^°^. .:^^'^ v,:^^ mP i- » ■j-^^. ^^i^ ^p^ literarp ^orortttee # ^^^^ @ Sj^Ja^^lJ^^i 1 f?^ BY IDA SHAW MARTIN A. B. THIRD EDITION 1909 IN''' Coprri«ht«l 1905. 1907 and 1909 By IDA SHAW MARTIN 248755 - r n Ct)e Itacburgb ^zUi ^xtfut to tt\t Ctjirti (EtJittott. Not counting the Supplement published in October, 1908, the present edition is the third within two years and a half. It is brought out in response to the insistent demand of sorority- leaders and members generally, who have found the book in- dispensable in their study of the fraternity system. The plate of fraternity badges remains the same as in the second edition, but the frontispiece is new. A somewhat different arrangement has been employed from that used in former sorority plates. The first fourteen pins belong to so- rorities in the National Pan-Hellenic Conference, and with one exception. Alpha Xi Delta, are placed according to the official list. This badge should be in the ninth place, but its location there would have destroyed the harmony of the plate, so the author took the liberty to make the change. The next seven badges belong to the other sororities listed in Class A. They are placed chronologically. The last three belong to Class B sororities. The illustrations are ^^life size^' and were made from badges furnished by the official jewelers. Special acknowledgment is due the D. L. Auld Company, the Bunde and Upmeyer Com- pany, Burr, Patterson & Company, A. H. Fetting, J. F. Newman, Frederick T. Widmer, The Wilbur, Lanphear Company, and Wright, Kay & Company, who have spared no efforts to make the plate a success. So many requests have come from small sororities for representation that it may be well to state the limitations that have been made. Class A includes those that have one or more chapters in institutions that are listed as A colleges, or as co- educational colleges, by the Commissioner of Education. Class B includes only such of the smaller societies as are rivals of one or more of the Class A sororities. Two sororities listed in the second edition are missing from the present issue. Delta Sigma was absorbed by Alpha Omicron Pi and Gamma Beta Sigma by Alpha Sigma Alpha. A fourth sorority should be listed under medical societies, but the data came too late. This is Nu Sigma Phi, founded March 15, 1898, with chapters located at Chicago, Illinois and Indiana. The alphabetical arrangement of chapter rolls is the same as in the second edition, but a new feature has been introduced in the use of italics to designate the colleges where each sorority was founded. When not indicated in the roll the mother chap- ter will be found under the head of Necrology. Ida Shaw Martin. (Mrs. W^m. Holmes Martin.) September 15, 1909. CHAPTER I. The Higher Education of Women. To the popular mind the higher education of women is synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking the term covers a wider field and includes professional as well as collegiate training. The college girl is probably quite familiar with the four types of institutions at which the alumnae of secondary schools may continue their education, viz., the coeducational college, the independent college, the affiliated college and the coordinate college. Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of college education in the United States. About seventy per cent of the five hundred colleges in the country are coeducational, while there are only fourteen independent colleges of the first rank, six affiliated colleges and about the same number of coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons for this characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our system of education, we must turn back the pages of our country's history. The close of the revolution found the American States independent, but not united. The country was without a head and Congress without power. There was distress and discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill and the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A fortunate circumstance at this critical period was the com- 2 The Higher Education. mon interest that seven of the thirteen states had in the Great Northwest Territory. The people were buoyed up by the hope that these states would release their claims and by trans- ferring their interests to the national government would furnish Congress with the means to pay off the war debt. This generosity was of far-reaching significance in its influence upon education in the Western States. The thirteen original colonies had copied closely the educational systems of the Old World, particularly those of England. The great North- west Territory was sparsely settled and education was at best embryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental Congress provided for the government of this vast section and specified that there should be a reservation in every township for the maintenance of public schools. This was later inter- preted as providing also for the reservation of lands for uni- versity endowment. In this way the future of the state university was assured. At the time this ordinance was passed, however, there was no thought in the minds of the legislators that a strong impulse was given to the higher education of women. The daughters of colonial homes were busy with baking and brewing, with spinning and weaving, with the manifold household duties for which no labor-saving devices had yet been invented. Even the daughters of the well-to-do had little time or interest for any education save such superficial knowledge as might be acquired at the fashionable finishing school. |The half century following the Revolution was noteworthy for the establishment of district schools and academies, and for the awakening of new ideas concerning the education of The Higher Education. 3 girls. The year 1830, when the first locomotive was built, is an epoch-marking date in the history of the United States and no less so in the history of the higher education for women. The building of railroads and the consequent growth of cities was followed by a great revival in educational interests, re- sulting in state supervision and the opening of high and normal schools for girls. The years immediately following witnessed the transfer of many industries from the home to the factory and deprived women of their usual occupations, leaving them a large measure of leisure. It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with her gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look for the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin College, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, but not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first institu- tion to offer advanced courses to women as well as men. In 1836 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachusetts Legislature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which though it did not pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood firm for serious work and high standards. Wesleyan College, incorporated by the Legislature of Georgia and opened in 1839, was the first woman^s college to receive a charter from any state, and was one of a number of schools opened about this same time in the South for the higher education of women. Galesburg, 111., is worthy of mention as having had enterprise enough to support two colleges, Knox and Lombard, both of which admitted women practically from the beginning, the former in 1845, the latter in 1851. In 1853 Antioch College in Ohio was opened under the presidency of Horace Mann and admitted men and 4 The Higher Education. women on equal terms. Elmira College, established in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, was the first woman's college in the north to receive a charter. The state universities of Utah and Iowa, opened respectively in 1850 and 1856, admitted women from the first. A few institutions under religious con- trol in the Middle West, bearing the name of college, but doing work little higher than the first class secondary schools of the present time, were induced to admit women as the result of these experiments. Except, however, in the districts, where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, little marked progress was made. Women were still the slaves of tradition. Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we must look for the complete emancipation of women educationally. The continuous fighting during the four years of the war and the consequent drafts upon the Northern states for soldiers drained this section of its men and led to the employment of women as teachers in the secondary schools. This arrangement, at first considered only temporary, proved to be permanent, and thinking men soon realized that the much debated question of higher education for women had become a matter of expediency. In this time of immediate need what was more natural than that the people should demand that existing colleges hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women? The well-endowed universities made a strong stand against what they considered an intrusion. They claimed that they did this from a sense of duty to the past, to the founders and givers of endowments. The state universities, however, could make no such plea. Their endowments came from state or federal government without restriction as to sex, and the The Higher Education. 5 people failed to see the need of establishing separate colleges for women when the state universities were already in existence. Before long their doors, willingly or unwillingly, swung open to maid as well as man, — Kansas and Minnesota in 1866, Indiana in 1868, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois and California in 1870, Nebraska in 1871, Ohio in 1873, Wisconsin in 1874. The opening of the University of Michigan to women was in direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon demand from the state legislature and is interesting as showing the sentiment of the people. All state universities organized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard were very different. There were no state universities and the famous colleges already established refused to admit women. Certain concessions to be sure have been made after prolonged agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened as Harvard Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for women in 1894 and grant ing its own degrees, where the instruction is given by members of the Harvard faculty and the diplomas countersigned by the President of Harvard University as a guarantee that the degrees are equivalent to the corresponding degrees given by the university; again in the case of Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated in 1900 as an undergraduate woman's college of Columbia University, where the instruction is given entirely by professors appointed by Columbia University trustees and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A. B. degree is granted by the university and women who have taken their first degree are admitted to the university on the same terms as men, and lastly, in the case of the Woman's College of Brown 6 The Higher Education. University, established as a regular department in 1897, though women were admitted informally as early as 1892. These concessions grudgingly given turned many promising young women, who resented this attitude of what they considered selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for women and resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of these institu- tions in the East. Of these there are ten, Elmira, Vassar, Wells, Wellesley, and Smith, chartered within the third quarter of the nineteenth century, the last four within a period of ten years, and Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Woman^s College of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon Woman's College and Trinity, established within the last twenty years. Rockford College in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, chartered as a college in 1892, and still retaining a preparatory department, and Mills College in California, opened as a seminary in 1871, chartered as a college in 1885, and still countenancing a seminary, are ex- amples of the only independent colleges for women in the vast section devoted to coeducation and by their smallness bear eloquent testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as regards its location and faculty, and Florida College for Women, opened in 1905 as an affiliated college of the state university, which became coeducational in 1888, are examples of the old- time Southern prejudice. The abandonment of coeducation at W^estern Reserve University in 1888 after a trial of sixteen years, and the establishment of a coordinate college for women under the university charter resulted from a decision of the trustees to call the college back to its original purpose, to edu- The Higher Education. 7 cate men only, a decision which seemed the wisest solution of the difficulties growing out of an attempt to engraft coeducation upon an institution modelled after New England ideas. The decision of the trustees of Wesleyan University to limit the number of women admitted in any one year to twenty per cent of the whole number of students enrolled in the preceding year and their later acknowledgment of defeat when they voted to admit no women after the class of 1913, may be taken as another instance of the futility of the attempt to introduce coeducation into a New England college. The segregation policy of Chicago University, adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereby separate instruction is provided as far as possible for men and women during the freshman and sophomore years, was ex- plained by President Harper as due in a large measure to the proximity of the university to a great metropolis and the increasing enrolment of young women students. The decision of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr., University to limit the number of women students to five hundred at any time is, according to President Jordan, in harmony with the founder's purpose. The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in establish- ing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of co- education and the complete separation of the two in the re- quired work of the first two years is said to be due to a desire to make suitable and adequate provision for the culture and intellectual training of young women, to enable them to enjoy a more distinct social life while in college and, to provide for them an independent system of honors and prizes. The College for Women opened at Bucknell University in 1905, though at 8 The Higher EDrcAxiox. present only a hall of residence, since very little instruction i? given separately, is nevertheless the beginning of a definite plan for separation. The system of coordination in vogue at Colby for the past ten years and the very recent decision of the trustees to introduce separation in chapel exercises a::d to estabUsh. as soon as funds will w:,r::.:;:. an affiliated college for women seems to be the accepted solution of the vexatious problem of pro\iding collegiate instruction for women in con- nection with well-established colleges for men along the Atlantic seaboard. The Evolution of the Sorority System. CHAPTER II. The Evolution of the Sorority System. The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the union of thirteen colonies, ^^ a union that was to stand pre- eminently for the brotherhood of man, saw also the foundations laid for another union, another brotherhood, that, like its prototype, was destined to grow into a mighty power. On the fifth of December, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. This was the first of the secret Greek-Letter Societies and therefore the parent of the modern fraternity system, which has become so large a factor in the college life of the United States. The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provision for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a century passed before its roll numbered five chapters and before another Greek-Letter society was founded. Colleges were few and scattered, the country in the throes of a great war. The colleges established prior to the Revolution were but nine in number, Harvard (1636), Wilham and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), King's now Columbia (1754), Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers (1763), Brown (1764), and Dartmouth (1770). No small proportion of their endowment had come from the mother country, but the Declaration of Independence naturally 10 The Evolution of the Sorority System. put an end to donations from England and crippled the re- sources of existing colleges. The period of business de- pression immediately following the close of the war, the general instability of the government, the continued difficulties with England resulting in the War of 1812, were not conducive to ease of mind or educational progress. The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the country in a flourishing condition. The United States had demon- strated on land and sea its right to be considered a world power. Its credit was good, its people prosperous. The tremendous impluse given to trade and immigration by the use of steam as a motive power, the rapid development of the country owing to the construction of state roads and artificial waterways, the mighty stimulus afforded public thought by the daily appear- ance of the penny newspaper, the great awakening of interest in popular education as a result of the heroic labors of Horace Mann in Massachusetts and of Henry Barnard in New York, had produced a nation that was alert and enterprising. It was but natural that these same years of peace, prosperity and progress should witness the establishment of many new colleges as well as a great increase in matriculation at the older institu- tions. While a college is small it is possible for every student to know intimately all the others and to be in close touch with the different members of the faculty, but as the numbers in- crease the personal relation between professor and student is eliminated more and more, and the undergraduates are forced to find sympathetic companionship in a small group of classmates. So long as a boy is conscious of sympathy and interest on the part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, his ambitions. The Evolution of the Sorority System. 11 he wilfseek no^further, but the moment he has lost faith in those of his own household he will go elsewhere in search of the perfect understanding that his nature craves. The American professor is a boy at heart, he understands young men, but the pressure of work is severe both in and out of the classroom and there is a limit to human possibilities, to human endurance. The crowded classroom, the ascetic dormitory, the cheerless boarding house gave birth to the fraternity. They have given birth to worse impulses, but to no better. That the fraternity became a college society instead of a more limited organization, that it eventually included members from all undergraduate classes instead of being restricted to those of one particular year is a tribute to the democratic spirit and magnanimity of the Ameri- can college student. The need and attractiveness of these organizations is attested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities were founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter century,— Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 1827, all three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, Psi Upsilon, Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, Beta Theta Pi, Miami, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, Zeta Psi, New York University, 1847, Phi Gamma Delta, Jefferson, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848, Theta Delta Chi, Union, 1848. The period from 1850 to the Civil War was an era of instability, yet six new fraternities came into existence, four in the North and two in the South, — Phi Kappa Sigma, Pennsylvania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jefferson, 1852, Chi Phi, Princeton, 1854, which lays claim to being a revival of a similarly named society 12 The Evolution of the Sorority System. established at the same college thirty years before, Sigma Chi, Miami, 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama, 1856, Delta Tau Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years immediately following the close of the Civil War are remarkable as gi\dng birth to five fraternities and those all founded in Virginia, — Alpha Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute, 1865, Kappa Alpha (Southern Order), Washington and Lee, 1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Virginia, 1868, Kappa Sigma, University of Virginia, 1869, Sigma Nu, Virginia Military Institute, 1869. These twenty-five fraternities, together with one other, Phi Sigma Kappa, founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege in 1873, had the field practically to themselves for more than thirty years, but the twentieth century is giving evidence of renewed activity in founding fraternities, for the year 1901 alone gave birth to three new societies that have made a place for themselves already, — Omega Pi Alpha and Delta Sigma Phi founded at the College of the City of New York and Sigma Phi Epsilon established at Richmond. Alpha Chi Rho, founded at Trinity College, also came into prominence about this same time. Theta Chi, after nearly half a century as a local at Norwich University, felt the call to expand in 1903 and has since then been growing steadily. When opportunities for collegiate training became a possi- bility for women it was but natural, especially in the coedu- cational institutions, that college girls should be anxious to enjoy the manifest advantages that membership in these secret organizations secured. It was not surprising, then, to find that one-third of the existing sororities were founded at coeducational colleges within three years after the admission of women. The Evolution of the Sorority System. 13 The first secret society for women, so far as is known, was the Adelphean, founded at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., in 1851, which changed its name to the Alpha Delta Phi Sorority in 1903. A similar club was the Philomathean, which was organized in 1852, and which became Phi Mu in 1904. Both were sus- pended for a few years during the Civil War owing to the closing of the institution, but were kept alive through the efforts of resident members. Another society, founded in 1856, and interesting historically as probably the first one composed of women to bear a Greek name was Chi Theta Delta, which existed for several years at the Troy Female Seminary and which was instituted by delegations from the Rensselaer and Union chapters of Theta Delta Chi. The oldest secret organiza- tion to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to the present day was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira College in 1856. This was followed ten years later by Phi Mu at the same college. Neither of these societies began life with Greek names, but the change was made very early in their history. The first national organization, or sorority, was the I. C. Sorosis, founded at Mon- mouth College in 1867, and known since 1888 as Pi Beta Phi. The first sorority to bear a Greek name was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded at De Pauw University in 1870. The establishment of Kappa Kappa Gamma in this same year at Monmouth College, of Alpha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of Delta Gamma at Louis Institute, — a boarding school for girls at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State University, in January, 1874, of Gamma Phi Beta at Syracuse University and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November of that same year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at Wellesley in 1876, shows how simultaneous and spon- 14 The Evolution of the Sorority System. taneoiis was the development of the fraternity idea among col- lege women in different sections of the country. There is no doubt that numerous similar organizations existed in other col- leges, for sorority records show a number of instances where such societies applied for charters and became enrolled as chapters of the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal gi'owth of the latter and the rise of the more recent soror- ities can be readily accounted for by the rapid increase in matriculation. Of the fourteen Greek-Letter societies established prior to 1880 and in existence today, all but three, Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have es- tablished chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma were anything more than local organizations at that date. Alpha Phi established its second chapter at Northwestern in 1881, Gamma Phi Beta, its second at the University of Michigan in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at Wesleyan University in 1893, but this became extinct after an existence of ten years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly thirty years before granting its first charter to petitioners at Boston University in 1904. Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu remained locals for more than half a century. The fact that barely twenty chapters established between 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken existence is a striking proof of the general disfavor with which the higher education of women was regarded in its experimental stage. The establishment of sixty-three ^dgorous chapters during the next decade shows conclusively that the experiment was a success and that the sorority idea was becoming firmly en- The Evolution of the Sorority System. 15 trenched. The granting of sixty charters to college petitioners between 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the growing pop- ularity of collegiate training for women. The fact that nearly one hundred and fifty college chapters have been established in less than a decade and that many new sororities have come into prominence within that same period would indicate that the twentieth century is extending the heartiest kind of welcome to the sorority as well as to the college girl. One interesting phase in the evolution of the system has been the organization of special sororities by musical and medical students. Though by no means affecting such large numbers of matriculates, they are solving the same problems that confront the literary sororities, especially along the line of providing opportunities for the growth of congenial friend- ships. The simple social life that these organizations make a possibility is a great boon to those who are in a measure shut out from active participation in the general college life that centres about the academic departments of the large univer- sities. Distribution of Chapters. Of the twenty-three literary sororities having one or more chapters in colleges of the highest rank, three, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta and Kappa Kappa Gamma, have over thirty chapters. These and two others, Delta Delta Delta and Chi Omega, both rapidly nearing the thirty chapter mark, are found in all sections of the country. Delta Gamma, though by birth a southern sorority, has now no chapter south of Mason and 16 The Evolution' of the Sorority System. Dixon's line. Alpha Delta Phi and Phi Mu confined themselves to the South for more than half a century. In addition to this there are three sororities that seem at present essentially South- ern. Kappa Delta. Sigma Sigma Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, all organized at the Virginia State Normal School. Virginia has always been noted as a fraternity stronghold and was the birth- place of seven fraternities, Phi Beta Kappa. Alpha Tau Omega, Southern Kappa Alpha. Kappa Sigma. Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Xu and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Until 1893. when Randolph-Ma- con Woman's College was opened, no provision had been made by Mrginia for the higher education of her daughters. Indeed until the Normal School was opened in 1SS4 there was not a scientific laboratory in the entire state accessible to women. Presenting, then, for nine years the only opportunity for ad- vanced work, it is not strange that this school attracted a su- perior class of students, many of them daughters of professors in the colleges of the state and consequently in touch with the fraternity idea since early childhood. Therefore the establish- ment of these three secret societies was in no wise a peculiar circumstance, but simply a natural outcome of the wide-spread activity of the fraternities among the men of Virginia. Owing to the fact that coeducation is not so popular in the South as in the Middle West, which has always been the sorority strong- hold, opportunities for extension were naturally limited and some of the earlier charter grants were made to institutions be- low collegiate rank. It is generally understood, however, that this is only a temporary arrangement and that these chapters will be retained only until such time as the sororities are strong enough to dispense with them. Zeta Tau Alpha^ at its con- The Evolution of the Sorority System. 17 vention in June, 1906, was the first to raise its standards by dropping from its roll all chapters not located at colleges. Sigma Sigma Sigma soon followed with a decision to enter only institutions of collegiate rank. A fourth society founded at the Virginia State Normal School, Alpha Sigma Alpha, has recently placed chapters above the seminary rank, so it is doubtless only a question of time when all these essentiall}^' Southern orders will have chapter rolls that will compare favorably with those of the older sororities. Alpha Omicron Pi, founded in the North, has one-fourth of its chapters in the South. Alpha Xi Delta, founded in Illinois, and Sigma Kappa, founded in Maine, have both called attention to themselves by the rapidity with which they have recently placed branches at considerable distance from the parent chapter. No student of the sorority system could fail to notice the rather remarkable similarity in the case of Alpha Phi and Gamma Phi Beta as regards birthplace, age, monogram badge and chapter roll. Extension. Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled in the colleges of the United States is twice that of the women. Ex- clusive of professional societies, which have no real bearing on the case in point, the fraternities are twice as numerous as the sororities. When, however, it comes to a question of the rela- tive number of chapters, statistics show that there are four fraternity chapters to every sorority chapter, even when local societies at the women's colleges that are unfriendly to the 18 The Evolution of the Sorority System. national sorority idea are counted in the total number. The natural inference would be that the sorority is not so popular with college women as the fraternity is with college men. An}^- one, however, who knows how many local societies have pe- titions before the sororities is aware how very far from true such an inference would be. A certain proportion of these petitions, to be sure, has come from colleges w^hich have not reached the standards set by the leading universities of the country and which, therefore, will fail to meet the first requirements of the largest and most popular sororities, but, even when these ap- plications are omitted from the list, enough remain so that it would not be a very difficult matter for the sororities to double their chapter rolls by accession from colleges that have been ad- mitted by common consent to be eligible to consideration. Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus of a national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere from two to ten years for recognition from some well-known sorority. They reason that while they stand alone they have only them- selves to consider, whereas if they were to place chapters of their own organization in other colleges, they would lose the local prestige that comes from having a petition before a famous sorority and would have to meet their rivals as a chapter of a weak society. Confident of securing the coveted charter by patience and persistency and of acquiring, thereby, the reputa- tion that would come to them as a branch of some famous order, they continue to keep their petition before the sorority of their choice, even after they have been assured repeatedly of the impossibility of a charter grant and have been advised to apply elsewhere. Deference to the wishes of their alumnae and con- The Evolution of the Sorority System. 19 sideration for their own immediate welfare in the matter of rushing determine to a large degree their attitude in this matter. There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, at some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous inde- pendent colleges for women. The high standards, the large enrolment, two things that mean plenty of good sorority material, have always proved very attractive to organizations that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to have their chapter rolls stand for the best in education. Two independent colleges for women, Baltimore and Randolph-Macon, and several affiliated colleges, Newcomb, Barnard, Middlebury and Brown admit national sororities, but up to the present time the big colleges, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Bryn Mawr and Mt. Holyoke, and several smaller ones, as well as one affiliated, Western Re- serve, are closed to these organizations, though a number have local secret societies. This condition of affairs is in part due to faculty decision and in part to student indifference. When local secret societies are fostered, there is a feeling perhaps on the part of the administration that this particu- lar kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates an esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. There is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by demanding allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines and holding conventions, may weaken the interest in the alma mater. This is a fallacy. The sororities always do arouse interest in other colleges and in the whole movement for the higher education of women, in the problems that confront college girls, problems that faculties have not solved and are not solving, that college girls alone can solve, but they do not 20 The Evolution of the Sorority System. weaken any student's interest in her own college. When she meets her sisters from other universities, be it at convention or in the alumnae association, in public or in private, she knows she is always looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is more than anxious by conversation and deportment to show her college in a creditable light. From various sources she learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, what new inspirations have come to do better and broader work, and she returns to her own chapter, to her own college, to praise where praise is due and where censure or improvement is needed, to seek through her own chapter and rival chapters to effect the necessary reforms. To believe there is only one college in the world, that this college is above reproach and incapable of improvement, is snobbishness. To see weaknesses in one's alma mater, to strengthen it by every means within one's power, to guard its interests jealously, this is loyalty. No one is so genuinely or so generously interested in her college as the sorority girl, no one has the opportunities that the sorority girl has to compare her own college with others. There may be a few colleges, having chapters of the national sororities, that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close investigation will show that this lack is not due to the presence of the fra- ternities, but to other causes. A university located in the heart of a large city finds it very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit that is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college situated in a village. The city university draws its students to a large extent from the towns within a radius of twenty-five miles. The marked improvements recently made in the matter of The Evolution of the Sorority System. 21 cheap and quick transit render it possible for many of the students to live at home during their entire college course. The hurried entrance upon the work of the day, the hasty exit after recitations in order to catch a train, the absence of dor- mitories, the lack of suitable boarding places in the congested districts of a large metropolis for the few who are forced to find temporary lodgment, the distractions and fascinations of a large city, the general indifference of the greater part of the citizens, are all potent agencies that work constantly against any very strong growth of college spirit. These same elements make it exceedingly difficult for the city university to have a satis- factory social life, always a great help in the development of a strong esprit de corps. Sorority life under these conditions is not without its drawbacks. Evening chapter meetings are entirely out of the question and those in the afternoon can sel- dom be arranged so as not to interfere with train schedules or the convenience of those members whose recitations are all in the morning. The college or university in the small town, on the other hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, property owners and tradesmen and there is a marked local pride taken in everything that interests the students. They are people of importance in the village because of their association with the college, and since everybody thinks there is but one college in the whole world, they begin to think so too and develop immediately a very proper and lasting interest in their alma mater. With dormitories, halls of residence, fraternity and sorority houses on or near the campus, with boarding places and faculty houses within easy reach, it is possible for such a college 22 The Evolution of the Sorority System. to have a very delightful social life and to foster all sorts of student enterprises. Under such conditions fraternity and sorority life comes very near to being ideal, an interest that is second only to that felt for the college itself. Those who have studied deeply into fraternity conditions understand how very difficult it is to build up strong chapters in colleges that have no dormitory system or that have an enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the home of Radcliffe and Harvard, will furnish illustration for both of these points. Radcliffe, with very little dormitory accommo- dation, draws its students largely from nearby cities and towns, and so much time is consumed in transit between the home and the college there is practically none left for the fostering of the life-long friendships that are such a valuable product. of com- munity life. Harvard, on the other hand, with its hundreds of students, its numerous dormitories, its almost inexhaustible supply of boarding houses, has never been found favorable ground for the planting of fraternity chapters. A very few do exist, but they are hampered by many difficulties. In the first place the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and the college itself offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity finds few opportunities to fill spare moments with interest. Again, with the large entering classes and the elective system governing studies, there is but slight class cohesion and very little chance for upper class people to become well acquainted with the freshmen. Similar conditions exist at Yale with very similar results. It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large colleges for women would present the same problems as Harvard and The Evolution of the Sorority System. 23 Yale. The life of these institutions is already very complex. Every minute of a girFs spare time, every cent of her allowance, is spoken for many times over. The freshman class, moreover, by reason of its large enrolment would present innumerable difficulties in any attempt to become acquainted with the in- dividual members or to study them with a view to discovering their possibilities as good sorority material. Elections would necessarily have to be postponed and as a result the chapter would tend to become a class society as did Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi at Yale, and toward which condition the local societies at Wellesley, Smith and Mt. Holyoke are surely tending. It remains for the future to show whether the great numbers at present unprovided for by these local clubs will establish similar organizations or ap- peal to the sororities for charters. New local societies, to be sure, would lack the prestige that the older ones have and which the sororities could furnish. The all important question, of course, with the sororities will be whether the large class society would be favorable to the best development of the sorority idea and ideal. The sorority idea means close friendship fostered by long association in common interests. The sorority ideal is the S3^mmetrically developed woman, the result of close confidence and lasting friendships with a few congenial spirits. A generation ago the sororities would have been glad to enter these colleges and succeeding years would have seen the number of chapters keeping pace with the increase in ma- triculation. Today any well-known sorority would think twice before entering, even though assured of a hearty welcome on the part of the administration. 24 The Evolution of the Sorority System. Standards. The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, all of them at institutions of collegiate rank. No definition of ^'collegiate rank'' was attempted by the Conference and indeed there is no organization whose decision could be taken as official and final. Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal control over the schools of the country, there is no national system of edu- cation and no national board of education to determine what particular kind or amount of work shall constitute a college or university. In the Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education puts all universities, colleges and technological schools, with the exception of those admitting women only, in one gioup without any attempt at classification. There is much interesting information to be gleaned from these reports concerning the valuation of the real estate and apparatus of the different col- leges and concerning the registration and faculty, but little to show that some of the five hundred are doing higher grade work than others. It is left to the student of college data to make his own deductions and the most natural inference is that a large endowment, a large corps of professors, a large registration, mean high standards, but conclusions from these premises alone are not necessarily correct. As has been already stated, conditions in the case of the colleges for women are somewhat different. Here the Commissioner has made two groups. Just what is the basis of decision is not stated, but Baltimore, Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Elmira, Mills, Mt. Holyoke, Newcomb, The Evolution of the Sorority System. 25 Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, Rockford, Simmons, Smith, Trini- ty, Vassar, Wellesley, Wells and Wesleyan (Ga.), are put in the A class, while the colleges for women connected with Brown and Western Reserve are included in the reports of coedu- cational colleges, though they are quite distinct organizations. Thirty-five years ago when sororities were in their infancy the problem of extension was a serious one and a number of charters were granted to institutions but little higher in grade than the modern seminary. The last quarter century, how- ever, has witnessed great advances in the movement for the higher education of women. In order that the standards of the different sororities may be of the highest, it is imperative that great care should be taken to place new chapters only at such colleges and universities as are known to be of high grade. To this end the Inter-Sorority Conference has decided not to rec- ognize any order until its chapter roll meets certain require- ments. One organization that has done much to determine what the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Association of Col- legiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in November, 1881, by seventeen college women, representing eight colleges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae of different institutions for practical educational work. Later by reason of the limitations placed upon admission, it came to be recognized as standing for the maintenance of high standards of education. No college applying for membership in the body corporate is examined unless it has fifty women graduates and an endow- ment of $500,000. A preparatory department under the government or instruction of the college faculty is also a bar. 26 The Evolution of the Sorority System. Great stress is laid upon the educational qualifications of the corps of instruction, the average available income and the value of the equipment of the institution for the work it undertakes. The colleges now on the list number twenty-four, seventeen coeducational, Boston, California, Chicago, Cornell, Illinois, Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Institute of Technology, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ober- lin, Syracuse, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, four independent, Br3^n Mawr, Smith, Vassar, Wellesley and three affiliated, Barnard, Radcliffe, Western Reserve. A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., in 1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, which was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in Northern colleges. Its object is ^'to unite college women in the South for the pro- motion of higher education for women; to raise the standard of education for women; to develop preparatory schools, and to define the line of demarcation between preparatory schools and colleges.^' The corporate members are all colleges recognized by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools, and fur- thermore any other college that the Association considers to be of the same rank as the aforesaid. The association hopes eventually to do work very similar to that done by its Northern protot3^pe, but at present it feels that it should devote most of its thought to educational problems of the South. Another agency that is making for uniform standards is the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta Kappa means that the institution receiving it has met the The Evolution of the Sorokity System. 27 requirements as to organization, equipment, financial standing, faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examinations demanded by a body of men who are well qualified by training and experience to decide what the word college should mean. It does not always follow that a college is below grade because it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. It is only recently that this honorary society began to become really representative and some well known colleges have not awakened to the need or meaning of a charter grant. Notable examples of this are Bryn Mawr and Radcliffe, on the list of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae and Indiana on the roll of Sigma Xi. It is interesting to note that of the 344 chapters accredited to the 23 literary sororities in Class A, 204, or sixty per cent are in colleges honored by Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi or Sigma Xi. Of the 140 chapters located at other institution, 14 belong to Pi Beta Phi, 13 to Kappa Delta, 9 to Beta Sigma Omicron and Chi Omega, 8 to Alpha Xi Delta, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Phi Mu Gamma, 7 to Alpha Sigma Alpha and Phi Mu, 6 to Sigma Sigma Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, 5 to Alpha Delta Phi and Alpha Kappa Psi, 4 to Alpha Chi Omega, 3 to Delta Gamma and Sigma Kappa, 2 to Alpha Gamma Delta and Gamma Phi Beta, 1 to Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi and Delta Zeta. A careful study of these figures will show that the higher numbers belong to the oldest and largest societies or else to the youngest. There can be no question that another decade will show a marked improvement in this particular, for many colleges at present on the sorority rolls and without honorary societies will receive charter grants. Their standards even now will meet the re- 28 The Evolution of the Sorority System. quirements. In many cases it is only a question of petitioning Phi Beta Kappa six months before the national convention. Among other forces at work to secure a unification of standards in the college entrance examinations may be men- tioned the New England Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools, the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland, the Association of the Col- leges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States and the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Qovernment. The supreme governing body of the sororities is the National Convention which meets annually or biennially, but in order that important questions requiring immediate decision may receive attention during the interim, it is customary for the sororities to place a certain amount of legislative, judicial and executive power in the hands of a few members who are re- sponsible to the succeeding convention for their acts and who constitute what is known as the Grand Council, the Executive Committee, or the Grand Chapter, as the case may be. The number of members elected for this purpose differs somewhat in the different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in seven cases, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Sigma Kappa and Alpha Delta Phi, the Editor is not ranked as a member of the execu- tive staff. These five officers are usually sufficient for a small The Evolution of the Sorority System. 29 sorority, but where the chapter roll numbers more than twenty, the task of welding so many separate units into a harmonious whole becomes a serious problem. Hence it has come to pass that the older and larger sororities have found it necessary to create new offices in order that no member of the executive staff may have more work than she can accomplish satisfactorily and in order that every phase of fraternity development may receive its due share of attention. The sororities are tending more and more toward retaining for longer periods than the usual interim of two years between conventions, those officers who show special ability along certain lines. Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. Gamma Phi Beta has a well-defined policy of advancing her officers each year. The governing board consists of one member from each alumnae chapter and as each president retires, the chapter that she has represented elects some one who takes her place at the foot of the line and works up through the various offices. Delta Gamma's method is to elect its executive staff for a term of four years, the election of the president and treasurer alternating with that of the vice- president and secretary. Each convention designates the chapters from which the new officers are to come, and these chapters elect the officers for the ensuing term. The editor is frequently re-elected several times. Alpha Phi's plan of choosing officers, first from one section of the country and then from another, has much to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi has paid its four founders a great tribute in making them life members of the Grand Council. 30 The Evolution of the Sorority System. Publications. The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, those that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued for members only. To the first class belong the magazines, the catalogues or directories, the song books, the histories and the calendars. Among the secret issues are the constitutions, convention reports, bulletins and rituals. The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most of their space to reports from chapters and personals about alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor endeavors to keep her subscribers informed of all that is passing in the fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 are note- worthy as marking the period during which a great impulse was given to fraternity joiu'nalism by the publication of magazines by many of the men's orders. The sororities were quick to see the advantages that such issues had and the next decade saw- five in the field, — " The Golden Key " of Kappa Kappa Gamma in 1882. " The Anchora " of Delta Gamma, '' The Arrow '* of Pi Beta Phi. "The Kappa Alpha Theta" in 1885 and "The Alpha Phi Quarterly " in 1888. Delta Delta Delta followed with " The Trident " in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega with " The L>Te '' in 1894 and Chi Omega with " The Eleusis '' in 1899. The last eight years have brought out " The Crescent '^ of Gamma Phi Beta. " The Alpha Xi Delta," " Themis of Zeta Tau Alpha,^^ '' The Angelos '' of Kappa Delta. '' The Triangle ^^ of Sigma Sigma Sigma. '' To Dragma '' of Alpha Omicron Pi, '' Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book," '' The Beta Sigma Omicron," '' The Aegis '" of Alpha Sigma Alpha, '' The Triangle of Sigma Kappa/' The Evolution of the Sorority System. 31 '' The Adelphean '' of Alpha Delta Phi, ^The Parchment '' of Sigma Iota Chi, '' The Aglaia '' of Phi Mu and '' The Adamas '' of Eta Upsilon Gamma. Catalogues or directories, have always been found very useful and have been issued with more or less frequency by all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the names and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find them well supplied with valuable historical data, the location and time of founding of each active and alumnae chapter, lists of present and past grand officers, chapter officers and statistical reports. The older and larger sororities find it a somewhat difficult task to compile their directories, and five. Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta and Phi Mu have established card catalogues. The cards are sent out periodically with the request that the members return them to the cataloguer after answering the printed questions. It is possible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of ac- curate information, much of which is of permanent value. Song books have been published by all the large sororities and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with bright music and spirited poems, many of which possess distinct literary merit. All the sororities of prominence have established archives and the majority of them have an officer whose duty it is to collect and arrange historical date. Whenever historical matter has been given to the public it has usually appeared in some issue of the magazine, which is known henceforth as The Historical Number. Kappa Kappa Gamma issued a small pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its members and for distribution 32 The Evolution of the Sorokity System. among its friends. The history of Delta Delta Delta, brought out in 1907, was the first and remained the only elaborate at- tempt in book form until 1909, when Chi Omega brought out a very attractive manual. None of the sororities have authorized official calendars, but a number of chapters and individuals have published very attractive issues that in addition to serving as appropriate souvenirs have possessed considerable historical and literary value. Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one who is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. It is not unusual, however, for members of different sororities, es- pecially when friends or relatives, to discuss the common prob- lems that confront the different organizations. In this way it is possible for those who are deeply interested in the advance- ment of the sorority idea to secure a very fair knowledge of the policies and regulations of the various organizations as laid down in the different constitutions. Convention Reports are not guarded with any great care and on many occasions very important decisions have been made public through discussions in the magazines. From the historical numbers one may glean information concerning the successive steps in all the great movements and changes of policies. The older and larger a sorority becomes, the more likely it is to discuss freely and publish widely much of what it actually has done, what it is doing and what it expects to do. The system of exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly in Boston in 1891, practiced occasionally before that time by The Evolution of the Sorority System. 33 broadminded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the present day, has done much to develop a marked similarity in general policies. Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount of routine correspondence is appalling where any attempt is made to secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of chapters. Secret issues afford great relief to overworked officials, place matter demanding immediate attention before all the chapters at the same time and create a reference library that is of in- calculable benefit to the chapters themselves. To Chi Omega belongs the honor of issuing the first secret sorority magazine. Its Mystagogue appeared in 1905. Delta Delta Delta was a close second with its quarterly Triton in 1906 and elaborated the idea still further by starting a secret annual, called The Trireme, in 1908. The advantages of such an organ, issued at definite and stated times, over the occasional bulletin are too manifest to require a mention. Alumnae Associations. The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial asso- ciations for them is one of the more recent ideas that make for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given by a strong body of alumnae in addition to the financial backing afforded will more than repay any society for the labor expended in looking out for the interests of the ex-collegio members. Strange to say, these numerous advantages were not recognized by the oldest sororities very early in their careers. 34 The Evolution of the Sorority System. Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing ahimnae associations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed until 1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privileges of active chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 the Alumnae Association was organized under a constitution of its own and had the right to hold conventions at the same time and place as the active chapters. In 1901 a marked change in policy was made and the entire work along this line was given over to the Grand Vice-President. Alumnae clubs may send representatives to the convention if they choose and these delegates have a voice but no vote. The Alumnae Association as a whole has one delegate and when possible she is the Alumnae Editor of ^^The Arrow". Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea imme- diately, probably because conditions were not favorable to its dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, ex- changes unknown. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by the establishment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it has never permitted any association to exist that is not the direct outgrowth of an active chapter. Each is given repre- sentation in the national convention. Delta Gamma was the third sorority to organize groups of alumnae and is unique in having two kinds, one called alum- nae chapters, the other alumnae associations. The former possess a charter, pay dues and have a vote in convention. Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at its very inception for the organization of Alliances as it terms its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special constitution for them and a special ritual, called The Circle The Evolution of the Sorority System. 35 Degree, by taking which graduates become eUgible to member- ship in an Alliance. The first was formed in August, 1892. For a number of years only graduates were permitted to take the higher degree, but the convention of 1900 modified this poUcy somewhat, so that it is now possible occasionally for an ex-member to become associated with an Alliance. Special provision is made at the national convention for an Alliance session and for representation in the undergraduate section as well. The Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer who has charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirabihty of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated the matter vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received no en- couragement from the active membership. A group of Chicago alumnae, who were in charge of the sorority^s exhibit for the World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 1892 for a charter. After prolonged and heated discussion the vote was finally carried, but as the alumnae found the requirements of a chapter burdensome they returned their charter in 1896. A few other associations and clubs were organized after this, but it was not until the Convention of 1902 that this sorority as a whole recog- nized the need or importance of providing for its alumnae. At that time the work was put into the hands of the officers' deputies and the growth has been phenomenal. At the Convention of 1906 a national organization of the alumnae association was effected under the control of three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations at convention for the transaction of business of special interest to alumnae. 36 The Evolution of the Sorority System. Gamma Phi Beta organized its first gi'oup of alumnae in December, 1892; and has always given the associations all the privileges of the active chapters. Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal pro^dsion for alumnae associations prior to the Convention of 1893,, but in that year it organized the Alpha Alumnae at Greencastle^ Ind. The associations at present number nineteen and are named al- phabetically in order of founding regardless of location, so, except in the case of the first, the names of the associations are different from the active chapters with which they are allied, a method that seems a trifle confusing when it is customary to name the groups from the cities in which they are located or from the chapters with which they are affiliated. Chi Omega gives a vote to every alumna attending con- vent on. Charters are granted to alumnae chapters on prac- tically the same conditions as those to college petitioners and examinations are required of them as of the active chapters. Chapter Houses. The chapter house movement among sororities is a rather recent one, and has come about quite naturally, because at many colleges the houses of the men^s fraternities are a con- spicuous feature of the student life. Many faculties have fos- tered the development of the fraternity house idea because it relieved them of the necessity of pro\dding accommodations for a large number of students, and, to a certain extent, of the supervision of the inmates, but not all have been ready to accord the same privileges to the sorority girls, and dormitory life or The Evolution of the Sorority System. 37 residence with relatives is still insisted upon at certain uni- versities. The city university, drawing its material largely from the immediate environs, offers but little or no opportunity for the sorority house, though it is not unusual for chapters at such colleges to have suites of rooms which provide ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or study, passing the night after some college function, or offering informal entertainment to members or friends. Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1889 when it erected a chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were quick to see the advantages of such a course and many now have homes which they own wholly or in part. Pan»Hellenism. The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time when the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma se- cured permission from the convention assembled at Blooming- ton, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other sororities to meet in convention at Boston. The proposed work, as set forth in ^' The Key,'' was to be that of recommendation only, the reports to be adopted or rejected as each sorority should decide. An attempt, however, was to be made, '^ To secure (1) uniformity of inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) cooperation in purchasing fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan for the World's Fair (4) uniformity in the dates of the fraternity publications, (5) inter-chapter cooperation and etiquette." 38 The Evolution of the Sorority System. A careful reading of the report of that first intersorority convention, which is given verbatim in practically all sorority magazines of that time, will show how earnest and enthusiastic were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how much might have been accomplished had the work continued without interruption. The probable reason for the failure of a movement so auspici- ously begun may be found in the fact that there was no city at which representatives from all the sororities could meet con- veniently. Though the value of the work accomplished ap- pealed to all, the expense incidental to providing entertainment for the official delegates during such a session probably deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. The Congress of Fraternities. Beginning in the Spring of 1892, representatives appointed by all the sororities and a large number of the fraternities held monthly meetings in Chicago for the purpose of securing space and arranging a fraternity exhibit at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition of 1893. All the sororities were heartily in favor of the idea, but as only half of the fraternities took any active interest in the matter, the unique and interesting plan of the Pan-Hellenic Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity congress was substituted with one half day given to the fraternities, another half day to the Greek Press and a third half day to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves were most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent value The Evolution of the Sorority System. 39 was accomplished, though for some months afterwards the different magazines gave considerable space to the discussion of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The time, however, was not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter languished after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. The Inter=Sorority Conferences. It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, ^95-'97, Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900-^02, that the inspiration came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing with the prob- lem of rushing. As a result of her correspondence with the presidents of six other leading sororities, it was learned that the grand presidents of Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta had been conferring upon this very subject and that the Chicago Alumnae of Kappa Alpha Theta had placed a petition before its grand council asking that the sororities be invited to consider some means of reforming in rushing. With such a general sentiment in favor of correcting evils and securing hearty cooperation along various lines of endeavor, Mrs. Whitney was encouraged to call the first Inter-Sorority Conference, which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, and which was the be- ginning of annual meetings presided over by each sorority in turn in the order of founding. The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of dele- gates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kap- pa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta and Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future 40 The Evolution of the Sorority System. operations by submitting a set of motions of which it ap- proved to the different sororities represented in the Con- ference. Although the meeting did not result in any inter- sorority compact, since all the sororities were not unanimously in favor of the recommendations submitted, yet much advance was made in providing for annual conferences. The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega and Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hellenic Associations at every college where two or more national sororities existed and urged sorority girls to take an active part in such college organizations as were intended for the good of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the sororities, two were unanimously accepted during the succeeding year and so the first definite gain was made in an agreement not to pledge prior to matriculation. The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta, decided upon the order of rotation in office, and voted to admit Sigma Kappa upon her acceptance of conference rulings. It also de- fined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the sororities to insist that these organizations should not merely promote good feeling and social intercourse, but that they should make earnest efforts to improve standards and remove evils. The conference also took up the problem of social service, recom- mended the establishment of Women's Leagues, made prepara- tions to form a Bureau of Comparative Legislation and raised the question of the advisability of asking that Deans of Women be appointed in all coeducational colleges. The conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi and defined a national sorority as one having at least five chapters, The Evolution of the Sorority System. 41 all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition to the great advance made by the Conference in adopting tentatively a constitution and thus determining its own powers, it provided for the drafting of a model constitution for Women's Leagues. The Conference of 1906 remodelled the constitution of 1905, which had failed to pass two Grand Presidents. It showed renewed interest and activity in furthering the social service work and a desire to cooperate with Deans of Women in the amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in the Pan-Hellenic work of the colleges, a model constitution for Pan-Hellenics was approved and ordered printed for distribu- tion and arrangements made to intensify the interest through the efforts of the visiting delegates. High school sororities were condemned and the conference put itself on record as proposing to use all its influence to have them discountenanced. An investigation of the laws of each state concerning the mak- ing and wearing of badges by unauthorized persons was in- stituted. The Conference of 1907 reported marked progress along the line of social service and in the work of the local Pan-Hellenics, laid special stress upon the need of securing the cooperation of alumnae and put itself on record as favoring a late pledge day, preferably in the sophomore year. The Conference of 1908 again made an urgent plea for the sophomore pledge day and for definite scholarship attainment as a qualification for sorority membership. It suggested the organization of resident alumnae in the case of every college and changed the Conference name to that of National Pan- Hellenic Conference. By unanimous vote of the sorority 42 The Evolution of the Sorority System. gTand presidents during the year following Zeta Tau Alpha and Alpha Gamma Delta were admitted to the Conference. There is practically no limit to the valuable results that may be attained through these annual conferences. The regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the highest importance in its salutary effect upon general sorority standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may be done. To understand something of the possibilities of the National Pan-Hellenic Conference, one need only realize that the ex- collegio members of the sororities number 35,000 and that the Conference literature reaches at least one-third of these through the various sorority magazines. The active membership of 5,000 is even more vitally affected and each Fall 2,500 new initiates are brought into touch with every movement that receives the sanction of the Conference. Except to a very limited degree, the college woman has been unable to have any marked influence upon the college after graduation. Dur- ing her student days she has been obliged to follow the lines laid down for her brother, and if life's experience has shown her that college courses should be adapted more peculiarly to her own needs, she has had little or no opportunity to say so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed except to a very few, have had little weight. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae, to be sure, has determined certain important facts relative to the higher education of women, but its work has been ham- pered by the small, restricted, scattered mem_bership. It lacks, moreover, the vivifying touch that comes only with actual co- operation with the undergraduate body of college girls. The National Pan-Hellenic Conference is the only organization that The Evolution of the Sorority System. 43 can bridge the chasm between college theories and life's realities. Thus far it has confined most of its efforts to improving social conditions. The larger opportunity of making the college course a more vital force in the lives of college women is still before it. 44 The Mission of the Sorority. CHAPTER III. The Mission of the Sorority. To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary to under- stand what combination of circumstances called it into being, what it has to its credit in the line of accomplishment, and what it is doing at the present time to warrant its continuance. Begun as an experiment at Elmira half a century ago, and copied at Wellesley and Smith shortly after these institutions were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at the independent col- leges for women seems to have been established with the full sanction of the faculty, in the hope that it might serve to unite in a common interest the most prominent members of the student body. In the days when the elective system was un- known, the lines of demarcation between the different classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions were not always conducive to the development of a proper college spirit. By forming a nucleus around which should cluster some of the most precious associations of college life, the administration hoped to foster a strong esprit de corps. Except to a very few of the students this raison d'etre would scarcely appeal. To the majority of women in college thirty years ago, when so much stress was laid upon Latin, Greek and Mathematics, the societies, by copying the methods of the popular lyceum, of- The Mission of the Sorority. 45 fered a much-prized opportunity for the study of the mas- terpieces of modern literature and for the discussion of questions of permanent or passing interest. Since the development of a strong college spirit was the desideratum in the formation of the societies, the originators gave little heed to the possibilities that these organizations afforded for the cementing of college friendships. It is rare indeed to find among their members the close bond of sympathy so characteristic of the national so- rorities, in spite of the fact that the two are practically alike as far as secrecy is concerned. In those colleges, however, where the administration had decided upon coeducation, and where the men students were often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, the Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when founded at faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the nature of a protective league through which the members endeavored by united action to secure recognition for themselves as a vital part of college life. Misunderstood in the classroom, shut out from participation in the literary and debating societies or- ganized by the men, unrecognized in the social life that crys- tallized around the fraternities, the few who were courageous enough to brave outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in need of the moral support that the sorority could give. From the close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a potent factor during the college course and which, at the same time, should lay the foundation for life-long friendships. Just how much the sorority did for the first generation of college girls in making their position secure and in demon- 46 The Mission of the Sorority. strating their right to educational pri\'ileges equal to those enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found in records, but there can be no doubt that the Greek-Letter vSociety rendered valuable service to the cause of higher education by encouraging members to complete their college course and by influencing them to interest other girls in what was for years an experiment, nay more, an experiment that met with slight favor and scanty support from the general public. That the sorority did cement friendships there is ample evidence to prove, for the earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled with the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the enrichment of their lives through the wealth of sympathetic interest such friendships had bestowed. Only those who have been blessed with true friendships can understand how very barren and spiritless life would be without the stimulus and zest they give. To be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, makes possible the practically impossible, renders the joy of success more keen, the sting of sorrow less poignant. It was not, however, in these two important particulars alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar and efficient service. If there was any element of danger in the higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the fact that the pioneers were inclined to take themselves and their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective under the influence of unusual conditions. From the peril of such erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the impress of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl was rescued by her sorority. As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. Within the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal The Mission of the Sorority. 47 conditions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on parade. She could be what she really was, an essentially feminine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted upon regarding her. The simple wholesome social life that the sorority made a possibility was conducive to naturalness, feminine charm and womanly dignity. For the first generation of college girls the sorority was primaril}^ a humanizing agency. Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the sorority as a protective league is long since past, its importance as a prominent factor in the college life of today is even greater than ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hundreds where once it touched a score. Indispensable as it still is in fostering friend- ships during the years when a college girl is peculiarly in need of the close companionship of those who will treat her with a mixture of charity and frank criticism, there are yet other im- portant services that the sorority renders its members. In these days when it is no unusual thing for a girl to go to college, the young matriculate is in no immediate danger of considering herself a rara avis or of developing eccentricities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it will certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced views. Rather will she be lost in the crowd. Today in the great throngs attending our popular colleges, amid the complexity of academic life, there can not be the opportunity for the development of individuality, so marked a feature of that earlier period when the personal relation between faculty and students was noticeably strong. Person- ality is a tremendous force in the development of personality, 48 The Mission of the Sorority. but modern exigencies and modern methods have built up ba riers between professor and student. Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher education of women has in a measure been satisfactorily solved, the modern educator is no longer so interested in the annual solution as it applies to individual cases. There is, without doubt, another reason why the college has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, to do more to develop that very essential quality known as the creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individual, not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, betokens the master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors to make the individual conform to a definite standard, tends to stifle origi- nality, to put a check upon independent thought. Up to a certain point this is a very wise arrangement, for too much liberty will result in license. In the case of the elementary education, which trains the masses and prepares primarily for apprenticeship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to demand subjection to law, to insist upon the closest attention to detail, for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's success in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the case of the secondary education, however, which trains the classes and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, sufficient latitude should be allowed for the expression of individual taste and talent. In the case of the college education, which trains only the elect and which should prepare preeminently for leadership, the dominant thought should be the development of individu- ality. The college in preparing its students for intellectual and spiritual leadership must furnish a broad, a liberal educa- tion, and must train specifically the intellect, the heart, the will. The Mission of the Sorority. 49 the taste, the conscience. All this the college does, but more is needed. Abstract studies, invaluable as they are for mental training, lead to theorizing. Theory is not practice. In great as in small things man learns by doing. If a man is to be a great leader, he must lead first in small ventures, then in sizable undertakings, finally in great enterprises. He must serve his apprenticeship. In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the great student leagues of our famous universities, there is opportunity for only a very few to rise above their college mates. The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. To follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here that the sorority is in a position to supplement the work of the college in its endeavors to prepare for leadership by presenting opportunities for apprenticeship such as the college of itself is unable to give save in limited degree. To understand the peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work it is necessary to consider the essential qualities of a leader. Whether leadership is to be in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime essen- tials are the same. Most important of all is self-confidence. This fundamental requisite of success in any undertaking must not be confounded with that most undesirable attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity. Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies at the foundation of self-respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm, enthusiasm to inspire. Self- confidence begets courage, courage to dare. Self-confidence begets strength, strength to fulfill. Without an enthusiastic interest in the thing to be accomplished, without the courage resulting from a consciousness of power without an abiding 50 The Mission of the Sorority. faith in the ability to carry any undertaking to completion, leadership is impossible. By taking its members out of the crowd and making each a distinct unit in a small group, the sor- ority is able to foster individuality. By providing every initiate with innumerable opportunities for all sorts of service and for all kinds of experience, first in the simple work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the national organization, the sorority is particularly well qualified to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self-confidence. According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only requisite for leadership, but he who would be master over others must first be master over himself. Self-control is likewise indispensible. Self-control implies perfect insight, the abihty to see the end from the beginning. Self-control implies perfect adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control implies perfect obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence alone may of itself secm^e leadership, but it will be the leadership of the demagogue. Without the penetration that insures a grasp of the situation, without the disposition to recognize the rights of others, without the desire to obey the dictates of conscience, there can be no useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever before its mem- bers a very definite aim, by demanding of each individual a due consideration for the rights of every other, not only'of her own chapter but of the entire organization, by expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the sorority exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues well for the gro^i:h of self-control. Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self-con- fidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings material rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. Leadership that The Mission of the Sorority. 51 has both self-confidence and self-control as basic principles will be lasting, will win rewards, will be productive of honor. Such leadership means worldly success and meets with popular approval. To understand, however, whether such is the high- est form of leadership, we need only to turn to the life of the great Examplar. He is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As the Son of God He was conscious of His power. The miracles He performed testify to His confidence in Himself. Though all power was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He ex- ercise self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. Yet this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily for the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self-control. Christ^s message to the world was the beauty of service, the sacredness of leadership. There were many tones in that harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. Self- sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for sympathy. By insisting that every privi- lege brings with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging always the great importance of patience in dealing with the problems in one^s own life or that of any other, by making love the mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order under- takes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in teaching the beauty of self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell of this great power must be magnetic. Self-confidence, then, is crea- tive, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. Leadership that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to bring success with honor and peace. Such is the education that the college is pledged to give, but the college has its limitations. By 62 The Mission of the Sorority. emphasizing and developing all these requisites for leadership, by providing innumerable opportunities for the practical ap- plication of the same, the sorority is supplementing the work of the college and rendering a special service to society. In thus enhancing the value of academic training, the sorority makes the college a much more vital force in the life of the student than it could otherwise be. The fine college spirit that is an out- growth of this increased interest leads the sorority girl to advo- cate college residence. This, though in no sense a definite aim that the sorority has placed before itself, means much for the cause of higher education. The benefit that comes to the college from an increased matriculation, from a student body fired with the torch of ideality, from a roll of alumnae whose names are synonymous with honorable accompUshment is, in no small part, a result of the existence of the sorority. f Although the work done in preparation for leadership is perhaps the most important within the scope of the sorority, it is far from being the only benefit that the members receive. Very valuable, indeed, is the business training that comes during association with the chapter in undergraduate days or from service in the national organization after the college course is ended. Some college women have a natural aptitude for business, some, especially those who work their way through, understand the value of a dollar, but the average college girl, whose every bill is paid by an indulgent father, whose every whim is gratified by an adoring mother, has very hazy ideas on the subject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a teacher, will very likely expect to have her income supplemented by generous checks from home, while, if she should preside over a The Mission of the Sorority. 