^*^M ^^:- /\, -^K^ /-% 'M % ,^' ^' ^- ^0 V*, A c ^^- .^^ s, J p.> -^ ^-"sr^ ^«, ^.' % .\ THE 'i^S,/ GERMAN IN AMERICA, OR ADVICE AND INSTRUCTION FOR GERMAN EMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A READER FOR BEGINNERS IN THE ENGLISH AND GERMAM LANGUAGES. F. W. BOGEN, PASTOR IN BOSTON, MASS, CONTENTS : GENEKAI. EEMARKS. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF VASHINGTON. SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF FRANKLIN. THIRD EDITI0>7. BOSTON : B. II. Greene, 124 Washington-street ; ; NEW- YORK : D. Fansiiaw, 108 Nassau-street, corner of Ann. / 18 5 2. ^iffrf ^ III ^inf^rii^ ct)cc flic fceutfcbc ^iimrtubcret in ben SJetetnigteti ^iinaitn i)ou ^Iiitetif'rt, SUglcicI) eitt ScfcBtt<^ fiir ^nfdiigcr in t>cv cnglifrfiew t»cn $. m 38ngni, ^farrcc in 23c>ftcn, ?}^atlacf)ufctt6. ?(nc\cmclnc 9?cmcrfunc;cn. 35ic Scnftituticn ^cr ^Bercini(\tfn ©taotcn. Umri9 tco Scbcivo SOJn'ohinc^tcn'^. Umrip t>c» 2c0cn» ^ranflin'^, S)rittc 2(ui?9atjc. ffiofion : 35. .<3. © r c c n c, 1:24 SS^a^bingtcnfir. X852. Entered according to Act rf Congress, by Rev. Feedekick W, Bogeii m the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District ol New-York. D. Fanshaw, Printer and Stereotyper, 35 Ann, corner of Nassau-street as o t tt> o 1 1* 5(nft3rud)^to^ mtb bef(i)eit)en tvetcn bicfe 3ci(cit tjor bid) l)tu, tieber ?efer» 2)cn ®d)rciber bevfelbeu befeette nur cin ©trebcit, nur ein 5Bunfdv nam* lid) bcr, fcineu cimvanberubeu I'anb^teuten nul^id) ^u werbeu itub il)uen— tvie er cjlaubt tl)rer i^age cnt* fpred)cube— 9iatl)fd)ldge s« crtl)ci(en. ^cfnvcijen l)cp cr auf il)re (jiitige 9iad}jTd)t mit ben SSlanc^cln unb Unyollfommcnl)eitcu bcr iiad)fcfgenben 3^1^^"/ inbem cr i()nen s«gteid) ^uruft: ^riifet Mc^ unb baa fdcflc hcljaltct. INTRODUCTION Kind* reader ; These lines approach thee in a modest^ and unpretending^ spirit. The writer is animated only by the desire^ of being useful to his immigrant countrymen, and to give them advice,5 adapted,^ as he believes, to their circumstances. He bespeaks, therefore, his reader's indulgence"'' to the following imperfect lines, requesting him at the same time to examine the whole and retain^ the better part. 1 gcnclflt, UcK — 2 tcfcl)cit)cn. — 3 nnfprucl) iti(]tcn ©taatcn i>on 5(mcvifa. (Jin (]voilcr Segcn cmvfanj^t jcbcn bcntfd)cn (ii\u ivanbcrcr, fobvitb cr \>k Stn\1c bicfe»o ^*anbcd bctritt: cr fomnit in cin frcici^ Vanb; frci i^cn bcm ITrucF bc^ I^cfpotii^mnii^, frci ihmi ^Viinfc,qicn nnb ^Dicno^ polcn, fici i>LMt bcr l^^|l: nncrfcl)tt.>in(3(id)cr Etcncrn unb ^(bo^'tf'^'iV fi'^i ^^^'" ©lanbcn^? nnb ^ciDijJcn^^ ^tvang. 5Jrci nnb nngei)inbert fann cin ^ctier rcifcn, n>o^ l)in cr miU nnb fid) nicbcrfajTcn, mo c^ ibm gcfaUt; fein ^ci^ mirb vcrlan(]t, fcine ^cli^d mi\d)t jTd) in fcine 5(n(3c(c(]cnbcitcn nnb bcmmt fcinc 5?cn>c^nn* Qcn, 35er il)m lic.qt bai^ ,qrof?c ?anb mit fcincn nn^ erfd)L>pf(id)cn .^iilfi^qncUcn: mit fcincm frnd)tbaren S5oben, mit fcincn crqicbi(]cn ^Qcincn, mit fcincm nn^ crmcf?(id)cn 9Tcid)t()nm an ^Vebnftcn, fomoM bc^ ^flan^en? aU bc^ !ll)icrrcid)c?, \x>cid)e cr i)orI)er inm ADVICE TO IMMIGRANTS. ^ However different may be the reasons which induce' Germans to leave their fatherland and come to America, yet they all agree- in one wish— to live here free and happy. And indeed perhaps^ no country in the world offers such various oppor- tunities^to fiicilitate^ the accomplishment of this purpose^ as the United States of America. A great blessing"'' meets® the German emigrant the moment he steps upon these shores:^ He comes into a free country ; free from the oppression of despotism, free from privileged orders and mono- polies, free from the pressure of intolerable'^ taxes and imposts, free from constraint'^ in matters of belief and conscience. Every one can travel, free and untrammelled,^^ whither'3 he will, and settle where he pleases. No passport is demanded, no police mingles in his af- fairs and hinders his movements.'* Before him lies the country, exhaustless'^ in its resources, with its fruitful soii,'^ its pit)ductive mines, its immense'*' products, both of the vegetable and animal king- 1 Kvanlaffcn. — a uOoroinftimmcn. — 3 yidtcicbt. — 4 ^tc ®c(cci?crhn(H'n. 7 ^cr (gc.icn.— 8 (H'aociuMi.— 9 Mc .^ afro.— 10 uncrtrJiadd). 11 tor 3ivana.— 1'2 1^u'>cf^in^crt —13 ivcliin.— 14 Mc 2^oivc« Qungcn.— 15 inu'rfd)opf(icl).— 16 t)cc.^3ct)cn.— 17uncrmc(;'(i4 8 Zi^eii nod) nie 9efe()cu, mit feincit itn^dfjligen (Btah^ ten uub ^orfern, \r>oxin ®cn)crbfleig, ^aubcl uni) 5BoI)01ant) b(iil)t. X^cn flei^i^en 5lcfcrdmaim latct bcr fernc 5Be|ten, ja ba^ (^anjc l^anb, cin, feincu (Ecl)eog ^u biird)fur^ d)en mtb bic (Ecl)alpe bcjydbcn ^u crnbten ; bcr ge* fd)icftc §anbu)crfLT iinb ^iinrtlcr finbet ol)ne lawQC^ 8ud)cn faft iibcraK Untcrfnnft in ben (Etabten nnb anf bcm ?anbc; bcr @c(el)rte \\t rviiifommcn mit fcincn .ftVnntnijTcn, mcnn cr jTc nnr jnni^ICcl)(eber ©cfettfd^aft an^u\v)cnbcn vcrRcl)r. ^ 60 ^ai)ivc\d) inbcjycn bie .N^ilfi^qucdcn ^nb, bic biefc^ ^awt) barbictct nub fo grof? bic ?cid)rlc]fcit ijl, mit mcKlicr balJelbc im 5lUacmcincn cin [d)nc((e^ Untcrfcmmcn gcmabrf, fo ^al)lrcid) finb and) t)ie •Idnfdinngcn nnb (3cfd)citcvtcn .s^ojfnnngcn, bcncn fo Dicb: 5(n^tvanbcrcr anl)cimfaltcn. UBic mand)cr nnb gmar rcd)tfd)nffcnc, ijcn bm bcftcn ©rnnbfdlscn bcfccltc, 5lnou>anbcrcr trcinmt (let), cl)e er tia^ ^anb fcincr '^atcv Dcvldf^t, in ber iiencn ^Bc(t cin @(iicf jn finben, UH'(d]Ci^ ibm bie ^Nii1(id)feit nie gcwdbrt; tvie mand)ci' cnhvirft uvihrenb bcr Uebcrfabrt ^Manc bcr ^^banta^(e, tie nie ^nr ^(n^fitbrnng fLMiimen; \m mand)er nnter^ nimmt bci fcincr 5(nfnnft rin(]c, tic ibn balb bittct (jercnen nnb an fcincDcrfeblte^^M'ftunmnn.q cvinncrn. 5iid)t fcltcn ftnbcn u>ir ^Ini^umiibcrcr nacb eincm fitr^eren ober Idnqcren 5(nfcntbaltc,— ,5nu>cilcii fd)ou in ten crjlen Xa.qcn nad) ihrcr Slnfnnfr,— cnt{dnfd)t. dom, a portion of which he nas never before seen ; its countless cities and villages, where flourish in- dustry, commerce, and wealth. The industrious farmer is invited by the " Far West,"' even by the whole country, to farrow its bosom and reap its treasures. The skillful and active craftsman' and artist readily finds a liveli- hood in the country and the cities, with but little effort. The scholar is welcomed with his attain- ments,2 if he has only the ability to turn them to the benefit of society. - As immcrous, however, as are the resources which this country aflbrds, and as great as are the facilities with which it offers a ready support, yet numerous are the illusions^ and disappointed hopes, of which so many immigrants are the victims. How many honest and good principled immi- grants dream, before they leave the country of their fathers, that they shall find in the New World hap- piness which reality never furnishes -* how many visions of glory during the voyage fill their anxious hearts that they never realize ;5 how many a one on his arrival here, undertakes things which he soon repents of, and which remind him of the failure of his attempts. Frequently we see immigrants, after a shorter or longer sojourn, sometimes even during the first days after their arrival, disappointed,*' dis- 1 ^cr .Noantivcvfvmann. — 2 Me .^iMintnifyo. — 3 Me Sum fd)!!!!^. — 4 c;civa(}vcn. — 5 s»cnvir{(icl)cn. — G p,ctaufcl)t. 10 t)oUer Miac^cix unb 53efd)merbei?, mit 5peimn)cl) he* \)C[ftct itnb DoII 2>er(an(}en „itad} ben g(cifrf)topfctt t)on @(jt)ptcu^' ^uriicf3iifcl)rcn. 3iT/ aKerbing^ i^ fiiv |Te 2(merifa (]{ctrf)fam cine ^IBilbernig, buret) \vcUi)c (Te ^u giel)cu I)a5en, bei)oi* fte in ta^ r/Selobte ?anb" gelancjcn. Uiib \v>ol)n biefe traiiricien (5Tfd)einun(3cn, biefc gcfd)citertcn ^iinfd^e nub .^offunncjen ? 5(b(]efel)en Don (Ed)icffa(cu nub Uugliicfi^ fallen, tt)e(d)e anj^er bcm ^ercidje meufd)nd)cr 2Sorfid)t iicQen, ftnben ftc n)ol)l barin ibre ^'rftdniu(3, bag fo t)ie{c ^inmanberer Don Dorn I) e vein iljvc nene ^acjentdjt rid] tig anffaffcn nnbnid)t t)cn mntl), bic^raft nub ^•infid)t bcfi(>en, fid) biefer nenen l^age (^emcig ^n benel)men. ^sor aUeui Dcrgid]te ber (viuiDaubcrer anf ben nn^* ()litcflid)en ©ebanfen, burd) cin ftarre^ ^cjt^ I) a (ten an feinen friihcrcn ®c\Dol)ul)citen nnb' @el)rdnd)en , burd) n u b c it> c g I i d) e (3ici dy g ii ( t i g f c i t Qcoicw bic Sprad)e, ben ©ei(T, hie fof ciaien nub poIitifd)cn 2Serl)dltnijye biefcd Vaube^, f[d] fcin Unterfommen ju ericid)tern, feine ^iivQevf pflid)ten ^n erfiiKen nub fid) ein QlMiidje^ ^eben ju bereiten. 3 5Ba^ s n e r ft unfer g o r t f o m m e n anbefan(jt, fo f[ub anr faft uberaK nub fa|l in atten gdtten anf bie ^riernnncj ber eu(jHfd)en ^Bprad)C an^ ^cwiefen, nub dngern tie gortfd)ritte, weldje \m 11 couraged, full of lamentation and complaints, home- sick, and longing' to return again to the " fleshpots of Egypt." Indeed, America is to them a wilder- ness, through which they must pass before they can reach " the promised land." And whence these sad' experiences, these dis appointed hopes and wishes 1 Looking away from those misfortunes and re- verses, which lie beyond^ the sphere of human fore- sight, they might perhaps be found in so many im- migrants not having a right conception of their new relations from the beginning, and in their not pos- sessing the courage, power, and capacity "^ to accom- modate themselves to their new condition. ^ Above all, the immigrant must renounce the pernicious'* idea, that he is to gain his livelihood, perform^ his duty,^ and promote his happiness, by an obstinate^ reliance on his German habits and cvs- toms, by an inflexible indifference'^ to the language,*^ the spirit, and the social and political character of this country. 2 In the first place, as it concerns our means of living, we must, above and beyond all, rely 'upon a knowledge of the English language^ and the progress that we make therein'^ has the most impoitant and 1 t^odnnc^cn, fid) fchnen. — 2 trauria. — 3 iiCuT, jcnfcit^!. 4 bic ^ahicifcit.— 5 tic Snac— 6 inTt>cub(icl). — 7 crfiillcn.— 8 bic ^fticbt. — 9 r)al'i)lflvvia,ftarr. — 10 V\i (5)tcicl)9utti9« fcit. — 11 t>ic ©prncl)C. — 12 bar in. 12 bavin mad)en, aitf t)ie 53c(}rinibim(3 luiforc^^ ^^oljU fla n be<^, fomie mifere^ ? e b e n i^ (j e n ii f f e ^, tm rt>id)tiafisn iinb crfiTiiI(d)|lcn (5 i n f ( a g. ^ie c n n f d) e © p v a rf) e ifl- befaniitlid) bei ti)t'(tcm bie i)crhcrrfd)cnbc tii bicfcm l^^nbc nnb im pclitifd^cu uub Qcrid)tlid)cn i'cbcu bie alidn ge* braud)lid)c. ^iGcr fcin (5n(](ifd) i^crftcbt imb fpridjt, famt i>on feincn ^YinUiniJcu u»ib 5V4^"^{H'i]fcii-cn eft fcincn, ebcr luir cineii bcfdn'anftcn ©cbrand) ma? d]en. Der ?!mcrifancr i^crftcbt ilm nidu, nod) feme ^iBiuifd)c nub 53cbiufiu|K\ nub cr foincrfcit'o Dcrftebt fciuen 5lmcrifana\ (Endit cr 5:J3cfd)afi:u]nu(3 bei 5lmerifanern, fo faun cr jld) nid)t i>crftdnblid) ma^ d)cu. Seine .ftenntniffe nnb 5^-abi(]fciten jTnb ibm eiu tobtc^ jlapiral nnb i)on gcringcm 9inlpcn, fo ian(\c cr jTe nid)t be.qrctflid) jn mad)en nnb nmjn? tanfd)cn yerllcbt. (^n* b I e i b t c i n g r c ni b c r, mitten in bic\cm li^anbe; cin (iciiniTe^ 93iiFiranen cr^ fhiit ben '.Hrbcitiiebcr QCQcn einen IMcner, unldjcr feinc lEpradic ntdit i^erjlebt ; jcner meij^ nidjt, eb cr ful] anf biefen i^erKifi'cu faun, bcnn cr faun feineit ^BerRaub nnb (5baraftcr nid]t(]cnan benrtheifen* dv ^ VtJirb bcfiu^ct^en Iteber cinen fekten in feincn ^icnjl "^ net)meu, tvc(d>cm er \ld) frei nurthcifcn nnb mit M^cU d)cm cr nd) u>cd)felfcitt(] vcrftanblidi niad)cn fann. 'ijtonntcn it>ir !^anfcnbc nnfcrcr l^1nbt^lcntc iibcr biefen fnnU befragen, fc iDurben 5lllc wic an6 (5iucm 5[)2nnbe antm -^n: „(So (ant^c id) fcin Snglifd) feuutc, ging c{ m fd)(cd)t; id) fonntc 13 propitious^ influence upon our welfare. It is well known, that the English language is by far the widest-spread, and, in the political and judicial life, the only usual language in this country. Who- ever does not understand nor speak English, can make no use of his knowledge and abilities, or at the most, a very limited^ one. The American does not comprehend either his wants rr desires ; neither does he understand the American. If ho seeks employ ment^ of the Americans, he cannofc make himself understood. His knowledge and abih'ties are to him a dead principal, and of no use so long as he is unable to communicate his thoughts and to exchange them in English. He continues a stranger here^ his employer entertains a kind of suspicion"^ of him as long as he is unable to speak his language ; he does not know whether he can depend upon him, for he cannot appreciate^ his intellectual and moral worth. He will therefore rather take such a one into his service as he can freely converse with, and between whom and him- self there can be a mutual understanding. 4 Could we hear the testimony^* of thousands of our countrymen upon this point, they would all unanimously''' answer ; " As long as I was ignorant of English, it went ill^ with me; I could get no em- 1 crfcoutid). — 2 bcfcbranft. — 3 tic 23cfd)(5ftt3una, t»ie 3(rbcit, — 4 ta^ 5)UptcQucn, — 5 njiirtigen. — 6 ta^ "3cu9« nip, — 7 cinj^immiQ. — 8 fc^lcd)t. 2 14 itfd)t<^ anfangcn; id) foniUe fcincn '^iewft hehny wen, feiu ®cfd)dft treiben, id) tt>uvbc iud)t bemerft, imb gcnog wcnit] 5(d)tmi(], — fur^, id) fiiijltc mid) migUicHid) inib DcrlaJTcu. Cobalt) id) abcr cinnial ^•ncjlifd) i)er|T:aiib uub fprcd}cu fointtc, ba ii>ar mir gcbolfeu ; id) bcfain ciueu .qiiteu VH>l)u, mciu (^3e^ fd)aft (^iwQ^ id) crl)ielt S3ciftaub ^ou ben 5lmerifa^ itevu,— fur^, c^ cffneteu (id) mir taufenb ^iBecje unb iQidf^queaeu be^ ©dicf^ nub be^ ^ol)I|lanb^, bis mix fviiber i)erfd)lo(Ten tDaren." SSebenfeu ivir bie ^Babrl)eit biefe^ (5rfal)nmc}(?;j falpc^, fo foUte feiu (^iuwauberer, ber e^^ u^abvhaft gut mit fid) felbjl meiut uub in fiir^e|ler 3eit feiue !^age ^u Dcrbejieru ^i?i'mfd)t, and) uur eiueu ^(ugeu^ blic! saubcvu, alk Wlittci uub ©elegcul)eireu ju be^ milieu, urn bie euqlifd)e (gprad)e , ciu uueutbe{)rU^ d)e^ 9J^ittet su biefem 3mecfe,i)crrtel}eu uub fprcd)en ju (erucu. 3lber aud) hie 5hut el)mnd) f ei ten bei^ ge^ felligeu uub bie ^t e d) t e be^ biirgerlid)en xmh po^ Iitifd)en ?eben^, tDe(d)e ibm mit ber ^enutuig biefer (5prad)e ju Xl)ei( werben, foKten eiueu jeben @im njciuberer ermuutern, auf (^Tlernuug berfelben atten gleig nub atte iSorgfalt ^u ijerwenbeu. ^ (5^ ift wabr, and)im Umgange mit ad)tbaren bent^ fd)eu Sanb^Ieuten fi3nuen wiv inx^ bier mand)e frol)c (Stuube bereiten ; and) ax\^ bentfd)eu S5iid)eru unb 3eitnu(jeu fouueu mir S3e(el)rnn(j unb Unterbartuug fd)opfeu ;— aber jiub mx benu nun in ^entfdjtanb, 15 ployment, I was neglected, little esteemed ; in fine,' I felt unhappy and forlorn. But as soon as I became master of the language of my adopted country, my troubles^ ceased ; I got good wages, my undertakings were prospered, I received aids from Americans; in short, a thousand ways of happiness and prosperity were now opened to me which formerly were closed. If, then, we consider the truth of the above views, as they are confirmed by experience, no im- migrant who seeks his true interest, and wishes to improve"' his condition in the shortest possible time, ought to hesitate-^ for a moment in his en- deavors^ to become master of the English language as an indispensable means to that purpose. More- over, the comforts of social life and the civil and political rights in which we participate"'' in conse- quence^ of our knowledge of the language, ought to encourage us to employ all diligence and care in learning the same. ^ It is true, we can enjoy many happy hours in associating with estimal>lo^ German brethren ; we can derive'^ instruction and entertainment" from German books and newspapers ; but are we in Ger- many, and are Germans the only people, in whom 1 fur;,. — 2 bic !ii3in1cgonf)cit'Mi, (Serpen. — 3 Mc .'piKfo. — 4 iH'rCu'iJcvn. — 5 ^aut>crn. — 6 SBcmifiiunc\cn. — 7 SI)cit nc{)nK'n. — 8 Mc ^dgc. — 9 ad)t&nr. — 10 aOlciUMV fc{)opfcn, II tic Unta-f}altiing. 16 imb ffub e^ benn nitrX;eutfd)e, urn tt>e(rf;e n)ir und l)ier ^u fiimmern I)abcn ? Icbcn n)ir nicl)t mit 5lnic^ rifaneru in lutmittelbarer, ta3licf)er Scriil)niuc], eft mit it)nen ^ufammcn in cincm unb bcmfclbcn ^>ani'e, iinb foUeu wiv 5(iigcn uub Dl)rcu ber (S'rlermuii] ci^ Iter vgprad^e ycrfdiliegen, \vclcl)e a He in nnd bie Sln^iibnng nnferer biir(3erlid)en nnb peliti|'d)en 3f{cd)tc bci ^Bat)len nnb 3SerfannnInn,qcn ni043lid) niad)t, ciner (£pvad)e, in \vcld)cv tk Qqci^Qcbcntcn ^orpcr nnb 2Scnr>a(tnn(]$>bcl)orbcn bicfed ^anbce? bci'atl)t'n nnb S5cfd)In(|'e fajjcn nnb in ii?t'Id)cr a tie 2Ser!)anbh!n(jcn 'oox ©erid^t gcpfloj^cn ipcrbcn? 3n bent iJoUen @cnnjye feinei:^ amcrifanifd)eu 25iir9crred)t^ fann nnr 2)erjenige c^eknc^en, un1d)cr ta^ (5-n(}Iifd)e i>evflel)t nnb fprid)t, nnb fo langc mv fo meit nod) nid)t gcfonimen finb, (]cniegcn mv nid)t tie Qan^c grcil)cit nnb Unabt)dn(]igfeit, n?eld)e bicfci^ ^anb m\^ anbietct, ftnb wiv (]Ietd)fam balbev I'cnt^ fdjer, balber Slinerifaner; fcine ved)tcn 5}entfd)en mel)iv wcii wiv ben ^Diittelpnnft be^ bentfdien ?e^ ben^/ X'entfd)[anb fclbjT, Derlajyen nnb hie politic fd)en 55anbe, tic nnd an ta^ aUe S>aterlanb a\u fniipften, anfgelof^t l)aben ; aber and) ncd) fcine red)ren Slmerifaner, u^eil wiv nnfcre biir|3er(id)en inib po(itifd)en 9?ed)te in ber (Sprad)e nid)t (^elrenb mad)en fonnen, in wcld)cv jTe andgcitbt wcvtcn wiilTen. ^ a^ mag inbejjen i)ieUeid)t biergcgen eingen?enbet tverben, ta^ e^ einige ?dnber in ($*nropa gibt, wcU 17 we are now interested ? Do we not live in imme- diate' daily contact,- often together in one and the same house, with Americans? and should we close our eyes and ears to the acquirement of a lan- guage which alone enables^ us to exercise and enjoy our civil and political rights ; a language in which the legislative and judicial^ bodies of this country perform their functions ? That man alone can enjoy, to their full extent,* the rights of an American citizen, who understands and speaks English ; and as long as we do not ac- complish this, so long can we neither*^ appreciate nor enjoy the whole freedom and independence"'' which this land has in store^ for us. We are half Germans and half Americans, but no reaP Ger- mans any more ; for we live no more in the centre^^* of German life, and yet we have dissolved" the bands that bound us to the old fiUherland, and, at the same time also, we are not yet real Americans, because we are not able to enjoy our civil and po- litical rights, being ignorant of the language in which they are set forth. 6 In opposition''^ to this, however, it may perhaps be urged, that there are some countries in Europe 1 unnuttclbar. — -2 fcic ?.^cru()runc>,. — 3 Ocfaf)iccn. — 4 ctcricl)tlid). — 5 tic ?ClK^^c()^ulna, tcr llmfanci. — 6 ivot>ct. 7 Mo llnaOban^iCifcit. — 8 tcr ^Xu^rvntl}. — 9 ivivUid). — 10 lev 5}?ittcliHintt. — 11 auflcKiu — 1^ fccr 6)fcicnfa^. 2* ^8 ^)c cl)cmal^ ju I)cutfd){anb 9cl)ortcn, luib \i\ wch d)cn, inigeaditct ticfc \fantcr sum 2:i)cil fcir Csat)r^ l)iinbcrteu ocn 2)ciufch(aut) Qctrcunt f(n^, tie teiit*^ fd)e (Eprad)e bi^ auf ticfeu ^cij^ tie V)erl)evvfd)cnt^ geblicben \]t ; ter ^(fa|j sum ^n'ifpieJ, tuddu-r i>or Swcihuutert 3^"il)veu vcu graufvcid) iu ^H'filp gc^ jiouimeu iDuvte ; ta*:^ ©rofjbersogrhum ^Jurcmlmrg, iveld)e^ jcl^t mit 5;^ollaub i>ereiuiijt ijl; tie A^ersog-- tl)iimei' .>>ol|leiu uub (gd)Ieilroi;.i, ubcr u>eld)e tcr ^ouiti i)LMi I^ducmavf tic Dbevl)ol)ei(: in 5!nfpvud) jtimmt; tie fegeuauutcu Dftfeeproyiusen ^leflvuit, ituvlaut uut Ci-|l()Iviut, ubcr ipeid)e ge.cmyarticj ta^ alle^ vcrfd)Iiu,qentc 9fuf;iaut bcvrfdit, nut aud) tie flciue ^ufel 5:cli]|0iaut, \v>o jel)t tie briiti* fd)c ^Um^' a^ebt. (i6 i|i tval)r, taf? in aUeu tiefen uut ncd) in cinif geu autcrcu ^autftvid)eu ta^ ICcutfd)c — \v>cm\ c^S and) uid)t iu fciucr $Keiul)cit (^efprcd)eu wirt, - tie Uovbervfd)eute (Sprad)e (jebliebeu ill, uut stt>^iv (in^ b c m ©ruutc, weil ticfe tauter feit uralteu Seircu bcutfd) Wvircu iu 6itteu uut ©ebraud)cu. Vv: '^e^ iDobner tiefer ?autflrid)e fpred)cu il)rc 9Jiuttciv fprad)e auf ii)rcm e i g c u e u (SJruut uut 5?oteu/ ter an uufer SSaterlaut au.qrcusr, v»ou ujcldicm )Te getreuut iDUvtcu, uid)t iu golge mod)feIfeirii]er 3u fum^ wuug, fiMitcru tuvd) tiplomarifd)e ^Serbauthiu^eu, otcv turd) teu ^lui^gauq ti)ua|lifd)er MvicQc. ^ 2)iefe tauter, iu ii3e(d)eu tic u u y e r m i f d) t c tcutfd)c 53coolfevuu(j uod) wonviecjt, (tut n)efcut(id)C 19 which formerly^ hclong(.d- to Germany, though^ partly ; cparated from her'^ for centuiics, -wbere the German language is still the prevailing^ one: Alsace, for instance, uhlch was tv»'o hundred years ago taken by the French ; the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, which is now united to Holland ; ihe Duchy of Holstein and Schleswig, over which the King of Denmark now claims^ sovereignty ; the counties called the Eastern Sea provinces, Livimia, Kui-lnnd, and Esthland, over which the all-devour- ing~ Russia now rules,® and also the little island of Heligoland, where waves'^ the British flag. It is true, that in all these, and some other parts also, the German is still the prevailing lan- guage, though not spoken in its purity;'** but the reason" of this is, that these countries from the old- est time have been German in their customs'^^ and manners.i-"^ l^he inhabitants of these portions speak their mother-tongue upon their own soil,'"* border- ing''^ on om* Aitherland, from which they were di- vorced,'*' not by mutual agreement,'^ but either by diplomatic arrangements of peace, or the issue of dynastic struggles.'^ These countries, in which the 1 cbomntj?. — 2 ccborcu. — 3 c6p(ctct). — 4 tf)cif»voiK. — 5 lHn•(H'rv[cbcn^. — 6 iu?fnfvrucl) nofniicn. — 7 rcrfclidnrcn. 8 fia-vKbon. — 9 ivclu'iu — 10 Mc J>Jcinf)iit.— 11 tcr (IJrunK 12 Mc ©civc(Mi(>cttcn, Sitton. — 13 tic GieCruudH'. — Htcr S^ctnu — 15 anpvcii^cn. — 16 (cf^rcipcn. — 17 tic llctcrs cinftimnuino. — 18 tcv i^nmpf. 20 S5cjlanbt[)ci(c ijon ?!)?onard)icen gcworocn ; — tcnn granfreid), me c^ jcljt ift, faint feine D?epiib(if m f ij3cut(ic{)cu (Bhmc t}c6 ^'ort^ gcnannt »r>crbcn, — lint) bariu ift bie ^l)ci(nal)mc an offentlid)en 5inge# Iet]enl)eiten, fo n>ie bie ^In^iibnncj pelitifd)cr D^cd)te, entwebcr befd)rdnft, obcr DoUig nntr, tt)ie ;{nm S3cu fpicl in JKnglanb. S^im Zl)cii ai\^ bicfen ©rihiben, jnm ^l)cil an£^ .^a^ gcgen bic anf(3cbrnn(3cne 9ic# <}icrnn(}, I)dngt tk borticje nrfpriinglid) bcntfd)e 53e# Dclfcrnng ferttt)d()vcnb an il)rcr aitcix ?l)2nttcrfpra# d)e fcH. " 5!}^it obigcn 53emcrfnngcn iiberbit'5Bid)tigfcit cincr gviinblidKit (Jrlernnng bcr cn.qlifd)en flc()c nnb S3cad)tnntv ^i^ S^'^'iO^^ ^i^ »ic(mcl)r : n>ie nnb anf wcid)c ^I5cife bcmcificrt ftd) bcr cin^j n^anbcrnbc ^cntfd)c fo fd)ncU al^ nioglid) bcr cng^ Iifd)cn anbcrcr fo fcbr wcrfd)icbcn nnb, (affcn fid) bicfcr^ tt)C(jcn blog allgcmcinc Oiatbfdjidgc crtl)ci(cn. 21 unmixed^ German population prevails, have W come essential parts of monarchies, (for France, as it now is, cannot properly be called a Repub- lic,) wherein the participation*^ of public affairs and the exercise of the privileges of political rights is but a limited one, and but a mere nullity, as in Russia for instance. Partly from these reasons, partly from hatred-' to the obtruding"* government, the original German population^ still adhere to their old language. ^ Having said thus much upon the importance of obtaining a thorough** knowledge of the English language, the author by no means asks his coun- tryman to renounce entirely his mother tongue, which is in reality one of the most powerful, rich and refined in the world, and one which has exercised a wonderful influence in civilizing the people, and brought to light excellent works, both in prose and poetry, and therefore deserves also in this country due care and attention. But the ques- tion is: How and in what manner the German immigrant may in the shortest possible time be- come master of the English language, so that he can fully enjoy the benefits connected therewith? Inasmuch as the personal circumstances of im- migrants are so various, only general advice can be given. 1 unvcrmifcbt. — 2 Mc SfuMtnabnu'. — 3 tor .^^op — 4 aufjivhu3cn. — 5 tic SScretf-crunc. — 6 svunMid)/ 22 gen (a (Ten : !(?(ebcr 5(nF')inmnir3, ernvcife jehe ©eleven ()eit-, bte Jid) t)ii* barbictet, ober Dielntcl)r, f n d) e j c b c © e* i e (] e n I) e i r a n f, bcin Dl)r, bcin ©cbdd)tnlg nnb betnc (Sprad)organe mtt ben ^onen, ^Sorten nnb ber 5ln^fprad)e be^ (^-ncjlifdjen Dertrant gn mad)en. X^a fa]t ein jcber ber.rfd)e (^iuwanberer fiir ben 5lnfani3 in eincm bcntfd)cn ^toftbaiijemebnt, — nnb bie^ fd)eint allcrbingc^ an6 mand)en ®ntnben ten SSoqng sn Derbicncn, — fo \va{)ic ev i)or^ug(id) ein fo(d)ei^ an(^, wo ber ^Birtb mit ber en(](ifd)cn Spra^ d)c i^crtraut i|l, nnb bicfcr ^virb, ohne Bi^^^if^'^/ ^'aif fcin ^Tfud)en, t)k ©efalliijfeit bvibcn, ibn mit niand)en cni]lifd)en *ili>in*ton nnb DJebem^avten bcfannt ^n ma^ d)en nnb ibm tic Yid)t\(\c 5ln^>fpvad)c ber ^IBerter ciiu (jcbcn, tpc(d)c er in feiner ©rammatif nnb in [ei^ ncr Samnilnng uen ©cfprcidicn ijorfinbet. S^enn ber ^ejTl^ einer en(]lifd)en ©rammatif nnb cinei^ ^efcbnd)'^ ill: ein nnentbel)rlid)eii (J-rfcrbernig jnm ^Vl)nf einer fd}ne((ercn nnb (]rnnblid)cren ^v^ leriinnji bicfer ©prad)c, befonberi? fiirX'enjenic^en ber, mc tic nieijlen (5inu>anberer, ^enbtbii^t ift^ fein et:]ener ?ebrer sn fein. I^ie niUilidjften nnb am mciitcn Derbreiteten 23iid)er ber 5lrt, njeld)c ber Ser^ fajTer fennt, finb: Tl5 i3 r t e r b li d) e v \)o\\ % ^. Oeblfd^ldger, ^hi^ rabclpbia, bci 2ob. ^Geif, $ 1 ; — i>on ^. % Mm\\\ S^avvi^bnvci, bei ?n|j nnb 8d)ejfer, $1J; — i?ou 23 ® The following may generally Idc said : Dear fellow-countryman, seize' every opportu- nity that offers itself, or rather 8eeh after opportu- nities, to familiarize thy ear, memory ,2 and organs of speech, with the intonation,^ words, and pro- nunciation'* of the English language. As nearly every German immigrant takes lodgings at first in a German boarding-house, (and indeed this seems to be preferable, for many reasons) he should choose especially^ such a one, in which the landlord is familiar** with English, and he will doubtless"'' have the kindness,^ if he ask it, to make him acquainted^ with many English words and phrases, and teach him the right pronuncia- tion of the words, which he will find in his gram- mar and collection of colloquial phrases. For the possession of a grammar and exercises is indis- pensably'*^ necessary, for the purpose of learning the language more rapidly and correctly, to those who are obliged, as the most immigrants are, to be their own teachers. The most useful books for immigrants are : German and English Dictionaries of I. C. Oehl- schlaeger, Philadelphia, (John Wei k,) $1 ; of P. I. Kunst, Lutz & Scheffer, Harrisburg, $1.50 ; of Wm. 1 crc^rctfcn. — 2 t»a»o ®ct)a({)tnit\ — 3 Mc a?ctcnun.q. — 4 bic 7(iir>fpvact)c. — 5 ycvnc()m(i(!). — G iH'ttraur. — 7 cf)n« 3njcifc(. — 8 tic ®utc. — 9 ftcfamU. — • 10 unumganglid). 