PN 4130 ■ P16 Copy 1 v $ m LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, ©$»£♦ itt^jrigfi f xu Slielf...!.Aj..^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. '■ G?f%f3rt LA ■ K ^ L^.-^! 1 " ' " ' ,-" < jv .,.j>_, . o. ,, , k >— m m P m 1. An Idea is a mental image, be represented by a word. 2. The Important Ideas of a statement are those that are necessary to express the main thought. 3. Unimportant Ideas are those that are not necessary and may be omitted without changing the thought. 4. Leading Ideas are those upon which the thought mainly depends. 5. Subordinate Ideas are those that are used to assert or explain the leading ideas. 6. Distinctive Ideas are those which it is the main purpose of the sentence to assert. Remark.— The distinctive idea must not be confused with the predicate of the sentence. 7. Impressive Ideas are leading ideas that are not distinctive, but to which special at- tention is called. 8. Interrogative Ideas are those of which the speaker is uncertain. 9 Affirmative Ideas are distinctive ideas that the speaker absolutely affirms or denies. 10. Comparative Ideas are those that are compared or contrasted with each other. The one that is denied, or the first in order, is the negative, and the one that is affirmed, or the second in order, is the positive. TZ". General Principles, 1. The Closing Slide should be used where the sense is complete, or where what follows is not closely connected in thought with the preceding part of the statement, unless changed by emphasis. i is i IB & sE f I; T 2. Interrogative Ideas should be express- JL ed with greater force, slower time, and the rising slide on the accented syllable ; and if \ this syllable is not the final one of the ques- ■ tion another slight rise, without increase of force or time, should be given at the close. 3 Affirmative Ideas should be expressed with increased force, slower time, and the i straight falling slide on the accented syllable. J 4. Comparative Ideas should be expressed ub with increased force, slower time, and the cli I 1 circumflex slide on the accented syllable, the t! 7 positive with the falling slide, the negative 1 | with the rising. fi b| 5. Impressive Ideas should be expressed | i| with increased force, slower time, and higher jf pitch, but without any slide. 6. Unimportant Ideas should be slurred, j HP that is, uttered with less force, faster time, i | : ; and lower pitch. • | II 7. An Unimportant Clause may have its £ N own relatively important ideas, which are gov- erned by the same general principles as other £ ? fj important ideas. 8. What the author assumes as already known is not distinctive, but may be impress lve. 9. What has been previously stated is not " I distinctive, but may be impressive. 10. The force, time, pitch and slide should f } be varied to express different degrees o I emotion cm VL Address, f Informal.-— Leading ideas interrogative, j Formal. — Leading ideas affirmative. i Emotional. — Leading ideas affirmative. 1 u I 1 IP r Indirect. — By means of interrogative words, Leading ideas affirmative. { m i { Expressing doubt by interroga^ • tive tones. — Leading ideas inter- Direct. \ rogative. I Expressing affirmation — Leading ^ l^ideas affirmative. 2. I 2. IX, Concessive Clauses, Conceding what is generally known or conceded. — Leading idea impressive. Conceding what is not generally known or conceded. — Leading idea affirmative. X, Imperative Sentences, In Imperative sentences, the leading idea is generally affirmative. If a comparison is ex- pressed there is at least two leading ideas., one of which is positive, and the other negative. If a comparison is implied, the leading idea is positive or negative, according to the nature of the command. XL Exclamatory Sentences, _ In exclamatory sentences the leading idea is affirmative, unless doubt is expressed; in the latter case it is interrogative. Remark— Surprise attended by uncertainty takes the rising slide, otherwise the failing. Till, Conditional Clauses* fl. Act ot principal verb depends upon the condition. - Leading idea, impressive. Act of principal verb does not depend upon the condition, or concessive clause in the form of a conditional. — Leading idea affirmative. (JL '*m LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 027 249 648 1