 structure is significant of good taste and appropriateness of design. A central 
 hall leads, near the back of the house, to the stairway to the upper stories. The 
 ladies' double parlor is on the east, one room opening into the other. The 
 furniture is good and appropriate. It is carpeted, well lighted and cheerful in 
 appearance, the ornaments principally being pictures in worked tapestry. 
 The gentlemen's reading-room is on the west, and the office of the commission 
 immediately adjoining. In the upper portion of the house are four rooms fitted 
 up for the accommodation of the commission and attendants. The situation is 
 on the north side of State Avenue, east of the IVlissouri building, and adjoining 
 the tent pavilion of Tennessee. The California State building is immediately 
 south of it. Architect, Lovelace, of Des iVIoines, Iowa. Builder, Leaming, of 
 Des Moines. Cost, $3700. A portion of the materials were prepared in Iowa. 
 
 kU£>^ 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 

IOWA STAATSGEB. 
 
 PABELLON DE IOWA. 
 
 PAVILLON DEL'IOWA. 
 
 IOWA BUILDING. 
 
m 
 
 KANSAS AND COLORADO STATE BUILDING. 
 
 ^"T^WO Commonwealths have here united in the construction of an edifice 
 for their joint accommodation. It is Gothic in style, built in the form of 
 a Greek cross, the arms of which are each 132 feet in length from end to end. 
 A central tower rises at the intersection of the roofs. Dormer windows light 
 the second story. A broad Gothic window opens in each gable, and a piazza 
 with small pavilions at the intersection of the angles renders the front com- 
 fortable. This hall is adapted to a double purpose. It will accommodate 
 the commissioners and the visitors from the two States which own it, but it is 
 
 also intended for an exhibition building of the products of the State of Kansas, 
 which can be better disposed in order to give a correct idea of the resources 
 of that portion of the great West than could be had if they were displayed in the 
 larger buildings. These exhibits are made in a circular hall in the centre of the 
 house, and are approached by broad passage-ways from the north and south. 
 This structure is situate immediately east of the New Jersey State Building. 
 A painting of the broad seal of Kansas which is nine feet in diameter is placed 
 over the southern entrance, and a map of the State, 12 x 25 feet, hangs beneath. 
 
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 43 
 
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 W^^Xi^^mi 
 
 
 KANSAS &COLORADO STAATS GEB. KANSAS 8c COLORADO BUILDING. pavillqn du Kansas et Colorado. 
 
I 
 
r 
 
 COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE. 
 
 '"P'HIS building stands on the west side of Belmont Avenue, north of the east 
 end of Machinery Hall. The pavilion is in the Renaissance style, hand- 
 somely ornamented and attractive in appearance. The ground-plan is in the 
 figure of a Greek cross. In the interior is a central hall 60 feet in diameter, 
 offices, waiting-rooms and other apartments for the accommodation of visitors. 
 This office belongs to Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, the American branch of 
 the house of Thomas Cook Si Son, London, known all the world over as mana- 
 gers of excursions, tours and travels to all parts of the globe. By their extensive 
 agencies and arrangements they ensure to the traveler the best accommoda- 
 tion on his journey, good hotels wherever he stops, and every comfort and 
 convenience. Cook's Tourists' tickets carry the holders to every portion of the 
 civilized world. 
 
 The whole business is under the control and charge of Mr. Thomas Cook, 
 the senior member of the firm, who for almost a lifetime has been engaged 
 in the business of teaching the people of the world how to travel cheaply, 
 pleasantly and comfortably. 
 
 These tourist tickets present also the additional advantage that they are not 
 limited in time ; they permit the tourist to stop en rmtle at pleasure, while all 
 unused tickets are redeemed. 
 
 Hotel coupons are also issued, available for accommodation at at least one 
 first-class hotel in every chief city of the world, at fixed and uniform prices, 
 and that price lower than the regular price of the hotel. The firm holding this 
 concession have had a similar connection with all the great expositions of the 
 world, commencing in London in 1S51, and ending in Vienna in 1S73. 
 
 biJs^ 
 
 44 
 
 ^ 
 
-OOKS WELT BILLET VERKAUF COOKS WORLDS TICKET OFFICE. bureaux des billets de iyicooke. 
 
