iliiiliap ^i?s;ii!imi!?i'Sii!;s^^^^ iii"ii'i 'ii ,1 I, .-^^Wv 0^ »•*!'* "^^ 0^ .-'..V /\. *^. .-. ' o w o " ^-^^ ^°-^^. , '^o* ^H o^ o ■^ LV ♦ *-N!_•' . • • . "«^ ^ , , . ''^ rt - %. <^. ^oV- xO-V. ^. '$> * r, >, - ' ^■^> ,'C.'^ .0' "-* 'W , '^ '^O. '?', y' "''i?'. *^f- ifi^.J ^Xv •^^. ^,'. PROSPECTUS AND SPECIMEN PAGES E nnnj.ii.Aiuiti),ii..^L'ta affvvr rf^ vt^irty tj lii M llililllll THE PATRIOTIC HISTORY or THE UNITED SWES AND ITS PEOPLE FROM THEIR EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE PRESENT TIME BY ELROYN^KENDREE AVERY IN TWELVE VOLUMES l'I u u 11 it II I.L II i[ II i[ innr HB'^Tt'i 3 S oi < S O W ►J < O 5 o as 5 P° lii " r^ t- 5. a; O t- '^ .« fc- w h ^ K S f ^ ^ a. h ^ - - ^- S Q m 1-, ^ 5ZaSa.h5a°05^" Swti.S-;«caIz;«aSO Z Z > '^ < - > Q 1^ S 't:3 !> o -13 C (U -^ CO ^ ^ ^ s ^ •-. ^ (U M _c _r o ^ ti ti w oj rt t; c .ti -^ i-t ^ « C r^ o u S <2 Oh ^ ^ OS D- rt U O ," O OJ B O JE o bJD o X v> 3j pq ■4-> (U ^ OJ > J-, Oh > . «J rt (U cA! T3 £— ^ U' J-H (U OJ o OJ (U c/: 4-) •-^ ^ 3 ° O -^ ^ OJ D ^ ^^ -S 8 O b Oh cl, O (U t-( CLi o PROSPECTUS AND SPECIMEN PAGES THE PATRIOTIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE AVERY y mm '^y/£^^y^/^ This illustration is from page iv of Vol. VI of History jL i, , J, m^mjMiLmMMiLmM j m imuMMUiUi^mmMm^^^ I 3 I I I % i I I I PROSPECTUS AND SPECIMEN PAGES T^E PATRIOTIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE FROM THEIR EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE PRESENT TIME y - IP BY ELROY McKENDREE AVERY IN TWELVE VOLUMES THE SCOUT PRESS, Inc PROPRIETORS AND PUBLISHERS NEW YORK ■ PHILADELPHIA COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY THB SCOUT PRESS, INC. it * Jii^%'0/2l/7 ICI.A457137 NOV -2 1916 N^^ A PERSONAL APPEAL THESE FIRST EIGHT PAGES ARE WRITTEN PERSONALLY TO YOU. PLEASE CARE- FULLY READ THEM, AND YOU WILL THEN UNDERSTAND THE CHARACTER, SCOPE, AND VALUE OF THIS HISTORY. BY SO DOING YOU WILL SAVE YOURSELF THE ANNOYANCE AND US THE EX- PENSE OF SENDING A CANVASSER TO SOLICIT YOUR ORDER, AND YOU WILL BUY THE HISTORY THROUGH THE BOY SCOUT, OR BOY IN MILITARY TRAINING, WHO HANDS YOU THIS PROSPECTUS, FOR ONE-THIRD OF WHAT IT WOULD HAVE COST YOU BY THE USUAL CANVASSING METHOD. Arms of the United States, correctly Emblazoned This illustration is from page 13 of Vol. VII of History THE PATRIOTIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE IT may be asked : Why should we have a Patriotic History of the United States ? It has recently become painfully manifest that our hundred million people are not a united, patriotic, all- American people. One-third of our population is foreign born, or born of foreign parents. Their innate and cultivated allegiance is naturally to their fatherland rather than to our Republic. But we native born American Citizens are quite as much in need of having our patriotic devotion re-awakened and revivified; and this History is peculiarly adapted to develop patriotic devotion to American ideals. Many histories of our country have been written. But early writers, in an effort to be popular, filled their pages with myth and legend related as fact. More recent writers have contented them- selves with an accumulation of facts and a narration of events, a mere dry record ; and of others, the more prominent, as Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Fiske, McMaster, and Rhodes, have each con- fined their efforts to limited periods. McMaster's seven volumes include only the period from the Revolution to the Civil War. Bancroft does not begin at the beginning of our History, and stops at the close of the Revolution, — at the birth of our nation! The young people are supposed to learn History at school, and there the small, inaccurate, one-volume text-book at best is only a mere outline, a bare skeleton of dry facts, about as inviting to the youthful imagination as the directory of a distant city. Dates and events are learned and recited till a requisite examination can be passed for promotion. But History learned in this way is a drudge, an irksome task for most pupils, and is largely forgotten almost as soon as the text-book is laid aside. A thorough knowledge of our History can be acquired only by developing a genuine interest in it. THIS IS A HISTORY FOR THE HOME If each pupil can have in the home a complete History, set apart for his use, written in clear, concise, direct and beautiful English; that will clothe with living--flesh-and-blood interest the dry skeleton text-book; that will explain the causes that led to certain results; that will impart to the History of our great nation the real romance attached to its marvelous career, then the study of our History will become a delight to all pupils. They will leave school with an intel- ligent and appreciative knowledge of the History of our nation and of the genius of our institutions, and they will thus be pre- pared intelligently to discharge the duties of citizenship in a free country ! In many European countries every family is required to have a good History of the nation. But in the twenty million families of the United States it is doubtful that any History will be found in one family out of fifty, save the one-volume text-book. And in the few families that have a History of the Country its use is sadly neglected for reasons above stated. If the governments of European Nations find it necessary to com- pel their people to study the History of their countries, how much more important is it that a free and self-governing people should study the History of their own country. Lecky, the historian, says: "All civic virtues, all the heroism and self-sacrifice of patriotism spring ultimately from the habit men acquire of regarding their nation as a great organic whole, identi- fying themselves with its fortunes in the past as in the present, and looking forward anxiously to its future destinies." In fact, the freedom of our people and the permanence of our institutions are dependent on our intelligent knowledge and understanding of our national History, and of the genius of our institutions. A REALLY GREAT HISTORY CAN NOT BE WRITTEN TO ORDER Fortunately, Dr. Elroy McKendree Avery, an able and successful educator, who had made a comfortable fortune writing successful text-books, early sensed the great need of a Patriotic History of the United States and Its People. Rarely gifted with a literary style of writing clear, concise and beautiful English, Dr. Avery has produced a History that is not only exceptionally accurate and entirely impartial, but it is also written in a literary style that is as brilliant as it is simple and direct. The life story of the United States is lucidly and interestingly told, and a true portrayal of both persons and events is given — a portrayal unbiased and unprejudiced. Dr. Avery was equally fortunate in early securing the hearty co-operation of devoted friends, who expended more than three hundred and fifty thousand dollars in assisting him to collate and verify the facts and a wealth of illustrative material that far sur- passes in beauty and in authentic value anything ever before attempted in any History of any country. It is certain that more money has been expended in the produc- tion of this History, and in reducing it to its present beautiful and permanent form, than has been expended on the production of all other histories of the United States combined. Dr. Avery had devoted more than twenty-five of the ripest years of his life to the production of this monumental History, when his devoted friends and prospective publishers were compelled to dis- continue business; and recently one of them has passed away. This enabled the managers of The Scout Press, Inc., to take over and publish the completed History as a Patriotic History, on terms that make it possible to receive advance orders, during the period of publication, at a price only about one-third of its published price. The advance price has been made so low that it is hoped that the History will find a place in every American home. COULD NOT HAVE BEEN BETTER PLANNED FOR OUR PURPOSE While this History had been in course of preparation for more than fifteen years when the Boy Scout movement was originated, it could not have been better planned for the purpose and use of Boy Scouts, boys in military training, and for all patriotic people. A HISTORIAN OF THE NEW SCHOOL Dr. Avery represents the best of the 7^e^u school of historians who reason from cause to effect, and who thus make History logic, as it rightfully should be. A true historian must have power to place himself in the position of the characters he describes. He understands their emotions, traces the meaning and trend of their movements, realizes the con- ditions under which they lived, dissects their purposes, analyzes their feelings. He brings out the poetry, the romance, the adventures, the tragedy, the humor of History, and also faithfully portrays all the passions, habits and customs of the people he describes. This is the reason that History properly written affords keenest enjoyment, entertainment, and instruction ; by reading it we are taught the lessons of humanity and of civilization, and we are shown that in the long run, character counts for more than any other one attribute. But History must not only be interesting, it must also be trustworthy. MOST ACCURATE AND TRUSTWORTHY It can never be realized by the public at large what extensive research, what concentrated thought, and what unquenchable en- thusiasm Dr. Avery and his collaborators have lavished upon this History of the United States, in order to secure the greatest accuracy and the broadest catholicity. Eminent historians and History critics, having read the advance sheets, commend this History before all others. COMMENDED ABOVE ALL OTHERS "An examination of Dr. Avery's work confirms the opinion which I have expressed several times before, viz, that 'Avery's History of the United States' is absolutely the best popular History of this country yet written." — Prof. William R. Shepherd, Columbia University, New York City. "Aside from my delight in handling a book that is gotten out in such style, I was pleased at a number of places in the text to note the point of view taken by Dr. Avery; it represents a great amount of research and a sane and catholic judgment." — Prof. Max Farrand, Department of History, Yale University. "The way in which the book has been issued is certainly the most creditable in every way, and I shall value it as a real addition to my library." — WooDROW Wilson, Princeton University. "I especially appreciate your effort at the utmost attainable accuracy of state- ment. It is a model in that respect." — Prof. Theodore Clarke Smith, Wil- hamstown, Massachusetts. "The style is strong and moving, sust:;ining the interest from beginning to end. The material is well organized, well proportioned, and remarkably accurate. I do not find a single statement that can be called erroneous or a single misprint." — Prof. F. H. Hodder, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. "I do not hesitate to pronounce the 'Avery History' the best exhaustive Ameri- can History for the general reader that has yet seen the light." — Prof. H. W. Elson, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. "I am much struck with the calm, dignified style, and with the care and thought bestowed upon the presentation of facts. The illustrations are remarkably pro- fuse, and most admirably done. Indeed, the entire mechanical and artistic ap- pearance far out-distances any other American History." — Dr. Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary State Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin. "I have read the volumes through. The 'Avery History' meets the wants of both the average reader and of the scholar more nearly than any other work. Dr. Avery certainly has hit the happy medium in presenting the facts fully and at the same time limiting the discussions to the essential points." — Prof. George Frederick Wright, Oberlin College, author of "The Ice Age," etc. "/ have never found so much gratification in a new hook. The artistic perfec- tion of the volume formed a steady source of esthetic enjoyment. I was even more impressed, however, by first, the charming literary style, second, the strong command of facts; and third, the clear acumen and sound sense cropping out both in the body of the book and in the taking side-titles."— W J McGee, chief of Division of Exhibits, Department of Anthropology, St. Louis Exposition, and chief of same department, Smithsonian Institution. "It deserves to be recorded as the History of our country. The material is selected with admirable discrimination. I know of no historical writer more felicitous in style. * * * I regard it as the best History of the United States." — Hon. E. O. Randall, Editor of Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. "I regard it as by far the most complete and best illustrated History of the United States ever published, and I recommend it as such for home use and for public libraries." — Wilbkrforce Barnes, Lenox Librarian, New York Public Library. "I have received and read with pleasure and profit the fifth volume of your 'History of the United States and Its People.' "This History of our nation, in typography, illustration, arrangement, scope and accuracy approaches perfection. I am personally familiar with your suc- cessful endeavors to secure accuracy regarding the naval operations and move- ments of John Paul Jones. "My son, aged nine, has carefully studied the illustrations of the books and part of the text of the five volumes issued, and declares that they are the best books he has ever seen. "Your volumes are used as standard reference books in this library." — Charles W. Stewart, Superintendent of Library and Naval War Records, Navy Depart- ment, Washington, D. C. "The narrative is clear, correct and most readable. Dr. Avery has met the con- troverted points of American history with a thoroughly sane judgment. * * * I have no hesitation in affirming that in points of accuracy in reproducing the evidence of the original authorities the Averx history has distinctly surpassed its predecessors." — Edward G. Bourne, Professor of History, Yale University. BEST ADAPTED FOR BOYS AND GIRLS While this great History is so highly commended by eminent his- torians, librarians and professors of History in our great Universi- ties and Colleges, it should be noted that the text is read with appre- ciation by a boy of nine years, who says: "It is the best book I have ever seen." The great wealth of beautifully colored maps and illustrations, and the pleasing, lucid, simple style, make this History most alluring to young people, as well as old, and best adapted for the use of boys from the age of ten to eighteen, during which period they are eligible as Boy Scouts, and the period in which their characters are formed. WILL DEVELOP A PATRIOTIC CITIZENRY It is in childhood and in youth that the mind is most receptive and plastic, and the memory is most retentive. Put this History into the hands of our youth, to read, to study and to delight in ; and as they grow up to manhood and maturity their minds will be stored with a knowledge of our History, their souls will be imbued with a fervid love of country, a noble, patriotic devotion, and lofty ideals of civic virtue. Then let no man fear for the security and permanence of our institutions. When our government is entrusted to such men, we may well feel assured that our "Government formed of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS MOST VALUABLE AND BEAUTIFUL The Patriotic History of the United States is the most richly endowed from a mapping and illustrative point of view, that has ever been published, either of our own or of any other country. MAPS OE COLONIES Infinite pains have been taken with the mapping in order to secure extreme accuracy. Maps have been drawn and engraved, then subjected to the criticism of experts as to their accuracy. Then, if not absolutely perfect, they were rejected or modified, redrawn and reengraved. Accuracy regardless of cost has been our motto in mapping as in text and illustrations. MAPS OF MILITARY OPERATIONS Between sixty and seventy maps — in five colors — serve to show the movements of the troops during the Revolutionary War. The sketching for many of these maps was done by a West Point In- structor, who worked on them more than a year, and by Mr. David Maydole Matteson of Cambridge. MAPS OF NAVAL OPERATIONS The John Paul Jones' maps consist of a series of five, and show not only the cruises but also the sea fights of this intrepid patriot- commander. The making and verifying of these maps involved long and careful research and much expense. Parts of the log of the " Bon Homme Richard" were plotted from the original records now in the Naval War records library at Wash- ington. Mr. Charles W. Stewart, the librarian, Mrs. Annie H. Eastman, assistant librarian, and two other professors at the Naval Academy did very considerable work in the making of these maps, which took two years to prepare. MAPS OF SIEGES The map of the siege of Quebec is a striking exampleof the extreme care and enormous labor given to the securing of accuracy. More than a month of preliminary work was spent in planning the reproduction of this map, proofs of which, when ready, were sent to Colonel William Wood, author of "The Fight for Canada," to Colonel Crawford Lindsay of the Canadian Artillery, and to Doctor Doughty, the Dominion Archivist. These gentlemen cor- rected the proofs and suggested changes. When the finished en- graved proofs were finally submitted to them after two and one-half years of work, they considered the map, as Colonel Wood expressed it, "quite inhumanly perfect." The cost of the engraving of this one map was more than ^500, though these gentlemen made no charge for their services. It is printed in eight colors. ILLUSTRATIONS The illustrations are truly informing in every sense of the word, and have been selected not so much for adornment alone as for that and instructiveness combined. They have been faithfully repro- duced from originals and consist of reproductions of famous his- torical portraits, paintings, pictures, ships, furniture, charts, rare prints, title pages, plans, statues, buildings, documents, facsimiles of famous signatures, together with elaborate and artistic head and tailpieces. A Frontispiece appears in each of the volumes, richly reproduced in color, with plate-mark, accompanied by a facsimile signature of the person portrayed. This History of the United States is as unique in its wealth of illustrative material as it is in accuracy, and every map and illustra- tion, even when printed in many colors, occurs in its proper place in the text, which is true of no other book published. TYPOGRAPHY The type is made from a set of punches discovered a few years ago in France — punches that had not been used until recently for more than two hundred years. Not only is it most legible but it is also exceptionally beautiful. THE PAPER The paper is of a very fine quality, manufactured expressly for the Patriotic History of the United States after long experimenting. It possesses that proper soft, velvety tone, which proves restful to the eye and also enables the printer to get the best possible typo- graphical results. Twice new requirements arose, after a lot had been made, and in each instance the entire lot was discarded and a new supply manufactured. THE BINDING The volumes are of octavo size, 6| x gf, and each contains about 450 pages. The volumes are bound in crash buckram, in keeping with the Boy Scout or military uniform. A MOST EXPENSIVE BOOK TO MANUFACTURE Every page of this magnificent History is passed through the press several times, as it requires several distinct and separate printings to reproduce the beautifully colored maps and illustrations that occur in every signature. If this History were published and sold through the usual chan- nels it could not be purchased for several times the price at which it is now offered. It is really De Luxe in character, but none too good for our boys, who are to be our future citizens, and on whom our liberty and our future peace and prosperity must and will depend. THE LOW PRICE FOR LIMITED TIME ONLY We have made this remarkably low price, which can be afforded for a limited time only, in order that every Boy Scout, every boy in military training, and his friends may procure sets of the History. ' PROCEEDS TO DEVELOP THE BOY SCOUT ORGANIZATION AND MILITARY TRAINING A liberal commission is paid to the individual Boy Scouts and boys in military training for taking the orders and distributing the volumes. This will enable each Boy to earn and pay for a set for himself, to defray his expense in the organization of the Boy Scouts, or in military training, and to add to the dollar in the bank. HOW TO GET IT To those who place their orders now, the boy who takes the order, will deliver a volume regularly once in two months. The expense is only about four cents a day. This amount placed in the penny savings-bank, in the home, will pay for the volumes as published and delivered. ITS PRICELESS VALUE IN THE HOME ' An examination of the following specimen pages, selected impar- tially from numerous volumes, will convince the reader that the Boy Scouts, and boys in military training, are supplying at almost a nominal price not only the most beautiful but the most valuable set of books ever offered to the American people; — a set of books that in other hands would be sold at a very high price, and would find its way into the homes of only the wealthiest people, — a set of books that will do more to Americanize the rising generation — native born as well as foreign — than any other factor. By this means the Boy Scouts, and boys in military training, will accomplish their greatest national