F 411 .B688 Copy 1 TARR AND McMURRY'S NEW GEOGRAPHIES ARKANSAS STATE SUPPLEMENT BY ROSE BLAND DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OP AKKANSA3 FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1912 All rights reserved Cci.A3i<;a;>4 '•'' . ^ ^ %°^ ARKAXSAS SUPPLEMENT BY ROSE BLAND, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, FAYETTE VILLE, ARKANSAS 1. Map Study 1. What states border Arkansas'.' "_'. What great water bouudary has the state? 3. What is the latitude of the southern boundary ? The north- ern ? 4. How many miles north of the equator is the southern boundary? 5. If you were to travel directly east from Little Rock to the Atlantic Ocean, what states would you cross? 6. If you were to travel directly west from Little Rock to the Pacific Ocean, what states would you cross ? 7. Point toward St. Louis ; Kansas Citj' ; Chicago ; New York; San Francisco; New Orleans. 8. From the scale of miles determine the greatest length of the state from ea,st to west. 9. What is the greatest width from north to south? 10. Across the state draw a line which will sepa- rate the lowlands from the highlands. 11. On which side of the line are the highlands? The low- lands? 12. How does the area of the highland section compare with that of the lowlands ? 13. What is the largest river that crosses Arkan- sas? 14. Describe its course. 15. What other large river flows in much the same direction across the state? 16. What large river besides the Mississippi bounds Arkansas on the northeast? 17. Describe its course. 18. Name the large rivei-s that drain the southern part of the state. 19. What do you notice about the curves of the Mississippi River along the eastern boundary of the state? 20. Where is the lake region of the state? 21. Name and locate five important cities on or near the .\rkansas River. 22. Locate one city on the Mississippi River. 23. Locate five important cities south of the Arkansas Hiver. 24. Locate four important cities north of the Arkansas River. 25. What is the capital of the state ? 26. In what county do you live ? 27. What are the boundaries of your county? 28. In what county is the capital of the state? II. General Facts Arkansas is located in the southern jiart of the Mississippi valley, the southern boundary being only a little more than two liundred miles north of the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi River forms the eastern boundary. The latitude of the southern boundary is 33°. The latitude of the northern boundary is Copyright, 1912, by The 1 36° 30', the line made fauKnis by the Mis- souri Compromise in 1820. This throws Arkansas south of every point in Europe except the extreme southern point of Spain. It lies in the same latitude as the eastern portion of the Mediterranean Sea and the central part of the island of Hondo, Japan. Arkansas is advantageously located, being near the center of the continent, in the heart of the Mississippi valley, and in posi- tion to make use of the transportation facili- ties offered by the Mississippi River. The opening of the Panama Canal will greatly increase the importance in location, as a much larger volume of commerce will be opened up to the state. In shape Arkansas approaches a square. Its greatest length from east to west is two liundred miles and its greatest width from north to south is two hundred fifty miles. Its area, 53,385 square miles, does not differ materially from the area of North Carolina. In point of size Arkansas ranks twenty-fourth among the states of the Union. In comparison with countries that rank as great powers of the world it is larger than England, it is more than one third as large as Japan, and more than one fourth as large as either France or Germany. The population of Arkansas in 1910 was 1,574,419. Compared with the population of 1900 this represents an increase, during the past ten years, of 20 per cent. Dur- ing the same period of time the population of continental United States increased 21 per cent. The urban population of the state — that is, cities and incorporated towns of 2500 iniiabitants or more — contained 12.9 per cent of the entire population, while 87.1 per cent lived in rural territory. Compared with the dis- tribution of population in 1900 these figures show that the urban population increased Macmillan Company. Population ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT more than three and one fourth times as fast as the rural. The white population is niaile up almost entirely of native Americans. Very few foreigners have entered the state, and until the last few years the immigration has been in the main from other southern states. Recently settlers from the nortliern states have begun to come to Aikansas. Fi(i Tlie negro population is confined largely to the lowlands of the state, the largest pro- portion being found in some of the counties tliat border Louisiana and Mississippi. In fourteen counties of the state the negro population predominates. These counties are found in the eastern and southern tiers of counties. The negroes are engaged largely in farming, but white farmers, both as owners and tenants, greatly exceed them in niunber. The effects of the bondage of slaverv and lack of education reveal lliem- selves in the work of the negroes. Instead of raising a variety of crops on their farms, very few attempt to do anything but raise cotton. They cultivate this with no knowl- edge of scientific principles and no attempt to use fertilizers, and so they fall below the whites in proportionate production. In the highland region, where there are fewer ne- groes, they are in more prosperous circum- stances, use better nu-thods of work, and a much larger J) r o p o r t i o n own their farms. The total popu- lation of Arkansas in 1910, according to color, was as fol lows : white 1.131,030; negro 442,891 ; all other persons 528. In 1910 the negro population made 28.1 per cent of the entire population, as against 28 per cent in 1900 and 27.4 in 1890. 1. Witli wli.-U large shipjiing points on tlie Mis-sissippi is Arkan- sas in close tonch by its location? 2. Of what value is this to the state? .*!. If the deep waterway from tlie (julf is ever coiupleted, what Ontrtriry vf V. S. C^H»u« Burtan ■ Population by counties. the (ireat Lakes t will he its advantage to Arkansas? 4. IIow does Arkansas compare in size with each of its border st;ites? .'). IIow does it compare in size with the smallest state in the Union? 6. From the scale of miles determine your distance from the state capital. 7. In what time belt is Arkansas? 8. When your school exercises are just bei,'inning at nine o'clock in the morning what time is it in New York ? In .San Francisco? In Chicago? In Berlin ? InPekin? !). What is the average number of people per sipiare mile living in .\rkansas? 10. Compare this density of population with that of New York ; ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT Oliio; Iowa ; Texas; California. 11. What rea- •son can you give to show why the urban population increased so much more rapidly than the rural dur- ing the time between 1900 and 1910? 12. What is the average number of inhabitants per square mile in your county ? 13. What counties have the gi-eatest density of population? Why? 1-1. What counties are most sparsely settled ? 1-). See if you can determine why so few of the immigrants from foreign countries who have entered the United States have come to Arkansas. 