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IC 
 
 9022 
 
 Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1985 
 
 Field Trials of a Portable Microseismic 
 Processor Recorder 
 
 By John P. Coughlin and Clinton D. Sines 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 I75J 
 
 4f/NES 75TH A^ 
 
Information Circular 9022 
 
 Field Trials of a Portable Microseismic 
 Processor Recorder 
 
 By John P. Coughlin and Clinton D. Sines 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary 
 
 BUREAU OF MINES 
 Robert C. Horton, Director 
 
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: 
 
 Coughlin, John P 
 
 Field trials of a portable microseismic processor recorder. 
 
 (Information circular / United States Department of the Interior, 
 Bureau of Mines ; 9022) 
 
 Bibliography: p. 8. 
 
 Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27:9022. 
 
 1. Mine safety — Equipment and supplies— Testing. 2. Seismometers — 
 Testing. I. Sines, Clinton D. II. Title. III. Series: Information cir- 
 cular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9022. 
 
 TN295.U4 622s [622\8] 84-23809 
 

 <ax. 
 
 V>» 
 
 ^ CONTENTS 
 
 'V Page 
 
 Abstract 1 
 
 Introduction 2 
 
 General description of portable MPR 2 
 
 Ease of installation and portability 4 
 
 Data storage and computer link. 4 
 
 Suppression of mine drilling noise 4 
 
 Top panel data display 4 
 
 MPR trial runs 6 
 
 Monitoring in parallel with fixed RBM system 6 
 
 Independent monitoring 7 
 
 Conclusions 7 
 
 References 8 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 1 . The portable MPR 3 
 
 2. Comparison of events detected with fixed RBM and portable MPR 5 
 
 3. Location of events recorded on MPR over a 1-day period 6 
 
 4. Daily plot of events recorded on MPR over a 1-month period 7 
 
 No 
 

 UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS 
 
 REPORT 
 
 °F 
 
 degree Fahrenheit ms 
 
 millisecond 
 
 ft 
 
 foot pet 
 
 percent 
 
 h 
 
 hour 
 
 
FIELD TRIALS OF A PORTABLE MICROSEISMIC PROCESSOR RECORDER 
 
 By John P. Coughlin and Clinton D. Sines 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 The Bureau of Mines has tested a portable microseismic processor re- 
 corder at the Galena Mine, Wallace, ID, both in an environmentally con- 
 trolled enclosure and, with minimal protection, in a working area of the 
 mine. In both trials the device demonstrated effective and reliable 
 data acquisition capabilities. 
 
 ' Physicist. 
 
 ^Mining engineer technician. 
 Hazard Detection Group, Denver Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The rate of microseismic activity in a 
 mine is related to the ongoing develop- 
 ment and relief of stress within the mine 
 (3_, _6-_7) • 3 Thus for some years the plot- 
 ting and counting of located microseisms 
 has provided a general idea of the rela- 
 tive stability of specific areas within a 
 mine (1). Occasionally these techniques 
 have identified an active area immediate- 
 ly prior to a rock burst ( 4_) . 
 
 The required techniques and the neces- 
 sary hardware for collecting and evaluat- 
 ing microseismic data have been detailed 
 elsewhere (_L""2_> _5» 8_) . A brief descrip- 
 tion of the detection and location of 
 microseismic events follows: A transduc- 
 er, which may be either a velocity gauge 
 or an accelerometer, senses the ground 
 motion caused by a microseismic event and 
 outputs a voltage that varies with the 
 amplitude and frequency of the motion. 
 An electronic circuit detects and times 
 the initial rise of this voltage above 
 background noise. When several trans- 
 ducers detect the same microseism, the 
 event arrival time at each transducer can 
 be used to locate the event (1). 
 
