\r> and some simple text-books. But most of the work is adjusted to such experiences as the boys have at home. The students learn about the common diseases of animals, and are pretty good veterinarians when they get through. It is all very intimate, natural, and easily understood. There is a short course in dairying of twelve weeks, with courses in butter and cheese making, in testing milk, in dairy management. I fancy every one who goes through the dairy building at Madison and sees a hundred or more boys in white duck suits, or visits the stock pavilion, poultry sheds, and experimental farm, has a momentary desire to become a farmer. For agriculture is an alluring vocation within these environments. 168 WISCONSIN The short course begins at eight in the morning, and continues without interruption until half-past three in the afternoon. Then the "Short Horns " have two hours' play in the gymnasium, or out in the open. They have a literary society of their own, and have organized a band and glee club. Ninety per cent of the graduates from this course have remained in agriculture, and 81 per cent are on Wisconsin farms. Some of them are making $5,000 a year in the sale of pedigreed seeds. The gradu- ates of the short course are generally leaders in their communities. They set a standard for the neigh- borhood, and diffuse the ideas gained at the univer- sity among their neighbors. The old four-years' course, which formerly had no students, was vitalized by the short course, and the experience of the university. It, too, has grown very rapidly in recent years. In 1905 it had but 80 students. In 1910 it had 364, with 32 students taking advanced graduate work. The number in the long course doubles eveiy three years. The technical positions in the bureaus at Washington, in connection with the various state universities and agricultural high-schools, have created a demand for the scientific farmer that exceeds the supply. The despised work of the farm-hand has become a lucrative vocation in Wisconsin, more lucrative apparently than the learned professions. When the university closed in 1911, the agricultural depart- SENDING THE FARMER TO COLLEGE 169 merit had orders for graduates, which it could not supply, paying salaries which aggregated $450,000. These were the jobs it could not fill. The demand was double what it had been the year before. While graduates in law, medicine, engineering, arts, and sciences were competing for such limited oppor- tunities as were offered, all the " Short Horns" had been engaged before they completed their course at salaries ranging from $600 to $3,000 a year. Before commencement every man had found a position at an average salary of $1,180. Only one position out of seven could be filled, some of which paid as high as $6,000 a year. The success of the short course led some one to suggest bringing the fathers, the horny-handed sceptics who jeered at higher learning, to the uni- versity. If education was a good thing for the boys, why not offer it to the parents as well? This was another violent break with academic tradition. But in 1904 the university started a farmers' course and induced 175 farmers to come to Madison for ten days in the winter. By 1911 the number had increased to 1,305. A different course is offered each year, all directed to the simple problems of agriculture. The farmers are told how to get the most out of their cows, the relative value of different breeds, how to care for their milk, and how to organ- ize co-operative dairies. They learn how to judge cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs; they study fertil- 170 WISCONSIN lizers, drainage, mechanics, gasoline engines, and farm buildings. Some of the farmers have returned to the university every winter for seven years. There are classes all day long, and in the evening as well. The course is held in February, coincident with the meeting of the state board of agriculture, of the live-stock breeders association, and the country life conference. The wives of the farmers come too. Provision is made for them in the school of home economics, in which 500 farmers wives were enrolled in 1911. The facilities of the school broke down, the women were so eager to learn about household things, about food adulterations, home decoration, and manage- ment. It was a kind of winter Chautauqua for them all. An intermediate course is offered to boys of from fourteen to seventeen years of age, who win the educational prizes offered by county fair associations for the best exhibits of corn and other grain. Last winter farmers came from sixty- two out of seventy-one counties in the state. Many came as sceptics. They returned converts to the idea. A school in home economics has been started in connection with the agricultural department. The course is rather severe. It extends over four years, and is designed to prepare the girl for home man- agement, along with a general education. The de- partment has grown with great rapidity, certain of SENDING THE FARMER TO COLLEGE 171 its courses being elective to the women in other departments. But Wisconsin was not satisfied with the 1,305 farmers who came to Madison to the farmer course. So it organized similar courses in connection with the county agricultural schools which are being built. Regular class-room work is given of a week's duration. It is under the direction of university professors and follows the general lines of the farmers' course at Madison. The total attendance at these farmers' courses in Madison and throughout the state is over 8,000. Through the summer farm demonstration work is carried on by the university at the state and county asylum farms. The fields selected are usually located close by main roads, so that the growing crops can be seen all through the summer. In the fall a picnic is held, to which the farmers come to observe the results of scientific farming. A row of pedigree corn is planted alongside of a row of com- mon variety. One row is properly fertilized, another is not. Some potatoes are sprayed, others are neglected. In one field the alfalfa is properly limed, in another is left unlimed. When the crops are ready to be gathered, the farmer sees in terms he cannot fail to understand the results of intelligent farming. He sees the increased yield of corn, of wheat, of barley, and he sees how it can be brought