16. How do you account for the fact that the negroes live almost wholly in the lowlands? III. History Only forty-nine years after the discovery of America Arkansas was first entered by Discoveries and white men, when the Spanish explorations. explorer, De Soto, with his band of men crossed the Mississippi near the mouth of the White River. In their exploring tour they went far into the north- west section of the state, turned south, crossed the Arkansas River near the present site of Dardanelle, and presumably visited the Hot Springs region, for we are told that they found water of " exceeding hotness," wliich proved to be curative in its quality. From this point the explorers followed the Ouachita into the present state of Louis- iana. The next white men to visit Arkansas were the Frenchmen, Marquette and .foliet, in 1673. These men, as they were sailing down the Mississippi, searching for its mouth, were hailed by a village of Arkan- sas Indians at the mouth of the Arkansas River. Upon landing they were hospitably entertained by the Indians, who answered the question that the explorers were seeking to prove; that is, that the Mississippi empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It was from the Arkansas tribe of Indians that the state received its name. In 1682, La Salle and Tonti, also from France, in their first trip to the mouth of the Mississippi landed in Arkansas and vis- ited the Arkansas Indians. Several other companies of French early entered the state, and the regions of their explorations can be determined by the French names now borne by rivers and mountains. The first white settlement made within the borders of the state was made in 1686 near the mouth of the Arkan- First sas River by Henri de Tonti settlement during his second trip down the Mississippi. Upon La Salle's discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi he claimed the whole Mississippi valley fer f ranee Ownership and and gave it the name of organization Louisiana. At the close of the French and Indian War in 1763, France was compelled to cede all of Louisiana west of the Missis- sippi to Spain. Nearly forty years later France again gained ownership, and in 1803 sold this vast territory to the United States for 115,000,000. Until 1812 Arkansas re- mained as a part of the Louisiana territory. At that time the present state of Louisiana was admitted to the Union, and Arkansas became a part of the Missouri territory, as the land north of Louisiana was then called. Seven years later Arkansas became a sepa- rate territory. In 1836, Arkansas was admitted to the Union. Trouble in regard to slavery arose when Arkansas applied for admission into the Union as a slave state, but period of Civil after considerable discussion it War and Re- was admitted with the right construction to hold slaves. During the political cam- paign preceding the presidential election of 1860 the state was wrought up to a high pitch of excitement in discussing the ques- tions of secession and loyalty to the Union. When the election came the state voted for the Breckinridge division of the Democratic party, which declared that " Congress is bound to protect the rights of all the slave- holders in all the territories." After Lin- coln was elected and South Carolina seceded, a convention was called in Arkansas to decide what course of action should be pur- sued in regard to secession. A strong sentiment in favor of the Union was mani- fested throughout the convention, which adjourned after having decided to allow the ARKANSAS SCPPLEMENT people of the state to determine its policy hy a public vote. Before tlie time set for this election came, war hail broken out, and in the call for troops to aid the Union, Lin- coln asked Arkansas to furnish her share. Uiiiler these conditions the people became so aroused that they decided to stand with the other Southern states, and so seceded. The emancipation proclamation freed 111,- 2o!t slaves in the state. During the Civil War several imjwr- tant battles were fought in .\rkansas, and Period of Civil ^lie National and Confederate War and Re- cemeteries to-day give evidence construction „f jj^j. number who sacrificed their lives in fighting. In 1870, after having been taken possession of by carpet-bag rule, the state was recognized once more as a part of the Union. Sinie the war there has been a great Later develop- increase in the population, in ment the development of industries, and in wealth. At least six years before Arkansas be- ciune a state, slaveholders were attracted by the fertile soil of the river valleys, moved into the terri- tory with their slaves, and began running large cotton plantations. In 1850 there were many thousand farms in operation. Since the war the plantation system has given way largely to the plan of smaller farms, with greater diversity of crops. It is believed that the first merchandise store was at Arkansas Post as early as 17111. About ten years later a merchant of this place opened a branch store at Little Rock. At the same time Hatesville was reported as a prosperous village with a few stores. 1. Read a full account of l)e Soto's journey through Arkansas. 'J. Make a sketch sliowing his route. ;!. What difficulties of travel confronted him? I. Locate Arkansas Post, the first white settlement. 5. Head a good account of De Tonti's aiil in tl\e early days. 6. What are some of the French names you "find on the map? 7. Kind out why the United States was anxious to purchase the Loiiisiiuia territory. s. Wlio were .some of the Plantations Stores distinguished .\rkan.sas soldiers in the Civil War? 9. Head a description of the days of the carpet bagger.s. 10. Who are some of the leading men in current history ? (References: Reynold's Makers of Arkansas History and Shinn's History of Arkansa.s.) IV. Surface A line drawn from the northeast part of the state from near Maynard, Randolph County, to Texaikana, Miller County, in the extreme southwest section divides the state into higidands and lowlands. The high- lauds are north and west of the line and the lowlands are south and east. The highlands cover almost one half the area of the state. The Ozark Mountains proper extend from Missouri xhe Ozark over the northern boundary of highlands Arkansas and reach as far south as the valley of the Arkansas River. They are made up of a series of j)lateaus, the general surface being hilly, with here and there elevations of higher altitude. Just to the north of the valley lie the Boston Mountains, which arc the highest portion of the Ozark area in Arkansas, having an average eleva- tion of 1700 feet above sea level. They cover a narrow strip of land from north to soutii, and extend west from near the central part of the state into Oklahoma. The views in this region are most picturesque. Tiie streams have cut gorges 500 to 1000 feet deep, which, in contrast to the moun- tains towering above them in variety of arrangement, produce beautiful scenery that makes the highland region an attrac- tive one to tourists. The portion of the highlands lying just south of the Arkansas valley is similar in structure to the Ozark region. Highlands In this section is .Magazine south of the Mountain, whose height is Arkansas 282;5 feet above sea level. This is the highest point between the AUeghanies and the Rockies. Near at hand are several other elevations of considerable height. Instead of ha\ing the scattered arrange- ment found nortii of Masrazine Mountain ABKANSAS SUPPLEMENT ruUrtr.^11 :■/ III- Fig. 3. the liighlands farther south have more the arrangement of narrow ridges whose course extends nearly directly east and west. A good example of the type is found in the Ouachita Mountains, which aie made up of a series of ridges. The lowlands in the east and southeast portions of the state have an average elevation of a little more than two hundred feet. An unusual sur- Lowlands face feature in this great lowland area is Crowley's Ridge, a narrow elevation rising more than one hundred feet above the surrounding surface and extending from Helena on the [Mississippi River in a gen- erally northerly direction until it enters Missouri. Along the lower courses of .sev- eral of the rivers and along the Mississippi River boundary are found low, swampy regions. AHKANSAS SUPPLEMENT Km. 4. — A mi>untaiii stream. 1. What effect on the climate of the state do the liighlands have? 2. Make a free-hand sketch of Arkansas and locate on it the Ozark region ; the Ouachita Mountains; Magazine Mountain; Crowley's Kidge. 3. In what surface division of Arkansas is your county located? 4. Name five mountains south of the Arkansas K i v e r . 5. What cities are located on Crowley's Ridge? 6. What vahie is there in such a location ? V. Drainage Arkansas is well supplied witli rivers, Navigable liaviiig rivers in ore miles of navigable rivers than any other state in the Union. Three of the rivers, the Arkansas, the White, and tlie St. Francis, are navi- the Boston Mountains; gable throughout the year for a considerable distance up their courses. During seasons of high water the Bayou Bartholomew, the Ouachita, and the Red rivers are also navi- gable. The Arkansas River rises in Colorado, flows through Kansas and Oklahoma, enters Arkansas in the northwest xhe Arkansas portion of the state, and flows River in a southeast direction to the Mississippi. Its course through Arkansas is slow, and its waters have a muddy appearance because they carry great quantities of sediment. The settling of the sediment has formed several sand bars along the lower course of the river. The business men of Little Rock are now beginning to realize the possibilities in tlie navigation of the Arkansas, and will, no doubt, before many years, deepen the channel from their city to the Mississippi, so that ocean vessels may come with their cargoes into the very heart of the state. The Arkansas receives many tributaries both from the north and the south. The most important ones fnnn the nortii are the Fio. 5.