 -l@2®i 
 
tp- 
 
 1 
 
 GLASS EXHIBITION BUILDING.- 
 
 ^ I ^HIS is one of the special manufacturing structures on the Centennial 
 grounds. It has been erected by GiUinder & Sons, glass manufacturers, 
 of Philadelphia, for the exhibition of their peculiar industry. Here the process 
 of making glass-ware for domestic use is exemplified from the melting and 
 blowing of the crude material to the cooling, polishing, cutting, engraving and 
 ornamenting of every species of glass, pitchers, goblets, wine-glasses, tumblers, 
 vases, fancy bottles and other articles. The entire operation, from the crude 
 material to the finished implement, is thus exemplified. The building is 
 large, neat in appearance, and admirably adapted in all particulars for the 
 uses designed. The dimensions are about loo by 40 feet. The site is west 
 
 of Machinery Hall, and very near the Fifty-second street entrance, at the foot 
 of George's Hill. 
 
 Among the exhibits in this building are several steam-engines in active 
 operation, every part of which, from boiler to the smallest valve, is made of 
 glass; a glass locomotive capable of drawing two glass cars at the rate of seven 
 miles an hour; a lady's bonnet of spun glass, which, when laid out in con- 
 tinuous line, would extend 48,000 miles, or twice" around the globe. These 
 articles, of no practical utility themselves, illustrate the wonderful capabilities 
 of the material of which they are made, as well as the skill the manufacturers 
 have attained. 
 
 oUs/s 
 
 45 
 
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 GIAS FABRIK. 
 
 GLASS EXHIBITION BUILDING. 
 
 EXPOSITION DES GLASSES. 
 
tOBBB 
 
SINGER (SEWING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING CO. BUILDING. 
 
 THE time is fully within the memory of Americans of the present genera- 
 tion who will not confess themselves old when the invention of the 
 sewing-machine was spoken of as a novelty which never could be made 
 valuable, or which, if such should happen to be the case, would cause deplor- 
 able results in the distress and injury of all the sewing-women in the land. 
 Scarcely thirty years have elapsed since Elias Howe obtained his first patent. 
 Some years passed by before the machine elicited much favor, but latterly its 
 success in various forms has been enormous. The Singer Manufacturing Co. 
 has invested a large capital in the manufacture of machines upon the patents 
 in their possession, and they have at their headquarters in the Centennial 
 grounds the two millionth machine of their making, which they design dis- 
 posing of when the Exhibition closes, by lot, to be awarded to some fortunate 
 lady who may visit them in the mean while. The Singer building is situate 
 upon Lansdowne drive, north-west of the Art Building annex, and occupies a 
 pleasant situation overlooking Lansdowne Glen. It is in the Gothic cottage 
 style, oblong in shape, the dimensions being 56x81 feet. Highly ornamented 
 gables rise in the centre of the north, south, east and west sides. They ai'e 
 topped off with handsome finials, and the open timber-work and decorations 
 are in fine style. Their pitched roofs join Mansard pavilion roofs at the 
 angles of the house. Each of these corner additions receives light from a 
 single dormer-window opening into the second story rooms. A handsome 
 
