Book._0-Jb CopightlN':' COPifRIGHT DEPOSrr. THE A. E. F. llLlERY THE A. E. F. WHO THEY WERE WHAT THEY DID HOW THEY DID IT BY WILLIS ROWLAND SKILLMAN FORMERLY OF 79th DIVISION, U. S. ARMY PHILADELPHIA GEORGE W. JACOBS & COMPANY PUBLISHERS SERvicto. Supply ^^ ^ ^^. , ,, ^^ Dist.ictof Paris Gencrai HEAoguAnnRS Camoufiagi Section Reserve Maut Us- 70 Copyright, 1920, by George W. Jacobs & Comparuy All rights reserved Printed in JJ. 8. A. CI.A566711 TO MY MOTHER FOREWORD We all have hobbies. Some of us who have been in the service have developed a hobby for ^' ducking'^ details (i. e. avoiding work), others for concocting new rumors to spread among the more credulous of our ^^ buddies." My partic- ular hobby has been to accumulate, not guns and helmets, but facts and figures. During the twenty months I have been in the Army, I have been stocking my little note-book with bits of information about army organization, divisions, insignia, casualties, dates, awards of medals, and a dozen other subjects of interest to soldiers. While in the dugouts, billets and hospitals in France and in the demobilization camps in the United States, my little scrap book often came into prominence during arguments and discus- sions, and many expressed the wish that they had the items of my little book in some permanent form. One *^ buddy'' said, **Why not let your scrap book be a scrap book for us all?'' Acting upon this suggestion, I decided to rearrange the information of my little book, verify it, add new items of interest, and explain in terms any civilian 7 8 FOREWORD can understand the system by which the American Army accomplished its work in France. As a re- sult of this work, I have gathered together for the boys of the A. E. F. and their hundred million American friends the following facts, figures and reminiscences. If the pages of this little book bring a clearer conception of the Great War and of the work of the American Expeditionary Forces: if the insignia call to mind the achievements of each division: if the reminiscences bring back a bit of the good fellowship of the old days, my little book shall not have failed in its mission. Philadelphia, November, 1919. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT In compiling this little volume every available safeguard has been used to insure the accuracy of the facts, figures and insignia contained there- in. The author begs to offer grateful acknowl- edgment to the following persons who have gen- erously assisted him: To Colonel C. W. Weeks and Mr. R. S. Thomas of the Historical Branch of the Army War College for valued assistance and suggestions. To Major J. M. Swing, Assistant to the Chief of Staff, for certain records and reports and helpful suggestions. To Mr. Aaron Rachofsky and his assistants in the War Department News Bureau and to Mrs. B. B. McCliment of the Adjutant GeneraPs of- fice, for tables of statistics, data on divisions, and other valuable information. To the Stars and Stripes^ that most excellent paper of the A. E. F., for several tables indicated in the text. Finally to my publishers for their generous as- sistance and suggestions in the preparation of this book. 9 10 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT If despite precautions, error is discovered within the pages of this book or any insignia has been omitted the author will consider it a personal favor to be advised of such inaccuracy in order that correction may be made in subsequent edi- tions. Willis R. Skillman. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE A Soldier's Survey of the World War 13 How the War Started — Notable Dates in the His- tory of the War — Nations Engaging in the World Conflict — Men in Arms and Casualties of the World War — Extent of Front Line Held by the Various Na- tions — The Cost of the War. CHAPTER II America's Part in the World War 23 Why the United States Entered the War — ^Ameri- can Red Letter Days in the World War — Army Or- ganization — Growth of the Army and Sources of Growth — America's Losses in the World War- Greatest Strength of U. S. Forces in Important Wars — U. S. Casualties in Important Wars — A. E. F. Battle Losses Compared with Battle Losses in the Civil War. CHAPTER III System of Command 37 Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces —How an Offensive Battle Is Fought— The Zone Sys- tem — The Three Armies — The Nine Army Corps — Troops Engaged in Actual Combat — The Twelve Greatest Engagements of the American Forces — Prisoners and Guns Captured by American Troops. CHAPTER IV The American Divisions .58 The Division as a Fighting Unit — Strength and Equipment of a Division — Organization and Work of a Division — Brief Histories of the American Di- ll 12 CONTENTS PAOZ visions — Statistics of Battle Deaths and Prisoners by Divisions — Replacements to American Divisions — Distinguished Service Crosses Awarded to Divisions — Kilometers Advanced by Various Combat Divisions. CHAPTER V The Branches op the Service 114 Increasing Complexity of Military Work — Growth of the Army by Branch of Service — Work and In- signia of the Following Branches of the Service: Infantry and Machine Gun Battalions; Engineer Corps; Artillery, Field and Coast; Ammunition Train; Medical Department; Quartermaster Depart- ment; Ordnance Department; Signal Corps; Cavalry; Air Service; Motor Transport Service; Tank Corps; Chemical Warfare Service; Other Branches — Battle Deaths by Branch of Service — D. S. C. Awards by Branch of Service. CHAPTER VI Army Honors and Symbols 147 Medals and Awards in the A. E. F. — Foreign Medals and Awards — Officers' Insignia of Rank — Pay of Officers and Enlisted Men — Chevrons, Sendee and Wound Stripes, Brassards and Hat Cords — Army Brieflets. CHAPTER VII Reminiscences 163 Famous Initials — French that Every Soldier Knew — Confidential Guide (What Not to Feed the Returned Soldiers) — General Orders (Revised) — Lest We Forget — Rumors — Familiar Expressions — Comfy Hospital— -Who Won the War? APPENDIX Units Comprising the Division 180 Index I85 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Shoulder Insignia of the U. S. Army (Colored) Frontispiece TACINa PAGE General Pershing 36 Chart Showing Coordination of Military Forces at the Time of the Grand Allied Offensive of Sept. 26, 1918 40 Diagram of Battle Formation 44 Map Showing Where the Twelve Greatest Battles Were Fought 66 Collar Insignia of the Branches of the Service .... 114 Officer^s Insignia of Rank 150 Chevrons . . » 152 13 CHAPTER I A soldier's survey of the world war When the Serbian student fired the automatic pistol that killed the Archduke of Austria-Hun- gary, the world little realized that this assassi- nation was the spark which was destined to kindle the greatest military conflagration in history. The world little realized on that June day that five weeks later Europe would be aflare with war, and that within a little more than four years twenty-eight nations would have taken up arms. It little knew that war or war work would be the occupation of more than eighty per cent of the population of the world; that war would be car- ried to every continent, and that war would be waged on or under every sea; that war debts amounting to more than two hundred billion dol- lars would be accumulated; that more than seven million men would be slain in battle, and that seventeen million more would be wounded or would die of disease. Such has been the cost of the World War — a war in which autocracy was destined to be 13 14 THE A. E. F. crushed and the forces of liberty and democracy triumph; a war in which the race of competitive armaments would be run to the finish ; a war which would give birth to the League of Nations, the world ^s first bond of nations mutually agreed to enforce peace. Herewith are presented in chronological order the most important events of the World War. NOTABLE DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE WAR 1914 June 28 Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand as- sassinated at Sarajevo. July 23 Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia. July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 29 Austria attacks Serbia. July 31 Russia orders general mobilization. August 1 Germany declares war on Russia. August 2 Germany sends ultimatum to Belgium de- manding free passage for troops across Belgium. August 3 Germany declares war on France. August 4 ..... .Germany invades and overruns Belgium. August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany. August 6 City of Liege falls. August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. August 10 France declares war on Austria-Hungary. August 12 Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hun- gary. September 6 French stop Germans at Marne. October 10 Antwerp falls. November 5 Great Britain declares war on Turkey. December 24 First German air raid on England. THE A. E. F. 15 1915 January 1 to February 15 . . Russians attempt to cross the Carpathians. April 23 Germans first use poison gas. May 7 Lusitania torpedoed and sunk ; 1,134 lost, (114 Americans). May 23 Italy declares war on Germany. August 4 Germans take Warsaw. October 12 Edith Cavell executed. October 13 Bulgaria enters war allied with Central Powers. 1916 February 22 .... German drive for Verdun begins. May 31 British win Jutland battle. July 1 Allies begin Somme offensive. September 14. . . .British first use tanks. October 24 French stop Verdun drive. December 19 ... . Allies reject German "negotiated peace" offer. 1917 January 31 Germany announces "unrestricted" subma- rine warfare. April 6 United States declares war on Germany. August 15 Peace proposals of Pope Benedict revealed. August 28 United States rejects Pope's peace proposal. September 20 ... . British defeat Germans at Ypres. October 24 to December 1 . . . Great German-Austrian drive into Italy. November 22 to December 13 . . Cambrai offensive ; Cambrai taken Novem- ber 26. December 2 . . . . German counter-attack compels British to give up one-fourth of ground gained in Cambrai offensive. 16 THE A. E. F. December 7 United States declares war on Austria-Hun- gary. December 8 . . . . British capture Jerusalem. December 14 ... . German armistice with Russia effective. 1918 January 5 President Wilson announces "14 peace points." February 5 Troop ship Tuscania torpedoed (loss, 101). February 6 Allied naval forces bombard Ostend. March 21 German drive on Amiens starts. March 29 German "mystery gun" kills 75 in Paris. April 4 Germans start Channel port drive. May 5 Austrians start drive on Italy. May 27 Germans start drive on Mame. June 1 Germans cross Marne, 46 miles from Paris. July 15 Last German offensive ; up Mame toward Paris. July 18 Foch counter-offensive begins. August 2 French retake Soissons. August 20 French advance between Oise and Aisne. August 30 Germans driven across Somme. September 8 . . . British regain positions lost in March, September 12 . . . First All- American offensive at St. Mihiel. September 26 . . . Americans begin Argonne offensive. September 29 . . . Americans smash Hindenburg line. September 30 . . . Bulgaria surrenders to the Allies. October 1 French take St. Quentin. October 5 Germans abandon Lille. October 21 Allies cross the Oise. November 1 . . . Turkey surrenders. November 3 . . . Austria surrenders. November 6 . . . Allies advance along line from Belgian borders to the Meuse. Americans occupy Sedan. THE A. E. F. 17 November 10 . . . Kaiser and Crown Prince flee to Holland. November 11 . . . Germany signs the armistice. 1919 April 29 League of Nations completed and unani- mously adopted as part of Peace Treaty. May 7 ;. Peace treaty submitted to Germany. June 28 Germany signs Peace Treaty. The events which have just been recorded eventually drew twenty-eight nations to take part in the World Conflict. What nations these were, what their population was at the last census, and the date on which they entered the war is re- corded in the following table. NATIONS IN WORLD WAR POPULATION AND DATE EACH ENTERED WAR Allies Nation Population Date Entered War Serbia 4,600,000 July 28, 1914 Russia 182,182,600 August 1, 1914 France 39,601,509 August 3, 1914 British Empire ... 437,947,432 August 4, 1914 Belgium 7,571,387 August 4, 1914 Montenegro 520,000 August 9, 1914 Japan 56,860,735 August 23, 1914 Portugal 5,957,985 March 9, 1915 Italy 36,546,437 May 24, 1915 San Marino 10,000 May 24, 1915 Roumania 7,508,009 August 27, 1916 18 THE A. E. F. NATIONS IN WORLD WAR (Continued) POPULATION AND DATE EACH ENTERED WAR Nation TTnited States Cuba Panama .... Greece Siam Liberia Allies Population Date Entered War ... 103,500,473 April 6, 2,406,117 April 7, 386,891 April 7, 4,821,300 July 2, 6,000,000 July 22, 2,060,000 August 4, China 320,620,000 August 14, Brazil 24,628,429 October 26, Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Rica Hayti Honduras 2,092,824 April 21, 700,000 May 7, 425,000 May 24, 2,030,000 July 12, 592,675 July 19, 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 Total Population Allied Nations. .1,249,559,803 Central Powers Nation Population Date Entered War Austria 29,193,293 July 28, 1914 Germany 67,812,000 August 1, 1914 Turkey 21,247,000 November 5, 1914 Bulgaria 5,517,700 October 14, 1915 Total 123,769,993 Total Population of the Allied Nations 1,249,557,803 Total Population of the Central Powers 123,769,993 Grand Total 1,373,328,796 World Population (1910) 1,692,000,000 THE A. E. F. 19 In addition to the 24 nations which were allied against the Central Powers, the following nations severed diplomatic relations but did not declare war: Bolivia San Domingo Ecuador Uruguay Peru Of the twenty-eight nations which severed diplo- matic relations fourteen took some part in the great struggle centered in Europe. Nine of these nations suffered casualties. Which nations these were ; how many men each nation had under arms ; how many of the men of the various nations died in battle ; and the total casualties of each nation, are shown in the following table: MEN m ARMS AND CASUALTIES OF THE WORLD WAR Allies Men in Died in Total Arms Battle Casualties United States 3,670,088 48,369 289,710 British Empire 7,500,000 1 706,700 3,049,991 France 6,000,000 1,385,300 4,000,000 Italy 5,000,000 460,000 2,000,000 Belgium 350,000 102,000 300,000 Serbia and MontenegTo. 300,000 100,000 200,000 Roumania 600,000 100,000 300,000 Russia 14,000,000 1,700,000 5,000,000 Total Allies 37,425,888 4,602,369 15,139,692 1 Includes British Navy. 20 THE A. E. F. Central Powers Men in Died in Total Arms Battle Casualties Germany 11,000,000 1,600,000 4,000,000 Austria 7,500,000 800,000 4,500,000 Turkey 1,500,000 250,000 750,000 Bulgaria 1,000,000 100,000 200,000 Total Central Powers. 21,000,000 2,750,000 0,450,000 Grand Total 58,425,888 7,352,369 24,589,692 Figures unofficial except for the British Empire, France and the United States. In comparing the part that the various allied nations had in holding the front line of the West- ern Front against the Germans and Austrians, the following two tables are interesting, the first showing the extent of the American front in kilo- meters, the second showing the rate of increase in per cent of the front held by the United States during the last year of the war. KILOMETERS OF FRONT LINE HELD BY ARMIES OF EACH NATION AT DIFFERENT DATES IN 1918 Belgian French British U.S. Total January 31 37 520 187 10 754 April 30 37 580.5 133 51.5 802 June 30 37 591.5 133 92.5 854 July 30 37 511.5 148 109.5 806 August 30 37 422.5 140 145 744.5 September 30... 46 414.8 133 132.2 726 October 30 24 398.9 110 127.1 660 November 11.... 40 354.75 113 134.25 642 THE A. E. F. 21 PER CENT OF TOTAL FRONT HELD BY ARMIES OF EACH NATION AT DIFFERENT DATES IN 1918 Belgian French British U.S. January 31 5 G9 25 1 April 30 5 72 17 6 June 30 4 69 16 11 July 30 5 63 18 14 Auoust 30 5 56 19 20 September 30 6 58 18 18 October 30 4 60 17 19 November 11 6 55 18 21 COST OF THE WAR The following figures of war expenditures, kindly furnished by Leonard P. Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, Chief Statistics Branch, give the limits within which the correct figures will fall. The first column gives the total cost of conducting the war up till April 30th, 1919. The second col- umn gives the total loans to Allies. All figures are in billions of dollars. War Loans Expenditures to Allies United States 22 9 Great Britain & Colonies . . . 36^0 7 France 24-28 2 Russia 18-20 Italy 12-14 Germany 37-39 Total 149-163 18 22 THE A. E. F. The cost of the war can also be approximated by showing the public debt. Public Debt Allies Central Powers $145,000,000,000 $45,000,000,000 The war expenses of the United States amounted to about one million dollars an hour. The total cost of the war to all nations has re- cently been estimated at one hundred and eighty- five billion dollars. CHAPTER II amebica's part in the world war When the conflagration of war broke out in Europe in the summer of 1914, few Americans realized how deeply the vital interests of the United States would become involved in the struggle. On first appearances, the war seemed to be purely a European affair, a breaking out of the sore of militarism that had been festering in the heart of Europe for a score of years. At first, there seemed little reason for America to depart from her traditional policy of letting Europe settle her own difficulties, and in those early days few indeed were those who felt that America should then plunge into the war. Within a few months, however, the issues of the war began to clarify ; the rumors as to the German outrages in Belgium and France were proved to be based on terrible truth ; the whispering of Ger- many ^s world ambitions grew into the rumble of war as Germany's Mexican and Japanese plots were dragged to light. When American citizens were murdered on the high seas by German sub- 23 24 THE A. E. F. marines, and American ships were sunk, the war clouds grew darker and more menacing. When, in the early days of 1917, Germany announced her policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, thereby tearing up the basic international law of the freedom of the seas and flinging the fragments into the face of civilization, the flash of fire touched the Western hemisphere. America un- sheathed her sword and plunged into the fight for Civilization, for Democracy, for International Decency. The stirring events that preceded and followed America's declaration of war are here recorded in chronological order. AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 1914 August 4 President Wilson declares neutrality of United States. 1915 February 10.... TJ. S. sends note holding Gennan Govern- ment to strict accountability if any U. S. vessel is destroyed or any American citi- zens lose their lives. May 7 Lusitania torpedoed and sunk. 114 Ameri- cans lose their lives. December 4 United States demands recall of Captain Karl Boy-ed (Naval Attache) and Cap- tain Franz von Papen (Military Attache). Recalled December 13. THE A. E. F. 25 AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR (Continued) 1916 March 24 French steamer Sussex sunk; 80 lost. June 3 National Defense Act passed. 1917 January 19 Cable to German Ambassador intercepted, re- vealing German plot to embroil the U. S. in war with Mexico and Japan. January 31 Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare within specified zones. February 3 United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany; Bernstorff dismissed. April 6 United States declares war on Germany. April 8 Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with United States. April 9 American flag carried into battle at Vimy Ridge by Gunner Wm. G. Clancy, serv- ing with Canadians. May 4 American destroyers begin cooperation with British Navy in the war zone. May 8 Base Hospital Unit No. 4 sailed for France. May 18 Selective Service Act signed. May 28 General Pershing and Staff sail for France aboard Baltic. >i June 5 10,000,000 Americans 21-31 years register for selective military service. June 26 First American troops reach France. July 20 Drawing at Washington of numbers for first army under selective service. October 23 First American artillery shot fired by Bat- tery C, 6th F. A. (1st Division), in Lune- ville sector, Lorraine. October 24 Americans take position in front lines, near Sommerville; 1st Battalion of 26th Inf., / 26 THE A. E. F. AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 1918 (Continued) 1st Div., under command of Major Theo- dore Roosevelt, Jr. November 3.... First American battle casualties: Corporal Gresham; Privates Enright and Hay killed. November 17.... 101st Engineers, 26th Division, aid British troops to repulse Gennan attack near Cambrai. December 7 United States declares war on Austria-Hun- gary. 1918 January 12 U. S. steamship Nyanza sinks a German submarine. February 5 Troop ship Tuscania carrying United States troops torpedoed. 101 lives lost. March 1 Americans repulse German attack near Toul. March 21— April 6 Somme defensive.^ March 28 General Pershing puts United States Army under orders of Foch. April 1 42nd Division takes over 4 kilometer front in Baccarat sector. April 9 — ^27 . . . .Lj^s defensive.^ May 27— June 5 Aisne defensive^ (Chemin des Dames and northeast of Rheims). June 2 Submarines off New Jersey coast sink 10 vessels. June 9 — June 13 Montdidier-Noyon defensive.^ June 20 U. S. Troops of Sanitary Corps arrive in Italy. 1 Designa-ted by General Pershing as one of the twelve greatest engagements of the American Expeditionary Forces. THE A. E. F. 27 AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 1918 (Continued) July 15— July 18 Cbampagne-Marne defensive.^ July 18— Aug. 6 Aisne-Marne offensive.^ Aug. 5 U. S. Troops land at Archangel. Aug. 8— Nov. 11 Somme offensive.^ Aug. 15 U. S. Troops take position in Vladivostok, Siberia. Aug. 19— Nov. 11 Ypres-Lys offensive.^ Aug. 18— Nov. 11 Oise-Aisne offensive.^ Sept. 12 — 16.... St. Mihiel offensive.^ First All- American operation. Sept. 26— Nov. 11 Meuse-Argonne offensive.^ Sept. 29 Americans smash Hindenburg line. Oct. 24— Nov. 4 Battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy.^ Oct. 11 U. S. transport Otranto torpedoed. Nov. 6 Americans capture Sedan. Nov. 11 Germany signs armistice. 1 Designated by General Pershing as one of the twelve greatest engagements of the American Expeditionary Forces. These were the more important events of America's participation in the World War. The complete victory came largely as a result of the work of the American Armies. The system of organization by which they attained their end, is described in the following pages. 28 THE A. E. F. ARMY ORGANIZATION All the military forces of the United States are under the control of the President, who is Com- mander-in-Chief of the Army and the Navy. The administration of the Army is directed through the Secretary of War who is responsible to the President. Assisting the Secretary of War are the Chief of Staff and the various other officers of the General Staff. The thousand needs of the Army are provided for through the direction of the General Staff. The Adjutant General's Department has charge of the records, orders and correspondence of the Army; the Inspector General's Department re- ports on proficiency and fitness of troops for service; the Judge Advocate General's Depart- ment is in charge of legal aif airs of the Army and its chief as Provost Marshal General of the Army had charge of the administration of the draft laws passed by Congress. In addition to these three departments are the Ordnance, Quartermaster, Engineering, Signal Corps and Medical Depart- ment, etc., which directly serve the fighting branches of the Army. The fighting branches of the Service, known as **the line," formerly consisted of the Infantry, the Field Artillery and the Cavalry, and these THE A. E. F. 29 were generally spoken of as the fighting units. In the present war, with the introduction of many new means of offense and defense, the term ** fight- ing units ^ ^ has come to be applied to the Division, the Army Corps or the Army that participated in Actual Combat. The Divisions were generally first trained in the large camps and cantonments in America. The Air Ser^dce, Motor Transport Corps, Hos- pital Units, Tank Corps and other special units received training at various smaller special camps in America. After reaching France, these aux- iliary units were combined with the divisions to form the larger fighting units of the army corps and the armies. When the United States declared war on Ger- many, the immediate task was to raise an adequate army; to provide for its housing, its training, its equipment, its medical needs and health, its amusements and recreations, and finally for its participation in the actual fighting operations. Less than two hundred thousand men were in the military service of the United States when war was declared. When the armistice was signed, more than three and a half million men were serving with the colors. The following table shows the growth of the Army between April 6th, 1917, and November 11th, 1918: 30 THE A. E. F. Strength of the Army in the United States and in the Expe- ditionary Force on the First of Certain Months Date In United States and Foreign Possessions In the American Expedi- tionary Forces Total 1917 April 1 190,000 July 1 480,000 September 1 646,000 November 1 996,000 1918 January 1 1,149,000 March 1 1,386,000 May 1 1,529,000 July 1 1,384,000 September 1 1,425,000 November 1 1,672,000 20,000 45,000 104,000 176,000 253,000 424,000 996,000 1,576,000 1,993,000 190,000 500,000 691,000 1,100,000 1,325,000 1,639,000 1,953,000 2,380,000 3,001,000 3,665,000 The following table shows the growth of the Army according to source : Size of Army April 6th, 1917 190,000 No. of voluntary enlistments (estimated) . . 