- tourttJ'y "/ J*ro/ei and 2jn.) What countries in the world liave the same temjierature as .\rkaiisas in Januarv? July? I'J. (Page 2'J4.) Compare the .Taiuiary temperature of Arkansas ^yith tliat of Washington and Oregon. 13. What are the reasons for the facts you notice? 14. Compare the July temperature of Arkansas and Colorado ; Arkansas and Oregon ; Arkansas and New Mexico. VII. Plants and Animals Arkansas, by its di- versity of surface fea- tures and soil, its mild climate, and plcntifid and well-distributed rainfall, is well fitted for tlie growth of varied and valuable species of plant life. Originally, with the exception of about nine h u n d r e d acres of prairie land, the state was covered by an almost unbroken forest. At present 72 per cent of tiie area is woodland and forest . Tlie alluvial s( >il along the river bottoms produces many varieties of valual)le trees. On the lowest land areas, whicli are covered by water most of the year, are found cypress and tupelo gum trees. AVhere the land is above water most of the 3'ear, llie red, or sweet gum, oak, ivsh, Cottonwood, hickory, sj'camore, mul- berry, and elm abound. On tlie rolling v\\)- lands lying between the alluvial bottom landsand the Ozark region are found the short leaf pine, the loblolly pine, oaks, hickories, and maples. In the Ozarks, the greater elevations where the soil is thin and rocky produce only ABKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 11 small, scrubby trees, most of wliicli are oak, elm, and hickory. On the lower slopes there is a good grade of timber, made up chiefly of the oak, gum, walnut, and ash. South of the Arkansas River the short leaf pine is a verj' important tree. In all, one hundred twenty-nine species of native tree growth have been recognized in Ai'kansas, lialf of which are of commer- cial importance. In the forests there is usually a thick growth of coarse grass, cane, grapevines, and ivy. In order that a part of the vast forest area of the state might be conserved, the govern- National ment has created two national forests forests — the Ozark, north of the Arkansas River, containing 1.52(3,481 acres situated in Craw- ford, \ Washington, Johnson, Newton, Pope, Van Buren, Couway, Searcy, Mar- ion, Baxter, Stone, Cleburne, and Frank- lin counties, and the Arkansas, south of the river, containing 1,663,300 acres in Sebastian, Scott, Logan, Yell, Periv, Saline, Gailand, JMontgomery, Pike, Polk, and Howard counties. Very generally wild grass is found grow- ing over the hills in sufficient quantity to furnish good pasturage for a large part of the year. Tiie animal life of the state is found largely in the wooded sections. Only a few of the deer that were once so plentiful are now to be found. Raccoons, opossums, minks, rabbits, and squirrels abound. Occasionally a black bear is seen. Among the birds the quail is abundant, and the wild turkey is found in lesser numbers. Great numbers of wild geese and ducks remain during the entire winter along the Mississippi lowlands. The river courses abound in fish, such as the buffalo, catfish, black bass, crappies. Agriculture Fit-:. 10. — Picking; cotton near Helena Animals drum, liream, and German carp. These are named in order of their Fish importance. 1. AVhat varieties of trees are most common in your part of the state? 2. What day is named by the state as Arbor Day? 3. Since wooded areas are so abundant in the state, what need do you see for having an Arbor Day? 4. How does your scliool celel>rate Arbor Day ? 5. What is tlie state law regarding the shooting of quails ? 6. Is it a good law? Why? 7. What kinds of fish are caught near yoiu' home? VIII. Industries The leading industry is agriculture. In 1860 the farm area included 28.2 per cent of the land surface of the state, but, in 1910, 52 per cent was included. Tlie in- crease in agricultural lines from 1900 to 1910 is very striking. Farm property, which in- cludes land, buildings, macliinery, imjiile- meiits, and livestock, increased 120.5 per cent. The land alone increased 131.1 per cent. That the suitability of Arkansas for the production of cotton was early recognized is seen from the fact that cot- ton was received at the port of New Orleans from Arkansas Post as early as 1746. It is now tlie crop of greatest value in the state, its jaroduct in 1910 amounting to more than one and one third as much as all the other cro]« reported. Its value to the state is about f 55,000,000 per j'ear. This makes Arkansas seventh in rank among the cotton-producing states. Cotton is raised both in the uj^lands and the lowlands, but the most productive areas are tlie alluvial Ijottoms along the ]\Iis- sissippi and the lower courses of the Arkan- sas and While rivers. Jefferson County holds first rank as a cotton-producing county. 1. Cotton 1: AUhAySAS HLI-l'LEMEyr 111 acreage cotton is exceeded sliglilly hy corn, wliicli ranks as tlie crop second in value. Its production in lUlO "^ amounted to ¥ 27,!llO,OU(t. which was slightly more than one lialf of the value of the cotton cn)p. Among other states Arkansas ranks twelfth in corn pro- duction, 'llie temperature, rainfall, climate, and soil arc all well a(hiptcd to curn raising. Heretofore so much attention has been given to cotldii tiiat the possibilities of corn raising have largely esca]ied tlie notice of the people. .Just as cotton c;in be best pnjduccd in the lowlands, so corn thrives best there, though good average yields may be produced in (he uplands. There have been nnnicr- ous yields of one hundred bushels per acre in the state, and in a number of instan- ces the yield has been greater. Almost the entire corn prt)- duction is kept within the state and is used in fattening hogs and cattle. Corn now represents almost UO per cent of the value of cereals in Arkansas. Arkansas ranks third in the Union in the production of rice. South Carolina and Louisiana holdincj first and 3 Rice , , - . , second place resjjcctively. Only witliin very recent years lias Arkansas attempted to develop the rice industry. Tiie work began in Lonoke County, but has now spread into a number of counties in the same part of tiie state. This region po.ssesses tlie requisites to successful rice culture. It is an area of level land, which permits irrigati< in; it is sloping in its nature which makes drainage easy; it has an abun- dance of water for irrigation: and, under- neath the upper soil, it has a tight clay soil l"n;. U. — A rice field in Wahk-iilmi-i; . — An Arkansas apple orcliard. 14 ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT than any other two counties in the United States. They have the record of producing the finest apples, also. Tiie apple trees for good cultivation are set about thirty feet apart, averaging forty- eight to fifty per acre. Under fair treat- ment a tree of eiglit or ten years of age will produce from six to ten bushels per year. Some of tlie famous winter varieties are the Jonathan, Cirimes, Winesap. Arkansas, Kio. 14. — Barreling pears. Black Ben, Collins Red, and York Imperial. Leading summer varieties are the Maiden's Blush, Summer Champion, Buckingliam, Horse, Red June, and Early Harvest. Arkansas has won many prizes for apples shown at expositions from one coast of our country to the other. One of the most profitable lines of busi- ness in the state is that of raising peaches. Tlie peach belt covers nearly half of the state, and includes tiie land above the low- lands and below 1000 feet in height. Both soil and climate are adapted to producing the highest qualit}' and color. Crawford, Sevier, Pike, and other counties have made wonderful success in peach growing. At the time the peaches in this region ripen, there is an excellent market for the fruit, because the peaches of the northern orchards are not tiien mature. Tlie peach trees are planted twenty to twenty-five feet apart, averaging one hun- dred to one hundred ten per acre. In good years each tree produces three crates, each of which brings from one dollar to a dollar and fifteen cents. Some crates of exceptional quality bring as much as four dollars. When rightly