about. During the fall of 1910 over 9,000 persons 172 WISCONSIN attended these farm demonstrations, or more than twice the number of the year before. In 1911 provision was made by the legislature for state aid to high-schools which introduced agricult- ural courses. By this law the state pays one-half the cost of the course, provided the state contribu- tion does not exceed $350 for each department. Counties are also building agricultural schools of their own. Milwaukee County has spent $150,000 on such a school and La Crosse County $65,000. Ten of these schools were authorized by the last legislature, seven of which are in process of com- pletion. These schools offer substantially the same courses as the short course of the university. The university also goes after the youngsters. Seed-growing contests have been organized among the boys in more than half the counties of the state. Pedigree seeds are sent out to the school superin- tendents with careful instructions as to planting and care. The boys cultivate the seeds as directed. In the fall of 1910, over 6,000 exhibits were held by the boys at the county fairs, and over $2,000 was distributed in prizes. The boys get astonish- ing results. In order to stimulate interest prizes are offered consisting of money enough to cover all the expenses of a week at Madison during the farmers course in the winter. In 1910, twenty-one boys received these prizes, and in 1911, forty of them came to the state university. SENDING THE FARMER TO COLLEGE 173 The attitude of the farmer toward university appropriations has changed. The regents have little difficulty now. They are able to back up their claims with statistics of wealth production directly traceable to the work of the university. They have friends in the legislature who know from experience that scientific methods pay. The total appropriation for the university in 1900 was $550,- 000. In 1910 it was $1,700,000. Wisconsin appro- priates 22 cents on every $100 of assessed valuation for higher education, Minnesota appropriates 11 cents, Michigan 17 cents, and Illinois but 7 cents. The farmers of Wisconsin look upon the state university as one of the best investments they can make. CHAPTER XIV AN EXPERIMENT STATION IN FARM EUGENICS Wisconsin used to be just an ordinary grain growing state. The soil was being exhausted by repeated cropping, while the farmers were suffer- ing from competition with the wheat fields of the West. To-day Wisconsin is the second dairy state in the Union. In 1900 it had 988,397 head of cows. To-day it has 1,471,000 or an increase of 47.4 per cent. In 1899 the state produced 61,813,000 pounds of creamery butter. In 1909 it produced 105,307,- 000 pounds, or an increase of 70.4 per cent. Dur- ing the same ten years the factory cheese produced increased from 77,748,680 pounds to 145,171,000 pounds, or an increase of 86.7 per cent. The total value of the dairy products of Wisconsin in 1909 was $79,000,000. Incredible as it may seem, the cows of Wisconsin produce more wealth each year than the combined output of gold and silver from the mines of Colorado, California, and Alaska, which amounted in 1909 to $68,403,700. In 1910, Wisconsin had 1,928 out of a total of 3,846 cheese factories in the United States, and 1,000 creameries out of a total of 6,235. The state 174 FARM EUGENICS 175 has one-half of all the cheese factories and about one-sixth of the creameries of the nation. Between 1900 and 1910 the cow population remained sta- tionary in New York and Iowa, the other two lead- ing dairy states, while it increased about 50 per cent in Wisconsin. The cow is one of the many by-products of higher education in Wisconsin. For the university saved the dairy industry and brought it to a high state of efficiency. It claims, and the farmers acquiesce in the claim, that any one of a half dozen discoveries made at the university pays the total appropriation for the support of higher education each year. The agricultural college is a laboratory of everything pertaining to farming. It studies different breeds of cattle and ascertains by scientific tests which are the best milk, butter, or cheese producers. It experi- ments with feeds and methods of care. It is stamp- ing out oat smut and bovine tuberculosis. It scraps old ideas and invents new ones, just as does an up-to-date factory. A simple milk test, dis- covered by Professor Babcock in 1890, and known as the Babcock milk test, saved the co-operative dairy industry by making it possible to determine by simple analysis the amount of butter fat that milk contains. Now milk is sold under a chemical analysis of its actual butter or cheese value. It is no longer profitable to sell skimmed or watered milk to the dairy. Farmers now breed cows with 176 WISCONSIN the results of this test in view. Wisconsin men also invented the Hart casein test, the moisture test for butter, the curd test for cheese, the King system for ventilation, a milk sediment test, and other mechanical devices for the dairy. The uni- versity has a short course in dairying which trains young men and women to butter and cheese making, in dairy management, and economies. Wisconsin is rapidly becoming the Denmark of America. The university has herds of Holsteins, Guernseys, and Jerseys that are prize winners in the state fairs. It knows to a nicety their value as wealth producers. It maintains a publicity department, and keeps the farmers , advised of its researches and discoveries. The university conducts tests each month with prizes for the best milk productions. There are monthly scoring exhibitions for improving the qual- ity of butter and cheese, to which the dairies send samples of their output. It is like a county fair run- ning every week in the year. In 1900, the university sent out 50,000 letters to farmers in answer to in- quiries. It gave 100 lectures to farmers' organiza- tions, supplied 400 weekly newspapers with press service, and distributed 43 bulletins with a total of 969 pages. It sends out blue-prints so that farmers can erect their own farm buildings, silos, and venti- lators according to the most approved methods. The state is dotted with community cattle breed- ers associations, organized to improve the quality of FARM EUGENICS 177 cattle. These, too, were promoted by the university and include over 1,000 farmers. It costs no more, the