 Fundamentally, microseismic monitoring 
 in a mine consists of detecting ground 
 motion, locating the associated micro- 
 seisms, and plotting the locations or 
 energy of the microseisms on mine maps. 
 Other, more complex information in the 
 microseismic waveform, such as the spec- 
 tral energy distribution, could provide 
 material for further analysis and perhaps 
 enhance the ability of mine personnel to 
 evaluate microseismic activity (9^). For 
 immediate needs, however, experience sug- 
 gests that simple improvements in current 
 techniques and equipment would contribute 
 greatly to ongoing monitoring efforts. 
 These improvements, which are described 
 below, relate generally both to the reli- 
 ability and accessibility of the micro- 
 seismic data and to the ease with which 
 mine personnel may install and operate 
 the monitoring system. 
 
 This paper describes field trials of a 
 portable microseismic processor recorder 
 system (MPR) constructed by Science Ap- 
 plications, Inc., La Jolla, CA,4 based on 
 Bureau of Mines design recommendations. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PORTABLE MPR 
 
 The portable MPR (fig. 1) provides the 
 standard capabilities of an underground 
 monitoring device such as a rock burst 
 monitor (RBM) (_l.-.2, 5) and in addition 
 some new capabilities that enhance device 
 utility. As a standard feature, the MPR 
 measures the arrival time differences 
 among voltage waveforms from a net of 
 transducers responding to a microseismic 
 event. These time differences, measured 
 from the analogue inputs of 16 channels, 
 are accurate to within 0.1 ms in a time 
 window that adjusts from 1 to 200 ms. A.s 
 
 a second standard feature, the MPR main- 
 tains the date in day of year and the 
 time in hours, minutes, and seconds and 
 provides these data in its output. The 
 new and unique features of the portable 
 MPR include the portability of the de- 
 vice, its mode of storing and providing 
 data, its ability to distinguish mine 
 drilling noise from real data, and its 
 front panel display of event rates. 
 These features are described in the fol- 
 lowing paragraphs. 
 
 Underlined numbers in parentheses re- 
 fer to items in the list of references at 
 the end of this report. 
 
 ^Reference to specific manufacturers 
 does not imply endorsement by the Bureau 
 of mines. 
 
FIGURE 1. - The portable MPR. The five hit-count displays are towards the bottom of the instrument 
 face. Above these are the onboard cassette recorder and time-of-day and noise suppression switches. On 
 the outside of the case are the 16 water-resistant BNC connectors for analogue input and the waterproof 
 connector for the computer interface. 
 
EASE OF INSTALLATION AND PORTABILITY 
 
 The specific site at a mine where a 
 monitoring device (MPR or RBM) is in- 
 stalled may influence both the quality of 
 the acquired data and the flexibility of 
 the monitoring system itself. The loca- 
 tion may be either in the mine offices or 
 within the mine itself. Installation of 
 the system in the mine offices, even if 
 they are underground, may require extra 
 cable length, which may degrade the 
 signal-to-noise ratio and add to mainte- 
 nance problems. On the other hand, as 
 has been the case with the fixed RBM sys- 
 tems at the Galena, installation under- 
 ground in the mine itself may require 
 construction of special enclosures com- 
 plete with air conditioning and ac power. 
 
 These problems , which are inherent in 
 choosing a fixed installation site, do 
 not arise with the portable MPR, for with 
 little or no extra environmental protec- 
 tion, the portable MPR will operate near 
 the targeted working area of the mine. 
 Essentially, all that is required is ac 
 power, and should this power be inter- 
 rupted, the MPR will maintain the data 
 displays and the time of day clock for up 
 to 72 h. 
 
 DATA STORAGE AND COMPUTER LINK 
 
 The portable MPR provides data to a 
 host computer through a standard RS-232 
 interface (fixed at 9,600 baud); alter- 
 nately, the MPR will run without a host 
 computer and store data in an onboard 
 cassette. Commmunication between the MPR 
 and the computer is two-way and may be 
 initiated by either the computer or the 
 MPR. In the former case, the computer 
 commands the MPR to transmit a block 
 of data for each event stored in inter- 
 nal memory. In the latter case, the 
 MPR requests permission to begin sending 
 
 data. If permission is not granted, the 
 MPR returns to logging in data and stores 
 the data in a circular buffer with a 50- 
 event capacity. 
 