cared for, peacii orchards bear about seven crops in ten years. The Elberta peach, which now includes about 90 per cent of the plantings, is excellent. However, experiments in horticulture are show- ing that more hardy va- rieties will prove of greater commercial value, so other kinds of trees are being planted rapidly. Chief among them are the lielle of Georgia, Emma, Mamie, Ross, Carmen, Wonder- ful, Solway. and Mammoth Wliite Heath. At Horatio in Sevier County is the largest fruit farm in the world, containing 8800 acres of peacli trees. The next largest fruit farm contains 2300 acres and is in Pike County. The hill county along the White River is excellent for pear cultui'e, and considerable attention is paid to this indus- try, but as yet it has not begun to approach the importance of the apple and jieach crops. Tiie Keifer and Garber varieties are found to be best adapted to the state. Pears ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 15 The Agriculture Experiment Station at Fayetteville reports after investigation that Need of scien- at least one third of the apple tific care of and pear crops are destroyed fruit trees annually by diseases and in- sects. Practically the same thing is true of our neighboring states, but scientific investigation shows that there are methods of work that will prevent this loss. Per- haps the greatest loss is caused by the cod- ling moth, from which comes the apple worm. The worm, as a full-grown larva, passes the winter in a cocoon. It hatches out early in the spring as a moth, and soon after begins laying eggs on the leaves of the fruit trees. From these eggs come little larvaj which enter the newly forming fruit, where the worms de- velop largely in the core of the fruit. The worms that are hatched from the second and third broods of moths make their appearance respec- tively late in June and July and in the two fol- lowing months. These worms enter the fruit by working a hole through these worms usually eat proper treatment at no great expense to the owner. The value fruit brings in the market is determined in part by the way in which it is picked and packed. The Q^tiiering, picking of apples, peaches, packing, and pears, and such fruit must marketing be done by handling each piece ^^^^^ of fruit separately and carefully to prevent bruises. Usually the packing house is in the orchard from which the fruit is taken. Fig. 15. — Packing apples in norlliwest Arkansas. the side. Since a little from the leaves before entering the fruit, they can be killed easily if the proper kind of spray has been used on the trees. The next great pest of the fruit trees is the San Jose scale, which injures not the fruit alone, as does the codling moth, but the tree itself. It is now found scattered throuEfh various sections of the state and needs prompt attention. The scale is a small insect which lives on the bark of fruit trees and multiplies very rapidly. Unless a tree is in the last stages of the trouble caused by this pest, it can be saved by or not far away. Each year more atten- tion is being paid to the grading of the fruit before it is packed. The first grade must reach a high degree of perfection, the second grade is not quite so good, the third grade lacks some of the qualities possessed by the second, while the culls are of such nature that they are not shipped out of the locality in which they are grown, though they may be suitable for home use. Through cooperative methods among fruit growers who have formed an associa- tion among themselves, better prices are being secured and better markets found than has ever been done when each Individ- 16 ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT Fii;. W. A clu'iTv tree. ual crrower was dependent u[»)ii himself for selling liis fruit. 1. Wliat other orclianl iliseases do you know of? Are any of them fouml in lliu orchards of your neighborhood? If you wish to know just what treatment should be given trees to save them and their frail from these pests, write to tin- Arkansas Agricul- ture Experiment Sta- tion at Fayt'ttevillH, from which you can obtain luilletin.s frc. of charge that will answer tions. your ques- Fit;. 17. — Pickiiii; strawberries in northwe.-^l .Vrkaiisas. In the northwest part of the state are some large cherry orchards bearing a fine Cherries and quality of fruit. Many wild grapes grapes of excellent flavor are found in the forest regions of the state, where the vines are found clinging to high trees. The cultivated grapes are receiving iiiore attention each year, and as they prosper best on hill slopes or in sheltered valleys, many vineyards are now cultivated in the liighlaiid region of west and north- west Arkansas. Some of tlie grapes, when fresh, are put on the market, while others are used in making wine. Strawberries rank as the most important of the berry crops of Arkansas. They are grown in every county of the state for home use, and at least thirty-five counties produce them for the market. They „ . , . • Berries make a crop or great com- mercial importance. The berries are of large size and excellent flavor, and ripen at a time when there is great demand for them. They are a quick crop, maturing early in the spring, and so allowing the farmer to devote his main time to other lines of work. They yield a profit of from -$100 to $Sm per acre. Some of the largest berry farms in tlie United States are in the neighbor- hood of \'nn Buren, Crawford County. This city alone has shipped as many as seven hundred fifty carloads in one .season. They are shipped to Kansas City, Denver, St. Louis, Chicago, and other northern markets. During the berry-picking season, berry pickers in great numbers, in their covered wagons, follow the ripening of the berries from tlie south part I if the state to the mu-th. They make their homes ill their wagons and tents while the season con- tinues. Hlackl)erries and raspberries thrive well when cultivated, but as yet are not receiving the attention paid the strawberry. Watermelons and cantaloupes are not tobe overlooked wiien considering the profitaijle l-l.^ IS. riliwest .\rkaiisas. ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 17 Melons Vegetables crops of the state. They grow luxuriously ill tlie sandy soil of the fruit region and find a ready sale in the northern markets. The cantaloupes are to be commended for their especially tine flavor. Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams make the most important vegetable crops. During the last twenty years the Irish potatoes have more than doubled in acreage, over 2,000,000 busiiels being raised in 1910. Duiing the same year sweet potatoes and yams yielded over a million and a half bushels. Pecans, walnuts, and chestnuts have attained considerable Nuts , value commer- cially, and their cultivation is now lieginning to receive additional attention. Hay and forage crops, made up of timothy, clover, Hay and alfalfa, millet, forage wild or prairie grasses, grains cut green, and coarse forage, are scat- tered all over the state, and amount in value to almost $5,000,000 per year. 1. Ill what other states is cot- ton the leading crop? (See page 18-t.) 2. Where are the other cotton-producing sections of the world? (Page 405.) 3. What is tlie rank of the United States compared with other cotton- producing areas? (Page 40.5.) 4. Describe tlie method of raising and market- ing cotton. (See page 75.) 5. Wliat other states liave corn as one of their most important products of the soil? (Pages 1S2. 1«3.) 6. Where are the chief rice sections of the world ? ( Page 403.) 7. Describe the method of raising and marketing rice. (Page 77.) 8. ^Vhat are the conditions that qualify Arkansas so admirably for a fruit state? 9. What kinds of fruit are raised near your home? 10. Describe the planting of an apple orchard and tell how it is cared for. 11. How are apples and peaches prepared for shipping ? 12. Describe the picking and packing of strawberries on a large farm. Lumbering is a very important industr}'. In 1910 Arkansas ranked tifth in the Union in production and quantity of , ^ . , , T^- 1 Lumbering lumber cut. l^irst rank was held in the cut of red gum, ash, and cotton- wood, the state furnishing one third of the total amount of red gum of the entire country and one fourth of the eottonwood. Second rank was held in hickory, third in cypress, and fourth in pine, oak, and S3'ca- more. The lumber industry has been developed 5» , l^' ; , :^^^I^^'M &^?^^4i^-^>''^mm pi.