university says, to raise a two-hundred-dollar cow than a forty-dollar one. Each county association is encouraged to select a certain breed, Guernsey, Jer- sey, or Holstein, and to gradually weed out all other cattle. By this plan the county establishes a reputa- tion as a breeding centre. It becomes known through- out the country, while the farmers are able to co- operate to improve and maintain the standards of their herds. This idea was started in 1906. In four years 7 time thirty-seven county associations had been formed for breeding special kinds of cattle. Buyers now come to Wisconsin from all over the country. They can purchase carloads of selected animals without leaving a county. Holsteins worth $175,000 went out of Lake Mills in 1910, while Jefferson County sold $750,000 worth of dairy cattle. Two hundred head of Holsteins were shipped to California from one county. Waukesha County is known as the Guern- sey centre of America. Its association started with a membership of ten farmers in 1906. It now enrolls one hundred farmers who own 1,000 head of pure bred animals. In the majority of these associations, the herds are tuberculin tested, while the members co-operate to study and improve the quality of their stock. The associations advertise in the dairy papers and purchase the best variety of breeding males. 178 WISCONSIN By these means Wisconsin has become a market for high grade cattle. It cannot supply the demand. Along with a knowledge of Greek and Latin roots, the university is creating an agricultural culture, a desire for the best, and a pride in farming like that of any other profession. It is producing thorough- bred cattle, horses, and pigs. It is even producing thoroughbred corn, wheat, and barley; and by so doing is greatly increasing the crops. It is making the state rich, and the farmers appreciate it. The results of the Babcock milk test pay the cost to the university many times over. So do the means devised for the elimination of oat smut. The in- crease in the yield of corn, barley, and other prod- ucts due to seed culture runs into the millions each year. It is claimed that the total profit di- rectly traceable to ideas introduced by the university exceeds $20,000,000 a year. Some time ago Professor Moore began to experiment with grains. By a proc- ess of selection, he produced big full ears with large kernels of corn, wheat, and barley, which, after care- ful planting on the university farm, are distributed throughout the state. To-day Wisconsin produces enough pure breed barley to seed all the barley fields in the United States. The yield of pedigreed oats on the university farm in 1911 was seventy-six bushels to the acre. Having convinced itself of the possibility of seed eugenics, it was necessary to convince the state. FARM EUGENICS 179 The university organized the Wisconsin Experiment Association from among the graduates of the agri- cultural department, which has a present member- ship of over 1,500. The association is a kind of alumni club, as well as a clearing-house of information about what its members are doing. Membership carries with it the pamphlets and publications of the university, as well as an allotment of selected pedi- gree grain. The first year the farmer grows his seed corn or barley for culture, but by the second season he is able to market his seed at good prices. One member in Dodge County reported sales of pedigree seeds amounting to $15,000 in one season. A half-dozen men are making more money out of seed culture than is paid any professor at the uni- versity. Orders come to the university from China, Japan, Mexico, from all over the world in fact. These orders are turned over to members of the experiment association to supply. It is estimated that $300,000 worth of selected seeds have been sold in one year in addition to the greatly increased value of the local product. The state was becoming the Denmark of America in the dairy industry, the Island of Guernsey and the home of the Jersey and the Holstein in cattle breeding; why should it not be made the home of the Percheron, the Norman, and the thoroughbred in the manual of the horse breeder as well. Wiscon- sin horses had the reputation among buyers of being 180 WISCONSIN scrubs. They lacked character and breed. So the theorists at the university looked up the practice in other countries and found that the celebrated draught horses of Belgium were bred from selected sires, sub- sidized by the government and officially examined and approved for service. Only pure bred stallions are in use. The French government has maintained stables of carefully selected stallions for over a hun- dred years, and horses failing to come within the specified classes have been excluded from service. A subsidy is paid the owners of from $60 to $100 a year to keep high grade stallions in the country. In Ger- many it is provided by law "that no permits shall be issued authorizing the use of stallions, unless they have passed a satisfactory government inspection. 77 Then the university sent out bulletins to the farmers telling of the folly of raising mongrel horses; of the advantage of improving the stock just as was done in the cattle business. It encouraged the for- mation of county associations in connection with the department of horse breeding in the university. Then by that intelligent indirection, that acts through suggestion rather than by compulsion, the university secured the passage of a law in 1906 by which owners of stallions are compelled to register them as " mongrels," "grades," or "thoroughbreds/ 7 and post the license in a conspicuous place so that the farmer will not be deceived and will be induced by pride to select a blooded sire for his colts. Since FARM EUGENICS 181 the passage of the law the number of "grade" or " mixed breed" stallions has decreased fifteen per cent, while 1,226 "grade" and "mongrel" stallions have been retired from service. The value of horses has increased very rapidly while the pure bred stall- ions are crowding out the mongrel. These activities of the university are enriching the state. The average yield of corn in the United States is 25 bushels to the acre, while in Wisconsin the average yield is 36 bushels. Pure pedigree corn runs as high as 100 bushels to the acre, or four times the average yield of the country. Corn has been de- veloped