360,000 No. entered through National Guard (esti- mated) 379,000 No. inducted through selective conscription . 2,801,000 No. in Army November 11th, 1918 3,665,000 Per cent of total 5.1 9.6 10.2 75.1 100.0 A third way of showing the increase is by means of the following table : THE A. E. F. 31 Number and Per Cent of Soldiers Coming from Each State and from Foreign Possessions ^ (Inducted through all sources.) State Num- Per her of cent of Troops total New York 328,000 9.5 Pennsylvania ..275,000 8.0 Illinois 232,000 6.7 Ohio 185,000 5.4 Texas 155,000 4.5 IVIichigan 123,000 3.6 Missouri 115,000 3.3 Massachusetts .114,000 3.3 California 102,000 3.0 New Jersey 95,000 2.8 Indiana 93,000 2.7 Iowa 92,000 2.7 Wisconsin 87,000 2.5 Minnesota .... 86,000 2.5 Georgia 79,000 2.3 Oklahoma 76,000 2.2 Kentucky 72,000 2.1 North Carolina. 71,000 2.1 Tennessee 70,000 2.0 Alabama 67,000 1.9 Virginia 67,000 1.9 Louisiana 62,000 1.8 Kansas 59,000 1.7 Arkansas 59,000 1.7 Mississippi ... 58,000 1.7 West Virginia. . 52,000 1.5 South Carolina. 49,000 1,4 State Connecticut .... Maryland Nebraska Washington . . . Montana Colorado Florida South Dakota. . Oregon North Dakota. . . Maine Idaho Rhode Island . . Utah Dist. Columbia. New Hampshire New Mexico . . . Wyoming Arizona Vermont Delaware Nevada Porto Rico Hawaii Alaska Num- Per ber of cent of Troops total 44,000 1.3 43,000 43,000 39,000 34,000 31,000 31,000 28,000 26,000 25,000 22,000 17,000 16,000 16,000 13,000 12,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 7,000 5,000 16,000 6,000 2,000 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .5 .2 .1 Total 3,441,000 100.0 1 Report of the Secretary of War, 1918. 32 THE A. E. F. To provide for the housing of the Army, sixteen tent camps located principally in the South, were set up for the use of the National Guard divisions, and sixteen cantonments with wooden barracks were built at various places throughout the country for the use of the National Army divi- sions. The building of these camps and canton- ments in record time, each with a capacity of 40,000 men, was one of the great achievements of the war. The tent cities cost approximately four million dollars each ; the sixteen cantonments were built at an average cost of thirteen million dollars each. For the training and leadership of the new army, oJBficers were greatly needed, and to meet this demand four officers' training schools were conducted and then a continuous school system was organized. More than fifty-seven thousand commissions were granted to those who completed the work of the first three schools. The task of providing suitable amusements and recreations for the army in training was in the hands of the Commission on Training Camp Activities. Theaters were erected at each of the camps, and the Commission and various war work organizations put forth every effort to make the camp life as pleasant and interesting as possible. Intensive training schedules usually calling for THE A. E. F. 33 forty-four hours of drill or duty a week were fol- lowed in all of the camps. Altogether the train- ing, equipment, and organization was such as to enable the men to enter battle activities very shortly after their arrival overseas. AMERICA'S LOSSES IN THE WORLD WAR War Department Statistics of May 15th, 1919 A. E. F. U. S. Total Killed in action 34,145 34,145 Died of wounds 14,224 14,224 Died of disease 23,276 32,737 56,013 Died of other causes. . . . 4,602 1,756 6,358 Total dead 76,247 34,493 110,940 Taken prisoner 4,774 4,774 Missing' in action 3,937 ^J^'JaL Wounded 204,743 204^ Grand total 289^ 34,493 324,394 The figures for the A. E. F. include 1,483 marines killed in action plus 4,461 other casual- ties, a total of 5,944 casualties among the marines. The losses in the Army total 318,400. The figures for prisoners include fifteen prison- ers reported held by the Bolsheviki, of whom four are recorded released. Of those held by the Central Powers, the records now show 284 died during internment and 74 status doubtful. 34 THE A. E. F. The total casualties shown do not represent in- dividuals, but casualties reported; as most of those who died of wounds were first reported wounded, and in many cases men have been wounded more than once. NAVAL LOSSES The following table shows the number of American merchant vessels destroyed by the en- emy during the war from August 3rd, 1914, to November 11th, 1918, giving the method of de- struction and the number of lives lost. Torpedoed Mined Gun fire, etc. Total Lives Lost 51 7 87 145 775 In addition to these numbers, 44 ships of the United States Navy were lost during the war, with a total loss of 678 lives. In comparing the greatest strength of the United States Army in the World War with the greatest strength of our Army in previous wars, the following table will be of interest. STRENGTH OF UNITED STATES FORCES IN IMPORTANT WARS Greatest Total Troops Wars Strength Engaged Revolution 1775-1783 61,641 ^ 395,858 War with France 1798-1800 .... 4,593 2 1 Includes 6,000 French troops. 2 Includes naval forces. THE A. E. F. 35 War with Tripoli 1801-1805 .... 3,330 2 War with Great Britain 1812- 1815 382,766 2 509,808 2 War with Mexico 1846-1848... 100,454 116,029 Civil War 1861-1865 Northern Forces 1,000,516 2,683,749 Southern Forces 756,000 1,000,000 Spanish-American War 1898... 252,433 277,904 World War 1917-1918 3,670,888 4,800,000 2 2 Includes naval forces. The statistics of greatest strength as given above should not be confused with the statistics of total troops engaged. The second column includes total enlistments, where one man might enlist two, three or more times. In comparing the casualties of the United States in the World War with casualties in earlier wars the following table may be of interest. Direct comparisons are difficult, because in the earlier wars of the United States different systems of re- cording casualties were in use : CASUALTIES IN IMPORTANT WARS Killed in Battle Revolution 3,225 War of 1812 1,877 Mexican War 4,102 Civil War Northern.. 67,058 Southern.. 77,000 1 Spanish- American .... 6,271 World War 48,369 1 Approximate figures. Wounded Total Casualties 5,795 9,020 1 4,000 1 5,877 1 39,197 41,299 144,317 541,375 ^ 150,000 1 600,000 1 17,642 28,227 204,743 324,394 36 THE A. E. F. Considerable interest centers about the losses sustained in the great engagements of the recent war as compared with losses in other great Ameri- can wars. General March, Chief of Staff, in his press interview of April 12, 1919, furnished the following data: CASUALTIES IN GREAT AMERICAN BATTLES Chickamauga 28. per cent. Shiloh 24. per cent. Murfreesboro 23. per cent. Gettysburg- 20. per cent. Argonne-Meuse 18.3 per cent. General Pershing CHAPTEE III SYSTEM OF COMMAND Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces All the troops in Europe were directly under the control of General John J. Pershing, who was Commander-in-Chief of the American Expe- ditionary Forces. General Headquarters were maintained at Chaumont and at these Head- quarters originated all the orders which directed the activities of the two million troops in France. To direct the activities of the fighting forces, three Armies were organized. An American Army is commanded by a lieutenant general, and consists usually of three Army Corps plus about thirty auxiliary units. The most important of the auxiliary units are the Army and Headquarters Troops, a regiment of Pioneer Infantry, Field Artillery brigade, a squadron of Cavalry, a regi- ment of Engineers, an Air Park with pursuit bombing and observation groups. Tanks, an Army Eegional Eeplacement Depot, Quartermaster and Ordnance depots, Telegraph Battalions, Post- ; 37 38 THE A. E. F. offices, Remount Squadrons, Base Hospitals and numerous small units. An American Army at full war strength contains approximately 400,000 men. Next to the Army, the largest fighting unit is the Army Corps. Nine Army Corps were or- ganized as part of the three Armies of the A. E. F. Each Army Corps is commanded by a major gen- eral, and consists of fiYe or more divisions plus about twenty-five auxiliary units. In an offensive three divisions are usually used in the front lines and one or two divisions are held in reserve. The auxiliary units of an Army Corps include Corps Troops and Corps Headquarters Troops, a Pio- neer Infantry and an Engineer regiment, a troop of Cavalry, an Artillery park and corps Artillery, a Balloon company and an Aero squadron. Corps Military Police, a Motor Supply Train, Ordnance and Motor repair shops, mobile veterinary hos- pitals, ambulance companies and field hospitals.^ The war strength of an Army Corps is approx- imately 120,000 men. The smallest and most mobile fighting unit of the Army is the division. It contains approxi- 1 other auxiliary units are anti-aircraft machine-gun and anti- aircraft artillery battalions, a remount depot, a bakery com- pany, a troop transport train, a telegraph battalion, a field signal battalion, a photo section and a sales commissary unit. THE A. E. F. 39 mately 28,000 men, with a Division Headquarters troop, two Infantry Brigade Headquarters, four Infantry regiments, three Machine-Gun battalions, one Field Artillery brigade Headquarters, three Field Artillery regiments, one Trench Mortar battalion, one Engineer regiment, one Field Signal battalion, one Train Headquarters, two Military Police companies, one Ammunition train, one Supply train, one Engineer train, one Sani- tary train with four Ambulance companies and four Field Hospitals, Quartermaster corps and Ordnance units, and a number of small detach- ments. The relationship of these units in the Army or- ganization is shown by the accompanying illus- tration. The Argonne-Meuse offensive was one of five great offensives launched on the 26th of September, 1918, at the command of General Foch, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies. He passed his order to General Pershing; Gen- eral Pershing passed the order to the Commander of the First American Army; the Commander of the First Army passed the order to the Com- mander of each of the three corps of the First Army ; the Commander of each of these corps gave the order to the General in command of each of the three front line divisions in each Army Corps. By this distribution of orders, therefore, at the 40 THE A. E. F. appointed hour the attack was simultaneously launched by nine divisions assisted by the auxiliary units of the three Army Corps and the First Army. Another way of showing the interrelation of the various organizations is atforded by the fol- lowing description : How an Offensive Battle is Fought Preparations for an offensive begin several weeks before the initial attack is made. Vast dumps of reserve food and munitions must be brought up to places where they will be available ; troops must be brought in; guns and artillery of all kinds must be placed and hidden; tanks and balloons must be brought forward, and all these movements and preparations must be made under the cover of darkness, as the success of an attack depends largely upon the element of surprise. If the attack is scheduled for daybreak, the ar- tillery barrage is usually laid down at about two A. M. with the field artillery firing on the area in front of our trenches in order to demolish enemy trenches and fortifications, cut the barb- wire and cause the enemy to withdraw. At the same time the heavy artillery directs its fire on the back areas of the enemy territory in an effort to pre- vent reenforcements or munitions being brought f^RqorifiL - (^iLUSEi- 'fRonx Chart Showing Co-ordination of Military Forces THE A. E. F. 41 forward, and to destroy ammunition dumps and hostile artillery. The artillery usually sends over three kinds of shells — shrapnel, gas and high explosives. At the hour of the infantry attack, which is often called the H. or the zero hour, the barrage is lifted and becomes a rolling barrage, i.e., the range of the artillery is lengthened and the shells fall fur- ther and further back into the enemy territory. As the barrage is lifted, the tanks snort forth from their camouflage or through the smoke screen that has been thrown up and go bobbing across No Man^s Land, flattening the barb wire for the Infantry advance and directing their fire against hostile machine-gun nests. After the tanks have advanced a little, the order *^Up and at 'em'' is passed along, and the doughboys go over the top, not in mass formation, but in thinned lines which are known as waves. The first wave goes forward a certain distance and then ^ ^flops'' and opens fire on the enemy, then the second wave follows and then the third. The first wave then makes a second advance and the others follow according to a prearranged plan. The machine- gunners of each regiment advance with the In- fantry and set up their guns at the first oppor- tunity. The Trench Mortars direct their fire against hostile machine-gun nests, and the 42 THE A. E. F. Machine-Gun battalions, attached to the Infantry brigade making the advance, fire on the enemy if visible, or hold themselves ready to repulse a possible counter-attack by the enemy. Behind the machine-guns, artillery is keeping up its fire, and with the coming of daylight it is no longer directed by rockets and flares sent up by the infantry, but by the balloons which have risen high in the air behind the artillery. The balloons are the eyes of the artillery and they observe the effect of its fire, record hits, and advise the commander of artillery. The heavy artillery now lessens its fire and the aeroplanes enter the battle. Observation and photographic planes go over the enemy lines to observe the movement of reserves, the fortifica- tions of the enemy and the result of the barrage. Fighting or pursuit planes endeavor to keep the enemy planes from crossing our lines and making observations, or they go across the enemy ^s line to set fire to their observation balloons which are directing the fire of the enemy artillery against our advancing troops. While our aeroplanes are away, perhaps chasing a decoy, another hostile plane will soar across the lines, and despite the fire of machine-guns, anti-aircraft guns and ar- tillery will swoop down on one of our observation THE A. E. F. 43 balloons, set it on fire and speed back across the lines. As a result of this a battery of artillery is temporarily silenced and the doughboys may ad- vance for a while without the protection of this barrage. When the infantry reach their objective, usually near the limit of artillery protection, they estab- lish a line in captured trenches or dig-in and hold the line against counter-attacks until the artillery can be advanced and the attack go forward again. While the infantry is advancing or digging in, there is great activity behind the American lines.* The medical men follow the infantry, giving first aid to the wounded, carrying them to the dressing stations or to the field hospitals — if snipers are not too plentiful and the shelling is light. If the line of advance is still swept by machine-gun fire the wounded may be placed in shell holes or in other protected places, or they may remain where they fell until they can be carried back under cover of darkness. The engineers of the division, as- sisted by the engineer and the pioneer infantry of the corps, start work on the shell torn roads, searching for mines, building bridges and filling shell holes so that the roads can be made passable. Over heavily shelled, rough, wooded or swampy areas, the rate of advance depends largely upon 44 THE A. E. F. the speed with which the roads can be made suffi- ciently passable so that artillery and ammunition and food can be rushed forward. Meanwhile the Signal Corps men are laying new wires or repairing the old wires where ruined by shell fire ; military police are taking prisoners to the examining stations; the trucks are endeavor- ing to bring munition and supplies forward; the ambulances are taking wounded to the rear; the heavy railroad artillery is laying new tracks ; the field artillery and balloon men are preparing their new forward positions. With shells falling, hos- tile aircraft often soaring overhead, the whole battle area from front to rear is a scene of activity. During the night the wounded are taken into the dressing stations or field hospitals, and the dead are brought in, identified and buried. The infantry brigade, which has been in reserve, moves forward and relieves the brigade which has advanced during the day. The wagon trains move forward with their kitchens and supplies; the Signal Corps work with their rockets and flares ; the artillery move forward and take a new position. At the appointed hour, the barrage is laid down and all the sinews of war are set for another attack. The plan of battle described and illustrated fS in F\ M i- ^ ^ "" ^ TDiviaioM H □ D D Os... o^,z. - \ ''' " o- ® 1 Xli^ii&'Ort *C I\ivii5\ort 'b d'd'd □ CD n 1 o Sketch Showing Location of Units of an Army Corps IN Offensive Battle Formation THE A. E. F. 45 in the accompanying sketch is roughly the plan followed in the Argonne-Meuse, the offensive with which the writer is most familiar. Other offen- sives may vary widely in details because of a different terrain, but the offensive outlined above illustrates the tactical principles employed and gives an idea of general battle formation. , The Zone System From front to rear the fighting area is roughly divided into three belts: between the front lines and about fiYe miles in the rear, the area is known as the Zone of Advance ; from five miles to twenty- five miles back is known as the Advance Sector; and behind this the country is commonly called the Back Area, but officially known as the Inter- mediate Area. All other territory occupied by the Americans, with the exception of special areas such as General Headquarters, District of Paris and the various training areas, is designated as the ^'S. 0. S.'^ (Service of Supply). The divisions in combat occupy the front lines, the various army corps troops operate within the Zone of Advance and forward to the Front lines, and the army troops and army units usually operate within the Advance Sector and forward to the Front Line. Field hospitals are usually lo- 46 THE A. E. P. cated within the Zone of Advance ; evacuation hos- pitals within the Advance Sector, and base hospitals in the Intermediate Area or S. 0. S. The Advance Sector is the most forward zone or district that has adopted an insignia. Within this area are most of the railheads and advance ord- nance and quartermaster dumps. Here are lo- cated most of the fields for aero- planes used in the fighting opera- tions. Here also are stationed evacuation hospitals and regional replacement depots. The more forward parts of the area are subject to shell fire from the larger guns of the enemy, and the railheads and aeroplane fields of the zone are favorite goals for the night flying enemy bombers. The insignia adopted by this sector is a Lorraine Cross in red on a field of blue surrounded by a black circle, the white letters **A. S.^^ on either side of cross denoting ^^ Advance Sector.'' The General Headquarters of the A. E. F. was located at Chaumont. It was here that General Pershing and his staff had their offices, and it was here that all the general orders originated and the general execu- THE A. E. F. 47 tive functions of the A. E. F. were performed. Near General Headquarters, at Langres, was held the largest officers' training school of the A. E. F. The insignia of the General Headquarters is a circle divided horizontally with three equal sec- tions of red, white and blue, the white in the center. The District of Paris, like the S. 0. S., is an area under a special command. Brig.-General Wm. W. Harts is in command of the District. The District contains several of the most noted American hospi- tals in France, and the headquar- ters of most of the war work or- ganizations. Large Quartermas- ter Ordnance storehouses are also located here. Military po- lice and Marines, acting as military police, com- prise a considerable proportion of the resident military population. The officers, nurses and soldiers of this district are authorities on air raids and the work of *^Big Bertha. '' During hostili- ties and for a long period following the armistice, the District of Paris was a forbidden area for the vast majority of the enlisted men of the A. E. F. The insignia of the District of Paris is a white fleur-de-lys on a pennant-shaped field of black. 48 THE A. E. F. The region of the S. 0. S. (taking its name from the organization known as the Service of Supply) was the most extensive of any of the areas in France. The S. O. S. was under ^^^fW^t I ^^^ command of Major General I ■■■ BBB / Harbord, with headquarters at \ mJLflJ / Tours. The area was subdivided into eight Base Sections corre- sponding to the eight ports which the Amer- icans used in bringing men and material into France. In the S. O. S. are all the wharves, the storehouses, the debarkation (later embarka- tion camps), many replacement camps, base hos- pitals, American railroad centers, American prison camps, etc., etc. The population of the S. 0. S., including those in hospitals, camps, etc., varied from 700,000 to over a million men. The speed and efficiency with which men, material and munitions were brought from the ports to the fighting areas was a very large factor in the American victories. The insignia is a conven- tionalized monogram of the letters *^S. 0. S.'* in blue on a field of red which is horizontal at the bottom, rounded at the top and larger at the top than at the bottom. The Central Eecords Office was located at Bourges. In busiest times more than 10,000 THE A. E. P. 49 enlisted men were employed here locating lost service records, compiling vital statistics, and keeping records of the names and careers of every man in the A. E. F. The central post-office was also located at Bourges. The insignia is a shield sur- mounted by an eagle, both in- closed in a diamond of blue. The eagle is of gold, and on the shield are silver bars. The Three Armies All the combatant troops of the A. E. F. were under the command of one of three armies. Brief histories of these three armies are presented herewith. FIRST AR^fY The First Army was organized August 10th, 1918, and was under the command of General Pershing until October 12th, when Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett took over the com- mand. Until September 23rd, the Army held the front from Toul to St. Menehould, but on that date it was concentrated in the Argonne sector. In both the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives, the First Army was composed of the First, Third and 50 THE A. E. F. Fifth Corps. After the armistice, the First Army was composed of the First, Fifth and Eighth Corps with Army Headquarters at Bar-sur-Aube. The insignia of this Army is a block letter ^* A'' of black cloth, four inches high, three inches wide. Special markings for Engineers, Q. M. C, Ord- nance, Medical and other departments are pre- scribed to be worn under the cross bar, between the two legs of the ** A. *' SECOND ARMY The Second Army was formed October 10th, 1918, and was put under the command of Lieu- tenant General Eobert Lee BuUard on October R^ 12th. This Army took over the eastern part of the Toul-St. Mene- hould front from the First Army. Its sector was considered quiet until November 10th, when an offensive ■ movement was started. Prior to the armistice, the Second Army was composed of the Fourth, Sixth and Seventh Corps, and covered the sector from Toul to the Argonne. This Army was to conduct the Metz offensive scheduled for November 14th, 1918. After the armistice, the Second Army was com- posed of the Sixth and Ninth Corps with Head- quarters at Toul. THE A. E. F. 51 The insignia of the Second Army is a block figure **2'* divided into two equal color bands, red above and white below. THIRD ARMY The Third Army was organized as the Army of Occupation on November 14th, 1918, and is com- manded by Major General Joseph T. Dickman. It is com- posed of the Third, Fourth and Seventh Corps, with Head- quarters at Coblenz. The insignia of the Third Army is a white letter **A'' centered in a red circle O, the whole on a background of blue. The colors red, white and blue represent the national colors, and the *^A'* and **C stand for Army of Occupation. The Ni/ne Army Corps As the fighting troops are divided first into armies, the Armies are in turn divided into Army Corps and auxiliary units. The Army Corps are again composed of divisions and auxiliary units. Brief histories of the nine Army Corps organized inthe A. E.F. follow: FIRST CORPS The First Corps was organized January 20th, 52 THE A. E. F. 1918, and was commanded by Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett (then Major General), Major Gen- eral J. T. Dickman, and Major General W. M. Wright. At the opening of the Meuse-Argonne of- fensive, September 26th, 1918, the corps was composed of the 28th, 35th, 77th, 82nd and 92nd Di- visions. At various times 17 divisions have been attached to the corps for operations. The insignia of the First Corps is a brown circle superimposed on a larger white circle. SECOND CORPS The Second Corps was organized February 22nd, 1918, and was commanded by Major General George W. Eead. This corps, which was composed of the 27th and 30th Divi- sions during a greater part of the war, operated with the Fourth British Army south of Cambrai and T^^th the Second British Army around Ypres. The insignia is an eagle and a lion with a Eoman *^II'^ between them, in white on a blue field. The combination of the American eagle and the British lion symbolizes the associations of the Second Corps with the British Army. THE A. E. F. 53 THIRD CORPS The Third Corps was organized May 8th, 1918, and was commanded by Lieutenant General E. L. Bullard (then Major General), Major General W. M. Wright and Major General J. L. Hines. At the time of the Argonne- Mense offensive, September 26th, 1918, the corps was com- posed of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 33rd and 80th Divisions. Eighteen different divisions operated with the corps at one time and another during this offen- sive. The insignia of the Third Corps is a three- pointed star, the center triangle, formed from the base lines, being in white, the points in blue. FOURTH CORPS The Fourth Corps was organized June 20th, 1918 and was commanded by Major General J. T. Dickman and Major General Charles H. Muir. At the time of the Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 26th, 1918, the corps was composed of the 2nd, 5th, 42nd, 78th, 89th and 90th Divi- sions. Twenty-five divisions were used in the corps * operations at different times. 