benefaction, in the development of a citizenry intelligently informed, and inspired with heroic zeal and patriotic devotion to the most lofty ideals of civic duty. The Scout Press Inc. SPECIMEN PAGES FROM THE PATRIOTIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE AVERY y •5- DC yvt y :1- p/liEh'S THE PATRIOTIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE FROM THEIR EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE PRESENT TIME ELROY M^KENDREE AVERY IN TWELVE VOLUMES VOLUME I NEW YORK • PHILADELPHIA THE SCOUT PRESS, Inc. PUBLISHERS I DEDICATE THESE VOLUMES TO The Young Men and the Young Women OF AMERICA MAY THEY THEREIN GATHER SHEAVES OF FORTITUDE AND WISDOM THAT SHALL HELP TO MAKE THEM WORTHY OF Their Fathers and Their Mothers MAY ALL THEIR DAYS BE DAYS OF PLEASANTNESS AND ALL THEIR NIGHTS BE PEACE BUT, IF THE SUPREME TEST SHALL COME, MAY IT FIND The United States and Its People IN EVERY WAY PREPARED — READY FOR THE FORGE AND THE HEAT IN WHICH SHALL THEN BE SHAPED THE NEW ANCHORS OF THEIR HOPE ELROY M. AVERY CLEVELAND, 1916 R E A C E THIS volume is the beginning of an attempt to tell the story of the men and measures that have made the United States what it is. History is An orchard bearing several trees And fruits of several taste. In this work, I have tried to meet the wants of men and women of general culture rather than those of pro- fessional historical students. Whatever may have been thought a generation ago, it Is now admitted that such a design is entirely legitimate. For instance. Professor Marshall S. Brown says that "the work of familiarizing juiy, 1901 the general reader with the history of his own country and of inciting him to further study of that history is as useful and necessary as that of investigation for the benefit of a limited number of specialists." This general reader lacks leisure and, in some cases, inclination to dig among the original sources of historical knowledge, but he knows that he has rights to be respected and needs to be met. My purpose, thus frankly avowed, explains why I have made no effort to provide "a mere collection of data for contingent reference, no more intended to be read than a table of logarithms," and why I have avoided frequent citations of authorities in the form of foot-notes. The general reader finds such notes dis- tracting and, therefore, prefers that they be omitted. If now and then he finds that his appetite grows by that on which It feeds, he will find suggestions for supple- X Preface mentary reading in the bibliographical appendix to this and to each of the succeeding volumes. Moreover, I have tried to narrow the gulf between special and popular thinking, to avoid either running into "a cold intellectualism that seems to be heading straight for the poverty and decay that must always follow the separation of the brain from the heart," or feeding "a popular taste that is daily accommodating itself to an aesthetic and intellectual pabulum that would have seemed to our forefathers, at best, a sad waste of time." The researches and discussions of the last quarter- century have thrown a new light on many parts of our early history. I venture to hope that some of this illumination may be reflected from these pages. To secure accuracy, I have not spared honest, earnest effort which in many cases sent me to the original sources. But I have tried not to attempt the impossible. An eminent historian says that no longer does any one try to write a complete history of America from the sources, and that each man now assumes that he may begin on the foundations laid by somebody else. I hereby acknowledge my deep obligation to many helping friends. Common fairness demands that special mention should be made of the assistance given by Otis T. Mason in the preparation of the second chapter, by James Mooney in the preparation of the twenty-second chapter, by George Frederick Wright in the revision of the first chapter, and by Frederick W. Hodge, Adolph F. A. Bandelier, Frank H. Hodder, and George P. Winship in the revision of various parts of the work, especially those relating to the Spanish explorations, and by my wife from beginning to end. Klroy M. Avery Cleveland, September, 1904 m W^i ^fyade not tfye fyen H A T E R THE FIRST AMERICAN IT is well known that, in 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain and discovered a new world in which he found a barbarian race. It is not gener- ally understood that, prior to this, the western hemi- sphere had been visited by Europeans. Yet it has been claimed that the first families of this continent died out thousands of years before the traditions of the red man were begun, and it is difficult to doubt that more than one wanderer from the Old World rested on the soil of the New before Columbus was born. America has a history that is prehistoric. Concerning The Two its primitive people, problem rises after problem. Of ^''o'''^™ these problems, two tower above the others — age and origin. Were the first Americans autochthons or immi- grants ? If immigrants, whence came they and when ? Where did they live and how ? Was there ever, in any portion of the continent, a superior and mysterious race that vanished before the occupancy of the land by the red men whom Columbus found ? Some of these problems are being solved ; some per- The Two haps never will be solved. Not long ago, men seemed ^^^^"'^^ not to know how to study them. They walked over ancient remains, and guessed and wondered as they wan- dered. What little was known about the shell-heap people, the mound-builders, the cliff-dwellers, and the pueblo tribes served only as a starting-point for archaeo- logical speculation ; scientific research was unborn. Now, The First Americans A New Science men do not stand upon tumuli and dream; they excavate and know. The two methods are typical of yesterday and today. For many years students have been gathering data and arranging facts. Much has been learned and some safe generalizations have been made; further facts and fuller information are needed for the complete solution sought. The proper study of this remote past lies in the realm of prehistoric archaeology, a recent science with impor- tant lessons at some of which it will be well to glance. Drainage Systems The region of the great lakes and the country thence northward to the Arctic Ocean is a region of small lakes also. Waterfalls abound, and many streams are mere alternations of rapids and pools. The tendency of a stream below its pool is to cut its channel deeper and thus to drain the pool, while the tendency of the stream above is to fill it with mud and sand. In the course of time, under the operation of these causes, the pool will disappear, Siniilarly, the tendency of waterfall and rapids is to deepen the channel by the power of erosion; and, in time, they will do so until the slope of the stream is gentle and its current slow. Hence the conclusions that a stream the course of which is inter- rupted by lakes is either a young stream or that nature has recently put obstructions in its path, and that a stream with cascades and waterfalls and rapids is laboring at an unfinished task. South of the Ohio River such lakes and cataracts are rare; in British America and the northern United States they are very numerous. In the south, the drainage system is mature; in the north, it is young and immature. Let us seek an explanation of these facts. The Ouiatchouan Falls The Neolithic Americans 25 of pottery in strata near the surface. Some of his conclu- sions are that the shell-heaps are by no means contem- porary, that some were abandoned long before others were begun, and that the beginning of the oldest far antedates the coming of the white man. The evidence seems to show that in the shell-heap period, the abo- rigines of Florida acquired the art of making pottery. In 1898, Mr. Moore found a remarkable domiciliary An Uniqu mound on the southeast end of Little Island, Beaufort Vomen County, South Carolina. The mound was about four- Mound on Little Island, South Carolina teen feet high with an elliptical base the north and south diameter of which measured one hundred and fifty feet and the east and west diameter about one hundred feet. On the mound were pine-trees, some of them large, and live-oaks of moderate size. Excavation exposed the clay walls of a quadrilateral enclosure nearly thirty-five by forty feet. The walls were a little more than four feet high, and were supported by upright posts that projected 38 The Neolithic Americans diameter. The bottom of this pit was covered with an inch of fine chocolate-colored dust. Then came a cavity a foot high in the center, over which the sand-filling was arched. Above the sand and on the level of the surface- soil was a little mound in which were found the bones of fifteen or twenty persons, in a heap without order or arrangement. Mingled with the bones were charcoal and ashes. The bones were charred, and some were glazed with melted sand. Above this mound (marked 2 in the figure) were a layer of clay or mortar mixed with sand and burned to a brick-red color, and another layer two feet thick and composed of calcined human bones, mingled with charcoal, ashes, and a reddish-brown mortar- like substance burned as hard as pavement brick. Above this was the external layer of soil and sand about a foot thick. Burial-mounds ..