 In the case of operation without a host 
 computer, the MPR simply stores the event 
 data on cassette tape. Mine personnel 
 may retrieve the cassette and obtain the 
 stored data through a cassette reader, 
 which outputs either directly to a print- 
 er or to a computer. 
 
 Thus the portable MPR logs in data for 
 computer analysis whether or not a com- 
 puter is immediately available. 
 
 SUPPRESSION OF MINE DRILLING NOISE 
 
 Background mining noise such as drill- 
 ing may overload a monitoring system with 
 meaningless seismic data and possibly 
 prevent detection of both ordinary micro- 
 seismic events and rock bursts. Certain 
 software techniques can filter out some 
 drilling noise (5) , but these techniques 
 require a host computer. 
 
 The portable MPR addresses this problem 
 without the aid of a host computer. 
 Through a system of automatic gain con- 
 trol, the portable MPR distinguishes 
 drilling from other seismic events and 
 eliminates it from further processing. 
 Since each channel independently screens 
 out drilling noise, one or two overly 
 active channels will not cause the MPR to 
 suppress genuine microseismic data. 
 
 TOP PANEL DATA DISPLAY 
 
 The portable MPR maintains five dis- 
 plays on an inside top panel (fig. 1). 
 Four of these displays count the number 
 of times a particular geophone has trig- 
 gered since the last counter reset; the 
 fifth display represents the total number 
 of events logged since it was last re- 
 set. Mine personnel, knowing where each 
 
40-287 
 
 40-287 
 
 40-287 
 
 40-287 
 
 FIGURE 2. - Comparison of events detected with fixed RBM (top) and portable MPR (bottom). The 
 events were triggered by drilling and bolting in the stope back. Projection A is a side view, and pro- 
 jection B is an end view. 
 
geophone is located, may use these dis- 
 play units to get an idea of the spatial 
 distribution and intensity of microseis- 
 mic events in a given time interval. 
 Thus the MPR itself, without additional 
 
 peripherals, provides mine personnel with 
 an immediate and useful, though rough, 
 summary of microseismic activity through- 
 out the monitored area. 
 
 MPR TRIAL RUNS 
 
 The trial runs of the portable MPR at 
 the Galena Mine tested not only for the 
 reliability and accuracy of the MPR data 
 but also for the capacity of the MPR to 
 operate with minimal protection in a min- 
 ing environment. In the first of two 
 sets of trial runs, the portable MPR 
 monitored the Galena East end in parallel 
 with the well-tested Denver Research Cen- 
 ter (DRC) fixed RBM system (_5_ ) . In the 
 second set of trial runs, the portable 
 MPR independently monitored a stope, 46- 
 99, that had suddenly begun showing in- 
 tense audible activity. 
 
 MONITORING IN PARALLEL WITH 
 FIXED RBM SYSTEM 
 
 Figure 2 shows one day of microseis- 
 mic activity recorded on the DRC fixed 
 
 RBM system at the Galena's 40-287 
 stope. These events were triggered by 
 bolting and drilling for a 6-ft backstope 
 round. 
 
 Figure 2 also shows the same activ- 
 ity as recorded on the portable MPR. 
 The broad features of the two plots are 
 the same, but the portable MPR counted 
 more events in the same time than did 
 the fixed RBM. This count surplus is 
 related to the differing storage capaci- 
 ties of the two devices. The portable 
 MPR, if the host computer or the onboard 
 cassette is currently occupied, stores up 
 to 50 events in onboard memory. On the 
 other hand, the fixed RBM has only 
 single-event storage capability and must 
 pass this data on to a host computer be- 
 fore continuing with data acquisition. 
 (The capacity of the fixed RBM system is 
 
 46-87 m 
 
 m 46-99 
 
 ~ I 
 
 
 46-87 
 
 46-99 
 
 FIGURE 3. - Location of events recorded on MPR over a 1-day period. The three circled events are 
 of relatively large size and include a small rock burst. Most of the events in the plot followed the burst. 
 Projection A is a side view and projection B is an end view of a two-stope system. 
 
thus a function of the programming within 
 the host computer, and in this instance 
 the programming is such that the fixed 
 RBM system has slightly less capacity.) 
 