 portico surrounds the building. It is broad, comfortable and shady. Tlie roof, 
 of slate, is gayly ornamented in colors. The upper portion of the cottage is 
 decorated with flagstaffs at every available point. There are twelve of them, 
 which display the colors of the principal nations of the world. The ladies' 
 parlor is at the south-west portion of the cottage, and is richly furnished, the 
 wall decorations being elegant pictures in tapestry worked by the Singer sew- 
 ing-machine. There are offices adjoining. The main exhibition-room is on 
 the east, and occupies the entire depth of the building on that side. In 
 handsome cases are exhibited specimens of sewing-machine workmanship 
 upon shoes, saddles, harness, clothing and embroidery. There are 61 sewing- 
 machines in full operation in this apartment during exhibition hours, no two 
 of which are alike in appearance or in details of machinery. Among the 
 curious apparatus here exhibited are machines for sewing wax thread, making 
 buttonholes and eyelets, and binding books. Three wax figures representing 
 magnificent women, one being a lifelike representation of the princess of 
 Wales, are in the show-cases. The dresses are elaborate and costly, in the 
 richest styles, showing varieties of sewing, pleating, ruffling and embroidering, 
 including a magnificent costume rich in gold bullion embroidery, which 
 garment is estimated as worth $8000. The architect of this building was James 
 Vandyke, of Elizabeth, New Jersey. The work was done entirely by employes 
 of the Singer Manufacturing Co, Cost, $20,000. 
 
 46 
 
i 
 

 SINGER NAHMASCHINEN CO.- 
 
 -MA9UINAS DEC03ERDE SINGER. 
 
 SINGER SEWING MACHINE CO. 
 
 ■SINGER MACHINESA CQNDRE. 
 
w 
 
 m 
 
 FRENCH RESTAURANT. 
 
 '"T^HE Restaurant "Les Trois Freres Proven^aux" (the three brothers of Prov- 
 ence) is noted, in Paris for its excellence, the pre-eminent character of its 
 accommodations and the superiority of its cooking. A branch of this establish- 
 ment was at the Vienna Exhibition, and the proprietors have transferred it to 
 the American Exhibition. The building is on a lot 200 by 250 feet. There is a 
 banquet-room, 130x50 feet, with a cafe, private saloons, billiard-rooms and 
 kitchen. The main saloon is handsomely fitted up. Upon the walls are four 
 large and elegant pictures in tapestry, woven with great skill, in which the 
 colors are bright and the shadows harmoniously managed. They represent 
 hunting-scenes, the figures exceedingly well drawn and life-like, and the effect 
 complete. This work is as fine as any which is to be found in any of the great 
 Exhibition buildings, and must have required perfect skill and patience in 
 execution. The furniture is appropriate for the purposes of the building. 
 There are a large number of tables conveniently disposed, for the accommoda- 
 
 tion of parties and for the comfort of those who dine alone. On the sides and 
 front the ground-space is utilized for the same purpose. Comfortable awnings 
 cover the entire area, and those who wish to dine or sup a/ frcsio may enjoy 
 the shade and the breeze. On the southern side of the building tables overlook 
 the lake, and are more secluded from observation than other parts of the 
 enclosure. One may here enjoy not only the delicacies of the cuisine, 
 but solace the eye with the view of the handsome expanse of water and 
 the coolness which is diffused in the atmosphere by the numerous jets of the 
 great fountain. The portico in front, being semicircular, is connected with 
 pavilions, which are fitted up as wine-rooms, and are stored with the 
 choicest vintages. It is estimated that in this restaurant there can be served 
 at one time 1000 persons. It is under the direction of Leon Goyard, of Paris. 
 The location is on the south-west corner of Belmont Avenue and Fountain 
 Avenue. 
 
 oJJs^^ 
 
 47 
 
 J 
 
I 
 
 H^flR 
 
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 FRANZOS. RESTAURATION 
 
 RESTAURANT FRANCES. 
 
 RESTAURANT FRANCAIS. 
 
 FRENCH RESTAURANT. 
 
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CAMPBELL PRINTING-PRESS BUILDING. 
 