24 ?K. £Dbel( dimU, 5^tni?^?)orF, bci ©ebritber 9Sej!er^ maun, ll| ; — Don DKcnbcvf, 3^i\'nv'2)orf, $ I. ® r a mm a t i f c n t)ou ''Prcf. ill). ^. 53ri)an, Sfiew^gorf^ bei ^'od) it. ^omp. 62^ (Stii. ; — tJint ^i'. 3ol). Sran^ 5lvnclb, ^>[)ilabc{pl)ia, bci 3ol)anu ^t'if; $1 ; — i^cn grictrid) 5faiid)fiif?, 9^mv?}orf, 62} (5r^. iinb ®. Dan bcu ^cr(}, i^imbiirg bci (gd)it# bart It. (5omp,, 62l (St^. ^ ( m c t f d) e iv bcr flci'nc, grogcrc iiub cjrepe, bet 'iB. dla^f Tim 2)orf. 12^, 25 luib 87! (Iciitd, bercii 5lnfd)a|tiH!0 gregcu Siiil^eu brin^t unb mit dlcd)t cmpfol)[cu tDcrbcn faun. 3^a^ ?cfeu (eidjter cui3(ifd)er S3i'id)er, Doniamltd) urbe, and) bicfcm 2Serfud)e bie cn9(ifd)e Ucbcrfclinug bci^ufiigcn, tdcii cr befftc, ha^ bnrd) bcm cinen obcr bem auberen feiucr ?cfer in JBc^ug auf ba^ ^rlcrneu bcr entjiifdjen ©prad^e ei^ itcit 2^ienft iu (eiftcu. 25 Odell Ehvell, N.Y.,Westermann& Brothers, $1.50. English Grammars of Dr. John Yr. Arnold, Phila- delphia, John Weik ; New-York, Wm. Eadde, $1 ; of Prof. T. B. Bryan, New-Yoi k, Koch & Co., 624c ; of G. van den Berg, 62j}c. ; Inteiyreier, published by Wm. Radde in a small, larger, and largest size, 12i, 25 and 37Jc. ; of Frederick Rauchfuss, 62^c. The possession of which is of vast importance, and Germans are hereby most earnestly requested^ to obtain them. The reading of easy^ English books, especially-^ school books and the Bible, is of in- calculable benefit, the latter not only^ for the purposes of learning, but also^ for the infinitely6 higher purpose of turning our hearts to God. An excellent edition''' of the New Testament, with tw^o columns on each^ P'lge,^ one in German, the other in English, was published by the American Bible Society in 1849, and is to be had at a very low^* price. The writer himself confesses^^ that he is very much indebted*^ f^^ his progress in the English to his exercises in comparing'^ the two texts, and he was accordingly^^ induced to add to this essay an English translation, hoping that he might per- haps, by so doing, furnish a new facility to his read- ers for the accomplishment of this end. 1 niaf)ncn, crfud)cn. — 2 tcicl)t. — 3 rcrnc^mlid). — 4 nid)t oUcin. — 5 fcntcvn and). — 6 uncnt(icl}. — 7 tic 2ru?9at)C 8icbcr. — 9 tiic crglcicl)cn. — 14 in St'SC bcffcn. 3 26 ^ Shigcrbcm hietcn fict) bem mi0bcgieri(]cn ol)l ber ^n»ad)feuen, a(^ bcr ^inber, — lel^tere (Tub ibrcr cinfarf)cii, iiaturlid)eu (Sprcd)n:)ctfe vpcgcit itnb ttjeil fi'e il)ve 5Govte niit cntfprcd)eubeit Scmc(3un^ gen imb ©cbcrbcu ju bcgfciteii pflcgen, bcfonber^ leid)t ^n uerjT:cl)en ; — Uebmi(}cn itnb immentlid? gegcnfeitigci^ Ucberl)orcn mit anbcrn (Ed)u(ern ; 35e^ fiid) i)ou olfeutltd)eu Sdiftioneu (mobei cr jTd) je^ bod) cbcu fo fel)r i)or bem 5[Ritbtctcn, al^ ^ov Xa^ fd)cnbieben in 3(d) t ^u nehmeit l)at); ^{)ei(nal)mc an belt o|fcnt(id)eu @erid)t^»erl)aubhut3en, tvo^ii ciu jeber freieu Sntritt l)at; an Scrfanimhtngen, \\>cid)e hc^ 5lbenb^ Qcljalten ^n ti^erbcn pflcgcn ; am cnglifd)cn ©ottc^bi'enjl-, wofcrn bteg feinc fonjiigcn rcligiofen SScrpflidjtnncjen, cber feinc Ucber^encjnng edanbcn:— bicg aUc^ bringt il)m grogcn ®ctt)inn ; e^ bei'eid)ert feinen SSerj^anb in mand)er ^e^iebnng mit niililid)en jtcnntniflen nnb fiiljxt iljn ber 23er^ n)irf(id)nng feiner ^iin(d)e fd)nel( entgegen. Uebnn^ gen im Ueberfel^en, fon)ol)l on^ bem X?entfd)en in*^ @n9lifd)e, al^ nmgefel)rt, ffnb cbenfaK^ won grogem 3finl)en ; ffe erweitern nid)t nnr feine @prad)fennt^ niffe, fonbern and) bie A'rafte feine^ SSer|Ianbe^» »<>grei(id) mirb er 5(nfang^ nnr ten geringf!en Z{)eil uon bem t)erjleben, tt>a(J er f)ort imb Tie^t, aber barnm uerliere er ten ^Jlnti) nidjU Tiad) unb 27 ^ Moreover/ a thousand opportunities offer them- selves to him who seeks, by every means, to enlarge his stock^ of English ; such as attentive listening* to conversation, especially of little children, whose diction is so plain,'* natural and ingenuous,^ accom- panied, as it always is, by free and natural ges- tures ; exercises in mutually repeating phrases with those that are learning with you ; attendance^ at public auctions, where he must look out for pick- pockets, and should also refrain"^ from bidding; attendance at the courts, where every one has a free admission ; attendance at the various public meetings, also at religious meetings, if it is in ac- cordance^ with his other religious engagements, and not repugnant^ to his conscience ;'" all of which are yery conducive to his welfare. It tends to store his mind with knowledge, and is of aid to him in other important particulars ; and leads him on ra- pidly to the accomplishment of his wishes. Exercises also in translating from the German into English, and vice versa^ (in which newspapers offer a good opportunity,) are of great utility, not only by enlarging his knowledge of the language, but also in strengthening his intellect. 10 It is true, that he understands at first only a small part of what he hears and reads ; but he must 1 ?(uC•cr^cm. — 2 ^2?cvrntr}. — 3 ^uf)crcn. — 4 cinfod).— 5 unccfiinilv'tt. — 6 S^cfiut. — 7 fief) cnthaltcn. — 8 ^tc lies 6crcin[timmung. — 9 witcrflvcitcnt). -- 10 tag ©ctvi|Tcn. 28 md) wirb fciit Dbr mib fein ®et)dd)tuig immer »cr^ tranter mit ben 5Borteit unb — U c b u n g m a d) t ben 5[^ e i jl e r, «)ie ba^ (5prid)Wort fagt* (5r be^ Ijer^igc bie $Borte ®otl)c'^ : „^ri[ct)Cf ?}iut{), gutc 3wcc!c, 9iun, man fcmmt fd)cu cine (Sttcc!c/' ©clbjt auf bcr ©tra^^e finbct ber aufmerffamc ©d)iUcr @e(egcnl)cit ju (erucu. ^r bctvacfjtet ^itm SBeifpiclc bie ycrfd)iebeneu 2litdl)ange[d)i(ber an ben gdbcn, bevcn (Einn il)m mcil^cn^ bnrd) hk habci be^ finblid)en ^mbfeme, ober bnvd) t}ic an^gele^qten 5Saaren entsijft-'rt wivh ; er nterft jTd) bie "Dfiamen ber ©tragen, n)e(d)c getvobnlid) an ben ©tra^^en^s cden an(]efd)ricbcn jTnb; er fd)drft l}ierbnrd) fein Gkbdd)tnig nnb genu>l)nt Dl)r nnb S^wqc an bie ^nffaffnnij nnb 2(n(^fprad)e eng(ifd)er 5Berter. f&ci aliem biefem yerfdnme ber ^Ut^wanberer jtid)t, (Td) ciw 9^;otisbiid)e(d)en s" Wtcw, morm er jTd) ein^elne englifdje ^iGorter nnb fleine 9?ebe:* fat^e, bie er gel)ort l)at, anf^eid^ne nnb \v>cid)c er fleigig iiberlefe nnb repetire. 9^otirt er i\d) bed Za^ ged nnr '^c\)\\ nene Sorter (meld)e jlleinigfeit !), fo bat er nad) SSerlanf eined Sabrei^ in feinem il^opfe cin yjJagajin uon 3,650 Mortem, 2BeId)er bebeu* tenbe (gprad)fd)al3 ! 11 ^in anbered gan^ i3ortreffIid)fd 5D?ittel s«v (5r^ tt?erbnn(3 eng(ifd)er (Eprad)fenntnijTe ijerbient je^ bed) nod) befonbere (^rwdbnnncj. t^ieg finb bie cn9lifd)en eonntagdfd)n(en fiir 2^entfd)e, n)e(d)e in 29 not, on this account, lose his courage. By and by his ear will become more and more familiar with the sounds of words, and his memory more accus- tomed to retain them. Remember the old adage — "Practice makes perfect." And, as Goethe says, ♦' Fresh courage take, Good purposes have, Then all is well, And you move sweetly on." Even in the streets the attentive scholar finds an opportunity to learn. He, for instance, notices the signs on the shops, whose signification mostly is explained to him by the emblems around and the wares that are exposed ; he retains in his me- mory the names of the streets, which are usually on buildings, at the corners. This practice will sharpen his memory and accustom his ear, by re- minding him of the sound, to the distinction of English words. Besides all this, the immigrant should not ne- glect to keep a little blank-book, in which lo rote down single English words and shoit paragraphs, which he should often read over. If he notes, for instance, but ten words a day, (a mere trifle,) in the course of a year he has in his head a magazine of three thousand six hundred and fifty words, a considerable treasure indeed. *^ Another very excellent means of acquiring the 30 Dieleu ©egcuben bcr Uiulmi, \do fid) ^cutfitc auf^ Ijalteu, crricl)tct fi'iib. .v>icriu cjcnicpcn 1^clttfd)c Don bciberlci ®cfd)Icc{)t, '^nwQc \\nt> C^rwadifcuc imb Don Derfd)tcbcncn (SonfcfjToncn, iincnt(^elrlid)cn Untcrrid)t im 53ud)|labiren, ^cfcn, (gd)rcibou nub ^pred)eit, fiir^, in 5(I(cm, wa^ ^\\v (Jrlermin.q bcr en9(ifd)en ^pvad)e bient. Ter S^^crfaJTer fcnnt au^ eigcncr @rfal)nin(^ ben (^rogcn ^lUl^n fD(d)ev 5ln^ (Italten, ba cr wal)vcnb feinc^ ^lnfcntl)a(te^ im \v>c]h lid)en ^l)cil bct^ ©taat^ 5?en) ^ 9)orf cine fo(d)e befndite. (It fd)amtc jTd) nid^t a[6 cin ®ci|l(id)cr untcr jnngen S3nifd)en ^n jTtUMt, anfvinc]^^ mit bom 5i^(5?bndv nad)bcr mit bev 53ibc( in bcr .N^inb nnb er wivh flet^ bic 50tanncr foflnen, ivcUl)e ihm ^nr 58cf6rbcrnn(] fcincv ^cnntnijfc nnb feinc^ ^iGobler^ Qcl)c\\6 fo biilfrcid) bie Syiwh beten. giirmabr, ber rcgc(mdgic]e 55cfnd) bcv (Sonnta,q^fd)n[cn fann bon bcntfd)cn ^inivanbcrcrn, mannlidicn nnbweibiid)iMi ^erfoncn, 3nn(]cn nnb (^Twad^ fen en, nid)t u>ann genng cmpfoblen wcrben* X^nrd) bai^ 58anb ber Sanfbarfeit mit feinem amerifanifd)cn fuehrer v^cvf mxQt, flarft bierbnvd) ber bentfd^e 5tnfomm(ing feine 5(nhan(ilid)feit an feine nene .^eimarh nnb aw ben (3ci^, ber barin wnltet nnb watten foU, iuv\u lid) ben @ei)l trencn ^i5ol)lwoI(en^ nnb med)fe(fci-i* gen 3ufimmenii>irfeni1 ^nr Q3t'forbernn.ti ber o|fi-nt^ Iid)en nnb priwat(id)on '•IBohfrabrt ; tUf, Ml ror (53cift bei^ u>abren ^iepnb(ifanic?mni^, fo \m ber t ;3 (5l)ri|lentl)nm^. 31 language deserves a particular notice: I refer to the English Sunday-schools for Germans, which are established in many places where Geimans reside. In these, Germans of both sexes, young and old, and of different religious denominations, enjoy a gratuitous instruction in spelling, reading, writing and speaking; and, in short, all things that tend to promote their advancement in the English lan- guage. The author knows, by his own expeiience, the great benefit of these establishments, having at- tended une of them in Westein New-York during his stay there. He felt not ashamed, although a clergyman, to take his seat with young men, first with the spelling-book in his hand, afterwards the Bible; and he will always owe a debt of gratitude to those who so kindly, friendly, and affectionate- ly offered their services to promote his knowledge and happiness. Indeed, the regular attendance at Sunday-schools cannot be too warmly recommended to German immigrants, both males and females, young and old. United by the ties of gratitude, the German stranger hereby strengthens his attachment to his pecond home; and the spirit that prevails there, and ought to prevail, the spirit of true benevolence and mutual concurrence in promoting the public and private welfare, which is the spirit of true Repub- licanism, and of Christianity too, he will find also to be strengthened in him. 32 »2 35on ber ()cd)ilen 5Bicf)ti,qfeit nnb eine cigeitt(icf)e ?ebene5fragc ijl ec^ fiir jeten ^iini:)anbcrcr, iint) ^anb in .'g^anb mit tern eifen ©ebrand) gu mad)en nnb ^l)orl)eiten ^n ticvf nteiben Ierne|>. 3a, in nn^ felbjl kbt nnfer (SUiicf, unter bent SSeiftanb nnb (^egen bec^ aUnidd)tigen ®otte^. „S}\if bir felbft" fa(]t tci^ amerifanifd)c (Eprid)tvert nnb ®ott n)irb bir belfen. ©0 mand)er (Einwanberer aber febit bann , bag er ZciQc, ja UBed)cn iawc^ ^njTeht nnb niitrlcnt>eilc fein fofibare^ ©elb nnb fcine nod) feRbarcre ^dt tjerqcnbel:, inbcm er vnbi.q n\irrc(-, biii ibm ^er 3ii* faU irgenb cin „Q)(iicP' in tie S^^anl'c fiihve. 33 II 12 It is of the highest importance for every immi- grant, and the very means of his livelihood, going hand and hand with the study of (he English lan- guage, that he finds, as soon as possible, an occupa- tion' adapted to his powers and abilities.' Labor is a principal condition of his happiness, but it is not always possible for him to adhere'^ to his for- mer occupation, especially for those who were numbered in Germany among the more educated* classes. What now must all these do ? " Know thyselj] thy talents and attainments, as well as thy faults^ and errors,"^ said a Avise man of old: in or- der that thou mayest be able^ to make a wise use of thy gifts,* and avoid folly, may be added. Yes, in ourselves lives our happiness, under the assist- ance and blessing of Almighty^ God. " Help yourself," is the American proverb, and God will help you. But the mistake^*' of many an immigrant is, that he waits for days, even weeks, spending^' in the mean while his precious^^ money* and his still more precious time, quietly^'' waiting until some favora- 1 btc JBcfc{)afti9uno. — 2 &ic (5n'[cl)idf(ic()Foit, ^af)ic,fctt.— 3 fln()an9cn. — 4 9cM(t>ct, — 5 ^iT ^chlov. — 6 ^cr 3'rr« tf)um. — 7 fv'if)to. — 8 Mc (5)fl(>o. — 9 aUmuchtio. — 10 tct Srvt()um. — 11 lUU'gcOv'n. — 13 fcfrlmr. — 13 xwino. @^ ijl frf)on oft gefagt worben nnb ber SSerfajTcr, — ber nid)(: fowol)( baraiif au^.qebf, mcl g^cuci^ ^ii fageu, n((^ t)telmel)r aitc ^JB a I) r b c i t c n bcncu an ba^ .pcr^ ^u Ie(jen, tt)e(rf)e baran^ 3iut3en gicbcn foitneu nub wo Hen, — fann c^ nid)t crnjllid) QCf nit^ n)ieberl)olen, baf? berjenicjc fTcf) friil)cr ober fpci:* ter bitter getaufcbt ftnben mirb, ber ^a gfaiibt, l)ter ein ?anb, wo 5[)?ilrf) unb 5?oni(j fliegt, ein ^{borabo, ober golbeue S3crge, an^ntrejfcn ; ober, nut anberen 5Borten, ber ba wdl)nt, obne 9^erf)tfd)affenbeit nnb eine wobIgeorbnete,t)er|ldnbige Zi)atiQUit fein ©litcf fiir tic ^aner grimben ^n fonnen. i3T;cr (Jinwanberer Ijat jTd) wdbrenb feinci? 5(iif=^ entbalt^ im ^ojlb^n^ batJor sn l)iitcn, ta^ er jenem SSanern in ber gabel gleid)c, ber in tie (Btabt gcben wollte, nnb ta er an bem Ufer einec^ %in^c^ anfam, itber ben er bini'iber mn^te, bi^ ^nm fpdfcn 5lbenbe wartete, bi^ fTd) ta^ gaffer kjerlanfcn I)aben wiirbe. Siber bie 3Bette „ftcomt unb iDivb )1ct5 flromcn ()innt) tni» an'^ (Sntc ber 3a, batb wirb and) er am dnhc feiner ^I^age jlebcn, obne feinem ^ick ndl)er gefonimen ^n fein, wenn er, tt)ie biefer tborid)te ?anbmann, i?erfdnmt, 5;^anb an ba^ 50erf ^n (egen, ijorwdil^ ^n gebcn nnb bie man:? nigfad)en j^inbernijTe gn befeiticjen, xvctdjc anf bem ^ege feine^ ?eben^ ibm entfle(}entreten din planfofe^, nnDerniinftic^e^ .Oeriiberfommcn trdgt fd)on fogleid) bet ber Slnfnnft feine bittcren 35 ble accident^ comes to his relief. It has been often said, — but the author, not desirous'^ of saying any new things, but rather M'armly to recommend old truths to the hearts of those ^vho may be benefited by them, begs'* leave^ to repeat it — that that man must be the victim of his illusions, sooner or later, who believes he shall find here an Eldorado — gol- den mountains — or seeks to promote his lasting*^ happiness without® honesty' and a well-guided,* judicious" activity. ^^ The immigrant, during his stay in his boarding house,shoiiIdnotimitate the foolish peasant^" in the fable, who, as he was going to the city, arriving at the bank'^ of a river which he had to pass, waited till the water might ccase^^ flowing.''* But "the waves"" did run and will run perpetually,'® to the end of time.'®*" A planless and unprincipled intention, in com- ing to this country, bears''' its bitter fruits on the very day of arrival, and the longer the immigrant stays'Svithout a regular, useful'^ employ men t,'^" the * " Labitur, et labetur iu omnc volubilis aevum." 1 Snfoll. — 2 fcf)nfa(t)ti9 njunfd)cnt>. — 3 Mttcn. — 4 bU 6r(aiiOni|i. — 5 l)aucr()nft. — 6 c()nc. — 7 fcic o feine Strbcir ift, M leibet ber ^vcblftanb imb cerfaKeit bic ©irten; unb be§n)egen foUte 9(iemaiib befd)dfti^ gun(}i>lo«^ ober miigig fein, mit Sdi^nabme ber @e* bred)(id)en unb jlranfen, obev berer, tic an 5(Iter^^ fd)wdd)e leiben. %if ta6 el)nviirbi.9e 5Uter ma(j bie gnidue jugeublid^er unb uidnnlid^cr 5traftanftreu^ gung m n^urbii^er iKube genieijen. 5lber wcv uur irgenb arbcitofdbig tfl:, fellre ivirfen unb ©ute^ tbnu „fo (ange e^^ ZaQ ill:; e^ fonnnt bie yiadjt, ta 5>tiemanb n?irfen faun." (3ob. 9, 4.) „(Biebc auf ta^ 5lnir, ta^ ti\ enipfanc^eu baft t^on bem ^;^errn, ta^ tn baffelbe au^rid)teft." ((^ieloffer 4, 17.) „d\m get barnad), ba^ ibr ftille fcib unb ta^ Hiwc id)aff fet, unb arbeitet mit euren eigeneu j^dnben, anf bag tl)r el)rbarlid) waubcit unb feine^ bebiirfet." (1 Ji;i)ejy. 4, 11. 12.) „^o man arbeitet, ba ift gcnug, tt)o man aber mit^iBorten umgel)et, ba ift 5[J?angeI." C©priid)e (Salomo*^ 14, 23.) „^er axhcim, bem 37 more he feels embarrassed/ his energy'^ failing, and his purse too; and "idleness^ is the beginning of all vices," ^ as the proverb says. ^* The first duty of a citizen is to labor; and this brings honor and reward.*^ It is a source of do- mestic happiness and political welfare, the main pillar in the temple of the Republic, especially if the virtues of frugality and temperance*^ are cou- pled with it. Where there is no labor, morals, as well as the means of living, sufier and decay ;^ and therefore no one should be idle or unemployed except those, that are debilitated by sickness,^ or by the infirmities of age.^ Yes, venerable age may enjoy, in its worthy retirement/" the fruits of youth- ful and manly labor. But whoever^' is able to work^ should labor and do good, "while the day lasts, for the night coraeth, in which no man can work" (John 9 : 4.) "Take heed to the ministry which thou hast received in the Lord, that thou fulfil it." (Coloss. 4: 17.) "And that ye study to be quiet and to do your own business, and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you ; that ye may walk honestly and that ye may have lack of nothing." (L Thessal. 4 : 11. 12.) "In all labor there is 1 ycrn)irrt. — 2 tec 5}Zutf), fctc Sf)atf raft. — 3 9:niipi9» Qancj. — 4 bo'o Saftcr. — 5 bcr 5of)n. — 6 t)ic ?}?api9!cit. — 7 t>crfaUcn. — 8 btc .5lrnnf{)cit. — 9 t)a»2CUcr. — 10 t)U 3uvuc!9C5C9cnf}cit. — 11 wa nur. 4 ffl ber inbe itid)t miibe werbcn ; bcnn ber ^err, bein ©otf, ijl bci bir, cin jlarfer i)ci(anb, er it)irb iTd) iiber bid] freueit iinb bir frcunblid) fein." (3ept)an. 3, 16. 17.) "^^Coc 5lrbeit i{t ehrcni^ca in einer DJcpiiblif, 'ivcnn |Te M^ ^efie ber @efcHfd}aft beforberu i)iift. Der ^aiibntaiut l)inter feincm ^>flii^ Qc; ber ^^^aglohncr an offenl1id)en ^cgen, (lanalen, (5ifenba[)neii nnb in ben 33cr(]it»erfeu ; ber ^anbrneris fer iiiib ili'niRicr in fciner Slrbeitc^ftdtte; ber .fanf^ inann in feiner 3^bni'nbe; ber ®ek{)x.tc in fetnen gorfd)nni]cn ; ber auoge^eidjnete 8taatc>mann, mie ber flcine (5ajiUcnjnnp,e, ber ©eift(id)e, me ber ffeine ^amiufefjCrjun(]e,— ^e al(e fi'nb (]Icid)er (5()re ir>iir^ hiQ'^ jTc ringen in ben i')erfd)icbenen 5lrten i[)rei^ ^e^^ ruf^, aKerbint|$^ anf t)erfd)iebenen ^Begen, aber fi'tr cin nnb bajfelbe ^id^ fitr ha^ ^Cobl ber 9J?enfd)=^ l)eit ; ^nr (^TfiiKnng i()rer ^flid)ten gegen ®ott unb jnr 35eforbernn(5 il)re^ eiQeucn '^ol^kvc^clmi^, fo wic bec^ ©liic!^^ ibrer yj?itmenfd)en. i5 5fjid)t^ ift mMd^t gefdbr(id)er nnb fd)dbfirf)er, aU t)a^ 'oon ?[}2onard)ieen berriibrenbe SSornrtbeil be^ ^aftengeiflei^, bag (^inic^e bnrd) ibre@ebnrt ^n giirllen nnb (5*bellenten,^nbere gn boben ^taat^^ bienern beflimmt feien; mvil)renb miebcr3(nbere al^ gett)ol)nIid)e Untertbanen ^eboren, mowon ircber jTe nod) il)re 9iad)fommen jTd) befrcien fonnen. 25a* 39 profit, but the talk of tlie lips bendetli only to pen ury." (Proverbs 14 : 23.) "The sleep of a laboring man is sweet, whether he eU little or much, but the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep." (Ecclesiast. 5 : 12.) "Fear thou not, let not thy hands be slack. The Lord thy God in the midst of thee is mighty; he will save, he will rejoice over thee with joy." (Zephaniah 3 : 16. 17.) All labor is honorable in a republic, if it is such as the good ot society requires.^ The farmer* behind^ his plough, the day-laborer on the public ways, canals, and rail- reads, and in the mines; the mechanic in his work- shop,"* the merchant in his counting-room,'"' the scholar in his meditations ; the distinguished'^ statesman, as well as the small cabin-boy ; the clergyman, as well as the little chimney-sweep : they are all worthy of the same honor ; they toiP in the different vocations* of life ; in different ways, to be sure, but for one and the same end, the benefit of the race; to fulfil their duty to God, to promote their own welfare and the happiness of their fellows. 1^ Nothing can be, perhaps, more dangerous'* and pernicious^" than the prejudices,^^ originating in mon- aichies, in regard to caste ; that some are born princes 1 crfcrt>crn. — 2 fccr 5aut)mann. — 3 f)tntcr. — 4 t>ic .rrattc. — 5 t>ic 3a{){ftiitH'. — 6 au5?c\c3Ctd)nct. — 7 viuo,cn, fid) abmilbcn. — 8 ^cv il^cruf. — • 9 gcfaljvdd). — 10 ycv&i:rl>lid). — 11 t)a6 ^Sorurtf)cil 40 r«m briitgert mandje (Unwanhevcv, hie an^ foIcf)en ^dnbern fommen, in ^e^u^ auf bie iiatiu1irf)c ®kid)i)eit ter 5Dienfrf)en febr in'tl)iimlid]e ^cgriflfe mit l)eriiber. (Bo(rf)e ©ebaufcu mii^cn (Te aiu> il)5= rem ®ebdd)tntg Dertilgen, fobalb jTe bte ^iiile ttefc^ freten ?aubc^ berul)ven. Taw ^flic()ttrciie luib 3Serbien(Ie gebeu i)icv ein 9?cd)t auf 5(cl)tiin(3. 2)cr 5Kcid)e ftel)t auf eiuem guge mit bem ^2(rmcu ; bev ®e(el)rte t)l: uirf)t mel)v, al^ ber fd)lid)tc|1c .'(^aub^ tt)erfeiv nub bcgmegcn foltte fein 4^eutfd)er fid) fd)d;! men, ciue S5efd)dft iguug ^u crcjreifcu, mcld)e iu cl^f nem ?aube, mo ber ^afteugeill uub bie 9{augfud)t fo gro^ flub, Dietteid)t mcuiger gcad)tet mirb. 9tur Zi)dtiQfeit briugt l)ier (5l)re uub ^mar ciue fo(d)c ^bdtigfeit, me(d)e au^ bem ©eij^e be^ ^Daugcli^ um^ t)en)orgcI)t. 5iber mie fauu ber ^iumauberer gefdimiub S5e# fd)dftiguu(] erbalteu? 2)er i?erfidubige uub rcd)t# id)a|feue Deurfd)e mirb uid)t ^od)eu uub ?!}iouatc lanc^ s^f*-'^)^" 1^"^ i^t feiuem lt^oftl)aufe trdg uub mi'u gig (ieijeu bfeibcu, bid fciu (cl^tcr (5eut baraufgcc^au^* geu ift uub er hiuaudgcfd)ajft merbeu foil ; fouberu er f[el)t fid) fogleid) ruub uml)cr nad) ciuer paffeuben Slrbeit urn, im gall er uid)t Dorjiebt, fciue ^cife ol)ue 5luffd)ub i\V^ 3nuere bej^ ^anhe^ fort^uiclpcu, bem S^de feiuer S3cftimmuug cntc^cc^cu ; uub er rul)t nid)t, bid er ^um meuigfreu eiu pdt^d)eu (]cfuubcn l)at, urn feiuc uot()U">eubi(3)leu uub briuijeubfteu ^e« biirfuijfe befriebigeu $u fouueu. 41 and nobles, some ministers, ^^ccs bicnfr. — 9 tor ^nO, (^tantpunft. — 10 tctAonntivoifcr. — -11 to her. — 12 flarf. — 13 G-^angclium. — 14 cr()attai. 42 i6 2)a cr mtbefannt ifl nut bcu 97amen inib ^?o^^ itungeu ber :?lrbciti]ebcr, mit feincr DiciferoiUe, tern JBetrag ber ^Jcifefoilcu u. f. \v., fo fiihlt cr ^a^ ^e^ tiufiu^ uad) 9?atl) unb ^x'(cl)rinu]. (^^ wirt) it)m miii, iiameiUltcl] wcnn cv bci .llojfe i|l, nidn an (5clcl)cufcl)(cn,wclct)e tl)m ibxc "^icxW'tc anbtcteu, imtiirhcb luitcr Der ^iscif d)cnui(i ibvcr llii:* eigemuK^igfcir, fo wic, "Ca^i fie atlc5 aiif tai> -X^nlc beforqen i\)m-bcu. (St bencbmc |Td) l)od)rt lUM^Td^itg gecjt'ii fo(d)e plot^I id)e grcuubc, wic |d)bn fic nud) geflciDct fck'U, wcld)e (ocfcnbe ^^crfprat,iiU(-;cu fie il)m and) mad)cit mogcn. vi'r laffe fctn Wxih lu^it it)nen nu'difeln inib jv'bc ibncn fciii ®c(b ^iir Vd\\^ benjabriini} ober (]cfd[li;^cii 'lH'fi.>rc]imi^ an anlcve ; benn \x>:iu\ etu fi>lu)L*r unreMid) i]t nub cyflarf, bag er c^ Dcrloren babe, fo fann cr nacb bcni (^)efcl3 incbt bcfti-afr iDcrDcn, m^fcrn bicfc ^iH'fora.ung rVine ®efd)dfr£jfad)e war, wofnv cr cine ^x'lobnnng cbcr bic 3i'f'"'"i)^'^"'^9 ^'i'^^^ feid^cn crhahcn baitc. vfr l)ernieibe ibre t%fcUfd)aft, lajTc ftcb nid)t ron ibncn traftircn, fnr^, er niad)c fid) in fciucr ^iijcife tjcrbinblid) (I'^cicw ^n^owcn , bcrcn iSrclInni] nnb gnfer CSbaraftcr ibni nicbr uubl bcfann? i)t. X'er an](cfe(^inmanbcrcr iff ii^irrlid) oft bci feincr ^anonnc] in @cfabr, in ^ii' S^a^'oc ihmi ^HMrnr,cru ^n fallen nnb ein Dpfcr feinci-^ s^^trancnd nnb fiiiicr llnfcnntnif} jn werben. ^Mbft che er ben ^u^bcu biefci^ gefci^nctcn \?anbe!^ berH[)rt, 'iJIni-icfidirti ber ^iifte, iriirb er (]ar oft oon bicfcr Siia\\c uon '>)]lnu 43 country, towards the end of his destination, and is not discouraged, until lie has found at least a means of satisfvint'- his immediate and short ursjent wants. 16 As he does not know the addresses of employers, nor his route, nor the fares of travel either by water or by land, &c. he; feels the want of instruction and advice. There will be, especially if he is in possession of money, no lack of those, who ofler him their services, of course, under the affirmation of their disinterestedness and that they will take the best care of all his aftairs. He ought to be very cautious with those friends of the moment, however decently they may appear, and whatever alluring promises they may make him. Ho should trust them with no money to change for him, neither should he favor them with any money to keep or send away to others ; for if such a one is dishonest and declares that he has lost it, he cannot be punished for it by law, provided that this trust was not a matter of business, for which he has received a reward or the promise of one. Indeed, the unsu^>pecting immigrant, on his landing, is often in danger of falling into the hands of some swindler and of becominp^ the dupe of his own confidence and ignorance. Even before touching the soil of this blessed country, in the sight of the shore, he is apt to be approached by those men, who skilfully seize, in behalf of their own selfish purposes, upon his feelings of astonishment and 44 fdjen an(jefprcd)en, weldie ffrf) feiite^ (5rf!aiinen^ unb feiner frcubi(j aiifgercgten ©efiil)le nub s^O^^irf) feiner Unbefanntfdiaft unb 2lbl)dn(]U]fcit hn bem Sinblicfe ber »or il)m (ie^qenben neucn ®elt mit ®e^ fcl)tcf ^u bemeijlern ttjijfeu, urn il)re felbjlfud)tigcn Slbfid)ten ^u crreid)en. 17511 biefer unb mand)er anberen S5ejiel)ung fotttc bcr 3(u^wanbcrer, tt)elcf)er 5Bil(cn^ ijl, fctne ^{cifc nad) 5(nu?rifa au^utretcu, ober auf bem 5Bege babin, ben D^att) fitr 5lui^n)auberer nid)t unbead)tet (ajjen, it>e(d)er »or einicjer S^if i» o|fcutIid)eu Slattern er^ fd)ien unb mo»en 9iad)foIgenbe(^ cntnommen i]t : 1. 