suited to the northern tier of counties where its cultivation has never been profitable. Varieties of alfalfa have been bred and demonstrations made of the profitableness of sugar beet culture. The 1,540 members of the experiment association, using pedi- greed "Silver King" corn, raised in a five-year test an average of 61 bushels of shelled corn to the acre, as against an average of the best competing variety of only 49 bushels. This was an increase of 25 per cent in the crop. The yield of barley has been raised to 54 bushels an acre, while the average yield secured by 1,020 members of the association in five-year tests was 35.7 bushels per acre, as against 30.8 bushels of other varieties. During these years the average yield of barley for the entire state was 28.3 bushels, as against 25.6 bushels for the United States. The use of pedigreed barley has spread so widely that 75 182 WISCONSIN per cent of the entire crop of Wisconsin is of this va- riety. Wisconsin is demonstrating that any appre- hensions as to the shortage of food supply are ground- less for many years to come at least, for we have only begun to touch the possibilities of agriculture and have scarcely experimented with intensive farming. The university is an experiment station in farm eugenics. It is applying biology and the teachings of evolution to agriculture. Men breed horses and dogs for sport, why not breed cattle, pigs, chickens, wheat, and barley for profit? Why not convert every farm into a laboratory, and every farmer into a scientist, and thus lift farm work out of its dull mo- notony into a co-operative group life animated by pride in the craft. All this seems possible from what has already been done. The cattle, horse breeding, and seed growing associations, the dairy and cheese testing contests, are awakening a pride in the farmer. His work has taken on dignity. And underneath the material gains, new ideals of social service and the possibilities of country life are awakening. There is a willingness to organize, to co-operate, an apprecia- tion of the value of science and education, as well as a growing desire for the more cultural opportuni- ties which the university offers. The ambitions and group spirit which the university has aroused are scarcely less remarkable than the material gains which have come to the state. CHAPTER XV CONCLUSION What is the explanation of Wisconsin? Why- has it been able to eliminate corruption , machine politics, and rid itself of the boss? What is the cause of the efficiency, the thoroughness, the desire to serve which animates the state? Why has Wis- consin succeeded where other states have uniformly failed? I think the explanation is simple. It is also perfectly natural. It is traceable to democracy, to the political freedom which had its beginning in the direct primary law, and which has been continuously strengthened by later laws. Without it the subse- quent achievements of the state would have been impossible. Possibly its framers only saw a weapon with which the people could do battle on equal terms; possibly they were only interested in estab- lishing popular sovereignty. Certainly no one could have anticipated the psychological change which fol- lowed the primary; not in Wisconsin alone, but in the nation as well. We have been taught to believe that the trouble with our politics is traceable to our people, to politi- 183 184 WISCONSIN cal indolence, to our absorption in money getting, to extreme partisanship. These are the causes usually assigned for our failures. We have assumed that our evils are personal, ethical, in some wa}^ traceable to the political incapacity of our people. I do not believe this is true. I know of no country where politics occupies so absorbing a place in the press, in the public mind, or in the discussions of so many people as it does in America. I doubt if voters are any more partisan than they are in Ger- many or England, or that business interests are any more influential in determining our political affiliations than in foreign countries. I believe we are the wisest people, politically, in the world; I believe we know more about the wrongs of politics than do the voters of any country. And I think we are individually as intolerant of abuses. The explanation of our cities and states is not personal or ethical at all. It is institutional and economic. We have made representative govern- ment almost impossible by the complicated machin- ery of nominations and elections, by the distribution of powers and responsibility among so many officials, by the rigidity of our written constitutions. In addition, we have lured business into politics by privileges of colossal value. We have minimized the sovereignty of the community and exalted the sovereignty of private property. So many public functions have been entrusted to private hands CONCLUSION 185 that we have aligned the wealth, the power, and the talent of the community against the govern- ment. In the years which followed the Civil War privilege was invited into the government by tariff favors, by land grants to the Pacific railways, by the close identification of the treasury department with the financial powers of the country. These interests extended their control into the states. They be- came identified with the franchise corporations of the cities, with the railway and public service cor- porations, seeking privileges from the state. They seized hold of the machinery of government. They devised every possible indirection to confuse the voter. They perfected the caucus and the con- vention system. They opposed the Australian ballot. They increased the number of elective officials, so that intelligent voting was almost impos- sible. They enacted laws against independent nomi- nations, to protect the bi-partisan machine. They imposed unworkable charters on our cities, with responsibility so widely distributed as to render effective protest almost impossible. No country in the western world has invited corruption by special privilege, as has America. In no country is the machinery of government so complex in its provisions or so intricate in its workings. State and federal constitutions add to the difficulty. They increase the apathy of the people. They have 186 WISCONSIN been a citadel of strength to privileged interests, which find protection under their inelastic rigidity. The