««iii^^ I , A burial-mound on the bank of the Mississippi River near Section of a Burial-mound Davenport, Iowa, shows a like stratified structure. Beneath successive layers of earth and stone was a nucleus in which were found skulls (and fragments of bones) lying in a semicircle and each surround- ed by a circle of small stones. From the position of \ the skulls and bones, - ^^ ^ ^ 'tLrthesebodles had been buried in a sitting posture. Accompanying the skeletons were ■ two copper axes, two small hemispheres of copper and one of silver, a bear's tooth, and an arrow- head. There was no evi- dence of the use of fire in the burial ceremonies. All of Vertical and Horizontal Sections of a Burial-mound the mounds of the group to which this belongs are conical and of comparatively small size, varying from three to eight feet in height. The Northmen 8i Bjarni Herjulfson had been borne on the cold current that sets southward from the arctic circle and flows through the narrowed channel between Iceland and Green- land. By reason of two physical conditions, in com- bination with the restless activity of the tenth-century Northmen, Bjarni had sighted the American coast and "sailed along the shores of Newfoundland and Lab- rador to Greenland. He made no landing on the con- tinent. Near the end of the cen- tury, Leif Ericson (i.e., Leif the son of Eric) sailed from Greenland to Norway and found that King Olaf had accepted the Christian relig- ion and was forcing it upon his people with true Moham- medan zeal. It was about this time that the king sent word that, if all the Norsemen inhabiting Iceland did not at once become Christians, he would kill every one of them he could lay Map of Bjarni's Course hand upon. Leif was converted with the rest and, on his return to Greenland, took a priest of the new faith with him. Greenland became a Christian land and her people built Christian Ruins of the Church at Katortok churchcS. The TuinS of one of these, known as the Katortok church, still remain. Inevitably, the story of the land that Bjarni had seen was much discussed in the Greenland homes. Among CHAPTER V I PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR Profit and Progress They that go doivn to the sea in ships, that do business in great "waters ,• these see the ivorks of the Lord, and his ivonders in the deep. — Psalm cvii. T HE wondrous story that, in the latter part of the thirteenth century, the Venetian, Marco Polo, had told of Kublai Khan, and of Mangi and Cathay (China) with their countless cities, teeming wealth, and indescribable mag- nificence, had aroused the curi- osity and kindled the avarice of the western world. The growing wealth and luxury of the age had made an increasing demand for the costly mer- chandise of India, and the great cities of Italy had fattened on the traffic. But the path- way to the gorgeous East lay through wide deserts and hostile countries. Portugal and Castile, far removed from the devious route of this profitable commerce, were almost forced to turn their eyes to the western ocean and to seek therein new paths and new domains. The drain of coin from the west to the east had doubled the purchasing power of silver and gold in Europe, and some readjustment Marco Polo Columbus's Third Voyage 95 kindle enthusiasm. These children of a teeming fancy 1498 were destined to be placed side by side with the soberer statements of Americus Vespucius, and thus to make it Columbus at the Island of Margarita more easy to rob the great discoverer of his right to fix his name upon a world that he had found. After sailing northwest for four days, Columbus Espanoia sighted Haiti about fifty leagues west of the new capital August 19 that, in honor of their father, Bartholomew had named Santo Domingo. The admiral sent a messenger over- 332 Westward Ho ! I 5 I 5 6 three ships laden with suppHes and also made vain search 7 for the colony that he had planted. To protect the ^^^■^^^'te;K#V — TWJ^ An Indian Village rights of England, Grenville left fifteen men with supplies for two years. Roanoke In the following spring, the still hopeful Ralegh pre- Reestabiished p^^g^j ^ ncw colony. John White and twelve associates Virginia Under the Charter 47 many of the later historians refuse to accept it. Like the 1608 story of the apocryphal voyage of Vespucius, it has not been absolutely disproved and is not without able and valiant defenders. On his return to Jamestown, Smith was arrested, in- The First dieted under the Levitical law for allowing the death of ^"Pp'^ two of his men, found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. " But it pleased God to send Captain Newport unto us the same evening." The "John and Francis" had January 2-12 arrived from England with the " first supply," about seventy ad- ditional set- tlers. As the ship came to her desti- nation on Saturday evening, the immigrants did not land until Mon- daymorning. Newport immediately liberated Wingfield and Smith ; " also by his comyng was prevented a parliament which ye newe coun- s ail or, Mr. Recorder [A re h e r] i ntPndpd Title-page of Smith s Generall Hutorie thear to summon." The colony had been reduced to forty persons, and these were nearly starved; the hunger ii6 The Pilgrims 1620 then wooded shores of Cape Cod were seen. As the Pilgrims' patent was for Virginia and not for New Eng- land, they turned toward the south, " to find," says Bradford, "some place about Hudson's river for their habitation." It has been charged, apparently with little reason, that, through collusion with the Dutch, Captain Jones treacherously forced a change of destination. It is now pretty certain that the depravity of the captain and the prejudices of the Dutch had less to do with the determination of the landing-place than did the vagaries of the Gulf Stream, the dangers of the Massachusetts Saturday, No- vember 1 1 -2 1 A T L A N T I C OCEAN Map of Cape Cod Harbor coast, and the political sagacity of the forefathers. At all events, after standing southward half a day, the " May- flower " turned back, doubled the cape, and found a rest- ing-place in what is now the harbor of Provincetown, "the only windward port within two hundred miles where the ship could have lain at anchor for the next month un- vexed by the storms which usher in a New England win- ter." As the passengers looked back upon what they had endured and the dangers that they had escaped, it seemed that " a sea voyage was an inch of hell." The Pilgrims 125 seed-time and harvest, the country was explored as far as i 6 2 i Boston Harbor. Winslow and Hopkins went on an embassy to Massasoit and recognized his friendly dis- position and the squalor of Indian life. When some of the subjects of Massasoit formed a conspiracy against their sachem, Standish and a dozen men promptly marched against the recalcitrants. There was no fighting but, as a result of the demonstration, nine sachems came into Plymouth and acknowledged themselves to be the loyal subjects of King James. The summer was prosperous, the harvest was abundant. Thanksgiving Then was had the first of those New England autumnal ^^"^ feasts, " now kept with gladness in the homes, and with worship in the churches, all r7=-- the way from Plymouth to the Golden Gate." With statesmanlike hospitality, Massasoit and several score of his people were feasted for three days. A few days later, the " Fortune " brought Robert Cushman and thirty- five recruits. Cushman brought a new patent, the first granted by the council for New England. This oldest existing Plymouth document, issued in the name of John Pierce, one of the London adventurers and his associates, superseded the unused Wincob patent. It conveyed a tract of land to be selected by the plant- ers, allowed a hundred acres to be taken up for every emigrant, provided fifteen hundred acres for public buildings, and conferred self-governing powers. It fixed no territorial limits and, unfortunately, never was confirmed by the crown. In the following SERMON PREACHED AT P L I M M O T H J N NEW -ENGL AND Veutnher 9. 1621.- In an altcmblic of his CSUifflits fduhfuU Slihtn,, ihrrc WHEREIN IS-S HEWED the danger of fclfe-Iouc , and the fweetncircoftrucFriendniip. r a ETHE K WITH A PREFACE, Shewing thcftatcof the Councry, tind Condition of the SAVAGES. R o M. 12. 10. ic affeUitnedto lone one unother with irotkerly ioue. Written in the jcarc irfii. ' t ND ow Printed by A Z). foi- I o H » B t i. l a m 1 e, iiid arc to be fold at his Qiop ir chc two Gtcy. liounjs .n Comc-luH, r.cot the Kc'^'U November IC3-20 The Pierce Patent June i-l I Title-page of Cushman's Sermon at Plymouth 200 Maryland Before the Restoration 1632 The limits of the grant were clearly defined, and The Charter included parts of Pennsylvania and West Virginia and all of what is Maryland and Delaware. The government was of a type familiar in England, but (excepting that of the short-lived Avalon) new in America. The lord pro- prietor might coin money, grant titles of nobility (except such as were then in use in England), create courts, appoint judges, pardon criminals, and, in brief, exercise all the royal rights, privileges, and prerogatives that had THE CHARTER OF 'Harles By the Grace ©fGOD, King of ErgUn'i,Svith certaine Priviledges and lurifdiftions, rcquifite for the good govern- raent,and ftate of his Colony, and Countrey a- forefaidjto him and his heires for ever. rhehunii. KNOW Y E E therefore , that Wee fa- vouring the pious, and Noble purpofc of the ' faid Barons of Sit/rirwrf, of our fpeciall grace, certaine know ledge, and mcere motion, have given,granted,and confirmed, and by this our prefentCbar:cr,forVs, Our Heires, and Sac- ccflbrs, doe give , grant and confirme unto the faid Cecilius, now Baton n(Sahimort,hri heires and Affignes,all that partefa PerjnfuU , lying inthepa'rtsof >OTCriirj , bctn-ecnc the Ocean on the Eaft, and the Bay of Chefipead- on rhc Wefl, anj.divided from the other part thereof, by The First Two Pages of the First Appearance in Print and in Translation of the Maryland Charter ever been enjoyed by any bishop of Durham within his county palatine, "that independent, self-governing fief on the northern border of England which until 1536 remained outside the control of the kings of England and formed a petty state by itself" These powers undoubtedly exceeded any others conferred by the English crown upon any subject. While the charter thus created a hereditary, provincial, constitutional monarchy, with powers unprecedentedly great, the rights that it secured Carolina 2 I John Fiske and other historians that at Charles Town 1682 the bucaneers found an open port and a hearty welcome 1685 is vigorously denied by later historical writers of South Carolina, one of| whom informs me that "hundreds of records in South Carolina prove [said reports] to be absolutely false." Governor West now found him- self surrounded by political difficulties of increased sever- ity. The inhabit- ants of Berkeley County were warmly opposed to the injustice of the parliamentary apportionment. The first funda- mental CO nstitu- -tions had provided for the tenure of land for the rental of a penny an acre "or the value thereof." When, in clear violation of the contract, payment of quit-rent in money was demanded and the settlers urged that money was scarce and proffered the merchantable produce of the land, the proprietors replied, "We insist to sell our lands in our own way." When the proprietors ordered that the third set of the fundamental constitutions should be put in practice, even the grand council protested. Recognizing the impossibility of obeying his instructions without incurring the enmity of the colonists, Governor West became disheartened and gave up his office. The council chose Morton as governor and, in September, 1685, the proprietors sent him a commission. r.A«/?B-i/j»j// Jjijsr-tea. HOOHif. Baccha-ko^^ Engraved Title-p.ige of' the first Dutch Edition Esquemeling, 1678 96 Pennsylvania I 6 8 I The Pennsylvania Grant The royal grant conveyed a domain larger than Ire- land, one of the greatest ever given by an English king to an individual, and the repository of unimagined natural resources. The new province was to extend from the Delaware River westward through five degrees of longitude, "the said lands to bee bounded on the North by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of Northern latitude, and on the South, by a Circle drawne at twelve miles distance from New Castle Northwards and Westwards unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northerne Latitude and then by a streight