 ^*T~^HIS may be considered as an annex to Machinery Hall, and is situate 
 due west of that building, near Elm Avenue. The Campbell Printing- 
 press and Manufacturing Company of New York has erected this structure 
 in order to demonstrate the facilities which it possesses for the illustration 
 of the processes by which to aid the art preservative of all arts. The 
 building is 124 feet in length by 88 feel in width, and is equipped to con- 
 tain a complete newspaper office, with editorial, composing and press-rooms, 
 and a job office. Here are exposed in the plainest manner all the mysteries 
 which once surprised an une.xpecting world, and caused the suspicion, when 
 Gutenberg and Faust made their discovery known, that by the assistance only 
 of the father of evil could such things be done. Here may be seen reporters 
 and editors scratching off articles for the press at the rate of twenty pages an 
 hour. The busy printer's "devil" reveals himself and issues his importunate 
 
 commands for "copy." The compositor, with stick and rule, hovers over his 
 case hke a humming-bird over a flower, and drones out, as he adjusts his type, 
 the unending refrain of "Click, clickety, click." The proof-reader hurries over 
 his business with seeming rapidity, but with great sharpness to detect errors 
 and executive ability to correct them as he goes along. Then comes the work 
 of correcting, of adjusting the matter in form, of stereotyping, perhaps, and the 
 final arrangement of the type upon the press, from which the printed sheets soon 
 issue with amazing rapidity. Among the presses in use are Campbell's printing, 
 rotary and folding machine, with a capacity of 20. 000 copies folded per hour, and 
 25,000 unfolded. There are besides a large number of cylinder presses and job- 
 presses and other machinery, including the antique press of Isaiah Thomas, the 
 father of printing in New England, with the furniture of his office and various other 
 tools and implements connected with the history of typography in this country. 
 
 o-Qb^ 
 
 48 
 
 c~<3U-o 
 
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 ■B 
 
WS-^ J-)^|gl^^§S!^ -^ 
 
 
 "W 
 
 CAMPBELL BUCHDRUCKER PRESSE, 
 
 TIPOGRAFIA DCL SR. CAMPBELL. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHIQUE DE M.CAMPBELL. 
 
 CAMPBELL PRINTING PRESS BUILDING. 
 
■■B 
 
tp 
 
 ^ 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION STUDIO. 
 
 '"P'HE Centennial Board of Finance ceded to the Centennial Photographic 
 Company, before the Exhibition opened, the exclusive privilege of sell- 
 ing and making photographic pictures and articles tending to their production 
 and use within the International Exhibition. For the purpose of taking and 
 making the pictures the association erected a studio or hall on the east side of 
 Belmont Avenue. The building attracts attention from the fact that it is with- 
 out windows, showing walls and decorations which, by the softening of art, 
 subtract from the appearance of what otherwise would be an uninteresting 
 structure. A piazza, porch and balustrade on the exterior are prominent fea- 
 tures, and the front is elevated and handsomely finished. The building is 
 
 86 feet 6 inches front by 125 feet in depth, and is but one story in height. It 
 is constructed on the sides of a hollow square, the courtyard being decorated 
 as a garden with flowers and shrubbery. The interior of the building is lighted 
 with skylights designed for photographic convenience. The front portion of 
 the studio is reached by a wide stairway communicating with the reception- 
 room and two galleries for the exhibition of photographs. There are three 
 operating-rooms for taking pictures, rooms for finishing them, waiting-rooms 
 and public and private offices. The entire structure is perfectly arranged 
 for the object intended, and its use has' given great satisfaction. Architect, 
 H. J. Schwarzmann ; builder, John Duncan. Cost, ^25,000. 
 
 49 
 
 Jgo 
 
PHOTOGR. GESE LLSCHAFT 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION STUDIO. asscjtiation photographique 
 
 ^. 
 
r 
 
 -m 
 
 JAPANESE BAZAAR. 
 