53 home of her own, she will expect, from past experience, to find credit unlimited. No woman who may be thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may not? — should enter upon the third decade of her life without a pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of transacting business. Yet, how very few women ever do acquire this knowledge. To have a stated chapter income, to decide just how it must be apportioned for rent or taxes, for furnishing or repairs, for food, heat, light and entertainment, is always valuable experience. To place mortgages, to negotiate loans, to understand building laws, to handle and invest large sums of money such as the national sororities annually receive, is as important a training for a woman as for a man. If wage-earner or inheritrix she will have money to invest. As wife and mother she will handle funds in trust. ^.^i Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its members because of their affiliation with a large organization is the chance it gives them through correspondence, fraternity publications and conventions to get a wide outlook over the entire field of collegiate education. Though one of a group small enough to admit of the growth of the individual, each is also one of a mighty throng capable of accomplishing much through con- certed action. Provincialism is thus made impossible even in the small college. The inspiration that has come to many a small college to broaden its student life has been the direct result of the contact of its undergraduates with those of some large university. The awakening of many a large university to the need of deepening its student life has cpme through the magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by those of some 54 The Mission of the Sorority. small college. The important part that the sorority is playing in developing a national t3"pe of cultured womanhood is another phase of the work it is doing for society and one for which it takes little credit to itself. A cultured woman is always an honor to the land of her birth, but a cultured woman with lofty ideals and noble principles is a lustrous jewel in the nation^s crown. Such a one is the sorority girl. The badge she wears upon her breast is a constant reminder to her that she has pledged both heart and hand to honor and truth, that she has set her face to the light, never to turn back. Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have us believe, the clique, as established by the sorority, is a most salutary arrangement for grouping college girls into congenial coteries. Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are dangerous. A woman should have large ideals and generous sympathies but she should concentrate her affections upon a few. Her friendships should be not numerous and shallow, but limited and deep. The harmony resulting from the union of a few with common interests bears rich fruit later w^hen college women in any locaHty unite for effective work along any line. The so- rority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty aims, for conservation of force. Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and making her a permanent member of a small gi'oup, the sorority is rendering her an inestimable service. It is providing her during her college course with family affiliations and with the The Mission of the Sorority. 55 essential elements of a home, — sympathetic interest, wise super- vision, disinterested advice. Incidentally society itself is benefited. The corner stone of the social structure is the family, and it is not altogether wise that college girls, or college boys for that matter, should cut loose from youth's anchorage and drift far from home moorings during four long years. There is a danger, and a very grave danger, that four years' residence in a dormitory will tend to destroy right ideals of home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the freedom that comes from community living. It is in recognition of this fact that some of the large colleges for women have adopted as far as possible the cottage system of housing students. Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture, we cannot get too much of unless while acquiring it we are weaned from home and friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If there is a tendency of modern times more to be deplored than any other, it is the disposition on the part of the younger generation to shirk the duties and responsibilities of home life. Dangerous as this tendency is, it will be doubly so, if college graduates are to be in- oculated with the virus. To them as its most finished product society looks for leadership. Yet an exceedingly large number of students, while in pursuit of the very culture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest home, are forced to forego the influences that experience has proved most potent in the right adjustment of social conditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for the mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of life and thought, perilous any that would substitute new ideas for old ideals. The sorority through the 56 The Mission of the Soroeity. chapter house emphasizes the advantage of home life over dor- mitory residence. Through the chapter organization it keeps ever before its members the imperative need of living together in harmony, of assuming and sharing responsibilities, of so ordering one^s life that every act shall reflect only honor. The chapter, like the family, is a corporation, which, though closely associated or aflBliated with many others, has still within itself a very distinct and separate existence. The individual mem- bers of both are united by very close ties. Both continue in- definitely and their position in society depends upon the indi- vidual part that each member plays. Both lay many respon- sibilities upon their members, but every responsibility has its attendant privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned after the other that it is not difficult to see that the sorority is an expression of the college girPs belief in the beauty and power of the home. The transition from dormitory residence to home life must always be a critical time for any girl. Herein lies the reason for much of the restlessness on the part of those who have dwelt in dormitories at boarding school or college. The new ideas do not adjust themselves to old ideals. It is Uke patching homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The sorority, by demanding the same virtues as the family, makes the break between home and college and later between college and home almost imperceptible. New ideals may be made to take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones may be substituted for paste in some rare old setting, or as an artist may renew the colors in some old masterpiece. Any organization that fosters love of home should be encouraged, for from the home as the central force in civilization must emanate all the influences that make for progress. The Mission of the Sorority. 57 Whatever the Hne of service to which she may consecrate herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. She cannot fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. She is, to be sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, her college and her sorority, but none of these will ever press for payment. They consider their investment safe as long as her name is a synonym for honor. As a college woman she will adjust herself in time to any position in which she finds herself, but as a sorority girl she will adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, because, in addi- tion to the stores of knowledge acquired through years of study and always available for pleasure or profit, she will have gained through the discipline of the chapter both wisdom and under- standing. If called to be the presiding genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a college woman, to contribute of her wealth of intellect to all those agencies that are working for the betteremnt of social conditions, but since she is a so- rority girl her appreciation of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her judgment concerning means and methods to be employed in deaUng with human problems, saner and sounder. If not needed in the home the college woman will find ample opportunity out in the world for the exercise of her various talents. Especially will there be an urgent call for her to act as guide, philosopher and friend of aspiring youth, but wiser will be her guidance, more practical her philosophy, more potent her friendship if she is a sorority girl, for through association with the different members of her chapter she has gained a knowledge of human nature such as can come only from being in intimate touch with many lives and many minds. To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college girls 68 The Mission of the Sorority. the sorority is essentially an individualizing and harmonizing agency. With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the past, with so much more to be done in the present, the sorority may look forward to the future with courage, confident that its existence in the college fills a want that can be met in no other or better way. Ever present is the freshman in need of kindly counsel, ever present the upper class woman in need of the humanizing and vitalizing touch the giving of disinterested advice can bestow. Ever present, as a result of the high pres- sure demands of scholastic work, is the need of a simple social life as a safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous dis- tractions of university life, the need of a constant inspiration to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need of supple- menting the college in its preparation for the serious work of life. The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what it tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members may be guilty occasionally of little indiscretions, but lapses of this kind will be fewer as the years go on, for the Visiting Delegate, by demanding excellence in classroom records, by insisting on indications of a proper college spirit and a proper chapter pride, by expecting a fine regard for the best social observances, by emphasizing the importance of simplicity, sincerity and sym- pathy on the part of the members in their relation to one another and to other college women, calls the chapter's attention to the high ideals that the order has placed before itself, and inci- dentally paves the way for the sorority as a whole to be highly respected by student body and faculty. The sorority, as was most natural under complex conditions, has given rise to some The Mission of the Sorority. 59 problems, but such as are at all serious will soon no longer exist, for the Inter-Sorority Conference has already demonstrated its ability to cope with them. The sorority in the past has been the cause of some needless anxiety on the part of faculties, but there will be little occasion for uneasiness or apprehension in the future, because faculties generally have awakened to a realization of the fact that the organization can be made a most invaluable assistant in all reforms, experiments, or en- terprises that the administration may wish to undertake and which may depend for their ultimate success upon the hearty cooperation of the student body. The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, its present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving of a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter a college or university, because its advent means that a number of students have banded together and pledged themselves to work un- falteringly and unflaggingly for high ideals, for noble aims. The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast of each member is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace that has enthroned itself in the heart and will be content with nothing short of the good, the true and the beautiful. 60 LiTERABY Sororities. LITERARY SORORITIES. CLASS A. Alpha Chi Omega. October 15, 1885. Grand Council. President, Mrs. Edward R. Loud, 504 E. Erie St., Albion, Mich. Vice-President, Mrs. Horace M. Kent, 82 W. 5th St., Bayonne, N.J. Secretary, Mrs. Elmer I. Soule, 32 Ash St., Detroit. Treasurer, Mrs. Ralph B. Dennis, 720 Clark St., Evanston, 111. Historian, Mabel Siller, 716 Clark St., Evanston, 111. Inspector, Mrs. Richard Tennant, 824 S. 5th St., Terre-Haute, Ind. Editor, Mrs. Wm. E. Haseltine, 537 Watson St., Ripon, Wis. Chapter Roll. Albion, Allegheny, Baker, California, Colorado, DePauWj IlHnois, Michigan, Nebraska, New England Conservatory, Northwestern, Simpson, Southern California, S}Tacuse, Wis- consin. Alpha Chi Omega has 15 college chapters and 6 alumnae associations. The total membership is 1500, the active Literary Sororities. 61 membership 300, the average initiation 150. The badge is a Greek lyre having three required jewels and having the sorority- letters emblazoned in gold on a scroll of black enamel extending across the strings. The pledge pin is diamond-shaped, of scarlet enamel, and displays a gold lyre. The flag is in prepara- tion. Colors-Scarlet and Olive. Flower-Scarlet Carnation with Smilax. Tree-Holly. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Together let us seek the Heights. Insignia-Lyre, Three Stars, Sheaf of Wheat, Open Book. Patron-None. Call- Hi! Hi! Hi! Alpha Chi ! Chi-0 ! Chi-0 ! Alpha Chi Omega ! Magazine-The Lyre-1894. Next Convention-Ann Arbor, November 23-27, 1910. Alpha Delta Phi. May 15, 1851. Executive Council. President, Mrs. W. C. Coles, 21 Cleburne Ave., Atlanta, Ga. Vice-President, Carolyn J. Twitty, Pelham, Ga. Secretary, Gladys Snyder, Georgetown, Tex. Treasurer, Mrs. Arthur Williams, 123 W. Clinton St., Talla- hassee, Fla. Inspector, LiUian Moore, 923 S. 17th St., Birmingham, Ala. Historian, Eleanor Hunter, Union Springs, Ala. Editor, Anna T. Hunter, 409 S. Court St., Montgomery, Ala. Chapter Roll. Florida, Lawrence, Newcomb, Southwestern, Tex^s, Wesleyan College. 62 Literary Sororities. Alpha Delta Phi has 6 chapters and 13 alumnae associations. The total membership is 1000, the active membership 150, the average initiation 50. The badge is diamond-shaped, enameled in black and bearing two stars, clasped hands and the sorority letters. The flag is a rectangle of white surmounted by a diamond of light blue bearing two stars and the sorority letters in white. Colors-Pale Blue and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. Open Motto- We live for each other. Insignia-Clasped Hands, Stars. Patron-None. Call-None. Magazine-The Adelphean-1907. Next Convention- Atlanta, June, 1911. Alpha Gamma Delta. May 30, 1904. Grand Council President, Mrs. C. H. Smith, 153 W. Corning Ave., Syracuse. Vice-President, Marguerite Shepard, Forestville, N. Y. Secretary, May WilHs, Winona, Minn. Treasurer, Charlotte Geer, Middletown, Conn. Historian, Georgia A. Dickover, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Editor, Estelle Shepard, Massena, N. Y. Chapter Roll. Baltimore, DePauw, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, Syracuse, Washington State, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. Alpha Gamma Delta as 9 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 200, the active membership Literary Sororities. 63 150, the average initiation 60. The badge is a monogram of the three letters. The flag is green and buff with the letters in red. Colors-Red, Buff and Green. Flower-Red and Buff Roses. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Patron-None. Magazine-To be published soon. Next Convention-Minneapolis, April, 1911. Alpha Kappa Psi. March 1, 1900. Grand Council. Addresses Secret. Chapter Roll. Fairmont School, Florida, St. Mary^s School^ Virginia Female Institute, Wesleyan College. Alpha Kappa Psi has 5 chapters, but no alumnae associations. The total membership is 200, the active membership 75, the average initiation 35. The badge is an equilateral triangle of black enamel, bearing in the angles the Greek letters. Colors- Wedgewood Blue and Gold. Flower-Forget-me-not. Insignia-Skull and Cross-Bones. Alpha Omicron Pi. January 2, 1897. Executive Committee. President, Jessie Ashley, 5 Nassau St., N. Y. C. * Vice-President, Sue K. Gillean, 1625 2nd St., New Orleans. 64 Literary Sororities. Secretary, Elizabeth I. Toms, 44 W. 128th St., N. Y. C. Treasurer, Mrs. W. H. Farmer, 24 Manchester St., Nashua, N. H. Editor, Viola C. Gray, 1527 S. 23d St., Lincoln, Neb. Chapter Roll. Barnard, California, Cornell, DePauw, Maine, Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, Northwestern, Randolph-Macon, Ten- nessee, Tufts. Alpha Omicron Pi has 12 college chapters and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 650, the active member- ship 250, the average initiation 75. The badge consists of the three sorority letters, superimposed one upon the other in sequence with a ruby or garnet at the apex of the Alpha, though the rest of the pin may be jewelled in accordance with indi- vidual taste. The pledge pin is a sheaf of gold with the initial of the chapter engraved on the reverse side. The flag is a cardinal banner with the Greek letters in white. Color-Cardinal. Flower-Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel-Ruby. Open Motto-None. Patron-None. Call-None. Magazine-To Dragma-1905. Next Convention-Place undecided, June, 1910. Alpha Phi. October 20, 1872. General Board. President, Mrs. Howard Field, Wilmette, 111. Vice-President, Mrs. A. W. Hobson, 5312 Madison Ave., Chicago. Literary Sororities. 65 Cor. Sec, Mrs. S. V. Balderston, 614 Clark St., Evanston, 111. Rec. Sec. /Louise Darley, Ravinia, 111. Treasurer, Mrs. T. C. Moulding, Wilmette, 111. Editor, Mrs. Evans Holbrook, Ann Arbor, Mich. Chapter Roll. Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Cornell, DePauw, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Stanford, Syra- cuse, Toronto, Wisconsin. Alpha Phi has 14 college chapters, and 7 alumnae chapters. The total membership is 1900, the active membership 300, the average initiation 100. The badge is a monogram. The pledge pin is to be adopted. The sorority has no national flag. Colors-Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers-Lillies-of-the Valley, and Forget-me-nots. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Hand in Hand. Insignia-The Constellation of Ursa Major. Patron- None. Call-None. Magazine-The Alpha Phi Quarterly-1888. Next Convention-Baltimore, March, 1910. Alpha Sigma Alpha. November 15, 1901. Grand Council. President, L. Wakefield, Mattison, Leesville, S. C. Vice-President, Mary R. Finn, Elizabethtown, Ky. Sec.-Treas., Mrs. Frank H. Cary, Flint Hill, Va. Inspector, Madeleine RoUwage, Forest City, Ark. 66 Literary Sororities. Badge Custodian, Suzanne Bandell, 246 W. Lanvale St., Balti- more. Editor, Jessie E. Scott, Hagan, Ga. Chapter Roll. Brenau College, Columbia College (S.C.), Mt. Union, Randolph- Macon, St. Mary's School, Virginia Normal, Ward Seminary. Alpha Sigma Alpha has 7 chapters and 1 alumnae associa- tion. The total membership is 600, the active membership 105, the average initiation 40. The badge is a shield with four con- cave sides, plain or jeweled, and bears the sorority letters, a crown and a star in gold on a field of black enamel. The pledge pin is similarly shaped, but enameled in crimson. The flag is a pennant of crimson and gray. Colors-Crimson and Gray. Flower- American Beauty Rose. Jewel-Ruby. Open Motto-To one another ever faithful. Insignia-Star and Crown. Patron- Athene. Magazine-The Aegis-1906. Next Convention-Baltimore, June, 1910. Alpha Xi Delta. April 17, 1893. Grand Officers. President, Mrs. J. R. Leib, 1271 W. Washmgton St., Springfield, 111. Vice-President, Bertha G. Cleveland, Waterloo, N. Y. Secretary, Mary E. Kay, 75 S. Union Ave., Alliance, O. Literary Sororities. 67 Treasurer^ Ellen Ball, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. Historian, Clara Salmer, Vermilion, S. D. 5}^ ^ * Editor, Mrs. S. R. McKean, Newberry, Pa. Chapter Roll. Bethany, California, Illinois, Iowa Wesleyan, Kentucky, Lorn- hard^ Minnesota, Mt. Union, South Dakota, S3rracuse, Tufts, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg. Alpha Xi Delta has 15 college chapters and 3 alumnae chapters. The total membership is 700, the active membership 300, the average initiation 100. The badge is a quill with the society^s initials in raised and burnished gold on the feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel with the edge^of bevelled gold, the Greek letters. Alpha Xi Delta, being in gold on the black background. The sorority has no national flag. Colors-Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower-Pink Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Quill. Patron- None. Call-Secret. Magazine- Alpha Xi Delta-1903. Next Convention-Syracuse, October 28-30, 1909. Beta Sigma Omicron. December 12, 1888. Grand Council. President, Erna B. Watson, Hamilton College, Lexington, Ky. Vice-President, Christine Cole, Newnan, Ga. Secretary, Bernice Stall, HE. Grace St., Richmond, Va. Treasurer, Emma L. Newman, Abbeville, Ala. Historian, Elizabeth Falter, Plattsmouth, Neb. 68 Literary Sororities. Chapter Roll. Belmont College, Brenau College, Centenary, Central College, Fairmont Seminary, Hardin College, Liberty Ladies' College, Stephens College, Synodical College, Transylvania. Beta Sigma Omicron has 10 chapters and 3 alumnae asso- ciations. The total membership is 700, the active membership 175, the average initiation 80. The badge is a monogram of the sorority letters, the Beta inside the Omicron and the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon the Omicron. The pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel with a gold star in each corner and a Grecian lamp in the centre. The flag is composed of three horizontal bars, the centre one red and the two outside pink. The sorority letters are in red on the upper pink bar. On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The official banner is triangular, broadly handed with red and with a pink centre. The sorority letters are in pink and are placed in the corners. The date of founding, 1888, is in red in the centre of the pink field. Colors-Ruby and Pink. Flower-Red Carnation. Jewel- Ruby. Open Motto-'^We Live to do Good." Insignia-Stars, Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron-Hestia. Magazine-The Beta Sigma Omicron-1905. Next Convention-Louis^dlle, Ky., June, 1910. Chi Omega. April 5, 1895. Supreme Governing Council. S. H., Mrs. A. H. Purdue, Fayette\dlle, Ark. S. T. B., Susan Bitting, Carlsbad, New Mex. Literary Sororities. 69 S. K. A., Jessie A. Parker, Olathe, Kans. S. N. v., Wendla J. McCaskey, 7328 Emerald Ave., Chicago, III. S. M., Mrs. H. F. Bain, 104 E. Green St., Champaign, 111. Editor, Mrs. H. T. Nicholas, 608 Court St., Lynchbm^g, Va. Chapter Roll. Arkansas^ Barnard, California, Colby, Colorado, Dickinson, Florida, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Mississ- ippi, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Oregon, Randolph- Macon, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Union, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Chi Omega has 24 college chapters and 14 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 1400, the active membership 400, the average initiation 175. The badge is a monogram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and an owl engraved upon its sides, while the arch bears the letters Rho, Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is oblong, rounded at each end, enamelled in black, with the letters Chi Omega in gold. The flag has five vertical bars, three of cardinal and two of straw color, broadly banded across the top with a bar of cardinal bearing a white carnation of five petals, each with five points. Colors-Cardinal and Straw. Flower-White Carnation. Jewels-Pearls and Diamonds. Open Motto-None. Insignia- Skull, Cross-bones, Owl, Five, Laurel. Patron-Demeter. Call- We^l try, We^l vie, We^ll never die, Chi, Chi Omega, Chi! Magazine-Eleusis-1899. Secret Publication-Mystagogue-1905. Next Convention- Lexington, Ky., June, 1910. 70 Literary Sororities. Delta Delta Delta. Thanksgi\ing Eve, ISSS. Grand Council. President, Mrs. Egbert X. Parmelee. 1347 Chase Ave.. Rogers Park. III. Vice-Presidents,, Marion E. P. Ball. 500 W. 121st St.,, X. Y. 0. Mrs. Ray Owen, 221 Mills St.. Madison, Wis., Harriet Stanley, ^' The Riverside.^' Wichita. Kans.: Lena T. Willey, Stanton College, Xatchez. Miss.. Mary B. Latta.20 Latta Ave., Ludlow, Ky. Secretary. Mrs. J. E. Rhodes. 2508 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis. Treasurer. Bertha DuTeil, 127 X'. 17th St.. Lincoln. Xeb. Marshal. Esther Spencer. Watertown. X'. Y. Historian, Mrs. Frank E. Priddy. Adrian. Mich. AUiance Officer, Eva Jones, X'orth Ave.. Burlington. Yt. Editor. R. Louise Fitch. Galva. 111. Chapter Roll. Adrian, Baker. Baltimore. Barnard. Boston, Bucknell. Cali- fornia. Cincinnati, Colby. DePauw, Iowa. Knox. Minnesota, Mississippi,, X^ebraska. X'orthwestern. Ohio State. Pennsylvania, Randolph-Macon, Simpson. St. La^sTence. Stanford. S>Tacuse, Transylvania, Yermont. Washington St ate, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. Delta Delta Delta has 28 chapters and 24 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 2500. the active membership 525, the average initiation 225. The badge is a crescent in- closing three stars and bearing three Deltas. The pledge pin is a trident. Members admitted to the alliances wear an equi- Literary Sororities. 71 lateral triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides three Deltas of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surrounded by six spherical triangles in blue enamel. Honorary members wear a jeweled triangle of black enamel bearing three Deltas in gold and superimposed upon a gold laurel wreath. The national flag is rectangular in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, the first and third sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in white and the other three stars in white, the middle bar white with a green pine tree upon it. Colors-Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower-Pansy. Tree-Pine. Jewel-Pearl. Open Motto-Let Us Steadfastly Love One An- other. Insignia-Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. Patron-Poseidon. Call-Alala! Alala! Alala! Ta Hiera Posei- donia! Magazine-The Trident-1891. Secret Quarterly-The Triton-1906. Secret Annual-The Trireme-1908. Next Convention-Chicago, June, 1910. Delta Gamma. January 2, 1874. Grand Council. President, Mrs. Chas. R. Carpenter, 1324 Main St., Racine, Wis. Vice-President, Mary Rosemond, State Library, Des Moines, la. Secretary, Agnes Burton, Detroit, Mich. Treasurer, Marguerite B. Lake, Forest Hill, Md. , Editor, Ethel M. Tukey, 3126 Chicago Ave., Omaha, Neb. 72 Literary Sororities. Chapter Roll. Adelphi. Albion, Baltimore. Buchtel, California, Colorado, Cornell, Illinois, Indiana. Iowa. Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska. Northwestern. Stanford. Syracuse, Washington State. Wisconsin. Delta Gamma has 19 college chapters, 7 alumnae chapters and 6 alumnae associations. The total membership is 2600, the active membership 300, the average initiation 150. The badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield of white enamel with the sorority letters in gold. On the stock, also of white enamel, are the three letters. Tau. Delta and Eta in gold. The pledge pin is a shield of white enamel similar to the one on the badge with the Greek letters Pi Alpha in gold. The sorority flag is to be adopted soon. Colors-Bronze. Pink and Blue. Flower-Cream-colored Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-None. Patron-None. Call-None. Magazine-The Anchora-1884. Next Convention-Undecided, June, 1911. Delta Zeta. October 24. 1902. Grand Council. President. Mrs. 0. H. Hayes, 2 The Richelieu, Indianapolis. Vice-President. Myrtie H. Lloyd, Louis^ille. Ky. Sec.-Treas., Jessie D. Hecker. Century. Fla. Editor. EHzabeth Thompson, Bloomington, Ind. Literary Sororities. 73 Chapter Roll. Cornell, DePauw, Indiana, Miami, Oregon. Delta Zeta has 5 chapters and 1 alumnae association. The total membership is 300, the active membership 160, the average initiation 50. The badge is a Roman lamp, flanked with Mercury wings and supported by the cap of an Ionic column. The sorority letters appear in black enamel on the bowl of the lamp, the official jeweling being a diamond in the flame of the lamp and four pearls at the base of the cap. The pledge pin is diamond-shaped and is inlaid with a gold lamp. Colors-Old Rose and Nile Green. Flower-Pink Rose. Jewel- Diamond. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Lamp, Bible, Scroll, Distaff, Bodkin. Magazine-The Lamp-1909. Next Convention-Oxford, Ohio, June, 1910. Gamma Phi Beta. November 11, 1874. Executive Board. President, Mabel E. Stone, 410 University Ave., Syracuse. Vice-President, Marion D. Dean, 489 Swains Pond Ave., Melrose, Mass. Secretary, Mrs. O. Y. Harsen, 53 Arthur St.,Yonkers, N. Y. Treasurer, Edith B. Wallace, 1056 Emerson St., Denver, Colo. Advisory, Mrs. F. S. Baldwin, West Allis, Wis. Advisory, Eleanor Sheldon, 110 Malcolm Ave., Minneapolis. Advisory, Lena M. Redington, 1668 Tenth St., Oakland, Cal. * * * 74 Literary Sororities. Editor, Anna M. Dimmick, 283 N. Washington St., Delaware, 0. Chapter Roll. Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Denver, Michigan, Minnesota, Northwestern, Oregon, Stanford, Syracuse^ Washing- ton State, Wisconsin. Gamma Phi Beta has 13 college chapters and 8 alumnae associations. The total membership is 1500, the active mem- bership 300, the average initiation 125. The badge is a mono- gram of the three sorority letters, inclosed within a crescent of black enamel bearing in characters of gold the Hebrew for 'Tour.'