Line west- wards, to the Limitt of Longitude above menconed." The boundaries thus described were ambiguous in more respects than one. The northern line was designated as "the beginning of the three and fortieth degree" and else- where in the same charter as "the three and fortieth degree." Did this mean the forty-third parallel of northern latitude or the southern edge of the zone between the forty- second and the forty-third parallels? The former inter- pretation (on which Penn later insisted) would have thrown Albany, modern Troy, and Buffalo into Pennsylvania. The southern boundary ques- tion was still more compli- cated. If "the beginning of the three and fortieth degree" really signified the forty- second parallel, then, of course, "the beginning of the fortieth degree" would mean the thirty-ninth parallel. Such an interpretation would give the western shore of Delaware Bay and the head of Chesapeake Bay to Penn, who sadly needed ports George Fox's Watch-seal and Wax Impression Thereof The French Exploration of the West 179 « 7 March 19 March with a woeful story of mishaps. He set out again i 6 in April with his brother and a score. He returned i 6 with only eight of the twenty and found the colony reduced from one hundred and eighty to forty-five. No relief came from France and, in January, 1687, La Salle set out again with sixteen men to seek at his Fort Saint Louis help for the rem- nant of his col- ony in Texas. Then came quarrels, the murder of the leader, and the killing of the two assassins. Some of the sur- vivors worked their way to the fort on the Illi- nois and thence to Canada and ''^'"'^'^^^ "^ ^' ^'^^' France. The French king could not be induced to send relief to the colony in Texas and the Spaniards sent to capture it heard a story of smallpox and slaughter. A full decade went by before France made any effort to take up the work anew. De La Barre, Frontenac's successor, was so plainly De La Barre overmatched by Dongan in New ^'^ .,, . -' D UenonviUe York that, in 1685, Denonville Autograph of Denonville ' ^^S SCnt tO QuebcC aS gOVemOr. To frustrate English plans, Denonville ordered Duluth with fifty men to the Detroit River where he built a picket fort near the site of Fort Gratiot. To the H A T E R I X THE FRENCH EXPLORATION OF THE WEST 1634 1689 The English Frontier A the end of the seventeenth century, the Ameri- can frontier had been pushed from the Atlantic seaboard just beyond the " fall line," where the streams leave their rocky beds and, by a series of rapids or fa 1 1 s, enter deeper channels. At this line fish love to linger, navigation has to stop, and water- power be- comes available to industry; hence, pre- Columbian village sites, post- Columbian trading DOStS and Map of the English Colonies, Showing the "Fall Line" modern cities and railways. But while the English colo- nists were thus appropriating the Atlantic seaboard, the From Louisburg to Fort Necessity 7 4 7 7 4 8 gang sent to Boston to make good this loss seized whom they would and November 17, 1747 Autograph ot Commodore Charles Knowlcs bore them off — unwilling recruits for the royal navy. This was an outrage not to be tol- erated in the American metropolis. Shirley was fright- ened by what he called the "mobbishness" of the people, and officers of the fleet who happened to be on shore were seized and held as hostages. In the end, Knowles released most of those who had been impressed and, to the great joy of the people of Boston, put to sea. The feeling aroused by this incident was not lessened Louisburg by the terms of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle whereby Restored to England gave back the hard-won Louisburg for far-away octobery-is, Madras. This surrender of the fruit of a conquest '^48 rr-^^ .- , . - - _ , . ^ ^ largely won by ^TWENTV FOURTH ^^^^olkr^ (^^Ml VN the colonists \\as grievous tor Massa- chusetts men to bear. A N'ear later, however, a salve was tound for the M a s s a c h u - Massachusetts Three-penny BUI, 1750 „„^|._ hnrt when parliament voted that the various colonies should be reimbursed for their expenses in the expedition against Louisburg. Two hundred and seventeen chests r 3 „ .yl J/^A I^TOSII I 2 From Louisburg to Fort Necessity King's College 1746 ernor, he took an oath that bound him to maintain the 1756 prerogatives of the king. In 1 746, the provincial assembly passed an act author- izing a lottery in aid of a college and, in 1 751, named ten trustees to take charge of the moneys raised for that purpose. The Rever- end Samuel Johnson was chosen president in 1753; on the seventeenth of July, 1754, he began the instruc- tion of the first class in the vestry-room of the school- house of Trinity Church. On the thirty-first of OctO- ^eal of King's College from 1754 to 1775 ber in the same year, the institution, "King's College," Crown on Flag-staff of King's College King's College in 1760 received a royal charter. In 1755, the trustees of Trinity Church deeded to the college a large plot of land and, on the twenty-third of August, 1756, the corner-stone of the first building was laid in what was subsequently the block bounded by College Place, Barclay, Church, and Murray streets — at that time a beautiful situation with surroundings of groves and green fields and a fine view of the From Louisburg to Fort Necessity 33 Potomac. In 1747, George took up his residence at i Mount Vernon with his brother Lawrence who had mar- i ried Anne, the daughter of Sir Wilham Fairfax, manager of the great estate of his cousin, Thomas, sixth Lord Fair- fax. Lord Fairfax, a grandson of Lord Culpeper, had in- herited more than five mil- lion acres in Virginia. Hewas a graduate of Oxford and had written for Addison's Specta- tor. To a somewhat eccentric disposition, disappointment in love had added a desire for seclusion, so that, in 1 745, he had left England for his Vir- ginia domain. Lord Fairfax soon made the acquaintance of George Washington and was so well impressed by the boy of sixteen that, in 1748, he sent him to survey certain of his lands beyond the Blue Ridge. On the favorable report of the young sur- veyor, Lord Fairfax took up his residence at Greenway Court, a manor of ten thousand acres on the Shenandoah River, about twelve miles southeast of the present town of Winchester. Washington was a frequent visitor at Green- way Court and, from its owner and those about him, gained a knowledge of men and manners that was to exer- cise a profound influence upon his character and career. Through Fairfax's favor he obtained a commission as a public surveyor of Culpeper County. This entitled his surveys to a place in the county oflice; they are still held in high esteem for their completeness and accuracy. For three years, the young man "roughed it" on the Major border, strengthening his physique against stress of days "^^^hington to come, learning much of Indian and of Indian trader. Silver Bowl used at Christening of George Washington H A T E R I X THE CAMPAIGN THE CAPTURE OF OF I 7 5 «_ LOUISBURG The " Impregna- ble " Fortress Its Garrison ^FTER Louisburg had been restored to France by /-\ the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, great sums were -i- -m- furnished by the French government for repairing and strengthening it. But much of the money was embezzled and the fortress, though the strongest in French or British North America, had decided weak- nesses. The original plan had not been carried out; the circumference of the walls was so great that an enormous garrison was required to man them; there was high ground outside the walls and not far away ; and the mortar used was so poor that the masonry crumbled under the action of frost and rain. In the spring of 1758, the commandant of the fortress was the Chevalier de Drucour, a brave officer whose patience had been sadly worn by the difficulties and vexations of the four years that he had spent there. The garrison consisted of four battalions of French regulars, twenty companies of Canadians, and two companies of artillery, aggregating about thirty-eight hundred men, of whom about twenty-nine hundred were able to bear arms. In addition to these were a body of armed inhabi- tants and a band of Indians, while in the harbor lay a fleet of five ships of the line and seven frigates carrying five hundred and forty-four guns, and about three thou- sand men. The fortress mounted two hundred and nineteen cannons and seventeen mortars and there were Pitt Plans the Campaign of 1758 159 vessels were run upon the beach and many of them were floated off only after their cargoes and guns had been thrown overboard. Of all the vessels fitted out this year for the destitute and hard-pressed colony, few arrived at their destmation. Sea power, the decisive factor in many great conflicts, was beginning to turn the scale in this. 7 5 2 24 Campaign of I'^Q — The Contestants 1-59 Thanks to William Pitt, a new spirit was abroad in the Pitt in Power BHtish empire. In the last campaign, British arms had won some successes in America, the French had been driven from the Guinea coast while, in Germany, the kincT of Prussia had held his own. When parliament met late in November, Eno;1and was aglow with enthusi- asm. Pitt was omnipotent. "Our vmanim- ity is prodi- tjious," wrote Horace Wal- pole. "You would as soon hear a 'No' trom an old maid as from the House of Commons." Despite the unprece- dented ex- pense, the wai was to be carried on more vitjor- o u s 1 V t h a n ever. Finan- cial aid was to be sent to to continue to Uoiibnu 01 BrLusii Soldier of the Forty-eightii Regar Foot, 1-42-64 Pitt's Plin tor the Carcpiiga in .