9iif unb nimmer la^t end) in I)cutfd)fanb ba^u uerleiten, ^nm 35oran^ fiir eure 5?cife Don ^cen^^orf in'^ 3nncre Don 3tmenfa ^n be^ablen. ©ennnncn fount ibr babei nidn^, Dedieren febr mcl 53e3abft Hog bie (Seeretfe bi^ ^ien?9)orf, unb nid)t metter ! 2. ©etb il)r USiUen^, nad) 5[)^i|youri, 3«^»t>a, bem tt)eft(id)eu ober fublid)en 3Hi«ot^ cber bem fnblid)en Snbiana ^u reifen : fo reifet iiber 9t e u ^ D r I e a n ^ ! Dbwohl and) bort S3etrug genug ueriibt wtrb, fo i)V^ bod) bort nid)t f arg, unb bie golgen nid)t f em^ ppublid), wie in irjeu<2)orf. 3. 3br braud)t cud) mit f e i u c m 9J? ci f 1 e r (runner) uub f e t u e m ^ a f f a g c ^ S u r c a u (f >r- warding office) eiu^uIajTeu. Vie 'OMUev mad)en Jd) uid)td baran^, tie un»erfd)dmteften ^ngen ^u fagen. gragt it)r nad) einem greunbe in 3^icu??Jorf, 45 joyous' emotion,- and at the same time of Lis depend- anoe^ and ignorance, in view of the new world which lies before iiim. ^^ In this and many other relations the emigrant in- tending to start"* for, or on his way to America should not neglect to consider the advice for emigrants, whicli appeared in some public papers a short lime since and from which the following is selected/' 1. Never sutler yourself to be so mi«guided^ in Germany, as to pay in advance'' your fare from New-York to the interior of America. You can gain nothing by this, but lose much. Pay your passage only to New-York, and no farther.^ 2. if you wish to go to Missouri, Iowa, to Western or Southern Illinois, or to Southern In- diana, go by the way of New Orleans. Althoiigli there is deception^ enough committed there, yet it is not so bad and the consequences not so pernicious/** as in New- York. 3. You need not engage^'a runner^- ov inquire^^at a forwarding-office. The runners feel no compunc- tion in telling 3^ou the most impudent falsehoods If you, for instance, inquire for a friend in New-York, 1 frcf), fvcuMc). — 2 bic ^Cufrcgung, (5H*mutf)C'0civc9ung. - 3 t)ic ?(OI)angici!cit. — 4 aOrcifcn. — 5 ivaf)(cn, cuts cl}non. — 6 iH'rlcircn, trrc fu()i-cn. — 7 tm r.crniu". — ivcitcr. — 9 Saufcbang, JBctrug. — 10 ycvtcrMicI). — 11 i"ic() cintaffcn. — 12 t)cc 9}Jaf(cr. — 13 onfvngcn. 46 fo tJcrfTrf^ern ffe end), er fet mc(](]c^o(]cn. gragt t!)r nad) eincm ^irtl)e, ben man end) cnipfol)Icn i)at, fo t)erficl)crn jTe cud), bcr fei banfcrott (^cc^auj^cu. ?a^t cud) burd) bie^ ^i\ic6 ntd)t trrc madjcn ! ^Bic frcd) jTe and) bef)auptcn mogen, |Te fcieii Don bci Dbrigfeit ba^n bejlclir, end) ^n rathcn nnb ^n Icircn: glaubt'^ nid)t nnb befolgt^^ nid)t ! Ser halter end) gegen jTe, aW ob il)r meber boren nod) fpiTd)cn fcnusf tct ! ^Oin^t i[)v ja ema^ fprcd)cn, fo fagt vnhtc]: /,3d) VDcrbe fd)on iviffen, iDa^ id) gu tl)nn l}abe/' ober eine al)nnd)e anc^mcid)cnbe 5Intivort. 4. 3l)r l)abt ba^9?cd)t, ^n?etnia! 24 ©tnnbcit md) cnrcr 3(nfnnft mit cnvent ®cpad anf bem eitcrc ^?cife mit ,q(eid)cr 2[sorfidit ! 5. ^anal^^Tcifcn fd)einen ivoav i)ithi?obtfcifer 511 47 they will assure you, that he has moved away.^ If you inquire for a landlord, who is recommended to you, they Avill assure you, that he has become a bankrupt. Be not led astray*^ by all this ! However impudently they may assert, that they are commis- sioned by the government to advise and to guide you : do not believe them nor follow their advice. Conduct yourself with them, as though^ you could neither hear nor speak. But if you must say any- thing, quietly s?iy : " I know already what I have to do," or give a similar evasive^ answer. 4. You have the right to remain with your bag- gage^ on board the ship forty-eight hours after your arrival. Make use of this privilege. Do not be in a hurry.^ Take time. Go quietly from your ship along the wharf, and you will see lying there the steamboats which are bound for Philadelphia, Al bany and other places. These names (Philadelphia, Albany, &c.) are written there in great letters. If you only have eyes and can read, you will soon find it out without the aid of an obtruding conductor. Pay then upon the boat, at the captain's office, and not till the boat starts, your fare for Philadelphia, Albany, &c. and when you arrive at these places, pay for your farther passage with like precaution. 5. Travelling by canal seems to be much cheaper 1 wccijichcn. — 2 irrc Icitcn, trrc macbcn. — 3 dx> db.ai^ rocnn. — 4 avuiti)cid)cnt>. — 5 &a5 ©cpac!. — 6 tic Site, 48 fein, al^ @tfenba()n?3'?ctfen ; attetn e(5 bauert and) «m fotttel Idngcr. 23on 5{lbani) itad) 35iiffa(o braiid)t man per (Jifenbabn uiir 1 ^ac}, per Stanai 8 bii$ 14 Zac^e ; auf bcr (5ifcuba!)n l)at man im ©ommer 150 ^'^fmiD ®epdd frei, auf bem itanat 50 ^j)fiinb; auf tcv (5tfeubal)u ()at man nur fiir ciueu Zag, ^db[w gung ^u bejablcn, auf bem jlaual 8 bi^ 14';ta(]e. 6. 5Ger t)on S?eu==2)orf iiber 55uffaIo wad) bem 5Beften rei(i, tljnt in ber ^?e(]el am bejlcu, fid) ciuer ber ^\vd Qvo^cn (5ifeuba()ueu ^u bcbieueu, bie vion 3fieu?2)orf bort()iu (]cl)n, udm(td) bte ^iiba n^ou bort gel)t'55 ^war gueril 25 ^jjieilen mcit ten 5?ubfou^@trom bniauf per 2)ampfboot, bauu aber per (Sifeubabn in uorbtt)e(ll'id)cr 9?id)tuu<; grabe burd) bi^ nad) ^ituftrf am (ivicf^cc (i)oii ba wcitcv per 2)ampfboot nad) iSicmiaut, 'B'Vm tu^fi), Detroit zc.) 7. 'Beit il}v ^iltcu^^ in'^ 3nuere be^ ?anbc^ 49 than by railroads, but it takes much more time. It takes only one day to travel by railroad from Albany to Buffalo (328 English miles), by canal it takes from 8 to 14 days; by the railroad you can take 150 pounds baggage free during the warm sea- son, by the canal only 50 pounds; on the railroad you have only to pay the expenses of one day's living, on the canal from 8 to 14 days. 6. Whoever travels from New-York to the West by the way of Buffalo, generally does best, to take one of the two great railroads, which lead there from New- York; that is, the Albany and Buffalo raihoad and the New-York and Erie railroad. If you choose to travel by the first mentioned, take a steamboat from New- York to Albany and there at the railroad station buy a ticket for Buffalo. But you can also take a ticket for N. York ; and you do well to enquiie, for tliat purpose, in the office of the Germai. Society, for the Agent of the Albany and Buffalo R. R. Co. But if you choose to travel by the New-York and Erie railroad, you have merely to go to the railroad station which is on the North River, at the end of Duane-street. From there it goes at first 25 miles up the Hudson by steamboat, then by railroad in a northwest direction directly through to Dunkirk on lake Erie, and from thence by steamboat to Cleveland, Sandusky, Detroit, &c. 7. If you intend to go to the interior, be not do- 50 gu jief)en, fo fagt end) meoer tn 9fieii''2)orf, ttof in aitberu (jrogeit (Stdbten buret) tie tort wobnen ben i:!eiitfct)en bauon abl)altcn. @te werbcn end) Don 53drcn iinb 5BoIfeu, Don nnburd)brin(}ltd)ett ^Bdlbern nub giftigen ©iimpfen er^df)len, t>k e^ im 3unern be^ ?anbcd gebe ; werben end) @d)recf^ bi(bcr alter 2trt tiormaten, nm end) in ben ©tdbten feft5n[)a(ten. ©lanbt i[)nen nid)t! ^a^t end) ta^ bnrd) nid)t irre mad)en ! 5:abt il)r SSerwanbte ober S3efannte in bem ^nnern, bie end) gefd)riei' hen babcn, fo reifet ^n i^nen ! ^eit il)r tJon 3^entfd)(anb I)er ta^ f^anbteben gemohnt, nnb liebt ha^dbc^ fo n)irb'^ and) in 5lmcrifa end) anf bem ?anbe fd)on gefattcn, tt)ie e^ fo Dielen tanfenben enrer ?anb^Icnte bort red)t ti?ol)I gefdttt nnb red)t n>ol)l o^^)f» 8. 5Tiie nnb nimmer fanfet ?anb, ha^ il)r ntd)t ntit eigcncn ^ngen befel)en Ijahtl 9. SBebiirft il)r in 9?en^2)orf gnten ^atl) ober 5ln^fnnft iiber irgenb etwa^, fo (^eljet ^nr bent* fd)en @efeafd)aft, @reenn?id) ^^ ©trage 3^ro. 95. Wlit grogen S5nct)|taben febt i()r ha iiber ber ^l)iir gefd)rieben : „D i e 5t o ^ " t n r ber b e n t f d) e u @ e f e U f d) a ft." 2)a mirb man end) n n e n U g e 1 1 n d) e n 9?at[) nnb Slns^f nnft ertl)ei(en. WlexH iDobt: bie^ ift bie etn^ige Slgentnr, ba^ ein^i^r QSnrean ober (Somptoir, ha^ hie „bentfd)e ®efett# fd)aft ber ©tabt 9^en^2)orf" nnterbdlt. 3:)iefe ®efettfd)aft I)at einen vein menfd)enfrennblid)eu 51 lained^ eithei-^ in New-York or'^ lu other great cities by Germans residing tliere. They will tell you stories'* about bears nnd wolves, and impenetrable* forests," and poisonous'' swamps,^ which they say, are in the interior; they will paint before you phantoms of terror of every kind,'^ in order to detain you in the cities. Believe them not! Be not deceived thereby!'* If you have relations'' or acquaintances'- in the in- teiior, who have written you, travel to them. If you were accustomed-^ to a country life'* in Germany, and like'^ it, a country life in America will please'* you, as many thousands of your countrymen are very much pleased with it, and are doing'^ very well. 8. Never buy land, which you have not seen with your own eyes. 9. If you need in New- York good counsel or information, go to the German Society, No. 95 Green* wich-street. There is written in great letters above the door, "Agency of the German Society." There advice and information will be i^iven to you gratui- tously. Remember well : this is the only agency, the only office, which is sustained by the German Society of the city of New- York. This society has a humane purpose only. Its members contribute 1 Q6()n(tcn — 2 cntivcbor. — 3 cbcr. — 4 tic (5>cfd)icl)tc, — 5 iint)iird)trinp,Ud). — 6 ta- Sisatb. — 7 Qtftlc!. — 8 bcr ©iimpf. — 9 Mc 7(rt. — 10 f)icv^urd). — 11 t>cc ^^cr^ wantto. — 12 bcr IsBcfanntc. — 13 gcivoOncn. — 14 fca^ eaut)(cOcn. — ISficbcn. — IGQcfatlcn. — 17 fid) Ocftntcn. 52 wodon jTe tl)ei(c^ 3lrme unb jtranfc niUer|lnl3cn, t[)eitd ^mi ?lgcnteu unterl)a(ten, bte in t'ciiem 55u^ reau ben (^inwanberern ratben nnb belfen. y^iihrt man end) anf ein anbved 53urcan, nnb fagt end), ba^ fet bie bentfd^e @efctlfd)afr, fo mac] ed tt)o[)l eine ©efeUfd)aft bentfc^er 33etrngcr nnb (Ed)nrfen fein, aber nirf)t bie ©efedfd^aft bentfct)er ?D?en^ fd)enfrennbe ; benn biefe I)at, im'e gcfagt, fein an? bere^ 58nvean, aU ba^ : ©veenu)id)>-@trage ytv, 95. 10. .^altet ibr end) in 3^en=^2)orf einige ;^agc mif, fo fcl)t wohl ^n, in \m^ fitr ein ® a jll)an^ ibr gebt. S3ejTcr ift'd : in einem rein(td)en, orbent? Iid)en .^anfe ml ^n be^ablen, al^ nnter bem 3Ser=f fpred)en ber 3BobIfci(bn't jTd) in ein fd)(ed)te(^, fd)mn(3i.qe^, Dcrbdd)rig an^febenbe^ Sym^ Men jn {ajjen nnb — ha geprettt ^n merben. 11. (5nb(id) ratben mir jebcm ©nwanberer a n f ^ b V i n ^ e n b ft e, »or nnb mdbrenb feincr ^nfnnft iix 9^en?^Jorf jTd) in ernfiem ®ehct bem ©d)nl3 nnb ber .^lilfc ®otte6 an^nbefeblen, nnb be^ ©prndje^ ^n cjebcnfen : ^SSerlajJe bid) anf ben y;^errn uon ganjem ^leqen nnb uerla^ bid) nicht anf beinen 3Ser(lanb ; fonbern gebenfe an ibn in alien beinen ^egen: fo mirb (Jr bid) red)t fiib? ren." (©pritdie @aL 3, 5—6) nnb ber fd)5nen (Jrmabnnng be^ alten Tobias an feinen tanding. In all thy ways acknowledge Him, and lie shall direct thy paths," (Proverbs 3 : 5. 6.) and the beautiful admonition of old Tobias to his son : "My son, be mindful of the Lord our God all th) days, and let not thy will be set to sin, or to irans- 1 arm. — 2 fvanf. — 3 iintcr()altcn. — 4 tcr iBi'trii^cr. — 5 rev Scbctm, (Sd)urfc. — 6 ^cv ?}]cn|:l)cnfrt•lln^. — 7 fclaLvn, lui) nufbaltcn. — 8 acbtfam, rcvud)tio. —9 rctn(ict)» — 10 crDcntltd). ~ 11 kdcn, — 13|d)lcd)t. •- 13 rd)nui§ig. 54 ^eqen, iinb l)ute bid), ha^ bu tii feine (Si'tnbe wiUU geil, inib tl)ueft wibcr @otfe^ @cbot/' {:^ob. 4; 6.) J^a^ ha^ oben be^ii(3lid) ber ''D^iflcr (}k\ac\tc nid)t iibertriebeu fet, mirb burd) ben aiiultd)on 53ertd)t einciS anicrifaiufd)en !V!eift(idien bejldHqt, ipekbcr bic ;tl)atfad)eanfnbrt, baf; btc 5^iird)fd)iutr^mmme, um vccktjc idbr(id) bie (^mi.qranrcn bei ibvcr ^}a\u biiuf? in 5icn?2)'^rf nnb anf ihvcni ^cci? in'^ '"sinicre bctronen werben, \Kh wad) ber .qcnnrdicn ^didlinng anf cine ''>}iilt(on l^otlar^ {'^roci iD^iUioncn fwumaU l)nnbcrttaufenb C^Vidtcn" bclviufc. 2lndi mag nod) anacfubrt lucrben, baj5 d()n{td)e n)oh(tbdtit]e ©efedfdiafrcn, mie bie cben cm\ibntc in i)(en<2)'-^i'^ ii^ ben Dorgnolid^ll-en (Eeebdjx'n b<:\ic^ \)cn nnb eii unvb beni (^inwanberer bJcrmil: anf ba^ ernrt(idi)le empfe'l){en, ben iD^ith, U'Cld^en er bort empfdn(]t, and) ^n benn^en nnb {id) md)t UMcber Don ;?lnbern irre (eiten ^n (ajTen t>ber gn ben fen, \>ci^ er bejfer niit ber 'Badn^ befannt [ei, aW 'Ilidnner, benen eine (anae (§rfal)rnn,g ,5nr eeife flelu. Unb fo wnnfd)en wiv etneni jeben (Jinumnberer, 0l)uc (am^ei^ (5nd)en, eine balbi(]e, feinen gdhiufei* ten nnb ^^eben»»erhd(rnijyen annemejjene 5^^cfd)dfif ^^Sy.it er ein ®efd]dfr annefan^en, fo niadn' er iTd) mit ber ^ietbobe befannr, mc c^ betrieben mirb ; benn bie meitlen 5lrbeiten, lUMt bem 5(cferban (ober ber ?anbm'rthfd)aft) an,bi'o ^n ten yoUeiiberfreii ^iinftn?erfen im gad)e ber Ojewerbe, it^erben bier tit 55 gress his commandments : do uprightly all thy life long, and follow not the way of unrighteousness." That what is said about tho " runners " in the above is not exaggerated/ may be substantiated by an oliicinl report^ of an American clergyman, who states that the average sum,' out of which tho emigrants landing annually in New-York and on their way to the interior are swindled,'' amounts,'' at the least calculation,^ to one million of dollars, or two million tive hundred thousand florins. It may be added, also, that similar benevolent societies as the above mentioned in New-York, are established in the principal seaports,^ and it is most earnestly recommended to the immigrant to follow the advice as given above, and not to be misguided* again by others, or to think that be is better acquaint- ed with the matter than those who are aided by a long experience. And thus we wish to every im- migrant as the result of his inquiries,^ a speedy success in finding an occupation, suitable to his abilities and circumstances in life. 1^ When he becomes established in an occupation, he must familiarize himself with the new modes and manner of doing business; for almost every kind of labor, from agriculture (or husbandry) to the most refined arts in tl.e mechanical profession, is carried 1 iibcrtncLH'ii. — 2 ij^cricbr. — 3 t)ic turcl)l'cbnittlicl)C ©umuu'. — 4 prcUcn. — 5 |u1) iH'lciufcn. — 6 ^ic :ij^crccl)s nuiuv — 7 Piv Sccl)afv'n. — 8 r«cvlcitcn, — 9 l)ic 9^acl)frn9C. 56 ciuem gan^ anbereit ©ti)te au^geful)rt, al^ in 2!eutf(i)laut). Hi' l)abe bejlcinbig feine ©ebanfeu auf SBerbejyeriingeu unb SSernieibunj] won gel)leru Qcvi&i^ ret nut) feiii gen>ijTeul)after, woMgeleiteter gleig tt)irb ba(t) bcmerft uut) bclol)nt werben* X)euii jcber ^iumanberer foUtc e^ wol)l crmci^en, bag in ciuem ?anbe, iDie tie Sereinigten ©taateit l)cu Slmcrifa, \x>o ^{cid)tl)um unb ©rimbbefilp feisf Item 33efu^er iud)t ba^ minbcfre poIitifd)e 9iec{)t Dor bem Dcr[cil)f, mid)e^ bcr cirmjle ^l^uigcr l)at, VDO feiu ^(bcl, feine bevor^ugte ^tiajyen, fcine bt^ jablte 5lemter fiir 5iid)t^tl)iin eri|lireu, wo feine flebenbe ^eere t)ic pi)pfi)'d)e unb moralifd)C Mvaft be^ 330lf^ fani>ad)en, wo feiu 5al)(reid)er ^camteui* troH in tvd(ier i)iul)e bai? ^-^rob be^ airmen i)er^e()rt uub oor 3liiem, wo feine gurfteu unb ibre yerberbj^ ten §ofe ba^ fogenannte „Qbn\\d)c dlni^t ber ©e? burf' reprafeutiren, tro^ iSerbienjl unb !i:u(3enb,— Sa§ in eincm foldjen ?anbe \^k (imii}c Stvaft, ^bdtigfeit uub ^u^bauer be^^ (^nuselneu eincu wdt grogereu (Spielranm l)abeu unb wcit fd)ncUere grud)te trai^en, aii^ in ^D^ouard)ieen, wo jeue Uebcl feit 3abrl)unberten beilanben b^ibcn unb m i t i b re n traurigeu Ui5ir f uug e u nod) bcflehen. JSiele ^:8eifpiele fbnuteu bartbnn, niit itjcldn'm gliicflidieu (^ifol^e oben ermdbute S:ui]enbcn \owo[}i \)on ^Imerifvintn-n, ai^ Dentfd)en in btefcm Vanbe genbr woxtcn finb, fo untcv iUibercn, ^a^ ^cbcn bc(J berubmten ^obanu 3«fob Sljlor, ir>c(d)cr a[6 cin 57 on here in quite a different style from that of Ger- many. He should continually^ turn'^ his thoughts toward improving* himself and rectifying' his mis- takes/ and he may be sure that his conscientious* and well guided industry will soon be observed and ewarded. — For every emigrant should well consider, that in a country like the United States of America, where wealth" and possession of real estate^ confers* not the least political right on its owner above what the poorest citizen has, where there exists no nobi- lity, no privileged orders and sinecures, wliere no standing armies weaken the physical and moral power of the people, where no swarms of public functionaries devour in idleness the bread of the poor, and above all, where no piinces and their cor- rupt courts represent the so-called "divine right«of birth," in spite of merit and virtue, — that in such a country the talents^ energy and perseverance of a per- son must have a far greater opportunity for display, than in monarchies, where the evils above mentioned have existed for centuries, and ivith their sad effects exist still. Many examples might be given to prove, with what happy effect these virtues have been exercised in tliis country, as well by Americans as by Germans, and among the latter, especially the life of John Jacob 1 tolanfctp,. — 2 ivouten/ rtd)ton. — 3 iH'rbcflj'ovn, tn'rid)* ttgcn. — 4 ter 3:rrt()um. — 5 o.mvifTcnhnfr. — 6 ^cr .'"■Kcicl): tfjum — 7 tQi> lu'gcntc (Sto,cntI)iim. — 8 ivvtoihcn. 58 armcr Smtcje l)eruberfam itub a(d einer bcr reirf)* ften 5!}Jdnuer in ber ^Belt jlarb. ©eiu Unterne^* muug^geift, fciue Stu^baueiv feme 5)?eblict}fett im ge^ fd)dft(id)eu 25erfel)r, [eiue ©parfamfeit, feiite 5D2d^ gtgung im ©(iicfe, feine ^ol)Itl)dti9feit, fott)ol){ of^ fentlicf) al^ im (StiKeit, t»erbienen aKe 9iad)a{)muu9 unb jTd)eru einem jeben, ber gteirf)eu ©tuned ijl, menu and) nid)t immer beufelbeu (^rfolg, aber bod) flerd eiueu grogeu ©d)a(s an iuuerer 3ufriebent)eit nub dn^erem ^lScl)l)laube. 19 ^d ift iubeflfeu voaljv, ta^ ber (^inmauberer ^mvcU len, and) mit bem beften bitten nub mit ^(ufbietnug aUer feiner ^'rdfte, faum im Stanbe if^, maud)e ^iuberuifife S" befeitigen, tt>e(d)e anf [einem I'eben^^ xt>cQe il)m begecjueu. ^ad foK er in einem foId)en goKe tt)nn ? ©oK er hie 5^anptqnette feiner Un^u# friebeubcit in bem nuDcllfommenen Suf^aube ber wenfd)lid)en ®cfel^fd)afr fnd)en ? foil jTd) fein Syr^ mit 53itterfeit fiiUen in 55etre|f bed biirgerlid^en nub po(itifd)en ©tanbed ber 2?inge, ben er t)ier antrifft ? obcr foU er felbl't ( ^um 55eifpie(, nm l)o()ereu ?ol)it ^n erl}a(ten,) bad ©efel^ t)erad)ten nub gu gen)a(t? famen, nngefet5(td)eu 5}tittelu fciue 3uflnd)t nel)men ? ®ott be I) lite ! ©onbern, fo fehr and) jeber 5(rbeiter feined ?ol)ued ^ertt) ifl unb fo tiefed SfflitQefiihi toiv and) fiir feine ?eiben l)egeu: fo ernjilid) miiffeit tt)ir uid)tdbc)'iott>eniger t)ic S^eihen\diaften berjeuicjcn migbiiligen, mcld)e burd) SSerkl^nng he^ ©efel^e^ mx t)ermeintlid)ed ^ed)t cjeltenb ^u mad)en fnd^em 59 Astor, who came over as a poor boy' and died one of the richest men in the world. His enterprising' spirit,^ his perseverance, his honesty in liis business transactions,"* his economy, his moderation^ in success, *jis benevolence^ both in public and private, deserve all imitation, and give the assurance that every one who is of the same mind, may attain, if not always the same success, at least outward'^ competence^ and inward^ happiness. 19 It is true, however, that sometimes^" the immigrant with his best will and ability is hardly able to sur- mount^^ many obstacles^' which he meets with in his career. What shall he do in this case? Shall he seek the main source of his discontent in the imper- fect condition of human society ? shall his heart be filled with bitterness in regard to the civil and poli- tical state of things in this country ? or even shall he (for instance in order to get higher wages) disregard^' the law and resort^"* to violent,^'^ illegal means ?'^ God forbid! But as much as the laborer deserves his reward and as deep as are our sympathies^'' for his sufferings, we must nevertheless strongly disapprove the passions of those, who, by violation of the law, attempt to maintain a presumptuous right. For if 1 tcr .^nabc. — -2 untcrnc()mcnt>. — 3 tcr ®ctfl. — 4 l)ic S5crrid)tun9. — 5 t)ic 9)?ci§tccf)(tburicif cit. — 7 ciuOcrticl?. — 8 t)cr JScblllnnb, bo'o ?(ii6femuuMu — 9 ins crticl). — iO 3umci(cn. — 11 u(H'r|tctc\i'n. — 10 ba^ .£)tnt)cr» nip- — 13 mit'ad)tcn, ricrncl)tcn. — 14 cine Buflucbt nc()mcn. — 15 gcwaUfam. — 16 tias 9}Zittc(. — 17 t)ic S()cilna{)mc 60 X)enn wemt bie ^(agen tcr arbcitenbcit ^faflfen Jt^oljlbegrunbct jTitb, fo jlelien gefelp{u1)e ?OiitteI iinb ^e^c bent Solfc ^u ®ebote, [cine 9^ed]te 511 a^al)^ rcu iiub bie 6t5rungen feiue^ ©liicfe^ ai\^ hem ilBege gu rdiimen. 2)iegreiheit be^^orte^ iiub ber ^> r c f f e, ba^ a U' 3 e m e t n e (5 1 i m m^ red)t unb ba^ uii befd) vein fte 9f{ erf) t ber SI ffo c t a ti u e It, we(rf)ei^ l)ier beftel)!, btcfj aik^ bentmmt bent gemattfameit ^Giberfpnid) jeg(id]ctt SSointjanb lutb ntad)t 2(itflditfe unb ^^ul)e|i6rungeti i^biliQ unflatt{)aft, ja felbft Derdrf)r(id). S^kv btetet pd) feine 3SeranIajynng bar, (5d)(ad)ten gegeu un(]e^ red)te 3ti:)ingl)erren ju fdmpfen : ba^ '^olf fclbft ifl ber JO'-'i'vfrf)'-'!' »nb burd) ha6 heiiiQc Sanb ber Jreis' Ijeit unb gered)ter ©efel^e un^ertrennlid) mit €ina\u ber Derbunben. 25er ©tiinmfaflen, btc ®erid)t^* l)ofe, bie S)a\im ber ©efe^gebuug unb jcne^ ebr^ tpitrbige (Sapitol in ^adtiington finb bie eingigen 5tampfp(dt3e, wo bie unblutigen ^dntpfe fiir bie ojfeutlidie ^ol)(fal)rt au^gefod)ten werbeu. 29lSober bie Un^ufriebeubeit ^in3e(ner tnit tbrer Hc^c eft cntfpringe, tnag burd) folgcube 9lncfbDte t)eranfd)au(id^t n?erbeu, bie t)iel(eid)t l)ier ciueu pap fenbcn 2>eri]{eid)nn(]^punft barbietcu biirfte. din S^anptmaun in 2)ienfteu einee^ ffeineu beutfd)eu gitrilcu wnvbc einfit anc^ ©ritnben ber (gparfantfcic, ftuf etne ^'ieutcuanf^lleUe l)erabgefe(sf. M^ er bie 9tad)rid)t bieruou crt)ielt, gerictb cr in bie dufu'rf^c ^ufregung, eilte fo^lcid) ^u feineiu general unb be^ 61 the claims^ of the woiKing classes are well founded, legal ways and measures are at the command" of ihe people, to secure their rights and remove the obstacles from the way of their success. The freedom of speech and of the press, universal suffinge^ and the unlimited'' right of association, which are established here, take away every pretext^ for a violent opposition*"' to the law, and mnke mobs'' and riots^ utterly*^ unjusti- fiable'° and even contemptible." There is here no opportunity for fighting battles against tyrants, the people themselves being the ruler, and being insepara- bly uniied by the sacred bands of liberty and just laws. The ballot-box, courts of justice, legislative halls, and that venerable capitol at Washington, are the only arenas,'^ wlu^re the bloodless contests for the public welfare aie waged. '^ 20 Whence the discontent of individuals with their lot often aiises, may be illustrated by the following anecdote, which may perhaps be pertinent to the point in question. A certain captain in the service of a petty Ger- man prince was reduced under a system of re- trenchment to a liciutenancy. As soon as he had notice to this effect, he became very much excited 1 bic ^cvbcrunc\. — 2 ba- S3cfch(,ba? (ScOct. — Stai ©tinr.iircc()t. -- 4untH'fcl)ranft. — 5 t>cr ^l^cnvcinb. — 6 ttcr gBit)cvfpnid), tcr *J.i>it)cv|1ant>. — 1 ttcu?tuf(aiif. —0 t)ic 3lu()C|toruna. — 9 turcl)aiuv9an,5 unb gnv. — 10 uu)tatt()Qft. ~- 11 Dcracl)tltcl). -—1:3 bci* .Slv^iUpfpla^. — 1 3 fii()Vv'n, ivngcn. 62 fd)mcrte jld), \:)a^ fciue (5l)re nitnitt fet nitb bafi er unmogltd) (tiui^er in eiuer ©tabt (cben fonne, n?o er allgcmetu ai^ tcr i^aiiptmauu 9^. 9^. befannt fei unb fu(3te iintcr anberem I)ii!3ii,ma^ ihn am mciilett frf)mer^e, fei, )oon fetnem S3cbicntcu fortan nid)t inel)r : „§err §auptmann/' fonbern „$crr ?ieute^ want" angerebet ^u njcrbcu. 2>er ©eiterar, obne 3it)eifel eiu ?[l?ann ijon^afl:, gab i()m ben bcruhigens' ben dlatl) : „®ie fommcn an^ biefer 25erlegenl)eit, tt)enn ©ie il)ren Sebicnten it>egfd)t(len nnb einen anberen nel)mcn." I^ie ernjie ?el)re biefer (iv'^al^f Inng i{t: mv miiflfen bieUrfad)en micv Uebel, itber wekvic mv nn^ beffagen, nid}t augerl)alb, fon* b e rn in n n ^ f e I b jl, in nnferem eigencn .^er^ ^en an^iiben nnb fie ^ n b e f e i t i g e n f n d) c n, ttjenn wiv frci nnb gliicflid) fein iDoUen. (So l)oren unr gnmeilen ^lagen uon ^iniranbc^? rern, it)e(d)e, nad) einem fnqen 5Uifentl)aItc in hie^ fern ?anbe, nnb obne bie ^D^inbefte ^enntni^ i)on bemfelben nnb feinen (5inrid)tnngen ^n beftijen, ein dicd^t aiif t)ic ^efriebignng alter ihrer ^iinfdje ^n {)aben ijermeinen, nnb tt»eld)e, n?enn ]lc fid) in biefen i()rcn ^rmartnngen gctanfd)t jtnben, bann jn ben unbiUigllen S3efd)tt>erben iiber ibre nene i^age fid) l)inrei^^en lajfen, tt)abrenb ii^eber hie Ungeredjtigfeit il)rer 9ftebenmenfd)en, nod) t)ie ^[yjangeniaftigfeit ber biirgerlid)en (5inrid)tnngen bie mal)re Urfad)e il)rer Un^nfrieben ()eit finb, fonbern i()r eigener TtawQcl an ?eben^n)eit>l)eit, i^re eigene Unfenntnig ber 3Sers» 63 and immediately repaired to his general, complain* ing, that his honor was lost/ and that he should be unable" to lemain'^ any longer in a city, where he was well known as the Captain N. and adding at the same time, that the most painful^ thing of all was, to be called henceforth^ by his servant no longer " Captain " but " Lieutenant." The general, doubt- less*^ a man of tact, gave him the conciliating' advice : "You will be free fiom this trouble, if you send off* your servant and take another." The moral of this story is this : We must seek the reasons of the many evils, of which we complain, not abroad,'-' but in our- selves^ in our own hearty and endeavor^" to remove them, if we wish to be free and happy. So we hear sometimes complaints of immi- grants, who, after a short stay^^ in this country, and without any correct^" idea of it and its institutions, believe, that they have the right to enjoy all their wishes, and when they faiP'^ in this expectation, they resort to the most perverse^"* complaints of their new situation, while neither the injustice^'^ of their fellow- men, nor the imperfection^^ of the civil institutions of which they complain, are the true reason of their 1 vcrlcfet. — 2 nujjcr ©tantc, unfaf)ig. — 3 ttcifccn, ^utucts btcibcn. — 4 fd)mcv^(id). — 5 fcrtan. — G o^nc 3ivcifc(, ^ivcis fclicf% — 7 ycrmittctnt^, bcfanfttgcnb. — 8wc9fcl)ic!cn, nOs fcl)affcn. — 9 nuj^ivart^. — 10fid)0cnuil)cn. — 11 tcr^fufs cntl)att. — 12rtd)tici. — 13 [id) tau[d)cn. — 14 t^crfcOvt. — 15 i)ic Un9crcd)ti9fcit. — 16 tiicUni^cUEonuncnfjcit. 