psychological effect of an inflexible constitu- tion is to discourage initiative. It atrophies effort. It prevents orderly evolution and growth. We can only see the extent to which our politics are poisoned by special privilege by comparing one state with another. For privilege not only serves itself, it corrodes every other department of govern- ment as well. Of necessity it has to deal with the boss. It has to ally itself with vice. The schools are sacrificed to its greed. The university becomes its prey. Of necessity privilege ramifies into every fibre of the community. We can see the costs of special privilege in Pennsylvania or New York. It extends to the cities, to the mining districts, to the steel mills, and factory towns; we see it in Illinois, in Chicago, in Cincinnati, wherever privilege rules it sacrifices of necessity not only the departments which it needs, but every other activity of city and state as well. This was so in Wisconsin as long as the convention system with its series of irresponsible intermediaries between the people and their representatives pre- vailed. Ideals and talents were chained by fear. The energy of the state was absorbed in defence, in keeping what it had gained rather than in building for the future. Wisconsin assumed that the trouble with our CONCLUSION 187 politics is not with our people, but with the machin- ery with which the people work. And Wisconsin has taken the kinks, the angles, the circumlocution out of government. It has established a line of vision as direct as possible between the people and the expression of their will. Officials have become agents or servants, rather than principals or bosses. They are free to serve without fear or favor of those who contribute to campaign funds or of the boss who barters in legislation and keeps his retainers in office as long as they are obedient to his will. The achievements of Wisconsin came through freedom, through freedom in thought as well as in action. There was an end of fear. Men dared stand for ideas. Freedom of speech and of research were preserved in the university. The by-products of political freedom were greater than the direct political gains which followed. Political freedom made other reforms possible. No constructive programme can be developed in the midst of a class conflict. It can be achieved by a benevolent autocrat, as in Germany, or it can be achieved by democracy. There is no place for state building in the midst of a struggle between privilege and democracy. Men's minds are ab- sorbed in warfare, not in state building. And in Wisconsin so long as men feared that new ideas would imperil their place or advancement, pro- gressive legislation was out of the question. The 188 WISCONSIN press was influenced by its owners. It reflected the will of the ruling class. The university was subject to the same fear. Academic freedom was under espionage. Professors were restless. They feared some chance expression would endanger their posts. The extension of university teaching carried with it the germs of danger to the old system. It promoted discussion. It awakened the interest of the people. It is impossible to measure the psychological effect of freedom on the mind of a state. It is obvious, however, that Wisconsin could not have entered on its policy of corporation control under the old system. It is equally obvious that the far- reaching industrial programme of workmen's com- pensation and state insurance, would have been well-nigh impossible. A widening of political power carried with it a widening of the idea of political service. Equal opportunity for all, rather than special privileges for the few, became the motive of legislation. The biological laws that control the animal king- dom apply to the development of society as well. Evolution demands a free field. Progress comes with equal opportunity for talent to find expression. Democracy insures such opportunity. It offers a field of agitation, of discussion that is not possible when the channels of political action are closed. The achievements of Wisconsin are achievements CONCLUSION 189 of democrac}\ Through it the aspirations of the state have found expression. Wisconsin is fortunate in the close identity of the university with the state-house. The reaction of one upon the other has been beneficial to both. The university has been invigorated by its contact with practical problems. Young men have been awakened to an interest in politics. Teaching has been vitalized by the large number of professors, who give a portion of their time to state affairs, to the solution of administrative, legislative, and technical problems. The pioneer work of the state is largely traceable to the bigness of vision that the university has brought to legislation. Laws have been framed with the experience of the world before the legislature. Thoroughness has characterized the laws which Wisconsin has placed on the statute books. Scientific efficiency is one of the university's con- tributions to the state, and efficiency is one of Wis- consin's contributions to democracy. It has been carried into almost every department of the com- monwealth. The assumption is not uncommon that democracy involves the commonplace, that it means a levelling down, a cheapening, an intolerance of superiority. It is suggested that the people will not stand for generous expenditures, for big ideals. Wisconsin proves the contrary. In ten years' time the annual appropriations for the university have increased 190 WISCONSIN from $550,000 to $1,700,000. A splendid state- house, costing $6,000,000, is being erected. In- creased provision is being made for new types of normal, agricultural, manual training, and technical schools for the promotion of vocational and exten- sion work. Generous salaries are paid the appoint- ive positions to which the expert is selected, irre- spective of his political affiliations. Democracy not only produced the expert, it ele- vated him to office. It recognized the necessity of research, of training, of science, in the highly com- plex business of government. One of the first acts of the Socialist administration in Milwaukee was the organization of a bureau of economy and ef- ficiency to aid its officials in their work. It sent to the university for an instructor to train its aldermen in problems of city administration. The legislative reference bureau, the railroad commis- sion, the board of public affairs, the industrial com- mission, are all filled with experts or professors from the university. Forestry, agriculture, and road building have been recognized as requiring the aid of the scientist. Democracy, too, began to use its powers to serve, to serve people as well as business, to serve humanity as well as property. Democracy has begun a war on poverty, on ignorance, on disease, on human waste. The state is using its collective will to promote a programme of human welfare. CONCLUSION 191 Wisconsin is dispelling the fears of those who distrusted democracy. It is demonstrating the possibility of using the state as an instrument for the well-being of all people. It is laying the founda- tions for a commonwealth whose ideal it is to serve. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF IMPORTANT LAWS AND LITERATURE ON WISCONSIN AGENCIES OF POLITICAL EFFICIENCY Board of Public Affairs, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. Bureau of Economy and Efficiency, Milwaukee, Reports of. Civil Service Laws, for State and Municipal Officials. Re- vised Statutes. Legislative Reference Department. Circular of Informa- tion No. 6, Free Library Commission. Municipal Reference Bureau. Bulletin University of Wis- consin. Uniform Accounting Law for Counties, Cities, etc. See Session Laws, 1911. AGRICULTURE Bulletins of Agricultural Experiment Station. Madison, Wis. College Extensions in Agriculture. Bulletin U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington. Schools of, and Domestic Economy, to be Established by Counties, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. CITIES Home Rule Charter Conventions for Cities, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. Initiative and Referendum for Cities, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. Milwaukee. Report of Bureau of Economy and Efficiency, Milwaukee, Wis. Municipal Reference Bureau, Bulletins Relating to. Uni- versity of Wisconsin. 193 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY EDUCATION Compilation of Laws Relating to Common Schools, High Schools, Normal Schools, County Training Schools, County Agricultural Schools, State Graded Schools, and the State University. Compiled by State Super- intendent, 1911. Compulsory School Attendance, Truancy, and Continuation Schools. Bulletin of Industrial Commission. Continuation Schools, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. Manual Training, Departments of, in High Schools, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. School Buildings, Use of, for Evening Classes, Gymnasiums, for Public Meetings, etc. See Session Laws, 1911. Schools of Agriculture and Domestic Ecomony, to be Estab- lished by Counties. See Session Laws, 1911. The School-house as a Social or Recreation Centre. Bulle- tins of the University. Travelling Library in Wisconsin. Bulletin Wisconsin Free Library Commission. University Extension. Bulletins of the University on Vari- ous Subjects. ELECTIONS Anti-Lobby Bill. See Revised Statutes. Ballot, Separate Ballots for National, State, and Local Elec- tions. See Session Laws, 1911. Corrupt Practices at Elections, Law to Control. See Ses- sion Laws, 1911. Primaries, Law Governing the Same, with Provisions for Second Choice, Nomination of United States Senators, and President and Vice-President. Special Pamphlet or Revised Statutes. Woman Suffrage, Resolution to Submit to People. See Session Laws, 1911. FORESTRY Annual Reports of State Forester. Storage Reservoirs. Study of Wisconsin Wood-Using Industries. BIBLIOGRAPHY 195 Taxation of Forest Lands in Wisconsin. The above are published by the Wisconsin State Board of Forestry. INDUSTRIAL AND FACTORY LEGISLATION Borgniss vs. The Falk Co. Opinion of Courts Sustaining Industrial Legislation. Industrial Commission. Child Labor Laws. See Session Laws, 1911. Continuation Schools. See Session Laws, 1911. Health and Safety of Employees, Laws Relating to. In- dustrial Commission. Industrial Commission, Law for. See Session Laws, 1911. Organization of Mutual Employers' Liability Insurance Companies. Provisions of Law. Industrial Com- mission. Rules for Safeguarding Workmen in Factories. Industrial Commission. Woman Labor, Laws Regulating. See Session Laws, 1911. Women's Hours of Labor. Opinions of Courts and Experts, and Summary of Wisconsin Law. Industrial Com- mission. Workmen's Compensation Act, with Notes of Legislative Committee and Forms and Rules of Industrial Com- mission. Industrial Commission. INSURANCE Organization of Mutual Companies for the Insurance of Bank Depositors. See Session Laws, 1911. Organization of Mutual Employers' Liability Insurance Companies. See Session Laws, 1911. State Life Fund, and Fraternal Insurance Companies. Re- port of Commissioner of Insurance, 1911. RAILWAYS AND PUBLIC UTILITY CORPORATIONS Certain Important Provisions of the Public Utilities Law of Wisconsin. Address before Trans-Mississippi Com- mercial Congress, Kansas City, 1911, by John H. Roemer. 196 BIBLIOGRAPHY Law Governing Water-Powers in State and Placing Same Under Railway Commission. See Session Laws, 1911. Declared Unconstitutional, 1912. Law Providing for Railway and Public Utility Commission. See Revised Statutes. Some Features of State Regulations of Public Utilities. Address before Wisconsin State Bar Association at Milwaukee, September, 1909, by John H. Roemer. The Causes and Effects of a Public Utility Commission. Address Delivered before the Illinois Gas Associa- tion by John H. Roemer, 1911. Wisconsin Public Utilities Law. Three Addresses by B. H. Meyer. TAXATION Act to Provide for the Taxation of Steam Railroads and Other Public Utility Corporations. Revised Statutes. Annual Reports of the Tax Commission. Income Tax Law of 1911. See Session Laws, 1911. Income Tax Law and Interpretation. Tax Commission. Inheritance Tax Laws of Wisconsin, Compiled. Tax Com- mission. The Session Laws of Wisconsin, as well as many of the above publications, can be secured from the Superintendent of Public Property, Madison, Wisconsin, on payment of a nominal charge for the same. Other publications can be secured from the various commissions, boards, or depart- ments of the University. INDEX Academic freedom, p. 31 Accidents, Extent and cost of, p. 89. Agriculture, College of, pp. 164- 