-America King Frederick; the British navy was capture more French vessels and to threaten the French coast; the colonial possessions of France were to be wrested from her and her commercial aspirations crushed. Pitt intended that the heaN^est blow should be struck in America. The operations there were to be along two lines, which were eventually to meet in cooperation. An armv of twelve thousand men under Wolfe and a fleet consisting of one-fourth of the British navy were to ascend Wolfe and Saunders Before Qjiebec 261 three thousand men, broke up their camp at the Point 1759 of Orleans, leaving Major Hardy with some marines to hold that post, and were ferried across the north channel of the river. Before day- break, they landed at L'Ange Gardien, a short distance below the mouth of the Montmorency. '1 hey met with little resist- ance and began to for- tify themselves on the W ■ i- ' ' July 9 plateau above. It has often been pointed out that the three separate iMiglish camps might have been at- tacked and defeated in Light Dragoon (k-ft) and Grenadier ( iiack and front), detail, but an English 1744-60 fleet was near at hand and thus made less the dangers of division. Moreover, Montcalm had determined on a policy of wearing out his assailants and would not be tempted into an abandonment of it. From his new position, Wolfe hoped to be able to cross the Montmorency, to drive the French out of the Beauport lines, and closely to invest Qiiebec. Confident of the superior discipline of his troops, he also hoped that the enemy would attack him. Levis, who commanded the French left, was anxious to make such an attack, but the more cautious Montcalm said: "Let him amuse himself where he is; if we drive him off, he may go to some place where he can do us harm." Montcalm's estimate of Wolfe's new position was cor- The Dividing rect. Although the English were now within musket- ^'"'^ shot of the extreme French left, they were well cut off. Below the feathery falls, two hundred and fifty feet in height, the river was broad and shallow and could be waded 292 The Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1759 crash, the EngHsh poured in their first volley, sweeping down the French by hundreds. With precision and celerity, the men reloaded and moved twenty paces to the front. Again they poured in their volley and "then followed a short, but deadly fire-fight; the French fighting gallantly, but firing wildly and without concentration; whilst the British line kept up its quick, intense, but perfectly controlled, double-shotted volleys." Soon the French line began to waver. The English dashed in with the bayonet; the Highlanders with the claymore; in a few moments the French army was a disorderly mob in wild flight for safety, "driven, with a prodigious slaughter, into the town and their other intrench- ments on the other side of the River St. Charles." A French officer who was present says : " Our troops gave the first fire, the British the second, and the affair was over. Our right took to their heels, our center ran away after them and drew along the left, and so the battle was lost in less time than I am telling the story." In less than ten minutes the fate of a con- tinent had been decided. Although not included in Creasy 's famous list, Quebec was one of the decisive battles of the world. Before the main French attack began, Wolfe, while on a visit to the left, had been hit in the wrist, but he tied the wound up with his handkerchief and kept on. As he passed the center, another bullet struck him in the groin, but he kept on, pouring out his spirit, says a grenadier officer, "in animated exhortations and fiery eloquence, which spring from that deep emotion which none but warriors can feel" and "none but heroes can utter." Just as the final charge began, a third bullet passed through one of his lungs; half-stunned by the shock, he staggered and was carried to the rear and seated on the ground. There the staflF surgeon and a favorite servant Wolfe Wounded For the Building of a Nation 7 and the supply of labor is consequently scanty, manu- 1763 facturing is likely to languish. So it was in the colonies. Still, a great many articles that now are ordinarily pur- chased were then made at home. The northern farm was almost as self-sufficient as was the mediaeval manor. Many families produced all the clothing, furniture, etc., a Boy's shoe, worn previous to the Revolution that they used. In short, the man of that day was a jack- of-all-trades who could turn his hand to almost anything, A Loom from making a wooden rake to building a house. Despite a Reel repressive English legislation and the dearth of labor, there was, especially in the North, considerable manufac- turing on the larger scale. Thus there were fulling-mills in several of the colonies, and iron-works were in existence in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and elsewhere. Bur- naby tells us that, in 1758, sixty thousand dozen pairs of thread stockings, worth a dollar a pair, were made at Germantown. The distillation of rum from West India 8 For the Building of a Nation Carpenters' Tools of Colonial Times (Reproduced from the original articles kindly loaned by Mr. John E. L. Hazen, Shirley, Mass.) 1763 molasses was an important New England industry, as will be more fully explained a few pages further on. There were perhaps fifty colonial printing-presses, and the production of naval stores, leather, and other arti- cles gave employment to many. Ship-building Of all manufactures, however, ship-building was perhaps the most important. In 1769, three hundred and eighty- nine vessels of an aggregate of twenty thousand tons burden were launched. Of this number, Massachusetts built one hundred and thirty-seven; Connecticut, fifty; New Hampshire, forty-five; Rhode Island, thirty-nine; Virginia, twenty-seven ; Pennsylvania, twenty-two ; Mary- land, twenty ; and New York, nineteen. It was generally remarked, however, that American vessels did not last as long as did those built in Europe. For this, two reasons were assigned : one was that American timber was naturally less durable than European; the other, that the spirit of haste, even then noticeable in America, did not allow sufficient time for the timber to become seasoned. For the Building of a Nation 19 ered in the city of New York in a single day traveled very slowly. It took nineteen days to carry the Lex- ington and Concord story to Savan nah. Of course, there were great differ- ences in social conditions and meth- ods of living. Some of the very wealthy lived in stately mansions and made a brave display of fine furniture, plate, and china, had many News T 7 6 3 Joseph Wanton, the Tory Governor of Rhode Island Leather Mail Bag, carried between Hartford, Middletown, and New Haven, in 1775 liveried servants, kept London-made coaches and Social Life chariots, dressed magnifi- cently in silks and satins, and created a fair imita- tion of English "society." Still their luxury fell far below the luxury of to-day ; even the richest did not enjoy many of what are now regarded as necessa- ries of life. Most of those who lived on the border, and much of the country was border, as well as many 20 For the Building of a Nation 1763 who lived elsewhere, dwelt in log cabins, dressed in buckskin and homespun, lived on a rude plenty of game and "hog and hominy," and enjoyed such relaxations as log-roll- incr I ^,Ri9%siiiPls ' P mm ^ III i i'*'^*'* '^^^^ View of tne Oia State House, Boston, 1791, from Wasnmgton Street A committee of the house of representatives was promptly appointed to ask for the removal of the soldiers. "An armament by sea and land investing this metropolis," they declared, "and a military guard with cannon pointed at the door of the state house where the assembly is held, are inconsistent with that dignity and freedom with which they have a right to deliberate, consult, and determine. They expect that your excellency will, as his majesty's representative, give effectual orders for the removal of the above-mentioned forces by sea and land out of this port io8 Repeal of the Townshend Acts iB-ir fill u Lv. 1 3f Bji *,wTOCJa -thlVallr V "T -fillFi^' ^'"i ^fTT^t^: ' B>«(fil!«I*.u The Bloody Massacre on the Streets ot Boston, March 5, 1770, engraved and colored by Paul Revere Reproduction in facsimile (reduced) by special permission from a copy of the original kindly loaned by the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts 1770 officer and twelve men to protect the sentinel and the custom-house, himself following soon after. When he arrived, he found the guard surrounded by a mob armed with clubs; members of the mob pressed up almost to the muzzles of the guns and even threw snow in the The War Begun 237 Patriotic Prudence The oration was at once vehement and prudent, sug- 1775 gesting much, yet avoiding anything that could be called Warren's treason. For example, this: "Even the sending of" troops to put these acts in execution is not without advantages to us. The ex- actness and beauty of their disci- pline inspire our youth with ardor in the pursuit of military knowledge. Charles the I nvincib le taught Peter the Great the art of war. The battle of Pultowa con- vinced Charles of the pro" ficiency Peter had made." And this: "If it appears that the only way to safety is through fields of blood, I know you will not turn your faces from your foes, but will undauntedly press forward until tyranny is trodden under foot, and you have fixed your adored Goddess Liberty fast by a Brunswick's side on the American throne." While Warren was speaking, an officer on the pulpit stairs held up some bullets in his open palm. The speaker quietly dropped his handker- 262 The First Months of War 1775 more than an inchoate mass, loosely organized, poorly equipped, and ill supplied with powder. The authority of Ward was recognized by the contingents from other colonies by courtesy only. For the work in hand, a stronger organization was necessary. Elbridge Gerry had already written, with the approval of Warren, to the Massachusetts delegates in the continental congress, that the Massachusetts leaders would "rejoice to see this way the beloved Colonel Washington." The loyalists, meantime, were divided between hope and fear. The large reinforcements reported to be on the way from England were anxiously awaited. On the twenty-fifth of May, the troops and three general officers arrived. On the departure of the gen- erals from London, an irreverent rhyme- ster had sung: Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne Behold! the "Cerberus" the Atlantic plough, Her precious cargo, Burgoyne, Clinton, Howe, Bow ! wow ! wow ! With the reinforce- ments. Gage's army numbered about ten thousand men. The committee of safety decided to remove the live stock from the islands in the har- bor and Gage under- took to secure the hay on Grape Island, near Weymouth. These foraging expe- john Burgoyne ditions brought on lively skirmishes, in one of which the British lost some men, twelve swivels, and a sloop, besides the sheep and cattle that Putnam had set out to get. Chief-justice -~-§- 296 Beleaguered Boston 1775 the British loss at Bunker Hill and the unexpected resist- ance of the Americans made the enemy cautious and the dreaded movement from Boston was not attempted. In Boston The Condition of the inhabitants of Boston was acute. July i6 "Their beef is all spent," wrote Mrs. Adams, "their malt and cider all gone. All the fresh provisions they can procure, they are obliged to give to the sick, and wounded. . . . No man dared now to be seen talk- ing to his friend in the street. They were obliged to be within, every evening, at ten o'clock, according to martial law; nor could any inhabitant walk any street in town after that time, without a pass from Gage. He has ordered all the molasses to be distilled up into rum for the soldiers." So great were the difficulties of subsist- ence that eventually General Gage had to consent to the departure of many of the inhabitants. Meantime, the continental army was growing in size and efficiency. In the first six weeks of Washing- ton's command, there was an increase of nearly twenty-four hundred. Among the recruits were Captain Daniel Morgan's riflemen from Vir- ginia. If the discipline of the New England