^ The pledge pin is a crescent -shaped stick pin of brown enamel. The sorority has no national flag. Colors-Light and Dark Brown. Flower-Carnation. Jewel- None. Open Motto-Founded On a Rock. Insignia-Crescent. Patron-None. Call-None. Magazine-The Crescent-1901. Next Convention-Not decided, November 12-15, 1910. Kappa Alpha Theta. January 27, 1870. Grand Council. President, Mrs. Louis F. Nelson, 2445 Forest Ave., Kansas City Mo. Vice-President, Eva R. Hall, Sycamore, 111. Secretary, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Treasurer, Edith D. Cockins, 1348 Neil Ave., Columbus, 0. Editor, L. Pearle Green, 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Literary Sororities. 75 Chapter Roll. Adelphi, Allegheny, Baltimore, Barnard, Brown, Butler, California, Cornell, DePauWy Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington, Washing- ton State, Wisconsin, Wooster. Kappa Alpha Theta has 32 college chapters and 19 alumnae associations. The total membership is 4200, the active mem- bership 500, the average initiation 200. The badge is a shield, the outer edge gold, the inner portion, which is slightly raised, of black enamel. In the middle on a band of white are the society^s initials in gold. Above are two stars set with dia- monds and below in Greek the date of founding. The pledge pin is a small diamond shield used as a stick pin and divided diagonally into two triangles, one of gold, the other of black enamel. The flag is the coat-of-arms on a black and gold field. Colors-Black and Gold. Flower-Black and Gold Pansy. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Stars, Eagle's Head, Three Links, Keys, Scythe, Torch and Ermine. Patron- None. Call-None. Magazine-Kappa Alpha Theta-1885. Next Convention-Place not decided, July, 1911. Kappa Delta. October 27, 1897. Grand Chapter. LaJeune C. Forrey, 2040 Sherman Ave., Evanston, III. Mary S. Thomas, 1731 College St., Columbia, S. C. 76 Literary Sororities. Pauline Embree, Buena Vista, Va. Clara Buskirk, Jackson, Mich. Jenn W. Coltrane, 84 N. Union St., Concord, N. C. Elsie M. Brown, Sioux Falls, S. D. ^ ^ >jC Editor, Floy Rockwell, 1417 Grand Ave., Davenport, la. Chapter Roll. Alabama, Columbia College (S. C), Fairmont Seminary, Florida, Gunston Seminary, Hollins Institute, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State College, Judson College, Louisiana, Northwestern, Ran- dolph-Macon, St. Mary's School, Virginia Normal. Kappa Delta has 14 chapters, and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 700, the active membership 160, the average initiation 100. The diamond-shaped badge displays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the letters A. 0. T. in gold on a background of black enamel. The pledge pin is an open equi- lateral triangle of gold superimposed upon a dagger, straight lines connecting the centre of the base with the centre of each side. The flag is pennant shaped, bearing the Greek letters Kappa Delta in olive green on a background of white. Colors-Olive Green and White. Flower-White Rose. Jewel- None. Open Motto-W^e Strive For That Which Is Noble. Insignia-Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton Dagger, Snake. Patron- None. Call-None. Magazine-Angelos-1904. Next Convention-Louisville, Ky., April, 1910. Literary Sororities. 77 Kappa Kappa Gamma. October 13, 1870. Grand Council. President, Edith Stoner, 1529 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Secretary, Mrs. A. H. Roth, 264 N. 10th St., Erie, Pa. Treasurer, Mrs. P. R. Kolbe, 108 S. Union St., Akron, 0. Registrar, Margaret H. Bailey, 92 Fourth Ave., N. Y. G. j{j j{i jfj Editor, Mrs. Frederick W. Potter, 207 Pacific Ave., Piedmont, Gal. Chapter Roll. Adelphi, Adrian, Allegheny, Barnard, Boston, Buchtel, Butler, California, Colorado, Cornell, DePauw, Hillsdale, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- souri, Montana, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Wash- ington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster. Kappa Kappa Gamma has 34 college chapters and 32 alumnae associations. The total membership is about 5000, the active membership about 600, the average initiation 200. The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials and the date of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a Delta of dark or light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light or dark enamel. The sorority has no national flag. Colors-Light and Dark Blue. Flower-Fleur de Lis. Jewel-Sapphire. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Owl. Patron- 78 Literary Sororities. Athena. Call-Hai Korai Athenes. Magazine-The Key-1882. Next Convention-Place not decided, August 24, 1910. Phi Mu. 1852. Grand Ofl&cers. President, Louese Monning, 1001 Polk St., Amarillo, Texas. Vice-Presidents, Zenobia Wooten, 6132 Monroe Ave., Chicago. Marguerite Thompson, ''The Severn,'' Baltimore. Secretary, Bonito Hinton, 1407 First St., New Orleans. Treasurer, Elsa Scholtz, 1129 E. Broadway, Louisville, Ky. Historian, Willie Erminger, 279 College St., Macon, Ga. Reporter, Louise Daniels, Winston-Salem, N. C. Editor, Louise Atkinson, Newnan, Ga. Chapter Roll. Belmont College, Chevy Chase School, Hardin College, Hollins Institute, Newcomb, St. Mary's School, Southwestern, Ten- nessee, Wesleyan College. Phi Mu has 9 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The total membership is 2000, the active membership 100, the average initiation 40. The badge is an oddly shaped shield of black enamel displaying in the centre a hand holding a heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorority's letters and below another bearing three stars. The pledge pin is of black enamel and bears a gold Phi. The flag is of old rose with white lettering. Colors-Rose and White. Flower-Pink Carnation. Jewel- None. Open Motto-Les Soeurs Fideles. Insignia-Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions. Literary Sororities. 79 Magazine-The Aglaia-1907. Next Con vention- Ashe ville, N. C, June, 1910. Phi Mu Gamma. October 17, 1898. Grand Chapter. President, Amy C. Button, 686 Park Ave., N. Y. C. Secretary, Edith McFall, Charleston, S. C. Treasurer, Telete Scott, Canton, Ga. Chapter Roll. Brenau College, Emerson College of Oratory, Hollins Institute, Judson College, Louisiana, Miss Graham's School, New England Conservatory, The Veltin School. Phi Mu Gamma has 8 chapters and state alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 500, the active membership 150, the average initiation 40. The badge consists of three graduated shields superimposed one above the other. The largest is of gold and is set with pearls and turquoise. Upon this rests a shield of black enamel and upon the latter another of gold, bearing the Greek letters of the society's name in black enamel. The pledge pin is a small shield of black enamel bear- ing a gold crescent. The flag bears a crescent and the letters in black and turquoise blue. Colors-Black and Turquoise Blue. Flower-Forget-me-not. Jewels-Pearl and Turquoise. Open Motto-None. Insignia- Crescent, Torch, XXVIII, A, K, Shield. Magazine-The Shield-1908. Next Convention-Undecided. 80 Literary Sororities. Pi Beta Phi. April 28, 1867. Grand Council. President, May L. Keller, 1822 Linden Ave., Baltimore. Vice-President, Cora E. Marlow, 909 4th St., S. E., Minneapolis. Secretary, Elda L. Smith, 710 S. 6th St., Springfield, 111. Treasurer, Celeste Janvier, 1445 Webster St., New Orleans. Editor, Mrs. Lewis E. Theiss, 230 W. 111th St., N. Y. C. Chapter Roll. Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Franklin, George Washing- ton, Hillsdale, lUinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Knox, Lombard, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Simpson, Stanford, Swarthmore, S}Tacuse, Texas, Toronto, Vermont, Washington State, Washington, Wisconsin. Pi Beta Phi has 39 college chapters and 36 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 5200, the active membership 900, the average initiation 250. The badge is an arrow about an inch in length, bearing the sorority letters upon the feathers. The pledge pin is an arrow head in burnished gold bearing the Greek letter Beta. The flag is an oblong with lower edge indented. Connecting the opposite corners are curved lines which divide the field into three parts. The central portion is of silver blue bearing in its upper part a monogram of the letters I and C surrounded by a halo and below this a monogram of the Literary Sororities. 81 letters Pi Beta Phi. The lower point is apparently pierced by a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral sections of wine red, Colors-Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower-Dark Red Carnation. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Ar- row. Patron-None. Call-Ring Ching Ching! Ho Hippi Hi! RaRo Arrow! Pi Beta Phi! Magazine-The Arrow-1885. Next Convention-Swarthmore, Pa., July, 1910. Sigma Kappa. November, 1874. Grand Council. President, Mrs. Geo. O. Smith, 2137 Bancroft Place, Washington. Vice-President, Hila H. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, Mass. Secretary, Mrs. M. D. Linger, 710 Jersey St., Buffalo, N. Y. Treasurer, Mrs. W. W. Haviland, The Knoll, Lansdown, Pa. H« * ^ Editor, Grace A. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, Mass. Chapter Roll. Boston, Brown, Colby, Denver, George Washington, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Syracuse. Sigma Kappa has 8 college chapters and 7 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 600, the active membership 150, the average initiation 50. The badge is an equilateral triangle, supporting a raised triangle of maroon enamel with the sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is a monogram of the letters. The sorority has no national flag. 82 Literary Sororities. Colors-Maroon and Lavender. Flower- Violet. Jewel- None. Open Motto- One Heart, One Way. Insignia-Dove and Serpent. Patron-None. Magazine-Sigma Kappa Triangie-1907. Next Convention-Champaign, 111.. April, 1910. Sigma Sigma Sigma. April 20, 1898. Grand Chapter. President, Bess B. Brower, Gainesville, Va. Rec. Secretary, Emma H. Moffett, Lebanon, Ky. Cor. Secretary, Will L. Alexander, 714 Poplar Ave., Memphis, Tenn. Treasurer, Harriet P. Hankins, Garfield Hospital, Washington. Editor, Lucy L. Downey, 1327 S. 20th St.. Birmingham, Ala. Chapter Roll. HoUins Institute, Nashville, Randolph-Macon, Southwestern, Union, Virginia Normal. Sigma Sigma Sigma has 6 chapters and 2 alumnae associa- tions. The total membership is 400, the active membership 100, the average initiation 50. The badge is an equilateral triangle with indented sides, the raised inner portion of black enamel having a Sigma in each corner and a skull and cross- bones in the centre. The pledge pin is an indented triangle superimposed upon a circle. The sorority flag is of purple crossed diagonally with a white band bearing the sorority letters in white, the purple spaces bearing a triangle and a circle in white. Literary Sororities. 83 Colors-Purple and White. Flower-Violet. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Faithful Unto Death. Insignia-Skull, Cross- Bones, Triangle, Circle. Patron-None. Magazine-The Triangle-1905. Next Convention-Chattanooga, Tenn, September 7-9, 1909. Zeta Tau Alpha. October 25, 1898. Grand Chapter. President, May A. Hopkins, University Hall, Galveston, Tex. Secretary, Mrs. J. L. Bugg, Farmville, Va. Treasurer, Mary Patrick, Marion, Ala. Historian, Lorena B. Mason, 407 E. Main St., Richmond, Va. Editor, Grace Jordan, Forrest City, Ark. Chapter Roll. Arkansas, Bethany, Drury, Judson College, Randolph-Macon, Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas. Zeta Tau Alpha has 8 college chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The total membership is 500, the active mem- bership 150, the average initiation 75. The badge, an artis- tically shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre, flanked by the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. The pledge pin is a five-pointed crown with the letters Z. T. A. raised or engraved. The sorority has no national flag. Colors-Turquoise and Gray. Flower-White Violet. Jewel- None. Open Motto-Seek the Noblest. Insignia-Eye, Crown, Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive Branch, 84 LiTERAKY Sororities. Swordj Chain, Burning Taper. Patron-Themis. Call-None. Magazine-Themis-1903. Next Convention-Galveston, Tex., June 14-16, 1910. CLASS B. Eta Upsiion Gamma. November, 1901. Grand Officers. President, Mrs. R. B. Caldwell, Kansas City, Mo. Vice-President and Editor, Frances McClure, Houstonia, Mo. Cor. Sec, Coila Von Trout Myers, 1331a Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Rec. Sec, Agnes Pfeffer, Lebanon, 111. Treasurer, Byrd Barton, Sedalia, Mo. Organizer, Mildred Whitney, Mexico, Mo. Chapter Roll. Central College, Christian College, Forest Park University, Hardin College, Liberty Ladies^ College, Lindenwood College. Eta Upsiion Gamma has 6 chapters and 1 alumnae associa- tion. The total membership is 400, the active membership 100, the average initiation 50. The badge is diamond-shaped, the central portion being of black enamel and bearing the sorority's letters, clasped hands, a skull and cross-bones. The pledge pin is clasped hands of gold. The flag is of green with gold lettering. Colors-Green and Gold. Flower-Red Carnation. Jewels- Diamond and Pearl. Open Motto-Be True. Insignia-Hands, Literary Sororities. 85 Skull, Cross-Bones, Diamond, Lamp, Triangle, Unicorn. Magazine-The Adamas-1909. Next Convention-St. Charles, Mo., June, 1910. Sigma Iota Chi. December, 1903. Grand Chapter. President, Mary C. Gibson, 1314 McGavock St., Nashville. Secretary, Myrtle Palfrey, Franklin, La. Treasurer, Charlotte D. King, Denver, Colo. * * * Editor, Judith Grigsby, 807 Palmer Place, Nashville. Chapter Roll. Belmont College^ Campbell-Hagerman College, Cincinnati Con- servatory, Gunston Seminary, Lindenwood College, Virginia College, Ward Seminary. Sigma Iota Chi has 7 chapters, but no alumnae associations. The total membership is 250, the active membership 80, the average initiation 40. The badge is a gold shield bearing a skull and cross-bones in black enamel and a white scroU^dis- playing the sorority letters. The pledge pin is a square of purple enamel with the letters in gold. There is no official flag. Colors-Purple and Gold. Flower- Violet. Jewel-None. Open Motto-Deus, Libertas, Lex. Insignia-Eagle, Arm, Star. Patron-None. Call-None. Magazine-The Parchment-1907. Next Convention-Not decided. 86 Literary Sororities. Theta Chi. September 25, 1893. Grand Council. President, Elizabeth Gallaher, Charleston, W. Va. Secretary, Margaret Worthington, 1816 H St., Washington. Chapter Roll. Central and East H. S. (Minneapohs), Chevy Chase School, Gunston Seminary, Lexington (Mo.), H. S., Pittsburg (Kans.), H. S. Theta Chi has 6 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The total membership is 400, the active membership 100, the aver- age initiation 40. The badge is a Theta of pearls on a Chi set with rubies. The pledge pin is a small monogram of rose gold. Colors-Red and White. Flower-American Beauty Rose. Jewels-Pearls and Rubies. Musical Sororities. 87 MUSICAL SORORITIES. The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded at DePauw University in 1885 under the special patronage of Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean Howe believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these organizations that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establishment of a second similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. Alpha Chi Omega has always been most progressive and has grown rapidly. In 1903 it made a striking change in its policy, for instead of confining itself strictly to the colleges of music affihated with the institu- tions where its chapters were located, it admitted such students from the liberal arts departments as were taking courses in music. The Convention of 1908 went further and ruled that chapters might permit fifty per cent of their membership to be drawn from the liberal arts department with no music. By becoming Musical-Literary, as it is now called, it competes with the academic sororities and in consequence has been ad- mitted to the Inter-Sorority Conference. Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, establishing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its badge was a harp with three strings across which ran a ribbon of black enamel bearing the sorority^s initials in gold. Its colors were lavender and white, its flower the white rose. In 1906 it affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, which was founded in 1903 at the Metropolitan College of Music located at Cincinnati by Dean W. S. Sterling, 88 Musical Sororities. Elizabeth Mathias of the faculty and Calvin Vos, lawyer and member of Sinfonia and Phi Delta Theta fraternities. The musical sorority always labors under the disadvantage of drawing its material from a department where the average student remains only two years. Its influence; however, is very potent in holding its members to high standards of work along their chosen line. Mu Phi Epsilon. November 13, 1903. Supreme Council. President, Elfrida Langlois, Wyandotte, Mich. Vice-President, Eunice S. Parker, 211 University Place, Syra- cuse, N. Y. Secretary, AHce D. Davis, 925 Grand Ave., Price Hill, Cincinnati. Treasurer, Mrs. Mayme Worley, Kansas City, Mo. Historian, Blanche Brown, 4860 Fountain Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Chapter Roll. Chicago Conservatory, Detroit Conservatory, Ithaca Conserva- tory, Metropolitan Colleges of Music (Cincinnati and Indiana- polis), Michigan, St. Louis Conservatory, Syracuse, Toledo Conservatory. Mu Phi Epsilon has 9 chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. The total membership is 600, the active membership 125, the average initiation 75. The badge consists of a jewelled triangle bearing the Greek Letters and supporting another of black enamel ornamented with a lyre in gold. The pledge pin is a silver triangle bearing a raised lyre. Musical Sororities. 89 Colors-Royal Purple and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel- Amethyst. Open Motto-Seeketh Not Her Own. Insignia- Lyre and Triangle. Patron-None. Magazine-Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book-1905. Next Convention-Indianapolis, May, 1910. Sigma Alpha Iota. June 12, 1903. Grand Officers. President, Grace Wood, DeKalb, 111. Vice-President, Ethel Herford, 6624 Kimbark Ave., Chicago. Secretary, Ida Kemmen, Evanston, 111. Chapter Roll. American Conservatory (Chicago), Detroit Conservatory, Ithaca Conservatory, Michigan, Northwestern. Sigma Alpha Iota has 5 chapters and 2 alumnae associations. The total membership is 250, the active membership 100, the average initiation 30. The badge consists of seven gold Pan pipes surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing the sorority's initials in gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is the Pan pipes alone. The flag is crimson with white letters. Colors-Crimson and White. Flower-Crimson Rose. Jewel- Pearl. Open Motto-Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Insignia-Pan Pipes, Ellipse, Patron-None. Next Convention-Ithaca, N. Y., May, 1910. 90 Medical Sororities. MEDICAL SORORITIES. The medical sororities are not numerous, for the num- ber of women students enrolled in the medical schools is still comparatively small. Opportunities for professional training along this special Hne are not lacking, as may be seen by a glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this head, but it is the liberal education that seems to appeal to the majority of girls who continue their studies beyond the secondary school. The first medical sorority w^as Alpha Epsilon Iota, founded in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and at present has only one, Zeta Phi, for Epsilon Tau is confined to schools of homeopathy. Alpha Epsilon Iota. February 26, 1890. Grand Chapter. President, Dr. Rose T. Bullard, 1241 W. 8th St., Los Angeles, Cal. Secretary, Eleanor Whipple, 5543 Madison Ave., Chicago. Treasurer, Sarah Morris, Pittstown, Pa. Chapter Roll. California, Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, Min- nesota, Southern California, Women^s Medical College of Penn- sylvania. Medical Sororities. 91 The total membership is 400, the active membership 100, the average initiation 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of black enamel with the letters of the society^s name in the three lowest angles. Above is a serpent^s head. Colors-Black, White and Green. Flower- White Carnation. Next Convention-Minneapolis, November 25-27^ 1909. Epsilon Tau. November 4, 1898. Chapter Roll. Boston, Chicago Hahnemann, New York Woman's. Colors-Fern Green and White. Flower-White Carnation. Zeta Phi. May 29, 1900. General Officers. President, Dr. Florence I. Stanton, Utica, N. Y. Secretary, Dr. Lillian G. Stevenson, Baltimore, Md. Treasurer, Dr. Anna W. Marquis, Norwich, N. Y. Chapter Roll. Johns Hopkins, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. The total membership is 100, the active membership 25, the average initiation 10. The badge is a quartrefoil of black enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod in white and 92 Medical Sororities. serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi appear in white to left and right of the caduceus. Colors-Black, White and Gold. Flower-Daisy. Next Convention-Toronto, January, 1910. Necrology of Chapters. 93 NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS. Alpha Chi Omega-Bucknell University, 1898-99. Alpha Delta Phi-Salem College, 1905-09; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1906-08. Alpha Sigma Alpha-Lewisburg Institute, 1904-07; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1905-08; Fauquier Institute, 1905-06; Fairmont Seminary, 1906-08. Beta Sigma Omicron, Christian College,^ 1888-94; Missouri Valley College, 1892-93; SedaUa, Mo., High School, 1898- 1906; Pueblo, Colo., High School, 1902-06; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1903-08; Potter College, 1906-09. * This College is located at Columbia, Mo., and the chapter roll included some who were students at the University of Missouri during these years. Chi Omega- Jessamine Female Institute, 1898-1902; Hellmuth Woman^s College 1899-1900; Belmont College, 1899-1903. Delta Delta Delta-University of Michigan, 1894-1900. Delta Gsiinmsi-Warren Female Institute,^ 1874-89; Water Valley Seminary, 1876-80; Peabody High School, Fairmont, Tenn., 1877-?; BoHvar College, 1878-?; Franklin College, 1878-?; Hanover College, 1881-?; Fulton, Mo. Synodical College, 1882-?; Mt. Union College, 1882-1909; St. Lawrence University, 1883-86; Adelbert College, 1883-88; University of Southern California, 1887-97. (Where dates are missing it indicates that the sorority's records are incomplete on these points. All such chapters were short lived, proba- bly not more than two years or so.) * Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford (Miss.) Female Institute. 94 Necrology of Chapters. Eta Upsilon Gamma-Potter College, 1907-09. Kappa Alpha Theta-Moore's Hill College, 1871-74; Illinois Wesleyan University, 1875-95; Ohio University, 1876-86; Simpson College, 1879-91; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1881-81; Hanover College, 1882-99; Wesleyan University, 1883-87; University of Southern California, 1887-95 Albion College, 1887-1908; University of the Pacific, 1889-90. Kappa Kappa Gst^rama-Monmouth College, 1870-84; St. Mary's School (Knoxville, 111.), 1871-74; Smithson College, 1872-75 Rockford Seminary, 1874-76; Franklin College, 1879-84; Simpson College, 1880-90; Ohio Wesleyan University, 1880-84; St. Lawrence University, 1881-98 ;Lassell Seminary, 1881-82; University of Cincinnati, 1885-85. Mu Phi Epsilon-De Pauw, 1905-09; New England Conservatory, 1905-08. Phi Mu-Salem College, 1904-09. Phi Mu Gamma-Potter College, 1908-09. Pi Beta Fhi-Monmouth College, 1867-84; DePauw University, 1868-68; South Iowa Normal School, 1881-87; Carthage College, 1882-88; York College, 1884-88; Callanan College, 1886-89; Hastings College, 1887-87. Sigma Iota Chi-Potter College, 1905-09. Sigma Sigma Sigma-Lewisburg Seminary, 1903-08; Searcy Institute, 1905-07; Frederick Woman^s College, 1906-07. Theta Chi-Converse College, 1893-1900. Zeta Tau Alphsi-Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906; Hannah Moore Academy, 1900-04; Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 06; Richmond College, 1905-08. Honorary Societies. 95 HONORARY SOCIETIES. Honorary Greek-Letter societies grow more numerous with the years, as speciaUzation leads most naturally to differentia- tion in degrees and as university authorities endeavor to find some way of adding distinction to the student who has done work of unusual excellence. At present women are eligible to membership in four, — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was originally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like those of the present time, but owing to force of circumstances its secrets became known and the society gradually assumed a new character. The three others, all founded within the last quarter century, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa with such changes as special needs demanded. Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as represented by the humanities, Sigma Xi seeks to exalt scientific studies to a place of honor among the humanities, while Phi Kappa Phi aims to recognize high rank in any department of collegiate education. Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. Its object is high scholarship, honorably acquired and honestly employed. Phi Beta Kappa. Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the College of WilUam and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on December 5, 1776. 96 Honorary Societies. Its avowed purpose was ^* A happy spirit and resolution of attaining the important ends of society/' With this aim in view much attention was given to essays and debates with an occasional banquet as an outlet for the youthful spirits of the members. The society was essentially secret, had a most bind- ing oath of fidelity and a pecuHar token of salutation. The original records give no clue to the source from which came the inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter society, but the philosophical clubs then so common among the students at French and German universities may have led the founders to establish an organization that should stand for good fellowship. Then, too, the stirring times in which they lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patriots, the very Declaration of Independ- ence itself, doubtless suggested the value of a united brother- hood. Early provisions was made for placing branches elsewhere, for the organizers believed it was '^ Repugnant to the liberal principles of Societies that they should be confined to any particular place. Men or Description of Men, but that they should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree and of whatever country' \ There are records to show that the Beta, Gamma and Delta charters were granted, but none to indicate that such chapters ever existed. The War of the Revolution may have put an end to them as it did to the parent chapter. On January 3, 1781, the British fleet ap- peared off the coast and three days later the last meeting was held. It is interesting to learn from history that nearly one- third of the fifty members enlisted in the Continental Army, that seventeen served in the state legislature, that eight were Honorary Societies. 97 members of the convention which ratified the Federal Constitu- tion, that two became United States Senators and five Repre- sentatives, that many of the others were famous men in their day. No attempt was made to revive the chapter at WiUiam and Mary until 1849, but the reorganized society had ex- isted for scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War broke out. Another attempt was made in 1895, and the mother chapter is now in a vigorous condition and likely to remain so for many a year. The suspension of meet- ings in 1781 would in all probability have rung the death- knell of this most interesting organization had it not been for the fact that a Northern man, Elisha Parmele, Harvard, '79, went to Williamsburg for postgraduate work. Such an idea seems strange today, but in Colonial times William and Mary was the richest as well as the most thoroughly English of the colleges. Its Chancellors were the Bishops of London, its presidents their representatives. As the most prosperous college in the colonies it doubtless offered unusual opportunities along some lines. Mr. Parmele was initiated on July 31, 1779, and being strongly impressed with the possibilities for future growth, he asked for permission to establish branches at Harvard and Yale. The charters were called the Alpha of Massachusetts Bay and the Alpha of Connecticut. Eight years later these two chapters granted a charter to Dartmouth and for thirty years these colleges constituted the roll. When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was arousing all New England in 1831, John Quincy Adams, Judge Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Harvard chapter 98 Honorary Societies. to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to the Yale chapter to secure acquiescence. The records say that ^^ He touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard had such conscientious scruples as to keep them from taking the oath of secrecy and the society life was thus endangered. There was stout opposition, but the notion prevailed and the mission- ary returned to gladden the tender conscience of the Harvard boys.