^';-:- ■^^^c-'^-^'^'l' ■ ■■■' ? ■ Fig. 19. — Clover fieM, Kectiir. largely since 1880. In that year 173 million feet B.M. were cut, and in 1910 the amount had increased to 2250 million feet B.^I. There are now more tlian two thousand sawmills in the state. Two of the Lxrgest sawmills in the world are at Stamps and Crossett. Other great centers are Fourche, Pine Bluff, Huttig, Malvern, and Millville. Many different kinds of minerals are 18 AliKAXSAS ! lo. 'M. — Logs awaiting shipment. found in Arkansas, but as yet they have been but little developed on account of lack of transporta- tion facilities and coal. Coal is mined in the Arkansas valley from Russellville west to the Oklahoma boundary. At present over one hundred coal mines are in operation. Most of them produce bitu- minous coal, but botli anthracite and semi- antiiracite occur in considerable quantities. Nortli of the Boston Mountains are found many outcroppinafs of a thin coal vein, which is mined by Wasliinsjton, iNIadi- s o n , and Newton counties for local use. The output amounts annually to more than 2,000,000 tons. Zinc is found in con- siderable quantities scattered 2. Zinc ,, over the two nortiiern tiers of counties, chieflv in Newton, Boone, Marion, Searcy, Bax- ter, Izard, Sharp, and Lawrence coun- ties. Along with the zinc some lead occurs. Mining has been developed more in Marion County than in any other. Bauxite, whicii is the principal ore of alunii- 3. Other prod- num, is "cts found in large quan- tities in Pulaski and Saline counties. Over one half of all the aluminum used in the I'nited States comes from this district. Georgia and Ala- bama have the only other known bauxite beds in America, and as there is a growing demand for aluminum, the bauxite deposit is a valuable asset for Arkansas. Limestone, which is well suited for build- ing purposes, is found in much the same section as the zinc of the state. Only in Independence and Carrol counties is the limestone quarried for the market. Mar- bles of various beautiful colors are well scattered through the northern part of the Fui. 21. — Makiiij; bricks in iicirtluvest .\rkausas. ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 19 state. There is but one large quarry uow in operation for commercial purposes. It is located near Batesville, Independence County, and from it was taken a great deal of marble to aid in the construction of the capitol building at Little Rock. There are several otlier quarries for local use. Sand- stone suitable for building purposes is found in a number of places in the highland I'egion . An abundance of clay of many varieties occurs in the state. It is fitted for the manufacture of all kinds of articles from cheap brick and tile to fine china. The best deposits are found in Pulaski, Sharp, Nevada, Lee, Pike, Saline, Dallas, and Gar- land counties. A field of kaolin occurs in the south part of the state, chiefly in Pike County. A few mines have been opened up, but little mining has been done as yet. These mines produce an excellent quality of kaolin, which is exported to China, Japan, and other Eastern countries, where it is make into fine china. Valuable deposits of fuller's earth, used largely in clarif3-iug oils, occur in Pike, Saline, and Montgomery counties. Whetstone rock of splendid quality is distributed over the Ouachita Mountain region west of Hot Springs. The different grades found fit some for sharpening coarse instruments and some for fine. Jewelers and dentists use the stone in powdered form. The chief quarries are near Hot Springs. Phosphate rock, which is a good ferti- lizer, is found in the north and northwest sections of the state. Independence County has a mine in constant operation. Sharp County has developed its deposit to some extent. Manufactures did not make much head- way until after the War, although as early as 1811 there was a salt factorv Manufactures , r>, i , . r>i ^ r^ at Blakeleyton, Clark County, on the banks of the Ouachita River, where the Indians had for years obtained salt and prepared it for use. In 1842 a cap and hat factory was established at Little Rock, and a few years later a brewery at the same place was reported as making beer and ale of excellent qualit)\ Throughout the years manufacturing has developed slowly, although recent years have seen a decided advance, especially in wood manufactures. Because of the nature of the products manufactured, individual ownership of manufactures prevails largely. The manufacturing industry is developing rapidly in the state, as may be seen from the following figures. From 1904 to 1909 the number of manufacturing establishments increased 52 per cent ; the capital invested 51 per cent ; the cost of material used 60 per cent ; the number of salaried officials and clerks, 41 per cent ; and the average number of wage earners, 36 per cent. By far the most important manufacturing industry of the state is that of lumber. One very important line of i, prom work carried on in many parts iotest products of the state is that of stave making, Para- gould, in Greene County, having the largest stave factory in the world. Spokes, handles, hoops, shingles, barrel heads, furniture, wagons, and farming implements are among the useful products made from lumber. The largest oar factory in the world is at Du Vall's Bluff. It supplies oars for the British navy. Each year the lumber manu- factures of the state amount to over 82.5,000,000. Other leading lines of manufactures are cottonseed oil and cake, flour, and meal. Little Rock, Fort Smith, and 2. From Pine Bluff have the largest farm products mills for the manufacture of these products, but there are man}- other mills in smaller towns and cities, in the neighborhood of which the cereals and cotton are grown. In the fruit district of the state are many canning factories, the most up-to-date one being at Prairie Grove, Washington County. This is a $10,000 plant, running twenty peelers worked by gasoline engines. Another important line of work in eon- 20 ARKAySAS SVPPLEMKyT nection with fruit is the evapuniting of apples. Springthile, Washington County, is a leading center in tiiis work, j)i-oducing about 4000 pounds per day. About $1,000,000 of evaporated apj^les are produced annually. Bentonville, Rogers, and Siloam Springs, all in Benton County, are leaders in the manufacture of apple cider vinegar. The factory at Rogers has the capacity of turning out about 15,000 gallons per day. Bentonville has the larg- est apple brandy distillery in the world. Grape wine is manufactured in consider- able quantities at Tontitown, Washington subjected to heat in order to make the oil more iluid and to drive off any water that may be in the mi.xture. The next machine is tlie " former, " which shapes the kernels into cakes, wliich are wrapped in cloth and then subjected to a heavy pressure which drives out the oil. When the cakes of the material from which the oil has been taken become dry they are put into a machine that breaks them into suitable pieces to enter a mill that grinds them into meal. The greater part of the cottonseed oil is made into substitutes for lard, and salad and cooking oils. In manv wavs, such as A liiii' lol uf .Viiiiii;; Ucii,-loi>l cattle, .Stock Funu I'hil Kciiicli. Sltittxart. County, and Altus, I'ranklin County. At Altus several splendid varieties of wine have been developed. Tlie cotton seed as it conies from the gin is covered by a line lint, wliich is removed Cottonseed by passing the seeds through products ;| niacliine made especially for tliis purpose. Tiie lint thus obtained is used for making cotton batting. The next process is the breaking of the hulls from the kernel, which is done by 'a niacliine called a sheller. After leaving the sheller a winnowing machine separates the kernels from the liulls. Tlie kernels are then crushed liy big roHers, put into kettles, and in the packing of canned fish and medical prejiarations. it is used as a substitute for olive oil. Another important use is that of a liil)rieaiit. Cottonseed meal mixed with other material containing a good supply of carbohydrates makes an excellent food for livestock. It is also a good fertilizer. Cottonseed hulls are often u.sed as a sub- stitiit(! for hay. The lishiiig iiidiislry is pmsiu'd along the Mississipjii, .