 THE Japanese are certainly the Yankees of the Asiatic continent. There 
 is utility in their arrangements and a wide-awake appreciation of the 
 demands of business which show thrift and thorough mercantile ability. An- 
 ticipating the curiosity which attends their movements among all the visitors 
 of the Exhibition, they resolved to make the most of the opportunity and turn 
 American inquisiiiveness to their own advantage. The Japanese Bazaar is 
 simply a shop, furnished with goods likely to attract purchasers and wisely 
 restricted to commodities which, compared with the elaborate articles in the 
 Japanese sections of the Main Building, are cheap. The Bazaar is situated 
 north of the House of Public Comfort, and opening eastward faces the Swedish 
 School-house. The building was erected by the artisans who put up the 
 Japanese dwelling, it is not so fine a piece of workmanship as the latter; but 
 considering the object for which it is intended, it must be pronounced in 
 appearance and finish superior to most of the temporary structures erected on 
 the grounds. The main building shows a broad centre with quadrangular 
 wings at the ends, and the width is about 125 feet. The depth is probably forty 
 feet, and there is a storage annex adjoining. The interior may be said to be a 
 series of counters, shelves and tables, open to the air and light, protected only 
 by the roof. The latter is in the usual Japanese style, covered with black tiles, 
 those at the edges being painted white. The principal roof overhangs what 
 might be called a shed roof, and the latter, in the centre of the main building 
 
 and at each of the wings^ is decorated with pediments grotesque in shape, and 
 not kept in order by the severe attention to maintaining straight lines which 
 is seen in American architecture. The little piece of ground which surrounds 
 this building has been enclosed and fixed up in Japanese garden style. The 
 flower-beds are laid out neatly and fenced in with bamboo. Screens of matting 
 and of dried grass divide the parterres. There is a fountain guiltless ofyW ^'eau 
 from which the water trickles. At the southern entrance a queer-shaped urn 
 of granite on a pedestal, shows marks of great age, being weather-worn and 
 dilapidated. .It musfhave done garden service years before Perry opened Japan 
 to the Western nations, and it was carved by Niphonese who had never seen a 
 foreigner, and who never could have expected that their work would be trans- 
 ported thousands of miles to be inspected by millions of strangers. The 
 garden statuary is peculiar. Bronze figures of storks 6 to 8 feet high stand in 
 groups at certain places, and a few bronze pigs are disposed in easy comfort in 
 shady places. The shelves and tables of the Bazaar are loaded with curious 
 goods, in the preparation of which these industrious people excel. There are 
 bronzes of all sorts and designs, china-ware, tea-services and unique ceramic 
 articles odd in appearance, and some devoted to strange uses. Of the gilded 
 and varnished articles known as japanned ware there is great variety, and 
 there are numerous knickknacks and curiosities of all sorts which the Japanese 
 merchants are anxious to dispose of, and are ready to barter for greenbacks. 
 
 
 50 
 
JAPANESISCHER BAZAAR. 
 
 BAZAAR JAPONES. 
 
 JAPONAIS BAZAAR. 
 
 JAPANESE BAZAAR. 
 
Irt 
 
STATE-HOUSE IN 1776. 
 
 AS a Centennial building the State-house In Philadelphia is chief of all. 
 It has been called the birthplace of liberty. It is certainly the birthplace 
 of the International Exposition of 1S76, which celebrates in the magnificent 
 expanse of Fairmount Park the grand events which gave being to a nation a 
 century before. This venerable edifice was erected by order of the Assembly 
 of the province of Pennsylvania for the accommodation of its own members 
 and the convenience of courts and public offices. Between 16S2 and 1729 the 
 Assembly was without a fixed place of meeting; its sessions were held some- 
 times in private houses, for several years in a school-room, upon occasion in 
 the Quaker meeting-houses and in the court-house at Second and Market 
 streets. In 1729, ^^lo.ooo were appropriated for the purchase of ground for the 
 purpose of building a State-house. With that money the Assembly purchased 
 several lots on the south side of Chestnut street between Fifth and Sixth, which 
 extended southward halfway to Walnut street. Andrew Hamilton, speaker 
 of the Assembly and chairman of the committee, was the architect, and the 
 main building was commenced in the summer of 1732. It was not ready for 
 use until October, 1735, when the Assembly first sat in it, although the structure 
 was not finished. In 1741 it was considered to be completed. At that time the 
 centre building alone was the State-house. The tower and steeple on the south 
 