64 ^filtrnffe, if)r ?eibenfrf)afteit unb if)v Un»erffaiit>. jflciw, ungeftiime^ 5tnfdmpfen gegen tie l)ier befle^* l)enbe Drbnuitcj ber 25inge ifl ujeber ber 'IBeg ^iir ^ugeub uub ^um ©liicfe be^ (Jin^clnen, nocf) ^u ben offeutIid)eii 3^eformen, n)e(rf)e iiorl) tbiiit. „5Scvt)cn wif nut' \dbct bcffer, SBic Oa(t) ii)irt) 2(llc6 bcffcv fcin '/' •^i?agt \nx^ mit ben SSerbejTeriin^en nn itn^ fefbjlt ben 3(nfang mad)en ; la^t nn^ anf jene (Sjebanfen unb (^mpjtnbnngen 3Seqtct)t leiilen, tDomit eine nn* g{ncflicl)e ^b'ergangcnbeit nnfer llrtt)ci( bcfangen ge? mad)t nnb nnfer @efnl)( crbittert bat ; ia§t nn^ gnerfl aUc nnfere jtrdfte ber (Srfiidnng nnferer ^flirf)ten wibmcn, nnb bann nad) ten dicd)tcn m\$ umfe()en, tie nn^ nnb 3cbcrmann 9ebnl)ren* 31^ gnm 33eifptel (Btol^ ein ^tnberni^ nnfere^ ©(iicfe^, (agt nnd bemntl)t(} nnb befd^eiben merben; i(t c^ ^rdgl)ett, ia^t nn^ flcipig fern ; ift c^ i*etbenfd)aft# nd)feit, ia^t nn^S bte .s^elTfd)aft iibev nnd felbj^ Qe^ tt)innen ; i]t e^ Unmd^igfcir, (a^H nn^ nnd)tern nnb md^ig werben ; ift e^ "OD^mc^el an ^efd^dftic^nn.q, la^t nn^ nnfere j^rdfte uerboppein, nm nn^ l)ev)oe>v^ gntl)nn ; ift e^ 9J^^n(]eI an grennben, ta$t \m6 lie^ ben^njiirbig nnb tren fcin ; i|t c£> .s>cimmeh nnb ta^ &efii[)i ber t^infamfeit, lagt nni^ cin (cbbafte^ 3ni» tereflfe an biefcm i*anbc nub fciner %\>l){fahrt ne()^ men nnb fo nn^ eine S^eimati) \)iev b:reiren ; — aber biefe^ ^lllc^ ia^t nn^ fur geringfiigig Mten, tt)ofern nidu ber (3ei]t ber Dielicjion nnfer S^cv^ 65 dissatisfaction/ but their own want of practical wis- dom, their own ignorance, their own passions and indiscretion.- No, impetuous aggression^ on the state of things whicii is estabhslied here, is neither the way to private virtue and happiness, nor to public reforms which are needed. " As we ourselves grow better and better, " So grow better and better things around"* us." 21 Let us begin the reformation in ourselves : let us renounce*^ those ideas and sentiments, Avitli whicli an unfortunate*^ past'' has prejudiced our judgment and embittered our feelings ; let us at first devote all our power to the performance of our duties, and then look out for the rights which are due to us and mankind. If tlien it is pride* which is an obstacle to our welfare, let us become humble'' and meek /"if it is idleness, let us become industrious; if it is pas- sion, let us become self-possessed;" if it is intemper- ance,^- let us become sober''' and temperate;'* if it is want of employment,'^ let us double"' our energies in order to excel;" if it is want of friends, let us be amiable and true; if it is the feeling of loneliness and homesickness, let us take a lively interest in this country and its well-being, and thus make us 1 tic lln,5ufvict)cn()cit.— 2 tier nnt>cr|tnnt.— .3 fcor^fngriff — 4 vinc\j;unu — 5 iH'r^icbton, nb(cc\cn. — 6 unqlurflicb. — 7 tie ^:i?crc\anc\cn()cit. — 8 tcr (Src(v — 9 tciiuitbia. — 10 fanft — 11 .ybcvr iiOcr fid) fc(b|t. — 12 Mc llninutjic^folr. — 1.3 niicl)' tern.— 14 malng^ —15 t)ic Scfcbaftigung. — 16 tjcrteppctn —17 fict) au^s"crr nid^t bte iStabt bcbutcr ; fo n?ad)er bcv Ul^ad)ter unifoujt." .turj, wir nui|Tcii widn benfcn, fca^ tie Ui^elt ftd) urn iin^ unb unfcrc ©eDvUifeii [)enimbrcht; wir imiffcn m\^ bavaii crinuerii, ba^ \x)ir iiid)t bcnifeu u^Drbtu ftnb, iu biefes^ l*anb bcntbcr^ufiMnmcu, wcbcr alt? ^^evbejTe^ rer brr ©t'felie, nod) al^ (Sterev bci:^ gricbcui^ luib ba^ wir bie hciltge ^i5evptlid)tmi(^ babcu, pfiid)ltrcue S3uri3er s» wevben luib bcit ©efd^en midicjeu (53el)or^ fam gii Iciil^en. 2[>or atlcm biirfcn n)ir nid)t vergcjTen, ba^^ etu ©cfct^, fo laitge at^ ed beflcl)t, lutDeridiltd) (]chalrcii iDcrbeu jmi|5; bciui bie fd^limmften 5-oii]en anirbcit barau^ ciuftebcn, ware e^ nid)tfo. S^Gcnn iibni3en^ cin ©efcl^ fel)(erl)aft befiiubeu wirb, baini gibr c^ emeu ciijcncu ®erid)t^l)of, e^ absiifd)affciK lint) tt)er mag Icugnen, ba^ aUc menfd)(id)en (^)efcBc un=* Dolifommcn fuib mib wn 3cit 311 3eit SScrboffevuii^ gen bebiu'fcn, in Uebcreiuftimnunig foivol)! nut beu gort[d)vitteu bc^ Beit.qeift^, aid mit ben nnwanbef^ baren "ii>al)rl)eiten ber Dteligion ? 67 a home here; — but all this let us consider of little avail, unless the spirit of religion penetrates our heart, guides' our paths";ind strengthens our hopes, and unless we do not depend in all our undertakings on God's providential blessings; for "except the Lord build the house, they l.ibor in vain^ that build it: except the Loid keep the city, the watchman* waketh* but in vain." In fine, we must not think that the world turns according to our notions,^ and we must remember also, that we have come to this country, not called here, either as reformers'' of the laws, or as disturbers^ of the peace, and that we aro under the most sacred obligation to become dutifuP citizens and to submit cheerfully'*^ to the laws. Above all, then, we must keep in memory, that a law, as long as it exists, must be inviolable, for the very worst of consequences would ensue" if it were otherwise. If, however, a law is seen to be wrong, there is a proper tribunal to annul it. And who will deny, that all human laws may be imperfect and require amendments from time to time according to the progressing'^ spirit of the age, as well as to the immutable'' principles of religion .'* 1 tcitcn. — 2 bcr Sd)ritt. — 3 umfcnjt. - - 4 t)cc 2Bact)tcr. — 5 ivnd)cn. — 6 t)fr GJotnnfc, bic (Stntilbiinp. — 7 fcct aScrOcfTcvcr. — 8 bcr nrbc nid)t bie gel)orige 5(u^bi(* bung erlangt l)aben, grcil)cit mit BiiQtllofiVjfcit, cbcr bem 9led)te ju tl)un, mad il)m gcfdttt, gu Deiwecl)^ feln. ^te grcil)cit bicfcd ?anbcd ift bie ^ivfun.q ]\n{if rf)en @el)orfamd gegcn cin ©cfel^, tve[ct)ci1 [cine ^^hv tvobner aid binbenb fiir ftd) unb ^cbermann aner? fannten. (5ie evlangten bicfe yV^'ciii^it i"it niduuii^ iber (5n(-fd)Io|]eul)eit nnb gcnoffcu ibvc griicbtc mit ri?L'ifcr ^IRd§ic]ung. ^ie greibeit bier \?erbanfl: ibr v^urilehen nid)t irgenb cincr pIol>{id)cn 5Uifrc,qung unb 5lufn)a((un{3 bcr®cfiible, fonbcrn eincr rubii]eu unb forgfdltigcn CfnDdgnng ber ©riinbe nnb einem ernften, tief(]efiiblten 2>erlani]cn, mabrbaft frci ju njerben. I^iefcd 35ev(ani]en nad) /Vi'<^^f)fif it>nrbe ^endbrt im ji'reife einer jcben gamilie, in ben Sd)n* len unb ^'ird)en unb bnrd) eine i>crftdnbige, leiben* fd)aftillofe ^\re|ye. di^ war ber &ci\t ber 8elbfibe* i)crrfd)ung unb (£elbRrerIen(]unng, u>cld)er eine grud)t bcr^Keligion ifi:, iDobnid) bie cblcn ^]>atrioren Don 1775 nnb ben folgeuben ^ahren ben (^ieg ubcr ibrc mdd)tiqen y^cinbe bauon trugen; unb fo langc biefer religiofe (Sinn, n)e{d)er ben @ei|l er(end)tet unb bad ^ebcu uerebelt, unter ibren ^iMirgern betlcl)t, 69 22. The emigrant from a foreign land, who has lived under the oppression of Despotism, is in danger of falling from one extreme into another, and, as he lias not been properly' enlightened^ in respect to hu- man rights, and the dignity of man, he is quite apt 16 regard^ liberty as nothing more or less ihan reck- lessness,"* or the privilege of doing ns he pleases. The freedom of this country is the result of moral obedience to a law, which its inhabitants recognized* as binding upon them and all men. They asserted* this fieedom with manly firmness, and enjoyed its fruits with wise moderation. The first appearance of freedom here was caused not by im.pulse^ or feeling, hut by a calm and careful consideration of reasons, by an earnest and heartfelt^ desire to become free in- deed. This desire for freedom was nourished at every fireside,^ in the public schools, and in the pul- pit,^" and by a sober'^ minded^' press. It was by that self-governing and self-denying'^ spirit, which is a fruit of religion, that the noble patriots of 1775, and the follow^ing years, gained the victory over power- ful enemies; and as long as this spirit of religion, which enlightens the mind and purifies'^ tlie life, ex- 1 gcl)oci9. — 2 Qufflarcn. — .3 6ctrad)tcn. — 4 tic (ccrg^ iofigfcit, Sugcnefigfcit. — 5 ancrfcnncn. — 6 bcfiaiiptcn, atangcn. — 7 tec ?(utricO, Scang. — 8 f)fr^(id), rtcfp,cfu()(t. — 9 t)cc .pectb, jtamin. — 10 t)ic .^lan^cl. — U iui:l)ti'rn, — lagcfinnt. — 13 fid) fdOft lu'rtcugiu'nt. — 14 rcinicicn. 70 fo (aitgc tvivb biefe groge Dflepublif blu()eu itnb ge^ t)eil)eu. ©laubc 9iiemanb, fd)on barum ein giiter S3itr(5er ^u feiii, tocil er in bicfcm freien ?aiibe Icbe unb bie D^C(i)te eine^ freien S3ur(]cr^ gentege ober Weil er in nngemejTenen 3ln(^briicfcn anfgnrften unb it)re X5iener lo^giebe. 9iein, mer frei fein miU, mng nid)t nnr bte griicbte i>cn bem S3anme ber grci()eit ejyen, fonbern and) fcine ^nr^eln bcgiefjen unb nid)t nnr fcine ^-ntriifiung gcc\en jcbc Unter? briicfunc] an )^cn Zciq (egen, tvc(d)c^ eine iei&jte (^ad)Q ijl in biefem ?anbe, fonbern fcine ^iebe ^u biefer Union, ibren ©efcl^en nnb ^inridjtnngen, and) burd) fein ?eben bemeifen* 23. a^ \\i t)ielteid)t fi'ir mand]e i:)en(fd)e tie IBarnnng 'oon ciner attgn c^rogen 3hifre.qnn(] ober ^anati^mnd, fowol)! in SSc^nc] anf ^)o(itif a(^ anf 9f{eligion, bier nid)t am nnred)ten Orte, Ungliid(id)e ?i}2enfd)en forool)! aU ung[iic?(id)e SSoIfer finb l)ier^n gerne gcncigt. y. mel)r ber S3o^ ben be^ dM)t^ nnb be^ ©(iidc^ i{)nen nnter ben giigen weggegogen n)irb, befto bitterer merbcn bie ^IBorte, ttjoniit fie il)ren tjcrlel^ten ®cfiU)(cn ?uft mad)en. 3e mel)r fie ben ^D^an.qcl mirf(id)er 9ied)te cmpfinben, be)lo mchr finb ^ic gcneigt, fTd) mit pl)antaftifd)en (gi)|temen, ben ^>rebnften pI)i(ofepi)i^ fd)er gorfdjnngen, tt)eld)c anf (Srben nie iiern?irf(id)t merben fonnen, s« tdnfd)en ; nnb bicfc ^Vin^ipicn pflegen jic mit einer ^eftigfeit ^n uerfofgen nub 71 ists among its citizens, so long will this great Repub- lic flourish and increase. Let no one expect to be- come a good citizen merely by living in this free country and enjoying the lights of a free citizen, or by abusing^ in unmeasured terms'^ Despots and their menials."' No; whoever wishes to be free, must not only eat the fruits of the tree of liberty, but also water its roots, and not only show his indignation* sgainst oppression, which is an easy matter in this country, but also prove, hj his life^ his love to this Union, its laws and institutions. 23. It is perhaps a proper place here, to warn many a German against too great excitement and fa- naticism,^ both in matters of politics and religion. Unhappy men, as well as unhappy nations, are vcrj prone^ to this. Tiie more the basis of right and hap. piness is taken away from under their feet, the more excited become the words, by which they give vent' to their wounded feelings. The more they feel the want of real privileges, the more inclined they are to delude' themselves with fancifuP systems founded en metaphysical speculation, which never can be realized on earth ; and they are apt to maintain these princi- 1 fcl)impfcn,(a[tcrn. — 2 bcr 2Cuf>t)rucf. — 3 t)a«o ©cfinbc, t)cr ®c()u(fc, 2>icncr. — 4 Mc' Sntriillung. —- 5 Vxt ©rs btttcrung, t)cr ^anati>omu^^. — 6 (^cncigt. — 7 tic 2uft. — 8 tciufd)cn. — 9 cin9c0itt)ct, p^antaftifcf). 72 fefl^ur)alten, wcldje mit i\)xev Uitau^ful)r&arfeit m gleictiem 2Serl)dltnijTe |^et)t. ^Bie «ngered)t iinb lieblo^ jTitb bod) gutDeiJeu bte Urtbeile mand)er ^Vrfonen, iiamcntltd) foId)er, bie jtod) jiid)t lange im ?anbe jTub, in 5infel)mi9 il)rcr 5D2itmenfd)en unb ber Siijldnbe il)rcr SSergangenlieit; n?ie gcrne gefaUcn fie fTd) barin, 5lnbercn alie ed)ulb auftuburben, wd()rcub ein Seber f(d) felbfl gumeift anflagcn fotltc, unb wie leid)t ycvblcnbcu ^artl)eil)a^ cber veligiofe Sornrtl}ei(e ii)v gefunbe^ Urtbeil iiber 2)in(]e, vx>cld)e ibnen nod) fremb ftnb «nb xveWfjC jTc erft mit3Sorf(d)t priifen folUen, urn jTe bejTer fcnnen gn lernen. ^JDJoge barum ber ®ei|l ber5D^dgic)ung,berS5efd)ei^ benbeit unb SSorfid)r jlet^ iiber un^ walten ; nibge rege 'iBi^^begierbe hie (gtelle eine^ t)orfd)neIIen Ur^ tl)eil^ erfeJ^en ; mbge (^intradjt unb ^iCobliuotleu alle i^er^en »erbinben unb ber '•IBunfd), ®ute^ ^u tbnn, tk bofen ©eijler be^ Sy-i^c^ nnb ber 3wie^ trad)t fiir immer entmajfnen ! 24. ^Jiid)t(^ aber erbd(t ben &ci]t freier »on ben i^erberblid)en (^inflnffcn ber Slngenwett nnb fd)ul^t ibn mel)r i)or ^i>er|Ud)nngen, al^ Drbnnng unb (5infad)l)eit in ber ?ebeni^meife, ©enngfamfeit unb 9J?d^igfeit in aUen ©eniiffen ; fnrg, eine jlrcn* jje 3nd)t in 5aifebnnj} bei^ ^'orper^, — unb bicfe tl)Ut mclen nnferer !i?ai^^(ente noti). ^ie in 2)entfd)Ianb nnter alien ©tdnben, jumal ben gebilbeteren, l)errfd)eube (SJeuupfud)t trdgt uic^t 73 pies with a violence proportioned* to their impracti* cability." How unjust and unkind^ is sometimes the judg- ment of persons, especially those who have not been long in the country, in regard to their fellow men, or the circumstances of the past. How readily do they impute'' all blame to others, while each one should rather accuse himself; and how easily does the spirit of party or religious prejudices blind^ their sound reasoning^ on things which are still new to them, and which they ought to examine cautiously, in order to know them more thoroughly. May therefore the spirit of moderation, modesty and caution, always rule over us; may an active de- sire for instruction prevail, instead of hasty judg- ment ; may concord and good will unite all hearts, and the wish to do good disarm for ever the bad spirit of hatred and discord ! 24. Nothing, however, keeps our mind more free from the pernicious influences of the outward world, and secures it from temptations, than order and simplicity in the manner of life, temperance and fru- gality in all enjoyments; in fine, a strong discipline in regard to the body, — and in this respect many of our countrymen are greatly wanting. The desire for amusements, prevailing in Germa- ny, among all classes of the people, especially the 1 in: ^;Scr()a(tni|i jitcf)cnt). — 2 bic llnausfii^rtarfcit. —3 unfrcuntlict).— 4 bctmcffcn.— 5 cerblcn^cn.— 6 ta^ Uctfjcil. 74 tie geriitgjle (2cf)iUb an bem Serfatte iinferc^ ^atev^ (anbe(^ uitb an bem ^i^Itngcu aUcr fcirl)eriger greil)eit^beflrebungen. X^ort wirb bcr Serbraurf) (jeiftiger ©etranfe wn ben Dicgicruugcn gerabc^u bcforbert, tljdi^ al^ cine erqicbij^e Ducile bc^ (Jin^ fommen^, ol)nc )vdd)c tic fo fojlfpiefigc intb fiinjl:^ lid)e (5taat^mafrf)ine faiim erbalten n)erbcn fonnte, tl)cii^ ah$ ein Sdjiilpinittct gcgen bie ^ja.qen iinb 523eft1)iDerbeii be^ armcu fciucr eblcren dXcd)tc imb reinereu ©cuuflfe Don ibnen beraubtcn 2>oIfe^. gajl ciu 3fber licbt bort bie greibcit, ober c^ibt t)k6 gum wenigfieu ijor ; aber ill and) ein 3t?bcr bcreif, au^ ?iebe gur greibeit auf jene fffaDifd)e ^AbijauQiQ^ hit 'om jTniiItd)cn Serc^niigitngen gu i)er5id)ten, tt)e(d)e fcine (5elbjifud)t ibm aufcrfegt ? ^eflel)t bie grcibeitdliebc ^Sicler \\id)t febr l)diittg n n x in bem SSertancjen itad) einer grc»§eren 5(u^bebniin(] irbifdievSebciii^geninTe unb ber 5!}Jittel l)ier5n, Qicid)^ me in ben fpdteren Zaqen be^ a(tcn ^om ber 9»?uf : ,,^rob unb ©piele" ('' Panem et Circenses ") t)on bCrt ^i)i^cn be^ cntarteten SSoIf^ erfd)attte? 25. X;ie 25crgni'i,qung^fud)t ijl (Ict^ ber fTd)cre Sorbote unb Segleiter bet^ naben Serfatt^ einc^ SSolfe^ ober einci^ cingelnen ?0?cnfd)en (^enjefen. Slber ber erileed)ritt gur wal)vcn 5vretl)cit ijl, .^err fiber nn^ fetbj^ ^n wcrben, bad bei^t, unfere ^iiite jeglid)er 5lrt unter tic 5:»errfd)aft iTtttid)n'eri(^iofer ©runbfa^e gu bringen, unfere SScbihfnijTe cinju* 75 more educated,' is not the least cause of the decay* of our Fatherland, and of the failure of all the strug- gles which have been made, up to the present time tor freedom. There the consumption^ of spirituous liquors'* is openly favored by the governments, not only on account^ of its being a rich source of income, without which the expensive*^ and artificiaF machine- ry of the state could hardly exist, but also because they consider it as a palliative against the com- plaints of the poor people, whom they have deprived of their nobler privileges and purer enjoyments. There almost every one loves freedom, or at least pre- tends to do so; but is every one also ready to re- nounce, for the sake of freedom, that bondaijc to sensual pleasures which his selfishness imposes upon him? Does not tlieir love of freedom very often merely consist in a desire for the greater amount of their woildly enjoyments and the means of procuring them, as in the latter days of Rome of old, the cry "Bread and games" ("Pnnem et Circenses") re- sounded from the lips of the degraded people ? 25. Sensuality has always been the certain fore- runner and companion of the approaching ruin ot a nation or an individual. But the first step towards true freedom is to become mas'ers of ourselves ; that is, to bring our desires of, every description, un- der the dominion of moral and religious principle ; to 1 cr;5cacn,c^c(>il^l't.— 2 ^ct !i3[scrfaW.— 3tft 3?cr(n'a«d>. — 4 t)a^ ©ctranfc. — 5 ivccjciu — 6 fcjtfpicltg. — 7 f Unfitic^., 76 fcf)rdnFeit uitb cin Jtucf)terne^, magige^, avbcit\ame^ unb red)tfd)affene^ ^chen ^u fn()ren. 2Benn rviv fo ben @ei|l in nn^ anfnehmen, in n)cld)em biefe D^cpnblif (^egriinbet wart), unb wcU rf)em jTe il)v bcifpiettefe^ ^ad)^tl)nm ycrbanfr, bann tt>erben n>ir wiirbicje (Jrben jener eblcn ^atriofcn, bic mit fo t)ic(en 'I^iil)en nnb ©efahren, ja fclbfi mit il)vcm i^ergbhite, bie greibeit nnb Unabl)an(3ig^ feit bicfe^^ ^antc^ errnngen l)abcn. 26. ^er gro^e Untcrfd)ieb ^wifdjen 5!}?onarcl)ie xtnb JKcpnblif ijl bcr, bag in Icl^tercv aik @m>a(t in ben i^dnben be^ SBolfe^ rnl)t nnb »on ibm obcr feincn gefci^(id)en Drganen (©teU»ertretern ober ^ienern) an^ge[)t 5;»ier it)erben bie ©efel^e »om SSolfe felbR (jemad)t bnrd) feine SDrgane, bie bnrd^ feinen ei(:{enen freien ^^iUen fiir fnr^e ^cit^ nnb bnvd) ()dnfi,qe 5i>al)Ien ba^n beftimmt nnb an^eflettt tt)erben. Db eine fo(d)e D^egiernng^form beffcr fei ai^ eine ^onaxd)ie, l)dngt Don bem ®ciiie ab, ber ba^ c^a^e SSoIf bnrd)brin(]t. ,/5d) bin ber (Btaat," (I'etat, c'est moi !) fagtc einjt ber Se^pot ?nbwig ber3Sier^ebnte Don granf^ reid), nnb 5i}?etternid), ber Dielgepriefene ©raat(^:» wann ber nnbefd)rdnften giirftengeivalt nnfere^ 2al)rl)nnbert^, erfldrte in dl)n(id)er ^eife: ,,2IUe^ fiir ta^ 25olf, nid)t^ bnrd) ba^ SSoIf" (' Omnia pro populo, nihil per populum" War fein ^Bablfprnd)), ttjobei nnter bem ^IBorte „3Solf" einmat \>a^ „\yon ©ottei^ ©naben" Derliebene @igentl)nm fnrfllid)er 77 moderate our wants and to load sober/ temperate, industrious and honest lives. If thus wo enter into the spirit in which this Re* public was founded, and to wliich it owes its unpa- ralleled^ growth,^ then we shall become worthy heirs* f those noble patriots, who with so many toils and perils, even with their hearts' blood, achieved^ the freedom and independance of this country. 2G. The great difference between a Monarchy and a Republic is, that in the latter all the power re- poses in the hands of the people and emanates^ from them or their legitimate^ organs. Here the laws are made by the people themselves, through agents free- ly appointed for short periods by fiequent elections. Whether such a form of government be better than a Monarchy, depends upon the spirit which penetrates* the whole people. " I am the state!'' ("Tetat, c'est moi !") said once the Despot Louis XIV of France ; and Metternich, the much praised statesman of the absolutism of our century, declared in a similar sense, " All for the peo- ple, nothing through the people," ("omnia pro popu- lo, nihil per populum,") meaning, by the word " peo- ple," in the first place, the property given to Piinces 1 nuc()tcvn. — 2 bcifincdcx^. — 3 9©acf)»otf)unu — 4 feer @rbo. — 5 cnucrbcn, crcingcn. — 6 QU^ogclycu. — 7 gcfc^ticl). — 8 t>iircl)t)rin9cn. 78 ^erfoneit, i[)vc 50?arf)f, tbr (Jinflu^ unb bcr ©(aitj il)rer 2Ji)naRie; ^um nnbcren ^)3?a(e beinahe ^vieber bajTelbc, iidmfid) bie (^>cfammtl)cir ber rtcucrptlid)ti^ gen Untcrtbancn, n?e(d)c (]el)ord)cn m ii ff e n, uneber giirjl: ebcr cine (5d)cin?(5LMi)titntion e^ oorfd)rcibt, Dcrjianben tvirb. ©ottlob, wix leben in fcmcm fo(d)en ?anbe mebr ! ^Qiv lebcn in cinent Vanbe, ivo cin jeber ^^iirger ahS ^Lnivcrain betrad)tet n>irb, ter nnr ben (Sn'fel^cn ®otte^ unb bcr ^'cpnblif &c^ l)ovfani fd)nlbi.9 ift. T^ad feuvcraine T^oit mng aber cin beJTci'cr unb weifcrer .^crr fcin, aid giirilen wnb ibrc ^Jcitbe ftnb, uhmiu c^ niit dbvcn bcvrfd)cu unb bcllcben fi^U. din frau56iTfd)er ©taati^nianu unb n.M)iIofopb/ ?0?eutet^quien, fac|t in fcinem benibm^j ten ^erfe, „ber ^eijlbcr (53cfcl)c"(L'E, bcr gjJd^igfcir nnb ©cniiAfamfcit liecjt ibrc (Srdrfc, nnb fob«ilb bicfe (5i,qcnfd)afron nntcr ben ^iu;qern gii befteben anfburcn, bann i^t ed einer(ei, mcld)eii 5Tiamcn ebcr Xitel ^ii^ \)bd){tc (Btaatd.qcwatt fiibrt; bann wirb bcdi factifd) ta6 Monic{t{)nm berrfdien, tt)cnn and) vicllcid)t nntcr er50?adfe rcpnblifanifd)cr gormcn, n)ie c^ unter ben r5mifd)cu 5taifcru ber gaU war. 79 "by the o^race' of God," their power ana influence, and the splendor" of their Dynasty ; and in the second place, nearly^ the same; that is, the wliole sum of tri- butary ■* subjects, Avliich must obey wliatever tlic Prince or a Mock-Constitution prescribes. God be praised, that we no longer live in such a countr}' ! We live in a country where every citizen is considered as a sovereij]^n, bound only to obey the laws of God and of the commonwealth.'^ But the people must be bet- ter and wiser sovereii^ns than the princes and their abettors'' are, if they expect to sustain their dominioa honorably.' Montesquieu, a French statesman and philosopher, truly remarks in his celebrated work, entitled " The Spirit of laws, " ("L'Esprit des lois,") that the es- sential principle of a Monarchy is the honor emixmit- ing from the throne, but that of a Republic the vir- tue of its citizens. Their strength lies in religious and moral principles, in upright character, and especially in patiiotism, in- dustry, temperance and frugjility ; and as soon as those qualities cease to exist in a nation, it matters* not by what name the supreme power is called ; it will be a real Monarchy, though^ perhaps masked'" by the forms of Republicanism, — as was the case under the Roman Emperors. 1 Mc ®nnt>i-. — *2^cr (l)(an;5. — 3 t>oinar)>.',fnft. — 4 m^f pfticbtio, ftoucrpff u-brici. — 5 Mc JKcpuOtif. — 6 ^cr !!Buttc(. — 7 cbvcnrcU.— Sglcutciiiltig. — ycbglcicb. — 10 !?vTt)cc!t. 80 27. "^ic bie ^epublif ciitcm jeben il)rcr 33ur* ger 0leui)e 9?ed)tc nub g(eid)en ©et]eu anbictet, fo IcQt jTc and) eiuem jcbcn Qkid)c ^^id)tcn auf. @tn Seber ift tjerbiinben, ba^ ®cfe$ ju bcobarf)teit, ba^J SSol)( ber ©efammtbeit ^u beforbern unb bie 5yeinbe b^r D'^epublif gu befdmpfen. (iiiuv il)rer grogtcn geinbc aber i(l ba^^ entjTttlidjeiibc unb ycrbcrb(id)e H^cx ber Unmd^icjf eit. ^ie gevjlorenben Sffiirfungeu biefe^ ?aflcv^, n)eld)e tdglid) bent S^eob^ ad)ter in bie 3lngen fallen nnb beren enonne erbred)en(^ Deri^cpfen gu l^elfen. 28. T)ie 9J^d^i(3feit(^==@efeafd)afteu baben biefc cl)reuyeKc 5lufgabe iibernommeu, unb ec^ faun uur ba^ befd)rdnftefte SSorurtheil cber tk bo^wtlligjte @elb(lfnd)t fid) il)rem fe.9endreid)eu ^iGirfen entj^e* genjleUen. din 3fber folltee^ jum itjcnigilen einfe^* l)en, ba§ biefe ©efellfd)aften unenblid) i>tel Uebel uer^ I)inbern, cine ber 5;^anpr|tiU3en ber^?epublif,namlid) bie lugenben ber (5infad)l)eit, be^ gleij^ed, ber (Bpar* (amfeit unb ©eniigfamfcit, befeftigen nnb l)ierburd) ©cf«nbl)eif,^Bol)lftanb unb ®liid beforbern l)c{fci\ (^6 i\l iubeffen mabr, mand)er Don s^aii^ an^ tiicl)r an ein (Tnnlid)e^ ©enn^leben (jervohnte ^cnt^ 81 27. As the Republic has in store for every one of its citizens equal rights and blessings, so it imposes* upon every one equal duties. Every one is bound^ to observe the law, to promote the welfare of the whole, and to defend the Republic against its enemies. But one of its greatest foes is the demoralizing and perni- cious vice of drunkenness. Tiie ruinous effects of this vice, which arc daily seen by all observers, and the fearfuP amount of which is annually stated by physicians, overseers^ of hospitals and poor-houses, keepers'* of prisons, and other public persons, should induce" every good citizen to counteract its farther spread with all his energ}^ and in so doing, aid in stop- ping^ one of the chief sources of poverty and crime. 28. The Temperance Societies have taken upon themselves this honorable mission,^ to whose benefi- cial'" operations only narrow-minded'^ prejudice or malicious'^ selfishness can be opposed. Every one should be aware at least, that these so- cieties prevent an infinite amount of evil, support one of the main piHars of the Republic, to wit, the vir- tues of simplicity, industrj', economy and frugality, and in this manner promote health, wealth and hap- piness. 1 aufcrtcgcn. — 2 rtcrOunbcn. — 3 furil)t6ar, !Sct)rc(!cn crs rcgcn^.— 4 ^cr ?(uffcf)or, ^Scnvalti'r. — 5 ^ii^avtcr. — 6 be* tt)cgcn,antrciOon. — 7 cut9cc\cn»virfcn, 6cfampfcn — 8t>cvs ftcpfcn. — 9 t)lc ^cntung, ^tiifgabc. — 10 wc()ltl)atig. ~ 11 cnsbvraig. — 1-i OoeiviUtg, bi>$()aft. 82 fcf)e mag jTd) 5liifaug(? iucf)t gerue ait biefe rcpublifa* iiifcf)e )lii(]cnb ber (BelbftDcrleiigmnig (]cwo[)neit, obmol)! cr e^ Itcbt, gcwijTe du^ere ®ebrdnd]e ber 3lmcrifancr nad)^iial)men» dv fiiblt jTd) nod) frcmb ; feiiie friif)erc f^cbcudmeife iinb ®e«>cl)nbctten jTnb nod) frifd) in fciner 'Bccic itnb maitdje geijltj^e Untevf balmng ,qel)t- tl)m fiir ben Sdifaug megcu feiner Un^ bcfaiintfd)aft mit ber euglifdKU ®prad)e iierrcrcu. 