troops had been a disap- pointment to Washington, the ap- ^ pearance of Morgan's men was not less so to General Thomas who thought and said that "the army would be as well off without them." The fringed hunting-shirts of the Virginians provoked the mirth of the New Englanders, and, on one occa- sion, the men came to blows. Hear- ing of the disturbance, Washington mounted his horse, rode post-haste to the scene of disturbance, "threw the bridle of his horse into his servant's Morgan's Virginia Rifleman hands, and, Tushing into the thickest The New York Campaign 15 Pass, two or three miles still beyond. Unfortunate- ly, Greene, who was a capable officer and familiar with the situ- ation, was prostrated by the prevailing fever; on the twentieth of August he was succeeded by Sullivan. On the twenty- fourth, Wash- ington placed 1 T 7 7 6 Coat of Arms of Israel Putnam Private of Artillery, Continental Line (From original drawing by Harry A. Ogden) Putnam in command; on the twenty-fifth, he sent him written instructions ; on the twenty-sixth, f he crossed over to the island and made a personal inspection of the intrenchments and the outposts. Putnam was devoted, honest, and courageous, but he knew almost nothing of the arrangements for defense and little of scientific war- fare. He can hardly be said to have exercised general command on the day of the battle that was at hand. 52 Trenton and Princeton — Congress I 7 7 7 be so strong that Washington could hardly hope to hold his position. If he should try and fail, his army would be destroyed and the American revolution would be at an end. The council approved a plan to march around the British left flank, to strike a blow at the small garrison at Princeton, and, if possible, to capture the British stores at Brunswick. Out of the Cornwallis had marched from Tight Place Princeton by the road that led through Maidenhead. But there Map of Washington's Advance and the Battles of Trenton and Princeton was the Qiiaker road, less used and longer by several miles. The Americans began intrenchments within hearing dis- tance of the enemy and kept the fires burning brightly. About one o'clock, the patriot army, excepting about Brandywine and Germantown 67 hood on a visit, soon arrived with several hundred militia 1777 and a desperate fight followed. Arnold had two horses shot under him. When the first horse fell and the rider was extricating his feet from the stirrups, a Tory called upon him to " Surrender ! " " Not yet," answered Arnold, as, freeing himself, he drew a pistol, shot the Tory, and escaped through whizzing bullets to the woods. The British made their way to their convoy with a loss of about forty killed, many wounded, and some captured. Trevelyan, an English historian, says: "It was Lexing- ton over again, in every particular, except that at Lex- ington the Royal forces had been commanded by a man of honour." While at Baltimore, congress had appointed five new The imperfect major-generals, Stirling, Mifflin, Saint Clair, Stephen, and crga^'"4^°^ "^ Lincoln, passing over Arnold who was senior brigadier. February 19 The pretext for this strange proceeding was that Con- necticut already had two major-generals and ought not to have another, but the real reason lay deeper. Horatio Gates's intrigue was aided by New England hostility to Schuyler. As Schuyler's conspicuous friend, Arnold was disliked by Schuyler's enemies, and by others he was blamed for the disasters of the northern campaign. Arnold was incensed by the injustice of congress, but, soothed by Washington, he consented to remain in the army and to serve under those who lately were his in- feriors. After the Tryon raid, congress gave him a fine horse and a major- general's commission, but did not restore him to his relative rank. At the beginning of 1776, the union flag of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with the crosses of Saint George and Saint Andrew had been unfurled in the camp The First Flag ofthe Union (a reconstruction) The First Flag 70 Brandywine and Germantown Pulaski I 7 7 7 or New York attacked. Washington at once sent one of his aides, Colonel Alexander Hamilton, to report the con- clusion of the coun- cil to congress and to seek its decision on the matter. Con- gress promptly ap- proved the decision, but, on the follow- ing day, word was received that imme- diately changed the plan of operations. Leaving the Brit- ish fleet at sea, we turn our attention tor a moment to three European offi- cers who, in the summer of 1777, entered the service of the young repub- lic. Count Casimir Pulaski was a native of Poland whose estates had been confiscated; out- lawed and with a price upon his head, he escaped to Tur- key and thence passed to France where he met Franklin. As a result of this meeting, Pulaski came to America, became a member of Washington's staff, and, on the fifteenth of September, was appointed commander of the cavalry with the rank of major-general. As the native officers would not be reconciled to the orders of a foreigner who could speak little English and whose ideas of discipline and tactics differed widely from their own, Pulaski resigned Brandywine and Germantown 71 7 7 Kalb his command in March, 1778. By authority of congress, he then recruited, chiefly at Baltimore, three companies of cavalry armed with lances and three companies of light infantry — a corps that became famous under the name of Pulaski's legion. Another ofiicer was the "Baron" Johann de Kalb, a native of Bayreuth who had risen to the ^^^ ^^ the French army. He had taken part in the Seven Years' war and, in 1768, was sent to America as the secret agent of the French gov- ernment. In 1777, he agreed with Deane to join the continental army, came to America with Lafayette, and was made a major-general. Both Pulaski and Kalb September 15 were to give their lives to the cause in which they now embarked. The third officer was the Marquis de Lafayette, not Lafayette yet twenty years of age, the possessor of a large fortune, the husband of a charming wife, and one of a family that for centuries had been distinguished in French history. In August, 1775, while stationed at Metz as a captain of artillery, he heard the duke of Gloucester, brother of the English king, give an account of the American revolt. Before he left the table, he resolved to offer his services to America. At Paris, he found grave and unexpected difficul- ties ; France was not ready to take action that might result 74 Brandywine and Germantown Howe's Advance toward the Brandywine 1777 capital, the army advanced without delay to Wilmington. About this time came cheering news from Stark at Ben- nington, of which more in a later chapter. On the day that Washing- ton arrived at Wilmington, the British, eighteen thou- sand strong, landed a few miles below the head of Elk [Elkton]. On the third of Sep- tember, they drove back Maxwell's picked corps. It has been claimed that, while pass- ing through Philadelphia, some of the Delaware troops had secured flags made in accord- ance with the statute of the fourteenth of June and that, in this skirmish near Coochs bridge, the stars and stripes were first under fire. Of this there is no defi- nite proof, only a presumption. It is possible, perhaps probable, that the new flag was displayed then and there, but it is known (and knowledge is more conclusive than presumption) that the stars and stripes had been used in action a month before at Fort Schuyler, as will be explained more fully in the next chapter. In seeking ,/^^^^ 1 1 T » E- House in which wounded were cared for WhlCh L^OlOnel Long S '— -' ^American Forces . . ^ c=i » British Forces ISJ c=i German Auxiliaries ammUnitlOn gaVe OUt. iu Map of the Battle of Hubbardton COnSCquence of this, Fort Saratoga 95 Anne was burned and Long then retreated to Fort Edward where he joined General ■ Schuyler. In his Journal^ Lieutenant Dig- by says: "At that action, the 9th took their colours, which were intended as a present to their Colonel Lord Ligonier. ] "^'^ They were very hand- some, a flag of the United States, 13 stripes alter- nate red and white [with thirteen stars], in a blue field representing a new constellation." If we could accept this entry as correct, it would establish the eighth of July, 1777, as the date of the first fly- ing of the stars and stripes in battle. But it appears that news of the enact- ment of the flag statute of the fourteenth of June was not received at Al- bany until the thirty-first of July and it seems Cartridge Box used during the Revolution (From collection of Mr. Harry A. Ogdeni '^% Two Flags of the Second New Hampshire Regiment taken by the British at Fort Anne (Now in possession of Colonel George W. Rogers, of Wyke- ham, Burgess Hill, Sussex, to whom we are indebted for permission to reproduce these, and through whose kind assistance we obtained colored photographs from which the above were engraved^ I lO Saratoga Gates Supersedes Schuyler 1777 General Benjamin Lincoln, who had been sent by Schuy- ler into New England to raise troops, was hovering in Burgoyne's rear eager to pounce with his two thousand men upon Ticonderoga; Stark, now a major-general, sent word that he was on his way with the surviving heroes of Bennington; smaller bands of well-armed patriots were busy with Burgoyne's communications; a few days more and Arnold would be back from the Mohawk with his eight hundred jubilant volunteers and reinforcements from the Tryon County militia. The army in Burgoyne's front had already been strengthened by thousands of volunteers and by Nixon's and Glover's brigades and Morgan's Virginia riflemen that Washington had sent from his own insufficient force. Schuyler had fairly retrieved his reputation and held the confidence of the ten thousand men whom he could put in line when the shock of battle came. Even the fathers of the republic had their jealousies and rivalries that did much to lessen the effectiveness of the army. Congress made generals at its will and replaced them at its pleasure, and sometimes was con-, trolled by party spirit and sectional jealousy rather than by merit. We have seen how Arnold and Stark had thus been wronged, but nowhere else were the mischievous effects of political "pull" as vividly por- trayed as in the com- mand of the northern General Horatio Gates department. WoOS- ter, Thomas, Sullivan, Schuyler, and Gates had come and gone in quick succession, leaving Schuyler in command If «.-'r'"^*::^M?« 4k • LyP *» /^ 0^^^ f ? if^ i; o^ f II^be n^ ?^fH iy MIL. 11 H^ p P tpg ^Bh ^y 1 ■ . 