54 THE A. E. F. The insignia of the Fourth Corps is a circle divided into four segments by diameters crossed at an angle of 90 degrees, the up and down opposed angles being in white, the opposed angles at the sides being in blue. FIFTH CORPS The Fifth Corps was organized July 10th, 1918, and was under the command of Major General W. M. Wright, Major General George H. Cam- eron, Major General C. P. Sum- merall. At the time of the Ar- gonne-Meuse offensive the corps was composed of the 29th, 32nd, 37th, 79th, and 91st Divisions. At various times 18 divisions operated with the corps. The insignia is five triangles with a common focus forming a regular pentagon. General offi- cers wear gold triangles and piping on white back- ground. Corps staff officers have all triangles blue on white background, with gold piping. Offi- cers of corps troops have lower base triangle in varied colors to denote arm of service, other triangles blue on white background, with piping in varied colors to show arm of service. Enlisted men wear same insignia as officers, but without piping. THE A. E. F. 55 SIXTH OOKPS The Sixth Corps was organized August 1st, 1918, and was commanded by Major General Omar Bundy, Major General Charles C. Ballou (com- manding 92nd Division, the only division in the Corps before the armistice), and Major General Adelbert Cronkhite. After the armistice, the Corps was com- posed of the 92nd, 88th, 7th, 28th, 5th and 33rd Divisions. (These divisions operated with other Corps before being attached to the Sixth Corps.) The last two days of combat, the corps started activity in the Vosges. The insignia of the Sixth Corps is a white figure *^6*' in a blue circle two inches in diameter. SEVENTH CORPS The Seventh Corps was organ- ized August 20th, 1918. It was commanded by Major General W. M. Wright, Major General Omar Bundy and Major General Wil- liam G. Haan. It was composed of the 6th, 81st and 88th Divisions in the Vosges sector. The insignia of the Seventh Corps is a figure * * 7 ' ' in white on a blue shield. 56 THE A. E. F. EIGHTH CORPS The Eighth Corps was organ- ized November 29th, 1918, and is commanded by Major General Henry T. Allen. It is composed of the 6th, 77th and 81st Divi- sions. The insignia is the figure octagonal background of blue. iiQJI 8'' in white on NINTH CORPS The Ninth Corps was organ- ized November 26th, 1918, and is commanded by Major General Joseph E. Kuhn. It included the 33rd, 35th, 88th and 79th Di- visions. The insignia is a monogram design embodying the Eoman numeral **IX'' set in a circle, the design in red on a dark blue circular background. It may be of interest to know the number of division, corps, army and S. 0. S. troops that took part in actual fighting. The following table ap- peared in the Army and Navy Journal, March 15th, 1919. Map Showing VVHEUt the Major Engagements of the A. E. V. \Vi lu F()U(;iii THE A. E. F. 57 Number of U. S. Troops That Took Part in Actual Fighting Division Troops (including replacements) 1,100,000 Corps and Army Troops 240,000 Service of Supply 50,000 Total U. S. Troops taking part in action against the enemy 1,390,000 The Tivelve Greatest Engagements of the American Expedi- tionary Forces as Designated by General Pershing in Orders of the American Expeditionary Forces 1. Somme Defensive March 21 — April 6, 1918 2. Lys Defensive April 9— April 27, 1918 3. Aisne Defensive (Chemin des Dames and Northeast of Rheims) May 27— June 5, 1918 4. Montdidier-Noyon Defensive June 9 — June 13, 1918 5. Champagne-Marne Defensive July 15 — July 18, 1918 6. Aisne- Marne Offensive July 18 — August 6, 1918 7. Somme Offensive August 8 — November 11, 1918 8. Oise- Aisne Offensive August 18 — November 11, 1918 9. Ypres-Lys Offensive August 19 — November 11, 1918 10. St. Miliiel Offensive. . .September 12— September 16, 1918 11. Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 26— November 11, 1918 12. Battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy October 24— November 4, 1918 The map on the following pages indicates by number the location of the greatest American en- gagements listed above. In their various engagements, the American forces captured 44,934 prisoners, and over 14,000 guns, liowitzers and trench mortars. CHAPTER IV THE AMERICAN DIVISIONS The Division as a Fighting Unit The World War will differ from other wars in American history in that its achievements will be written in terms of divisions rather than in terms of regiments as was usually the case in the Civil War and other great wars. In modern warfare, the inter-dependence of the different branches of the service is greater than ever before. Infantry cannot successfully fight without the aid of artillery, machine-guns, signal arrangements, and the dozen other forces neces- sary to make an attack. The vast number of men used in modern warfare cannot be foraged in a war-ruined country, nor can the enormous quanti- ties of ammunition necessary be carried by man or beast. To meet these conditions, every modern army is made up of divisions. The numbers vary from about 14,000 men per division in the French and German armies to about 28,000 men in each American Division. The division is always an or- 58 THE A. E. P. 59 ganized unit — about half Infantrymen, one-fourth Artillery, Trench Mortar and Machine-Gun men, and one-fourth units which assist the others by building roads, bridges, providing signal com- munications, ammunition, supplies, hospital and ambulance accommodations, etc. In the division every unit is directly dependent upon another, and it has been this inter-dependence which has largely developed divisional spirit and has made the divi- sion the modern fighting unit. With the exception of the Eegular Army Divi- sions, most of the divisions were organized and trained at some particular camp in the States; each division went overseas as a division ; finished its training in France usually as a division, and in practically all the engagements except the earliest ones, fought as a division. An Army is an ever changing unit; an Army Corps may have a dozen different divisions com- posing it within a month, but a division is as nearly stable a unit as is known in modern war- fare. Because of the interest which centers about the division, the following table showing the organi- zation may be instructive. Minor changes are constantly being made, but the table below is approximately correct. 60 THE A. E. F. WAR STRENGTH OF AN AMERICAN INFANTRY DIVISION No. , No. No. Total of Name officers men strength units in unit in unit all units 1 Division Headquarters 42 105 147 1 Headquarters Troop 3 122 125 2 Infantry Brigade Headq'rt'rs 5 20 50 4 Infantry Regiments 114 3,720 15,336 3 Machine Gun Battalions 16 377 1,179 1 Field Artillery Brigade Hdqrs 9 54 63 3 Field Artillery Regiments.... 72 1,710 5,346 1 Trench Mortar Battalion 5 172 177 1 Engineers^ Regiment 51 1,646 1,697 1 Train Headquarters and Mili- tary Police 15 359 374 1 Ammunition Train 38 1,295 1,333 1 Engineers' Train 2 82 84 1 Supply Train 16 485 501 1 Sanitary Train 51 900 951 2 Sanitary Squads 2 26 56 1 Field Signal Battalion 15 473 488 Total strength of Division 27,907 EQUIPMENT OF A DIVISION 75 pieces of field artillery 72 machine-guns 19,000 rifles 192 automatic rifles 220 rounds of ammunition carried for each rifle in the di- vision 8,000 pistols or automatic revolvers 480 trench knives THE A. E. F. 61 7,000 horses and mules 1,000 wagons 750 motor vehicles 320 cycles The net length of a complete division moving in column of route is approximately 20 miles. Organization and Work of a Division An Infantry Division is commanded by a Major General. Assisted by his statf he directs the work and activities of the division. The enlisted men attached to Division Headquarters are men whose training enables them to be of greatest value to the staif officers. These men care for the greater part of the ^' paper work'' of a division, including compiling of payrolls, statistics of casualties, divi- sional records, etc. Attached to Division Head- quarters is a post-office detachment and the Ord- nance and Quartermaster men who conduct the Divisional Supply Dump. The men of the Head- quarters Troop are the mounted orderlies of the staff officers. Others run the staff cars, serve as dispatch bearers and do important guard duty. The chief aim of a division is to make the work of the Infantry effective, and the special direction of the Infantry is in the hands of two Brigadier Generals, each commanding an Infantry brigade composed of two Infantry regiments and Brigade 62 THE A. E. F. Headquarters. The immediate commander of each of the two Infantry regiments is a Colonel. Each regiment contains 12 ^^Line'* companies of 250 men each, a machine-gun company, a supply company, and a Headquarters company which con- tains the regimental band and small detachments of bombers and sappers, signal corps men. Trench Mortar men, intelligence men, pioneers and medi- cal men. The Infantry-men (or Doughboys) are armed with rifles and automatic revolvers, and sometimes with automatic rifles and hand gre- nades. It is the doughboys who make the ** hop- over'' (i.e. go over the top), and it is the doughboys who do the hand to hand fighting, suffer the greatest losses, endure the most severe hardships, win the most medals, and to whom is justly accorded the greatest credit in time of battle. There are three Machine-Gun Battalions at- tached to each division; one is attached to each Infantry brigade, and one is attached to division Headquarters. In an offensive, part of the machine-guns are advanced with the Infantry, while other machine-guns are placed in reserve to break up a counter-attack and protect the In- fantry. The machine-gun has been one of the most effective of the newer weapons extensively used in the present war. THE A. E. F. 63 The Artillery of a division normally consists of two regiments of light Artillery shooting three- inch shells and one regiment of heavy Artillery shooting 3.8-inch shells or larger. These three regiments are brigaded together and are com- manded by a Brigadier General. In the present war, practically all of the American Field Ar- tillery used the famous ** French 75'' which shoots a shell nearly three inches in diameter. The Field Artillery is usually stationed from a half mile to five miles behind the Infantry. It is chiefly used to destroy fortifications and, by means of the bar- rage, to drive the enemy back before the advance of the Infantry. The Trench Mortar Battalion of a division is attached to the Artillery brigade. It is especially useful in destroying trenches and in blowing up machine-gun emplacements. The Engineers of a division are divided into bridge builders, road makers, etc. In performing these duties, they have a most important part in battle operations. Sometimes an Infantry ad- vance is not possible until the engineers have bridged a stream or a swamp. Often the rate of the advance of the Infantry is dependent upon the speed with which the Engineers make shell-torn roads passable so that Artillery, ammunition and supplies can go forward. Because of the im- 64: THE A. E. F. portance of their work, the Engineers are often working under heavy shell fire. On several oc- casions during the war, American Engineers dropped their tools, seized their rifles and turned the tide of battle. The trains of a division are in charge of a Colonel who is known as Commander of Trains. The Ammunition Train, Supply Train and Sani- tary Train have Lieutenant Colonels as their im- mediate commanders, and the Colonel has direct command of Train Headquarters and the Military Police. In battle operations, the Military Police have three specific duties : they convey prisoners from the Front lines where they were captured by the Infantry to the Divisional intelligence and examin- ing post, and thence to the temporary prison pen. The second task is picking up stragglers, ex- amining suspicious persons and directing walking wounded to the first aid stations. The third and perhaps most important duty is keeping the roads clear and traffic moving according to changing priority orders. This work includes enforcing orders as to one-way traffic and shuttle roads, or- ganizing forces to move mired trucks, etc. The cross-roads where the M. P.'s have their posts are favorite targets for the enemy's guns. The en- listed men of Train Headquarters serve as M. P. 's THE A. E. F. 65 in emergencies and do the Headquarters work for the various Trains. The Ammunition Train consists normally of four wagon companies and four truck companies. This very important unit carries rifle ammunition to the Infantry, and shells to the Artillery. Usually, the moving of ammunition is accom- plished under cover of darkness, but in the big offensives the ammunition trucks are kept going day and night. The Supply Train of the division is entirely mo- torized and carries rations and forage from the dumps as far forward as it is possible to go. The work of these trains, traveling over miry and shell torn roads and often under shell fire, is dangerous, hard and important work. The small Engineers Train is usually attached to the Engineers regiment and is kept more than busy hauling supplies, etc. The Sanitary Train of a division consists of four field hospitals and four ambulance com- panies. The wounded are brought from the bat- tlefield to these hospitals where the wounds or first aid dressings are inspected. Here the pa- tients generally receive their injection of anti- tetanus serum, emergency operations are per- formed, and then the wounded are sent back in the ambulances to the evacuation hospital, and trans- 66 THE A. E. F. ported from there by train to a base hospital. Ked Cross doctors frequently assist the regular Army physicians in this work. The wonderful and merciful work of these units cannot be praised too highly. Although the Field Signal Battalion is one of the smaller units of a division, its work is of great interest and importance, because with the Signal Corps rests largely the communication of the division. In many cases the Signal Corps men work ahead of the Infantry, laying telephone wires. By utilizing telephones, telegraph, buzzer system, wireless, pigeons, fireworks and motor cycles, the lines of communication between the Infantry and the Artillery and their branches and Headquarters are kept open and working, and through the cooperation of all the units, the divi- sion is maintained a highly efficient responsive fighting machine. The success of this cooperation between the dozen units which comprise a division is reflected in the official histories of the divisions recorded in the following pages: At the signing of the armistice, fifty-five American divisions had been organized, forty full divisions had come across seas, and parts of three more were in Europe. Of the divisions which THE A. E. F. 67 came across seas, thirty engaged in actual combat. According to the original plan, the divisions de- veloped out of the Eegular Army were numbered 1-20 and called Eegular Army Divisions. The divisions developed out of the National Guard were numbered 26-42 and were called National Guard Divisions. The divisions formed from the men who entered under selective conscription were numbered from 76 up and called National Army Divisions. On August 5th, 1918, by order of the Secretary of War, these distinctive titles were abolished. ** United States Army'* became the only official designation of all divisions and or- ganizations. BRIEF HISTOEIES OF THE AMEEICAN DIVISIONS (Compiled from Official Records.)^ FIRST DIVISION The First Division was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, I June 27th, 1917. Commander, Briga- Idier General Frank Parker. Activi- ties : Somerville sector, ten kilometers southeast of Nancy, October 21st to November 20th, 1917 ; Ansauville sec- tor, January 15th to April 3rd, 1918; Cantigny sector, April 25th to July 7th (battle of Cantigny, May 28th to 30th; Soissons operation, Marne counter-offen- sive, July 18th to 24th; Sazerais sector, August 7th to 24th; St. Mihiel operation, September 12th and 13th; Argonne-Meuse offensive, October 1st to 12th; operations against Mouzon, November 5th and 6th; operation south and southwest of Sedan, November 7th and 8th; march on Coblenz t 1 First published Official Histories of the American Divisions appeared in Stars and Stripes of January 19th, 1918, and subse- quent issues. 68 , THE A. E. F. 69 bridgehead, November 17th to December 15th, 1918. Prisoners captured total: 165 officers, 6,304 men. Guns captured: 343 pieces of artillery, 1,350 machine guns. The total advance against resistance, 31 kilometers. The casualties: Bat- tle deaths, 4,204, wounded 19,141. Total 23,345. D. S. C. awards total 300. Division insignia is a design with the crimson figure ^^1'' on khaki background, chosen because the numeral ^*1'' represents the number of the division and many of its subsidiary organizations : also, as proudly claimed, because it was the '^ First Division in France ; first in sector ; first to fire a shot at the Germans ; first to attack ; first to con- duct a raid; first to be raided; first to capture prisoners ; first to inflict casualties ; first to suffer casualties; first to be cited singly in General Or- ders; first in the number of Division, Corps and Army Commanders and General Staff officers pro- duced from its personnel. " SECOND DIVISION The Second Division was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters were established in France October 26th, 1917. Commander, Major General John A. Lejeune. Activities: Verdun 70 THE A. E. F. and Toul-Troyon sectors, March 15th to May 14th, 1918 ; sector northwest of Chateau- Thierry (almost continuous heavy fighting). May 13th to July 9th; Soissons sector, Mame counter- offensive, July 18th to 2()th; Mar- bache sector, August 9th to 24th; St. Mihiel sector and operation, September 9th to 16th; Blanc Mont sector and advance in Cham- pagne, September 30th to October 9th; Argonne- Meuse offensive, October 30th to November 11th, 1918. Prisoners captured: 228 officers, 11,738 men. The number of guns captured : 343 pieces of ar- tillery; 1,350 machine-guns. The total advance on front line, 60 kilometers. Battle casualties: Deaths, 4,419. Wounded 20,657. Total 25,076. There were 664 D. S. C. awards. The insignia of the division is an Indian head with background star and shield, with colors vary- ing according to unit. It is the creation of a truck driver who practiced on the side of his truck with such success that the design he had drawn evolved into the insignia of the division. This division differs from the other combatant divisions in that half of its Infantry personnel was made up of the 5th and 6th regiments of the United States Marines. ' THE A. E. F. 71 THIRD DIVISION The Third Division was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Division Headquarters arrived in France April 4th, 1918. Commander, Brigadier General Preston Brown. Activities : Chateau-Thierry sector. May 31st to July 30th (battle operations May 31st to June 4th and July 15th to 30th) ; St. Mihiel sector (corps reserve) September 10th to 14th ; Argonne- Meuse offensive, September 30th to October 27th ; march on Rhine, November 14th. Prisoners captured: 31 officers, 2,209 men. Guns captured: 51 pieces of artillery, 1,501 ma- chine guns. Total advance on front line was 41 kilometers. The casualties : Battle deaths 3,102. Wounded 15,052. Total 18,154. D. S. C. awards total 233. The insignia of this division is three white stripes diagonally superimposed upon a square field of royal blue. The three stripes are sym- bolic of the three major operations in which the division participated — the Marne, St. Mihiel and the Argonne-Meuse. The blue field is a symbol for those who have died. 72 THE A. E. F. FOURTH DIVISION (Ivy Division) The Fourth Division (Ivy) was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, May 17th, 1918. Commander, Major General Mark L. Hersey. Activities: Marne counter-offensive, July 18th to 21st (brigaded with 6th French Army), vicinity of Noroy and Hautevesnes; Vesle sector (almost continuous heavy fight- ing), August 2nd to 12th; St. Mihiel sector, near Watronville-Treseauvaux (in reserve) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 25th to October 19th. Prisoners captured: 72 officers, 2,684 men. Guns captured: 44 pieces of artillery, 31 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line 24% kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,587. Wounded 11,596. Total 14,183. D. S. C. awards total 66. The insignia of this division is four green leaves of ivy superimposed upon a diamond of olive drab. The four leaves represent the number of the division. THE A. E. F. 73 FIFTH DIVISION The Fifth Division (Diamond) was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. It arrived in France May 1st, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Hanson E. Ely. Activities: Anould sector, June 15th to July 16th; St. Die sec- tor, July 16th to August 23rd; St. Mihiel operation, September 11th to 17th; Argonne-Meuse offensive, Oc- tober 12th to 22nd; Argonne-Meuse offensive (second time in), October 27th to No- vember 14th. Prisoners captured: 48 officers, 2,357 men. Guns captured : 98 pieces of artillery, 802 machine- guns. Total advance on front line : 29 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,908. Wounded 7,- 975. Total 9,883. There were 163 D. S. C. awards. The insignia of this division is a red diamond. It was selected at the suggestion of Colonel Charles A. Meals — *Hhe ace of diamonds.'^ SIXTH DIVISION The Sixth Division was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. 74 THE A. E. F. It arrived in France July 23rd, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Walter H. Gordon. Ac- tivities : Gerardmer sector, September 3rd to Oc- tober 13th ; Argonne-Mense offen- sive (First Army Corps Ee- serve), November 1st. Casual- ties : Battle deaths 97. Wounded 479. Total 576. There were 10 D. S. C. awards. The insignia of this division is a six pointed star of red cloth, with a blue figure *^6" super- imposed. SEVENTH DIVISION The Seventh Division was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. It arrived in France August 11th, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Edmund Wittenmyer. Activities : Puve- nelle sector, Lorraine, October 9th to 29th; Puvenelle sector, extend- ed, October 29th to November 11th, 1918. Prisoners captured: One officer, 68 men. Guns captured: 28 machine-guns. Total ad- vance on front line, % kilometer. Casualties: Battle deaths 302. Wounded 1,516. Total 1,818. D. S. C. awards total 30. THE A. E. F. 75 The insignia of this division is two triangles in black on red base. This design is supposed to have developed out of the numeral seven, one nu- meral up, and the other down and reversed, mak- ing two triangles. EIGHTH DIVISION (Pathfinder) The Eighth Division, known as the Pathfinder Division, was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters reached France November 2nd, 1918. Commander, Major Gen- eral E. A. Hehnick. The insignia of this division is the head of an Indian warrior in black on orange background bounded by circle of blue. NINTH DIVISION The Ninth Division was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama with Commander Major General Willard A. Holbrook. No insignia was adopted. 