5lber mohl il)m, n?eim er feinen mal)reit 3Sertbei( balb l)eraiic?jtnbet nub bte ^etten feiner Sorurtbei(e ^erfprengt, mibcfiimmert itm ^a^ ©ercbe (^old)er, tveUte ben cbleren S^^t'^^^" ^^^ ?eben^ ibr ^;^erj i3erfd)lie^en nnb „benen ber ^and) ibr ©ett ift nnb beren (i{)\'c ^i\ ®d)anben mtrb." (^bilipper 3, 19.) 29. ^ir finb ?(tte bnrd) nnanf(i)^Iid)e 5Sanbc imter einanber Derbnnben nnb einer mnf? bent anbcj» ren in berXngenb ber ©elbilbeberrfdjnncj ein Qiitc^ S5eifpiel nc^^»^ * ""b biefe^ ijat cine eleftri}"d)e ^raft. (5in foId)ed S3eifpie( yon (Selbjlbel)errfd)nn(] liefert cin (\yo^cv .s>e(b bei:^ 5l(rertbnm^, ber einjl bei (]lii{)eriber Sonnenbitse jTd) in einer ^Biifte, n>o fein ^iyaffer (^efnnben merben fonnte, Derirrt batte. 5lf^ enblid) ein ©otbat i\\ einer 2>ertiefnn(] ctwa^ gaffer, c\c\n\c\ fitr einen ober jmei, anfi]efnnben l)atte, fammefte er e^ in feinem .^elme nnb hvad)tc c6 ^n feinem 5^e(bberrn. liefer aber fdiiiftcte, '^Uu gc|ld)ti> be^ .s>eere'^, ben Onba(t \>c^ i^elmed anf hie (5rbe nnb erfldrte, er fei entfd)lo|Ten, an alien (5ntbel)rnncjen feiner ^^rieger ^l)cil ?,n ncbmen, nnb 83 It IS true, however, that many a German, thougli desirous of imitatinc^ certain American customs, yet habituated^ from his early life to more indulgent' ha- bits of living, is far from willing to adopt this Repub- lican self-denial. He feels himself a stranger still; Lis former habits and associations^ are still fresh in his mind ; and many an intellectual"* entertainment^ is closed to him at first, on account of his ignorance of the English language. But well for him, if he soon finds out what truly benefits him, and if he breaks the chains^ of his prejudices, without caring'' for the remarks of those who shut their hearts to the nobler purposes of life, and "whose God is their belly,* and whose glory is in their shame." (Phil. 3 : 19.) • 29. We are all bound to each other by indissolu- ble bands, and must set each other a good example in self-government; and this has an electric power. Such an example of self government is furnished by a great hero of antiquity, who had lust his way when marching through a desert,^" under a burning" sun, "where no water could be procured. When by chance a soldier had found in a little cavity,'^ water enough for one or two to drink, he took it in his helmet"' to Lis general, who, in presence of his army, turned it out on the ground, declaring, that he was resolved to 1 c\ctvof)nt. — 2nncl)(itct>io. — 3t)it.'2>cr6int>uncicn. — 4 Dcrjlantip,. — 5Mcllntcr()nltun9.— Gtic.Rctti'.— 7 fid) Ocs fftmmcrn. — 8 tcr Baud), Soib. — 9 tk (Bd)a\\tc. — 10 t>ie ic — ll t^rcuncnt). — 12 tic JScrticfuncj. — 13 tier Sochu, 84 fci'iteit ^ropfeit ju triufeu, bettor ber ff^te feiner ?eute im (gtanbe fet, feineu Diirft ^u (6fd)eit. (Jin ferd)er ^Uiebrucf n?a()ren 5Gol)hroUcn^ imb cblen 9J?itgcfitt)l!i^ l)atte eine bej|ere^irfiin,q,al^ bie fd^on* itc Otebe l)en)or(3cbrad)t l)aben wiirbe : ber rittlid)c 5[J2iit() t)on ^aufenben iwiirbe burd) biefcd gate ^cU fptel neiibefebt, Unh (]erabe fo i)erl)d(t ci^ ftd) niit ten 5!}?agigfeit(^^'®efeUfd)afteiu ^ie (inrbalrfam^ feit Don beraufd)euben ©etrcinfeu, n?c(d)cr fie t>a^ SGort rcbeit, ift luir ba^ 5[)2 i 1 1 e I , tvobiird) fie cin Qute6 S3eifp(e( c^ehcn unb jenen ®ci\t ber (Selbftbe^ l)errfd)iing unb (Selbftuerleiigniuig beforbern woKen, I) n e tt) e 1 d) e n ^ u g e n b n u r e i u ( e e r e r 9t am e Hi, 9J2it Dereinter 5!}?ad)t fiil)reit ffe StvicQ gegeu jenen grogen i:)e^poten, ben Moiuq 2llfol)oI unb fein jiarfec^, tterberblid)e^ ^ecr, 5!}?cd)tcn fTe tl)n balb iibernnnben unb mod)ten and) bie I^eut* fd)en in 2(merifa l)ier^n mad)tig beitragen. Woc^c ^'einer jnrnd=|lel)en, wo ein feld^er wal)rl)afr nnl5lt=» d)er unb prei^wurbiger 3^^^^ errcid)t werben foil, unb nioge jeber ^entfdK €^ betvcifcn — waiS hie @efd)id)te nnfere^ Saterlanbe^? in fo uiclen ^eu fpicfen beildtigt, — bag e^ bem ^cutfdicn n i e an cinem warmen A^^er^en nub fejlen ^Bi(ten fe()Ite, ba, tt)o e^ {id^ urn hie (Bad)e heS ii[)vi]tcntinm^ unb urn bie 2[>ereblnng ber 5D^cnfd)l)eit f)anbcfr. 30. l^anbiifente ! 3inf birfer rnl)m(id)en S5a{)n t)oransufd)reiten, rnft ber 2(po|ieI ^anln^ end) ^u : „^o bcjleljet nun in ber greil)eit, bamit un^ 85 participate in all the wants of his soldiers, and not to drink a drop^ before the whole of his men should be able to satisfy their thirst. Such an expression" of true benevolence and noble sympathy had a better effect, than the finest speech^ would have had; the moral energy of thousands was reanimated"' by tliis good example. And this is exactly the case with temperance societies. The abstinence'^ from the use of intoxicating*^ drinks, which they advocate, is only the means by which they will set a good example, and promote that self-governing and self-denying spi- rit without which virtue is only an empty^ name. With united powers they wage^ war against that great Despot, king Alcohol, and his mighty and nu- merous army. May they soon overpower^ him, and may also the Germans in America powerfully contri- bute to that result. May no one stand back, where such a truly useful and praiseworthy^" object is to be eflected, and may every German prove, that which the history of our country in so many instances'^ con- firms, that the Germans have never lacked'^ a warm heait, and a strong will, where the cause of Christiani- ty and civilization is at stake. 30. My countrymen ! to pursue'^ this noble course, the Apostle Paul calls to you: "stand fast, 1 t)ci- Svcpfon. — 2 tcr 7Cu<:t>n!c!. — 3 tic JKctc, — 4 ncu bctcOcn. —5 Me @ntf)a(tfamfcit. —6 Ocrau[d)cnt.— 7 leer. — 8ma9cn,fu()ron. — 9 ubcnvatrigcn. — 10 prcii^iviirbig. — 11 fcfl6 JBcifpict. — 12fc()tcn, mangctn.— 13 I'crfclgcn. 86 (if)vt|Iit^ hcfxeict l)at, unb lajjet cud) ntd)t miebentm tit ha^ fncd)tifd)e 3cd) fan(]eit. 3l)r aber, liebcn ^riibcr, fctb ^ur ^Yci[)dt bcrufeit. 3U(etn fe()et ^it, bag i[)r bitrd) bie greibeit bem g(ctfd)e iiidit 9?aum gcbet; fonbcru burd) bie ?tebe bienc (Jiner bcm 5liibcmt. X)cnn aUe ®c\ci^c n>crbeit in e tit em ^orte erf itact, in bem : ? i e b e b e i it e n Tt d d) |I e n ai^ tid) felbjl. (Soi()r eud)abeniittereiiiaiiber hci^et lutb fi-cjTet, fo fe()et jit, bag il)r itid)t iinter einanber t)er3cl)ret wcxhct. 3d) fac^e end) aber: aCaitbcIt im ®cifte, fo n>crbct ibr biel^iifte be^ gfet^ fd)e^ itid)t »oUbriit(]eit. Dffenbar ffiib aber bie ^Berfe be^ gleifd)ec>, al^ ha jTnb @()ebrudv Ji^iireret, llnrciniofcit, Un^ud)f, 5(bq5tterei, 3aubcrei, geiitb^* fd)aft, i>abeivS^ieib, 3orn, 3auf, 3wietrad)t, Dtotteit, 5;ag, ^D^orb, ©aiifeu, grcjjeit unb bcr(](eid)cn, t)en n)efd)cn iifi end) babe guwor o^R^^ »^^^ f^^O^^ "^d) ^nijor, bag, tic foId)ei! tbun, njcrbcn ba(^ dleid) ©ot- tc^ nid)t ererben/' (©alater 5, 1. 13-21.) 5iin^(inoe ! ^eber^t(]ct bie ^orte be^ ^>falmijlcn : „'5Bie njirb cin 5ii"0tinn ft'inen 3Bc(] nnftrdflid) gc^ ben ? tt)enn cr fid) hdit nad) beinen ((^btte^) 5Bor^ ten/' (^>fafm 119, 9.)/ nub bie (Jrmabnnng: „®C:» benfc an beinen (5d)epfer in beiner 3"9fnb, che bcnn bie bofen XciQc fommen nnb bie 3al)re ber^n* trctcn, ba bn tvirft fagen : ©ie gefatlen mir nid)t !" (^Veb. (Sal. 12, 1.) ^inber ! bie b. ^d)xift (]ebietet: „3l)r ^tinber, feib gcl)orfam cureu ditcxn in bem :berru ; benn ba^ ifl 87 therefore, in the libert}* wherewith Christ lias made us free, and be not entangled^ again witli tlie 3'oke of bondage. For, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty : only use not liberty for an occasion to tho flesh, but by love serve" one another. For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this : Thou shall love thy neighbor as thyself. But if ye bite^ and devour one another, take heed,'* that ye be not consumed one of another. This I say then, Walk in the Spiiit, and ye shall not fulfil the lust'^ of the flesh. Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these, adul- tery, fornication, uncleanness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, muiders, drunkenness, revellings,* and such like :'' of the which I tell you before, as I have told you in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God." (Ga,- latians, 5: 1, 13-21.) Young men ! bear'^ in mind the words of the Psal- mist : "Wherewith shall a, young man cleanse his wa}'' ? By taking heed thereto according to thy word." (Psalm 119: 0.) And the admonition ''Re- member now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil days come not, nor the yeais draw nigh, when thou shalt say, I have no pleasure m them." (Ecclesiast. 12 : 1.) Children ! the Holy Scripture commands : *' Chil- 1 in'nvufdn. — 2 Moncn. — 3 bciG'cn.— 4 tic ?(cl)t,~ 5 t>tc Cuft.— 6 ta? (Scl)ivc(gcn,frcjfcn. — 7 fccr3(ckl)vMi. btffig, cl)re 2>ater iiiib ?i}iutter ! ha6 i]t bad ex^e ®e» botr bai5 tie 35erl)ei^iin(] l)at : Sliif ba^ bir'd met)! gel)? imb bit Tange kbc]t aiif (Jrbcn/' (^'pl). G, 1—8.) Hub il)r, (5(rcrn, bctrad)tct c^ ai^ cure crfte ^flicl)t-, eurcu ^tubent ci!ie gate, rf)ri|llid)e St^ 5ie()iiiig ^u crH)ei(en ; gcbt il)iicn ftetd ctu 0Utc^ S3cifpicl imb crmalmt jTe bci ^citcn gu bcr /,gur<.i)t (I'icbe) bed aitQt im @e^ bdd)tnijje bte ^rmabnunc} bed 5{po{Te[d : „3l)i* ^I'i^ ter, rei^et eure ^tinber ind)t ^um Bi^i*"/ fi-Mtberii jtel)et jTe aiif in bcr ^iid)t imb (^rmal^uimg ^lun S>evvn/' ((5pbefer(3, 4.) 31. „5([d bie ^Taittcv 3Gadl)ingtond, fo iDirb ergci()(t, gefraojt nnivbc, une fie ben (Sbavaftcr it)ved ©obned gebilbct babe, fo .gab fie ^uv 5innDorr, ffe fet bemiibt gen)efcn, ibn brei i:^m(ie gu iel)ren : ^k^ ^orfam, g(ei^ imb ^Oabrbeitdliebe." Mcine bclfere i*ebre imb (5rmal)mm(j feimen (iU tern ibreu ^inbern ertbeilen, ijcbrt eure itinber © e b o r f a m. ^a^t ed bie erfle Section fein. 3bf fi^nnt faum friibe o<^mt(] anfan.qen. ^efldnbige (gorrjfalt imb ^(ufmerFfam? Uit i]t iibtbig, baf5 ed auf fold)e "iBeife (]cfd)ebe, ba^ nidit bie fclbilftdnbige (il)arafterenhi?id(im3 hc^ ^tnbcd barimtcr kihc. l*el)rt eure ^iuber ZljatiQUit. X^ic &ewolm* dVen ! obey your parents in the Lord ; for tliis is light. Honor thy father and mother, whicli is the fiist com- mandment with promise, that it may be well with tliee, and thou mayest live long on the earth.* 'Ephes. G: 1-3.) And you, who are parents, consider it as your 'first duty to give your cliildren a good and C!i)v^tian education; set tliem always a good cxunj)]e, and teach them early "the fear of the Lord, wliicli is the bemiinincr of all wisdom;" teach them to ''re* member the Sabbath day to keep it holy," and be yourself a pattern worthy of their imitation. Keep in memory tiie cidmonition : "And, ye failit-rs, provoke not your children to writh : but bring ihera up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord." (Ephes. G : 4.) 31. It is said, that, when the motlier of Wash- ington wasa>ked, how she had formed the character of liL-r son, shr replied, that she hnd endeavored to tench him three things : obedience, diligence, and trulh. Ko better advice can be given by any pjfrent. Teach your children to obey. Let it be the fii'st lesson, you can liardly begin ttjo ^oon. ]t lequires constarU care and attention to do it in sucli a wav as not to bieak down the stiength of a child's clia- racter. Teach vour children to be diUgent. The liabit of m l)eit, bcficinbic} itn(5(td) bcfttciftij^t 511 fein, ifl ci'ii cixu tcv (Scl)iiJ5eu(]cI biird)'k7 ?cbcn, iinb ^nq(cid) jiir ^Hli'j]? ii'O^i*-"^)^^' !^iia,cnb iimnii.qan,q(td) uorhwcnbii], Tiid)t^ faun tborid)tcr fein, ai^ hk 51nfTd)t iiMiidicr ^•(tcrn, ai^ fci c^ inianilanbiq, il)rc Jtiiibcr nrbciteu |u (ajfcn. ©civobnt fi'e friih^cirii] an cine niilplidic X'ie ^B a b r I) e i t ^ n e b e abcr tfi: »lmi ber l)i>d#cn 33cbciitiin(]. Va|5t liebcr alle^ 5(nbcre bahiii fabrcn, nli^ bicfeti. ^IBie fount tbr cud) nuf cuvc ^iiubcr ycrlajjcn, u^cnu bicfclbcn mht umhr^ l)citd(icbcnb finb? Spinet cwd^i barnm fclbcr gang bcfcnbcviv ctn?a^ ^u tbiin, n)oburd) ihr fie ^11 in3ciib einev Uittvciie cbcr llnmabrbcit aidciren fcnntcr. lint) cublid), C^Hi'j] inib ^Kt, (afu nmi alle iiiifcre Mvdftc ^iir (5Trcid)inu] eiucii Si^'^^'s-^r cinet^ (^nb^ jn>cd^ ycrciiiiqcn. ?af;r niui mdfii], fl^'iOij] niib gcnuqfam fciii ; lafn invS ciiic^cbcnf fciii inifcrcr ^jlid)tcu gc(]cu luifcrcu (Sdiopfcr nnb inifcrc Wiitf ntcnfdicn; lafn- iind in inifcrcn x^cqcn cinon !^cm^ pel (3vinibcn,tt.un'in bcr ucrjlanbiqe unb in bicjvcrne blidcnbc ®ci|i amcrifanifd)cr g-rcil)cit Icbe nnb bliibe^ — unb bann ivcrbcn mv (\nte ^ g I ii cf I i d) e nnb f r c i e 5>3 ii r g e r 31 ni e r i f a ' ^ ivcibcn. being always employed' is a great safeguard'^ through life, as well a« ess<'nlial to the ciillivatlon of almost every virtue. Nolhing can be more foolish^ than an idea which parents h.avc, tliat if is not respectable" to set th.eir children to -work. Let them learn earlyHo be useful. As to truth, it is the one essential thing. Let every thing else be sacrificed rather than this. Without it what dependance*^ can you place in your child ? And be suie to do nothing yourself which may countenance^ any species of prevarication^ or false- hood. And, finally, young and old, let us unite all our energies for the accomplishment^ of one purpose, one end. Let us b;*. temperate, industrioils and frugal; let us remember our obligations to our Maker and our fellow-men, let us build up in our hearts a temple, wherein the rational farseeing'" spirit of American li- berty, may live and flourish, and thus we may be- come" good, hap2')y and free American citizens. 1 Oofd)aftiaon. — 2^ic £'c(nit=ivcirf)C. — 3 t(>cricl)t. — 4 onftunMi', c()ri'nyeU. — 5 fviilvjcitic. — 6 ta^ 3utraucn. — 7 nufmuntcvn, untcrjliifeon. — 8 Mc?riK>f(ucbti', JKanfc* — 9 Vk (SrfiiUung, 6-rvcicl)ung. — 10 ivcitfcbcnK — 11 wets ten. 92 ® O tt ft t t tt t t O tt ^ir, ba^ SSoIf bcr 3Sercim'.^teu (Staaten, in ber Slb|l[d)t, cine uollfommenere Um'on ^u bilbcu, ^crf)t uub @ered)tigfcit cin^ufefeeit, 9{u()e im 3micrn ^u Der^cwijTcni, fiir gemctnfame SSertbeibigung giir^ ferge 511 trcjfVn, aUi]cmeine ^Bol)(ft-{4)rt ^u before* bent unb bcu ©ci^cn ber grcibeit mi^ uub uuferen 5f;ac()fomnieu ^u fTd)eru, ijerorbueu uub errid)ten l)ternut bicfe (Souftitutiou fiir hie 3>ereiutgteu ereiui(}tett (Btaatcu iiber? trageu feiu, me(d)er an^ bem (Seuate uub bcm ^aufe ber ^eprdfeutauteu befle()eu foiU SivciU'c ?(Ofd)nitt. §.1. X)a^ Syan^ ber DTeprafeutauteu fell ai\^ 5[)citn(ieberu gufammeu.gefein feiu, rvM^c ailc ^wei 3ahre \)ou bem SSoIfe ber iicrfd]tebeueu Sfaareu frwabft tverbeu wnt) tie '©abler in eiuem jcbeu (Etaate foUeii biejeui.qeu (5u"{eufd>afteu babcu, mcfd^e fiir ^Gabler he^ ^ahfreicbjl'Mi 3^^^^'in^'^ ber ®cf:l3^ gebuug in {!)rem et(]eueu 6raate erforberltd) fiub. 93 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Ob' AMERICA. We, the people of tlie United States, in order to Form a more perfect union, establish^ justice, ensure domestic" tranquillity, provide for the coranion de- fence,^ promote the general welfare, and secure'* the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section First. The legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section Second. § 1. The House of Representatives shall be com- posed'' of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors^ in each state shall have the qualifications i-equisite for electors of the most numerous branch^ of the state lemslalure. 1 cinricl)tcn, cinKfjcn. — 2 {}au6(icl), tnncr(id). — 3 btc 5>cvthci?ic\uni}. — 4 iia\u'mifl\'vn. — 5 ^ufamincni'c^v'n. — 6 K'c SButrtcr. — 7 i^cr 3ivaa. 94 §♦ 2. 9fiiemanb fott jiim !Keprd fen tan ten evwa^lt njerbeii fonneii, ber nidit ba^^ SUtcr Don fiinfiinb^ ^man^ig 3«i)rcn erreid)t bat unb feit ficbcn 3^1)^*^^ 23urger ber SSereinigten ©taatcn gewefcu t|T, unb ber nii1)t, ^nr 3^it feiner ^nDdl)hin(j, ein (5in* wcbncv bc^jcnigen (Btaatc^ i^, in it?e(d)em er geiDdl)(t tDurbe. §. 3. IDie ^Keprdfentanteu nnb bte btrecten ©tcncrn foKen nnter bie Dcrfrf)tebenen ©taaten, Yoel&ic innerbalb biefer Union begrtffen fein mcgcn, i)erl)dltnigmdgicj, je wad) beren vefpcctiwen 5(n^al)f, t)ertl)ei(t n^erben ; nnb biefe n)irb [o bercd)net, bag ber gan^en 2(n^a[)l freier ^erfonen, einfdiliegltd) berer, mcld^e eine fejTcjefel^te ^cit t)on 3iii)tfn ^vi bienen uerbnnben flnb nnb an^fd)lieglid) ber nid)t beftenerten 3»bianer, brei gnnftl)eile aWer iibrigen ^erfenen ^ngetbeilt mcrbcn. X)ic bieinialige 3dl)Inn(j foK innerbalb hvei'^alj^ ten nad) ber erjlen SSerfamnUnn^ be^ (Soncjrejje^ ber ^ereini(]ten (Staaten (}efd)el)en nnb tnnerl)alb cinc6 jeben baranf folgcnben 3^itranm^ Don gef)n 3abrcn in ber 3(rl-, mie berfclbe (^ongreg) fie bnrd) ta^ @efel^ bejlimmcn ivirb* IDie ^al)i ber gfjeprdfentanten foil nid)t (Jinen Don jebirebeii breigigtanfenb (©e^dblten) iiberfttreiten, aber je# ber ©taat foU n^enigfienc^ einen 9?eprdfentanten baben, nnb bid \^a^ eine ncne 3dMnng Dorge* nomnien nnrb, foil ber ic ?Cuf^uf)(un9. — 7 nad)llfo(9cn&. — 8 Oc)limnu'n, — 9 u^crflcigcn. 96 ^latttation cineii, (Connecticut fi'inf, 5)ieu^2)crf fccf)^, ^Ini'ZsCY^c^ i)ier, ^^cnnfpfuanien ad)t, ^cia^ \t>avc eincn, ?Diari)(anb fcd)il, 53trginien gcl)n TiCVtl)^ Carolina fiinf, ^ontiy^i^aYoiiwa fiinf nnb ®cor(]ia hrei ^u uxit)fcn bcred)tic]t fcin. §. 4. ^^cnn fid) in bcr Dicprdfenfation ivQcnt) etnc^ (gtaatc^ (BteKenerUbtgnngcn erciVjncn, fo foil hie t)cll5icl)enbe ©emalt bejTelben 5BaI)[au^fd)rciben cvQcijen lajTen unb fofd^e ericbi.qtc (StcUcn crqdnjcn. §. 5. 2)a<^ 5>in(^ bcr DTcprdfcntantcn felt fcincn (Eprcd)cr nnb anbcre 23camte n)d()(cn, nnb bic aiici^ nicje 9}iad)tbefKgnig ciner ^lageeinbringnng »or fccm ©enate l}aben, Scittcr ?Cbfd)nitt. §. 1. I}er ©enat ber 25emni(](en ^taatcn foil au^ '^\mi Senatorcn v>on cinem jcben on breigtg 3al)ren errei'd)t ()at unb neuu 3al)re SSiirger ber SSeretnigtcn Staaten gemcfen ifl, unb ber ntd)t, gur 3cit fcincr (^rn^df)Imi(3, e(n S5e^ tt)ol)ner be^jenicjen ©taate^ mar, Don n)e(ct}em er ermdl)(t umrbe. §. 4. ^er Sice^^rdjTbent ber SSereinfgten (Btaa^ tm \oli ^H'dfibent bc^ Senat<^ fcin, jebod) feine ©tinnne ijahcu^ auger menu bte ©timmen s^^^^ tjertl)ei(t jTnb. §. 5. Ser Senat fott feine anbernt 53eamten vr>dl)(en unb ebenfo einen ^H*dfibenten pro tempore in 2lbmefen()eit be^ SSice^^rdfibenten, ober ir>enu biefcr t>a6 5lmt be^ ^rajTbenteu i^er SSereinigten (Staaten befleiben mug. §. 6. X)cv erfi^ dierung an ^ibe^jlaft t)erpflid)tet njerben, UBirb ber ^VdjTbent ber ^'ereintgten ©taaten t)or ©erirf)t gelaben, fo fott ber Dberrtd)ter ben SSorjTJ^ fnl)ren wnb ^Jiiemanb fott fi'tr iiberwiefen erHdrt n^erben. 99 the recess of the legislatuie of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments' until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill 8ur,h vacancies § 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which lie shall be chosen. § 4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless Ihey be equally divided. § 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence^ of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise'' the office of President of the United States. § 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try* all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose,* they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside f and no person shall be con- 1 tic SScjiattung. — 2 fcic 7ftn)cfcnfKtt. — 3 t>cf(ciben, ««^>u6cn. — 4 (53cr;d)t fiattcn. —5 t)cr Gntsivcc!. — 6 t)cn gSccrig fuf)rcn. 100 wetttt ttid)t ^mi t)rittl)eite ber gcgcnmartigett 5Ki> glieber iibereinllimmen. §. 7. ^in Urtl)ei( in 5(nf(agefdKen t)or bem ©e# natc fann ftrf) nidjt it)eiter erjlrecfen, aU auf 5(mt^* entfel^ung, Unfdl)i(3feit^erf(dvinig, trgenb cin ^()ren^ amt, eiu auDertraiite^ ober ei\\tvaQiid)c^ 5Imt in ben SSereinigten ©taaten ^n befkiben unb ^n x>ex^ toaltm ; aber bcr iibemncfcue ^l)ci( foil bcmange^ ad)tet bcr 3(nffage t)or bent ©efdimorn cn^®er id)te, bem gerid)t(irf)cn S5crl)ore, ber 23erurtt)eihing unb IBcj^rafung nntermorfen fein. SSicrti'c 7(0fc()iutt. §. 1. 3eit, Drt iinb 5Beife ber filinitr. §. 1. (Jinem jebcn 5:^anfe fJcht bad D?iditeramt fiber bie ^CabIeu,'iCabIbcrid)te nub ^abfbefuc^nijfe feiner ciqcneuDJiitglifbcr ^n, nub tic ?[}?el)r3al)( eine^ 101 victed* without the concurrence^ of two thirds of th« members present. § v. Judgment' in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal^ from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless^ be liable^ nnd subject to indictment,'' trial,^ judgment, and punish- ment, according to law. Section Fourth. § 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof: but the congress may at any time by law, make or alter such regulations,^ except as to the places of choosing senators. § 2. The congress shall assemble at least once'* in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section Fifth. § 1, Each house shall be the judge of the elec- tion returns," and qualification^^^of its own members, 1 iiOorfiihrcn, iiOornjciKn. — 2 Mc llcOcrcinflimimtno. — 3 ta?ltrr(u'if. — 4 Mc ?rmtvontKf3mfp. — 5 ^llnu^pco^•btl•t, nicl)r?^o)leaH•nip,v'r. — 6 untonvcrfon', rvn•ln^^(tcb. — 7 In ?(nf(viac ycr ^cm 6KKbivcrnon;(^aicl>ro. — 8 ta? c.i'ricbtticbc SSorbcr. — 9 ^io yi^oli'Hmuno. — 10 ciniuat. — ll'l»or a^abt* tcvicbt. — 12 tic «l«a()(LH'fuv]ni);'. 102 jcben S^aiife^ fott W ^\\m S5ctn'cb hex (55efc{)aftc tiotl)i(je 5lu;;ab( fein, abcr einc ficinerc '^abi tarf fid) \?ou cincm ZaQ 311m aubcrcn vcrrac|cii nut* i)t beooUmdditigr, bie '^Infinift abwcfen^er ^Iliit.qliobcr in bcr 2!rt imb biird) foldK (Strafcii 511 bctreibcn, n)ie cin jcbc<^ y>au^ fte feftfet^cii mirb. §. 2. Cscbe^ yyaw^ barf feine 03efd)dfftiorbnmig felbil bejlimmeii, feine ^jj^itglicber n>C(]cn iinorbcjirif Iid)cn ^cuebmeui^ bcilrafcn nnb mir 3«rtnn«nnt3 »ou jtvci ^rirtbcilcn cin ?Piirglieb au^fd^IicFcii. §. 3. ^ct>e^ S}ai\^ fell cin !i:a(3ebnd) fi'iner ^'civ l)anblnngcn balrcn nnb e^ ven 3^it S» B^'if/ i"^t 5Jn^nahme fcldjer ^bcile, Die c(^ nad) fcinom Ur^ tl)ei(e gebi'ini jn balrcn fnr norhi,q bd(f, yeicflFeii tits' rf)cn. 2^ie ©timmen ber ^UJihilifbcr cincii >Mnfe^ fiiv ober gcc^en ircjenb einc in ^Vbe |lehcnbe>Bad)e foUen anf 5>er{ani]en \)on cinem Sii"ffbei(e ber i^c:* genwdrtigcn ^Diitj^lietJcr in tia^ Xaflcbnd) cingcriicft wcrben. §. 4. ^ein X^an^ barf, cbne bie Snftinintnn.q he^ anbercn, fcine (gil;nn.qcn wdbrcnb ber leaner bcic(Strafc.— 4 Ocfiimmcn. — 5 fcic Slcgct.— 6 Mc Gn-fcbaftc. — 7 uncrtcnt* lid). — 8 t>ni? -SBctrncicn. — 9 nu?fcl)(tcpcn. — 10 ()a(tcn.— 11 t>a5 Sa^i'bud). — 121)vt SSunfd), fcag 25cr(ancicn. — 13 ©iguug haluiu — 14 t>\c jJScrgutung. — 15 fcftfcgctt/ gcwi^ mad)cn. — 16 t>cc <2(^ag. ^taat^ta^c ber SSercinigten ^taatcn ju hc^aljkn i(l. Sie foKeu in alien gdllcn, §ocl)ttcrratb, gclo? nie unb grieben^brud) au^gcnommcn, ba^ 3Sorred)t I)aben, wdljvenb il)rcr ©egenmart bci ben (Eilpungen ibrer refpeftioen i^dufer, fomie tt)dl)renb be^ §m> gang^ S" ^^^^ ^^*^ D^iicffebr tjon benfelben nict)t ^er* ^aftet ^n vrevbcn ; nnb fie foUen wcc^en feinev in cinem ber beiben 5;»dufer gel)altenen D^cbe ober ^e* batte an irgenb einem anberen Drtc ^ur D^ebe gefleltt iDerben fonnen. §. 2. ^ein (Senator ober D^eprdfcntant foil n)d()^ renb berDauer bcr3cit, fiir Uc erge^udbltmorben, in irgenb einem nnter 5lutoritdt ber 3>ereinigten ©taaten |lel)enben biirgerlicljcn 3lmte, me(d)ecj \\>a{)fi renb foIct)er 3eit (3efcl)affen morben, ober bejfen (iin^ fitnfte nnter ber ^eit uergrotjert movben fi'nb, ange^ (lellt werben; nnb S^tiemanb, ber irgenb tin ben SSercinii]ten <^taatm nnter^ogene^ Slnit befleibct, foil ^3Jiitglieb einecJ ber beiben S>dn^ev fein. (Sicbcntcr TCOfctynitt. §, 1. 5tlle @efi'^e(^entn)iirfe iiber (5rf)ebnng t)on (Staat^einfiinftcn follen an^^ bent 5;*anfe ber Dieprd* fentanten nr|priiM(](id) l)crt)orgehen, aber ber ®enat fann, mic bci anberen 35illi^, ^^erbejfernngen ober 3nfdlK uorfdjlagen ober ba^n mitwirfen. §. 2. 3<^be i^itl (©efelpe^entwnrf), Ue in bem §anfe ber ^ieprdfenranten nnb beg (Senate bnrd)* gegangen ijlt, foil, bettor jTe ^nm ©efej^emirb. bem 105 States. They shall, in all cases,* except treason," felony,' and breach"* of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance^ at the session of their respective houses, and in going to, and returning from, the same; and for any speech^ or debate^ in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. § 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for whicli he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authoiity of the United States, wliich shall have been created, or the emo- luments'' whereof shall have been increased^ during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance'" in office.'^ Section Seventh. §1. All bills'^ for raising'^ revenue''' shall origi- nate'^ in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments'^ as on other bills. § 2. Every bill which shall have passed'^ the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before 1 t)cc ^aff.— '2bcr 2Scrrnt(j. — 3 bn^ c\cmcinc S5cr6rc» d)cn. — 4 tier 33rucl). — 5 bcr JBcfucb, tic ®t\qcnwavt. — 6 t)tc 9?ct»o. — 7 Mc S>cbatto. — 8 Mc (Sinf (infto. — 9 t^ormcf)* rcn,iH'VAtoi5vTn. — lObicJ^crttaiur. —11 &a»o?Cmt. — 12 .tec (53cfc^cntivurf. — 13 crbctu'tT. — 14 Mc :graatf^cinfunfte. — 15aii5c\c()cn, cntfprinat-n. — U; fete irH-vtu'iJcrungcn/ 3us fS^c— 17turch3cl)cn, gcncbmiiii ivcrtcn. IQjg ^rajTbenten ber 3Sercini(|ten ©taaten iiberreid)! n?ert)cn ; crt()ci(t biefer feine 3urtimmung, fo foU er (Tc untcr5cirf)ucn, njo uicl)t, fo foU cr ftc mit feinctt Sinmcnbungen gu bcm 5;^aufc ^uritrffeuben, an^ bent jTc l)cri)orgegangcn ifl:, iinb meld)c^ bie (5inn)eubun=5 gen au^ful)rlicl) in feiu ^agebuct) aufuel)meu unb fTe nodimaligcr ^Tmdgung itutermerfcu [oK. ^leun ober, nac^ fo gcbacl)ter ^iBicbevenvagiutg, ^roci 2^rit^ tl)eile hc^ j^aiife^ iibcr bic 5(nnabme bcr ^iK iibcr^ einfommcn,fo foU fie mit fammt beu (^iniueubmigen (be^ ^prdfibentcu) bent anberen 5;^aufe ^ugcfeubet ttjerben, Don bent fie 9(eid)faU^ nedimal^ in SrtDd? gung ge^ogen merben foK. ^irb fte bann Don ^wci 25rittl)ei(cn biefei;^ S)an\e^ (]enel)migt, fo foil jTe &Cf felseefraft erl)alteu. 