\rkansas. White. St. I'rancis, Ouachita, Black, and Cache rivers and in Big Lake, Mis- Fishing sissip[ii County. The leading kinds of hsh ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 21 have been named under animal life. The an- nual output of all fisheries is valued at more than 1200,000. Mussels, shells, pearls, and slugs make up about one third of the total value of the fisheries. The pearls, which are beautiful in appearance and ex- cellent in quality, are found largely in the White and Black rivers. Pearl centers are at Newport, Augusta, Ues Arc, and St. Charles. The pearling season is eight or teu weeks long. White River leads in tlie value of fisheries. Over one half of its output is made up of mussels. The St. Francis River holds second rank, Big Lake third, and Arkansas River fourth. Arkansas is well adapted to livestock raising because of its mild climate, the ease Stock raising with which forage crops are and dairying raised, and its production of corn. Its cottonseed meal is also an ex- cellent food for livestock. Mules, h(_)rses, cattle, and hogs are raised in considerable numbers. Rapid growth is now being made in dairy- ing. The farms are beginning to be stocked with good breeds of cattle for dairying, and numbers of creameries are being estab- lished. 1. Compare the lumbering in Arkansas with that of N"ew England (pages 34, 73) ; with that of the Northwest (page 125). 2. Describe a sawmill if you have visited one. 3. Describe the work inside a lumber manufacturing plant if you have visited one. 4. Why is there so great ,i demand for products from Arkan.sas lumber in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- braska, and other states of the Mississippi valley? 5. Give as many uses as you can for lumber. 0. Where are the great coal -producing states (page 189)? 7. For what is bauxite used? 8. What industries resultant from fruit raising are developed in the fruit district ? 9. Of what advantage is it to Arkansas to be able to ship a great many of her products by water? 10. With the great abundance of cotton in the state, what has kept Arkansas from developing cotton manufactures? 11. Where are the great cotton factories of the United States? Of the South (page 82)? 12. What railroads are in your part of the state? 13. What is iuiported by them largely? Exported? 14. Compare the Ar- kansas railway mileage with that of other states (page 193). 1.5. Is there a d.airy near your home? IX. Commerce The best means of transportation in the early days of Arkansas was the steamboat. As early as 1820 one arrived at Kansas Post, and two years later one made its way up the Arkansas River to Fort Smith. In 1828, the fii-st steamboat to ply the Arkan- sas River regularly made a trip to Little Rock. Shortl}^ after this, regular trips were made on Wliite River. Since many parts of the state could not be reached by river transportation the con- struction of highways became a necessity. The first highway of importance was made from Memphis to Fort Smitli by way of Little Rock in 1823, and by the middle of the century Fort Smith had become the chief center from which supplies were distributed to western forts. Many other roads fol- lowed this and were used for years by stage coaches as well as by private conveyances. As the years have passed by, very little at- tention has been given to the improvement of i^ublic roads, so that they are now, on tlie whole, in bad condition. Interest is now being awakened in the matter, and it is hoped that in the near future definite steps will be taken to furnish good roads through- out the state. Not until 1853 was any surveying done for tlie building of railroads, and not until five years later was tlie first line laid. This consisted of a part of the track planned to connect Memphis and Little Rock. Soon after this the Civil War broke out and all further construction was delayed until after its close. By 1872 trains were running from St. Louis to Little Rock on the road now known as the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern. By 1874 the road had been continued to Texarkana. About the same time tlie Little Rock and Fort Smith Rail- road began. By 1876 it was extended to Arkansas City by way of Pine Bluff. This road was also later absorbed by tlie Iron Mountain, and a new line was built west from Arkansas City. At the present time 22 ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT there are about tliree thousand miles of railroads in the state and other lines are in construction. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad Company now controls several important lines in the state. From St. Louis the line built in early times entei-s the northeast part of the state iu Clay County and cuts diagonally across the state to Texarkana in the southwest. Another impoi'tant line leaves the original line at Knobcl in Clay County, continues near the eastern boundary of the state throughout its entire lengtli, and enters Louisiana at the south. A tliird important line is one that was constructed soon after the War from Fort Smith to Arkansas City. Still another important line extends from Newport northwest and enters Missouri from Boone County. Several other important east and west branches are under the conti-ol of the same coiui)any. By the Iron Mountain lines excellent connections are made with St. Louis, Memphis, New Orleans, Galves- ton, Kansas City, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake, and Pacific ports. Another system of roads known as the St. Louis Southwestern, or Cotton Belt Lines, enters the northeast part of the state in Clay County a few miles east of the Iron Moun- tain Road and extends southwest to Texar- kana by way' of Pine Bluff. Side lines run to Blytheville, Memphis, Little Rock, and other cities. By this system good connections are made with the South and Southeast. The St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Company has two main lines and several branches in Arkansas. One of the main lines enters the state from the north in Ben- ton County, and runs south to Fort Smith, fi'om which place it enters Oklahoma. The other main line enters Fulton County from the north and extends southeast to ^lemphis. Good transportation is afforded by the Frisco, as its lines extend over Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Oklalioma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, and connec- tions throughout our country are good. The Rock Island Railway Companj' also controls two important lines and several branch lines. One of the important lines is an east and west road extending from ^Memphis via Mansfield, a few miles soutli of Fort Smith, into Oklahoma. The other is a north and south line running from Little Rock into Louisiana. By the Rock Island lines in other states and their con- nections, excellent transportation is afforded to Chicago, the Northwest, the West, and the Southwest. An important line on the west is the Kansas City Soutliern, which enters the state in the extreme northwest of Benton County, passes from that county into Okla- homa, again enters Arkansas in Ouachita County, and extends south into Louisiana by way of Texarkana. Branch lines run to Fort Smith and Waldron. The railway mileage of the state increased from 859 miles in 1880 to 5034 miles in 1910. TJie Frisco, Rock Island, Iron Mountain, and Cotton Belt with branch roads supply every county in the state except one with rail transportation. These lines give Arkansas connection witli the north, south, and southwest markets. The fruit crops of the state find their readiest markets in Texas and in the northern and northeastern states. The lumber supplies are in great demand throughout the Mis- sissippi valley to points in which most of them are shipped, but some products are marketed in the eastern states. In addition to the railroads the rivers supply 3500 miles of navigable waterways for steamboats. Large quantities of cotton, lumber, coal, stone, and products of the slate are shipped to their destinations by these waterways and their connections. X. Cities Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas and the county seat of Pulaski County, is the chief city and the commercial and industrial metropolis of the state. More than two hundred thousand A RKA NSA S S UPPLEMENT 23 i niUiiP i§-«^-:_>iil a- ---^agtwa-. Fig. 23. — State Capitol, Little Rock. bales of cotton are brought into Little Rock anniially. During the past ten years it has advanced in the volume of business from seventh to third position as an interior cot- ton market. Little Rock is also one of the largest cottonseed oil and products markets in the United States. It is also a great grain-shipping center, receiving millions of bushels of corn, wheat, and oats