76 THE A. E. F. TENTH DIVISION The Tenth Division was organized as a Eegular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas under Major Gen- eral Leonard Wood. The insignia of this division is a yellow Roman numeral ^*X^' within a yellow circle, the whole on square background of blue. ELEVENTH DIVISION (Lafayette) The Eleventh Division, called the ''Lafayette Division,'' was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Meade, Annapolis Junction, Md., under the command of Major General Jesse Mc. L Carter. The division insignia is a representation of the head of Lafayette in blue on a red disc. TWELFTH DIVISION (Plymouth) The Twelfth Division, known as the Plymouth Division, was organized as a Regular Army Divi- THE A. E. F. 77 sion. It was training at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., at the time the armistice was signed, under the command of Major General Henry P. McCain. The insignia of this division is a yellow square on end containing two triangles of blue. Superim- posed on the center of the square and touching the two triangles is the number **12*' in red, a yellow star above and below the numeral. THIRTEENTH DIVISION The Thirteenth Division was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Lewis, American Lake, Washington, un- der the command of Major Gen- eral Joseph D. Leitch. The insignia of this division is a red horseshoe on a circular background of blue. Within the horseshoe is a black cat, under the cat the number ^aS'Mnred. FOURTEENTH DIVISION (Wolverine) The Fourteenth Division (Wolverine Division), was organized as a Regular Army Division. At 78 THE A. E. F. the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Cus- ter, Battle Creek, Mich., under the command of Major General Grote Hutcheson. The insignia is a black wolve- rine on a yellow disc with a black rim superim- posed on a green shield. FIFTEENTH DIVISION The Fifteenth Division was organized as a Eegu- lar Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, under the command of Brigadier General Guy V. Henry. There is no insignia. SIXTEENTH DIVISION The Sixteenth Division was organized as a Reg- ular Army Division. At the time the armistics was signed, it was training at Camp Kearny, Linda Vista, California, under the command of Major General Guy Carleton. No insignia was adopted. SEVENTEENTH DIVISION The Seventeenth Division was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armis- THE A. E. F. 79 tice was signed, it was training at Camp Beaure- gard, Alexandria, Louisiana, under the command of Brigadier General Henry C. Hodges, Jr. No insignia was adopted. EIGHTEENTH DIVISION (Cactus) The Eighteenth Division, known as the Cactus Division, was organied as a Regu- lar Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Travis, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, under the command of Brigadier General George H. Estes. The insignia of the Eighteenth Division is the figure ^^18'^ in white superimposed on a green cac- tus plant, under which is written ^^Noli me tan- gere'^ — *^Do not touch me. '^ NINETEENTH DIVISION (Twilight) The Nineteenth Division, *^ Twi- light Division, '^ was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa, under 80 THE A. E. F. the command of Brigadier General Benjamin T. Simmons. A few signal corps and engineer and other units that trained with this division saw service overseas. The insignia of this division is a white letter **0^' on a black triangle superimposed on a red disc, the whole on a black square. TWENTIETH DIVISION The Twentieth Division was organized as a Reg- ular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Sevier, Greenville, South Carolina, under the command of Major General Harry F. Hodges. No insignia was adopted. TWENTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Yankee Division) The National Guard of New England, known as the Yankee Di- 'BWfc\ vision, was trained at Camp jTb y Greene, Charlotte, N. C, and ar- MKK^/ rived in France September 28th, 1917. Commanders, Brigadier General Frank E. Bamford and Major General H. C. Hale. Activities : Chemin des Dames sector, February 6th to March 21st, 1918; La Reine and Boucq sector, April 3rd to THE A. E. F. 81 June 28th; Pas Fini sector (northwest of Chateau- Thierry), July 10th to 25th (battle operations July 18th to 25th) ; Rupt and Try on sector, September 8th to October 8th (St. Mihiel operation, Septem- ber 12to to 14th) ; Neptune sector (north of Ver- dun), October 18th to November 14th (Argonne- Meuse offensive). Prisoners captured: 61 officers, 3,087 men. Guns captured: 16 pieces of artillery, 132 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line : 37 kilo- meters. The casualties: Battle deaths 2,168. Wounded 13,000. Total 15,168. D. S. C. awards total 229. The insignia of this division is a dark blue i^YD'^ monogram superimposed on diamond of khaki cloth. The initials represent the nick-name of the di\dsion, which, since its arrival overseas, has been known as the ^* Yankee Division.'' TWENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION The National Guard of New York, sometimes known as the ^'Empire Division,'' trained at Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, S. C, and ar- rived in France May 10th, 1918. Commander, Major General John F. 'Kyan. Activities : East Poperinghe line, Belgium (four battalions at a time), July 9th to September 3rd; Dickebush sec- tor, Belgium, August 24th to September 3rd (op- 82 THE A. E. F. eration of Vierstrast Eidge, August 31st to Sep- tember 2nd) ; Hindenburg line, France, September 24th to Octo- ber 1st (operation at Canal tun- nel, Bellicourt and east, Septem- ber 27tli to SOth) ; St. Souplet sec- tor, October 12th to 20th (Selle river, October 17th) ; Jonc de Mer Bridge, October 18th; St. Maurice Eiver, October 19th to 21st. Prisoners captured: 65 officers, 2,292 men. Total advance on front line, 11 kilometers. Cas- ualties: Battle deaths 1,791. Wounded 9,427. Total 11,218. D. S. C. awards total 130. The insignia of this division is a black circle with red border, with monogram NYD superim- posed — New York Division — and seven red stars. The stars represent the constellation Orion, and were chosen in honor of Major General O'Kyan, who has commanded the division during the last seven years. TWENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Keystone) The National Guard of Pennsylvania (Key- stone Division, sometimes known as the ^'Iron Di- vision '^ trained at Camp Hancock, Augusta, Ga., and arrived in France May 18th, 1918. Com- THE A. E. F. 83 manders Major General William H. Hay and Major Gren. Chas. H. Muir. Activities: Sector southeast of Chateau-Thierry (corps reserve), June 30th to July 31st (battle operations, July 15th to 18th and July 28th to 30th) ; Vesle sector, August 7th to September 8th (almost continuous heavy fighting) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 26th to Octo- ber 9th; Thiaucourt sector, October 16th to November 11th. Prisoners captured: 10 officers, 911 men. Guns captured : 16 pieces of artillery, 63 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 10 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,531. Wounded 13,746. Total 16,277. D. S. C. awards total 58. The insignia of this division is a keystone of red cloth. TWENTY-NINTH DIVISION (Blue and Gray) The National Guard of Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia and District of Columbia (Blue and Gray Division), trained at Camp Mc- Clellan, Anniston, Ala., and arrived in France June 27th, 1918. Commander, Major General Charles G. Morton. Activities: Center sector. Haute, Alsace, July 25th to September 22nd; 84 THE A. E. F. Grand Montagne sector, north of Verdun, October 7tli to 30th. Prisoners captured: 2,187 officers and men. CGuns captured: 21 pieces of ar- tillery and 250 machine-^ns. Total advance on front line: seven kilometers. Casualties : Battle deaths 940. Wounded 5,219. Total 6,159. D. S. C. awards total 150. The insignia of this division is a blue and gray design copied from the Korean symbol of good luck. The colors represent the union in arms of the North and South. THIRTIETH DIVISION (Old Hickory) National Guard of North and South Carolina and Tennessee, known as the Old Hickory Divi- sion, was trained at Camp Sevier, Greenville, S. C, and arrived in France, May 24th, 1918. Commander, Major General Edward M. Lewis. Activities: Canal sector, south of Ypres (under own command), August 17th to September 4th; Gouy-Nauroy sector, September 23rd to October 2nd (battle op- THE A. E. F. 85 erations) ; Le Catean sector, October 16th to 20ih (battle operations). Prisoners captured: 98 officers, 3,750 men. Guns captured: 81 pieces of artillery, 426 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line, 20% kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,652. Wounded 9,429. Total 11,081. D. S. C. awards in this division total 177. The insignia of this division is a monogram in blue — the letter ^ ^ ' ' surrounding the letter ^ * H ' ^ with three ^^X's^' (Eoman numerals for 30) form- ing the cross bar of the letter ^*H,'' all on a ma- roon background. This design is a tribute to An- drew Jackson, ^'Old Hickory.'' THIRTY-FIRST DIVISION (Dixie) The Thirty-first Division, known as the ''Dixie Division," the National Guard of Alabama, Flor- ida and Georgia, was trained at Camp Wheeler, Macon, Georgia, and Divisional Headquarters ar- rived in France, October 5th, 1918. Commander Major Gen- eral Le Roy S. Lyon. The Divi- sion was at Brest when the armistice was signed. The insignia of the Thirty-first Division is a 86 THE A. E. F. conventionalized design of the letters ^*QD'' in bright red on a blue background. THIRTY-SECOND DIVISION (Iron Jaw) The National Guard of Michigan and Wiscon- sin, known as the Iron Jaw Division, the Eed Ar- row Division, also named by the French ^^Les Ter- ribles" — was trained at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Tex., and arrived in France February 20th, 1918. Commanders: Major General William G. Haan and Major General R. L. Howze. Activities : Alsace front. May 18th to July 21st; Fismes front, July 30th to August 7th (advance from the Ourcq to the Vesle) ; Soissons front, August 28th to September 2nd (battle of Juvigny) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive September 30th to October 20th (operations against Kriem- hilde Steilung) ; front east of the Meuse Dun-sur- Meuse, November 8th to 11th; Army of Occupa- tion from November 17th. Prisoners captured: 40 officers, 2,113 men. Guns captured: 21 pieces of artillery, 190 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line, 36 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,898. Wounded 10,986. Total 13,884. THE A. E. F. 87 D. S. C. awards total 134. The insignia of this division is a barred arrow of red — chosen because they ^*shot through every line the Boche put before them.'' THIRTY-THIRD DIVISION (Prairie; Illinois) The National Guard of Illinois and West Vir- ginia, known both as the *^ Prairie" and ** Illi- nois," was trained at Gamp Logan, Houston, Tex., and arrived in France May 24th, 1918. Commander, Major General George Bell, Jr. Activities: Amiens sector (with Australians), July 21st to August 18th; Verdun sector, Septem- ber 9th to October 17th; St. Mi- hiel sector, November 7th to 11th. Prisoners captured: 65 offi- cers, 3,922 men. Guns captured : 93 pieces of artillery, 414 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line : 36 kilometers (made by units of one regiment or less). Casualties: Battle deaths 1,002. Wounded 8,251. Total 9,253. D. S. C. awards total 76. The insignia of this division is a yellow cross on black circle, a combination of the divisional colors. Yellow was chosen because it was the only color paint available in Texas when the division was 88 THE A. E. F. assembling its equipment. The cross, long used to mark Government property, had a terrifying effect on the Philippine natives. THIRTY-FOURTH DIVISION The Thirty-fourth Division, the National Guard of Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota and South Dakota, was trained at Camp Cody, New Mexico. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France September 15th, 1918. Commander, Brigadier General John A. Johnston. This division was in reserve at Castres when the armistice was signed. The insignia of this division is a black oval encircling red bovine skull, a conventionalization of the Mexican olla or water flask, the whole design reminiscent of the Camp Cody country in New Mexico where the division trained. THIRTY-FIFTH DIVISION National Guard of Missouri and Kansas was trained at Camp Doniphan, Fort Sill, Okla., and arrived in France, May 11th, 1918. Commanders, Major General W. M. Wright and Major General Peter E. Traub. Activities : North sector of Wesserling sector, Vosges (one brigade), July 1st to 27th ; north sector of Wesserling sector, Vosges, THE A. E. F. 89 with Garibaldi sub-sector (under division com- mand) July 27th to August 14th; Gerardmer, south sub-sector added, August 14th to September 2nd; Argomie-Meuse offensive (Grange-le-Comte sector), September 21st to October 1st; Somme- Dieue sector, October 15th to November 7th. Prisoners captured: 13 offi- cers, 768 men. Guns captured: 24 pieces of artillery, 85 machine- guns. Total advance on front line, 12% kilometers. Casual- ties : Battle deaths 960. Wound- ed 6,894. Total 7,854. There were 17 D. S. C. awards in this division. The insignia of this division is a Sante Fe cross within two circles of varying colors, the outer one divided into four arcs. The design was chosen because the old Santa Fe trail started westward from a point near the Missouri-Kansas line. THIRTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Panther) The National Guard of Texas and Oklahoma, known as the Panther Di\dsion, was trained at Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, Tex., and Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, July 31st, 1918. Commander, Major General W. R. Smith, Activi- 90 THE A. E. F. ties : Blanc Mont sector, north of Somme-Py, Oc- tober 6th to 28th (French-Champagne offensive). Prisoners captured: 18 ofi&- cers, 531 enlisted men. Guns cap- tured : 9 pieces of artillery, 294 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 21 kilometers. Cas- ualties: Battle deaths 591. Wounded 2,119. Total 2,710. D. S. C. awards total 24. The insignia of this division is a cobalt blue arrow head with a khaki < 5iLven y^ Couortti LltOTErlflMT COLOflEU Mfijof^ CftPTftin LtLuTtorttiT LituTEOtflfIT CHflPi-flin 5lLV£.f< Silver ) QoLO Sttvc ■Si LVtR (^OV.0 ) 3lL Officers' Insignia of Rank THE A. E. F. 151 Two Silver Stars Major General: Commander of Army corps and divisions; also certain Staff officers. 92 officers hold this rank. One Silver Star Brigadier General: Commanders of brigades; also certain Department officers. 306 officers hold this rank. Silver Spread Eagle Colonel: Commander of a regiment or equivalent responsi- bility in corps or staff positions. Silver Oak Leaf Lieutenant- Colonel : Second in Command of a regiment, or equivalent responsibility. Gold Oak Leaf Major: Commander of a battalion, or equivalent responsi- bility in department work. Two Silver Bars Captain : Commander of a company, or battery, or equiva- lent responsibility. One Silver Bar First Lieutenant: Second in command of a company or bat- tery. One Gold Bar Second Lieutenant: The usual rank of entry into commis- sioned service. Silver Cross Chaplain : A special rank. Usually one chaplain is assigned to each regiment. 152 THE A. E. F. PAY OF OFFICERS OiJicers Annual Base Pay General $10,000 Lieutenant-General 9,000 Major-General 8,000 Brigadier-General 6,000 Colonel 4,000 Lieutenant-Colonel 3,500 Major 3,000 Captain 2,400 First Lieutenant 2,000 Second Lieutenant 1,700 Officers receive fixed allowances for quarters, heat and light, but are required to purchase their own uniforms and equip- ment. Officers receive a 10 per cent, increase for each term of five years' service up to a total of twenty years. They re- ceive a 10 per cent, increase for foreign service. CHEVRONS Chevrons show the rank of non-commissioned officers. Herewith is given the base pay for several ranks. Pay for foreign service carries an increase approximating 10 per cent, of base pay. Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or $51 per month Regimental Supply Sergeant 51 per month First Sergeant 51 per month Battalion Sergeant-Major 48 per month "Corps" Sergeant 44 per month "Line" Sergeant 38 per month Corporal 36 per month First Class Private 33 per month Private ("buck") 30 per month SERVICE AND WOUND STRIPES Gold stripe on left forearm: Each stripe indicates six months' service with the A. E. F. 'f?£<4if1Et1Tfll.5ER^t(VlT- ^W^ ^^^ dftJOR dftJOR Y ^ •1^E^\(*lc:tiTAi.6uPPiy Line." X ▼ ^17r5T (1op) f C0RP6(nE0>Mu) 6ERQE.ftdT >5LRQtftMT Chevrons THE A. E. F. 153 Gold stripes on right forearm : One stripe for every time a man is wounded in action. Blue stripe on left forearm: Indicates service over-seas for less than six months. Silver stripes on left forearm: Each stripe indicates six months' service in the Army in the U. S. Red stripe on left upper arm : Dischargred soldier. 'to' BRASSARDS Red brassard about left upper arm : Indicates orderly bearing messages. Blue brassard about left upper arm: Indicates Signal corps man on duty. Blue brassard with white M. P.: Indicates Military Police. Red brassard with white P. G. Indicates Provost Guard. Green brassard Indicates Guides and Scouts. White brassard Indicates Trench Cleaner Khaki with red "salvage" Indicates member salvage party. White with red cross Indicates stretcher bearers and medical men. MISCELLANEOUS Silver band on cuff of service coat: Wearer completed the work of an officers' training school in the A. E. F. but was not commissioned because of the signing of the armistice. Silver star on left forearm: Unauthorized decoration occasionally worn to indicate vol- untary enlistment. 154 THE A. E. F. HAT CORDS AND PIPINGS FOR OVER-SEAS CAPS Gold General Black Staff Departments Gold and Black All other officers below General Silver and Black Field Clerk Buff Quartermaster Corps and Sup- ply Train Maroon and White Medical Corps Scarlet and White Engineer Corps Scarlet and Black Ordnance Corps Orange and White Signal Corps Steel Tank Corps Purple Motor Transport Corps Green and Black Air Service Blue and Gold Chemical Warfare Service Scarlet Artillery and Ammunition Train Yellow Cavalry Light Blue and Red Machine-Gunners Light Blue Infantry Dark Blue Judge Advocate's Dept. Green Cooks and Bakers and Service school Red, White, and Blue Officers' Training School AEMY BRIEFLETS DO YOU KNOW THAT 81 per cent of those wounded were returned to duty. 4,000 American soldiers married French girls while abroad. Sheridan used a horse in his famous twenty-mile ride, the Duke of Wellington rode a horse in his THE A. E. F. 155 trip from Brussels to Waterloo, but when Major General Harbord, Commanding General of the S. 0. S., had urgent business seventy miles away, he phoned for an airplane and made the trip in forty minutes. By March, 1919, the A. E. F. had smoked 3,174,871,794 cigarettes and consummed 20,- 000,000 pounds of candy. The War Orphan Campaign of The Stars and Stripes ended December 16th, 1918. 3,444 orphans had been adopted by the A. E. F. The payment of 500 francs assured a child a home and comfort for one year. A Continuation Fund has been established to provide assistance for a longer time. French laws prohibit adopters from taking their proteges to the United States under any circumstances. One day's ration for one division of the Army of Occupation is : 3,000 pounds of rice 24,000 pounds combination bread and flour 5,000 pounds jam or substitutes (prunes, evaporated fruit, raisins, dates) 500 gallons sirup 2,500 pounds coffee 5,000 pounds sugar 1,500 pounds evaporated milk 100 gallons vinegar 1,000 pounds salt 750 pounds butter, oleomargarine and lard 156 THE A. E. F. 600 pounds tobacco (three parts smoking, one part chew- ing) In addition, 4,000 pounds of beans are issued four days out of ten, and 36,000 pounds of candy are issued monthly. The ^* Draft Dodgers' Club*' is the name which has been facetiously given to an organization of four seasoned men of Company D, 18th En- gineers (Railway) whose combined ages total 220 years. The quartette enlisted at the be- ginning of the war. Approximately 1,500,000 recruits underwent a psychological examination. Three systems of test are in use, the Yerkes-Bridgespoint scale, the Stanford-Binet scale and the performance scale. Four or five soldiers out of every hun- dred received **A" rating — **very superior in- telligence''; eight or ten soldiers out of every hundred received **B" — ** superior intelli- gence." **C," the most common rating, was subdivided into ^^C +," ^^C," and ^'C— ," i.e. high average intelligence, average intelligence and low average intelligence. Those rating **E," ^* below ten years of age mentally," were either discharged or assigned to special service. The Quartermaster purchases involved immense sums: THE A. E. F. 157 18,000,000 blankets $128,000,000 26,000,000 pairs of shoes 162,000,000 86,000,000 pairs woolen stockings.. 38,000,000 The first shipment of cargo for the support of the A. E. P. was made in June, 1917, and amounted to 16,000 tons. By the fall of 1918, the ship- ments had so grown that in October, 750,000 tons were shipped. Altogether at the time the armistice was signed, over five million tons had been shipped. Of this vast tonnage, only 79,000 tons were lost at sea. The cargo was carried almost exclusively by American vessels. In the nineteen months, from the declaration of war to the signing of the armistice, 2,074,834 men were sent overseas, an embarkation record never paralleled. New York and Newport News have been the prin- cipal ports of embarkation. Half the cargo and over four-fifths of the troops were shipped from Hoboken, and a fourth of the cargo from New- port News. The two other principal ports were Philadelphia and Baltimore. Smaller shipments have been made from New Orleans, Charleston, Jacksonville and Boston. Army hospitals in the United States cared for 1,407,191 patients during the war, while those of the A. E. F. cared for 755,354. The United States paid $2,000,000 for damage 158 THE A. E. F. done in France by the American forces; 50,000 claims for losses from broken windows to de- stroyed forests were settled. These damage claims amounted to approximately one dollar for every soldier in France. The American private, with his base pay of one dollar a day, is relatively the best paid soldier in the world. Great Britain pays a private thirty-six cents a day, Germany ten cents, France five cents, and Italy three cents a day. American ofiScers are the highest paid men in mili- tary service except in the highest ranks, where Great Britain pays higher salaries. A captain in the U. S. Army receives $2*00 a month, in the German Army a captain receives $90 a month, Great Britain pays $86, France $80, and Italy $70 a month. The cost of equipping a soldier for overseas serv- ice was approximately $296.85. The equipment included 43 articles Q. M. C. equipment, costing $ 89.67 24 articles Ordnance equipment, costing 200.00 2 articles Medical equipment, costing 7.18 69 articles Total cost $296.85 The average prices for some of the above articles of equipment were as follows : Shoes, Field, Heavy Welt $ 6.81 per pair THE A. E. F. 159 Puttees, Woolen (Spiral) $ 2.20 per pair Breeches, Wool 0. D 4.82 per pair Coat, Wool 0. D 6.78 each Overcoat, Short, 0. D 12.17 each Cap — Overseas .92 each Blankets— 0. D., 3 lbs 6.50 each Slicker 3.74 each Rifle Model, 1917 19.00 each Gas Mask 7.00 each One of the most deserving D. S. M. awards of the A. E. F. was the Medal presented Miss Grace D. Banker of Passaic, N. J., who was chief oper- ator at First Army Headquarters during the St. Mihiel drive, and who by distinguished service assured the telephone system *s success during the drive. The American troops in their fighting in France took more than 10 German prisoners for every American captured by the enemy. Pneumonia caused 63 per cent, of all the deaths from disease among American troops. ** Khaki" is a Persian word meaning dust or earth color. **Line'* is an old army term applied to the old fighting branches — the infantry, artillery and cavalry. It originated in the days when these units fought in a line formation. On August 23, 1916, the ^^Star Spangled Banner" was designated by the President to be the na- tional anthem of the United States, 160 THE A. E. F. The initials A. E. F. indicated Australian Expe- ditionary Forces, as well as the American Ex- peditionary Forces. As a result there was at times a confusion in the mail intended for the Yanks and the Aussies. Cootie Soap is a great American discovery of the war. It kills both the cooties and the eggs. The formula was prepared by Colonel B. C. Howard of the Medical Corps and is as follows : Boil one part soap chips in four parts water. Add two parts kerosene oil or four parts of gasoline. This jellies when cold. The Salvage Department has recovered 91 per cent of all articles received. $3,000,000 worth of materials were salvaged after one American battle. 47,000 German prisoners were com- pletely clothed, furnished with 0. D. blankets, mess kits, etc., from the Salvage Department. New equipment would have cost $60.00 a man. The Government thus saved $2,820,000. Dead horses were inoculated by a special serum to prevent decay and shipped to French buyers. 