^^ The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 1817 gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, because it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 1825. The newer organizations with their charm of se- crecy appealed strongly to the undergraduates, and little by little, as greater emphasis was laid upon scholastic records and honor men alone were elected to membership in Phi Beta Kappa, it transpired that the mother of fraternities lost many of its original characteristics and came to stand, as it does today, for a brotherhood of scholars. ^^ For nearly half a century,^' wrote Edward Everett Hale in 1879, in his ^'Fossil from the Tertiary'', ^' it was the only society in America that could pretend to be devoted to literature and philosophy. And it happened, therefore, that in the infant literature of the nation some noteworthy steps are marked by orations and poems delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa.'' Among the famous men whose names have appeared upon the programs of the great pubhc gatherings of the society are Adams, Everett, Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Phillips, Webster, Choate, Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and Longfellow. The hundredth anniversary was noteworthy as suggesting the culmination of a Honorary Societies. 99 movement that resulted in the formation in April of 1877 of an alumni association in New York City, known as the Phi Beta Kappa alumni. For more than a century the custom prevailed of requiring the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new Alpha could be established in a new state, all subsequent charter grants in that state being dependent upon the will of the Alpha. This most unsatisfactory method of establishing new chapters, the im- possibility of demanding uniform standards of scholarship, the entire lack of unity in a movement that was without definite organization, the absence of any system of literary activity, were conditions generally deplored, but no attempt was made to evolve a national organization until the Harvard chapter celebrated its- centenary on June 30, 1881. At this time the idea of a governing body was suggested and discussed, but no definite step taken. At a gathering, however, of delegates from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, a resolution was made to recommend a permanent and a representative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, September 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unanimously adopted a constitution which was eventually ratified by all the chapters. The organization was known henceforth as ^^ The United Chap- ters of Phi Beta Kappa". Under the present arrangement all applications for charters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty prominent members of national reputation, who hold their office for six years, and each application must be endorsed by five existing chapters. The charter grants depend to a large extent upon the recommendations of these men, but the final decision is made at 100 HoNORAEY Societies. the Triennial Convention, for no charters are issued without the consent of delegations representing a majority of chapters. Since the new constitution went into effect, the society has given evidence of greatly increased vigor. Eight triennial conven- tions have been held and forty-six charter grants have been made. Much has been done also to bring about the unification of the chapters and to secure higher standards. Only such institutions as grant the A. B. degi'ee in regular course are eligible to charters and no chapter is expected to elect to membership more than one-fourth of the graduating class. The recent movement to gather valuable historical data and to publish periodical literature is a most important one. Women were first admitted to membership about the year 1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The Cornell chapter has never made any sex distinction since its organization in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, however, was very small up to the year 1890, for until that time few^ chapters existed at colleges open to them. The decision of the past two conventions to grant charters to independent colleges for w^omen indicates that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to becoming truly representative of the highest scholarship in the United States. Sigma Xi. The Society of the Sigma Xi, as it is knowm officially, was founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a few earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing to an unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the exact date of organization is not known. Honorary Societies. 101 The aim of the society; as indicated in the motto^ Spoudon Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to encourage original investigation in science, pure and applied, and to secure for scientific studies a place of honor among the humanities of a liberal culture. Chapters may be established at any institution offering courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of the society to promote, provided that these courses are substan- tially equivalent to the usual four years college course. The active membership is composed of resident professors, instruc- tors, graduate students and seniors. The last may never be more than one-fifth of the class. No distinction on account of sex has ever been made. Provision has also been made for alumni chapters, which may be established anywhere upon the application of five mem- bers of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters have the right of suffrage at the convention and may elect to membership gradu- ates of other institutions of learning at which the society has no chapters. Phi Kappa Phi. Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of Maine, July 14, 1897. The motto means '^ The Love of Learning Rules the World ^^ and the aim of the incorporators was '' to provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity and Democracy of Education and open to honor graduates of all departments of American Universities and Colleges''. All candidates for a baccalaureate or higher degree, without distinction as to sex, are eligible to membership in their senior yeai-, provided their scholarship entitles them to rank in the first third of the class. 102 HoxoRAEY Societies. All applications for charters must be made to the Board of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee composed of the president general, the secretary general and thi^ee others. These five men have the power to investigate all applications and to make all charter grants. Active chapters may be es- tablished at universities and colleges ''of good standing^ \ Alumni chapters have as many votes in the convention as the active chapters, but have never received the right to elect new members to the fraternity. Alpha Omega Alpha. Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical School of the University of Ilhnois, August 25, 1902. Chapters are limited to medical schools of the highest standing, and the membership ma}' at no time exceed one-sixth of the graduating class. The constitution empowered the fraternity from the first to admit women. The motto means, ''To be worthy to serve the suffering. '^ Phi Beta Kappa. December 5, 1776. Officers. President, Edwin A. Grosvenor, LL.D., Amherst, Mass. Vice-President, Hon. John J. McCook. LL.D., N. Y. C. Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, High Bridge, N. J. Chapter Roll. Allegheny, Amherst, Baltimore, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown, Cahfornia, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colgate, Honorary Societies. 103 Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Hamilton, Har- vard, Haverford, Hobart, Illinois, Iowa, Iowa College (Grinnell), Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Kenyon, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, St. Lawrence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Tufts, Tulane, Union, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing on one side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek letters of the society ^s name. Early in the northern history of the order the familiar watch key pattern of the present day was adopted. On one side are the Greek letters, which stand for the words Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, Philosophy the Guide of Life, and a hand pointing to one or more stars, symbolic of the so- ciety's lofty aspirations. The reverse bears the letters S. P., which means Societas Philosophica, the owner's name, college and class. The date of founding, December 5, 1776, appears on either side as taste dictates. Sometimes the S and P are arranged in a monogram, again side by side within a laurel wreath. There is no general rule governing the number of stars. The original number was three. Seven appeal to many chapters as the symbol of completeness, but certain states prefer to have each new branch add a star to the constellation. The number varies greatly from the single star used by the chapter at the University of Colorado to the ten required by the one at Rutgers College. 104 Honorary Societies. Original Colors-Green and Pink. (Never formally adopted by the United Chapters.) Next Convention-Place not decided, September, 1910. Sigma Xi. November, 1886. Officers. President, Frank 0. Marvin, C. E., University of Kansas. Vice-President, Thomas H. Macbride, Ph. D., Iowa State University. Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of Nebraska. Treasurer, James F. Kemp, Ph. D., Columbia University. Chapter Roll. Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Union, Washington State, Wisconsin, Worcester, Yale. The badge is a gold key bearing a monogi*am of the Sigma and Xi in black enamel. The seal is a laurel wreath sur- rounding ten stars and a lamp of research. Colors-Electric Blue and White. Next Convention-Boston, December 27-31, 1909. Phi Kappa Phi. July 14, 1897. Officers. President, George E. Fellows, Ph. D., LL. D., Orono, Me. Secretary, S. Francis Howard, M. S., Amherst, Mass. Honorary Societies. 106 Registrar, James S. Stevens, M. S., LL. D., Orono, Me. Treasurer, Benjamin Gill, M. A., D. D., State College, Pa. Chapter Roll. Delaware, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, Pennsylvania College, Tennessee. The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or medal, is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa Phi and sur- rounded by the rays of the sun arranged in eight groups. The seal is a facsimile of the badge surrounded by a circle, above which is a row of stars to indicate the number of chapters, and below the words, ^Tounded 1897' \ The ribbon of the fraternity is white bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and the walls of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on the front edge of the sleeves. Colors-Black and White. Next Convention-Place not decided, September, 1910. Alpha Omega Alpha. August 25, 1902. Officers. President, Winfield S. Hall, M. D., LL. D., Northwestern Uni- versity Medical School. Vice-President, Walter B. Cannon, A. M., M. D., Harvard Medical School. Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, B. S., M.D., 170 Baldwin Ave., Detroit. 106 Honorary Societies. Chapter Roll. California, Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, lUinois, Jefferson, Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Minnesota, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Washington, Western Reserve. The badge is a watch key bearing the society^s letters and the year of founding. Next Convention- With American Medical Association. Honorary Associations. 107 THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE. November^ 1881. General Officers. President, Laura D. Gill, 1326 19th St., Washington. Sec.-Treas., Mrs. EHzabeth L. Clarke, Wilhamstown, Mass. Bursar, Mrs. Charles T. VanWinkle, 319 I St., Salt Lake City. Roll. Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, Cahfornia, Chicago, Cornell, Illinois, Kansas, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska Northwestern, Oberlin, Radcliffe, Smith, Stanford, Syracuse, Vassar, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Wisconsin. Branches. Albany, Ann Arbor, Binghampton, Boise, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbia (Mo.), Columbus, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Fall River, Huntington, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lincoln, Los Angeles, Madison, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Haven, New York, Norfolk, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Portland (Ore.), Providence, San Bernardino, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Springfield (111.), Springfield (Mo.), St. Louis, St. Paul, Syracuse, Tacoma, Urbana (111.)? Washington. Annual Meeting-Cincinnati, October 26-30, 1909. 108 Honorary Associations. SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN. July, 1903. Officers. President, Mrs. Emma G. Boyd, 194 Washington St., Atlanta. Vice-Presidents, Caroline Carpenter, Nashville, Annie M. Dimmick, Montgomery, Ala., Adele Monroe, New Orleans, Beall Martin, Atlanta. Sec.-Treas., Eula Deaton, 123 Oakland St., San Antonio, Tex. Roll. Agnes Scott, Alabama, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, California, Chicago, Cornell, George Washington, Illi- nois, Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Inst. Technology, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Newcomb, OberUn, RadcUffe, Randolph-Macon, Smith, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Chapters. Atlanta, Birmingham, Baltimore, Knoxville, Little Rock, Montgomery, Nashville, New Orleans, Oxford, Raleigh, Rich- mond. Annual Meeting- Atlanta, April, 1910. Statistical Data. 109 STATISTICAL DATA. Coeducational Colleges. With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates College which are opposed to fraternity life in any form, and Ohio Wesley an University and Colorado College, which admit fra- ternities but frown upon local societies among the women, there are practically no prominent coeducational colleges closed to sororities. The seventy-two institutions in the following list, to be sure, make up only one-fifth of the entire number of co- educational colleges mentioned by the United States Com- missioner of Education, but of the other four-fifths many are so far from attaining the standards set by the best colleges that the sororities are not ready to recognize them. Others that are of high grade have such a limited enrolment of women that sorority chapters seem unfeasible. Adelphi College. Brooklyn, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1896; Women admitted 1896; Valuation* $750,000; Endowment $113,000; Faculty 30, Men 19, Women 11; Students 491, Men 69, Women 422; Tuition $180; Expenses! $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A., B. S. Motto-The truth shall make us free. Colors-Brown and Gold. Sororities- 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1908, Delta Gamma. *Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. jAverage annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 110 Statistical Data. Adrian College. Adrian. Mich. Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admitted 1859; Valuation S250,000; Endowment $100,000; Faculty 24, Men 15. Women 9; Students 195, Men 105, Women 90; Tuition $15; Expenses S200; Degi'ees. B. A.. B. S., Ph. B., B. L., B. M., M. A., M. S., Ph. M. Motto-Let the truth shiyie. Colors-Canary and Black. Sororities- 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma: 1890, Delta Delta Delta. University of Alabama. University, Ala. State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $350,000; Endo^vment $2,000,000; Facuhy 56; Students 471, Men 431. Women 40; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degi'ees, A. B., B. S., A. M.. M. S., C. E., M. E., M. D. Motto-Xone. Colors-Crimson and White. Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1907, Alpha Delta Phi. Albion College. Albion. Mich. Methodist Episcopal; Opened as Seminary 1843; as College 1861; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $250,000; Endowment Statistical Data. Ill $280,000; Faculty 26, Men, 16, Women 10; Students 450, Men 245, Women 205; Tuition $30; Expenses $250; Degree, B. A. Motto Lux Fiat. Colors-Pink mid Green, Sororities-1883, Delta Gamma: 1887, Alpha Chi Omega. Allegheny College. Meadville, Pa. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1815; Yv'omen admitted 1872; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 20, Men 16, Women 4; Students 323, Men 201, Women, 122; Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. Motto-None. Colors-Navy Blue and Gold. Sororities- 1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1891, Alpha Chi Omega. University of Arkansas. Fayetteville, Ark. State; Opened 1871; Women admitted in 1871; Valua- tion $1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 75, Men 60, Women 15; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., C. E., M. S., M. A., M. E., E. E., B. Mus. Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. Sororities-1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha. 112 Statistical Data. Baker University. Baldwin, Kan. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1858; Women admitted 1868; Valuation $348,891; Endowment $101,573; Faculty 32, Men 20, Women 12; Students 724, Men 351, Women 373; Tuition $40; Expenses $250; Degi-ees, A. B., A. M. Motto-Let Mm he first a man. Color-Cadmium. Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Chi Omega. Bethany College. Bethany, W. Va. Christian; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1881; Val- uation $200,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, Women 4; Students 256, Men 190, W^omen 66; Tuition $36; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. S., B. L. MoUo-None. Colors-White and Green. Sororities-1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. Boston University. Boston, Mass. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1873; Valuation $840,000; Endowment $1,131,586; Faculty 158, Men 164, Women 4; Students 1600, Men 1119, Women 481; Tuition Statistical Data. 113 $125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., S. B., S. T. B., S. T. D., LL. B., J. B., LL. M. J. M., J. D., LL.D., M. D., M. B., Ch. B., A. M., Ph. D. Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and White. Sororities- 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 1887, Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Sigma Kappa; 1898, Epsilon Tau (Med.) Buchtel College. Akron, O. Universalist; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valua- tion $200,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 17, Men 11, Wom- en 6; Students 241, Men 115, Women 126; Tuition $40; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B. Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. Sororities-1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma. Butler College. Indianapolis, Ind. Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 14, Women 3; Students 464, Men 236, Women 228; Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees A. B., A. M. Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. Sororities-1874, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Pi Beta Phi. 114 Statistical Data. University of California. Berkeley, Cal. State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $3,771,388.87; Endowment $3,568,835.42; Faculty 487, Men 447, Women 40; Students 3450, Men 2193, Women 1257; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L., B. S., M. A. M. S., M. L., Ph. D., M. C. E., M. E., Mech. E., M. D., LL. B., D. D. S., Pharm. B., Ph. C. Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Blue and Gold. Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omicron Pi, Delta Gamma; 1909, Alpha Chi Omega; 1905, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) Cincinnati University. Cincinnati, 0. City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation $3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, Women 20; Students 1298, Men 622, Women 676; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D. Motto-Alta Petit. Colors-Scarlet and Black, Sorority-1892, Delta Delta Delta. University of Colorado. Boulder, Col. Stat^; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation $900,000; Endowment None; Faculty 135, Men 123, Women 12; Statistical Data. 115 Students 1041, Men 683, Women 358; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., E. E., M. K, M. D., LL. B. Motto-Let your light shine. Colors-Silver and Gold. Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1901, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valua- tion $6,000,000; Endowment $8,500,000; Faculty 580, Men 573, Women 7; Students 3985, Men 3584, Women 401; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., D. V. M., C. E., M. E., M. C. E., M, M. E., B. S. in Arch., M. S. in Arch., B. S. in Agr., M. S. in Agr. Motto-None. Colors-Carnelian and White, Sororities- 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, Delta Zeta; 1903, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) University of Denver. University Park, Colo Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1864; Women admitted 1880; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $380,000; Faculty 160, Men 160, Women 10; Students 1324, Men 682, Women 642; Tuition $45; Expenses $200, Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., Ph. D. Motto-None. Colors-Red and Yellow. Sororities-1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta; 1908, Sigma Kappa. 116 Statistical Data DePauw University. Greencastle. Ind. Methodist Episcopal: Opened 1S37: Women admitted 1867; Valuation $475,000: Endowment $550,000: Faculty 42, Men 27, Women 15: Students 1006, Men 484, Women 515: Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degi^ees. A. B.,, A. M. Motto-Decus Lumenque Reipublicae CoUegiuiyi. Color-Old Gold. Sororities-ISTO. Ivappa Alpha Theta: 1875, Ivappa Ivappa Gamma; 1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888,, Alpha Phi: 1907, .Aipha Omicron Pi, 1908, Delta Delta Delta, .llpha Gamma Delta; 1909, Delta Zeta. Dickinson College. Carlisle. Pa. Xonsectarian: Opened 17S3: Women admitted 1SS3: Valua- tion $850,000: Endowment S375.000: Faculty 32: Students 5S0, Men 483, Women 97: Tuition S6.25: Expenses ?275: Degrees, A. B.. Ph. B.. B. S., A. M. Motto-Xofie. Colors-Red and White. Sororities-1903. Pi Beta Plii: 1907. Clii Omega. Drury College. Springfield. Mo. Xonsectarian: Opened 1873: Women admitted 1873: Valua- tion $550,000; Endowment S400.000: Faculty 24. Men 21. Women 3: Students 193. Men 99. Women 94: Tuition S40; Expenses S150: DegTees. A. B.. B. S.. A. M.. S. M. Motto-Chrlsto et Humanitati. Colors-Scarlet and Gray. Sorority-1909, Zeta Tati Alpha. Statistical Data. 117 Franklin College. Franklin, Ind. Baptist; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1869; Valua- tion $176,090; Endowment $293,375; Faculty 15, Men 8, Women 7; Students 320, Men 134, Women 186; Tuition $63; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., M. B. Motto-Christianity and Culture. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. Sorority-1888, Pi Beta Phi. George Washington University. Washington, D. C. Nonsectarian; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; Valuation $1,200,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 185; Students 1508; Men 1258, Women 250; Tuition $150; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., Pharm. G., LL. B. Motto-Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors-Continental Buff and Blue, Sororities-1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma Kappa. Hillsdale College. Hillsdale, Mich. Free Baptist; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valua- tion $120,098; Endowment $251,983; Faculty 23, Men 16, Women 7; Students 360, Men 140, Women 220; Tuition $27; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. Pd. Motto-Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors-Ultramarine Blue. Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 118 Statistical Data. University of Illinois. Urbana, 111. State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $645,000: Faculty 482, Men 442, Women 40; Students 4316. Men 3400, Women 916: Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B.. B. S., A. M., M. S., Ph. D., B. L. S., LL. B., M. D., M. E.. C. E., E. E.. M. Arch., M. Agr. Motto-Learning and Labor. Colors-Orange arid Blue. Sororities-189o, Kappa Alpha Theta: 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Clii Omega; 1900, Chi Omega; 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Ivappa, Delta Gamma; 1898, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) Illinois Wesleyan University. ; Bloomington, 111. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1877; Valuation $140,000; Endowment $118,161; Faculty 45, Men 30, Women 15; Students 970, Men 500, Women 470; Tuition $51; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., B. M. Motto-Scientia et Sapientia, Colors-Green and White. Sororities-1873, Kappa Ilappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa; 1908, Kappa Delta. Statistical Data. 119 University of Indiana. Bloomington, Ind. State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 82, Men 77, Women 5; Students 2470, Men 1525, Women 945; Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., M. D. Motto-Lux Et Veritas, Colors-Green and Crimson, Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma; 1909, Delta Zeta. Iowa State College. Ames, la. State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation $2,323,012; Endowment $686,778; Faculty 177, Men 122, Women 55; Students 1766, Men 1597, Women 169; Tuition Free; Expenses 200; Degrees, B. S., C. E., M. E., D. V. M., M. S. A., M. S., M. A. E., Motto-Science with Practice. Colors-Cardinal and Gold. Sorority-1877, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Kappa Delta. University of Iowa. Iowa City, la. State; Opened 1847; Women admitted 1847; Valuation $3,000,000; Endowment $235,000; Faculty 150, Men 143, Wom- en 7; Students 2472, Men 1598, Women 874; Tuition $20; 120 Statistical Data. Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., Ph. G., Ph. C. Motto-None. Color-Old Gold. Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 1887, Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. Iowa Wesleyan University. Mt. Pleasant, la. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 1844; Valuation $160,000; Endowment $61,000; Faculty 28, Men 16, Women 12; Students 400; Men 210, Women 190; Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., Litt. B. Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. Sororities-1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kans. State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valuation $1,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 140, Men 121, Women 19; Students 2210, Men 1364, Women 846; Tuition $10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., M. A., Ph. D., LL.B., C. E., E. E., M. E., Ph. G., Mus. B. Motto-None. Colors-Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma 1902, Chi Omega. Statistical Data. 121 University of Kentucky. Lexington, Ky. State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 0000; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 52, Men 47, Women 5; Students 468, Men 398, Women 70; Tuition Free; Degrees B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S. Motto-None. Colors-None. Sororities-1908, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Xi Delta. Knox College. Galesburg, 111. Nonsectarian; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845; Valuation $273,918.71; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 31, Men 18, Women 13; Students 607, Men 165, Women 442; Tuition $60; Expenses $230; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. Motto-None. Colors- Purple and Old Gold, Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. Lawrence College. Appleton, Wis. Interdenominational; Opened as seminary 1849; Chartered as a college 1853; Women admitted 1849; Valuation $460,000; Endowment $630,000; Faculty 40, Men 25, Women 15; Students 415, Men 233, Women 182; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degree, A. B. Motto-None. Colors-Yale Blue and White. Sorority-1908, Alpha Delta Phi. 122 Statistical Data. Leland Stanford, Jr., University. Palo Alto, Cal. Nonsectarian; Opened 1891; Women admitted 1891; Valua- tion $30,000,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 136, Men 130, Women 6; Students 1600, Men 1100, Women 500; Tuition $10; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph.D., LL. B., M. E., E. E. Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Delta Gamma; 1899, Alpha Phi; 1905, Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Delta Delta Delta. Lombard College. Galesburg, 111. Universalist; Opened 1851; Women admitted 1851; Valua- tion $160,000; Endowment $275,000; Faculty 16, Men 14, Women 2; Students 108, Men 52, Women 56; Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., B. D. Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Olive. Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta. University of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La. State; Opened 1860; Women admitted 1890; Valuation $1,000,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 38, Men 37, Women 1; Students 426, Men 495, Women 31; Tuition Free; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., C. E., E. E., M. E. Motto-None. Colors-None. Sororities- 1908, Phi Mu Gamma, Kappa Delta. Statistical Data. 123 University of Maine. Orono, Me. State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valuation $339,000; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 90, Men 86, V/omen 4; Students 884, Men 854, Women 30; Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., LL. B., Ph. C, M. A., M. S., LL. M., a E., M. E., E. E. Motto-None. Color-Light Blue. Sorority-1908, Alpha Omicron Pi. Miami University. Oxford, O. State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1892; Valuation $560,000; Income 1908-09 $150,000; Faculty 45, Men 38, Women 7; Students 535, Men 320, Women 215; Tuition $30; Expenses $300; Degree A, B. Motto-Prodesse Quant Conspici. - Colors-Red and White. Sorority-1902, Delta Zeta. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich. State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $2,851,378; Endowment $1,172,946; Faculty 344, Men 335, Women 9; Students 5082, Men 4258, Women 724; Tuition $20; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., D. S., Ph. D. Motto-Artes, Scientiay Veritas. Colors-Maize and Blue. Sororities-1879, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 1885 Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Alpha Phi; 1898, Alpha Chi Omega; 1906, Chi Omega; 1890, Alpha 124 Statistical Data. Epsilon Iota, (Med.); 1903, Sigma Alpha Iota/f(Mus.) 1904, Mu Phi Epsilon, (Mils.). In addition to the national sororities there is a local society called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a branch of New York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its aims and methods, however, are very similar to those of its rivals. The total membership is 200, the average active membership 20, the average annual initiation 6. The badge is a monogram of an Old English S and a simple C jewelled. The pledge pin is an oval of rose gold bearing a C linked to the upper part of the S. The colors are yellow and white. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minn. State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $4,550,000; Endowment $1,400,000; Faculty 239, Men 218, Women 21; Students 4846, Men 3418, Women 1438; Tuition $20; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., D. D. S., B. Pharm., B. S., B. Ag., M. Ag., A. C. MottO'None, Colors-Maroon and Gold, Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi; 1894, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1901, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.). Statistical Data 125 University of Mississippi. Oxford, Miss. State; Opened 1848; Women admitted 1882; Valuation $1,450,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 28, Men 27, Women 1; Students 344, Men 282, Women 62; Tuition Free;Ex- enses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S., B. E., M. A., LL. D. Motto-None. Colors-Red and Blue. Sororities-1899, Chi Omega; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. University of Missouri. Columbia, Mo. State; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $3,488,464; Endowment $1,257,838; Faculty 172, Men 164, Women 8; Students 2854, Men 2076, Women 778; Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., C. E., M. E., E. E. Motto-None. Colors-Old Gold and Black. Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi; 1909, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Gamma. University of Montana. Missoula, Mont. State; Opened 1895; Women admitted 1895; Valuation $350,000; Endowment $850,000; Faculty 25, Men 18, Women 7; Students 184, Men 83, Women 101; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S. Motto-None. ♦ Colors-None. Sororities-1909, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Tlieta. 126 Statistical Data. Mt. Union College. Alliance, O. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1846; Valuation $325,000; Endowment $122,000; Faculty 29, Men 18, Women 11; Students 524, Men 250, Women 274; Tuition $54; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. Motto-Sit Lux. Color-Roy ol Purple, Sororities-1902, Alpha Xi Delta; 1909, Alpha Sigma Alpha. University of Nashville. Nashville, Tenn. Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Women admitted 1875; Valuation $250,000; Endowment $70,000; Faculty 41, Men 6, Women 35; Students 1031, Men 629, Women 404; Tuition $15; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. L., M. D. MoUo-None. Colors-Garnet and Blue, Sorority-1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma. University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Neb. State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $1,800,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 246, Men 185, Women 61; Students 3611, Men 2077, Women 1534; Tuition Free; Expenses $225; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL.B.,M.D. Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and Cream, Sororities- 1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega. Statistical Data. 127 New York University. New York, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1831; Women admitted *1886; Valuation $3,200,000; Endowment $1,085,000; Faculty 259, Men 242, Women 17; Students 4200, Men 3280, Women 920; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. C. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., Pd. M., Pd. D., LL. B., LL. M., J. D., M. D., D. V. S. C. E. *The undergraduate college proper is not open to women. Motto-Perstare Et Praestare. Color-Violet. Sorority- 1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. Northwestern University. Evanston, 111. Methodist Episcopal; opened 1855; Women admitted 1873; Valuation $9,038,604; Endowment $7,070,139; Faculty 445- Men 403, Women 42; Students 3668, Men 2325, Women 1343, Tuition $100; Expenses $450; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M.; M. S., Ph. D. Motto-Quaecumque Sunt Vera. Color-Roy cd Purple. "^' Sororities- 1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa Gam- ma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, Chi Omega; 1907, Kappa Delta; 1909, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.). 128 Statistical Data. Ohio State University. Columbus, 0. State; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valuation $4,010,000; Endowment $830,000; Faculty 209, Men 193, Women 16; Students 3050, Men 2550, Women 500; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., C. E., M. E., E. M.,LL. B.,LL. M., D. V. M. Motto-None. Colors- Scarlet and Gray. Sororities-1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta. Ohio University. Athens, 0. State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation $1,500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 53, Men 33, Women 20; Students 1462, Men 653, Women 809; Tuition Free; Ex- penses $200; Degrees A. B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ped. Motto-Prae Omnibus Virtus. Colors-Olive Green a?id White. Sorority-1889, Pi Beta Phi; 1908, Alpha Gamma Delta. University of Oklahoma. Norman, Okla. State; Opened 1893; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $3,670,000; Faculty 54, Men 44, Women 10; Students 646, Men 410, Women 236; Tuition Free; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. G. Motto-Xone. Color s-Crimso7i and Cream. Sorority-1909, I^ppa Alpha Theta. Statistical Data. 129 University of Oregon. Eugene, Ore. State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valuation $1,000,050.57; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 102, Men 95, Women 7; Students 827, Men 532, Women 295; Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., C. E., M. E., Mech. E., M. D., LL. B., Motto-Mind Moves Mass, Colors-Lemon Yellow and Green, Sororities-1908, Gamma Phi Beta; 1909, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha Theta. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pa. Nonsectarian; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876*; Valua- tion $16,000,000; Endowment $8,000,000; Faculty, 454; Students 4570; Men 4170, Women 400; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., C. E., M. E., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., V. M. D. *A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. Motto-Literae Sine Morihus Vanae. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. Sororities-1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. Simpson College. Indianola, la. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1867; Valuation $133,000; Endowment $90,211; Faculty 46; Men 27, Women 19; Students 929, Men 458, Women 471; 130 Statistical Data. Tuition $41; Expenses $125; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., B. Mus. A. M., Ph. M., M. S. Motto-Xo7ie. Colors-Red and Old Gold. Sororities-1874,, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega. University of South Dakota. Vermilion, S. D. State: Opened 1881: Women admitted 1881; Valuation $500,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 50, Men 39, Women 11; Students 454, Men 274, Women 180; Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., B. Mus., LL. B. Motto- Veritas . Color- Vermilion. Sorority-1903, Alpha Xi Delta. University of Southern California. Los Angeles, Cal. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 1880; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $400,000; Faculty 205, Men 189, Women 16; Students 1383, Men 1013, Women 370, Tuition $70; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. D., LL. B., LL. M., D. D. S., B. D., Ph. G., C. E., E. E. MoUo-PcUmam Qui Meruit Ferat. Color-Gold, Sorority-1895, Alpha Chi Omega. Statistical Data. 131 Southwestern University. Georgetown, Tex. Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment SIOO^OOO; Faculty 28, Men 19, Women 9; Students 455, Men 219, Women 236; Tuition $63; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. Motto-None. Colors-Xone. Sororities-1906, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1907, Alpha Delta Phi; 1908, Phi Mu. St. Lawrence University. Canton, N. Y. Universalist; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valua- tion $200,000; Endowment $490,000; Faculty 26, Men 25, Women 1; Students 455, Men 352, Women 103; Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. D., LL. B. Motto-Fides Et Veritas, Colors-Scarlet and Brown. Sorority-1891, Delta Delta Delta. Swarthmore College. Swarthmore, Pa. Friends; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation $875,000; Endowment $973,000; Faculty 32, Men 26, Women 6; Students 343, Men 137, Women 206; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., C. E., M. E., E. E. Motto-None. Color-Garnet. Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 132 Statistical Data. Syracuse University, Syracuse. X. Y. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1S71: Women admitted 1871; Valuation $3,193,128; Endowment S2.0S1.450: Faculty 232, Men 190, Women 42; Students 3201, Men 1545. Women 1656; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degi'ees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., B. At., B. Mus., B. L.. B. Pd., B. L. S.. M. D., LL. B.. C. E., E. E., M. E. MotUhSuas Cultores Scientia Coroiiat. Col-or-Orange. Sororities-1872, Alpha Phi. Gamnia Phi Beta; 1SS3, Ivappa Kappa Gamma; 1889,, Kappa .AJpha Theta; 1896. Delta Delta Delta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1901. Delta Gamma: 1904, Alpha Xi Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta; 1905, Sigma Ivappa; 1907, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900. Zeta Phi (Med.); 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.). University of Tennessee. ' Knoxville, Tenn. State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valuation $762,500; Endowment $427,000; Faculty 103, Men 103, Women 5; Students 973, Men 731, Women 242; Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees. A. B.. B. S.. B. S. A., A. M.. M. S.. M. E., E. E., C. E.. M. S. A., LL. B., LL. M., M. D., D. D. S. Motto-Veritate?n Cog?wscetis Et Veritas Vos Liberabit. Colors-Orange aJid White. Sororities-1900, CM Omega; 1902, .Alpha Omicron Pi: 1904, Zeta Tau.\lpha: 1908, Phi Mu. Statistical Data. 133 University of Texas. Austin, Tex. State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valuation $800,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 120, Men 105, Women 15; Students 2273, Men 1433, Women 840; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. E., LL.B., M. D. MottO'None. Colors-Orange and White, Sororities-1902, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1904, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha, Alpha Delta Phi. Toronto University. Toronto, Can. Government; Opened 1843; Women admitted 1884; Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 223, Men 221, Women 2; Students 2333, Men 1792, Women 541; Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D., M. B., M. D., LL. B., LL. M., C. E., E. E., M. E., D. D. S., B. S. A. MottO'Velut Arbor Aevo. Colors-Azuret Argent. Sororities-1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1906, Alpha Phi; 1908, Pi Beta Phi, Zeta Phi (Med.). 134 Statistical Data. Transylvania University. Lexington, Ky. Christian; Opened 1799; Women admitted 1889; Valuation $452,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 64, Men 61, Women 3; Students 1109, Men 992, Women 117; Tuition $30; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., LL. B., LL. D., M. D. Motto-In Immine Illo Tradimus Lumen, Color-Crimson. Sororities-1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Beta Sigma Omicron; 1908, Delta Delta Delta. Tufts College. Tufts College, Mass. Universalist; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1892; Valua- tion $2,500,000; Endowment $1,500,000; Faculty 217, Men 214, Women 3; Students 1115, Men 987, Women 128; Tuition $125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., B. D., M. D., D. M. D. Motto-Pax Et Lux. Colors-Brown and Blue. Sororities-1907, Alpha Xi Delta; 1908, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1909, Zeta Phi (Med.). Union University. Jackson, Tenn. Baptist; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1890; Valuation $125,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 20, Men 13, Women 7; Students 300, Men 200, Women 100; Tuition $60; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. Motto-Religio et Eruditio.. Colors-Cardinal and Cream, Sorority-1903, Chi Omega; 1909, Sigma Sigma Sigma. Statistical Data. 135 Vanderbilt University. Nashville, Tenn. Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1875; Women admitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; Faculty 10; Students 884, Men 854, Women 30; Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., D. Sc, Ph. D., B. E., C. E., M. E., E. M., E. E. Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Black, Sorority-1904, Kappa Alpha Theta. University of Vermont. Burlington, Vt. State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1871; Valuation $1,038,500; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 45; Students 362, Men 297, Women 65; Tuition $80; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., M. S., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D. Motto-Stvdiis Et Rebus Honestis. Colors-Green and Gold. Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 1898, Pi Beta Phi. University of Washington. Seattle, Wash. State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation $2,500,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty ^ 96, Men 93, Women 3; Students 1846, Men 1059, Women 787; Tuition Free; 136 Statistical Data. Expenses $300: Degrees, A. B.. A. M.. LL. B.. B. S., M. E., C. E., M. E.. E. E., Forestry, Pharm. Motto-Lux-Sit. Colors-Purple arid Gold. Sororities-1903. Delta Gamma: 1903, Gamma Phi Beta: 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma, 1907, Pi Beta Phi,, Alpha Xi Delta: 1908. Ivappa Alpha Theta: 1909, .-Upha Gamma Delta, Chi Omega, Delta Delta Delta. Washington University. St. Louis. Mo. Xonsectarian: Opened 1S59: Women admitted 1S70; Valua- tion S9. 631.390. 66: Endowment $7,800,821.96: Faculty 169; Students 1058, Men 710, Women 348; Tuition $150; Expenses $250: Degrees, A. B., B. S.. M. A., M. S.. Ph. D., M. D., D. D. S., LL. B.. C. E.. M. E.. E. E.. Chem. E.. B. Arch. Motto-Per Veritatem Vi^. Colors-Myrtle and Maroon. Sororities-1906, Kappa .\lpha Theta: 1907, Pi Beta Phi. Wesleyan University. Middletown. Conn. Methodist Episcopal: Opened 1831; Women admitted 1872; Valuation $973,250; Endowment $1,572,485; Faculty 37, Men 36, Women 1; Students 328. Men 303, Women 25; Tuition $85; Expenses $400: Degrees. A. B.. B. S., M. A.. M. S. Motto-Xone. Colors -Cardinal and Black. Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1906, .-Upha Gamma Delta. Statistical Data. 137 University of West Virginia. Morgantown, W. Va. State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valuation, $769,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, Women 12; Students 1257, Men 700, Women 557; Tuition $50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., C. E. Motto-To-Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. Colors-Old Gold and Navy Blue. Sororities-1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, Kappa Kappa Gamma. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis. State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1867; Valuation $4,206,257.88; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 397, Men 368, Women 29; Students 4521, Men 3449, Women 1172; Tuition Free; Expenses $400; Degrees, B. A., B. S., Ph. B., M. A., M. S., Ph. D. Motto-Numen Lumen. Color-Cardinal. Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 1884, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Alpha Phi; 1898, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta. Wittenberg College. Springfield, O. Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Valuation $150,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 21, Men 19, Women 2; 138 Statistical Data. Students 366, Men 244, Women 122; Tuition $50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. D., M. A. MoUo-Hamng Light They Will Give to Others. ColorS'Cardinol and Cream. Sorority-1904, Alpha Xi Delta. Wooster University, Wooster, 0. Presb}i:erian; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Valua- tion $1,580,000; Endowment $705,000; Faculty 40, Men 29, Women 11; Students 667, Men 371, Women 296; Tuition $45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. Motto-Ex Viio Fonte. Colors Old Gold and Black. Sororities- 18 75, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma. Independent Colleges for Women. Of the fourteen independent colleges for women ranked as '^ A ^^ by the United States Commissioner of Education, three. The Woman's College of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon Woman's College and Wesleyan College, admit sororities, five, Elmira, Smith. Wellesley. Mills and Mt. Holyoke sanction local Greek letter societies and four. Vassar, Bryn MaT\T, Wells and Trinity are opposed to the fraternity system in any form. It does not seem so remarkable a circumstance that Vassar and Wells, established before sororities had gained any headway or Statistical Data. 139 any standing, are opposed to their admission as that Elmira^s first President and Wellesley's founder made ample provision for similar societies which are today an essential part of the life of these two colleges. The attitude of the Woman^s College of Baltimore and Randolph-Macon^s Woman's Col- lege in admitting sororities is probably due to the fact that they were not opened until the women's fraternities had established themselves in the leading universities of the country and had had opportunity to demonstrate their usefulness as a factor in college life. This idea is borne out by the fact that all the independent women's colleges started since 1885, with the exception of Bryn Mawr and Trinity, sanction sororities in some form or other. Whether the Woman's College of Balti- more and Randolph-Macon Woman's College, which are under Methodist control, were influenced by the experience of other Methodist colleges, DePauw, Syracuse, Boston, and North- western, which have been known for years as strong fraternity centres it is not the province of this article to say, but the fact is certainly noteworthy. Bryn Mawr. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Nonsectarian; Opened 1885; Valuation $1,784,000; Endow- ment $1,200,000; Faculty 47, Men 27, Women 20; Students 441; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D. Motto-Veritatem Dilexi. Colors-Yellow and White. 140 Statistical Data. Elmira College. Elmira, N. Y. Presbyterian; Opened 1885; Valuation $200,000; Endow- ment $72,000; Faculty 18. Men 7, Women 11; Students 229; Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. MoUo-None. Colors-Purple and Gold. As early as the year 1856 a literary society, kno^ii as Calisopliia, was organized under the guidance of President Augustus W. Coles, D. D. Union 1841, who for the period of thirty-five years administered the affairs of the college and who still holds an honored place on the faculty. Cali- sophia remained the only society for ten years, but owing to differences some of its members formed a new society, June 7, 1866, to which was give the name of Philomathea. It was not long before the rivals took on aU the characteristics of fraternity life and the change to Greek-Letter societies resulted quite naturally. Prior to 1903, membership was lim- ited only by the T\*ish of the active members, but at that time the admin- istration decided that neither should carry a chapter of more than twenty- five members. Kappa Sigma was founded in 1856, and has about 700 members. The badge is a monogram of the two letters intertwined and is frequently set with emeralds and pearls. The colors are green and white, and the pennant is green with a white monogram like the badge. The open motto is ''Per Aspera Ad Astra." The society has a handsomely furnished room in the college building. Phi Mu was founded June 7, 1866, and has about 600 members. The badge is a monogram, usually set with rubies and pearls, the Phi super- imposed upon the Mu. The pledge pin is a monogram stick pin of the same style, but much smaller. The colors are red and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The pennant is of red satin with Phi Mu in gold letters. The society has rooms with appropriate fittings. Statistical Data. 141 The Fraternity of Thespis was founded in October, 1901, but is not a secret organization, its chief purpose being the production of dramatic performances, based upon careful study and work. Members of Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu are on its roll. The badge is a skull and crossbones of oxydized silver with emeralds in the eyes. The society has a room in the college building and a hall on the campus known as Thespis Hall in which is the club's theatre. Mills College. Mills College, Cal. Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1871; Chartered as a college 1885; Present departments, seminary, making up the bulk of attendance, and college; Valuation $450,000; Endow- ment $300,000; Faculty 39, Men 8, Women 31; College Students 65; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L. Motto-For Christ and the World. Colors-White and Gold. Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as a society that should include all college students who wished to join, but was changed in 1900 to a secret organization. The total membership is 90. The badge is a gold Mu with the Sigmas superimposed upon it. The Sigmas may be jewelled, but only pearls or diamonds are used, as the society's colors are wliite and gold. The badge worn by pledge members is a monogram stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon a Sigma. Delta Theta Delta was established in 1899 and was the first secret society at Mills. The total membership is 80. The badge is an oblong of black enamel with the letters of the society's name in gold. The colors are green and black. 142 Statistical Data. Mount Holyoke College. South Hadley, Mass. Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered as a college 1888; Preparatory department dropped 1893; Valuation $869,961.19; Endowment $801,000; Faculty 97, Men 8, Women 89; Students 720; Tuition $125; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. MoUo-Psalm CLXIV-XIL Color-Pale Blue, Sigma Theta Chi was founded in 1887. The total membersliip is 160, the average active membership 25. The badge is composed of the three Greek let t err, either plain or jewelled, fastened to a gold bar three- quarters of an inch long. Xi Phi Delta was founded in 1891. The total membership is 150, the average active membership 25. The badge is a diamond-shaped shield supporting another of black enamel surrounded by a twist of gold. The three letters are of gold and are placed in order along the short diago- nal. The colors are purple and gold, the flower the pansy. Psi Omega was founded in 1897. The total membership is 125, the average active membership 25. The badge is a shield of gold, supporting another of black enamel surrounded by a fine gold beading. The second shield bears the letters in gold, the Psi being placed above the Omega. Gamma Kappa was founded in 1898. The total membership is 80, the average active membership 20. The badge is a monogram of the two letters, the Gamma superimposed upon the Kappa. The color is red, the flower the red rose. Chi Delta Theta was founded in 1902. The total membership is 70, the average active membership 20. The badge is an equilateral triangle set with pearls and supporting an inner triangle of black enamel with the gold letters of the society's name in the angles. The color is old gold, the flower the yellow rose. Statistical Data. 143 Randolph-Macon Woman's College. Lynchburg, Va. Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1893; Valuation $631,000; Endowment $218,000; Faculty 40, Men 15, Women 25; Students 414; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. Motto-None. Colors-Lemon and Black, Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1905, Delta Delta Delta; 1908, Alpha Sigma Alpha. Rockford College. Rockford, 111. Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1849; Chartered as a college 1892; Present departments, preparatory and col- lege; Valuation $190,000; Endowment $154,754; Faculty 22, Men 2, Women 20; Tuition $75; Expenses $275; Degrees, B. A., B. S. Motto-Decus Et Veritas. Colors-Purple and White. Smith College. Northampton, Mass. Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Valuation $675,500; En- dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 117, Men 31, Women 86, Students 1565; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. Motto-Add to Your Virtue Knowledge. ' Color-White. 144 Statistical Data. For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter society at Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to support two and when it seemed that competition would add strength and inspiration to the one already formed, it was decided that five members should go out from the first and organize a second on similar lines. These five were finally volunteers, as the matter was too delicate a one to put to vote. As a reward for their self-sacrifice they were permitted to retain their original membership, but they were the only students who ever belonged to both organizations. Although these two Greek-Letter Societies are not regarded by either students or faculty as secret sororities, the difference between them and the local secret societies at other colleges is very slight. The large mem- bership precludes any very close friendship such as the sororities seek to foster, and for this reason they resemble the class societies in vogue at some of the men's colleges. The letters of the Greek names have a special significance for the initiated and neither meetings nor membership are open. Rushing however, has been eliminated by a unique custom of allowing each society in turn first choice. One year one society has the pri\dlege of making the first dra\\dng, but the next year it goes to the other. If the society elects three members, the other takes the same number the following week, and so the drawings go on imtil the entire delegation is selected. Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as to the other, no one ever refuses an offer from one in the hopes of receiving an in\dtation from the other. There are always sixty members in each at the close of the year and this number is invariably made up of twenty-five seniors, twenty jimiors, and fifteen sophomores, though sophomores are not admitted until after the Christmas recess. The basis of member- ship is high scholarship, special literary power, or marked executive ability. Meetings are held once in three weeks at the rooms that each society has in the Students' Building. They are usually of a literary character, fol- lowed by a social gathering, but quite often a play is given. Once a year each has an open meeting when some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. The Alpha Society was founded three years after the college was opened. It aims to pro\4de instruction and entertainment for its mem- bers. The badge is of Roman gold and is a facsimile of a primitive Greek Alpha. The club color is red. Statistical Data. 145 Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to encourage a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary lines, and to bring into intimate relations those who have congenial interests. The badge con- sists of three equilateral triangles of white enamel, each bearing one letter of the society^s name in gold and all meeting at a common centre under a single pearl. Each one of the three equal spaces between the triangles is filled with a gold fleur de lis. The club color is gold, the flower the daf- fodil. Trinity College. Washington, D. C. Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $80,000; Endowment $10,000; Faculty 25, Men 8, Women 17; Students 110; Tuition $100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B. Motto-JJnitas in Trinitate. Colors-Silver and White. Vassar College. Poughkeepsie, N. .Y Nonsectarian; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,784,314; Endow- ment $1,385,754; Faculty 101, Men 17, Women 84; Students 1018; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M. Motto-None. Colors-Rose and Gray. Wellesley College. Wellesley, Mass. Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Valuation $1,706,525; En- dowment $806,000; Faculty 96, Men 12, Women 84; Students 1096; Tuition $175; Expenses $300; Degrees B. A., M. A. Motto-Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. Color-Dark BliLe. 