annually. Its growth as a wholesale market is phe- nomenal, and its aggregate shipments, ex- clusive of grain and cottonseed oil and prod- ucts, fill more than one hundred thousand cars per year. The capital city ranks first as a manufac- turing city, also. Woodworking, creosot- ing, mattress making, and many other kinds of factories abound. The largest railroad shops of the Missouri Pacific rail- way system are located here. There are many important public buildings, including the State Caj)itol, the Deaf-^Iute Institute, the State Reform School, the State Asylum for the Insane, Masonic Temple, Y. M. C. A. Building, Hotel Marion, Little Rock High School, St. Mary's Convent, etc. Fort Smith The rapid growth is indicated by the fact that nearly one thousand building permits were issued in 1911, the cost of the build- ings aggregating nearly a million and a half of dollars. Fort Smith, the county seat of Sebastian County, the second largest city in the state, is situated at the junction of the Poteau and Arkansas rivers in the midst of a region rich in the raw materi- als of timber, cotton, coal, fruit, grain, nat- ural gas, fire and brick clays, and building stones. Five lines of railroads pass through the city, connecting it with important cen- ters of trade. It is the most important shipping and commercial point between St. Louis and Dallas. It is the largest furniture manufacturing point west of the Mississippi River, more than one thousand cars of furniture having been made here in 1911. The Fort Smith Wagon Company has an annual output of fif- teen thousand wagons. Other woodwork- ing factories produce tool handles, doors, etc. A cotton compress, two cotton gins, and a cottonseed mill are located here. 24 ARKAXSAS SUPPLEMENT Fig. ■J4. — Mus.ii.ic Tcmplr. I.itlle K.nk. There are several large wholesale houses dealing in luirdware, groceries, and drugs; three fruit and produce houses, and a cracker and biscuit factor}-, and also many wholesale and johbing liouses. The city lias brick pavements, an electric street car system, a waterworks plant, and sewer sys- tem. There is no better schoul system in the state. Pine Blufl', the county seat of Jefferson County, is one of tlie „. „ most extensive cot- Pme Bluff , 1 . ..1 ton markets in the state, an average of 100.000 bales being marketed annually. It has excellent shipping facili- ties by the Arkansas River, the 8t. Loui.s, Iron Mountain, and Soutliern, the St. Louis and Southwestern, and tlie Pine Hluff and Swan Lake railroads. The city has two large cotton compresses, two cotton oil and seed mills, the shops of tlie St. Louis and Southwestern railway, em- ploying from five hundred to seven hundred men, a large elevator, sheet iron works, flour mills, and a number of sawmills, and wood-manufacturing plants. Besides its good public school .system it has a business college, and a Colored Normal College under the direction of the State University. Hot Springs, the county seat of Garland County, famous as a healtli and 2)leasure re- sort, has forty-four hot springs, whose average temperature is 1'-)5° Fahrenlieit, discharging a million gid- hins per da}'. Congress, after due investi- gation, took possession of the springs in 1832, and retained around them an ample reservation of land, the first national park reservation of land. The government has made a system of driveways and walks on the three mountains comprising the reserva- tion, and controls the bath houses. The revenue from water rentals amounts to more than #.30,000 per year. The waters are benelicial for a wide range of diseases. Visi- tors to the number of nearly one hundred tliousand jier year go to Hot Springs. The government maintains an Army and Nav}' Hot Springs ."). — VnmiL; .Nk'n's riii-isiian Assuciatiun, I.ittli- Knck. ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT 25 ■s-***!. s^sssrSLL: J;;;^s|g^ Fig. 26. — Fort Smith Wagon Cumpaiiy. Ho.spital, which has returned 94 per cent of its patients to duty. A short distance from tlie city is the largest alligator farm in the world. There is also, one of the finest ostrich farms in America, containing over one hundred os- triches. The young birds are very hard to raise ; consequently ostriches bring from l-tOO to !|450 per bird. Their principal food is alfalfa hay, cut up and mixed with bran. The feathers are picked every nine montiis. the finest plumes being taken from the wings of the male birds. Argenta is in Pulaski County, on the opposite bank of the Arkansas River from Little Rock. The town has several cottonseed oil mills and compresses. Helena, the county seat of Phillips County, with its four railroads and the Mississippi River, carries on a vast amount of commerce, exporting cotton and lumber. In the city are four cottonseed oil mills, two cotton compresses, two large sawmills, and several woodworking factories. Jonesboro, the county seat of Craig- head County, is an important manufac- turing center. It has in all, twenty -one factories Helena making various articles, a cotton gin and a flour mill and elevator. It has five rail- ways, good electric lights, wholesale gro- ceries, city water, sewers, and a good public school system. Texarkana, one of the industrial centers of the Southwest, is thus named because part of the city is in Arkansas and . . rj,'^ r,,, , , ,. Texarkana part m i exas. ine state line, marked by an avenue one hundred feet wide, runs through the business center. It has fifty-seven factories, among which are saw- mills, woodworking factories, canning fac- tories, and brick yards. It has the only window glass factory south of the Mason and Dixon line, a very large peanut factory, a casket factory, two large oil mills, and a Jonesboro _^ —.1 , ----- ■■ ^ i ■*/■•■''..■■■ W^^^^^^&l^^^ Fig. -Ccittou yards, Ilfli-na. 26 AUKANSAS SUPPLEMENT Marianna large creosote factory, which does 18 per cent of all the creosoting in the United States. For transportation there are four trunk rail- way lines. Paragould, the county seat of Green County, has planing and saw mills, handle, rod, stave, and heading facto- Paragould • n •,, i ..^ ries. Hour mills and a cotton gin. There are good railroad connections. Marianna, the county seat of Lee County, is a lumber and cotton center, with three large lumber mills, a brick manufactory, a 8100,000 cot- ton oil plant, and a spoke factory. Fayetteville, the county seat of Washing- ton County, is the site of the State Univer- sity and government experiment station. There is also a good business college. The city has be- come an important fruit-sliipping and can- ning center. There are large lumber plants, and factories for making handles, spokes, wagons, window frames, and doors. El Dorado, the county seat of Union County, is a progressive city, having nine manufacturing plants, includ- ing flour and lumber mills. Camden, the county seat of Ouachita County, has excellent transportation facili- ties in its two railways and the Camden ,-^ i • t-.- ^ i Ouachita Kiver. Cotton and lumber are the leading products shipped out. Mena, the county seat of Polk County, has a sawmill, grist mill, cotton gin, ice factory, two planing mills, cement, brick, and block facto- ries, anil wholesale groceries. Van Buren, the county seat of Crawford County, is supplied with a canning factory, Van Buren «otton compress, cotton gin, concrete block manufactory, two lumber companies, and machine shops. It has good railway and water connections, and is a great center for fruit shipping. There is a #600.000 bridge across the Ar- kansas River, connecting Van Buren with Fort Smith. Blythcville, in the northeast part of Mis- BlytheviUe Batesville sissippi County, has fourteen factories, also five cotton gins, one wholesale grocery, two wholesale feed houses, and a marble yard. The transpor- tation facilities are good. Hope, in Hempstead County, is on the main line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway, and is the terminus of three other - lines. It supports a large cotton compress, a cottonseed oil mill, woodworking factories, pine and hardwood mills, and brick works. Newport, the county seat of Jackson County, has two cotton compresses, two stave fiictories, sawmills, a c , 1 • 1 Newport wagon factory, machine shops, and an oil mill. Batesville, the county seat of Indej)en- dence Count}-, excellenth- located on White River, has developed into an important trading center. Eureka Springs, the county seat of Car- roll County, located in the Ozarks, is a city of springs. There are more