23,456,021 men registered for military service under the Selective Service Law. In the regis- tration of September 12th, 1918, of men 18-20 and 32-45 years, all men were liable to service in either the Army, Navy or the Marine Corps. In former registrations, men were liable only to service in the Army. THE A. E. F. 161 In July, 1918, transportation of troops overseas reached the high water mark. In that month 147 ships transported 311,359 troops overseas. Aside from the troops serving in France, the United States had forces in other countries as follows : Italy, 5,589 (February 1, 1919). Siberia, 8,838 (March, 1919). Eussia, 5,206 (April, 1919). 105,000 members of the Salvation Army were serving as volunteers during the war with the various Allied Armies. The Y. M. C. A. had a personnel of 12,000 in France during hostilities serving with the American Army. On May 15th, 1919, 8,000 were serving overseas. The J. W. B. (Jewish Welfare Board) operated 45 huts in France and had 1,700 workers serving with the A. E. F. The Y. M. C. A. conducted more than 90,000 free moving picture shows in France between August, 1917, and April, 1919. The Knights of Columbus distributed free more than a half billion cigarettes during hostili- ties. The American Red Cross had 9,384 workers abroad in November, 1918. The organization dis- tributed 6,982,338 knitted garments abroad (in- 162 THE A. E. F. eluding comfort kits). The value of these articles was $11,008,063.44. The American Library Association received overseas more than two and a half million volumes of books. In addition to central libraries and a collection of 15,000 books at the headquarters at Paris, there were library collections in 636 Y. M. C. A. Centers 132 Hospitals 55 K. of C. Centers 41 Salvation Army Cabins 17 Y. W. C. A. Centers 7 Jewish Welfare Board Centers 21 Naval Stations 618 Military organizations 23 Miscellaneous civilian organizations CHAPTER VII REMINISCENCES After the days of fighting are over, after the long days of waiting for the steamship that will bear us to the homeland are past, after the 0. D. is off and we are back in civilian pursuits, the haze of years is very likely to cloud our memories. For some, as the years go by, the hardships and the battles will grow greater, the hikes longer, the cooties and the rats more numerous, the mud deeper and deeper. These men will be telling open-mouthed grandchildren of hikes of 80 kilometers a day, and of rivers of blood in the Argonne. Most of us, however, will in a measure forget the hardships of our experiences, the grease of K. P., and the ** sweet unreasonableness '' of our C. 0. The rough places of army life will be softened by the passing of years, and many things formerly a burden, a hardship, will later bring a smile. It is relatively easy to record facts, and thou- sands will record the facts of America's participa- tion in the Great War for Civilization. More difficult is it to record the attitude of the soldier participating in the war, or to describe the atmos- phere of the dugout. Few records will be made of these features of the war, and yet these features 163 164 THE A. E. F. are of greater human interest than the details of a battle. The present task, therefore, is to discover some means by which the attitude of the majority of the soldiers may be ascertained. A song lives if it expresses an emotion or senti- ment felt by a representative majority of people ; a slang phrase **goes*' if it expresses something that the majority of people want to say. In like manner, a saying or expression that is universally circulated in the army may be said to owe its ac- ceptance to the fact that it voices what the ma- jority of the men in the army feel. The final pages of this book containing the Familiar Expressions of the A. E. F., widely cir- culated rumors, bits of soldiers' rhymes, etc., may be taken collectively as a record of the average soldier's attitude in the present war. From a soldier's viewpoint, it is hoped that this little record of the things most talked of, and of the expressions and events most familiar, will awaken old associations and recall the spirit and atmosphere of the days in the A. E. F. INITIALS In the A. E. F. almost everything goes by initials. We encounter initials from the day we enter the S. 0. S. until we hit the F. L. T. From the C. in C. to the humblest K. P., nearly every- THE A. E. F. 165 body in the army is known by initials. If you get a G. S. W. in L. 0. D. and then some A. T. S. and reach the E. H., you may get a D. S. C. If you get a G. S. W. in a D. D. and become a D. P. you are just S. 0. L. and more work for the G. E. S. Join the I. S. and know the initials of the A. E. F. FAMOUS INITIALS OF THE A. E. F. A. A Anti-aircraft A. C American Canteen A. E. F.... American Expeditionary Forces A. L. A. . . American Library Association A. N. C... American Nursing Corps A. P. M.... Assistant Provost Marshal A. P. 0.... American Post Office A. Army of Occupation A. R. C... American Red Cross A. S Air Service, also Advance Sector A-m. Tn Ammunition Train A. T. S.... Anti-Tetanus Serum A. W. 0. L. Absent Without Leave C. A. C... Coast Artillery Corps C. C Compound Cathartic C. in C... Commander in Chief c. a Commander of the Guard C. I Cootie Inspection C. Commanding Officer c. p. 0.... Central Post Office C. R. 0.... Central Records Office C. S. w.... Chemical Warfare Service D. D Deep Dugout 166 THE A. E. F. D. P Daisy Pusher (Deceased soldier) D. S. C... DistingTiished Service Cross D. S. M.... Distinguished Service Medal E. H Evacuation Hospital E. S Evacuation Service F. A Field Artillery F. L. T Front Line Trench F. K Field Kitchen F. S. C... Field Signal Corps G-1 G-2 - ... .General Staff Officers G-^3 G. C. M.... General Court Martial G. H. Q.. . . G. I Galvanized Iron (Bombs and shells) G. General Order G. R. S.... Grave Registration Service G. S. W.... H. D. Q.... H. M. T.... His Majesty's Transport H. T I. S J. W. B.... Jewish Welfare Board K. C Knights of Columbus K. P Kitchen Police L. B Labor Battalion L. 0. D.... Line of Duty M. D Medical Department M. G Machine- Gun THE A. E. F. 167 M. 0. R. S Mobile Ordnance Repair Shop M. P Military Police M. T. C Motor Transport Corps 0. D Olive Drab (uniform), also Officer of the Day 0. P Obsei'vation Post Ord Ordnance P. C Post of Commander P. G Provost Guard, also Prisoner d'Guerre P. I Pioneer Infantry P. & S Pick and Shovel P. W Prisoner of War Q. M. C Quartermaster Corps R. K Rolling Kitchen R. T. Railway Transportation Officer S. C Signal Corps S. C. D Surgeon's Certificate of Disability S. C. M Summary Court Martial S. 0. L Sadly out of Luck (censored) S. 0. S Service of Supply San. Tr Sanitary Train Sup. Tr Supply Train S. S Statistical Section S. V. P If you please S. S. U Sanitary Service Unit T. B Tuberculosis T. C Tank Corps T. M Train Master U. S. A United States Army U. S. M. C United States Marine Corps U. S. N United States Navy U. S N. A United States National Army 168 THE A. E. F. U. S. N. G United States National Guard W. C. C. S War Camp Community Service W. W Whistling Willies Y. M. C. A. Z. A . . . Young Men's Christian Association . . . Zone of Advance FRENCH THAT EVERY SOLDIER KNEW As It Sounds Ah! Wee No-compra Bo Koo Combe-en ? Sangsant-santeems (rare) Dees-Frank (common) Seel-voo-play Oof Vin-rooge Champane Co-ne-ac Zig-zag Bon-joor-mademoiselle Voulay-promenade avec muh? Demane Parbon Ceswar Tray-been Macharee Embrassa mei Bon swar Finny legare Allay toot sweet Sooveneer de France French Ah! Oui Ne comprez pas Beaucoup Combien ? Cinquant centimes Dix Francs S'il vous plait Oeuf Vin rouge Champagne Cognac Zig-zag Bon Jour Made- moiselle Voulez-vous prome- nade avec moi? Demain Pas bon Ce soir Tres bien Ma cherie Embrass moi Bon soir Finis la guerre Allez tout-de-suite Souvenir de France What It Means Yes, (sure) Don't get you Much, Plenty How much? One frog dime (9c) Good-by two bucks! If you please One egg Red wine Champagne Brandy Too much of the above ( drunk ) Howdy, chicken How about a walk? To-morrow Very bad To-night Very good My dear Kiss me, kid Good-night War over Get out quick Silk handkerchiefs THE A. E. F. 169 CONFIDENTIAL GUIDE WHAT NOT TO FEED THE RETURNED SOLDIERS! Arw^y Name Civilian Disguise 1. Canned Willie Corned Beef 2. Goldfish Salmon 3. Slum Meat Stew 4. Hardtack Hard Bread 5. Beans Beans 6. Alfalfa Hydrated Vegetables 7. Rabbit food Carrots Findings of a Caucus Aboard the U. S. S. Louisville, March, 1919 LET'S BE FRANK Did you ever hear of a division : That didn't fight the Prussian Guards ^ That wasn't used as shock troops'? That didn't capture German women using machine-guns'? That didn't boast an Artillery Sergeant who killed a Captain who was proved to be a German spy? That didn't pick flaws in the fighting ability of the division on their left"? That didn't think that it would be home by Christmas? GENERAL ORDERS (Revised for those about to leave the service) By Happy Hobart Every soldier who is liable to Guard Duty is required to memorize the twelve general orders and to be able to repeat them on demand. With Private Hobart's permission his re- vision is published. 1. To take charge of my discharge and annex all Government property in view. 170 THE A. E. F. 2. To accept my discharge in a military manner, keeping always on the alert, observing that it will not be revoked before I get out of sight or hearing. 3. To take the fastest train home and not to stop at any military post on my way. 4. Not to quit civil life after being discharged from the army. 5. To repeat all rumors that originate at points nearer headquarters than my own. 6. To receive, believe and pass on to my children all statements confirming General Sher- man ^s idea of war. 7. To talk to no one about reenlisting. 8. In case of the presence of a recruiting officer to give the alarm. 9. When calling on a girl to allow no military person on or near my reservation. 10. To salute all officers who assisted me in getting my discharge and to salute all Budweiser and Vin Rouge not cased. 11. In any case not covered by instructions to claim exemption. 12. To be especially watchful at night to allow no one to pass without buying a drink. THE A. E. F. 171 *^LEST WE FORGET'' MUD It drippeth and it sticketh, It clingeth to the hair; It's where you eat, It's where you sleep, Mud, Mud everywhere. COOTIES I've hunted the Hun in the Argonne, At camouflage they were expert. Hard hunting 'twas true, but far harder to do Was to find the last '^coot" in your shirt. RATS Of all the beasts that roam in France The fiercest are the rats. They fear not guns nor bombs nor men, They often kill the cats. On bunks and floor all night they play And practice squad formation. They steal our eats and steal our sox — We supply their army ration. One night old Jim woke with a yell Most piteous to hear. He dreamed a bullet bored him through — A rat had chewed his ear. 172 THE A. E. F. There 're rats in dugouts, trench and field, They thrive in every weather. Tho ' armies come and armies go. The rats increase forever. RUMORS The spice of army life! The latest *^ official dope'' that spreads faster than the flu. The spark of comedy that keeps hope alive forever. Do you remember these : We leave for overseas next week. We'll see land to-morrow. Big Allied offensive starts within 48 hours. Edison gas will be used in the next offensive. Foch has warned all civilians to withdraw fifty miles. Metz has fallen. We're going to a rest camp. General X of the Division on the left has been relieved, court-martialed and returned to the States. President Wilson has been assassinated. The armistice will be signed to-night. We start for the ports next Tuesday. We'll get our discharge to-morrow. THE A. E. F. 173 FAMILIAR EXPRESSIONS OF THE A. E. F. It 's a great life if you don 't weaken ! Another day, another dollar; a million days, a million dollars. So this is France ! And they call this a rest camp ! Those d bees! They can^t make you do it, but they can make you wish you had done it. 40 Hommes, 8 chevaux — (side door Pullman). Where do we go from here T We're hittin\ It's all right — if you can get away with it. When do we eat? And they call this ^* Sunny France^'! Wounded in the battle of Champagne. You tell 'em. Eearin' to go! I '11 say he 's hard boiled. Slum for supper. What outfit's this? Going in, or coming out? Up and at 'em! Hell, Heaven or Hoboken ! We're goin' to be relieved to-night. How long have you been fighting on this front? Lucky goldbrick ! What part of the States do you come from? 174 THE A. E. F. FAMILIAR EXPRESSIONS OF THE A. E. F. When do we go home 1 Wanna go home. Can^t stand there, soldier. Who said reenlist? COMFY HOSPITAL (Dedicated to T. T. D.) I If yon ever stop some shrapnel, Or can raise an ache or pain ; If you're tired of fighting ^* cooties'' And a-workin' in the rain, Well, I know a place of refuge And I '11 whisper you its name. Eef rain : Hospital — Comfy Hospital ! No more mud and lots of eats, Nice soft bed and even sheets. When you hear the bugle call, There you don't fall out at all. Nurses hold you in a trance. Finest place in all of France Is the Hospital ! n If you're sore at your top sergeant And you do not like your Cap. When you ask him for a transfer THE A. E. F. 175 And he comes back with a rap, Well, there 's one place that will take you And I'll tell you where it's at. Eefrain. Ill If you 're tired o ' digging ditches And policing through the snow ; If your name is extra duty, And you live on K. P. Row And you 're listed for Court Martial Then I '11 tell you where to go. Refrain. IV If you're homesick for the ladies. And the French dames will not do And you're hungry for a real smile That will thrill you through and through, There's one place you'll find real girlies And I'll name that place for you. Refrain. V All you need is that blue ticket And some clever little bluff That will keep you round the Ward stove When the outside 's kind o ' rough 176 THE A. E. F. Then you're in for solid comfort And a heap of goldbrick stuff. Eefrain. Written at E. H. No. 21, Bazoilles Center, February, 1919. WHO WON THE WAR? Who won the war 1 This is the one great ques- tion that the soldiers of the Allies have never been able to decide among themselves. Each nation has put her whole soul and strength into the war. It is only natural, therefore, that each nation should claim the great victory for herself; that; is her privilege. Every Tommie thinks that Great Britain won the war, and can cite great naval achievements and great victories of the British Army to support his argument. Every soldier of the Italian Army is convinced that the en- trance of Italy at a critical hour saved the war for the Allies. Every Belgian soldier thinks that the heroic fight of the little Belgian Army was the really big item of the war. Every soldier of the French Army speaks glibly of their long fight of more than four years, telling you of the Marne and Verdun, and asks with a shrug, **Can there be a question?'' Finally every Yank knows that America won the war and points with pride to Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel and the Argonne. THE A. E. F. 177 But even this does not settle the question for the energetic Yank. He must decide just what branch of the service won the war. Ask the doughboys who won the war and they will tell you the M. P. 's and the Y. M. C. A. Ask the boys in the forward areas and they will give the victory to the S. 0. S., the Air Service or the Q. M. C. And when the question is put to the boys in the S. 0. S. they will reply that the Silver Stripes won the war. Certain periodicals have declined these suggestions and have accorded the honor to the Marines. One second Lieutenant of the Q. M. C. spent a full ninety days preparing an argument to prove that the officers won the war. And so the argument revolves around and around like the wheel in a squirrel cage until in the dizzy whirl, the men sometimes lose sight of that Good-will, without which, Peace on Earth would be a failure. It is idle to say that any one nation or that any branch or unit of any one nation won the war. The victory was a result of unity of purpose ; of unity of action; of the most extensive cooperation that the world has ever known. It was the bleed- ing hearts, the bruised souls of a score of nations protesting against a murderous assault on Civili- zation that prompted the sending forth of armies to battle for Liberty. It was the loyal coopera- tion, the self-sacrifice of the civilians of the na- 178 THE A. E. F. tions that equipped the Armies and provided the sinews of war. And finally it was the tireless work of the Allied navies in cooperation with the unified action of all the Allied armies, inspired by the love, sacrifice and prayers of all the nations, that caused crushing defeat to the Arch Enemy of Civilization. The war is at an end. The Nations are laying down their arms. Not so lightly, however, are the ideals, the spirit of unity and cooperation to be laid aside. The many wooden crosses in France and Belgium and beyond the Alps and those more scattered graves beneath the restless waves — these are mutely crying that Death may not have been in vain; they are mutely crying for a Future for which they have given their all, a Future based on love, sacrifice, unity, cooperation; a glorious Fu- ture based on the Brotherhood of Man. APPENDIX We often hear of the exploits of a certain regi- ment. Since the history of the war is written largely in terms of divisions, the following table will be of value in finding to what division a cer- tain regiment belonged. It will also be of value in showing just what units were contained in each division. 179 180 THE A. E. F. UNITS COMPRISING DIVISIONS .2 • i-l > Ol i < 00 g "So c Field Sig. Bn. Trains and M.P. 1 16-18-26-28 1- 2- 3 5- 6- 7 1 1 2 1 2 9-23-51-61 4- 5- 6 12-17-15 2 2 1 2 3 4- 7-30-38 7- 8- 9 10-18-76 3 6 5 3 4 39-47-58-59 10-11-12 13-16-77 4 4 8 4 5 6-11- 6-61 13-14-15 19-20-21 5 7 9 5 6 51-52-53-54 16-17-18 3-78-11 6 318 6 6 7 34-55-56-64 19-20-21 8-79-80 7 5 10 7 8 8-12-13-62 22-23-24 2-81-83 8 319 320 8 9 45-46-67-68 25-26-27 25-26-27 9 209 209 9 10 20-41-69-70 28-29-30 28-29-30 10 210 210 10 11 17-63-71-72 31-32-33 70-71-72 24 211 211 24 12 36-42-73-74 35-36-34 34-35-36 12 312 312 12 13 1-44-75-76 37-38-39 37-38-39 13 213 213 13 14 10-40-77-78 40-41^2 40-41-42 14 214 214 14 15 43-79-57-80 43-44-45 43-44-45 15 215 215 15 16 21-81-32-82 46-47-48 46-47-48 16 216 216 16 17 5-83-29-84 49-50-51 49-50-51 17 217 217 17 18 19-85-35-86 52-53-54 52-53-54 18 218 218 18 19 14-87- 2-88 55-56-57 55-56-57 19 219 219 19 20 48-89-50-90 58-59-60 58-59-60 20 220 220 20 26 101-102 103-104 101-102 103 101-102 103 101 101 101 101 27 105-106 107-108 104-105 106 104-105 106 102 102 102 102 28 109-110 111-112 107-108 109 107-108 109 103 103 103 103 29 113-114 115-116 110-111 112 110-111 112 104 104 104 104 30 117-118 119-120 113-114 115 113-114 115 105 105 105 105 31 121-122 123-124 116-117 118 116-117 118 106 106 106 106 THE A. E. F. 181 ca O tit fi & f^ •3 « ,^ I ^ .S -^ W c -^ :s -d • t ! o ^ :^ to £ -^ 32 125-126 119-120 119-120 107 107 107 107 127-128 121 121 33 129-130 122-123 122-123 108 108 108 108 131-132 124 124 34 133-134 125-126 125-126 109 109 109 109 135-136 127 127 35 137-138 128-129 128-129 110 110 110 110 139-140 130 130 36 141-142 131-132 131-132 111 111 111 111 143-144 133 133 37 145-146 134-135 134-135 112 112 112 112 147-148 136 136 38 149-150 137-138 137-138 113 113 113 113 151-152 139 139 39 153-154 140-141 140-141 114 114 114 114 155-156 142 142 40 157-158 143-144 143-144 115 115 115 115 159-160 145 145 41 161-162 146-147 146-147 116 116 116 116 163-164 148 148 42 165-166 149-150 149-150 117 117 117 117 167-168 151 151 76 301-302 301-302 301-302 301 301 301 301 303-304 303 303 77 305-306 304-305 304-305 302 302 302 302 307-308 306 306 78 309-310 307-308 307-308 303 303 303 303 311-312 309 309 79 313-314 310-311 310-311 304 304 304 304 315-316 312 312 80 317-318 313-314 313-314 305 305 305 305 319-320 315 315 81 321-322 316-317 316-317 306 306 306 306 323-324 318 318 182 THE A. E. F. § •I-l IS > 1— 1 82 325-326 327-328 83 329-330 331-332 84 333-334 335-336 85 337-338 339-340 86 341-342 343-344 87 345-346 347-348 88 349-350 351-352 89 353-354 355-356 90 357-358 359-360 91 361-362 363-364 92 365-366 367-368 93 369-370 371-372 a 'So ield g.Bn. •■-1 ^ < hS H f^ '^ H 05 319-320 319-320 307 307 307 307 321 321 322-323 322-323 308 308 308 308 324 324 325-326 325-326 309 309 309 309 327 327 328-329 328-329 310 310 310 310 330 330 331-332 331-332 311 311 311 311 333 333 334-335 334-335 312 312 312 312 336 336 337-338 337-338 313 313 313 313 339 339 340-341 340-341 314 314 314 314 342 342 343-544 343-344 315 315 315 315 345 345 346-347 346-347 316 316 316 316 348 348 349-350 349-350 317 317 317 317 351 351 1 U. S. Marines. THE A. E. F. 18 REFERENCES "Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army." — Heitman. "Our Country." — Lossing. "History of the World War." — Frances A. March. Report of the Secretary of War — 1918. World Almanac— 1919. "Weekly Press Intei'view" by the Chief of Staff. "Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army." — Heitman. "Battles of America." — Tomes. INDEX Acorn Division, 103 See Eighty-seventh Division Adjutant General's Department, 28 Collar insignia of, 115 Advance Sector Insignia of, 46 Insignia worn by, 128, 130, 133 Location of, 45 Shelling of, 46 Units located in, 46 Advance made by divisions, 113 A. E. F. Commanded by, 37 Confusion of initials, 160 Famous initials of, 164 Greatest engagements of, 57 Guns, etc., captured by, 57 Hospitals of, 126, 157 Major engagements of, 57 Organization of, 37 Prisoners captured by, 57, 159 Shipment of cargo to, 157 Signal service for, 133, 134 Spirit of, 164 Total losses in, 33 Troops serving at various dates, 30 Aeroplanes Direct artillery, 122 Equipment of, 137 Fighting, 42 Furnish rapid transportation, 155 Hostile attack by, 42 Observation, 42 185 Part in battle, 42 Photographers, 42 Production of, 136 Pursuit, 42 Voice command of, 137 Work of, 116 Aero Squadron Of an army corps, 38 Receives French Fourragere, 150 Types of, 137 Aid to General, 115 Aircraft Board, 136 Air Park, 37, 45 Air Service, 165, 177 Awards, 145 Balloons, part of, 137 Battle deaths per tliousand, 146 Commendation of, 138 Fatalities in, 138, 146 First American squadron, 138 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of, 115, 138 Liberty motor produced, 137 Number killed in battle, 146 Organized as separate branch, 136 Per cent of troops in air serv- ice, 115 Personnel of, 138 Production of planes, 136, 137 Strength of, November, 1918, 115 Timber production for, 136 Types of Aero Squadrons, 137 186 INDEX Air Service (cont'd) Under Aircraft Board, 136 Under Signal Corps, 136 Where trained, 28 Aisne Defensive, 26, 57 French advance along, 16 Marne oflFensive, 27, 57 See Oise-Aisne Alabama Anniston (Camp McClellan), 83 Montgomery ( Camp Sheri- dan), 75, 90 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-second Di- vision, 100 in Ninety-second Division, 108 in Thirty-ninth Division, 92 in Thirty-first Division, 85 Alamo Division, 106 See Ninetieth Division Alaska Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-first Divi- sion, 107 Ail-American Division, 100 See Eighty-second Division Allen, Henry T., Major General, 56 Allied nations Cooperation of, 178 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Total casualties, 19 Total population, 18 Troops wear Victory Medal, 148 Allies Aided in aeroplane produc- tion, 136 Austria surrenders to, 16 Begin Somme offensive, 15 Bulgaria surrenders to, 16 Cross the Oise, 16 IMake great advances, 16 Naval forces bombard Ostend, 16 Reject German peace offer, 15 Turkey surrenders to, 16 Alsace Eightv-eighth Division activ- ity, 104 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Twenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 83 Ambulance Companies of a division, 39 of an army corps, 38 Work in an offensive, 44 Ambulance service, 127 American Artillery fires first shot, 25 Battle casualties, 26, 33 Flag carried into battle, 25 Merchant vessels destroyed, 34 Troops take position in front line, 25 Troops reach France, 25 American Canteen, 165 American Nursing Corps, 165 American Library Association, 162, 165 American Red Cross, 165 Garments and kits sent abroad, 161 Summer campaign of 1918, 143 Workers overseas, 161 Work of doctors, 66 Americans Begin Argonne offensive, 16 Lost on Lusitania, 15, 24 on Tuscania, 26 INDEX 187 Americans (cont'd) Occupy Sedan, 16 Repulse attack near Toul, 26 Smash Hindenburg line, 16, 27 America's losses in the World War, 33 America's Part in the World War, 23 Amiens, 16 Amiens sector, 87 Ammunition Calibers changed, 132 Destruction of unused, 132 Equipment of a division, 60 Handling of, 132 How conveyed, 65 Ammunition dumps Destroyed after armistice, 132 Location of, 45 Prepared for offensive, 40 Target for artillery, 41 Ammunition train, 165 Attached to artillery in bat- tle, 122 Commander of, 64 Duties of, 65, 121 Hat cord of, 154 Of a division, 39, 65 Part in an offensive, 44 Per cent of service, 115 Strength in a division, 60 March, 1917, 115, November, 1918, 115 Anould sector, 73 Ansawville Sector, 68 Anthracite Coal Mines, 145 Anti-aircraft Equipment of an Army Corps, 38 Location of guns in an offen- sive, 45 Anti-aircraft service, 165 Action against hostile planes, 42, 119 Insignia, 124, 125 Pits for guns, 123 Types of guns used, 123, 124, 131 Anti-tetanus serum, 65, 165 Antwerp, 14 Archangel, 27 Argonne Forest Infantry fighting in, 116, 117 Memories of, 163 Argonne-Meuse offensive American offensive begins, 