3u alien foldjen gdllen jebocl) foEen hie ©tintmen beiber 5;^dnfer bnrd) 3a unb Diein bejTimmt an^ge? briicft nnb hie 9^amen ber ^erfonen, wcldjc fiir ober gegen bie ^ill jlimmen, in ha^ ZaQcbnd} jebed bcf jiig{id)en 5;»anfe^ eingetragen ^Dcrben. ^enn irgenb eine SSill t)ont ^^rdf[benten nidjt innerl)alb ^el)n ^agen (bie(Sonntage nngereclinet), jtad)bem fie iijm iiberreid]t morben ijl:,^nriidfomntt, fo foil fie ebenfo ©efcl^eefraft erl)alten, ahS ob cr jTe «nter3cid)net l)dtte, e^ fei benn, ber (Jongre^ v>evf ^inbere if)re Oiiidfnnft bnrd) hie 33crtagnng ber ^dnfer, in tt)eld)em gall bie ^ill feine ©efel^eefraft Jaben foil. §. 3, (Sine jebe SSerorbnnng, jeber 53efd)lng ober 107 it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections,' to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large^ on their journal, and pioceed to reconsider'^ it. If after such reconsidera- tion two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by Avhich it shall likewise"* be recon- sidered, and if appi'oved hj two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against'^ the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Presi- dent within ten days, (Sunday excepted), after it shall have 'been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, un- less the congress by their adjournment^ prevent' its return, in which case it shall not be a law. § 3. Every order,^ resolution,^ or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Ptepre- 1 bic (Sinwenbung, bcc ©inwurf — 2 Quf'fuf)rticl), xm TCttgcmcincn. — 3 ncd)maB cvwagcn. — 4 glcicbM'o — 5 gcgcn. — 6 fcic SJcvtngung. — 7 ucrbinbcrn. — 8 bic 25ct« otbnung. — 9 bcc 33cfcl)hi^. 108 jebe^ SSotum, vdo^u t>ie Bufammeumirfuug be^ @e* ttat^ ober be^ .^aufe^ ber 9?cpvafcntanteu uotl)i(j ijl (mit 3lii^nal)me ber gragc iibcr SSertagimg), follen bem ^rdlTbenteu ber SSerciuigteit (Sraaten ijovgelegt, iinb beuor jTe ^raft er()a{teit, yon iim (jenet)mi(jt fein, ivenu er jTe aber nicf^t genebmigt, fo foKcn fte itod)ma(^ burd) bie ^iufct)eibmig Don ^tuei X;ritibei^ len bei^ ©enatii nnb be^ s>a\i^c6 ber D^eprdfentanten bnrd)gec]angen fein, nbcrcinjltmmenb mit ben bei ben 53id^ yorgefcliriebenen SSeilimmnngen nnb din* fd)rdnfnn9en. 2((t)tcc 2(bict)nitr. ?5er ^ongre^ fott bie 9J2ad)t ()aben : §. 1. ©tenern, Stnflagen, 3'o^i nnb ^aarem (lenern anf^nerlej^en nnb ^n erl)eben ; bie (Sd)nlben jn be^abtcn nnb fitr gemeinfame^ertbeibignng nnb attgemeine ^Goblfabrt ber58creini(]tcn ©taaten giir^ fon^e ^n trejfen. 5lber aUe 5lnflflgen, 3i>ne nnb ilBaarenfleuern follen bnrd) bie cjan^cn SSereinic^ten 6taaten gleid^formic} fein. §. 2. 5lnf ben (Srebit ber SSereinigten (Btaatcn ®elbanlel)en ^n ntad)en. §. 3. 2)en i^anbet mit fremben ^^ationen, ^wU fd)en ben ein^elnen ©taaten, fowie and) mit "^cn Snbianerftdmmen ^n regeln. §. 4, @ine bnrd) bie gan^en 3Sereini(]ten ^taaten 9leid)fi)rmi0e SSerprbnnn^ iiber ^jatnralifation nnb 109 sentatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved^ by him, or being- disap- proved^ by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations^ prescribed in the case of a bill Section Eighth. The Congress shall have power"* — § 1. To lay^ and collect taxes,*^ duties,' imposts,' and excises,^ to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform^'^ throughout the United States. § 2. To borrow^^ money on the credit of the United States. § 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.^^ § 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalisa- tion/^ and uniform laws on the subject of bankrupt- cies throughout the United States. 1 fcitligcn. — 2 mipbinigcn. — 3 fcic S-infcI)ranfun9. — 4 t)ic 9DZad)t, ©ciualt. — 5 aufcrfcgcn. — 6 t)tc Stcucr. — 7 bic 2(uf(acic. — 8 bcr Sod. — 9 l)ic SSaarcnficucc. — 10 (;(cicI)foniug. — 11 Oovc]cn, cnUcf^ncn. — 12 bet ©tamm.— 13 t)ic Srtfjciliing t)c» a3urgciTcd)t'o. 110 gleicl)formtge ©cfd^c iiber ba^ 33anferotttt)efen gu madmu §♦ 5. ©clb 311 fcf)(a(]en iinb bejTen, fonjie frember ^int^en, ^ertl) ju bejiimmejv nnb cin 3i}Jaaf^ iinb @eit?td)t su bertimmen. §. 6. iOcgcu ^eftrafuiig ber 9iad)al)mmig iinb gdlfd)un(] \)cn igd)cinen iinb nnilaufenber ^[Rungc ber ^^creinigtcn ©taatcn ^erfiigung ^u treffen. §. 7. ^"Pofra niter iinb ^)o|^rtri^pen ^u errid)ten, §. 8. ^a^ gortfd}reiren bcr ^ijfenfd)afren uub niUplid)en 5tiin[le baburd) 311 beforbent, ha^ er, je# bed) m\v fiir befd)rdnfte S^it^iV 5Uitoreu uub ^ixf ftnbent 'oa^ aurvfd)licf5lid)e9^ed)t aiif il)re refpectiueu (Ed)riften iinb (yrftubuncjeu fid)ere» §, 9* ^em oberften ®erid)t^l}of untermorfene ^ribmiale 511 ernenneu. §. 10. lleber ©eerdubereien uub aiif ofener ©ee beijaitgeneu Scrbrcdien, fon^ie iiber SSerlet^ungen t)er3SoIfcrred)te 511 entfd)eiben uub beren^ejlrafmig gu t)erl)dii(]en. §. U. krieg ^i! erf(dren,^aperbriefc 311 t)erleil)en unb 3Serorbnuii{]cu l)iufid)t{td) ber ©trafen 511 ^ant> itnb ^u ^ialTcr 511 niad)en. §. 12. ^eere gu ftelten lutb ^u unterl)alten ; jebod) foU fciit @elb bier^u fiir eineu Idncjern 3citrainn ai^ ^wci 3al)re Derwilliget werben. §. 13. (iine ©cemadjt audsuriiflen imb m gutem 3ujianbe ju erhalten. §. 14. @efel^Iid)e SSejlimmungen l)inf[d)rlid) ber Ill § 5. To coln^ money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. § G. To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting" the securities^ and current coin of the United States. § 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. § 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited"* times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.''* § 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Su- preme Court. § 10. To define and punish piracies^ and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations. § 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal,'' and make rules concerning captures* on land and water. § 12. To raise and support armies, but no appro- priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. § 13. To provide and maintain a navy.^ § 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 1 (3clb fcblagcn, nuin,5cn, pra'c^cn. — 2 t)ic (3dt)faU fcl)una. — ,3 bcr ^'cbcin, ©c()ll(^fd)ctn. — 4 tH'fc()vanEt. — 5 bic (Sntfcocfunp,. — 6 Mc SccvautHTci. — 7 bccj^apecs brief. — 8 tor ^ang, Vic ^vifc. — 9 bic eccmacl)t. 112 S5efel)liguit3 unb (5inrirf)timg hex ?anb^ iinb ^Bca^ jlreitfrdfte ^u trcjfeit. §. 15* 2)en 5(ufriif bcr '^ili^ ^u beforgeu, urn bie ©efel^e ber Union g" ^oiiftYedcn, SUifildnbe ^u bdmpfcn nnb Singrijfe t)on 2(ngen ab5uwcl)ren. §. 16, giirforge ^n trejfen fiir tie Drganifarion^ 53en:)a|fnnng nnb 2)i!^ciplinirnncj ber dJliii^ nnb fiir bie 55efel)lignn(3 be^jenigen5Int{)ei{^ baijon, ber jnm S^ienjlc ber ^^creinigten ©taatcn DerJt>enbet wntcn barf, mobei ben refpectiuen (Btaatcn ha^ (^'men^: itnng^redjt ber Dfficiere nnb bie ^•rmdd)tignng, tic ^ili^ nad) ben i)on bem ^ongreg i)or(3efd)ric()enen 2)i^ciplintjefel3en ein^niiben, i)orbel)alten ijl. §. 17. 3n alien nnb jeben gdUen eine an'ofrf)(iegiJ rid)e ®cfelj>gebnn(j itber einen ^e^irf {bc^cix @rb0e jiid)t ^ebn ©euiertmeilen iiberfd)reitet) an^^niiben, ber ha bnrd) ^Ibtretnng ein^elner ©tanten nnb Sln^f nal)me be^ ©enat^ berD^egiernng^fi^ ber ^Sereinig^! ten ber (^rrid)tnng t)on gej^nngen, ^O^aga^inen, Sengbdnfern^ 8d)ijf^* merften nnb anberen norl)n?enbigen @ebdnlid)feiten fdnflid) ertDorben worben ; — nnb §* 18. Me n5tl)igen nnb paffcnben ®efc(5e ^u madden, nm bie Dorftehenben nnb al(e anberen 5[Rad)tbefngniffe, \veld)e in ®emdg()eit biefer ^ev^ fajfnng t)on ber oberjlen 33eborbe ber SSereinigteu 113 § 15. To provide for calling forth^ the militia to execute tlie laws of the union, suppress' insurrections, and repeP invasions/ § 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed^ in the service of theUnited States, reserving to the States respectively, the ap- pointment of the officers, and the authority of train- ing*^ the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. § 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district, (not exceeding ten miles square,'^) as may, by cession^ of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased^ by the con- sent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection efforts, magazines, arsenals,*** dockyards," and other needfuP- buildings. — And § IS. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 1 aufnifcu. — 2 untcrt)ruc!cu, bampfon. — 3 ahDcf}rcn. — 4 t>cr ^Cngviff ticn ?Ciij5cn, bcr ©infalt. — 5 ttcnvcnbcn. — 6 cinittKn. — 7 bic D.uabrntmcilc. — 8 tk 2r0trctun9. — 9 fan fen, faufdcl) cnvcrOcn. — 10 t)n5 3cu9l)aul^. — H bov (g(l)if[v;ivcrfr. — 12 nctfjwcnbtg. 114 Btaatm ober Dcu trqcnb ct'iicm Scmaftun^'ifad^ obcr S3camtcn berfelbcu bcfteibct iDtrb, gur 5lu^^ ful)riin(j ^u brin.oen. §. 1. T^ie (Jinmaiibcnnij] obcr bte (5infiil)nuig fo(d)er ^Vrfoncn, mie e^ ir(]enb ctncr i^cn ben bcr^* titali^en bcfrehenbeu (Etaatcn fiir ^ulafjTq craditet, fott i)on bcm (Songrcg vov bcm 3al)r 1808 iiidjt- ge* gel^inbert a>crbcn, jcbcd) barf cine Sreucr cbcr 5lb? gabe, tt>c(die iiid)t ,5el)n rotlav^ fiir bie^Vvfen iiber^ j^eigt, auf fold)c (S'(nfu[)riiug (i^'kQt \\>cYtcn. §. 2. ^^aij ^oiTcd)t bcr 5;^abcad (^ovpii!^ 2lfte foK ind)t aufj^cbobcn vpcrbcn biiifcn, anger, u^enn e^ in gaden einc^Shifrnhvd, obcr cinc^S fcinblid)eu 3lnfall^ tie 6)fontlid)c 8idierl)ett crfovbevt, §. 3. a^ foK feine 53annbiU nnb fcin ©efel^ mit xMmvUn'ocv Mvaft (ex post facto law) gemadjt n?erben» §. 4, ^eine ^'opf? ober anbere birecte ©tener fcU anferlcgt* werben, bie nid)t im ^^erbdltnig ^n bem (Scnfnc^ ober ber bierin »orl)er ijerfiigtcn 2lnf5dl)fnng entuommen werben fann. §. 5. (5^ foil feine Stener ober ^Ib^ahc auf 3hi^* fubrartifel won einem ^nm anberen dfen bed einen ober anberen irgcnb ein 23orred)t cin(^erdnmt iperbcn, nod) foUeu Sd)ijfe, t>ic von obcr $n dnem anberen 115 tution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof/ Section Ninth. § 1. The emigration" or importation^ of such per- sons, as any of the states now existing shall think proper** to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed^ on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. § 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of re- bellion or invasion the public safety may require it. § 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. § 4. No capitation,^ or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enume- ration herein before directed to be taken. § 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- ported from any state. No preference^ shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall 1 l)icrt?en. — 2 Vk Ginraanticrunp. — 3 bic ©infii^? tunc;. — 4 paffcnb, fd)irf(id). — 5 aufcrlcgcn. — G tic ^cpfiloncr. — 7 ta?? ^25evrccl)t. 116 (Btaate ju geben bejlimmt jTiib, Derpflic{)tet fein, um^ulaben, ober in einem anberen 6taate 3oll ^vl §. 6, ^eine ©elber fotteit au^ bem (Btaatdfcf)a6c genommeu wcrbeit bihfen, al^ in golge gefet^lirfjcr SSertt)iKigiing,iinb ein rege(mdgi,qer (Status (S5crid)t) unb cine ^ectinuug^abfage ber (5inna()men itnb 3lu^* gabeu alter ojfeitt(trf)en ©elber foKeu »on 3eit s« 3eit t)erojfent(id)t tt)erben» §. 7. kcin 5(be(^tite( foil t)on ben SSeretntgten ©taaten crtl)ei(t merben, unb S^iemanb, ber irgcnb ein il)nen nnter^o^ene^^ anuertrante^ ober eintrdg^ (id)e^ SImt befleibet, foil ol)ne @encl)nugnng be^ (Songrejje^, irnenb cin @cfd}cnf, (Jmolnmenr, 2lmt, ober einen ^itel ircjcnb ciner 5lrt unb Don ir(]enb einem ^onige, ^itrften ober fremben ©taate anne^:? men bitrfcn* Sc^ntcc ?XOfcl)nitt. §. 1. ^ein ©taat foil fid) in irgenb einen ^cx^ trag, SSitnbnig ober eine fSerbinbnng einlajTcn, ^aper^ nnb D^epreffalienbricfe ertheilcn, @elb \d){a^ gen, Staat^papiere erlaffen, mit \\i&jt6 anbcrem pd) erbieten, bie (Bd)ntb ^n be^aMen, aU mit ©olb^? nnb 8i(bermitn^en, feine S5annbill nnb fcin ©efefe mit riidiDirfenber ^raft, ober ein ©efctv weld^c^ ten an^ einem SSertrage cntfprnngcnenSSerbinbltd)^ feiten gnn?iber ift, erlaffen, and) feinen 5lbel^tite( tjerleil)en» 117 vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged io enter, clear,^ or pay duties, in another. § 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts' and expenditures^ of all public money shall be pub- lished from time to time. § 7. No title of nobility* shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust under ihem, shall, without the consent of the congress, accept of aiiy present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section Tenth. § 1. No state shall enter into any treaty,^ alliance, or confederation -J grant letters of marque and re- prisal; coin money; emit^ bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender'' in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex j^ost facto law or law impairing'" the obligation'^ of contracts, or grant'^ any title of nobility. 1 umlabcn, auc^tafccn. — 2 tic ©nnna^mc. — 3 t>tc ?Cii5s QoOc. —4 t)cr 2(bc(5titc(.— 5 fccr SScrtrag. — 6 \}a^i> 58unt»5 ni^. — 7 bcr Sunt, tic QScrOinbiing. — 8 ctlafTcn^au^gc? ben. —9 ba^ ?CncrOictcn. — 10 ycrmintcrn, fcbiviutcn. — 11 tie ?Scrbint)(ic^fcit. — 12 tHnvtUigcn, !?cr(ci()cn. 118 §, 2. Mcin ©taat [oU of)ne3urtnnmiing bed (Son^ grefi'ed 3oEf tber Siuflagcn aiif (Jiiu- nub ^hi6fi\\)x^ axtihi Icgen,mtt5hidnal)mc bejTcn/ttJadmmmo^ng^ iid) \\oti)\vcnhiQ ^uv •Soltjlrecfmic] fctner S3caiiff(d)ti^ gungdgefe^e i\t^ mib ber reinc (Jrtrag alter 5lnfla^ gen unb S^We, bie in trgenb einem ©taate auf (5in^ ober 5(ndfnl)rartifel gelegt finb, foil bem ©taatd? frf)al^e ber SSereinigten (gtaatcn ^n gutfommcn, nnb alte berlei @cfc(3e follen ber 2)urd)fid)t nnb i^oiu trotte bei^ (Songrefifei? nnterworfen fetn. Mcin ^taat foK Dl)ne 3i^rti«tnuing bed ^ongreflfed irgenb ein ^onnengelb erl)eben, ^rnppen ober ,Kriegdfd)i|fe in griebend^eiten l)alten, in irgenb eine Ucbereinfunft ober einen SSertrag niit einem anberen gefallen, ober ed bro()e il)m eine fo angenfdjeinlidje ®efal)r, t>a^ fein SSer^ng s^^^ffe \^^* §. 1. X'ic anditbenbe ?0^ad)t foil Don einem ^rajT;* benten ber ^ereinigten (gtaaten Don 5lmerifa beflei^ bet tver^en. (5r foil fein 5lmt anf bie Daner vion t)ier 3al)ren inne l)aben nub snglcid) mit bem fiir ben gleid)en 3t'tfr«inn erwdblten 3Sice^^3rar(benten in folgenber 3lrtgeit)dl)(t iverben. §. 2. din jeber (Etaat beflimmt in ber 5(rr, une ed feine gefel^gebenbe 53eborbe einric()ten ivirb, eine 3al)l Don iGdl)lern, bie gleid) bergan^en 3al)lbcr 119 § 2. No state shall, -without the consent of the congress, lay an}' imposts or duties on imports or ex- ports, except -what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laAYs; and the net^ produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision^ and controP of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement* or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent^ danger as will not admit of delay .^ Article ii. Section First. § 1. The executive'^ power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and to- gether with the Vice-President, chosen for the same terra, be elected as follows : § 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of elec- tors equal to the whole number of senators and re- 1 rctn. — 2 t)ic ®urd)ficl)t. — 3 bic ©cntrcirc, 2fufftcl)t, Ilc6cnvncl)un9. — 4 ticllcOcrcinfunft. — 5 t'rcr)cnb, augcn* fct)cintid). — 6 t)cr SScr^ug. — 7 tic augilOcnbc 9}?acbt. 120 ©enatoreu itnb D^eprdfen tauten fct, gu bereit 3Ser* tretun(j im (5ongre|ye ber ©taat bcred'jri^t tjl; jebod) foU fein (Senator oberS^eprdfcntant, ober cine ^Vr^ fon^ b(e ein nnter ben SScreint^ten (Btaatcn ftcijcnf bed, befolbeted ober ($1)renamt befteibet, ^nm 5BaI)(mann bcfleKt merben. §. 3. I^ic ^dt)[er follen jTd) in il)rcn ref»ecti»en ©taaten ijerfammeln, unb bnrd) (Sfrntininm fiir jmei ^>erfonen jlimmcn, tt)ot)on (Sine menigften^ fein 5Q?iteintt?ol)ner il)red ©taated i)!, (Bic foUen einc ^ijle attcr berer, fiir hie gejlimmt tDorben, nub ber ^aiji ber 6timmen fiir eincn jeben Derfertigen, tt>eld)e ?i(^e jTe nnter^eic^nen, beglanbigcn nub v>cv^ (tegett nad) tern 6i$e ber D^egiernng ber Serciuigtcn 'Btaaten^ nnter ber ^JInffd)rift an t>cn '^^rdfibenten bei^ ©enatd, iiberfenben foUcn. I^er ^>rdfibent bed i^enatd fcU bann in ©egenmart bed ^cnatd nnb bed 5;^anfed ber D^eprdfentanten alie ^erid)tc eri^jf:? nen, nnb l)ieranf foKen bic ©timmen gc^dblr ir»crbcn. X)ic}cn\QC ^Vrfon, mcid)e hie gropte 3ahi uon ^Btim^ men beftlAt, foil, menn fold)e3al)l bie^Dtajoritdt ber gan^cjt 3ahl bcflclltcr UGdblcr ift; ^Vdftbent wcv^ ben. 5fficnn aber ntehr aid einer ba i[t^ ber einc fold)e9Jiel)rl)cit nnb einc gletdie Stimmcnjal)! haben foUte, fo foil ha^ S>an^ ber DJcprdfcntanten nnmit^ telbar baranf eincn bawon bnrd)'d ©frntininm ^nm ^prdfibcntcn iM()len. S^at jcbod) feincr cine ^JD^ajo^ ritdt, fo foil Da^ c\chad)tc .^and and ber 3^^^)^ ^^r fiinf (^rfleu tm SSer^eidjnijTe anf (}leid)e 5lrt hen 121 presentatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. § 3. The electors shall meet^ in their respective states, and vote by ballot^ for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify,' and transmit,"* sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Sen- ate ; who shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.^ The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority^ of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall im- mediately^ choo'se by ballot one of them for Presi- dent; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the President. But, in choosing- the 1 ftc^ ocrfammctn. — 2 t)a5 (SEriitinium, tcr SGa^ts icttct. — 3 bcglauOigcn. — 4 iiOcrfcntcn. — 5 3a ^(cn. — 6 ^ic 9}?cf)tf;cit. — 7 unmittctOar. 122 ^rdjTbenteit mal)len. '^a abcx bei ber ^rafibeittett^ wa[)i hk (Btimmm nad:) ben ©taatcu genommeit it^erbeit, wohci bie 9?epvafentatton eine^ jeben ec? DoUildiibige 2hi^al)I an^ cinem ober nicl)reren ^Otitglicbeni Don ^mei 2)ritt!)ei{en ber 5!J2it(]lieber ber ©taaten beflel)en nnb eine Wlaioxitdt alter (Btaatcn gur ^at)l n5tl)ig fein» — giir jeben gali fott bie ^erfoit, it>eld)e nad) ber 3Bal)l be^ ^3rdftbenten t)ic groyne ©timmenmef)vl)eit ber ^Bdbler befil^t, 2>ice4>rd)"ibent iverben. ©oK^ ten aber gVDei obcr inel)rere bauon Qkid)e ©timmen l)aben, fo foil ber (genat an^ il)nen bnrrf) ©frntininm ben SSicc^^Vdft'benten n?dl)len» §, 4. 25er (Songreg fann bie 3eit ^nr 5Bal;I ber 2Bal)fmdnner nnb ben ZaQ, an n?elrf)em fie il)rc igtinimen ab^ngeben baben, bej^immen; tic\cv ZaQ foil ein mib berfelbe fiir He gan^en Sereinigten ^taa^ ten fein. §, 5. 9tnr ein nrfpriinglid) eingeborner ^iirger, ober (Jiner, ber SSiirger ber SSereinigten (^taaten ^nr 3eit ber 2lnnal)nie biefer (Sonjlitntion war, fott gum ^rdfibenten n)al)(fdbi(] fein, 3^iemanb jebod), ber nidjt t>a^ fiuifnnbbreigigjle 3al}r erreid)t [)at, unb nid)t feit mr^eljn 3al)ren feinen 2Bol)nfi(5 in=» «erl)alb ber Sereinigten (Staatcn l}atte, §. 6. 3«« galle ber ^'ntfeljung bei^ ^Vdfibenten l)on feinem finite, feine^ 5lb|ierben^, SSergidjtlcillen^ ober feiner Unfdl)ic)feit, He ©ewalten unb f^i^ten 123 President, the votes shall be taken by states, the re- presentation from each state having one vote; a quo- rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majori- ty of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the per- son having the greatest number of votes of the elec- tors shall be the Vice-President. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President. § 4. The congress may determine^ the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. § 5. No peison except a natural born' citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adop- tion^ of this Constitution, shall be eligible"' to the of- fice of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resi- dent^ within the United States. § 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,*^ resignation, or inability^ to dis- charge^ the powers and duties of the said office, the 1 tcfttmmcn. — 2 cinc^cOcrcn. — 3 bic Vfnnnfjmc. — 4 wnf)lfa()tg. — 5 tcv 5Bcwcf)ncr. — 6 t)ct Sot», t>cig 2(0rtcr0cn. — 7 tic llnfal)igfcit. — 8 nu^>uOcn. 1*24 bcfagten 5lnite^ au^juubcn, foil bafj'elbe bem ^ice^ ^rdjTbeuten iibertraqen n)erben, and) fanu ber ^o\u gre^ burd)'^ ©efets fiir ben gaK bcr ^ntfctnnig t)om 5lmtc wegen be^ ^obe^, ber 25erjtd)tleiftung ober Unfa()igfeit beiber, bc(^ ^H*dfibenteu me be^ Sice* ^raftbeuten, ^Serfiigintg treffen, wcldjcv S3canUe at^bann bie ^>r(ifibeiUfct)aft nbernel)men foil, imb biefer S3eamte foil in @emdgl)eit bej]eu He (BtcUe befteiben, biii bie Unfdhicjfeit befeitigt cber ein ^)rd^ jTbent (]ewdl)lt feiu xvivt). §. 7. 2^er ^H'djlbent fott gii fe|l(]efel^ten ^eiten fiir feine IDienf^e einen ®cbalt er()alten, ber n?dl)* renb ber 1;^auer ber 3cit, fiir tie er gemdblt n^orben, meber erl)ol)t nod) i^erriugert n^erben barf, mib er fott intterl)alb biefer ^cit mtcv »on ben 2Sereini(jten ^taatew^ nod) yon cinem ein^ehien berfelben irgenb cin anbere^ (5mo(nntent erl)alten. §. 8. S5or bent 5(ntritte feiner 5(mtd»errid)tnng foU er folgenbcn (Ht) ober feierlid)e^ ©elobni^ (eiften : §. 9- //3d) fd)more (ober (jefobe) l)icrmit feier^ „tid)ft,ba^ id) getren(id) bad 2(mtbed^>rdfibenten ber „55ereinigten Staaten ^ermalten, nnb nad) meinen „be|ten ^rdften bie SSerfaffnngber SSereinigten (Btaa^ „ten bemabren, befd)iH3en nnb i)ertl)eibigen mid." Sivcitcc 2C0fcl)nitt. §. 1. I^er ^Jrdfibent fott ber DberbefeI)lj^I)aber ber Jinnee nnb ber glotte ber Sercini.oten nnb ber 2JJiIij ber »erfd)iebenen (Btaatcn fein, wenn biefe ^nm 125 same shall devolve' on the Vice-President, and the cono-ress ma}^ by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then' let as President, and such officer shall act accord- ngly, until the disability be removed, or a Presi- dent shall be elected. § 7. The President shall, at stated^ times, receive for his services, a compensation,"* which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he ^^hall have been elected ; and he shall not receive wiliiirV' that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. § 8. Before he enter on the execution^ of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : § 9. "I do solemnly^ swear, (or affirm,) that I ** will faithfully execute the office of President of the "United States, and will, to the best of my ability, " preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of " the United States." Section Second. § 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the seveial states, when called into the ac- 1 ^ufallcn, iibcrtraiicn ivcfbcn. — 2 ati'bnnn. — 3 fols Qcfdit. — 4 Mc ^Ika-c^utinui, tcr ©cl)a(r. — 5 tnncrf)a(6. — 6 Mc 7(u6u0ung, tcr 2Cntvitt (cinc» ^(mtcf.) — 7 fcicvltd). 126 acti^cnl^icnjltebev^ercinigten ©taateit benifen n)ori? ben ; cr Faun fcl)rift(id) bie 3lnfid)r unb'5[)tcinmi(] bcr obcrften S3eamtcn in jebcm bcr lunt^icbcnbcn dlcc^ien rungiifddjcr iiber ivQcnt) cincn ©cgcnjlanb, wcdher ^u belt 2[^\n*pflidHuii(i^J' ^'^^'^^ rcfpcctivcn 5(nire!^ i]e^ l)5rt, iiarf)fiid)cn iiub bci^iehen, iiub fell bic ^1ad)t l)abcn, 5(uffd)ub bcr Strafe mib ©uabc fitr a{(c il>er^ gebungen (■jCi]en bic Scrcint.qtcn Staatcn^u crt()eilen, au6(3enommcn bci^;?liif{a(]cfa(ten wor bcm (Eeiiate» §. 2. (>r fo(( bie aVad)t baben, biird) imb mi't SScijiebung nnb 3iMtiniminin be^ (geiuifii Sertrage ^11 iiiad)Cii, Doraiu^qcfcl5t, ia^ ^mei X^rittheife ber (genatorcn (]e(]cini>drti(] feicn, iinb il)m beitlimnicn, imb rjiit ^unrarb inib Siifti"' in mu"{ tc6 ^cuat6 foil er ©efaubre, anbcre effeiulidic ''Jjitiiiiler mib ^on? fulii, 9iid)ter bed oberftcn @erid]tdf)cfj^ luib alle anbcre ^MMinteu ber 'lscreini(3rcn (gtaaten crucimen unb einfdjcn fbnncn, iiber bcren ^Infteiliiug {)icxm mi)t anf anbcre ^Ccife giirfortic getroffen ill, nnb bic bnrd) cin ©cfcl) angcerbnet iverben. 2^er iioixf gre^ fann jcbcd) gcfcl^;(id) t^ie 5ln)"tellung aller fol^ d)er UntcrbcanUcn, wic cr cd fiir bicnlid) cracljtet^ cnh\)ebcr bem ^rdfibcnten a(lcin,obcr t)en Qkncht^f l)i3fen, ober ben (5l)efi? ber Diegicrungefddjer iibcr^ tragcn. §. 3. T)cv ^rdjTbent fott hie ®maU babcn, alle erlcbigte etcllen, bie n>dbrenb ber Slns^fcisnng ber gi(5nngcn bci^ Scnati:^ etwa fid) ^eigcn bnrfrcn, bnrd) (irtl)eilnn(]cn Don proinforifd)cn ^efta Unngen, 127 tiiaP service of tlie United States; he may require the opinion,- in writing, of the principal officer in eacii of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to tlie duties of tlieir respective oflices, and lie shall have power to grant repiieves^ and pardons for of- fences'* against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. § 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties,'' provided two-thirds of the senators present concur;^ and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate, shall appoint^ ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme couit, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise piovid- ed for, and which shall be established by law : but the congress may by law vest^ the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper,^ in the President alone, in the courts of law,^° or in the heads^^ of departments. § 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 1 njtvf(id), actit>. — 2 bic gjjcinung. — 3 bcc 2(uf* fcl)ul), t)ic ^rift. — 4 bic iScrgcluinp, bag aScrgcfjcn. — 5 tcv ^Scrtrag. — 6 t'ciftimmcn. — 7 cntcnncn. — 8 iibcvtragcn. — 9 gccignct, bicnlid). — 10 Dec ©cricbt^^jof. — - 11 ba5 .^nupt, bcc 6()Cf. 128 tie am (Sdjfufle ter itdd)|Ien ©ifeuit^ M Senate erlofrf)eu foKen, wieber 511 befel^eu. £)rittct ?(b[d)nitt. §» 1. (5r foil bem (5ongre§ Don 3^it ^it 3cit S^acf)^ ricl)t iibcr ten 3u|^^nb bcr Union geben unb bcjjeit ^rttjagnng fold)c yjia^regcln cmpfeblcn, mc cr jTe fiir notl)i(5 unb gtvecfbicndd) t)a(t; cr barf, bci an^ ferorbentlid)er ©clegenhcit, beibe .^anfer ober cin^ bawon ^nfammenrnfen, nnb im galle, t>a^ fie iiber it)re 35ertagnn(]ei^eit nid)l: ctni(] mit einanber wcrbeu fonnen, fann er tbre ©ilsnng hi^ ^n bcm il)m Qcd^^ net fd)cinenben B^itpnnfte tjcrta.qcn. §. 2, (5r foil tic (Sjcfanbtcn nnb anbcre effcntd'^ d)c 5lbgeorbnctc empfant]en ; cr foil (Boyqq fiir t)iQ gcrrcnlid)e i^anbhabnng bcr ©cfcl^c tvaQcn nnb bie SScflallnngcn a Her Dfncicre ber 2>ercinigten 'Btaatm au^fertigen. •SSici-tcr ?CO|'d)nitt. §. !