182; a lucrative profession, p. 169; efficiency of, promoted by University, p. 178; ex- periment association, p. 179; country schools, 171. (See Farmers and University.) Annuities, Life provision for, in Wisconsin, p. 120 Anti-Lobby law, p. 27. Appropriations, for extension work, p. 148; for University, p. 173 B Babcock milk test, p. 175 Ballot reform, p. 56 Bank deposits, Insurance of, p. 122; failures, p. 33 Board of Public Affairs created, p. 126; a clearing-house of in- formation, p. 127; powers of, 127 ; policy as to swamp lands, p. 129; possibilities of, p. 130. Business conditions in Wiscon- sin, p. 33 City charters, how adopted un- der home-rule law, p. 64 Civil service reform, p. 29 Commercial colleges in Ger- many, p. 39 Commissions, Effect of, on legis- lature, p. 28 Common law, Effect of, on in- dustry, p. 68; evolution of, p. 86 Commons, John R., pp. 48, 105, 111 Compensation for workmen, See Industrial Commission and p. 95 Competition of public utility corporations, Provisions against, p. 82 Continuation schools in Wiscon- sin, p. 113 Convention system, Methods of, p. 13 Corn, Increase in production of, p. 181 Correspondence courses in edu- cation, p. 144 Corrupt practices act, p. 54 Corruption, Removal of, from legislature, p. 15; checked by public utility law, p. 81 County agricultural schools, p. 171 Campaigning, La Follette's meth- ods, p. 17 Child labor laws, p. 112 Cities, Limitations on, in Wis- consin, p. 64 Dairy course in University, p. 167 Dairying, Growth of, in Wiscon- sin, p. 174 Debating and Discussion, De- partment of, p. 156 197 198 INDEX Democracy, Achievements and ideals of, p. 190; widening of, in Wisconsin, p. 59; explains progress of Wisconsin, p. 190; foundation of, in state, p. 26 Direct primaries, Genesis of, p. 13; effect of, on country, p. 18; defects of Wisconsin law, p. 26; effect of, on state, p. 27; results from, p. 51; provisions of Wisconsin law, p. 52; for United States Sena- tor, p. 53; for second choice, p. 53; presidential nomina- tions, p. 58; explains progress of Wisconsin, p. 185; effect on other branches of state, p. 187 E Economy and Efficiency, Bu- reau of, in Milwaukee, p. 48 Education, Evolution of higher, in America, p. 140 Efficiency in public utility cor- porations, p. 76 Ekern, Herman L., pp. 118, 121 Employment bureaus, state, p. 114 Eugenics, Farm, in Wisconsin, p. 182 European countries, Ownership of railways and public service corporations in, p. 84 Extension, University. (See University extension.) F Factory legislation, Cause of, failure in America, p. 106 Factory mutual fire insurance companies, p. 123 Farm demonstrations, p. 171 Farm eugenics, p. 182 Farmers, Attitude of, toward University, p. 164; special courses in University, p. 164; special courses, p. 169. (See Agriculture and University.) Federal and state machines, p. 14 Fellow-servant rule, Origin of, p. 87; cost to society, p. 89; rule abolished as defence, p. 94. (See Industry and In- dustrial Commission.) Fellowships in University in practical politics, p. 43 Fire insurance provided by state, p. 119 Forestry in Wisconsin, p. 130 Freedom, Effect of, on thought, p. 187; necessity for, 187; Declaration for University freedom in state platform, p. 35 German city, Freedom of, p. 63 Germany identifies science with pohtics, p. 38; industrial in- surance in, p. 99 H Haugen, Nils P., p. 12 Hepburn Rate bill, La Follette's work on, p. 21 Home economics, School of, p. 170 Home rule, Need of, in cities, p. 64 Horse-breeding methods em- ployed in foreign countries and in Wisconsin, p. 180 Ideals of farming in Wisconsin, p. 182 Income tax law, pp. 42, 137 Increase in pure-bred horses, p. 181 INDEX 199 Indeterminate permits of public utility corporations, p. 71 Indian Territory, Railroads at- tempts to secure lands in, p. 20 Industrial Commission, Provi- sions for, p. 98; its purpose, p. 104; powers of board, p. 105; factory legislation, why failed in other states, p. 106; European legislative methods, p. 108; new idea in American industrial legislation, p. 109; safety in industry, p. 110; Commons, John R., comments on new law, p. Ill Industrial insurance, in Europe, p. 93; in Wisconsin, p. 100 Industrial legislation, Special leg- islative committee on, p. 92 Industry, Helplessness of worker in modern, p. 116 Information and Welfare De- partment of University, p. 153 Inheritance tax law, p. 136 Initiative and Referendum, how studied, p. 42; in Wisconsin, p. 59; in other states, p. 60; Wisconsin plan, p. 61; ex- tended to cities, p. 65 Insurance, Possibilities of, p. 118; state life insurance, p. 119; state fire insurance, p. 119; state life fund, p. 120; of bank deposits, p. 122; attitude of states toward, p. 124 Investors protected by utility commission, p. 82 Labor legislation, Attitude of Wisconsin, p. 115 La Follette, entrance into poli- tics, p. 4; as district attor- ney, p. 6; candidate for con- gress, p. 6; the man, p. 7; early experiences in congress, p. 7; land grabbers in con- gress, p. 7; experiences with Senator Sawyer, p. 8; rail- road land grants, p. 8; final defeat for congress, p. 9; as a lawyer, p. 10; suits against the state treasurers of Wisconsin, p. 10; the Sawyer incident, p. 10; as a campaigner, p. 11; the beginning of the eight years' war, p. 11; first can- didacy for governor, p. 12; purchase of delegates, p. 13; genesis of the primary law, p. 13; third gubernatorial campaign, p. 14; machine ac- cepts platform, p. 14; elected governor, p. 14; defeat of his measures, p. 14; sickness, p. 15; newspaper control, p. 15; attitude of business interests, p. 15; enactment of primary and taxation bills, p. 16; birth of railway commission idea, p. 16; elected governor for third time, p. 17; chosen to United States Senate, p. 17; as a builder, p. 17; effect of pri- mary law, p. 18; education of state, p. 18; railway valu- ation, p. 19; effect on busi- ness, p. 19; experience in senate, p. 19; educational in- stitutions, Wisconsin, p. 20; Indian land bill, p. 20; Hep- burn rate bill, p. 21; alone in senate, p. 22; limitation hours railway employees, p. 22; postal appropriation bill, p. 22; Payne- Aldrich tariff bill, p. 23; democracy of, p. 23; re-elected to senate, p. 36 Land grabbers in congress, p. 7 Lecture Courses, Popular, De- partment of, in University, p. 155 200 INDEX Legal obstacles to industrial legislation, p. 100 Legislative methods