16 Date of, 27, 57 Eightieth Division activity, 98 Eighty-first Division activity, 99, 100 Eighty-ninth Division activ- ity, 105 Eighty-second Division activ- ity, 100 Fifth Division activity, 73 First Division activity, 68 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Fourth Division activity, 72 How commanded, 39 How fought, 39 Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Ninety- first Division activity, 107 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, lOS Ninetv-third Division activ- ity, 109 Participation of First Army, 49 Per cent of casualties, 36 Plan of battle, 44 Second Division activity, 70 188 INDEX Argoniie-Meuse (cont'd) Seventy-eighth Division activ- ity, 96 Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 96 Sixth Division activity, 74 Third Division activity, 71 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 89 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 90 Twenty-eighth Division activ- ity, 83 Twenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 83, 84 Twenty-sixth Division activ- ity, 81 Arizona Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Troops in Ninetieth Division, 106 Arkansas Little Rock (Camp Pike), 103 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-seventh Division, 103 Troops in Thirty-ninth Divi- sion, 92 Armistice Effective between Russia and Germany, 16 Germany signs, 17 See "Rumors," 127-172 Army, 167 A fighting unit, 28 Amusements and recreations, 32 Camps and cantonments, 32 Casualties, 33 Growth of, 29, 30, 31 Honors and symbols of, 147 Housing of, 32 Officers, 32 Organization of, 28 Strength of, 30, 35, 38 Training of in camps, 33 Type, Liberty motor, 137 Army, American A changing unit, 59 Commanded by, 37 Composed of, 37 History of the three armies, 49 Location of in combat, 45 Number of, 37 Troops engaged in actual com- bat, 57 Y. M. C. A. serving with, 161 See First Army Second Army Third Army Army Corps A changing unit, 59 Commanded by, 38 Composing an army, 37 Composition of, 38, 51 Fighting unit, 28 Histories of, 51 Location in combat, 45 Location of various units of, 45 Number of, 38, 51 Part in Argonne offensive, 39, 40 Strength of, 38 Troops engaged in actual com- bat, 57 See First Army Corps Second Army Corps Third Army Corps Fourth Army Corps Fifth Army Corps INDEX 189 Army Corps (cont'd) See Sixth Army Corps Seventh Army Corps Eighth Armv Corps, etc. Army life, 172, 173 Army of occupation, 165, 155 See Third Army Artillery Aids Infantry, 58 Ammunition Carried for, 65 Train attached to, 122 Used, 63 Anti-aircraft, 38 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 145 Barrage, 40 Captured, 57 Command of, 122 Equipment changed for World War, 132 Hat cord of, 154 How directed, 42, 122 Importance of, 122 Increased use of, 121, 124 Insignia of, 124 Kinds in a division, 63 Kinds of shells used, 41 Numbering of regiments, 179 Number killed in battle, 145 Of an army, 37 Of a division, 39, 63 Part in an offensive, 42, 44 Prepared for an offensive, 40 Reserve mallet attached to, 123 Silenced, 43 Signals used, 122 Trench mortar attached, 124 Types of artillery used, 121 Value to whole army, 124 WTiere stationed, 63 Work of, 63, 116, 121 See Anti-aircraft guns at- tached, 129 Coast Artillery Field Artillery Railroad Artillery Artillery, heavy Location of, 121 Transportation of, 132 Artillery, park, 38 Artois Front, 98 Assistant Provost Marshal, 165 Austria-Hungary Archduke assassinated, 13, 14 Attacks Serbia, 14 Date entered war, 18 Declares war on Russia, 14 Declares war on Serbia, 14 Number died in battle, 20 Men in arms, 20 Population of, 18 Sends ultimatum to Serbia, 14 Severs diplomatic relations with U. S., 25 Surrenders to Allies, 16 Total casualties, 20 War declared by Great Britain, 14 France, 14 United States, 16, 26 Austrians, 16 Australians, 160 Automatic rifles Equipment of a division, 60 Use of, 131, 132 Auxiliary Units Of an army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Aviation, 134 Awards By Services, 148 Of foreign medals, 149 To branches of service, 145 To divisions, 113 190 INDEX Baccarat Sector Fortv-second Division activ- ity, 26, 94 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 90 Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 94 Back area, 45 Bakers, 154 Bakery Company, 38 Balloon Company of an Army Corps, 38 Direction of artillery fire, 122 Observation, 43, 137 Part in an offensive, 42 Part of air service, 137 Preparations for an offensive, 40 Ballon, Charles C, Major Gen- eral, 55, 108 Band, regimental, 62 Barrage How lifted, 40 Uses of, 41 Bar-sur-Aube, 50 Base Hospitals Duties of, 66 First Unit sailed, 25 Insignia of, 128 Location of, 46, 48 Number in A. E. F., 126 Of an army, 38 Battalion Sergeant Major, 152 Battles Memories of, 163 Offensive, 40 Of Vittorio, Italy, 27 Battle deaths Allied nations, 19 By branch of service, 146 Central Powers, 20 First American, 26 In American divisions, 110 In the A. E. F., 33, 145 In important wars of United States, 35 In World War, 13, 20 Beans Pounds shipped overseas, 129 See "Confidential Guide," 169 Beauregard, camp Seventeenth Division trained at, 79 Thirty-ninth Division trained at, 92 Belgium Crosses in, 178 Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 German outrages in, 23 Invaded by Germans, 14 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Medals and awards to A. E. F., 149 Men in arms, 19 Ninety-first Division activity in, 107 Per cent of front line held, 21 Population, 17 Receives ultimatum from Germany, 14 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 91 Total casualties, 19 Twenty-seventh Division ac- tivity in, 81 Views on winning of war, 176 Bellicourt, 82 Big Bertha, 47 Black Hawk Division, 103 See Eighty-sixth Division Blanc Mont Sector Second Division activity in, 70 Thirty-sixth Division activity, 90 INDEX 191 Blue and Gray Division, 83 See Twenty-ninth Division Blue Ridge Division, 98 See Eightieth Division Bolivia, 19 Bolsheviki, 33 Bombers and sappers, 61 Bombing squadron, 137 Books In Paris, 162 Number in A. E. F., 162 Bourges Location of Central Post- office, 48 Location of Central Records Office, 49 Bowie, Camp, 89 Branches of the service Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Changing warfare eflFects, 114 Comparative strength of branches, 115 D. S. C. awards, 145 Increasing complexity of, 114 Interdependence of, 58 Number died of wounds, 146 Number killed in action, 146 Per cent in each branch, 115 Which won the war, 177 Work and accomplishments of, 116 Brassards, 153 Brazil Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Brigadier General Command of, 61, 151 Insignia of, 151 Number holding rank, 151 Pay of, 152 British Calibers adopted for United States Artillery, 132 Capture Jerusalem, 16 Cavalry, 134 Defeat Germans at Ypres, 15 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Medals and honors awarded A. E. F., 149 Medical officers assigned to, 126 Navy cooperates with United States, 25 Per cent of front line held, 21 Use tanks, 15 Views on winning of war, 176 Win and lose ground at Cambrai, 15 British Empire Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 Brotherhood of man, 178 Browning, Mr. John M., 131 Buckeye Division, 90 Buffalo Division, 108 See Thirty-seventh Division See Ninety-second Division Bulgaria Enters war, 15, 17 Population, 17 Surrenders to Allies, 16 Bullard, R. L., Lieutenant Gen- eral, 150 Commands First Army, 50 Commands Third Army Corps, 53 Bullseye Division, 92 See Thirty-ninth Division Bundy, Omar, Major General Commands Seventh Corps, 33 Commands Sixth Corps, 33 Bureau of mines, 145 192 INDEX Cactus Division, 79 See Eighteenth Division California Bio Alto (Camp Fremont) , 93 Linda Vista (Camp Kearny), 78, 92 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Troops in Ninety-first Divi- sion, 107 Cambrai Americans repulse attack near, 26 Battle of, 15 Captured, 15 Lost, 15 Offensive, 15, 135 Work of Tanks, 141 Cameron, George H., Major General, 54 Camouflage section Insignia of, 119 Work of, 120 Camps Cost of, 32 Debarkation, 48 Embarkation, 48 For National Guard Divi- sions, 32 Life in, 32 Prison, 48 Replacement, 48 Rest, 173 Candy, 155 Canned meats, 129 Cantigny Sector, 86 Cantonments Cost of, 32 For National Army Divisions, 32 Captain, 174 Command of, 150 Insignia of, 150 Pay of in United States, 152, 158 Pay of in other countries, 158 Carpathians, 15 Casualties First American, 25 In A. E. F., 33 In American Divisions, 110 In Army, 33 In Great American battles, 36 In Important American wars, 35 In Marine Corps, 33 In Navy, 34 In World War, 13, 19 Of Allies, 19 Of Central Powers, 20 Of all nations participating, 19, 20 On troop ship Tuscania, 26 Total of war, 20 Cavalry Arms of, 134 Battle of deaths per thousand, 146 Duties of, 135 Hat cord of, 154 Hindrances to, 135 Insignia of, 115, 135 Number killed in battle, 146 Number with A. E. F., 135 Of an army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Organization of, 28 Per cent of service, 115 Service during World War, 134 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 Strength of, November, 1918, 115 INDEX 193 Cavell, Edith, 15 Central Powers Bulgaria enters war with, 15 Died in battle, 20 Interment of prisoners, 33 Men in arms, 20 Total casualties, 20 Central Records Office, 165 Insigfnia of, 49 Location of, 48 Numbers employed, 49 Work of, 49 Champagne-Marne defensive, 27, 57 Second Division activity, 70 Thirty-sixth Division activ- ity, 90 Chaplain Insignia of, 151 Usual command, 151 Charts Collar insignia, 115 Shoulder insignia, frontis- piece Showing officers' insignia of rank, 150 Showing coordination of com- mand, 39 Showing non-commissioned officers' chevrons, 152 Chateau-Thierry First Division activity, 68 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Second Division activity, 70 Third Division activity, 71 Twenty-eighth Division activ- ity, 82 Twenty-sixth Division activ- ity, 26 See Soissons and Mame counter offensive Chaumont, 37 Chemical warfare service, 165 First gas and flame troops, 142 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of, 115, 144 Organization of, 142 Per cent of service, 115 Production of gas, 143 Production of gas masks, 144 Strength of, November, 1918, 115, 143 Work of American universi- ties, 142 Work of bureau of mines, 142 Work of medical department, 142 Use of Livens projectors, 143 Chemin des Dames Sector, 80 Chevrons, 152 Chief of Staff, 28 China Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Cigarettes Number consumed, 155 Distributed by K. of C, 161 Shipped overseas, 129 Civilian employees, 128 Civil War Casualties in greatest battles, 36 Death rate from disease, 127 Greatest strength of forces, 35 History of differs, 58 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops engaged, 35 Wounded, 35 Clover Leaf Division, 104 See Eighty-eighth Division Coast Artillery Corps, 165 Awards, 146 Battle deaths, thousand, 145 Insignia of, 115, 124 194 INDEX Coast Artillery Corps (cont'd) Number killed in battle, 145 Per cent of service, 115 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Use in World War, 122 Coblenz First Division activity, 69 Headquarters located at, 51 Codes, army, 134 Cody, Camp, 88 Collar insignia, 115 Air service, 115, 138 Artillery, 115, 124 Cavalry, 115, 135 Chemical warfare service, 115, 144 Engineers, 115, 119 Infantry, 115, 118 Medical department, 115, 127 Motor transport service, 115, 140 Ordnance Corps, 115, 132 Quartermaster Corps, 115, 130 Signal Corps, 115, 134 Tank Corps, 115, 142 Colonel Command of, 151 Insignia of, 151 Pay of, 152 Colorado Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- sion, 105 Fortieth Division, 92 Combatant troops Numbers engaged, 57 Under command of, 49 Comfy Hospital, 174 Command, system of, 37 Commander-in-chief, 165 Of A. E. F., 37 Of Allied Armies, 39 Of United States Army and Navy, 28 Commander of the guard, 165 Commanding officer, 163, 165 Commissary, 38 Commissions, 32 Commission on training camp activities, 32 Confidential guide, 169 Congressional medal of honor, 147 Connecticut Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-third Divi- sion, 109 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Cooks, 154 Cooperation, 177 Cooties Inspection for, 165 Memories of, 163 Ode to, 171 Soap for, 160 Corned beef, 169 Corporal, 152 Corps, Army See Army Corps Corps Sergeant, 152 Cost of World War, 13 Total cost, 22 To various nations, 21 Costa Rica Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Counter-attack, 42, 43 Counter offensive Cambria, 15 Foch, 16 Croix de Guerre, 149 Cronkhite, Adelbert, Major Gen- eral, 55 Crown Prince, 17 INDEX 195 Cuba Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Custer, Camp Eighty-fifth Division trained at, 102 Fourteenth Division trained at, 78 Custer Division, 102 See Ei,c:hty-fifth Division Cyclone Division, 91 See Thirty-eighth Division Damages, 158 Dates Notable dates in World War, 14 Of nations' entry into war, 17 i^merican red letter days, 24 Debt Of Allies, 22 Of Central Powers, 22 Dead, burial of, 44 Deaths In the A. E. F., 33 In the U. S., 33 See battle deaths Deep dugout, 165 Delaware Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-eighth Division, 96 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Dentists, 126 Depot Divisions, 93, 101, 102, 110 Devens, Camp Seventy-sixth Division trained at, 95 Twelfth Division trained at, 77 Diagram of battle formation, 45 Dickebush Sector, 81 Dickman, Joseph T., Major General Commands First Army Corps, 52 Fourth Army Corps, 53 Third Army Corps, 51 Died in battle See battle deaths Diplomatic relations Nations severing, 18, 19 United States severs with Germany, 25 Disease Death from pneumonia, 159 Death rates in various wars, 127 Died of in A. E. F., 33 Died of in United States, 33 Distinguished service cross, 148, "l66 Awards by branch of service, 145 Divisions, 113 Types of service, 148 Conditions of award, 145, 148 Distinguished service medal, 147, 159, 166 District of Columbia Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-third Divi- sion, 109 Seventy-ninth Division, 77 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 District of Paris A forbidden area, 47 A special area, 45, 47 Commanded by, 47 Insignia of, 47 Organizations located within, 47 Divisions, 38 A Staple Unit, 59 Awards to, 113 Chief aim of, 61 196 INDEX Divisions (cont'd) Commanded by, 61 Composing an Army Corps, 38 Day's ration for, 155 Depot — See Depot Divisions Distinctive titles abolished, 67 Equipment of, 60 Fighting machine, 66 Fighting units, 28, 158 French, strength of, 58 German, strength of, 58 Housing of, 32 In supply service, 102, 103 Kilometers advanced by, 113 Length in column, 61 Location when in combat, 45 National Army, 67 National Guard, 67 Number engaged in combat, 67 Number of battle deaths in, 110, 111 Number of wounded in, 110, 111 Number organized, 66 Number overseas, 66 Participating in Argonne of- fensive, 39 Prisoners captured from, 110, 111 Regular Army, 67 Replacements, 111, 112 (See Replacement Divi- sions) Rumors of, 169 Strength of, 39, 112 Strength of American, 58, 60 The American, 58 Total casualties in, 110, 111 Training of, 59 Troops in actual fighting, 57 Units comprising, 39, 178, 179 Where trained, 28 Division Headquarters Duties of, 61 Units attached to, 61 War strength of, 60 Divisional spirit, 59 Dix, Camp, 96 Dixie Division, 85 See Thirty-first Division Dodge, Camp Eighty-eighth Division trained at, 104 Nineteenth Division trained at, 79 Dombasle-Luneville, 94 Doniphan, Camp, 88 Doughboys, 62 See Infantry Draft Drawing of numbers, 25 First registration, 25 Number of troops inducted, 30 Second registration, 160 Selective service act signed, 25 Under control of, 28 Draft Dodgers' Club, 156 Drives Argonne, 16 Austrian into Italy, 16 British on Cambrai, 15 Foch Counter-offensive, 16 German-Austrian into Italy, 15 German on Amiens, 16 German on channel ports, 16 German on Marne, 16 German on Marne and Paris, 14 German on Verdun, 15 Hindenburg line, 16 St. Mihiel, 16 Ecuador, 19 INDEX 197 Eighth Army Corps A part of First Army, 50 Commander, 56 Date organized, 56 Divisions comprising, 56 Insignia of, 56 Eighteenth Division Commander, 79 Name of, 79 Training at, 79 Units comprising, 179 Eighth Division Arrival in France, 75 Commander, 75 Insignia, 75 Name of, 75 Units comprising, 179 Eightieth Division Activities, 98, 99 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 98 Awards, 99, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 99, 110 Commander, 98 Guns captured, 99 Insignia, 99 Name of, 98 Prisoners captured, 99 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 98 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners, 111 Total advance, 99, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 98 Wounded, 111 Eighty-eighth Division Activities, 104 A part of Ninth Army Corps, 56 A part of Seventh Army Corps, 55 A part of Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 104 Awards, 104 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 104, 110 Commander, 104 Insignia, 104 Name of, 104 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 104 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 104 Wounded, 111 Eighty-fifth Division Activities, 103 Arrival in France, 102 Commander, 102 Insignia, 102 Name, 102 States providing troops, 102 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 102 Eighty-first Division Activities, 99, 100 A part of Eighth Army Corpi, 56 A part of Seventh Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 99 Awards, 100, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 100, 110 Commander, 99 Insignia, 100 Name of, 99 Replacements, 112 States furnishing troops, 99 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Total advance, 100, 113 Units comprising, 180 198 INDEX Eighty-first Division (cont'd) Where trained, 99 Wounded, 111 Eighty-fourth Division Arrival in France, 102 Commander, 102 Insignia, 102 Name of, 102 States furnishing troops, 102 Units comprising, 181 Wliere trained, 102 Eighty-ninth Division Activities, 105 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 105 Awards, 106, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 105 Commander, 105 Guns captured, 105 Insignia, 106 Name of, 105 Prisoners captured, 105 Replacements, 112 States furnishing troops, 105 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 105, 113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 105 W^ounded, 110 Eighty-second Division Activities, 100 A part of First Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 100 Awards, 101, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 101, 110 Commander, 100 Guns captured, 101 Insignia, 101 Name of, 100 Prisoners captured, 100, 101 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 100 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners, 110 Total advance, 101, 113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 100 Wounded, 110 Eighty- seventh Division Arrival in France, 103 Commander, 103 Insignia, 104 Name of, 103 States supplying troops, 103 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, i03 Eighty-sixth Division Arrival in France, 103 Commander, 103 Insignia, 103 Name of, 103 States supplying troops, 103 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 103 Eighty-third Division Activities, 101 Arrival in France, 101 Commander, 101 Insignia, 101 Insignia of 332nd Infantry, 118 States supplying troops, 101 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 101 Eleventh Division Commander, 76 Insignia, 76 Name of, 76 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 76 Embarkation, 157 Enemy Aliens apprehended, 144 INDEX 199 Enemy (cont'd) Troops in action against, 57 Engagements Major of A. E. F., 57 Map showing location of, 57 Engineers Classification of, 63 Determine rate of advance, 63 Numbering of regiments, 179 Of an army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of a division, 39, 63 Serve as gas and flame troops, 142 Strength in a division, 60 Supervise tank service, 141 Work as combat troops. 64 Work in an offensive, 43 Engineers' Corps, 28 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commendation of, 121 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of, 110, 115 Number killed in battle, 149 Per cent of service, 115 Strength, March, 1917, 115 Strength, November, 1918, 115 Units of, 118 Work of, 118, 119 See Camouflage section, 119 Railroad Engineers, 120 Searchlight Engineers, 118 Engineers train, 39 Strength in a division, 60 Work^of, 65 England Air raid by Germans, 14 Medical assistance from U. S., 126 Enlisted men Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Killed in action or died of wounds, 146 Numbers taken prisoners, 110 Pay of, 152 Enlistments By conscription, 30 Through National Guard, 30 Voluntary, 30, 145 Equipment of a division, 60 Evacuation hospitals, 166 Insignia of, 128 Location of, 45, 46 Number of, 126 Rhyme written at, 176 Work of. 65 Evacuation service, 166 Examination, psychological, 156 Examining post, 64 Execution of Edith Cavell, 15 Field Artillery, 166 Ammunition used, 63 Brigade headquarters, 39, 60 Collar insignia of, 115 Equipment of a division, 60 How transported, 122 Location in an offensive, 45, 121 Of an army, 37 Per cent of service, 115 Regiments in a division, 39, 163 Regiment, strength of, 60 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Work of, 63 Field clerk, 154 Field hospitals Of a division, 39, 65 Of an Army Corps, 38 Part in offensive, 43 Treatment in, 65 Where located, 45 200 INDEX Field Signal Battalion Agencies used by, 66 Duties of, 66 Numbering of, 179 Of a division, 39, 66 Of an Army Corps, 38 Strength in a division, 60 Work in an offensive, 44 Field Signal Corp, 166 Insignia of, 115 Personnel in infantry regi- ments, 61 Fifteenth Division Commander, 78 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Fifth Army Corps A part of First Army, 49, 50 Commander, 54 Date organized, 54 Divisions participating, 54 Insignia of, 54 Participation in Argonne, 54 Fifth Division Activities, 73 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 A part of Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 73 Awards, 73, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 73, 113 Commander, 73 Guns captured, 73 Insignia of, 73 Name of, 73 Prisoners captured, 73 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 73, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 Fighting branches, 28, 57 Fumes Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 95 Thirtvsecond Division activ- ity, 86 First Ail-American Air Squadron crosses lines, 138 Ail-American offensive, 27 American battle casualties, 26 American flag in battle, 25 U. S. Artillery shot fired, 25 U. S. Troops in front lines, 25 U. S. Troops reach France, 25 U. S. Unit to sail for France, 25 First Army Army Corps composing, 49, 50 Commanders of, 49 Date organized, 49 Headquarters located at, 50 In Argonne, 49 Insignia of, 50 Insignia of special units of, 50 In Toul Sector, 49 Receives orders for the Ar- gonne, 39, 40 First Army Corps A part of the First Army, 49, 50 Commanders, 51 Date organized, 51 Divisions comprising, 52 Insignia of, 52 Participation in Argonne, 52 First Division Activities of, 68 A part of Third Army Corpi, 53 Arrival in France, 68 Awards, 69, 113 INDEX 201 First Division (cont'd) Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 69, 110 Commander, 68 Distinctions of, 69 First Artillery shot fired, 25 Guns captured, 69 Insignia of, 69 Prisoners captured, 69 Eeplacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Takes position in front linea, 26 Total advance, 69, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 First Lieutenant Command of, 151 Insignia of, 151 Pay of, 152 First Sergeant, 152, 174 Flanders, 90 Florida Number of soldiers from, 31 Jacksonville embarkation, 157 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Eighty-second Division, 100 Thirty-first Division, 85 Foch Begins counter-offensive, 18 Commands the Allied Armies, 39 In charge of United States forces, 26 See Rumors, 172 Food Carried forward in an offen- sive, 44 Daily requirements of a divi- sion, 155 Shipments of, 129 Stored for an offensive, 40 Foreign medals and awards, 149 Forestry service Work of in A. E. F., 119 Work of in United States, 136 Fortieth Division Arrival in France, 92 Commander, 92 Insignia, 92, 93 Name of, 92 States supplying troops, 92 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 92 Forty-first Division Arrival in France, 93 Commander, 93 Insignia, 93 Name of, 93 States supplying troops, 93 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 93 Forty-second Division Activities, 26, 94 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 94 Awards, 94, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 94, 110 Commander, 94 Guns captured, 94 Insignia, 94, 95 Name of, 93 Prisoners captured, 94 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 94, 113 Troops from various states, 93 Units comprising, 180 Wounded, 110 Fourteen peace points, 16 Fourteenth Division Commander, 78 Insignia, 78 202 INDEX Fourteenth Division (cont'd) Name of, 77 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Fourth Army Corps A part of Fourth Army, 51 A part of Third Army, 50 Commanders, 53 Date organized, 53 Divisions comprising, 53 Insignia of, 54 Participation in Argonne, 53 Fourth Division Activities, 72 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 72 Awards, 72, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 72, 110 Commander, 72 Guns captured, 72 Insignia, 72 Name, 72 Prisoners captured, 72 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 72, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 France American troops reach, 25 Crosses in, 178 Damages paid to, 158 Date entered war, 17 Declares war on Russia, 14 Died in battle, 19 German outrages in, 23 Loans to Allies, 21 Men in arms, 19 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 War expenditures, 21 War declared by Germany, 14 Fremont, Camp, 93 French Advance betAveen Oise and Aisne, 16 Calibers adopted by U. S. Artillery, 132 Capture St. Quentin, 16 Conditions of Fourragere award, 150 Division, strength of, 58 Fourragere awards to A. E. F., 150 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Medals awarded to A. E. F., 149 Per cent of front line held, 20 Retake Soissons, 16 Steamer Sussex sunk, 24 Stop Germans at Marne, 15 Stop Verdun drive, 15 Supply aeroplanes to A. E. F., 136 That every soldier knew, 168 Troops in American Revolu- tion, 35 Views on winning war, 176 Front Line Kilometers held by various nations, 20 Per cent held by various na- tions, 21 Within zone of advance, 45 Front Line Trench, 164, 166 Funston, Camp Eighty-ninth Division trained at, 105 Tenth Division trained at, 76 INDEX 203 Gas Attacks by Livens projectors, 143 Cost of masks, 159 First used by Germans, 15, 142 Grenades, 143 Masks, 144, 159 Officers trained, 143 Possibilities of, 114 Protection against, 144 Service of A. E. F., 142 Studies of, 142 Use in an offensive, 41, 143 See chemical warfare See "Rumors" " General Hat cord of, 154 Insignia, 150 Officers holding rank, 150 Pay of, 152 General headquarters, 4G, 166 A special area, 45 Importance of, 46 Insignia, 46 Location of, 37 General orders, 166, 169 General Staff, 28 General Staff Officers, 166 Georgia Atlanta (Camp Gordon), 100 Augusta ( Camp Hancock ) , 82 Macon (Camp Wheeler), 85 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-second Divi- sion, 100 Ninety-second Division, 108 Thirty-first Division, 85 Gerardmer Sector Sixth Division activity, 74 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 89 German Division, strength of, 58 Outrages in Belgium and France, 23 Spy, 169 Submarine sinks vessels off American Coast, 26 Submarine sunk by U. S. steamship, 26 Women, 169 World ambitions, 23 German-Austrian drive, 15 Germans Abandon Lille, 15 Bombard Paris, 16 Cross Marne, 16 Defeated at Ypres, 15 Driven across Somme, 16 First use poison gas, 15 Last offensive, 15 Make first air raid in Eng- land, 14 Start drive for Verdun, 15 Start drive on Amiens, 16 Start drive on channel porta, 16 Start drive on Marne, 16 Surpassed in gas production, 143 Take Warsaw, 15 Taken prisoner, 57, 159 Win counter-offensive at Cam- brai, 15 Germany Announces unrestricted sub- marine warfare, 15, 23, 25 Concludes armistice with Russia, 16 Declares war on France, 14 Declares war on Russia, 14 Died in battle, 20 Held accountable, 24 Invades Belgium, 24 Men in arms, 20 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 204 INDEX Germany (cont'd) Peace offer rejected, 16 Plots, 23, 25 Population, 18 Sends ultimatum to Belgium, 14 Signs armistice, 17, 27 Signs peace treaty, 17 Total casualties, 20 U. S. declares war, 15, 25 U. S. severs diplomatic rela- tions, 25 War declared by Great Britain, 14 War declared by Italy, 14 War expenditures, 21 Gettysburg, 36, 141 Gordon, Camp, 100 Gouy-Nauroy Sector, 84 Grand Montague Sector Seyenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Twenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 94 Grant, Camp, 103 Grave registration service, 166 Great Britain Date entered war, 17 Declares war on Germany, 14 Turkey, 14 Loans to Allies, 21 • Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 War expenditures, 21 Greece Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Greene, Camp, 80 Growth of Army By enlistment, etc., 30 By troops from states, 31 In certain months, 30 By branch of service, 115 Guatemala Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Guides, 153 Guns Captured by Americans, 57 Repairing, 132 See Histories of Divisions See "Rifles," etc. Haan, William G., Major Gen- eral, 55 Hancock, Camp, 82 Hawaii, 31 Hayti Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Headquarters See Division Headquarters See General Headquarters Headquarters Company, 62 Headquarters Troops Duties of, 61 Of an Army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of a Division, 39 Strength in a Division, 60 Heavy Artillery, 121, 132 High explosives, 41 Hikes, 163 Hindenburg line Smashed by Americans, 16 Thirtieth Division activity, 84 Twenty-seventh Division ac- tivity, 82 Hines, J. L,, Major General, 53 History of World War, 14, 58 Honduras Date entered war, 18 Total population, 18 INDEX 205 Horses and mules Dead, inoculated and sold, 160 Equipment of a Division, 61 Number purchased, 130 Replaced by tractors, 132 See Cavalry Hospital First Base Hospital sailed, 25 Units, where trained, 28 Hospital, Comfy, 174 Hospitals Base, 46, 48 Capacity of, 126 Evacuation, 46 Field, 45 Insignia of, 128 Number in A. E. F., 126 Number in Siberia, 126 Number in United States, 126 Of an Army, 38 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of Army in A. E. F., 157 Of Army in United States, 157 Of Paris, 47 Supplying books, 162 Veterinary, 38 Hospital train, 166 Howitzers, 57 Idaho Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 Troops in Ninety-first Divi- sion, 107 Illinois Number of soldiers from, 31 Rockford (Camp Grant), 103 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Eighty-fourth Division, 102 Eighty-sixth Division, 103 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety-third Division, 109 Thirty-third Division, 87 Illinois Division, 87 See Thirty-third Division Indiana Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fourth Divi- sion, 102 Thirty-eighth Division, 91 Infantry Ammunition carried by, 65 Advance, test of success, 116 Army organization built around, 116 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Collar insignia, 115 Commendation of, 118 Hat cord of, 154 How armed, 62 How commanded, 61 Insignia, 118 Interdependence of, 58 Location in offensive, 45 Machine Gun Battalions brigaded with, 117 Methods of advance, 41 Numbering of regiments, 178, 179 Number killed in battle, 146 Orders to artillery, 122 Organization of, 28 Fart in an offensive, 41, 43 Per cent of service, 115 Regiments of a Division, 39 Signals to Artillery, 42 Strength March, 1917, 115 Strength November, 1918, 115 Strength of a Division, 59, 60 Training of, 116 Work of, 62 See Pioneer Infantry 206 INDEX Infantry Brigade Commander of, 61 Of a Division, 39 Part in an offensive, 42, 44 Strength in a Division, GO Infantry Division Commanded by, 61 War strength of, 60 Infantry Regiments Companies of, 62 Fighting of, 62 How armed, 62 How commanded, 61, 62 Numbering of, 179 Strength of, 60 Influenza, 120, 121 Initials of the A. E. F., 160, 164, 165 Insignia Of branches of service, 115 Of rank for officers, 150 Shoulder. See Frontispiece See Chevrons Inspector General's Department, 28, 115 Intelligence service, 64, 166 Intermediate area, 45 International Law, 24 Iowa Des Moines (Camp Dodge), 79, 104 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 Iron Division, 82 See Twenty-eighth Division Iron Jaw Division, 86 See Tliirty-second Division Italian Honors and medals awarded A. E. F., 150 Views on winning the war, 176 Italy Austrian drive into, 16 Battle of Vittorio, 27 Date entered war, 17 Declares war on Germany, 15 Died in battle, 19 Eighty-third Division activ- ity in, 101 First American Troops ar- rive, 26 German- Austrian drive into, 15 Insignia for Italian service, 118, 128 Medical assistance to, 126 Men in arms, 19 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 Troops serving in, 161 War expenditures, 21 Ivy Division, 72 See Fourth Division Jackson, Camp, 99 Japan Date entered war, 17 German plots, 23, 25 Population, 17 Jerusalem, 16 Jewish Welfare Board, 166 Centers supplying A. L. A. books, 162 Johnston, Camp, 139 Judge Advocate General's De- partment, 28 Collar insignia of, 115 Hat cord of, 154 Jutland, battle of, 15 Kaiser, 17 Kansas Fort Riley (Camp Funston), 76, 105 INDEX 207 Kansas (cont'd) Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- sion, 105 Thirty-fifth Division, 88 Kearny, Camp Fortieth Division trained at, 92 Sixteenth Division trained at, 78 Kentucky Louisville (Camp Taylor), 102 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fourth Divi- sion, 102 Thirty-eighth Division, 91 Keystone Division, 82 See Twenty-eighth Division Khaki, 159 Killed in action See battle deaths Kilometers advanced by divi- sions. 113 Kitchen police, 163, 175 Knights of Columbus, 166 Centers supplying books, 162 Cigarettes distributed by, 161 Kuhn, Joseph E., Major Gen- eral, 56, 97 Labor Battalion, 166 Lafayette Division, 76 Lafayette Escadrille, 150 Lagny Sector, 100 Langres, 47 La Reine and Boucy Sector, 80 Le Cateau Sector, 85 League of Nations Adopted as part of peace treaty, 17 Birth of, 14 Lee, Camp, 98 Legal affairs, controlled, 28 Length of a Division, 61 "Les Terribles," 86 See Thirty-second Division Lest we forget, 171 Lewis, Camp Ninety-first Division trained at, 107 Thirteenth Division trained at, 77 Liberia Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Liberty Division — See Seventy- ninth Division, 97 Liberty Bell Division, 95 See Seventy-sixth Division Liberty Motor Production of, 136, 137 Shipped to Allies, 137 Types, 137 Liege, 14 Lieutenant Colonel Command of, 151 Insignia, 151 Pay, 152 Lieutenant General Command of, 37, 150 Insignia, 150 Officers holding rank, 150 Pay, 152 Liggett, Hunter, Lieutenant General, 150 Commands First Army, 49 First Army Corps, 52 Lightning Division, 96 See Seventy-eighth Division Lille, 16 Lincoln Division, 102 See Eighty-fourth Division Line Meaning of word, 158 Organization of, 28 Line Sergeant, 152 Livens projectors, 143 208 INDEX Loans to Allies, 21 Logan, Camp Fifteenth Division trained at, 78 Thirty-third Division, trained at, 87 Lorraine, 25 Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Seventh Division activity, 74 Lorraine cross, 46, 97 Louisiana Alexandria ( Camp Beaure- gard), 79, 92 New Orleans embarkation, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-seventh Division, 103 Thirty-ninth Division, 92 Lusitama, 15, 24 Lys, 26, 57 See Ypres-Lys Mac Arthur, Camp, 86 Machine guns, 166 Browning anti-aircraft, 131 Browning heavy, 131 Captured — See records of divisions Effectiveness of, 62 Equipment of a Division, 60 Location in an offensive, 45 Of an Army Corps, 38 Operation of, 117 Use of, 131 Machine gunners Assist Infantry, 58 Part in an offensive, 41 Machine-Gun Battalion Brigaded with Infantry, 117 Equipment of, 117 Hat cord of, 154 Numbering of, 178, 179 Of a Division, 39, 62 Part in an offensive, 41, 62 Per cent of service, 115 Strength in a Division, 60, 62 Strength, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Work of, 117 Machine-Gun Companies Equipment of, 117 Hat cord, 154 Of an Infantry Regiment, 62 Machine-gun nests, 41, 121 Machine rifle, 131 'Maine Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- sion, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Major Command of, 151 Insignia, 151 Pay of, 152 Major engagements of the A. E. F., 57 Map showing, 57 Major General Command of, 38, 61, 151 Insignia of, 151 Number holding rank, 151 Pay of, 152 ]Map showing major engage- ments of A. E. F., 57 Marbache Sector Eighty-second Division activ- ity, 100 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 Second Division activity, 70 March, Peyton C, General, 36, 150 Marines, 167, 177 Killed in action, 33, 145 Men liable to service, 160 Of Second Division, 70 INDEX 209 Marines (cont'd) Total casualties, 33 Work in Paris, 47 Marne counter-offensive, 16, 27 57, 68 First Division activity, 68 Fourth Division activity, 72 French stop Germans, 14 German drive on, 16 German cross, 16 Second Division activity, 70 See Aisne-Marne See Champagne-Marne Maryland Annapolis Junction ( Camp Meade), 76, 97 Baltimore embarkation, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-second Divi- sion, 108 Ninety-third Division, 109 Seventy-ninth Division, 97 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Massachusetts Ayer (Camp Devens), 77, 95 Boston, embarkation from, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninety-third Division, 109 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Masks, gas, 143, 144 McClellan, Camp, 83 Meade, Camp Eleventh Division trained at, 76 Seventy-ninth Division trained at, 97 Medals Awarded by United States, 147 Belgium, 149 British, 149 French awards, 149 Italian, 150 Total awards of foreign, 149 Medical Corps Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 145 Cost of equipment, 158 Collar insignia, 115 Hat cord, 154 Number killed in battle, 145 Part in an offensive, 43 Per cent of service, 115 Personnel in Infanty Regi- ment, 62 Shoulder insignia of, 46, 127, 128 Strength of March, 1917, 115 Strength of November, 1918, 115 Medical Department, 166 Ambulance service, 126, 127 Assists other Allies, 126 Dentists serving, 126 Growth and improvements of, 125 Hospitals established by, 126 Insignia of, 127 Low death rate in World War, 127 Organization, 28 Per cent of profession in army, 125 Secretary Baker commends, 125 Training schools established, 125 Work in gas defense, 142 Medical men, 153 Meigs, Camp, 139 Men in arms, 19 Metropolitan Division, 95 See Seventy-seventh Division 210 INDEX Metz, 172 Meuse Allies advance reaches, 16 Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Meuse- Argonne offensive, 27, 57 See Argonne-Meuse Mexico, 23, 25 Mexican War Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops serving, 35 Wounded, 35 Meteorological service, 134 Michigan Battle Creek ( Camp Custer ) , 78, 102 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fifth Divi- sion, 102 Thirty-second Division, 86 Middle West Division. 105 See Eighty-ninth Division Militarism, 23 Military police, 167, 177 Brassard worn by, 153 Cavalry men serve as, 135 Command of, 64 Duties of, 64 In Paris, 47 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of a Division, 39 Posts of, 64 Work in an offensive, 44 See "Train Headquarters and Military Police," 60 Militia Bureau Administrative head of Na- tional Guard, 144 Duties of, 144 Per cent of service, 115 Personnel of, 145 Streneth of November, 1918, ri5 Minnesota Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 Missing in action, 33 Mississippi Hattiesburg (Camp Shelby), 91 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-seventh Division, 103 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety-second Division, 108 Thirty-ninth Division, 92 Missouri Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- sion, 105 Thirty-fifth Division, 88 Mobile ordnance repair shop, 167 Montana Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 Ninety-first Division, 107 Montdidier-Noyon, 26, 57 Montenegro Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 See "Serbia and Montenegro" Motor cycle Equipment of a Division, 61 Messengers of Signal Corps, 133 Motor Repair Shop, 38 Motor Supply Train, 38, 44 Motor Transport Corps, 167 Branches of, 139 Collar insignia of, 115 Duties of, 139 INDEX 211 Motor Transport Corps (cont'd) Equipment of, 140 Hat cord, 154 Insignia, 140 Organization, 130 Per cent, of service, 115 Strength of November, 1918, 140 Uses of trucks, 140 Where trained, 29, 139 Motor vehicles Equipment of a division, 61 Number of in A. E. F., 140 Supplied by motor transport corps, 139 Ordnance Department, 131 Mouzon, 68 Mud, 163, 171, 174 Muir, Charles H., Major Gen- eral, 53, 83 Mules See "Horses and Mules" Munitions Increased use of, 130 Production of, 132 Used in an offensive, 40 National Army Cantonments, 32 Cost of cantonments, 32 Divisions of, 67 Enlistments in, 30 Training of, 32 National Defense Act, 25 National Guard, 168 Camps provided, 32 Controlled by Militia Bureau, 144 Cost of camps, 32 Divisions of, 67 Troops entering through, 30 Use of cavalrymen in, 135 Nations in World War, 17 Nations Severing Diplomatic Relations, 18, 19 Naval Guns, 123 Naval Losses (American), 34 Naval Forces in U. S. Wars, 35 Navy, 167 Centers supplying A. L. A. books, 162 Destroyers work in war zone, 25 Lives lost, 34 Men liable to service in, 160 Shipments to A. E. F., 157 Ships lost, 34 Type of Liberty motor, 137 See "Sailors" Nebraska Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 Needs of the army, 28 Neptune sector, 81 Neutrality, 23, 24 Nevada Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Ninety-first Division, 107 New Hampshire Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- sion, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 New Jersey Number of soldiers from, 31 Submarine activity off coast, 2G Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninety-second Division, 108 Seventy-eighth Division, 98 Twentv-ninth Division, 83 Wrightstown (CampDix),9Q 212 INDEX New Mexico Camp Cody, 88 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Ninetieth Division, 106 New York Embarkation from Hoboken, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninety-third Division, 109 Ninety-second Division, 108 Seventy-eighth Division, 96 Seventy-seventh Division, 95 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-seventh Division, 81 Yap Hank, L. I. (Camp Up- ton), 95 Nicaragua Date entered war, 18 Population. 18 Nineteenth Division Commander, 80 Insignia of, 80 Name, 79 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 79 Ninetieth Division Activities, 106 A part of Fourth Armj?^ Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 106 Awards, 113, 107 Battle deaths. Ill Casualties, 107, 110 Commander, 106 Guns captured, 106 Insignia, 107 Name, 106 Prisoners captured, 106 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 106 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 111 Total advances, 113, 106 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 106 Wounded, 111 Ninety-first Division Activities, 107 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 107 Awards, 107, 113 Battle deaths. Ill Casualties, 107, 110 Commander, 107 Guns captured, 107 Insignia, 108 Name, 107 Prisoners captured, 107 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 107 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner. 111 Total advance, 107-113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 107 Wounded, 111 Ninety-second Division Activites, 108 A part of First Army Corps, 52 A part of Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 108 Awards, 108, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 108, 110 Commander, 108 Insignia, 108 Name of, 108 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 108 Strength at armistice, 112 INDEX 213 Ninety-second Division (cont'd) Taken prisoners, 111 Total advances, 108, 113 Units comprising, 181 Wliere trained, 108 Wounded, 111 Ninety-third Division Activities, 109 Arrival in France, 109 Casualties, 109 Insi^rnia, 109 States supplying^ troops, 109 Units comprising, 181 Ninth Army Corps A part of Second Army, 50 Commander, 56 Date organized, 50 Divisions comprising, 56 Insignia, 56 Ninth Division Commander. 75 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 75 Nitrogen, 132 No Man's Land, 41, 45 Non-Commission ed officers, 152 North Carolina Charlotte (Camp Greene), 80' Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Thirtieth Division, 84 North Dakota Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Notes, 24 Noyon See Montdidier-Noyon Nurses, 174 Commendation of, 127 Number available, 127 Number mobilized, 127 Number on duty in Europe, 127 Number serving at beginning of war, 126 End of war, 126 Observation post, 167 Observation Squadron, 137 Occupation, army of See Third Army Offensive How fought, 40 Location of units in, 45 See Rumors Officers Army, 177 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commissioned training school, 145 Fixed allowances of, 152 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of rank, 150 Number killed in battle or died of wounds, 146 Number taken prisoner, 110 Pay of, 152, 154 Traininsr of in A. E. F., 47 U. S.,' 32 Officers. Non-commissioned, 152 Training school, 32, 45 For medical officers, 125 Hat cord of, 154 See "Training School" Ohio Chillicothe ( Camp Sherman ) , 101 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-third Divi- sion, 101 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety-second Division, lOS Ninety-third Division, 109 Thirty-seventh Division, 90 214 INDEX Oise Allies cross, 16 French advance along, 16 Oise-Aisne offensive, 27, 57 Oklahoma Fort Sill (Camp Doniphan), 88 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninetieth Division, 106 Thirty-sixth Division, 89 Old Hickory Division, 84 See Thirtieth Division Olive Drab, 167 One Pounders Location of, 45 Use of, 121 Orders Controlled by, 28 General, 169 Ordnance Corps Battle deaths per 1000, 146 Cost of equipment, 158 Duties, 130, 132 Hat cord, 154 Importance, 130 Insignia, 46, 47, 48, 115, 132 Number killed in battle, 146 Per cent of service, 115 Strength of March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Ordnance Department, 167, 28 Changes artillery equipment, 132 Depots, 37 Designs of guns, etc., 131 Dumps in advance sector, 46 Provides tanks, 141 Provides tractors, 132 Repair shops, 38 Rifle equipment, 131 Storehouses, 48 Units of a division, 39 Warehouses, 47 Oregon Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 Ninety-first Division, 107 Organization Army, 28 Of American Expeditionary Forces, 37 Ostend, 16 Panama Date entered vrar, 18 Population, 18 Panther Division, 89 See Thirty-sixth Division Paris P)ombarded, 16 Books in, 162 District of, 47 Military establishments in, 47 Threatened, 17 Park, air, 37, 45 Park, artillery, 38 Park, repair, 140 Pas Fini Sector, 81 Pathfinder Division, 75 See Eighth Division Pay of Officers in U. S. Army, 152, 158 Other armies, 158 Private in U. S. Army, 152, 158 Other armies, 158 The Army, 130 Peace Points, 16 Peace proposals Germany's rejected, 15 Pope Benedict's rejected, 15 Pope Benedict's revealed, 15 INDEX 215 Peace Treaty- League of Nations, a part of, 17 Signed by Germany, 17 Submitted to Germany, 17 Pennsylvania Embarkation from Philadel- phia, 157 Gettysburg, 36, 141 Number of troops from, 31 Tobyhanna, 141 Troops in Eightieth Division, 91 Eighty-third Division, 101 Forty-second Division, 04 Ninety-second Division, 108 Seventy-ninth Division, 97 Twenty -eighth Division, 82 Pershing, John J., General, 150 Commander-in-Chief of A. E. F., 37 Commands First Army, 49 Commendation of Air Service, 138 Engineer Corps, 121 Quartermaster Department, 130 Commends Tank Corps, 142 Designates greatest engage- ments, 25, 57 Part in Argonne offensive, 39 Puts U. S. Army under orders of Foch, 26 Requests railroad engineers, 120 Sails for France, 25 Peru, 19 Photographic Unit, 133 Photo Section, 38 Physicians, 125 Pick and shovel, 167 Pigeons, 133 Pike, Camp, 103 Pioneer infantry, 167 Of an army, 37 Of an army corps, 38 Of infantry regiment, 62 Part in an offensive, 43 Work of, 117 Pistols, 13, 60 Planes See Aeroplanes Plymouth Division, 76 See TSvelfth Division Pneumonia, 159 Police See "Military Police" Policing, 175 Pope Benedict, 15 Population Of nations engaged in war, 13, 17, 19 Total population of world, 19 Porto Rico Number of soldiers from. 31 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Portugal Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 Post of commander, 45, 167 Post Office Attached to Divisional Head- quarters, 61 Central, located at, 49 Of an army, 37 Prairie Division, 87 See Thirty-third Division President Commander-in-Chief of Army and Navy, 28 Designates national anthem, 159 See "Wilson" President Wilson See "Wilson" Prisoner of war, 167 216 INDEX Prisoners Captured by Americans, 57, 159 Captured by Bolsheviki, 33 Captured from divisions, 110, 111 Conveyed by, 64 Equipped by Salvage Depart- ment, 160 Taken prisoner in A. E. F., 33 Private First Class, 152 Pay of in other countries, 158 Pay of in U. S., 152, 158 Provost Guard Brassard worn by, 153 Provost Marshal General, 28 Prussian Guards, 169 P'sychological examination of troops, 156 Public debt Of Allies, 22 Of Central Powers, 22 Pursuit Squadrons, 137 Puvenelle Sector Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Seventh Division activity, 74 Quartermaster, 167, 177 Awards, 146 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Department of, 28 Depots, 37 Dumps, 46 Number killed in battle, 146 Per cent, of service, 115 Storehouses, 47, 4S, 118 Quartermaster Corps Civilian employees of, 128 Collar insignia of, 115 Hat cord of, 154 Increase in personnel, 128 Of a division, 39 Purchases of, 130 Salvage Department of, 129 Shipments Handled, 129 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Supplies equipment of army, 128 Zone system of, 129 Quartermaster Department Commendation of, 130 Insi.gnia, 46, 47, 48, 130 Paying of the army, 130 Purchases, 156, 157 Quartermaster equipment, 158 Eailheads, 45, 46 Eailroad artillery, 44, 124 Insignia, 124 Location in an offensive, 45 Position of, 121 Railway centers, 48 Railway engineers Draft Dodgers' Club, 156 Insignia, 120 Numbers serving, 120 Work of, 120 Railway Transportation Officer, 167 Rainbow Division, 93 See Forty-second