1 i| ( \ Tir ?T^i^ \ "ij"-^ '■ H A T E R V FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE FRENCH ALLIANCE Vergennes T Beaumarchais HE Seven Years' war had weakened and humili- ated France but had not destroyed the pride of her people or the determination of her states- men to regain what had been lost. With unrelenting energy, her great minister, Choiseul, strengthened the French navy, and watched for a weak spot in Eng- land's armor. Louis XV. died in 1774 and was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVL, a youth of good intentions and feeble will. The new prime minister was the comte de Maurepas, but Maurepas was old and the department of foreign affairs was in the hands of Charles Gravier, comte de Ver- gennes, who was possessed by / two absorbing ideas — to restore France to what he considered her rightful rank and to humble England. Early in 1 776, Vergennes laid before the king a memorial on foreign affairs suggesting that "all means should be employed to render the next campaign as animated as possible and to procure advantages to the Americans." But the kings of France and Spain were Louis XVI. (From painting by Duplessis, in Versailles Gallery, Paris) Valley Forge, Monmouth, and Newport 169 dwelling." The wives of other general officers followed 1777 the example of Mrs. Washington by joining their hus- 1778 bands in the winter camps. Thomas Conway was the decorated Irish colonel of The Conway a French regiment who had come to Amer- - ^^^^^ ica and, as a brigadier-general, had taken part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In the latter part of 1777 and in spite of Washington's disapproval, he was made a major- general and assigned to duty as inspector-general of the army, thus I "jumping" several who were his . seniors by commission. Embittered by Washington's opposition and endowed with a gift for making trouble, he became one of the leaders of "an intrigue which rumbled and spluttered \ below the surface of affairs all through that ill-famed winter." Tust how definite the .',„,,. ** r J U U Martha Washington conspiracy was is a matter Ot doubt, but (promStuart's painting in the Museum it is certain that a few aspiring and dissat- of Fine Arts, Boston) isfied men like Conway, Gates, Mifflin, and the paroled Lee, desired to effect a change in the head of the army in the hope that it would inure to their benefit. Just Autograph of Thomas Conway ^ who WaS tO SUC- ceed Washington is also a matter of doubt. Most writers on the subject have assumed that Washington's successor would have been Gates, then fresh from Sara- toga and laurel-crowned, but Lafayette always believed that Charles Lee was to have been the man. It is probable that the "conspirators" had not agreed on this point themselves and that there was no definite con- spiracy; simply dissatisfaction and a willingness to get rid of Washington. Through the influence of the dissatisfied, congress a Blessing created a board of war and transferred to it some of the '" ^'^e"'^* §!v. Dickinson '4 Mili' Shc/rt Hills iyram s '^Tavern (J g Stark arii Maxwell r, „ Huntington and "Z7 Jackson American Forces in Blue ' British Forces in Red First Position in battle ^ ma Second Position in battleaO Setand BrjMge\ Major Leal auxhall Bridge Col. J >^' Battle of Springfield June 23, 1780 Map of the Battle of Springfidd Connecticut FarmsN burned at first attempt Sgfiinst Morristowp -June 7, 1780 tion, "Put Watts into them, boys." On the other road, the British were checked at the bridge by Major Lee's cavalry covered by Colo- nel Ogden's regiment. i^lli Greene, who was in com- mand, soon found that he could not hold so long a line and took post on a range of hills in the rear of Byram's tavern where the two roads were nearer together so that aid could be sent from one to the other. He thus was able to Webb's Third Connecticut Regiment Flag used during 1 ^ u Txr L L > • ^ j the Revolutionary War dctach Wcbb s rcgimcnt Under (Now owned by The Pennsylvania Society of Sons of LieUtCnant-Colonel Huntmg- the Revolution, by whose courteous permission tOn and Colonel HcnrV it is reproduced in colors in facsimile of its present appearance ) Jackson's regiment with one The War in the North, 1779— 1780 241 piece of artillery. The advance of the British was 1780 checked and Springfield was burned; at midnight, Clin- ton's army crossed to Staten Island, removed the bridge of boats behind them, and thus relieved New Jersey of her five years' warfare. I n the following month, the chevalier de Ternay with a French fleet and the count de Rochambeau with about six thousand troops arrived at Newport. Fleet and troops had been sent largely through the efforts of Lafay- ette who, in February, had returned to France for a short visit. With Ro- chambeau came Francois Jean Chastellux, mar- quis, major-general, and relative of Lafay- ette. Other French '^^^ Marquis de Chastellux troops who were to follow were Rochambeau's blockaded in the port of Brest, ^'"'"' and a British fleet under Ad- Eiiz/ethtown ^^'^^^al Arbuthnot promptly blockaded Newport. Rochambeau was there- tore unable to render any assistance of Advance of British Army from Staten Island Part ofl Encampment 7 ■ ,t\^~<' around New VorA;^^.A^^^^JV_>V.^ 254 "^he War in the North, 1779— 1780 With Clearer Vision 1780 Some of his sons rose to high rank in the British service and one died a lieutenant-general. Still, his later life was bitter. In comparative poverty, he died in London, in i 80 1. During these years, his wife remained de- voted to him and he repaid her with an undivided affection. He rarely referred to his treason, but tradi- : tion says that when j^_^^ death drew near he Andre's own sketch of Himself called for his American uniform and the epaulets and sword-knot that Washington had given to him. " Let me die in my old American uniform, the uniform in which I fought my battles. May God for- give me for ever putting on any other!" For generations, the hatred of "the traitor Arnold" rendered it im- possible for Americans to do justice to Arnold, the superb soldier. At Saratoga stands a tall obe- lisk with four arched niches in its sides. Inone niche is the bronze effigy of Gates; n another, that of Schuyler; i n the third, that of M organ ; the fourthis vacant — an emptiness that speaks eloquently of one who, but Mrs. Benedict Arnold fQj. q^q f^Jse Step into which he was driven by hatred and injustice and his own moral weakness, would be regarded today as the greatest of the four. On the Sea 261 In congress. The DELEGATESof the UNITED STATES of N^u. Hampjhhe, M.iiTachufats^Bay. RbodelJIand, ConnrSkut, N(wYork, New-Jerffy, Pennfylvania, Dflawarf, Maryland, Virginia, NoTtb-Carohna, Soulh-Caroliim, and Georgia, TO C/e/pil' (VWW^ (J/^^t^, c,^^' w E, repofing efpecialTruft and Confidence in your Palriolifm, Valour, Condu(fl,and Fidelity DO, by thefe Prefenls, conflituie and appoint you to be iJ'Afi7a*n/ - ^'^"'•'' ""• in tht W^of the United Stales of North America, fitted out for the Defence of American Liberty, and for repelling every hoftilc Invafion thereof. You are therefore carefully and diligently to difcharge the Duty of yica/it^n' by doing and performing all manner of Things thereunto belonging. Andwe do ftriflly charee and require all Officers, Marines and Seamen under ^our Command, to be obedient to your Orders as ipaittain.^ And you are to obferve and follow fuch Orders and Diredions from Time to Time as you fhall leceive from this or afuture Congrefs of the United States, or Committee of Congrefs for that Purpofe appointed, or Commander m Chief for the Time being of the Nav^ of the United Stales, or any other your fupenor Officer, according to the Rules and Difciphne of War, the Ufage of the Sea, and the Inffruftions herewith g^iven you, in Purfnance of the Trull repofed in you. This CommifTion to continue in Force until revoked by this or a future Congrefs. D A T E D at (^ifa^c/^dc^ 0U/.^ 10 "^ i//^ By Order _ol_jbe Congress, mUi-'Mo-fmir*: Facsimile ot Jones's Commission as Captain "Providence" and the "Alfred," he took many prizes including the ship "Mellish" laden with storesfor Carleton'sarmy. In June, 1777, being then a captain, he was given command of the "Ranger" and hoisted over her the first "Stars and Stripes" ever raised over an American war- ship. After his arrival in France, he obtained from a French admiral the first salute ever given to that flag by the representa- tive of a foreign power; the ink had hardly had 7 7 7 7 7 8 The "Stars and Stripes" of the "Bon Homme Richard" February 14, 1778 264 On the Sea The Cruise of the " Bon Homme Richard ' ' 1779 Norway, Portugal, Fayal, and Malaisia, while there were seven Maltese, and the knight of the ship's galley was from Africa." On the fourteenth of August, the squadron put to sea accompanied by two French privateers. The privateers and the "Cerf" soon left the squadron and did not come back. Taking occasional prizes, Jones sailed up the west coast of Ireland and came down the east coast of Scotland to beard the Hon in his den. A daring scheme to seize the shipping at Leith, the port of Edinburgh, and to exact a ransom was frustrated by a gale that drove the September 17 squadron out of the Firth of Forth. By the middle of September, Jones had captured or destroyed twenty-six vessels and spread terror along the east coast of Scot- land and England. On the twenty-third of September, off Flamborough Head, he sighted a fleet of forty British merchantmen under convoy of the "Countess of Scarborough" of twenty- eight guns, and of the "Serapis," rated at forty-four but mounting fifty guns and commanded by Captain Richard Pearson. Jones gave the signal for a chase and Pearson signaled for the ships under convoy to take care of them- selves. Most of the merchantmen ran in shore and anchored under cover of the guns of Scarborough castle. Landais, the French captain of the '* Alliance," who had been insubordinate throughout the cruise, made little or no effort to obey Jones's signals and called out to Captain Cottineau of the " Pal- las" that, if the fleet was con- voyed by a vessel of more than fifty guns, they must run away. Autograph of Peter Landais Off Flamborough Head ' a^ On the Sea 267 "Richard" would drift away, but the vessels swung 1779 together, head and stern, with their sides touching. The ships were so close together that the closed ports midship the "Serapis" could not be opened and the gunners there "fired their first shots through their own port-lids and blew them off." The guns of either ship were fired into the starboard ports or through the sides of the other. Men fought with pikes and pistols "AUianoe" Capt. Landau Bon Homme Richard '^^ Serapis Alliance Capl. Pearson "Boil Homme Richard" " Capt. John Paul Jones The Engagement, September 23, 1779 through the open ports, and hand-grenades were dropped from the yards of the "Richard" upon the deck of the "Serapis." The fire of the "Serapis" silenced the main- deck battery of the "Richard," but Jones kept on fight- ing with his 9-pounders which he helped to serve with his own hands and, with the assistance of musketry in the tops, raked the deck of the enemy fore and aft. Meanwhile, the "Alliance" had been acting in an captain extraordinary manner. The facts are not entirely clear, ^^"'^^'^ 268 On the Sea Poailioii -S IPalliu &/>/. 10> ,*/,-,„^,„„,, _^ Son HomiM Bichar