 side were not then built, and for nine years no effort was made to add to the 
 main structure. In 1733 the Assembly authorized the construction of two build- 
 ings, one on each side of the State-house, for public offices. They were two 
 stories in height, with hip-roofs, stood some distance from the main building, but 
 seemed to be connected with it by arched piazzas, from which stairways extended 
 to the second story of the offices, which were independent of the rooms below. 
 It is a question how access was obtained to the second story of the State-house 
 before the tower and stairway were erected. It might have been from the main 
 central hall. In 1750 the Assembly authorized the erection of a building on 
 "the south side of the State-house, to contain a staircase, with a suitable place 
 for hanging a bell." Upon this tower a wooden steeple was erected in style 
 resembling the present one, but not so lofty, Isaac Norris, speaker of the 
 Assembly, in the latter part of 1751, authorized to be procured in London a bell 
 to weigh about 2000 pounds, upon which he directed the following inscription 
 to be cast : 
 
 " BV ORDER OF THE ASSEMRLY OF THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE STATE 
 
 house" IN THE City of Philadelphia, 1752." 
 "Proclaim liherty throughout the land to all the inhabitants thereof. — 
 Leviticus xxv. 10." 
 
STATE-HOUSE IN 1776. 
 
 ^ 
 
 This bell was cast at Whitechapel, London, and weighed 2080 pounds. It 
 was received in Philadelphia about the end of August, 1752. Upon trying its 
 tone it became cracked. It was recast by Pass & Stow, of Philadelphia, in 
 April, 1753. Upon trial it was found that the tone was not satisfactory. It was 
 a^ain broken up and. recast by the same founders, and placed in the steeple in 
 June, 1753, A clock for the State-house was made by Peter Stretch in 1759. The 
 dials were displayed at the eastern and western ends of the main building, in stone 
 cases, imitating old-fashioned eight-day clock cases, which extended to the 
 •round. In May, 1773, the second Continental Congress sat in the east room 
 of the State-house, and occupied that apartment during the greater part of the 
 Revolution. Whilst using this apartment Richard Henry Lee's resolution of 
 independence was adopted, July 2, 1776. A declaration of the causes leading 
 to that act was adopted July 4. On the Sth of July, John Ni.\-on, a member of 
 the Provincial Council of Safety, read the Declaration of Independence in the 
 State-house yard to the people there assembled from an observatory which 
 had been erected by the American Philosophical Society to note the transit of 
 Venus over the sun. At the same time the king's arms were taken down from 
 the chamber of the Supreme Court-room, now National Museum, and were 
 carried to the Old London Coffee-bouse, where they were publicly burned. 
 
 bUs^ 
 
 The State-house yard was enlarged before this time by the purchase of 
 the intervening ground to Walnut street. The wooden steeple, becoming 
 decayed, was taken down in 1781. The low buildings on the east and 
 west adjoining the public offices were used for sheds, storage of artil- 
 lery and other purposes. Frequently they were occupied by deputations of 
 Indians on their visits to the city. The liberty bell was taken 'down in 1777 
 upon the approach of the British army toward Philadelphia, removed to Beth- 
 lehem, Pennsylvania, and brought back upon the evacuation of the city by 
 the enemy. This bell was afterward used only on particular occasions. It 
 was rung in 1S28 in honor of the act of British Parliament emancipating the 
 Roman Catholics, and on February 22, 1832, in honor of the centennial anni- 
 versary of the birth of Washington. It was cracked July 8, 1S35, whilst being 
 tolled in memory of Chief-justice Marshall, who died in Philadelphia two 
 days before, and whose funeral procession was passing toward the steamboat 
 wharf, from which the body was to be transferred to Richmond, Vii'ginia. It 
 was rung afterward occasionally, though cracked, but became so much injured 
 during the celebration of Washington's birthday in 1S43 ^^'^^ '^ was never used 
 afterward. 
 
 i^alilci 
 
UNABHANGIGKEITS HALLE. 
 