 INDEPENDENT MONITORING 
 
 Figure 3 is a plot of 1 day's portable 
 MPR data in 46-99 stope. The three cir- 
 cled events in this plot were identified 
 as relatively large by a software routine 
 that checks for triggering in a unique 
 low-gain-system channel (_5 ) . The largest 
 of these three events was a rock burst 
 that registered on a seismograph on the 
 surface some 6,000 ft away. Most of the 
 other events in the plot followed this 
 burst. 
 
 The emplacement of the portable MPR at 
 46-99 stope (fig. 3) was part of a prompt 
 response to a sudden increase in activity 
 around the stope. In 16 work hours, a 
 seven-phone network was on-line collect- 
 ing data. The portable MPR together with 
 a set of variable-gain amplifiers and an 
 oscilloscope was installed in a wooden 
 box some 300 ft from 46-99 raise. The 
 temperature outside the box was 90° F, 
 and the humidity was 94° pet. 
 
 Figure 4 is a plot of total activity in 
 the stope over a 30-day period. In all, 
 the equipment successfully logged in data 
 for 60 days, until the low grade of mined 
 ore and bursting problems dictated a 
 stope shutdown. 
 
 FIGURE 4. - Daily plot of events recorded on 
 MPR over a 1-month period. Small rock bursts 
 occurred on days 7, 19, and 20. On day 7 most 
 of the detected activity followed the burst. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 In tests at a working mine, the porta- 
 ble MPR has demonstrated the ability to 
 provide accurate and useful data. The 
 MPR enabled a swift response to an appar- 
 ently increasing stress system around a 
 stope and operated without failure in 
 close proximity to the stope. Moreover, 
 
 for some months after these tests, the 
 MPR successfully operated as part of a 
 routine monitoring system. Thus the 
 portable MPR is demonstrably an effective 
 and reliable tool for industry use in un- 
 derground monitoring. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
 1. Blake, W. Microseismic Applica- 
 tions for Mining — A Practical Guide (con- 
 tract J0215002). BuMines OFR 52-83, 
 1982, 208 pp.; NTIS PB 83-180877. 
 
 2. Blake, W. , F. Leighton, and W. I. 
 Duvall. Microseismic Techniques for Mon- 
 itoring the Behavior of Rock Structures. 
 BuMines B 665, 1974, 65 pp. 
 
 3. Brady, B. T. Prediction of Fail- 
 ures in Mines — An Overview. BuMines RI 
 8285, 1978, 16 pp. 
 
 4. Brady, B. T. , and F. W. Leighton. 
 Seismicity Anomaly Prior to a Moderate 
 Rock Burst — A Case Study. Int. J. Rock 
 Mech. and Min. Sci. , v. 14, No. 3, 1977, 
 pp. 127-132. 
 
 5. Coughlin, J. P. Software Tech- 
 niques in Microseismic Data Acquisition. 
 BuMines RI 8691, 1982, 51 pp. 
 
 6. Leighton, F. W. 
 a Major Rockburst. 
 1982, 14 pp. 
 
 A Case History of 
 BuMines RI 8701, 
 
 7. Obert, L. A., and W. I. Duvall. 
 Microseismic Method of Predicting Rock 
 Failure in Underground Mining. Part 1. 
 General Method. BuMines RI 3797, 1945, 
 7 pp. 
 
 8. Redfern, F. R. , and R. D. Munson. 
 Acoustic Emission Source Location — A 
 Mathematical Analysis. BuMines RI 8692, 
 1982, 27 pp. 
 
 9. Rowell, G. A., and L. P. Yoder. 
 The Effect of Geophone Emplacement on the 
 Observed Frequency Content of Microseis- 
 mic Signals. Paper in Third Conference 
 on Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Activ- 
 ity in Geologic Structures and Materi- 
 als - The Pennsylvania State University, 
 Oct. 5-7, 1981. 
 
 6U.S. CPO: 1985-505-019/20,043 
 
 INT.-BU.O F MINES, PGH., PA. 27965 
 
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