♦ ^er ^rdfibcnt, SSice^^rdfibcnt nnb alle (5i^ tjUbcamte ber SScreinigten ©taaten foKen ibrer ©tellcn cntfej^t roerben, anf SlnflacjC nnb Uebcrfnl)j' rnng k)or bem Senate \vc(\cn ^>odiv>erratbiv ^cflcf d)nng, ober anberer bol)en2>erbrcd)cn nnb ?i>cri}cl)cn. WittiUi liff. — e-r|lci- ?Cbid)nitt. §. I, X)ie tid)terlid)e ©emaft bcr ^>crcluu]reu ©taaten foil \)on cincm obcnini ®orid)rc^[)ofe unb 120 senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire' at the end of their next session. Section Third. § 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the con- gress information" of the State of the Union, and re- commend to their consideration^ such measures as he shall judge necessar}' and expedient ;"* he may, on ex- traordinary occasions, convene^ both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement^ between tliera with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad- journ tliem to such time as he shall think proper. § 2. He shall receive ambassadors and other pub- lic ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faith- fully^ executed, and shall commission^ all the officers of the United States. Section Fourth. § 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,^ bribery,^" or other high crimes'^ and misdemeanors.^^ ARTICLE III. Section First. § 1. The judiciaP" power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such 1 crtofcbcn, auftaufcn. — 2 fcic 9fIac()rtcM. — 3 Mc (Srs rocigunq. — 4 ;5n)fcfMcn(tc(). — 5 ;;ufamnu'nrufcn. — 6 Mc g}Zctnmu-\^)?crfcbicbcn(H'it, Mc 9}?ip()cUi(\fctr. — 7 Qctrou; M). — 8 tH-ftallon, Mc ^^c|"taUuni-\ nu?fcrtic\cn. — 9 ^cr SScrvntf). — 10 Me S^cftccbunp. — u fail 5r>cvtn'cd);n, — 12 ta? iJ3crgcl)cn. — 13 vid)tor(id). 130 fotd)ert Uuter9erirf)t^l)ofeii beffeibet tt)erben, xoie jTe ber dongreg Don ^cit ^uB^it i^ererbncn iinb eiurid}^ ten mag» S)te Diid)ter bc^ obcrjlcn S)cf^ mie bcr unteren ®erirf)t^l)ofe foUeit, fo laitge jTe jTd) eine^ guten S5etragen^ befleigigen, i()ve Stemter bel)a(tcn iiub ^u fej^gefelster 3t^it fill' il)^^ Dienjle eine ®elb^ ijergutung empfaugen, bie tudl)rcub ber Saner il)reir ^imt^befleibung nid}t ijcrringert n?erbcu bavf. Siojcitcf ?C()fd)nitt. §. 1» 2)te rid)terli(i)e &mait foK jTd) aii^be{)nen iiber atte gdKc Don ®cfe|5 nnb 58idigfeit, hie nnter biefer (Sonftitntion, nnter hm ©efel^en ber ^Bereinigi* ten ^taatcn nnb ben nnter ber Slntoritdt berfelben gemad)ten ober nod) ^n mad)enben SSertrdijen jTd) ereignen ; iiber aUc gdtte, hie ©efanbte nnb anbere 5jfenttid)e ®efd)dft^trdger nnb (^onfnht betrejfen ; itber alle gdKe ber 5lbnuralitdt nnb (5eegcrid)tdbar* fett; iiber 6treittgfeiten, u>orin bte 35ereinfgtett ©taaten eine ^Aartl)ei bilben ; iiber (Streitigfeiten 5n)ifd)en ^tt>eien ober mel)reren ©taaten; ^mifd]en einem ©taate nnb ben 55iirgern eine^ anberen (Staated ; ^tt>ifd)en ben SSiirgern Derfd)iebener ^taa^ ten ; gtt>ifd)en 33iirgern eined nnb beffelben ^taate^, n)eld)e anf l^dnbercien, hie iijnen nnter 9tcd)t^titein Don Derfd)iebenen (Btaaten gemdl)rt morben jTnb, 5lnfpriid)e madden nnb ^nji'fdjen einem ^taate ober beffen SSiirgern nnb fremben ^taaten, beren ^iir^ gem ober Untertljanen. 131 inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establisli. The judges, both of the su- preme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour,' and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance' in office. Section Second, § 1. The judicial power shall extend^ to all cases, in law and equity,"* arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases af- fecting^ ambassadors, other public ministers and con- suls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdic- tion;*^ to controversies^ to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign^ states, citizens, or subjects.^ 1 fea5 JBctraucn. — 2 feic Snucr, ^crtfcnucr. — 3 jtc^ (ui^^t)cl)ncn, fid) crffvcrfcn. — 4 tic JBilUgfcit. — 5 Oc? trcffcnb. — 6 bic ®crtcl)tc>0ar!cit. — 7 t>ic (Strcitigfcit. — 8 frcmt. — 9 tec llntcrtljan. 132 §. 2. 3rt alien gdUen, \ve{d)c ©efanbte unb an^ bere ojfentIid)e S5e»oKnidd)ti3tc iinb (lonfuln be^ trejfcn, unb in fc(d)en, wo cin ©taat elite ^artl)ei t(l, foK ber oberRe 5?of urfpritnc^ndje ®erid)tobarfeit beOtpcu. 3n aUen anbereu t)oii)er ern)d()uteu gdUeit foil ber Dberjl:e®end)t^l)efbie5tppel(ation^?®end)t{^^ barfeit l)abeu, fowol)! in ©ad)en \t)ai^ D^Jediten!^, al6 wa^ tic Zi)Cit betrijft, mit fo(d)cn 5(u(^nal)men nnb nnter fold)en ^Inorbnnngen, me fic ber (Sengreg ma&)cn tvirb. §. 3. I)te @erid]t6'»erl)anbhing itber aEe SSerbrei^ rf)eu, intt 5lneinabnic ber 5inflage i)or bem ^e^* nate, foE bnrd)'i^ ®efd)Wornen(3ertd)t gefd)el)en nnb ein fold)ei^ 23crfal)ren m bcnjenifjen (Btaatcn Qel)aU ten werben, wortn t^a^ 2Serbred)en begangen nnirbc; wenn c$ aber nid)t innerf)alb cine^ ber Hi)»erratl)d libera n?iefen mcrben, al^ anf Bf'nO"^? ^meier 3<-'"3f*i ^on emer nnb bcrfclben ojfcn bcgangenen 2;i)at, ober auf ©eftdnbnig im ojfenen ®erid}t^l)ofe» 133 § 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have origi- nal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men- tioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris- diction, both as to law and fact,^ with such excep- tions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. § 3. The trial of all crimes, except incases of im- peachment, shall be by jury ;^ and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;^ but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section Third. § 1. Treason against the United States shall con- sist only in levying^ war against them, or in adhering'' to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless'^ on the testimony^ of two witnesses^ to the same overt^° act, or on confession in open court. 1 urfprunglid). — 2 bic Sf)at. — 3 t)a<> ®cfd)ix>orncns 9crict)t. — 4 Ocgc^cn. — 5 crccgcn, anfangcn. — 6 anfjan^ gen, _ 7 aupcr. — 8 bag Scugni^. — 9 bet Scugc. — 10 offcn, offcnOar. 134 §. 2. 3}cr (Icit(]reg foil bic (3malt habcn, tsk ©tvafe \^c^ S^odj'ocY^ati)^ gii lu'|li'mmen, abcv feine 6ffent(id]e Ueberweifiino t)c<^ Sydj'ocxratljn^ \oU eU itcn 6d)anbflecf auf fetnc gamilie ir>erfen, ober 23er^ niogen^/doiifidfation, aii^er mal)renb ber ?eben^^ bauer be^ Uebern)iefeneii, bewtrfen. ^rtif cl IT. — (Svftcc 2Cbfc^nttt. §. 1. SSoKcr ©faitbe itnb (Srebit fott in jebem ©taate ben offein(id)en 5lftcit, Urfunbcn iinb rid)* ternd)en Serfaf)ren eine^ jebcn aubcrcn ©taate^ gegebcn n)erbeu, iinb ber (^onijreg faitit, biird) attqc* mei'ne ©efej^e, hie 5lrt iinb 5Geife t)orfd)reiben, aiif bte foldjc Slftcu, Urfmiben unb vid)ter(id)e 2>erfa()ren erprobt U)erben lutb me(d)e^ t()re ^irfung feiit foK. Swcitcr ?COfcl)nitt. §. 1. 3)te ^iirger eme^ jebeit ©taate^ foKen ^u oUeit 3Sorred)ten imb greil)eiten ber ^iirger in ben t)erfd)iebenen irb, fott auf 33e(}el)ren ber an^^ iibenben @ett)alt beeijenigen ©taat(^, an^ bent ffe entflol)en, an^geliefert nnb in ben ^taat ^nriicfge^ brad)t n)erben, ber bie @erid)t^barfeit itber ta^ 2Serbred)en IjaU 135 § 2. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder^ of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture,^ except during the life of the person attainted. Article iv. Section First. § 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records,^ and judicial proceed- ings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, prescribe'* the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the efiect"^ thereof. Section Second. § 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled^ to all privileges and immunities'' of citizens in the seve- ral states. § 2. A person charged^ in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee^ from justice,'" and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up,'' to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 1 tic 9ccic()t{id)c llcGctfii^vung, llcOcnvcifung. — 2 aScrs m6gcni>ccnfi:^EQtion. — 3 t)icllrEunt)c. — 4 iiorfd)rctOcn. — 5 tic SBSii'hing. — 6 ()crcd)tt9t. — 7 tic ^^rciljcit. — 8 anflagcn. — 9 flicl)Ciu — 10 tic ©crcdjtiQecit, 3u|lt3. — 11 oueticfcrn. 136 §. 3. D^temaitb, ber in eiitem ^taatc ^n ^ienfl ober ^vheit md) ben ©efe^eit gel)alten ift, imb in etnen aitbereu entfliel)t, fott in gofge irgenb eme^ ®efel)c^ ober (5turirf)tiing i)terut, Don foId)em 2)ienfl ober SIrbeit entlajtet merben ; fonbent fott auf gor^^ beriing berjcntgeu '^>artt)ei, ber er l^ienjl ober 5Jr* belt fctjulbig ij^, audgeliefert tt)erben. 2)nttct: 2(bfcbnitt. §, 1. 9fieue (Btaatcn fonnen burcf) oen ^Jongreg in t:>ic Union anfgenommen n)erben,aber fein neuer ^taat barf innerl)atb ber ©eridjtdbarfett trgenb cine(? anberen ^taate^ gebilbet ober errtcf)tet tt)er^ ben ; and) barf fetn ^tacit bnrd) SSereintgnng t)on gwei ober niebreren (Btaatcn ober ^beilen uon ©taaten gebilbet merben, ol)ne 3uftimmnng ber ^c^ fe^gebenben S5el)orbe ber betbeiligten Mcgcn, ccEicircn. — 10 bcnad)t()ci(i9cn, fcbnbcn. — 11 Ocfcnbcr, ctnicln. 138 SSicrtci* ?C(-fd)nttt. ^ie SScrcinigteu erben, SSerbefl'ernngen nnb S^\\ai}c ^n biefer (^cnftitntion t)orfcf)Iagen, ober er foil anf©efnd] ber@efcl5gebung t)on jwei 1^rittl)ei(en ber einjelnen orfd)(agt)on3Serbej|erungen bernfcn, ttjeld)e in beiben gdUen nad) it)rem gan^en 3Hi)oItf itnb 3wecfe ai^ Zi)cile biefer (Sonjlitntion gelren foKen, fobatb ai^ f^e bnrd) bie gcfel^gebenbe S5e()6rbe Don brei 2Siertl)ei(en ber eingelnen (^taaten, ober von (5on»enten in brei 3Siertl)eilen berfelben genebnii.gt worben finb, ha bie cine ober hie anbere 5lrt ber ®e^ nel)mi(jnng»om (Songrejfeyorgefdjlagen merbennia.q, iinter ber ^Sebingnng, baf5 feine Dor bem "^abrc 1808 gemad)t werbenbe 3Serbeffernng anf irgenb eine 5[Beife bie er(Te nnb bie Dierte (ilanfcl in bem nenn? ten 5lbfd)nitt be^ erflen 5(rtife(c^ Derle^f, nnb big fein Staaf, ol)ne feine (^inuMllignng, feiner glcidien (5timmred)te im ©enate beranbt miirbe. 139 Section Fmrth. § 1. The United States shall guarantee* to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion f and on application^ of the legislature, or of the executive, (vhen the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic* violence.^ Article v. § 1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem^ it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall cnll a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid'^ to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified' by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- posed by the congress : Provided, that no amend- ment, which may be made prior^ to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any man- ner, effect'" the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived" of its equal suffrage in the senate. 1 caranttrcn, ®cn)oibr (cifton. — 2 bcr (SinfaU r»cn ?ru(}cn.. — 3 ^aj; Gk'fucl), tas ?fnfuci[)cn — 4 {)auv'ticb, inncrtid), — 5 fcic ®i'iva(ttbdti(^fcit. — 6 bcurt()ci(cn, cracl)tcn. — 7 o^ixU tic^. — 8 c\ciu'bnuc(cn. — 9 i\)i, Ocpor. — 10 bcru^rcn,krs U'^cn. — ilOcraubcn 140 5Xtiifcl VI. §♦ 1. 5lttc i)or ber 5lnnal)me tiefer ^onflitution fontral)irten @d)itlbeu unb eingec^aitgcnen S5erbinb;» lid)feiteu follcit eben fo giUtij; gegen tie SSereinigtcn ©taaten unter bicfcr SSerfajTung fein, at^ unter hex ^onfoberation. §, 2. X)icfe (Sonftitution unb bte ®efe^e ber S5er^ einigten ©taaten, bie in golge berfclbeu gcmarfit VDCvbeit, fo tt)ie al(e inUer bcr Slutoritat bev -Serei? nigtcn ©taaten bcrcit^ gemattten ober uC'd) 311 ma^ cf)enben 35crtrdge foKcn bas^ bodiftc ?aiibee'i}cfel; unb fiir bie 91id)ter einc^ jcbcn ^taate^ binbcnb fein, tt)enn and) dtwa^ in ber (^cnjluntian ober in ben @efel}en irgenb eine^ ©taatei:? ba(]egen ware. §. 3. ^ie t)orern?dl)nten ©enatoren nnb 9?eprd^ fentanten, bie OJ^itglieber ber t)erfd)iebenen ^taat^^ legi^laturen nnb atlc Seamte ber »ol(flrecfenben unb rid)terlid)cn ©ewalten, ber 3Sereini(3ten fo tvie ber ein^elnen ©taaten, foUen bnrd) (Sibfd)mnr ober feierlid)e^ ©elobnif? ^nr^lnfredjtbaltnngbiefer (5on^ flitntion »erpflid)tet iverbcn ; ted) foil fein reficjibfer ^riifnncj^eib ^ur 33efdl)i(]nn(], irgenb ein t)on ben S5creini,qten ^taaten auj^.gebenbe^ 5lmt ober cine ojfentlid)e Dbliegenl)eit gn bef(eiben, jemal^ geforbert merben. i. 1. X)ie ®enel)mignn(] ber Uebereinfnnft t)oit 141 Article vi. § 1. All debts contracted^ and engagements' en- tered into, before the adoption^ of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. § 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance'' thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the su- preme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.® § 3. The senators and representatives before men- tioned,^ and the members of the several state legisla- tures, and all executive and judicial oflficers, both of the United States, and of the several states, shall be bound, by oath^ or affirmation,^ to support this Con- stitution ; but no religious test'-^ shall ever be required^" as a qualification^^ to any office or public trust under the United States. Article v^ii. § 1. The ratification^^ of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of 1 macl)cn, ccntra{)ircn (yen ©cl)u(t)cn). — 2 t\c iScrOtnb; licbfcit. — 3 t>ic ?f nna()mc. — 4 t)ic ^cl.qc. — 5 un9cad)tct. — 6 crn)a()ncn. — 7 bcr (Sitfd)iviir. — 8 ta^i fcuT(id)C (5k*s tu(>tic — 9 tct rcligiofc 5'Prufl^uvoci^.— 10 iH'r(aiuu'n, fers 'o fSethciictnn^cn nnb 3«fa^c jtt bet ^onftituiii>n* 5lrtifel I. T)er ^ongreg foil fein ©efet) erlaffcn biirfen, fcc:? jitgltd) aiif (5infiil)rung ciuer Dfleltgion (©taat^^' religion) ober xva^ beren freie 5ludiibiing l)inbcrr, nod) ©efel^e, woburcl) bie grei()eit ber ^l^reflfe, ober ba^ ^ecl)t be^ SSolf^, firf) frieblid) ^u »erfammeln unb bei ber DfJegientno urn 5lbi)iilfc i?on ^efcl)n?erbett gu bitten, yerfiir^t werben. Slrtifel II. X>a einen?of)lein(3eric{)tete2BeI)rfd)aft (5i}iili^) ^nr ©icl)ert)eit eine^ freien (Staatec^ notl)n3cnbi(] ifl, fo foa ba^ dlcd)t bed SSoIfd, ^affcn gn [)alten nnb ^u tragen, xxidt^t eingefcl)rdnft vverbcn. ^Irtifel III. ^ein ©olbat foil in griebenc^^eiten in irgenb ein S>an^ ol)ne Sett>illignn(] bejfen (5i(]entl)iimer(^ ein? quartirt werben biirfen; nnb in ^riec^^^eiren nnr in ber bnrcl) ha^ @efe^ 5:)or(]efcl)riebenen 21rt iinb ^eife. 143 tliis Constitution between the states so ratifying the AMENDMENTS^ TO THE CONSTITUTION. Article i. Congress shall make no law respectmg an estab lishment of religion, or prohibiting^ the free exercise thereof; or abridging^ the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably"* to assemble, and to petition the government for a re- dress" of grievances.'^ Article ii. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security^ of a free state, the right of the people to keep^ and bear^ arms shall not be infringed.^** Article hi. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered^* in any house, without^' the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war/^ but in a manner to be prescribed by law.^* 1 SScrbcfTcrungcn unb Sufagc — 2 f)int)crn. — 3 ttcrHtr* sen, fc{)ma(ctn. —4 fvlcMicl). — 5 bic ?(Of)u(fc. — 6 btc JBc* fcl)a>ci:t)C. — 7 btc ® id)cr()cit. — 8 ()attcu. — 9 tragcn. — 10 cinfcbraufcn, ()int)crn. — 11 cinqunrtivcn. — 12oF)nc, — 1 3 bcr (Si3cnt()umcv. — 14 bcc ^ricg. 144 5lrttfet IV. X5a^ 9f?cd)t be^ SSoIf^, fTrf)er in feiner ^Vrfon, fei^ lien 5^aufent, ^apteren nub (Sjfeftcn Dor itnbtUigen ^fcad^fiirfjungen unb S3efd)(a(]nal)me ^u fein, fott xxid)t i)er(el3t unb feine rid)tcr(id)cn S)aft^^ nnb 53c:f fd)(a,qnal)m^befel)(e fotlcn, ol)ne bmci^iid)c,anf dit obcr feierlid)e^ ©elobni^ gcftiiine Urfad)e, nnb ol)ne ba9 ber ^u untcrfud)enbc SDrt nnb t)ic gn i)er()aften^ ten ^Vrfonen obcr ©cgenflanbe an^fit()rlid)|l bc^ fc^rieben worbcn, crlajjen tt>erbcn. nxtitei V. 5^iemanb fott wegen etne^ (^aifiitaU obcr anbcrcn infamircnbcn 35crbrccf)cn^ anber^ ^u 9?cb' nnb hints' ti:)ort gc[)artcn fcin, a(^ anf cine Slnflage ber ©ranbs' 3nri), niit 5(n^nat)«ie in ben, M ber ?anb? nnb ©eemad)t, obcr in ber ^JJJifij, wenn biefelbc in 3ci^ ten be0 ^riej]^ obcr offcnttid^er ©efahr |Td) im attU »en ^icnft bcfinbet, Dorfonnncnben gciUen. 5(nd) foU S^iemanb wcgen cinc^ nnb beffclbcn 2Ser(^ebcn^ ^tt?cima( in @efal)r nm ^nb nnb ^eben .qcfel^t, and) nid]t in irgenb einem (Sriminalfattc genotliiqt werben, Sengni^ gcqcn jTd) felbfl ab^nteqen ; nod) anber^, ali^ anf qehorigcn (]cfel3(id)en SSorqang, bc^ ?ebcn^, ber yVffibcit ober bc^ (Ji.qentbnm^ bcranbt, nnb fein ^rioatcigcntl)nm ^n offcntlid)cm ®ebrand)e nnb ^lut^en, ol)ne gcred)te SScrgiitung, genommen wer^ 145 Article iv. The right of the people to be secure* in their per- sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable* Bearches' and seizures,^ shall not be violated ; and no warrants" shall issue,^ but upon probable cause sup- ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly des- cribing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article v. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous'' crime, unless on a presentment or indictment* of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice^ put in jeopardy^" of life or limb ;" nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due^^ process of law ; nor sha,ll private property be taken for public use without just'^ compensation. 1 ftcf)cr. — 2 unt^crnunfttg, untnUtg. — 3 bic 0iacl)fud)un9. — 4 t)ic 93cfcf)(n9naf)mc. — 5 tec ^foaft^oOcfc^t. — 6 crtaffcn. — 7 cntcf)rcnb. — 8 t»ic oftcntUcl)C 2(nHagc uccfccr Sun).— 9 jwctmnt. — 10 tic ®cfal)r. — 11 ta^ ©tict, tec ii'il), — 12 gc^orig. — 13 gccccl)t. 146 5lrtifel VI. fdci alien pcinlirfjen @crid)tdi>erl)anblintgen foil ber Slnoeflagte bad Dicrf]t cincd rafd]en mib b^cnt^ lirf)en SSerfat)rend turd) cine iiiipartl}eiifd)c 2urt) bc^^ ©taarcd iinb S3qirfd gentcgeu, woviu bad SSerbrc? djcix begangen wiirbe, and) Jiiug ber SSe^irf t)orI)cr burd)'d @e|cl^ fcft audqemadit unb ber Slngeflacjtc iiber t)ie '^atiiv unb Urfad^e ber Slnflage nnterrid)tet fein. ^r foil ferner ha^ 9?ed)t l)aben, mit ben B^"** gen gecjen iljn fonfrontirt ^n ii)crben, S^^^D^^^^^^ fa()ren an^uwenben nm Bcw^^ S" f^^"^" ©nnjlen 3n erl)alten nnb foil ^m 53ei(lanb eined 3lnn)aUed ^n feiner Sertbeibignng l)abcn. 5lrtifel VII. fdci alien (5emeinbur5erltd)en 9?ed)tdfad)en, mc ber, in ©treitfrage ftel)enbe 5Bert() s^t^an^ig X)oEard fiberfteigt, foil ha^ D^ed)t bed SSerfal)rend »or bem ©efd)tt)ornen(^ertd)tc gen)dl)rt werben, nnb feinc t)on bemfelben einmal Derl)anbelte ^i)atfad)c foil anf anbere 5lrt, aid ben SSorfd)riften t)€^ gemein^ biirgerlid)en ©efeljed gemag, ijon cinem anberen ^erid)tdl)ofe ber SSereinigten t^stcvfaf)rcn. — 3 t)Cv(H'r. — 4 nu^mad[)cn, gavtp macbciu — 5 t»cr ®cticl)t gcc^ciuitH'rncircn. — 6 Mc ©unfr. — 7 fctc 9?cd)tjfac()c, t»cr 91ccl)t<^)lrcit. — 8 t)cc SScrtf). — 9 iiOccma^'ig. — 10 tic 93ttrc|fd)a"fr. 148 fame unb imge6rdud)lirf)e ^orperjlrafen tjerl)dngt Srrtifel IX. T)ie 5(itfsd[)(un(j beftimmter fRcd)U in ber ^onjTi* tution foK ntcl)t tie i:^cutiincj Dcranlaflfen, aiibcre, bent SSoIfe ^nvMbcl^aitcne dicd)tc gu ijcrweijjern ober gu becintrdclitigcn* 5trtifel X. :i5ie ©eivalteit, xvcldjc ben SScrctiucjten ©taaten burd) bie (Sonftitutioit wcbei* iibcrtrageit, nod) biird) le^tere ben (Staatcit luUerfagt njurbcu, jTnb ten refpectiueu ©taaten ober bem SSolfe i)orbel)aIten. Slrtifet XT. Sie rid)ter(id)e ©ewalt ber SSereinigten e(d)er burd) SSiirger eine^ anbereu ©taate^ ober bitvd) SSiirger oberUntertI)anen kqenb eine^ freniben (Staate^ gcgeu ^iuen ber SSereinigten ^taatcn begonneu ober betriebeu wurbe. 5lrtifel XII. §. 1. I^ie 5Bd{)(er fotten fid) in ibren refpcctmeit ©taateu t)erfammeln nub burd) ©frutiuium fiir eiuen ^rdfibeuten unb Sice^VdjTbenteu abilimnien, t)Ott bcneu ciuer weuigjleu^ Uin 50?iteiuwo()uer cm 149 6ive fines* imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- ments inflicted.* Article ix. The enumeration,' in tlie Constitution, of certain ights, shall not be construed to deny* or disparage* others retained by the people. AUTICLE X. The powers not delegated" to the United States by tlie Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Article xi. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted^ against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Article xii, § 1. The electors^ sliall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice- President, one of whom, at least,^ shall not be an 1 tic (5n'(&(nij}f, ®c(^ftrafv'.— 2Dcrf)anpcn. — 3 t>ic ?fuf» gahdinc. — 4 tH'cintvacl)ttc\ciu — 5 ocnvcic^crn. — 6 iibcts trnyion. — 7 iH'rfctgcn, bctvciOcn. — 8 ta 5Kaf)lcv. — 9 tucuic;ftcnw 150 unl) bejjelbeu ^Btaatc^ mit il)\m\ fciu barf, ©le fottcn nuf il)rcn 8timm^ctteln tie ']>crfoucn, wcld)e fTe ^u ^VafiDenteii, mit) auf baumi i)crfd)icbcneu Settein bicjenigen nam baft mad)cn, UH'k1)c fee gii 2Sicc*^)rafiDcnten beflimmcn. 8ie feUi'ii bamt g?? treuitte S^i\tci\ uou ben ^u ^prafibcntcn luib i)ou ben gu SSice;:^>rajTbenten beftimmten, fonne i>on ber ^^In^ gal)l berSSota fiir jeben i^erfertiijen. (5)ebad)te )^i)im foUen (Te nntev^eid^ner, be(](anbuit nnb i>er|7e.qe{t nnd) beni ©il^e ber iKcgierunj] ber 5l>ereinigten Staaten, abbrejyirt an ben ^rcifibentenbc^ (gcnati^, nbcrfen^ ben. :^er ^rdjTbent be^ Senate foil nun in (^e* genn?art bed Senate nnb bed 9iVprafentantenl)anfed atte (Sertiftcatc creffnen, nnb l)ieranf follen bie (Stimnicn (^c'^di)lt tverben. ^ie ^^erfon, noeld^e tie bed^iie (Stinnncnmebrl)eit jnm ^rcifibenten bat, fell ^ra)Tbent fein, falH cine foId)e 3abl ciiic 5)^Jajoritat ber gan^en 5ln^abl fejl^* gefel^ter ^iBat)ler ifl, nnb wenn 9^tienianb biefe ^JJajo^ ritcit befT|3t, fo foU ta^ A^and ber ^eprci fen tan ten t)on benen ^]>erfonen, mekbe anf ber ^rajTbentenlifte bie meiilen (gtimmen b^^en, jebcd) and nid)t niebr aU breien, nnmitte(bar bieranf bnrd) (Efrntininm ben ^rajTbenten u>db(en. ^a abcr bci ber fva]i^ bentenwabl bie (gtimmen nad) Staaten (^enenimen werben,wobei bie 9?eprdfentatien eined jeben etaa^ ted nnr ^ine (Etimme bat, fo fell t>k ^n biefen i^wt^ jwecfcn notbit^e 'iliidbter^abl and einem cber niebre^ ten ^D^itgliebern von gwei ^rittl)ei(en aller 6taaten 151 inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots tlie person voted for as President, and in distinct' ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they sludl make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the num- ber of votes for each, wliicii lists they shall sign" and certify,^ and transmit,'' sealed, to the seat of ihe Go- vernment of tlie United States, directed to the Presi- dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of tlie Senate and House of Represen- tatives,^ open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted:^ the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority^ of the whole number of electors appointed f and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding** three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose'" immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds" of 1 rcit Tiotljcn fein. ©ottte aber ba^ Syu^ ber 9?eprafeiUaiUeit iu jeber ^cit^ wemi c^ im 23e|T^e be^ ^a()!rcd)t^ ijl, ben ^rdfTbenten nid)t t)or bent uterren ^agc be^ iiddjfifofgenben 5iJJoitat(^ ?[)?dr^ wdf)(eu, fo foK al^^ baitu ber Sice^^rdjibent, Qkid) me hex einem ^obe ^^ fatte be^ ^>rdjTbeuten ober eiiier anbern conjtitiitio^ iieUeu 3Serl)inberun3 be(]elben, al^ ^rdpbent fmt# gireit. §. 2. 5^te ^erfon, n)elct)e tiie gregte ©timmen* Kiel)r()ett ^iim SSice^^'^rdiTbenten hat, foU SSice^^rd* jTbent merben, fobalb eine fo(rf)e 3(^l)t eiite -JQJebrbeit ber gan^eu 3(n^al)l bej^ellter ^dl)Ier i)i, itnb wcnit ^liemanb eine 5Kebrjal)( l)at, fo fotT ber (Eenat au^ ben jwct l)erf)jlteu 3^f)^^» ««f ber ?i|le ben 2Sice^ ^rdjTbenten erwdbfeu; tie ^u bem ^nbjwecfe iiotl)t(je 5Sd()ler^al)( foK au^ ^wei t^rittheileii fdmmtlirf)er (Senatcren befteben unb eine Wlaicxu tat ber gan^en Sln^abl foil ^nr 5Gal)( notbui fein. §. 3. 5fiiemanb abcr, ber tjerfaffnn.q^mdgi.q nn* tvdblbar ^nm ^rdffbentenamte i\i, foil mablfdbig |nm 5lnUe be^ SSice^^rdjTbenten ber SBereini^teit Btaaten fein* 153 (he states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary* to a choice.^ And if the House of Re- presentatives shall not choose a President whenever* the right of choice shall devolve"* upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death' or other constitutional disability^ of the President. § 2. The pei-son having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then/ from the two highest^ numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President : a quorum for the purpose shall consist^ of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. § 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible*" to the office of President, shall be eligible" to that of Vice-President of the United States. 1 nctf)ivi'nt)ig. — 2 tic 2Baf)(. — 3 wcnn, n>cnn tmmcr. — - 4 an()cimfaUi'n, ^ufattcn. — 5 fccr Set). — G Mc nnfaf)t9s fcit. — 7 nt^tiann. — 8 t»cr bocbftc — 9 6c[lcf}cn. — 10 un« wa\)ibav, nja^tunfufjtg. — 11 ivafjtfaljig. 154 @eotg ^a^I^iugtom ©eorg 5Ba^t)ingtou — ber cr|>e im ^riecje, bcr crjle im gricbeit, ber crfte iu ben ^^eqcu feiner ?anb^(eiite, — war mel)r a(^ bcr grcunb, cr war ber 3Satcr feine^ SSaterlanbe^. (5^ ijl: fd)wcr ^u fagcn, cb feiue ojfent(id)en SSer^ bienflc^ ober feiiie ^rii)attit(jenbcit groger gcmefen feien, ob feiue Zi)aU\x im ^riege, cber fein ^cU fpiel im griebeu mel)r miferc 53ett)imbenin(j i)er* bieuen» 5lber obnc S^^-'if^^ ^t*f^6 f^i» ^"^^f jemal^ eineu rctueren unb yerbicnjliJoWcrcu ^atrioten, eU ncix bejjercu SSiirger, eiueii aiifricljtigereu uub wcu terblicfenbeu ©taat^maim, eineu nienfd)(id)eren nub erfolgreidieren ge(bl)evrn, fur^, cin wiirbicjered y)liU glieb bcr bur(jcrlicl)en ®efeUfd)afr, fon)ol)l im ojfent^ lid)en aiiS l)du^lni)cn l^eben. SSicKcidit bef(eibctc nie cin 9Jtaun eineu cfeutlid)cn ^ienft, we(d)cr burd) fein ^cifpiel nub burd) feiue erl)abcue Znc^^iu ben eineu fo beilfamen (Jiuflng anf t)a^ menfd)Iid)c @efd)Ied)t aui^iibte, ai^ ^Gac^bincjton. (5r wnrbe geboren am 22. gebrnar 1732 in SSir(3inieu, in ber ^ejlmorelaub ^ouuti), na()c am ^Vtomafjlromc. dv ijcrlor feiuen 3i>arer, ber cin ^pfl^'inS'-'^ ^^^/ "^ fi*iil)er Snijt'nb. ^^lad^* bem cr unter ber ^eitung feiner frommen ^Otutter cine (jute (5rsiel)nutj (jenojTen Ijattc, wibmete cr 155 GEORGE WASHINGTON. George Washington, — first in war, first m peace, first in the hearts othis countrymen, — was more than the friend, he was the fatlier of his country. It is difficult to say, whether^ his pubhc merits, or his private virtues were the greater, whether his deeds in war, or his example in peace merit more our admi- ration. But doubtless no nation has ever possessed a purer and more meritorious" patriot, a better citizen, a more upright and farseeing^ statesman, a more hu- mane and successful general ; in fine, a more worthy member of society, both in public and private life. No man, perhaps, entered the pubhc service, who, by his own example and sterling'' virtues, exercised so beneficiaP an influence^ upon the race as Washington. He was born February 22, 1*732, on the banks of the Potomac, Westmoreland county, Virginia. He lost his father, who was a planter, at an early^ age. Having enjoyed a good education' under the gui- dance^ of his pious mother, he entered in his 17 th 1 clj. — 2 ttcrt)icnftnon. — 3 njcitMicfont). — 4 cicljt, mt tccfflid). -" 5 ivc{)tt()atig. — 6 t)cr Ginflup. — 7 fru()0 fcu(}acitig. — 8 t>ic (SratcOung. — 9 Vu Scttung. 