than forty within the citv f'"'*'^ 1- ■ r,\, Springs limits. Ihe curative waters attract thousands of visitors annually. The city is well supplied with lumber factories. Russellville, the county seat of I'ope County, has machine shops, a wagon fac- tory, a furniture factorv, and ■' , . . ^ ^''. Russellville several important cotton gins. Rogers, in Benton County, has canneries, fruit evaporators, a large vinegar factory, white lime factory, barrel fac- tory, flouring mill, and a large ice and cold-storage plant. Conway, the county seat of Faulkner County, contains a state normal school, Hendrix College, a Methodist South institution for men, and Central College, a Baptist institution for women. There are cotton gins, saw and grist mills, and a cottonseed oil mill. Fordyee, the leading town in Dallas County, has big lumber interests. Malvern, the county seat of Hot Springs Rogers ARKAXSAS SUPPLEMENT 27 County, the center of an agricultural coun- „ , try, has two brick plants, a chair Malvern . ' r 4. i lactory, a screen lactory, and a branch of a large plow company. Transpor- tation facilities are afforded b}" the Iron Mountain and Rock Island railways. Stuttgart, in Arkansas County, has two rice mills, which have a ca- pacity of 1400 barrels every twelve hours. County, has lumber, cotton, and brick industries. Forrest City, the county seat of St. Francis Count}', is a progressive business town with good railroad con- „ ° 11, Forrest City nections, surrouniled by agri- cultural and timber resources. It has a cotton oil mill and woodworking factories. Morrillton, the county seat of Conway County, ships more than 30,000 bales of cot^ Fig. 28. — Interior of- an uM riue mill in Stiitig;irt. Arkadelphia, the county seat of Clark County, is located in the center of a flourishing truck and fruit country. It has a large flour mill whose annual business amounts to 12,000,000, a cotton oil mill, a planing mill, machine shops, brick and tile works and bot- tling works. It contains the Ouachita (Baptist) College and the Henderson (Methodist South), also two negro colleges. Prescott, the county seat of Nevada Morrillton ton annually and many cars of strawberries. Siloam Springs, in Benton County, con- tains the Arkansas Conference College (Methodist). It has a fruit- siloam evaporating establishment, a Springs cannery, and a vinegar factory. It is well known as a health resort. Nashville, in Howard County, is a good trading point. It has cotton and lumber mills. Nashville 28 ARKANSAS SUPPLEMENT Stamps Wynne, the county seat of Cross County, has two sawmills, one spoke factory, one „ stave factory, one hoop fac- Wynne , , i ' i- i tor\', and bottling works. Searty, the county seat of White County, is surrounded b\' cotton, grain, and fruit lands. Twelve thousand to fourteen thousand bales of cotton are bought and sold annually and more than •'1100,000 of strawberries are shipped annually witliiu a radius of ten miles. It has a healthful climate, good schools, and modern improvements. Searcy contains Galloway College, an excellent female institution. Stamj)s, in Lafayette County, has the largest lumber mill concern in the United States. Au excellent hard- wood mill is located here also. Mouticello, the county seat of Drew . „ County, has several industrial Monticello i , • • . , concerns dealing with cotton. Warren, the county seat of Bradley County, leads the state in the Warren /' raanuiacture of yellow june. Alagnolia, the county seat of Columbia County, is an important cotton- shipping point. Crossett, in Ashley County, is famous for Crossett its immense sawmill. Clarendon, tlie county seat of Monroe County, is famous for its large oar factory. „, , It has several other kinds of Clarendon i i ■ e ■ t woodworking tactories. It manufactures buttons from mussel sliells, and has a slioe last factory. 1. AVliat two lines of factory work predominate in the cities named ? 2. How do you account for it? ■i. What (illier states have cities that abound in cotton gins-, cotton compresses, and cottonseed oil mills? 4. AVhat other states have cities abound- ing in woodworking industries and sawmills? 5. What reason can you give for the growth of each of our largest cities: Little Rock, Fort Smith, Pine Bluff, Hot Springs, Helena? 6. Xame the cities and towns that are leaders in the fruit industry. 7. Notice the location of the principal cities in ref- erence to watercourses and railways. 8. Xame several cities in the I'nited States that are of about Magnolia the same size as Little Rock. (Pages 428 and 429.) 9. In wliat part of the state are there important sum- mer resorts? Why? XI. Government and Education The chief executive ollicer of the state is tlie governor, elected by the people for two years. Other state officers Government elected by the people at the l. state .same time are the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-general, commissioner of lands, commissioner of mines, manufac- tures, and agriculture, and superintendent of pul)lic instruction. The legislature is made up of two houses. The reiuesenta- tives are elected for two years, the seiiiitors for four years. The legislature meets at Little Rock, the state capital, every odd- numljered year for a session of sixty days, but tlie term may be extended by a two thirds vote. The third department of state government is vested in one supreme court and several lower courts. The supreme oii Marion Miller Mississippi . .. Monroe Montgomery . Nevada .\prRr»xi- MATE Area Sq. Miles 580 042 640 720 610 630 645 600 asi) 700 500 600 602 510 522 6.50 778 S:!8 640 700 900 616 900 Total PoiT- LATION * 27,371 9,425 23,852 28,286 15,022 16,898 24,776 14,.i61 23,501 62,734 19,698 13,741 20.001 24.252 15,118 18.597 26,3.50 27,9'^5 16,0.i6 10,203 ]9,,^^5 30,468 19.907 12.4.W 19,344 County Newton. .. Ouachita . . Perry Phillips... Pike Poinsett .. Polk Pope Prairie. . . . Pulaski Randolph.. St. Francis Saline Scott Searcy Sebastian . . Sevier Sharp stone Union . . . Van Bureii . . Washington. White Wnodruir.... Yell Appro.xi- -MATE Area S(j. Miles 810 730 622 660 600 756 945 781 718 781 700 620 764 1,000 678 542 5.')U 000 1.080 720 1.100 1.100 (',00 imO The State. Total Popf- LATION * 10,612 21,774 9,402 33.535 12,.'i65 12,791 17,216 24,527 13,«J 86,751 18,987 22,54S 16,6.57 14.302 14.826 52.278 10.616 11.6^8 8.',I40 80,723 13..509 .33.889 28.574 20,049 26,323 1,574.449 * Includes Indians, and Chinese, . Japanese, and other .Vsiatics. JUL 5 1912 ARKAIfSAS SUPPLEMENT riTIKS AM> INCORPORATED TOWNS WHOSE POPULATION IS MOB LIBRftRY oc CONGRESS 014 646 109 {; Arfinta Arkodelnhia Bates ville Blythevillc- Ca'indon Cbrondon Conwav. Crossett !)f Queen i:!.Iorado Kureka Sprlnf^s . KayctUiviile Fordyce Forrest Fort Smitli Helena Hope Hot Snrliips •lonesboro. Little U<"-k Ma^^ntiHu 1010 1900 ll.^ — i'lV) 2,789 »,»99 2,827 8,S4» 802 3,995 2,S40 2.087 1,S4« 2,794 2.008 2.038 2.1)13 1,20" 4.202 l.ilft' 3.22S 3,.'i-2 4.471 4.0C1 2,794 1.711) 2,4S4 1.81-.1 23,975 ii.."is; 8.772 \XAt 8,«39 1.644 14.4»» 9,978 7. lit 4..'i<>'' 4.'i.!'41 8s.*|- ■i.lM,'i l.fiU Malvern .... Mariaiina Market! Tree Mena Montic«llo ' Morrillton Nashville Newport ■ Parapnuld Tine Bluff Prescott Kojiers Ru«^sellvme ... Searcy Siloam Sprinps. Stamps Stuttgart IVxarkana — Van Buren Warren Wvnne rjio lUUO 2.;Ts I..V-2 4.S10 1,707 2,026 .852 3,953 8,428 2,274 1,579 2,424 1.707 2,874 92S 8,557 2.S06 5,248 3.824 15,102 11.496 2,705 2,01 1.1 2.w)lP 2.I.')S 2.936 1,S(2 2.3:31 1,995 2,405 1.748 2,816 1.021 2.740 1.2.W 5,655 4,914 3.S78 2,!i;8 2.057 9.M 2,358 1,629 POPCLATK^N OF TOWNS OF lOKI TO 2000 1910 1900 Arkansas City 1.4S5 1.091 Ashilown 1,247 40O Atkins 1,258 745 \„e„sta 1.520 1.040 lUni,,,, 1.70* 1.025 ■Jenlonville 1.9.% 1.843 Bl.ick liiR-k 1.07S 1,400 HocnKVille 1.681 9SS Brinkley 1.740 1,648 ClarksvllU" 1.456 1.0S6 Coal Hill l.-'29 1,.841 C.niins 1.4:i9 1.041 C.tton Plant l.OSl 45S Darilantlle 1,7.'>7 1,602 Tlfimott 1.662 467 Dtsarc l-IK'l '>4" Karle 1.542 Enirlaml 1.407 86« r„v,-nwo,Hi 1.124 491 Gu.-,l..n 1.2*4 1,045 Hamburg HarriaoD Hartford Heber Springs. . llunllngton... IIuttiK Junction City . I-ake Village . . . Leslie Lonoke. McGehee Nettleton Osceola Ozark Paris PlKK"" P«cab«>ntA.s KcoL.r Shniiirdalf Walnut Kiilge.. 1910 i.;->T 1.C02 1,780 1,126 1.700 1,240 1.065 1,074 1,S98 1,.M7 1,157 1.080 1.769 1.146 1,497 LLW 1.547 l.S-W 1.755 1,793 11)00 1,260 1,5,'>1 460 K)2 1.29S 1.241 6i3 O.'iS SIS f;i6 .'V.I7 967 !>20 1,251 S45 F Bur LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 646 109 8