 EDinClO DELAINDEPENDENCIA EN 1776. 
 
 HOTEL DE L'lNDEPENDANCE. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1775, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
m 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1876. 
 
 THE contrasts of a century are here shown. The centre building^ remains 
 substantially as it was in the Revolution, except that at the main entrance 
 the plain doorway has been replaced by a fixture with arched entablature and 
 columns. The clock-cases on the east and west have been removed. The 
 steeple is a new one; it v/as built in 1S28. At that time a new bell was pro- 
 cured, which, by coinclLlence with the history of its predecessor, was not perfect 
 and satisfactory until the third casting, two bells having previously been broken 
 up. This bell was cast by J. Wiltbank, and weighed 4600 pounds. It was 
 taken down in June, 1876, and replaced by another, presented by a citizen, 
 which weighs 13,000 pounds. Around the top of the new bell is the inscription, 
 "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace and good will to men." On 
 the bottom is the old inscription, "Proclaim liberty throughout the land to all 
 the inhabitants thereof." An eagle with olive branch, arrows, stars and other 
 emblems is upon the bell, which was cast by Mcneely & Kennedy, of Troy, 
 New York. A clock presented by the same citizen, which was made by 
 the Thomas Clock Company of Thomaslon, Conn., replaces the clock made 
 for the city of Philadelphia by Isaiah Lukens in 1828. This building, by 
 resolution of councils, after Lafayette's visit in 1824, was given the name of 
 Independence Hall. It was occupied after the Continental Congress left it 
 by the Pennsylvania Assembly, the mayor's court and the district court in the 
 lower rooms. Peale's Museum had possession of the upper rooms from 1802 
 to 1S2S. The United States Circuit and District Courts and offices held the 
 second story from 1829 till about 1854. In the latter year the city councils 
 of Philadelphia took possession of the upper story, which they still occupy 
 for their place of meeting and for committee-rooms. The square offices and 
 piazzas, which were on the east and west sides of the main building during 
 
 the Revolution were torn down about 1816, at which time the Legislature sold 
 the Slate House to the city of Philadelphia. Wings of two-story offices, arched 
 so as to be fire-proof, were erected for the accommodation of the courts and 
 county officers. The building at the south-west corner of Fifth and Chestnut 
 street is the City hall. It was erected in 1791 for the use of the mayor and 
 councils and other officers of the city of Philadelphia. During the time the 
 Federal government was in Philadelphia — from 1790 to iSoo — the Supreme 
 Court of the United States sat in the second story, under Chief-justices John 
 Jay and Oliver Ellsworth and their associates. The United States District and 
 Circuit Courts occupied the same room. The building on Fifth street, on the 
 south side of the City hall, belongs to the American Philosophical Society. It 
 was finished in 1787. The society dates its origin from the establishment of 
 the Junto by Dr. Franklin and others in 1727. The building at the south-cast 
 corner of Sixth and Chestnut street is known as Old Congress Hall. Work 
 upon it was commenced in 1787, and it was finished in 1790. The Congress 
 of the United States under the Federal government occupied this building en- 
 tirely from 1790 to 1800. The House of Representatives sat in the south room, 
 first floor, and the Senate in the south room, second floor. There was no door 
 on Sixth street, as is the case now; the entrance was from the front door, on 
 Chestnut street. The rooms on the first and second floors in the front part of 
 the building were used by Congress for committee-rooms and other purposes. 
 In the House of Representatives' chamber, in 1793, George Washington and 
 John Adams were inaugurated President and Vice-President for their second 
 term; and in 1797 John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were inaugurated as 
 President and Vice-President of the United States. Since Congress left Phila- 
 delphia this building has been occupied by court-rooms and public offices. 
 
 LlE^ 
 
 52 
 
 -m 
 
UNABHAN6IGKEITS HAILE. 
 
 EDinCIO DELAINDEPENDENCIA EN 1876. 
 
 HOTEL DE L'lNDEPENDANCE. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1876, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
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