146 Statistical Data. In November, 1876, Mr, Henry F. Durant, founder of Wellesley Col- lege, suggested to representative students that two societies devoted to social and literary ends should be organized. In June, 1881, these were disbanded because of faculty opposition, but were reorganized eight years later through the efforts of the charter members. There is a general impression among sorority women that Wellesley societies are not secret organizations, since they publish their formal programs in the college papers. It is true that only two. Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha, were secret in the beginning, but since 1889 all claim that they are both secret and select, and emphasize the fact that they do not tell outsiders even their colors or their flowers. In the early history of the societies freshman were admitted, but as years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of all to postpone the elections to membership. This conservatism culminated in an inter- society compact made in June, 1904, to extend to invitations to new mem- bers before the first day of Christmas vacation of their sophomore year. With the increasing attendance, it seems only a question of time when the societies will restrict their membership to the junior and senior classes. The society houses at Wellesley are unlike the fraternity houses of other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their members during the college course. They resemble the handsomely furnished club house of city and town and contain a hall for meetings, a library, a den, a kitchen and cloak rooms. Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen charter mem- bers. Its aim is to give ''Additional literary training and social inter- course, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship and to unite the interests of the undergraduates' \ The society was disbanded in 1881, and reestablished May 17, 1889. It is the only Wellesley society that placed a chapter elswhere, the Beta chapter being located at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., from 1893-1903. The total member- ship of the Alpha Chapter is 350, the average active membership 25. The badge is a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome house on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built in 1900 and is a model of an Italian villa. Statistical Data. 147 Zeta Alpha was founded November 6, 1876, discontinued in June, 1881 and reestablished in the Fall of 1889. The society always has one open meeting during the year to show its guests something representative hf its work. Its annual colonial ball has become quite a feature of the col- lege life. The total membership is 375, the average active membership 25. Its badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of Western Reserve University are identical in size and shape, but the pin of Zeta Alpha is all of gold with a fascmile of an old Roman lamp across the centre. In the upper angle is a star set with a turquoise and in the lower angle are the letters Zeta and Alpha in blue enamel. The Society's house is a handsome colonial structure with the grounds laid out to represent an old colonial garden. The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim is ''The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of development. It was at first an open club and many who belonged to Phi Sigma or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among its members, but when these two were reestablished in 1899 as secret societies, it was put upon the same basis. The total membership is 625, the average active membership 40. The badge is a gold mask with a silver quill through the left eye and above the mask the facsimile of Shakespeare's autograph on his will. The society's house, erected in 1898 on Tree Day Green, is a copy of Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford and is one of the picturesque sights of Wellesley. The annual play, presented out of doors in Rhododendron Hollow, is always one of the memorable occasions of the commencement season. Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1899 as the ''Art Society". The name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, viz. "To disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the beautiful in cre- ative art and nature on the one hand, on the other to bring its members into closer fellowship with one another". The total membership is 250, the active membership 40. The badge is of gold and represents an ancient chariot wheel with a wing fastened on the axle. On the felloe are the initials of the society's name in violet enamel. The society's house, con- taining a hall, fashioned after the old English style with plastered walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fire place and balcony is one of the feat- ures of the Wellesley campus. The members give two unique affairs each year, the Studio Reception and the Fall Musical. 148 Statistical Data. The Agora received its charter giving it a right to exist as one of the six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time it had been a pohtical club founded by a few freshmen in the \dllage who met to discuss pohtical questions. Its aim is ^^To create in its members an intelligent interest in the political questions of the day". The total membership is 200, the average active membership 40. The badge represents the helmet of Athena and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek characters of Wellesley blue enamel. The society ^s house is beautifully situated near Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the style of a Greek temple. The Agora gives three prominent entertainments during the year, a Recep- tion on Washington's Birthday, a Military Ball during the Spring and an Open Meeting at which the society shows to about 600 guests what its work is. Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as ''the Classical Society". Its aim was ''To further the interest in ancient Greek and Roman drama, literature and art and their influence on modern drama, literature and art". In 1897 the name was changed and the society became a secret organization. The total membership is 200, the average active member- ship 30. The badge is a scroll of black enamel. The society house, erected recently and not yet finished, is modelled after a private Roman house and is lighted entirely from above. Wells College. Aurora, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1868; Valuation $183,500; Endow- ment $263,000; Faculty 22, Men 7, Women 15; Students 155; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A. Motto-Habere Et Dispertire. Color-Cardinal, Statistical Data. 149 The Woman's College of Baltimore. Baltimore, Md. Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1888; Valuation $1,400,000; Endowment $785,000; Faculty 27, Men 14, Women 13; Students 356; Tuition $150; Expenses $300. Degree, A. B. Motto-I Thess. V. 23. Colors-Dark Blue and Old Gold, Sororities-1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893, Gamma Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899, Delta Delta Delta; 1909, Alpha Gamma Delta. In addition to these branches of the national organizations there is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which was organized in 1892, and has a total membership of 150. The society has no desire to afl&liate with any sorority and though it has a national charter it does not intend to establish other chapters. The badge is an arch bearing the let- ters of the society's name and a Sphinx head. The colors are old rose and white, the flower the chrysanthemum. Affiliated Colleges. The word afl&Uated is used to designate such colleges for women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the adminis- tration of a college for men. The woman's college may, or may not, have an individual name, but in every case the separa- tion is complete. Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they are, they show many marked differences in the methods employed in furnishing the instruction to the women students. In the case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879, by a corpora.tion under the name of ^'The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women'', 150 Statistical Data. but popularly known as ^^Harvard Annex" until its incorpora- tion as a college for women in 1894, the instruction is given by members of the Harvard faculty. Though most of its courses are identical with courses in Harvard and all are of the same grade as those given by the University, yet many listed in the different departments of the College of Arts and Sciences are not open to students at Radcliffe. Newcomb College was opened in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane University, but it is located in a different section of New Orleans and has a faculty of its own. The recent Phi Beta Kappa charter grant to Tulane has been interpreted as including Newcomb. At Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated as an undergraduate woman's college of Columbia, the courses are given by professors appointed by the trustees of the University. Barnard gi-aduates re- ceive their degrees from Columbia and may take up post- graduate work at the University under the same conditions as men. Brown University admitted women informally to certain privileges as early as 1892 and established the Woman's College as a regular department in 1897. Western Reserve University became coeducational in 1872, but made a change in policy in 1888. As long as coeducation existed the woman were eligible to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1906 at the suggestion of the fraternity's senate, a special Woman's Section of the Western Reserve chap- ter was formed and arrangement made to include past graduates of the Woman's College. Florida State College, opened at Tallahassee in 1851, became coeducational in 1888, but altered this arrangement in 1905, when it established a college for women at Tallahassee, and a college for men. called Florida Universitv, at Gainesville. Statistical Data. 151 Radclifife is the only affiliated college where no form of the Greek-Letter Society exists, but this is due to local conditions rather than to any definite policy of opposition on the part of the administration. In the case of the Woman's College of Western Reserve the authorities feel that the local societies are best for the women students, though fraternities are coun- tenanced among men. Barnard College. New York, N. Y. Nonsectarian; Opened 1889; Valuation $561,007; Endow- ment $700,000; Faculty 67, Men 52, Women 15; Students 624; Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree A. B. Motto-Hepomene To Logismo. Colors-Pale Blv£ and White, Sororities- 1891, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1898, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Gamma Phi Beta; 1903, Alpha Phi; 1903, Delta Delta Delta; 1904, Pi Beta Phi; 1906, Chi Omega. Brown University. Providence, R. I. Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Woman's College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endowment $2,500,000; Faculty 84, Men 81, Women 3; Students 994, Men 814, Women 180; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., M. S., A. M., Ph. D. Motto-Deo Speramus. Colors- Brown and White, Sororities-1897, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1908, Sigma Kappa. 152 Statistical Data. Florida State College for Women. Tallahassee, Fla. State; Opened as affiliated college 1905; Faculty 23, Men 9, Women 14; Students 257; Tuition Free; Expenses $107; De- grees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., MottO'None. Colors-Royal Purple and Old Gold, Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1908, Chi Omega, Alpha Kappa Psi; 1909, Alpha Delta Phi. Newcomb College. New Orleans, La. Nonsectarian; Opened 1887; Valuation $700,000; Endow- ment $3,100,000; Faculty 38, Men 12, Women 26; Students 460; Tuition $100; Expenses $225; Degree, A. B. Motto-None. Colors-Light Blue and Bronze, Sororities-1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, Chi Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Alpha Delta Phi; 1907, Phi Mu. Radcliffe College. Cambridge, Mass. Nonsectarian; Opened 1879; Valuation $871,000; Endow- ment $530,000; Faculty 102, Men 102, Women 0; Students 468; Tuition $200; Expenses $550; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D. Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and White. Statistical Data. 153 Western Reserve University. Cleveland O. Nonsectarian; Opened 1826; Women admitted 1872; Woman^s College created 1888; Valuation $1,672,585; Endow- ment $2,019,142; Faculty 214, Men 191, Women 23; Students 104, Men 674, Women 337; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., A. M. Motto-None. Colors-Gold and White. Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total membership is 76. Its founders intended that only students of Greek should be ad- mitted, but this policy has been changed within the last few years. The badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully shaped, outlined with gold scroll work and bearing the Greek letters in gold. The pledge pin is a circle of gold with a bar across the centre. On the upper half of the circle are the words Delta Phi Upsilon, engraved in Greek characters. The colors are dark blue and gold, the flower, the pansy. Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total membership is 68. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides outlined with a row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with four concave sides bears the three Greek letters in gold. The colors are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The pledge pin is of black enamel, identical in shape and size with the inner portion of the badge. Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership is 80. The badge is a five pointed star set with pearls along the edges. An inner raised star of black enamel bears the gold letters Phi Kappa Zeta. The colors are black and gold, the flower, the daffodil. Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total membership is 68. The badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined with pearls and the comers emphasized with emeralds. An inner raised portion of black enamel bears the Greek letters of the society^s name, the Sigma being placed above the Psi. The pledge pin is a monogram of the two letters, 154 Statistical Data. the Sigma being of gold and the Psi of green enamel. The colors are green and gold, the flower the daffodil. The flag is a pennant with gold letters on a green background. The open motto is '' Ever faithful." Theta Phi Omega was founded in 1904. Its total membership is 41. The emblem is an inverted shield outlined with pearls, supporting an inner raised shield of black enamel, bearing the sorority letters in gold. The pledge pin is of gold and has four concave sides with an inner circle of black enamel. The colors are brown and gold, the flower, the yellow daisy. Coordinate Colleges. p^ The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segrega- tion policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 1902 has been copied by a number of colleges especially in the East and Middle West. All these institutions were coeduca- tional for a longer or shorter period and made the change for a variety of reasons, one because of the increasing enrolment of women students, another because of the decreasing attendance of men students, a third to enable the women to enjoy a more distinct social life. At present separation in chapel exercises and in the required work of the college is as far as most of them have followed in the lead of Chicago. Strangel}^ enough the authorities in charge of the women of this large university are opposed to the admission of branches of the national sororities, while the small colleges welcome them heartily. Statistical Data. 155 Bucknell University. Lewisburg, Pa. Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Woman's College created 1905; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women 1; Students 514, Men 373, Women 141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. Motto-None, Colors-Orange and Blue. Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Deha Delta. Chicago University. Chicago, 111. Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Woman's Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; Endow- ment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; Students 4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition $120; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., A. M., Ph. M., S. M., Ph. D., D. B., Ed. B., LL. D., J. D. Motto-None. Color-Maroon, Sorority- Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total membership is 75. The badge is a half-inch square of gold, the entire space being covered with the word Esoteric in green and white enamel. The pledge pin is a square of green enamel displaying the letter' E in white enamel. The colors are green and white, the flower the white rose. 156 Statistical Data The Monar Board was organized Xovember 10. 1894. The total membership is 9C>. The badge is of dark blue eiiam.el and is designed to represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. The pledge pin is a square with bevelled edges, bearing the letters M B in gold on a field of blue enamel. The Quadranglers was organized in January. 1S95. The total member- ship is So. The badge is a square of black enamel with gold edges, the lowest angle pierced with the letter Q. which is set with ten pearls, the tail of the Q being of black enamel. The colors are black and white. The Wy^-em was founded in October, 1S98. The total membership is 50. The badge is a W set with either pearls or diamonds and entwined with a winged dragon or wy^-em of gold. The pledged member wears a silver ring encircled by a dragon. The colors are gold and white, the flower the chrysanthemimi. The flag shows a white dragon on a yellow field. Phi Beta Delta was fotmded in December. 1899. The total member- ship is 50. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of rose gold, through which and aroimd which twines a winged dragon holding a sapphire in its mouth. The letters appear in the angles of the triangle. The pledge pin is an open triangle of dark blue enamel. The colors are dark blue and gold, the flower the yeUow chr^'santhemum. The jewel is the sapphire. Colby College. Wate^^^lle. Me. Baptist: Opened 1S20: Women admitted 1871; Woman's Di^ision created 1S90: Valuation $275,000: Endowment $470,000: Faculty 17. Men 15. Women 2: Students 240, Men 124, Women 116: Tuition $90: Expenses $160: Degrees. A. B.. B. S. Motto-Lux Mentis Scientia. Colors-Gray and Blue. Sororities-lS74. Sigma Kappa: 1906. Chi Omega: 1908. Delta Delta Delta. Statistical Data. 157 Middlebury College. Middlebury, Vt. Nonsectarian; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; Woman's College created 1902; Valuation $500,000; Endow- ment $600,000; Faculty 21, Men 20, Women 1; Students 228, Men 120, Women 108; Tuition $80; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. Motto-Scientia Et Virtics. Colors-Blue and White. Sorority-1893, Pi Beta Phi. 158 Men's Featerxities. MEN'S FRATERNITIES. ALPIL\ CHI RHO-lSGo-Brooklj-n Pol. Inst., Columbia, ComeU, Dickinson. Lafayette, Pennsylvania, S\Tacuse, Trinity, Virginia, Washing- ton and Lee, Yale — 11. ALPHA DELTA PHI-1832-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, C. C. X. Y., Chicago, Columbia, ComeU, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Johns Hopkins. Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto, Trinity. L'nion, Wesleyan, Western Reserve. Williams. Wisconsin, Yale — 24. ALPHA SIG^L\ PHI-lS45-Comell. Illinois, Marietta, Michigan, Ohio State, Yale — 6. ALPILl TAU OMEGA-lS6.5~Adrian. .-Uabama, .\la. Pol. Inst., Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell. Emory, Florida. Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., HiUsdale, lUinois, Iowa State CoUege, Kansas, Kentucky, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan. Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. L^nion, Muhlenburg, Nebraska, Xorth Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College. Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst.. Simpson, St. Lawrence, Southern, South- western Presbyterian, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (X. C), Tufts, Tulane, I^nion L'niversity. L^niversity of the South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester Pol. Inst. —60. BETA THETA PI-1839-.Ajnherst. Beloit, Bethany, Boston, Bowdoin, Brown. California. Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colgate, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Da\ddson, Denison, Denver, DePauw, Dickinson, Hampden-Sydney, Hanover, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State CoUege, Iowa Wesleyan, Johns Hopkins, Kansas Kenyon, Knox, Lehigh, Maine, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Xebraska, X'orth CaroHna, X'onhwestem, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Oregon, .-■¥-,rr^ v«>>^*» '^ ■•w ■ii'^ r. T-k Litcravp JFratcrmtird Men's Fraternities. 159 Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, St. Lawrence, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Union, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Yale — 72. CHI PHI-1824-Amherst, Cahfomia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Emory, Franklin and Marshall, Hampden-Sydney, Georgia, Ga., Sch. Tech., La- fayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Shef- field, Stevens, Texas, Vanderbilt — 19. CHI PSI-1 841 -Amherst, California, Chicago, Cornell, Georgia, Hamil- ton, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, Union, Wesleyan, Williams, Wisconsin — 17. DELTA KAPPA EPSILON-1844-Alabama, Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Hamilton, Illinois, Kenyon, Lafayette, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michigan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wes- leyan, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale — 42. DELTA PHI-1827-Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Le- high, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, Sheffield, Union, Virginia — 12. DELTA PSI-1847-Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mississippi, Penn- sylvania, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams — 8 DELTA SIGMA PHI-1901-Ala. Pol. Inst., C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Trinity (Texas), Washington and Lee— 9. DELTA TAU DELTA-1859-Albion, Allegheny, Armour Inst. Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dart- mouth, DePauw, Emory, George Washington, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Illinois, 160 Men's Fraternities. Indiana, Indianapolis, Iowa, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Stevens, Texas, Tulane, Tufts, University of the South, Vander- bilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wiscon- sin — 52. DELTA UPSILON-1834-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, DePauw, Hamilton, Harvard, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Middlebury, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Swart hmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, LTnion, Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin —38. KAPPA ALPHA (Northern )-l 82 5-Comell, Hobart, Lehigh, McGiU, Toronto, Williams, Union — 7. KAPPA ALPHA (Southem)-1865-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Bethany, California, Central, Charleston, Davidson, Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), George Wash- ington, Hampden-Sydney, Johns Hopkins, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Mercer, Millsaps, Mississippi, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Southern, Southwestern, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, Transylvania, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Wash- ington and Lee, Westminster, West Virginia, William and Mary, William Jewell — 47. KAPPA SIGMA-1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Baker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado College, Col. Sch. Mines, Cornell, Cumberland, Dartmouth, Da\ddson, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., George Washington, Hampden-Sydeny, Harvard, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kentucky State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Ag. Col., Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, Men's Fraternities. 161 New York, New Hampshire, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph- Macon, Riclmaond, Southwestern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vander- bilt, Vermont, Virginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washburn, Washington, Washington State, Washington State College, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wisconsin — 77. PHI DELTA THETA-1848-Alabama, Ala., Pol. Inst., Allegheny, Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colby, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Emory, Franklin, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ne- braska, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Ran- dolph-Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Westminster, Williams, Wisconsin — 72. PHI GAMMA DELTA-1848--Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst, Bethel, Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Hanover, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa State College, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Richmond, Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity, Union, Virginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, William Jewell, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester, Yale — 57. PHI KAPPA PSI-1852-Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Brooklyn Pol- Inst., Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate, Columbia, Cornells Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Illinois, Indiana, 162 Men's Fraternities. Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Lafayette, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsyl- vania, Pennsylvania College, Purdue, Stanford, &warthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 44. PHI KAPPA SIGMA-1850-Alabama, Armour, California, Chicago, Columbia, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Ga. Sch. Tech., Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Richmond, Tulane, Vander- bilt, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin — 26. PHI SIGMA KAPPA-1873-Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Washington, Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Queens, Stevens, St. John's, St. Lawrence, Swart hmore, Union Virginia, West Virginia, Williams, Yale — 24. PI KAPPA ALPHA-1868-Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Davidson, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Georgetown (Ky.), Hampden-Sydney, Kentucky, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Millsaps, Mo. Sch. Mines, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Presbyterian, Richmond, Roanoke, Southern, Southwestern Presbyterian, Tennessee, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, University of the South, Virginia, Washington and Lee, William and Mary —28. PSI UPSILON-1833-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, CaHfomia, Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Kenyon, Lehigh, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Syracuse, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Yale — 22. SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON-1856-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Allegheny, Arkansas, Bethel, Boston, Bucknell, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Cumber- land, Dartmouth, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Emory, Franklki, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Men's Fraternities. 163 Inst. Tech., Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Union, Nebraska, North CaroHna, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, St. Stephen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washing- ton and Lee, Wisconsin, Worcester — 70. SIGMA CHI-1855-Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, Bucknell, Butler, Cali- fornia, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado College, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, George Washington, Hanover, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Penn- sylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Pittsburg, Purdue, Southern Cali- fornia, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Utah, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster — 6L SIGMA NU-1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Arkansas, Bethany, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, Columbia, Cornell, Cornell College (Iowa), Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Howard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, Louisiana, Mercer, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Montana, Mt. Union, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Northwestern, Nebraska, Ohio State, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst., Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington and Lee, Western Reserve, West Virginia, William Jewell, Wisconsin — 63. SIGMA PHI-1827-Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, Lehigh, Michigan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 9. SIGMA PHI EPSILON-1901-Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, Colorado, Dartmouth, Delaware, Ga. Sch. Tech., Ilhnois (Med. Col.), Jefferson Med. 164 Men's Fraternities. Col., Lehigh, X. C. A. 4| «^ .<^^% ^, "' "co^ xO^^. •"oo^ A \^°^. ' ^ '^' ^-^ .V' ^<- -^yi^.^ '^ % .- ^r ^ , , ^ * ■, s o ' ^0 r- ^^ oV> ^^' \'^W.^ -^ % ,•0' v»"'*. "^^ A-^^ ^""-^ ,V ••/-.• J^