156 fed) i\\ fciitem 17. Zsc^hvc mit reqem %ki^e be? 5Ui^itbini3 fciuc^ S3enifec^, ber gc(biiicj1erfinijl. §luf fcincii ©cfcf)afr^reifcn, tie ftd) U6 an hie Wcc^l)am)bcvQc cri^recftcn, nntrbe cv mit bcm ?anbe unb feiiieu ^eit>ol)nent befannt, inib (jcmi>l)nte ftrf) ()icrburd) an bie (^Ttraciung bcr 33t'fd)n)erlid)feitcn unb (Jntbe()rnn.gen be^ gelbfa^er^. a^ mnrben il)nt, fo jnng cr nod) war, i)on bem ©ontjcrnenr ^inwibbie mi'!)rcrc mid)ti,qc ^tuftrcit^c nnuertrant, wc(d)e cr mit 50int(), ®efd)i(|{id)fcir nnb glncflidicm (5rfel(]e iJcU^og. 3Sor^n(]Iid) ^^cidjncte er tTd) an^ im ^^a()re 1755, tm fran^ojlfd^en ^riitje, al^ 9lbjntant bc^ nn(jindf{d)en ©cneral S3rabbocf, bcjfen ^d)id\ai — am 8. ^nii 1755 — cin befferes gewcfcn fein wiirbc, hcitte cr ben wn^en D^atl)fd)Id* gen ®ae!bin(3ton*^ gofge cjctcijTet. 5;»teranf lebtc cr cine 'tKciiic Don 3^t)rcn in bem (liUen ©liicfe be^ ^^riuatfcbcn^ anf fciner 55c|Tl5nn(i, eifrig befd)dfti(it ntit ber (JrfiUlnng feincr bdn^(i=' d)en nnb oflFentlidjcn ^^flid)ten, — er irar ndnifid) g[itit(]Iieb bcr^roi)in3ia(==®cfe!5.Qcbnn(] Don SSirqinien gcworbcn,— bii^ ^nm ^sahre 1775, wo in ^?ajTad)n* fctt^ tic erftcn geinbfeligfeiten mit ber ^rone C5*ng* Tanb anj^brad)cn, 5(f^ ber ©eneraf ? (5ontire§ in ^()i(abc(phia ben Scfd^ln^ fa^ne, jener '^VoDin^ bei? ^nfleben nnb cinen ojfenen jlampf mit bem nnge^f red)ten 9Jcntterfanbe ;;n bet]inncn,fo wnrbe, anf ben 5(ntran 3ol)n 5lbam9',^iBa£?bington einjlimmig ^nm £)bcrbefcl)(^l)aber alter ©treitfrdfte ber 2Scrcini(jten 157 year with nssiduity| upon tlie practice of liis profes- sion, the surveyor's art;- and making excursions'' as far as the Alleghany mountains, he became acquainted with the country and its inhabitants, and thereby trained himself to endure* the toils and privations'' of the camp.^ Several important public commissions were en- trusted to him, young as he was, by the Governor Dinwiddie, which he executed with courage, ability and success. He distinguished himself particularly in 1755, in the French war, as adjutant of the un- happy general Braddock, whose fate^ would have been better — on July 8, 1755 — had he followed the wise admonitions given to him by Washington. After this event he lived in the tranquil enjoyment of domestic life on his plantation, zealously engaged in performing his duties, both private and public, — having become a member of the Provincial Lesris- lature of Virginia — until 1775, when hostilities'^ broke out in Massachusetts with the crown of England. The General Congress in Philadelphia, having adopt- ed^ resolutions to assist that province and to begin an open war with the unjust^" Motherland, on the motion" of John Adams, Washington was unani- mously'^ chosen commander-in-chief, so great was 1 t)cr ©ifcr. — '2 t»ic ^ctbmcftcrEunfl. — 3 bcr ?(u^f(u9.— 4 ertragcn.— 5Mc (Snt(H'()riinc^. — 6 i>ax'> Soger, ^ctMager.— 7 t)ci'5 ed)ic!|'a(..— 8 Mc ^ant»K(i()fcit. — 9 anncfjmcn. — 10 ungcrcc^t. — 1 1 t)cv ^Cntras. — 12 cinfttmmig. 159 Btaaten cmal)lt, fo (^rof? wax- bcrcit^ ta^ 3Ser^ trauen, mldjc^ feine :^:ii3cut>cn imb feine pangs' feiten einflogten. ^r jml)m, cin^ici iinb aflfein aii^ ?icbc ^u feiuem SSaterlanbe imb mtt S5fr^irf)tiing aiif jebcn @cl)alt, bicfen (3efa()rltrf)eu init) yerantmDrtIicI)cu ^oficu an, iinb beHeibete iini auf ba^ rul)muotlfte tt)dl)renb bc^ jtampfe^ far bte llnabl)dn(]igfcit biefe^ li^anbe^. ^ie ^cic^bett iiiib Zhathaft, weid)e er it?dl)renb t)Q^ qaw^cn Sti'icQc^ cntmicfclte, yerbient unfere l)od)^ fie S3en)nnbernii^. 2)urcf) ^efd)icfte 55cnuljiiirg ber ^piUfdquettcn, rt>cid)c er Dorfanb unb burch (2ct)affmt(3 neiicr, biird) 5Bicberl)erftcKiin(j ber ?0^aun^^iidit, fo meit e^ ttotl)menbig n)ar, belebte er ba(^ SSertraucn anf6 iteuc. ^0 c^ ijon 9iiil)en mar, im 3(ngrijf fo fiil)n iinb iinterne()menb trie ^dfar, mib in ber 23ertl)eij' bigmtg fo i)orftrf)tig mie J^abiu^;* ebenfo milb al^ jlreiig; ebenfo iinpart()eiifrf) tm S5e(cl)ncu tvic m SSeftrafen; gturflid) in ber ^IGal)I feiner SDfjtciere; feiT: unb jlanbhaft in aUcn feineu llntcrnel)mnn(jen : — fo gebraud)tc er tic Dom SSolfc i()m t)er(iebene ®en?alt, fo (jriinbetc er tic grett)eit unb Unabl)dni' gtgfeit ber 3Screinigteu ©taaten i)on SI m c r i f a» S5on uid)t geringerer S3ebeutuug waxen feinc • ©in roimfcI)cr ^cll)()crr, t»cc wccjcn fcincc Sc^utfamfcit ten SScinoiucn "Cuuctator" (t)cc 3oubcrcc) crhictt. 159 the confide^^ice already inspired' by his virtues and abilities. He accepted this trying'^ and responsible' position, renouncing any remuneration for his services, merely from love to his country, and discharged the trust most gloriously through the struggle for independence. The wisdom and energy displayed* by him during the wliole war, deserves our highest admiration. By sliilfully^ disposing of the resources which he found, and by creating new ones; by establishing^ discipline," as far as it was necessary, he awakened a new degree of confidence. "Where it was of use, in attack as bold^ and daring^ as Caesar, and in defense as cau- tious'" asFabius;*as mild as he was strong; as impartial'^ in rewarding as in punisliing ; happy in the choice of his officers ; firm and steady'^ in all his undertakings : — thus he used the power bestowed*^ upon him by the people, thus he founded the free- dom and independance of the United States of America. Of no less importance were his services, after the * A Roman General, from his caution surnamed "Cunc- tator." 1 cinflcpcn. — 2 9cfaf)rUrf). — 3 ocrantwcrtlich. — 4 crn)cc\i:n. — 10 rjcrficbttg. — 11 unpartljciifcl). — 12 jtant){)aft. — 13 ih'C* lci()cn, uOcrtrogcn. 160 2>ienfle, itad)bem t)\c UnabJ)aitgigfcit fctnc^ SSatcr* (Seine treitc uut) meife ^Serwaltitn^ aU ber erflc ^3ra(Ttent gab ber jungen $HepubIif Mvaft intb ®e^ beil)en ; feiue bemunbent(>it>iirbige ^Uigl)eit unb 5!J?dgigitng im OJathe fid)erte it)r bie griicf)te ber JKeiJcIutioiu 9lli^ er iTd), iiacf) 5lbfaiif feiner ^tt)eitert ^ienft^eit al^ ^)rdfibent, in t^a^ ^xiMtkhcn ^nxiidf jog, l)iiUev(ieg er nod) cin anbered glorreic()e^ 25enfi* mal feiner 5[5ei^()eit nnb SSaterlanb^Iiebe in feiner 51 b f ct) i e b j^ ? 51 b b r e f f e , wei&ic t) o n j e^ b c m S ii r g e r g e f e f c n nnb b e I) e r ^ i g t ^ u vt) e r b e n » e r b i e n t. ^n eincm anberen ^BdjxcU ben nn bie @on«ernenre ber i)erfd)iebcnen ©taateu fagt er : „3d) flc()e ^n ®ott in meinent ernilen ©ca bete, t>a^ (ix end) nnb ben (Btaat^ an beffen (Spi^e it)r fiel)f, in (geinen l)eiligen (2d)ni3 nc()men n?oKe; ta^ ^r bie 5^cr^en ber 58nrger regiere, bamit ber ©eif^ ber 3 n d) t nnb bed @ e 1) o r f a m d g c g e n bie Dbrigfeit nnter il)nen watte nnb br i'l^ b e r I i d) e (5- i n t r a d) t nnb ?iebe fie Der^ binbe; — nnb bag ($r cnb(ict) in ©naben nnd SJKen bie ^raft fd)enfen wolte, ©ered)rigfeit ju it b c n, S3 a r m h e r ^ i g f e i t ^n I i e b e n nnb jenen I i e b r e i d) e n , b e m li 1 1) i g e n , f r i e b^ I i d) e n ©inn im ?ebcn ^n bemeifcn, mit me(d)em ber g 1 r 1 i d) e © t i f t e r n n f e r e r I) e i t i^ g e n 5)i e n g i n n n j^ d o r a n g i n g , o b n e beffen bemittl)ige 9t a d) a I) m n n g in 161 independence of his country was established. Hia faithful and wise administration* as the first President gave vigor'^ to the young Republic. His admirable prudence and moderation in counsel secured to it the fruits of the Revolution. When he retired to private life after his second Presidential term had expired, he left still another glorious monument of his Avisdom and patriotism in his FareweW Address, worthy to be read and remembered by every citizen. In another address to the governors of the different states he says: "I now make it my earnest prayer, that God would have you and the state over which you preside, in His holy protection and that He would incline* the hearts of the citizens to cultivate*^ a sjyirit of subor- dlnation^ and obedience to government, and to enter- tain a brotherly love and affection for one another; — and finally, that He would be most graciously pleased to dispose us all to do justice^ to love mercy, ^ and to demean^ ourselves with that charity^ humility ^^ and jmcijic^^ tem.per of mind, which were the characte- ristics o/" the divine Author of our blessed religion, without an humble imitation'^" of whose example in these things ice can never hope to be a happy nation.*'* 1 t)ic ^rn'nvflttnnc^. — 9 tic .i^vaft. — 3 fecr TTbfcbict). — 4 (cnfon. — 5 bttton, nuf^i(^c^. — 6 tic 3uchr, lln> tcrtv:rfiinc^. — 7 Mc 53ann()in>;ic\fcir. — 8 fid) (H'troc,cn, — 9Mc ^DJcnKbontobc. — 10t)ic Scmutf). — 11 frict(icl). — 12 Ik Qf^Qcbaljmung. 162 ©inn iinb ^fQanbcl w>ix lu'e boffcii bi'ir^ f e n , c in g I ii cH i d) e ^ 3> o I f g u iv c r b e n." , (Ji- ftaxb am 14. 3:^cccinbcr I79J) in fciitrr ^Qol)^ miuQ ill iDcLMint ^Bernoii in 3[>tr(]iiucii,iDo fcinc i>l|'d]e rul)t. i:)ic (\a\\'^^ ^ilBelt beirviiierrc fciiicu ^ob. Zsn bem ecnbfd)vcibcn, un'(d)Co bcr (Seiiar bci ©e^ Ie(]enbcit fei'iicd Zo^c^ an bcii ^'prdftbcntcn 5Ibam^ r(d)tctc, {)ci\;t ed mircv i^lnbcrem: ,,(5rlaubcii (Eic uii^, mcin syxi\ mifcrc !^bvancn iiiit bcii 3bvi(]cn gu Dcrnufd)ciK S3ei biefcr ®c(c(3cnl)cit ill: c^ mamu lid), jii weiiu'iu 2?cr aUmcid^tige 1.\'iifer iiicnfd)^ nd)er ®cfd)iife bat mifercii gvo|stciriBob(rI)dtev unb mifcre QXofAc ^icY^c x>on nn^S gcuommcn. ii^S licmi iiiu^, iiiit (5brfiird)t lui!^ v>ov i^lMn 511 bengcn, „bcr bic :iiad)tgii feiiiem S^^t^-' mad)r/'" l^cv ^IH-d fibril t fvijite in fcincr 5liUit>orl: aiif bicfe S5etfd)aft : „@ciii ^ctfpicl i]t nminui)r yodciibet, uiib e^ u>tvb ciii ?cl)ri'r bcr UGci^>bcit unb !tu(]ciib feiu fiiv ^Iliagiftrat^pcrfoncn, ^iirger unb Csfber^ maun, unb uid)t nlkiu fiir tic ©egtMuravr, fonbeni fiir bie fpafeflc 3"fii»ff/ f^? ^^"3'-' ^^^ nnfere @e^ jd)id)te wivb (]e(efeu wcrben." ^3i}^oi]cn fcinc d)rifrlid)en ^ugcnbcn in allcv 3it^ fnnft iibcr biefcm l^iubc (cud)rcn, gU'id) ben (Btvah^ Icn bcr (Sonne, unb aUc 33iirgcr giir 5tad)al)nuing rci^en ! 163 He died at his residence, Mount Vernon, Virginia, December 14, 1799, Avliere his ashes now repose. The whole world mourned^ his death. When the Senate sent the address^ to the President, Adams, on the occasion of his death, it was said among others : "Permit^ us, Sir, to mingle"* our tears with yours. On this occasion it is manly to weep.^ Our land mourns a father. The Almighty disposer^ of human events has taken from us our greatest benefactor'' and ornament.® It becomes^ us to submit with reverence'* to Him who maketh darkness His pavilion."" The President said in his answer to the message: "His example is now complete,'^ and it will teach wisdom and virtue to magistrates, citizens and men; and not only in the present age, but in future gene- rations,'^ as long as our history sh.ali be read." May his Cliristian virtues, for ages yet to come, shine over this country, like'^ the beams'^ of the sun, and induce'^ all citizens to imitate him ! 1 Octrauctn. — 2 fca^o ©cnfefitrciOcn. ~ 3 ertautu'ti. — 4 5crmifcl)cn. — 5 ivctncn. — 6 t)cr Scnfcr. — 7 t)cr SSol}t5 t^atcr. — 8 btc Bicrbc. — 9 piemen. ■— 10 tiic (Sl)vfurcl)t» — 11 fca^o 3c(t. — U i?oIl[tant)icj. — 13 ta^ ®cfct)lcc()t. — li ftlcicl). — 15 tec 8tra(;(. ~ 16 antvciOcn, rciicn. 164 50er fennt imb Ucht md)t biefett ebrwiirbigcn 5J?anit, )DeId)er unter ben ©riinbern bcr greibeit unt) Unabl)dn(]i(3feit tic^e6 ?anbe^ m\v 5Ba^l)ingtou nad)flcl)t, unb tDcId)er nid)t allcin untcr fcincn 'fa* tritJteu eiuc ber crftcu ^StcUuncjcn cinnimmt, foiu bent and) unter bcu ©taars^mdnuern, ©elehrten mtb ^>l)i(ofepl)cit ber Qaw^cn '^eit cincu bol)ert «Kang bcflcibet. ^i^cr wci^ iiidjt, ba0 btc ®(J7en* fct)affen buvd) bcu (gd^arffuiu uub t)\c ticfeu gor# fd)uugeu graufliu'^ mtt ci'ucr bcr it)id)tii]|lcu (5t^ fiubuugeu alter S^'iteu, ber t>c^ SBliliableitcr^, berei^ d)ert murbeu ? Um fo l)oher )teiQt uufcrc 5ld)tuug i>or biefem 5!)iauuc, wcuu rviv bcteufeu, ba^ er burd) feiu ci.qe* ne^ YC(\c^ uub bcl)arr(id)c^ 6tvebeu bai^ wurbe, n?a^ er war, udm(id) eiuer ber nvof^teu ^oI)Ithdter ber ^3!)ienfd)heit; ba^ er i^on 3u{{eub au mit mau^ d)er(ei 2lufed)tuu^eu uub (5d)wieru3finreu ^u fdm^ ^feu l)atte, \vdd)C er iibenvaub, uid)t burd) ircjeub eiueu g(udlid)cu B^ifail, fouberu burd) bie ei'fcrue ^uergie feiue^ 5Billeud ; baf? er mit fciuer ^?dnbf 5lrbeit feiu ^^rcb verbioute uub burd) fcincn ^ki^, feiue 9J?d|;ij3fcit uub 5)?cb(id)feit fid^ ^u eiuer fo hc^ i)eu (Bteduut] emporfd)mauq ; uu^ eublid), ha^ er feiuem SSaterlaube uou fritl)er 3uaeub an bii:^ ^u 165 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Who does not know and love this venerable man, who is second to none but Washington among the founders^ of the freedom and independence of this countrv, and who stands not only in the first line of its patriots, but ;dso ranks high among the statesmen, scholars' and philosophers of the earth. Who does not know, that science has been enriched^ by the sagacious"* spirit and profound study of Franklin with one of the most important discoveries of all ages, that of the liq;htnino--rod?'' Our ifeteem for this man still increases, when we consider, that he, by his own zeal and perseverance, became what he was, viz. one of the greatest bene- factors of humanity; that he encountered'^ from his youth many trials and difficulties, which he overcame not by any happy casualty,'^ but by the iron^ energy of his will ; that he earned his bread with his own hands, and by means of industry, temperance and honesty, attained such a high station ; and that he served his 1 bet ©rilnbcc. — 2 bcr G)c(cf}ttc. — 3 (H'rcicl)crn. — 4 fd)arffinni9. — 5 bcr SB(i6at>(cittT. — 6 fampfv«, antvcffciu — 7 tcvSufdl. — Scifcrn. 166 feiitem Zote mit ebeii fo ml (5}cfcf)icf{icf)fcit, ali S3enjamin granfliu wnrbe am 6. 3anuar 1706 SU 33ojlou in v)JJafTad)iifett^ geborcit, (^r war ba^ jimgjle i)ou 13 j^inbern. I5a feine ^rtern in md^iV gen ©(iicf^nmflanbcn khten nnb nirf)t im 6tanbe njaren, bie jfojlcn feiner vr>ijTcnfrf)aftricf)cn m^biU buncj ^n befirciten, fo wnrbc er in fcincm 10. 3«l)fe ber 6d)ule entnommen, nm feinem 25ater in fcinem @efd)dfte, ndrnh'd) bcm cinc^ ?id)tcr3iel)cr^ nnb ©eifenfieber(^, ^n I)e(fen. 3" t)icfer friiben ?e5cn^* periobe ^cirf)nete jTrf) ber jnnge granf(in bcreit^ bnrd) fetne ^iebc ^nm ©efb(innterric()t an^, nnb fo tegte cr ben ©rnnb gn feincin fpdteren fegendrcid)eit 3Birfen nnb ^n feiner @roge in ber ^iGe(t. 3U^ er 12 ^a\)xc ait rvav, trat er in ha^ @efd)dji^ feine^ SBrnber^ ciw^ ber ein S5nd)brn(fer nnb cbeix \)on ^ngfanb ^nrircFtjefeljrt n)ar. 5;^ier brndte er ^nmei:* (en 3(nffd^e, tie ijon i()m felbjl I)erriibrten, ohnc ta^ jemanb wn^te, n^er ber 3Serfajfer fci, nnb ber S5eifaU, mit n)e{d)em fTe gen)obnlid) anf^enommeu njnrben, ermntl)igte il)n fel)r in feinen^Bejirebnngen. 3n feinem 17. ^ai)vc uerlieg er S3o|lon, nm fici) in feinen ^enntniffen nnb in feinem ®efd)dfre ^n ^cr# bejfern, nnb beQab fid) nad) ^>l)i[abelpl)ia, wo er ben fpdteren :^l)eir feine^ ?ebend ^nbrad^te. 33alb baranf, im 3rtl)fe 1724, (]in(j er nad) ^ngfanb, nnb %xad) einem 5(nfentl)aft i)on 18 5U2onaten bafcIbjT, bei nutl)famer Arbeit unb eifriciem cr. — 3 tict SclOjlimtcrrid)!. — 4 t)cc 2(uffa^. — 5 fic^ Ocgctciu —6 bic ?Kupc[lunl)c. 168 renb fetner 5!}?iige|lunben, fchxtc er itad) ^Infabel^ pl)ia ^iiriicf unb griiubete ciii ®efd)dft in SSerbin* bun(}mit einem 5(nberen, bcr bat^ iiotl)ige®e(b ba^u liergab. ©ie bnirftcu cine 3^if««(}, hie mit »ie(cm ®efc{)icf gefiil)rt wiirbe iinb granfliu gro^en iHuf t)crfrf)affre. (Sein glcij^, fcine ciiifad)c iinb mdgige ?cbcn^n?eifc, fcine (5inftd)t, fcine ^Mdne ^nr SSerbejYe^ rnn(] i)er ?aqc ber ^rci^in^, giir (Sinfni)rnn(] cine^ belferen ©i)ftem^ in ber (Jr^iebnng, fcine 1^ien(!e, hie er ber @tabt Ui^etc, lenftcn bie 3Uifmcrffamfeit bei^ gefammtcn ^}nb(ifnm^ anf i()n. (5r begann mit bent X^rncfe feined „3(rmcn 9?id)arb'^ Sllma*' narf)/' einer 3^iff'''^)t'ift ^t>t( ^ifee^ iinb gefnnben 5D?enfdf)eni)erflanbed, wdd)e einen (^rcgeu (Jinfliig anf bie 5(nff(drnng beii SScIfci? an^^iibte nnb t)tel bajn beitrng, hie ®enuit{)cr fitr hie grcibeit ttor^xu berciren. Urn gn s^igen, n)clc()er ©ciji praftifrfjer ?ebcni^tDeidl)ei(: ha^ ©anje bnrclibringe, moge l)ier ein fnrger Sln^jnc} baran^? '^{ai} ftnben : . Syite hid) \)or fleincn ^In^gaben; ein f(eine^ ?od) bringt einjjrogc^^ i5d)iff ^nm 6infen. ©aure 5Gorte ntad^en fcine grcnnbe; mit etnem ?5|fe( »oI( 5;^onio fdnj^t man niel)r glie^cn, al^ mit einer ©aEone (5ffig. 5Cer fid) in fid) fetbjl werlicbt, tt)irb feine TiCbcn* M)kv i)abe\u 169 formed an establishment in connection with a person •who supplied' the necessary capital. They printed a newspaper, which was managed" with ability, by which Franldin acquired great reputation.^ His in- dustry, frugality, intelligence ; his plans for improving the condition of the province, for introducing better systems of education ; his municipal services, made him an object of attention to the whole community. He began to print his "Poor Richard's Almanack," a periodicaP full of wit and good sense, Avhich had a great influence in enlightening*^ the people and pre- paring their minds for liberty. To show the spirit of practical wisdom with which the whole abounds, some extracts of it may find here a place. Beware of little expenses ; a small leak^ will sink a great ship. Hard* words make no friends ; a spoonfuP of honey will catch more flies than a gallon of vinegar. He who falls in love with himself will find no rivals. 1 fjcrgcbcn, cinfd)icpcn — 2 (citcn, fjanb^aOcn. -- 3 bcr *Ruf, tic 33cruf}mtf)cit. — 4 ^uc (55cmcint)C c\c(}ortg, fla'Dttfc^. — 5 bie 3citfcbrift. — 6 crlcud)tcn, fluf^larcn. — 7 M Cccf, Sod). — 8 faucr. — 9 ctn Coffchicll. 170 ^ie ^iigenb ber (5ntl)altfamfe(t. ! feine ?it)rec jTnb lumpen, feinc Moft imb ?ol;n jTub ^linger nnb 6d}anbc. ^rei&e bein ®efd)dfr, eber e^ ii?irb birfj tvcibeiu (iin SBcdifet be^ ©liicfd frfiabct einem meifen 5!J2amte nid)t mcl)r, al^ ciw 5Bcd)feI be^ ?[)?onb^. diniQc fommcn urn i()rcn SScrjIanb burd) ^u k)iej* ; lc6 ©tubircn ; ■ 5lber wcr ii^irb biird) ®ittc^ tl)im i^u jcmal^ | Derlieren ? \ din fatfd)er ^reititb nnb citt egen feiner jtenntniffe nnb ^scidhcit in \)o\)cn (5hren balte nnb ^vefd)er cine 3terbe fei nid)l: allein bed cnglifd^cn 3So(fd, fonbern ber gan^en ?i)2enfd)l)eit/' begeid)netc, Unmittelbar nad) feiner 3lucffel)r, nad) bem ^udbrnd)c bcr D?ei3c(ntion, 173 At the age of 27 Franlilin undertook to learn French, Italian and Spanish, and after having made some progress in those languages, he applied himself to the Latin. He was the founder of the University of Penn- ylvania, and of the American Philosophical Society, and one of the chief promoters' of the Pennsylvania Hospital. In 1741 he began to print the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle. In 1742 he invented tlie Franklin stove,'^ an ingenious^ and very economical contrivance,'* and soon after he immorta- lized ])is name by the discovery of the lightning-rod. AVe miq;ht continue this chronolomcal notice of his services and it would sliow the remarkable versatility* of his mind, but our space forbids us. Be it enough to mention, tluit Franklin was sent twice*^ to England by his fellow-citizens, (between 1757-1775,) to vin- dicate'^ their rights; and so high became his reputation, that Cliatliam, one of the most eminent* men and statesmen England ever had, characterised him "one whom all Europe held in high estimation for his knowledge and wisdom, who was an honor not to the English nation only, but to human nature." AVhen he returned, after the Revolution had broken out, 1 *ccc S^oforti'vcr. — 2 tcr ZUn, — 3 I'innrcicb. — 4 tic Grfinbunp, 'lun-vicbtuiuv — 5 Mc i^^to(^outtc^fcit. — 6 iiv:imo(. — 7 i\'vt()v'iti9cn. — 8 f}l'rl^Cl•va!:icn^, aiu'cjc* jctcl)iu't. 174 wurbe er ^itm g}^[r<3(icbe t)c6 (55cncra(?(5ongreflfe(5 ermdt)It. 511^ ?Oiit(]iicb beil eicl)erbcit^^5liuii'd>iijye^ uub be^ fiivbie aii^warrti^c (Sorrcs^poubcu^ iinrcr^o(3 er jl'rf) hen bc^d)mc\'[id)ftcn 3lrbeircn luib i^cvmciibcte feincii (jan^cii (S"inflii9 S^t (^hinilcii ber Uuabbaiu^ig^ feil:!:>^(i>'rfldrmi(3, \vc[d)c cv nutinUer,jeid)nctc. '^ni Sabre 1777 anirbc crali^ bci"»el(mdd)tuitcr5{(]ciunad) granfrcid] gefanbf, iini v>on bciii bLn'tii]cn X^ofe lln^ terftiilinn.gcn aiio^mvirfcn, nub battc ba'^^Iucf/ am 6. gcbnmr 1778 fur bicfc junt]e Dicpublif t^cn erften 51>crrrag mit ciucr frcmbcu ''Wa&it ab'^nid^iiifA'ix, ^cin cl)vmu't>ic\c6 5l(tcr, feiu cuifad)CiS ^^euebuicu, feiu ii^ijycufd)afflid)er Di'uf, t}ic C^3cm.iubtbt'ir uub guKe fctucr Uurcrbaltuu.q, nKid)tcu ibu gum I'lcb^; Itu(]c bed Soifi.^ ; ^cbcruivinu fiib^te fid) gct'brt, ciuem fo(d)eu WVanne (Sbre ^u crgcu^eu m\h b'^;»l[en'.bcrr, ber ^prdfibeut ber frviu^ofii'dicu i?lfabcmii', fnbvte ibu aUS ''fflitciiiclf jcuer bcrubintcu un|Teutd)afilid)cu @efcl(fd)aft mit beu Ui^orfcu ciu : „(5'r eutrip bcnK\>inimel ben '^iiih, ben !ti)rauueu ben "Scepter." (iinpuit fuhinjii ccx^lu, sccpliuiuquc ly rami is.) Tiad) fcincr DJiidfebr in feiu 3>ater[anb (1785) bcfleibete er, cbc er ftd) iuM ^]3rivatlebeu ^uvuc^ ^icben bnrfte, bai^ ^MU ciwcS ^prdfibeuteu von fnm^ fploauieu, biente 1787 ai^ ^:>lbiieorbueter in ber S*^^ bera[?(5onyeutiou nub (]cucbn]ii]tc tic bafclbft euts* tt>L>rfene (SLMiftitntiou. 5lud) u>urbe cr ^prdfiDeut »on gtvci meufd)eufi'cunb(id)en @cfcnfd]aften,UHMd)C 175 he was immediately elected member of the General Congress. As a member of the Committee of Safety, and of that of foreign correspondence he performed the most fatiguing^ services, and exerted all his in- fluence in favor of the Declaration of Independence, among the signers" of which he was. In 1776 he was sent to France as commissioner plenipotentiary, to obtain supplies"' from that court ; and had the happi- ness of concluding the first treaty^ of the new States with a foieign power, February 6, 1778. His vene- rable age, his simplicity of manners, his scientific^ repu- tation, the ease,'^ and riches of his conversation, made him the favorite of the whole people, every one felt himself honored in honoring such a man, and d'Alem- bert, the President of the Academy of France, in- troduced him as a member of that illustrious scientific' society with the words : " He took the lightning from heaven, and the sceptre from tyrants." (Eripuit fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis.) On his return to his native country, (1785,) before he was permitted to retire to private life, he filled the office of President of Pennsylvanian, and served as a delegate in the federal Convention in 1787, and approved the Constitution then formed. He became also Prci^ident of two humane societies, which were 1 cnnut>cnt), anftvcngcnt). — 2 t)cr Untcr^cicI)niT. — 3 tic ^^cvllavfiiua, .piKfc — 4t)cr iCcrtrag, tns JBiintiiu^ — 5 luiffcnfcbaftlid). — 6 tic Scicl)ti9fcit, @civont)t('cit. — 7 (jtcrvcicl), bcriKjmt. 176 tm 3af)rc 1787 iit ^l)ilat)crpl)ia erricf) tet tuitrben ; W cine ^ieg : ,f^ic ^>l)ilat)e(phtcr ®efellfd)aft ^ur (Srleid)terunc{ be^ (Jfeut)^ ber ojfentltcf)en ©efdng^ niflfe/' nut) tic aiiberc: „^te ^ennfi)banifd)c ®c^ fettfci)aft sur SSeforbentitg ber 5lbfcf)affun9 be r ©f (a^ uerei, s"^ Unterj^u^un^ freier wiberrecfjtltcl) in ^^ned)tfct)aft gebaltener Tie^ev unb ^ur SerbejTentng ber ^age ber afnfanifrf)en 9?ace/' Dr. grauflin eubigte am 17. 5Ipril 1790 feitic laitge unb iui(incl)e ?aufbal)it 'ocn 84 S^^rcn wnb 3 5!)Zonaten. gleig, g}?dgigfeit unb $)Ubrid)feit (Tnb bie (jrogeit !^ct)ren, He feiu !i!eben prebi(3t. @r fcf)rieb jTd) felbjl, mehrere 3al)re t)or feinem ^obe, folgenbe ©rabfOirift : ^ier liegt ber ?eib 5?on benjamin ^'ranflin, S3ucl)t)rucfcc, «W ©pcifc fiic QSucmcc twic bet (Stnbanb cinc$ oUcn S3ucl)c^, wcrau^ ba^ SOBcrE gcriJTcn, 2Ciiffd)rift unb ^Scrgdfcung ivcggcnemmcn finb.) 7lUt ^cii SBcrE fctOft ivirb nicl)t t^crtcrcn c\cl}cn, tcnn c5 witb — ivic ex glaubtc — »vicbcrcrfcl)ciiun in finer ncucn unb fd)oncccn "KnfiaQt bur(l)9cfcl)cn unb ycvOcfJcrt i)cn bcm ^25crfaffcrfc 177 established, in 1*787, in Philadelphia, one called "The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating^ the Miseries of public prisons," and the other "the Pennsylvania So- ciety for Promoting the Abolition^ of Slavery, the relief' of free negroes unlawfully held in bondage, and the improvement of the condition of the African nice." Dr. Franklin died on the l7thof April, 1790, clos- ing along and useful career of eighty-four years and three months. Industry^ Frugality y Integrity^ such are the lead- ing lessons of his life. The following epitaph"* on himself, was written by him many years previous to his death : THE BODY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, PRINTER, (likr the cover^ of an old book, its contents torn out, AND STRIPT"' of ITS LETTER NO AND GILDING,) LIES HERE, FOOD FOR WORMS, YET THE WORK ITSELF SHALL NOT BE LOST, TOR IT WILL AS HE BELIEVED — APPEAR ONCE MORE IN A NEW AND MORE BEAUTIFUL EDITION, CORRECTED AND AMENDED''' BY T[IF, AUTHOR. 1 cr(cicf)tcvn. —2 fcic ?tbfd)afiun(^. — 3 lie llntcvrr(ifiiin<^. — 4 Mc ©rntfcbrifL — 5 lit ;Dcc!e(. — 6 tH'raii(H'n,\ucgs nefjmcn. — 7 iH'rlv'jcrn. m b c c : p 9tat^ iinb ^eUlnmti^ | r t>ciit|ct)e (Suimanberer in hen '^eveinicitcn b ©taaten i)cn 5(menfa ; |^ •; It a t c i cl) Pl^ t*cfebud) fiiv "Jlitfanacr in bcr cttgUfdien Pj I i I I -;■ '■ '^0> 4 o ■'-^'^ o^ ■ -' 1 ■/ . 4."^ , « ^ <<> O ^ i ^^' .^^"-^ '^M^"' .^^ k^^ 8'i ^or^. A <^ ^c \ ,,BRABYOFCONG"^^^.,