in Wiscon- sin, p. 92; procedure in for- eign countries, p. 108 Legislative Reference Bureau, p. 46 Licensing law for horses, p. 180 Life annuity, Provision for, p. 120 Limitation of hours of labor, of railway employees, p. 22; of children, p. 112; of women, p. 112. Limitation of use of money in elections, p. 54 Litigation, Cost of, to workmen, p. 97 Lobby, Changed character of, in Wisconsin, p. 27 M """""McCarthy, Charles, p. 46 McGovern, Francis E., p. 34 Municipal home rule, p. 64; absence of, one of the explana- tions of the American city, p. 62 Municipal Reference Bureau p. 54 Municipal water plants under jurisdiction of utility commis- sion, p. 79 Municipalities in Wisconsin, State limitations on powers of, p. 64 Mutual industrial insurance companies, Provisions for, p. 100 Oregon, Origin presidential pri- mary law, p. 56; initiative and referendum in, p. 60 Package libraries, p. 158 Payne, Henry C, p. 8 Pedigree seeds, Sales of, p. 179 Platforms prepared by candi- dates, p. 52 Political conditions in America, traceable to privileged inter- ests, p. 185 Presidential primaries, p. 56 Press, Venality of, p. 15 Priestly vs. Fowler, p. 87 Primaries. ( See Direct prima- ries.) Privileged interest in Wisconsin, p. 3; attitude of, p. 25; in United States, p. 185; last stand in Wisconsin, p. 34 . Professors, Activity of, in poli- tics, p. 40 Prosperity in Wisconsin, Effect of railroad control on, p. 74 Public affairs, Board of, p. 126 Public Library, Evolution of, p. 148 Public officials, Attitude of, in Wisconsin, p. 50 Public ownership compared with regulation, p. 83 Public utility corporations. (See Railway Commission) R Railroads, land grants in Con- gress, p. 8; taxation, attitude of railroads to, in Wiscon- sin, p. 16; commission bill, p. 16; physical valuation of, p. 19; railway mail pay, p. 22; hours of labor of employees, p. 22; railroad and public service corporation lobby, p. 28; railway commission, p. 67; methods employed by, p. 67; valuation of railways, p. 68; complaints, how made, p. 68; INDEX 201 power of courts limited, p. 69; rebates and discriminations prohibited, p. 70; character of commission, p. 71; inde- terminate permit, p. 71; re- bates and discriminations, ex- tent of, p. 72; freight rates, reduction of, p. 74; railway- building and earnings, increase of, p. 74; free passes, abolition of, p. 74; improvement of service, p. 74; standardization of accounts, p. 75; engineer- ing staff of, p. 77; efficiency in- creased by commission, p. 77; rate regulation, an accurate proceeding, p. 78; methods of accounting, p. 78; municipal plants, subject to control, p. 79; alternative to public ownership, p. 80; criticisms of commission, p. 80; achieve- ments, p. 81; effect on cor- ruption and political activity of corporations, p. 81 ; invest- ors protected, p. 82; public ownership, alternative to reg- ulation, p. 83; public owner- ship in other countries, p. 83; taxation of, in Wisconsin p. 133 Rebates, Extent of, in Wiscon- sin, p. 72 Reber, Louis J., pp. 144, 147 Recall of officials, p. 62 Recreation centres, p. 160 Roe, Gilbert E., p. 88 Roman history, Method of teach- ing, p. 44 Ross, E. A., p. 45 Science and politics, close union in Germany, p. 38; in Wis- consin, p. 39 Scientific agriculture in Wiscon- sin, p. 168 Seed-growing contests, p. 172 Service, Spirit of, in Wisconsin, p. 41 Short course in agriculture, p. 166 Socialist administration in Mil- waukee, organizes bureau of economy and efficiency, p. 48; relation to university, p. 155 Spoils system, Termination of, pp. 19, 29 Stallions, Licensing of, p. 180 Standardization of accounts of public service corporations, p. 75 Swamp lands in Wisconsin, p. 129 Tax commission of Wisconsin, p. 133 Taxation, increased revenues from railways, p. 32; reason for defects in state, p. 133; railways escape taxes in Wis- consin, p. 133; increase in their taxes, p. 134; inheri- tance tax law, p. 136; equali- zation of local values, p. 136; income tax law and its pro- vision, p. 137; motive of tax reforms, p. 139 Travelling libraries, p. 149 Safety, Provision for, in indus- try, p. 109 Sawyer, Philetus, p. 8; suits against state treasurers, p. 10 School centre idea, p. 160 U United States Senators, Direct election of, p. 53 University, close connection with public affairs, p. 30; widening influence of, p. 32; 202 INDEX freedom of a political issue, p. 35; connected with politics, p. 39; professors in politics, p. 40; standard of research in, p. 45; training school for pub- lic service, p. 46; evolution of, in America, p. 140; extension, beginning of, in Wisconsin, p. 141; correspondence courses, p. 144; appropriations for, p. 148; a means of democratizing knowledge, p. 151; is a state laboratory of research, p. 152; maintains department of in- formation, p. 153; municipal reference bureau, p. 154; lect- ure and entertainment de- partment, p. 155; promotes debates and discussions, p. 156; sends out package libraries, p. 158; is a great nerve centre, p. 159; develops school centre idea, p. 160; agricultural de- partment, reaches out to farm- ers, p. 164; short course, be- ginning of, p. 165; courses in, p. 166; dairying, courses in, p. 167; growth of long course in agriculture, p. 168; demand for agricultural students, p. 169; farmers' course, p. 169; home economics, p. 170; county agricultural schools, p. 171; farm demonstration work, p. 171; seed -growing contests, p. 172; attitude of legis- lature toward, p. 173; devel- opment of dairying, p. 174; Babcock milk test, p. 175; a clearing-house of farm in- formation, p. 176; cattle- breeders' association, p. 176 growth of pure-bred stock p. 177; seed culture, p. 178 experiment association, p. 179 breeding of horses, p. 180 effect of scientific agriculture on the state, p. 181 ; an experi- ment station in farm eugen- ics, p. 182; close connection with State House, p. 189 Value of dairy products in Wis- consin, p. 174 Van Hise, Charles R., p. 30; ideals of University, p. 141; possibilities of University, pp. 151, 159 W Ward, Edward J., p. 161 Wisconsin ideas extended to other states, p. 34 Woman suffrage, p. 62 Women, Protection of, in in- dustry, p. 112 Workmen's compensation, p. 93 (See Industrial Commission.) Wrong ideas of American poli- tics, p. 183 APR 30 1912 % — A ' —— ^— ; "- ' .Y; ^ A $ % '^ /*' &.* J > ^- ON C ,* <*> V ^ ^ 0' > ^ uf v ^. ,V *r v> ^ *^ / .^ <*- V