Division Ranks Of enlisted men, 152 Of Officers, 150 Ration for a division, 155 Rats, 163, 171 Read, George W., Major Gener- al, 52 Records See "Central Records Office" Red Cross See "American Red Cross" Reenlistment, 170, 174 Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or, 152 INDEX 217 Regimental Supply Sergeant, 152 Regular Army Divisions, 67 Enlistments, 30 Size of, April, 1917, 30 Reminiscences, 163 Remount Depots of an army corps, 38 Squadron of an army, 37 Repair parks, 140 Replacement camp, 48 Replacement Depot Location of, 46 Of an army, 37 Replacement Divisions, 91, 92, 93, 95 Replacements to divisions, 111, 112 Reserve Mallet Insignia, 123 Organization, 123 Work of, 123 Rest Camp, 173 Revolutionary War Greatest strength, 34 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops engaged, 34 Wounded, 35 Revolvers, 13, 60 Rheims Aisne defensive, 26 Forty-second Division activ- ity near, 94 Rhode Island Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Rifles Ammunition for, 60 Browning automatic, 131 Cost of, 159 Equipment of a division, GO Model of 1917, 131 Production of, 131 Springfield, 131 Rolling kitchen, 167 Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 26 Roumania Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 Rumors, 172 Rupt-Troyon Sector, 81 Russia Armistice with Germany ef- fective, 16 Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Orders general mobilization, 14 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 U. S. troops activity in, 33, 103 U. S. troops arrive, 27 U. S. troops serving in, 160 War declared by Austria- Hungary, 14 Germany, 14 War expenditures, 21 Russians Attempt to cross Carpathians, 15 Sadly Out of Luck, 167 Sailors Lives lost, 34 Man naval guns, 123 Salmon, 169 Salvage Department Equips German prisons, 160 218 INDEX Salvage Department (cont'd) Recovery of articles, 160 Saving in first year of work, 129 Salvage party, 153 Salvation Army Centers supplying books, 162 Volunteers serving, 161 San Domingo, 19 Sanitary Corps, 27 Sanitary Service Unit, 150, 167 Sanitary squads, 60 Sanitary train, 167 Commander, 64 Composed of, 39, 65 Duties, 65 Of a division, 39 Strength in a division, 60 San Marino Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 Sazarais Sector, 68 Schools See "Training Schools" Scouts, 153 Searchlight engineers Insignia of, 119 Work of, 119 Second Army Commanded by, 50 Corps composing, 50 Date formed, 50 Headquarters at, 50 Insignia, 50 On Toul-St. Menehould front, 50 Scheduled for Metz offensive, 50 Second Army Corps Commander, 52 Date organized, 52 Divisions composing, 52 Insignia, 52 Operates with British army, 52 Second Division Activities, 69, 70 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Awards, 70, 113 Battle casualties, 70, 110 Battle deaths, 110 Commander, 69 Guns captured, 70 Headquarters established in France, 69 Insignia, 70 Marines of, 70 Prisoners captured, 70 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 70, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 Second Lieutenant Command of, 151 Insignia, 151 Pay of, 152 Secretary of War Abolishes Divisional Distinc- tions, 67 Authority of, 28 Commends Medical Depart- ment, 125 Report of, 31, 125 Sedan Captured by Americans, 16, 27 First Division activity, 69 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Selective Service Act signed, 25 First registration, 25 Men liable to service, 160 Men registered under, 160 INDEX 219 Selective Service (cont'd) Numbers drawn, 25 Troops supplied by, 30 Serbia Attacked by Austria, 14 Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 Sent ultimatum by Austria- Hungary, 14 War declared by Austria- Hungary, 14 See "Serbia and Montenegro" Serbia and Montenegro Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Total casualties, 19 Serbian student, 13 Service of Supply (S. 0. S.), 167 Business transacted, 155, 177 Commanded by, 48, 155 Headquarters, 48 Initials of, 164 Insignia, 48, 130, 133 Location of, 45 Population, 4S Sections of, 48 Troops in action against en- emy, 57 Units within, 4S Service school, 154 Service stripes, 153 Seventeenth Division Commander, 79 I^nits comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Seventh Army Corps A part of Second Army, 50 Third Army, 51 Commanders, 55 Date organized, 55 Divisions comprising, 55 Insignia, 55 Seventy-eighth Division Activities, 96 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 96 Awards, 97, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 96, 110 Commander, 96 Guns captured, 96 Insignia, 97 Name, 96 Prisoners captured, 96 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 96 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Total advance, 96, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 96 Wounded, 111 Seventy-ninth Division Activities, 97 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Ninth Army Corps, 56 Arrival in France, 97 Awards, 98, 113 Battle deaths, HI Casualties, 110, 98 Commander, 97 Guns captured, 08 Insignia, 98 Prisoners captured, 97, 98 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 97 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners, 111 Total advance, 98, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 97 Wounded, 111 Seventy-seventh Division Activities, 95, 96 A part of Eighth Army Corps, 56 220 INDEX Seventy-seventh Div. (cont'd) First Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 95 Awards, 96, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 96, 110 Commander, 95 Guns captured, 96 Insignia, 96 Name of, 95 Prisoners captured, 96 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 95 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 96, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 95 Wounded, 110 Seventy-sixth Division Arrival in France, 95 Commander, 95 Insignia, 95 Name, 95 States supplying troops, 95 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 95 Sevier, Camp Thirtieth Division trained at, 84 Twentieth Division trained at, 80 Shelby, Camp, 91 Shells, 41 Sheridan, Camp Ninth Division trained at, 75 Thirty-seventh Division train- ed at, 90 Sherman, Camp, 101 Shock troops, 169 Shoulder insignia See Frontispiece Air service, 138 Ambulance Corps, 128 Anti-aircraft, 124 Base hospitals, 128 Camouflage Section, 119 Cavalry, 135 Chemical Warfare Service, 144 Coast Artillery, 124 Engineers, 119 Infantry, 118 Medical Corps, 128 Motor Transport Corps, 140 Ordnance Corps, 133 Quartermaster Corps, 128 Railroad engineers, 120 Reserve Mallet, 123 Searchlight engineers, 119 Signal Corps, 134 Tank Corps, 142 Trench mortar, 124 Shrapnel, 41, 174 Siam Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Siberia Hospitals in, 126 United States troops serving in, 161 Take position in, 17 Signal Battalion, 38 Signal Corps Activities of, 133 Aviation Section, 134 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Brassard worn by, 153 Growth of, 133 Hat cord, 154 Importance, 134 Insignia, 134 Lay cable under English Channel, 133 Number killed in battle, 146 Numbering of, 178, 179 INDEX 221 Signal Corps (cont'd) Per cent of service, 115 Photographic unit, 133, 134 Strength March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 System of communication, 133 Signals, 122 Artillery, 42 Used in an offensive, 42, 44 Sixteenth Division Commander, 78 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Sixth Army Corps Activities, 55 . A part of Second Army, 50 Commander, 55 Date organized, 55 Divisions composing, 55 Insignia, 55 Sixth Division Activities, 74 A part of Eighth Army Corps, 56 Seventh Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 73 Awards, 74, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 74, 111 Commander, 74 Insignia, 74 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner. 111 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 111 Sketch of battle formation, 45 Smoke screen, 41 Soissons Retaken by French, 16 First Division activity, 68 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 See Marne counter-offensive Soldiers Attitude during war, 163, 164 Cost of equipment, 158 Enlisted from each state, 31 French, known by, 168 Number marrying French girls, 154 Revision of General Orders. 169 Survey of War, 13 Views on winning war, 176 Somme Defensive, 26, 57 Germans driven across, 16 Offensive, 15, 27, 57 Work of tanks, 141 Somme-Dieue sector Eighty-first Division activity, 99 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 89 Sommeville sector, 68 S. 0. S. See "Service of Supply" Souain and Esperance Sector, 94 South Carolina Charleston, embarkation, 157 Columbia ( Camp Jackson ) , 99 Greenville (Camp Servier), 80, 84 Number of soldiers from, 31 Spartansburg ( Camp Wads- worth), 81 Troops in Eighty-first Diri- sion, 99 Thirtieth Division, 84 South Dakota Number of troops from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 222 INDEX Spanish- American War Death rate from disease, 127 Greatest strength of forces, 35 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops engaged, 35 Wounded, 35 Spruce Production, 136 Spruce Production Unit, 145 Staff Chief of, 28 General, 28 Staff Departments, 154 8 tars and Stripes, 155 "Star Spangled Banner," 159 State, troops from each, 31 Statistical Section, 167 St. Die Sector Eighty-first Division activity, 99 Fifth Division activity, 73 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 St. Mihiel Date of American offensive, 16 Eightieth Division activity, 98 Eighty-ninth Division activ- ity, 105 Eighty-second Division activ- ity, 100 Fifth Division activity, 73 First Army participates, 50 First Division activity, 68 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Fourth Division activity, 72 Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Offensive, 27 One of greatest engagements, 57 Second Division activity, 70 Seventy-eighth Division ac- tivity, 96 Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Third Division activity, 71 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 90 Thirty-third Division activ- ity, 87 Twenty-sixth Division activ- ity, 81 St. Quentin, 16 Strength of Army By branches of service, 115 By divisions, 112 In A. E. F., 30 In important wars of U. S., 34, 35 In U. S., 30 When armistice was signed, 29, 30, 115 When war was declared, 29, 30, 115 Strength of infantry divisions, 60 St. Souplet sector, 82 Stripes Service, 153 Wound, 153 Student Army Training School, 145 Submarine warfare American citizens murdered, 23 American losses, 34 American ships sunk, 24 Germany announces unre- stricted warfare, 15, 24 Lusitania sunk, 24 Sussex sunk, 25 Tuscania torpedoed, 26 U. S. steamship sinks subma- rine, 26 INDEX 223 Submarine warfare (cont'd) U. S. steamship Otranto tor- pedoed, 27 Vessels sunk off New Jersey, 26 Summerall, C. P., Major Gener- al, 54 Sunflower Division, 105 See Eighty-ninth Division Sunset Division, 93 See Forty-first Division Sunshine Division, 92 See Fortieth Division Supply Company, 62 Supply Dump Divisional, 61 Location of in an offensive, 45 Supply service, 102, 103 Supply Train, 167 Commander, 64 Duties, 65 Hat cord, 154 Of a division, 39, 65 Of an army corps, 38 Strength in a division, 60 Sussex, French steamer sunk, 25 System of command of the A. E. F., 37 Tanks Described, 141 First used by British, 14 Location in an offensive, 45 Part in an offensive, 40, 41 Possibilities of, 114 Replace cavalry, 135 Uses of, 141 Work of, 116 Tank Corps Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commander, 142 Hat cord, 154 Insignia, 115, 142 Number killed in battle, 145 Of an army, 37 Organization, 141 Per cent of service, 115 Slogan, 141 Strength of November, 1918, 115 Where trained, 28, 141 Work of, 141 Taylor, Camp, 102 Telegraph Battalions of an army, 37 Army corps, 38 Cable under English Channel, 133 Use by Signal Corps, 133 Wireless, 122 Telephone Special D. S. M. award, 159 Use by Signal Corps, 133 Use to artillery, 122 Tennessee Number soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Eighty-second Division, lOOi Ninety-second Division, 108 Ninety-third Division, 109 Thirtieth Division, 84 Tenth Division Commander, 76 Insignia, 76 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 76 Texas Fort Sam Houston (Camp Travis), 79, 106 Fort Worth (Camp Bowie), 89 Houston (Camp Logan), 78, 87 224 INDEX Texa8 (cont'd) Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninetieth Division, 106 Thirty-sixth Division, 89 Waco (Camp McArthur), 86 Thiaucourt sector, 83 Third Army Commanded by, 51 Corps composing, 51 Date organized, 51 Day's ration for, 155 Headquarters located at, 51 Insignia of, 51 Third Army Corps A part of First Army, 49 Third Army, 51 Commanders, 53 Date organized, 53 Divisions comprising, 53 Insignia, 53 Participation in Argonne, 53 Third Division Activities, 71 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 71 Awards, 71, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 71, 113 Commander, 71 Guns captured, 71 Prisoners captured, 71 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 71, 113 Units comprising, 179 Woimded, 110 Thirteenth Division Commander, 77 Insignia, 77 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 77 Thirtieth Division Activities, 84 A part of Second Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 84 Awards, 85, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 85, 110 Commander, 84 Guns captured, 85 Insignia, 85 Name, 84 Prisoners captured, 85 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 84 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 85, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 84 Wounded, 85, 110 Thirty-eighth Division Arrival in France, 91 Commander, 91 Insignia, 91 Name, 91 States supplying troops, 91 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 91 Thirty-fifth Division Activities, 88, 89 A part of First Army Corpa, 52 Ninth Army Corps, 56 Arrival in France, 88 Awards, 89, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 89, 111 Commander, 88 Guns captured, 89 Insignia, 89 Prisoners captured, 89 Replacements, 111 INDEX 225 Thirty-fifth Division (cont'd) States supplying troops, 88 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 112 Total advance, 89, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 88 Wounded, 111 Thirty-first Division Arrival in France, 85 Commander, 85 Insignia, 85 Name, 85 States supplying troops, 85 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 85 Thirty-fourth Division Arrival in France, 88 Commander, 88 Insignia, 88 Name, 88 States supplying troops, 88 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 88 Thirty-ninth Division Arrival in France, 92 Commander, 92 Insignia, 92 Name, 92 States supplying troops, 92 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 92 Thirty-second Division Activities, 86 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 86 Awards, 87, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 86, 110 Commander, 86 Guns captured, 86 Insignia, 86, 87 Name of, 86 Prisoners captured, 80 Replacements, 110 States supplying troops, 86 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 112 Total advance, 86, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 86 Wounded, 110 Thirty-seventh Division Activities, 90 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 90 Awards, 91, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 91, 113 Commander, 90 Guns captured, 91 Insignia, 91 Name of, 90 Prisoners captured, 91 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 90 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 111 Total advance, 91, 111 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 90 Wounded, 111 Thirty-sixth Division Activities, 90 Arrival in France, 89 Awards, 90, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 90, 110 Commander, 89 Guns captured, 90 Insignia, 90 Name of, 89 P*risoner8 captured, 90 Replacements, 1 12 States supplying troops, 89 Strength at armistice, 112 226 INDEX Thirty-sixth Division (cont'd) Taken prisoner, 111 Total advance, 90, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 89 Wounded, 111 Thirty-third Division Activities, 87 A part of Ninth Army Corps, 56 Sixth Army Corps, 55 Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 87 Awards, 87, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 87, 110 Commander, 87 Guns captured, 87 Insignia, 87 Name, 87 Prisoners captured, 87 Replacements, 110 States supplying troops, 87 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 112 Total advance, 87, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 87 Wounded, 110 Torpedoed, number of vessels, 34 Toul Americans repulse attack near, 26 Headquarters at, 50 Toul-St. Menehould front Held by First Army, 50 Second Army, 50 Toul-Troyon Sector Eighty-ninth Division activ- ity, 105 Second Division activity, 70 Tractors Evolve into tanks, 141 Used for hauling artillery, 132 Traffic control, 64 Train Ammunition, 39 Engineer, 39 Headquarters, 39 Motor supply, 38 Sanitary, 39 Supply, 39 Troop transport, 38 Train Headquarters Commander, 64 Duties, 64, 65 Numbering of, 179 Of a division, 39 Train Headquarters and Mili- tary Police Commander, 64 Strength in a division, 60 Training Schools For commissioned officers, 142 Gas defense, 143 Medical officers, 125 Officers in A. E. F., 47 Officers in U. S., 32 Student army, 142 Train Master, 167 Trains Commander of, 64 Divisional, 60 In a division, 64 Numbering of, 178, 179 Part in an offensive, 44 Wagon, 44 Travis, Camp Eighteenth Division trained at, 106 Trench knives, 60 Trench mortars Captured by Americans, 57 Location of in an offensive, 45 Where used, 121 INDEX 227 Trench Mortar Battalion Insignia, 124 Numbering of, 178, 179 Of a division, 39, 63 Part in an offensive, 41, 121 Strength in a division, 60 Work of, 63 Troops Captured by Americans, 57, 159 Died of pneumonia, 159 Engaged in actual fighting, 57 Engaged in important wars of U. S., 34, 35 World War, 19, 35 Examined for intelligence, 156 Fitness of, 28 In France, 161 In Italy, 161 In Russia, 161 In Siberia, 161 In training, 32, 145 Number from each state, 31 Number sent overseas, 157 Of Allies wear Victory Medal, 148 Per cent, of service in train- ing, 115 Taken prisoner, 33, 110, 159 Transportation overseas, 160 Troyon sector, 97 Trugny and Beauvardes, 94 Tuberculosis, 167 Turkey Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Surrenders, 16 War declared by Great Brit- ain, 14 Tuscania, 16, 26 Twelfth Division Commander, 77 Insignia, 77 Name, 76 Units comprising, 179 Wliere trained, 77 Twentieth Division Commander, 80 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 80 Twenty-eighth Division Activities, 83 A part of First Armv Corps. 52 ' f > Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 82 Awards, 83, 110 Casualties, 83 Commanders, 83 Guns captured, 83 Insignia, 83, 113 Names of, 82 Prisoners captured, 83 Replacements, 112 State supplying troops, 82 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 83, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 82 Wounded, 110 Twenty-ninth Division Activities, 83 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 83 Awards, 84, 110 Battle deaths, HI Casualties, 84 Commander, 83 Guns captured. 84 Insignia, 84 Name, 83 Prisoners captured, 84 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops. 83 Strength at armistice, 112 228 INDEX Twenty-ninth Division (cont'd) Taken prisoner, 111 Total advance, 84, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 83 Wounded, 111 Twenty-seventh Division Activities, 81 A part of Second Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 81 Awards, 82, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 82, 110 Commander, 81 Insignia, 82 Name, 81 Prisoners, 82 Replacements, 112 State supplying troops, 81 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 82 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 81 Wounded, 110 Twenty-sixth Division Activities, 26, 80 Arrival in France, 80 Awards, 81, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 81, 110 Commanders, 80 Guns captured, 81 Insignia, 81 Name, 80 Prisoners captured, 80 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 80 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 81, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 80 Wounded, 110 Twilight Division, 79 See Nineteenth Division United States Amount paid for damages, 157 Army hospitals in America, 126 Army under orders of Foch, 26 Casualties in important wars, 35 Declares war on Austria-Hun- gary, 16, 26 War on Germany, 15, 18, 25 Demands recall of Boy-ed and Von Papen, 24 Destroyers in war zone, 25 Diplomatic relations severed by Austria-Hungary, 25 Hourly cost of war, 22 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Loans to Allies, 21 Men in arms, 19 National anthem, 159 Number of troops serving in, 30 Patients in hospitals, 157 Per cent of front line held, 21 Population, 18 Rejects Pope's peace proposal, 15 Severs diplomatic relations with Germany, 25 Steamer sinks German sub- marine, 26 Strength of U. S, forces in im- portant wars, 34 Total casualties, 19, 33 Troops arrive in Archangel, 27 Arrive in Italy, 27 INDEX 229 United states — ^Troops (cont'd) Died in battle, 19, 33 Lost on Tuscania, 26 Take position in Siberia, 27 United States Army, 167 Collar insignia of, 115 Death rate from disease, 127 Official designation, 67 Shoulder insignia of, Frontis- piece United States Guards Duties, 144 Personnel, 145 Universities, American, 142 Upton, Camp, 95 Uruguay, 19 Utah Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 in Ninety-first Division, 107 Veneto, Italy See Vittorio-Veneto Verdun, 176 French stop drive, 15 German drive begins, 15 Second Division activity, 69 Thirty-third Division activ- ity, 87 Vermont Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- sion, 95 in TSventy-sixth Division, 80 Vesle Sector Fourth Division activity, 72 Seventy- seventh Division ac- tivity, 95 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Twenty-eighth Division activ- ity, 83 Vessels destroyed, 34 Veterinary hospitals, 38 Victory Medal, 148 Viray Ridge, 25 Virginia Newport News, point of em- barkation, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Petersburg (Camp Lee), 98 Troops in Eightieth Division, 98 in Ninety-second Division, 108 in Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Vittorio-Veneto, battle of, 27, 57, 101 Voluntary enlistments, 30, 145 Vosges Activity in, 55 Eighty-first Division activity, 99 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 88,89 Wadsworth, Camp, 81 Wagons, 61 War Camp Community Service, 168 War expenditures, 21 War of Independence See Revolutionary War War of 1812 Greatest strength, 35 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total serving, 35 Wounded, 35 War with France, 34 War with Mexico See Mexican War War with Tripoli, 35 230 INDEX War Work Organizations, 32, 47, 143, 161, 162 Warsaw, Russia, 15 Washington American Lake (Camp Lew- is), 77, 107 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 in Ninety-first Division, 107 West Virginia Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eightieth Division, 98 in Eighty-third Division, 101 in Thirty-third Division, 87 Wharves, 118 Wheeler, Camp, 85 Who Won the War? 176 Wildcat Division, 90 See Eighty-first Division Wild West Division, 107 See Ninety-first Division Wilson, President Announces fourteen peace points, 16 Declares neutrality of U. S., 24 Designates national anthem, 159 See "Rumors" Wireless Command of Aeroplanes, 138 Use to artillery, 122 Wisconsin Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fifth Divi- sion, 102 in Thirty-second Division, 86 Wolverine Division, 77 See Fourteenth Division Wood, Leonard, Major General, 76, 106 World War American casualties in, 35 America's participation, 163 America's part in, 22 Cost of, 13, 21, 22 Dates nations entered, 17 Death rate from disease, 127 Died in battle, 19, 20 Front line held by various na- tions, 21 Great strength of U. S. force, 35 History written in terms of divisions, 58 Men in arms, 19 Nations engaged, 17 Notable dates, 14 Populations of nations en- gaged, 17 Soldiers' survey, 13 Total casualties, 19, 20 Total population Allied pow- ers, 17 Total population Central pow- ers, 17 Total of U. S. forces engaged, oo Wounded Direction of, 64 Duplication of figures, 10 In A. E. F., 33 In American divisions, 110 In World War, 13 In important American wars, 35 Per cent returned to duty, 154 Treatment of, 43, 65 Wound stripes, 153 Wright, E. M., Major General Commands Fifth Army Corps, 54 INDEX 231 Wright, E. M. (cont'd) First Army Corps, 52 Seventh Army Corps, 55 Tliird Army Corps, 53 Wyoming Number of troops from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Division, 93 Ninety-first Division, 107 Xammes, 105 Yankee Division, 80 See Twenty-sixth Division Yanks, 176, 177 Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 168, 177 Centers supplying A. L. A. books, 162 Members overseas, 161 Members serving, 161 Moving pictures, 161 Young Women's Christian As- sociation, 162 Ypres British defeat Germans at, 15 Gas first used near, 142 Thirtieth Division activity, 84 Ypres-Lys oflfensive, 27, 57 Zone of advance, 168, 45 Zones Advance sector, 45, 46 Intermediate area, 45 S. 0. S., 45, 48 Special areas, 45, 47 Zone of advance, 45 Zone System Of army organization, 45 Of Quartermaster Depart- ment, 129 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: fMJ^y onni PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER