^ *>, A iJ / \.'4 '" "^'V •f*^*^ ii'i REWMD EDITION EDITED £ .. ^-^sssssms^ssisetKsi^isss i-J- NORTH AMERICA " If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door." — Emerson. a pe: '_H 0= O. :- « £ 2: (J • as / a h E 13 IMPORTANT EXPLANATION This is the first publication to contain portraits of all the gover- nors of Vermont. , . The portraits of Governors Moses Robinson, Bennington, 1789-90, and Ezra Butler, Waterbury, 1826-28, appear for the first time in any publication. The representations of these two Governors are composite or constructive, like the familiar portrait of our first governor, Thomas Chittenden, which appeared in "Governor and Council," Vol. I, 1873, with an explanation of its construction, by Hon. E. P. Walton, the compiler. These portraits are the work of a special artist, who produced the likenesses from descriptions contributed by descendants and personal friends, and from photographs or daguerreotypes of the descendants and relatives of marked resemblance to the respec- tive governors. To these two portraits much time, care and ex- pense have been devoted. The results attained are h.ghly satis- factory, and we are pleased to state that they meet the hearty approval of relatives and friends. The portraits of Governors Horace Eaton, Enosburg Falls, X846-48, and Carlos Coolidge, Windsor, 1848-50, have never appeared before in any text book. The portrait of Governor Horace Eaton is copied from an old daguerreotype in possession of his niece, Mrs. Edna A. Evans. The P-'l''^\ ^^ ^^'^''''J' Carlos Coolidge is copied from an old picture furnished by Alice and Walter Butler, a niece and nephew of Governor Coolidge, the only relatives then living. The following extract from a letter to the publishers, written by a grandson of Governor Ezra Butler, explains itself: Waterbury, Vt., May 21, 1905- The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vt.: "Gentlemen:-! can hardly see how I can find any fault with the composite picture of Governor Butler. I confess that I was quite skeptical as to the ability of the artist to make a good like- Conant's Vermont iiess of my grandfather, Ezra Butler, even after carefully examin- ing pictures of his descendants and securing descriptions of him. I did not expect the sketch to retain his characteristics and individ- uality; but I wish to express my gratification at your success. There is about the picture an atmosphere, if I may so express it, that justifies a relationship. I think this portrait will fairly represent Governor Butler to posterity if placed in the book you are to publish, containing for the first time portraits of all the governors of Vermont. I have been solicited before for his picture, but have satisfied myself that there was no picture of him extant. I have the memory of a small boy of him. My older sister, whose suggestions made this portrait possible, has passed beyond the infirmities of 83 years since this work was begun. The expense and trouble taken to secure this portrait are commendable." ***** The following letter to the publishers from a grandson of Governor Moses Robinson explains itself: Bennington, Vt., May 25, 1905. The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vt.: "Gentlemen: — I am in receipt of the constructed picture of Governor Moses Robinson, and I think it is a very attractive pic- ture, and I believe it is as accurate as any you could get from means at hand, namely: from pictures of his descendants and descriptions of his person. All members of my family agree with me in this." It affords pleasure to the publishers of Conant's Veimont, revised by Mason S. Stone, to be the first to present portraits of these four distinguished governors in a Vermont text book, and to present for the first time a complete list of portraits of the entire forty-nine governors that the State has had in the 130 years of its history. Write for special terms for introduction and exchange. THE TUTTLE COMPANY, Publishers, Rutland, Vt. Edward Conant. J^5::iii!4, ^^^Af^'^r/ iST^i.nd.eVv Una„.))(„ y, \ S.ockbrT^eV^^aysvillJ'X- A^"%^# 7 ""i'.J;,>k.rif, \f">'™f\w;fl i ^ 1^ s:^L.Xnh^^^ >"-:" ford Procion Uen.liui'j, \ I ;/_5""J'^"* Hartlaad, E.Wallin'/lonli 3lli5HollP ahorburoe4lW < HartfoS |-Sramo|lor.l R^Hdmijo f <uiMtnerfi(t^n„ ^t Af^ Sf arl boro g /J /fiearsb5?i''Vjr.BraI(lLbor<> >^ / Handy Rofcreuce 3Ia|» of — , vi:k3I()NT Scale OF Miles wo' M ra S.llalilaivS V A Loi..j,ti,J, 4 tl«.it fn 6 C»vc/i«»ifA 6 THE.. Geography, History Constitution and Civil Government OF VERMONT IB Also Constitution and Civil Government of the U. S. Published Expressly to Comply with the State Laws. ORIGINAL EDITION By EDWARD CON ANT, A. M. FIFTH EDITION Revised and Enlarged By MASON S. STONE Superintendent of Education State of Vermont 'Yf I haue sayed a misse, I am content that any man amende it " - -Roger A St ham PUBLISHED BY THE TUTTLE COMPANY, RUTLAND, VT. 1907 IressI sived I UBRARY«fCOMGRESS Two C004M Rocalved AUG 23 t90r CocvfCW Entry COPY Q, COPYRIGHTED 1907, BY (!jonqjan?^ FIFTH EDITION— REVISED SPECIAL NOTICE Portraits of Governor Moses Robinson and (jovernor Ezra Butler are published for the first time. Copyrighted, i9o5, and ail rights reserved. The Tuttle Company, Publishers, Rutland, Vt. The welcome given to former editions leads the Publishers to issue a Fifth Edition revised. This edition is more fully illustrated and con- tains many new features, including new civil government texts of Vermont and of the United States. '"^ ' « ORIGINAL PREFACE— First Edition BY EDWARD CONANT This book has been prepared as a text book for schools. The work has been done with the conviction that while fullness is desirable, brevity is necessary. In the Geography an attempt has been made to exhibit Vermont in its relations to other portions of the country, both contiguous and remote. To that end, three maps were introduced. The first and second of these show the position of the State with respect to some of the great routes of travel across the continent ; while the third shows some commercial rela- tions of high importance to our industries, and equally it shows our relation to some of the chief centers of American civilization. The next four maps illustrate different phases of our Geography. The map entitled Political Divisions shows every town and gore in the State, the probate dis- tricts, the counties, the congressional districts. The last map illustrates the history that follows. It is believed that this use of several maps has decided advantages over any larger maps that could be introduced in such a book. The description of the mountains and valleys and of the waters of the State is the result of considerable observation and some reading; and it is believed to present the funda- mental conceptions necessary to a clear understanding of our Geography and History. Several tables have been appended to the Geography con- taining matters of interest and furnishing illustiation of the development of the State. In the History the chief difficulty encountered grew out of the abundance of material. The purpose has been to select only that which is important, characteristic and inter- 4 Preface esting. The chief authorities followed are Zadoc Thomp- son's Vermont, Hiland Hall's Early History of Vermont, B. H. Hall's History of Eastern Vermont, the Governor and Council of Vermont, Benedict's Vermont in the Civil War, Miss Hcmenway's Historical Gazetteer of Vermont, Chittenden's The Capture of Ticonderoga, The Centennial Anniversary of the Battle of Bennington, and the Memoir and Official Correspondence of General John Stark. Several town histories have been very helpful. Among these are D. P. Thompson's History of Montpelier, The History of the 7'own of Newfane, Munson's History of Manches- ter, Tucker's History of Hartford and Dana's History of Woodstock. Material of value has been drawn from Belk- nap's History of New Hampshire, Parkman's Pioneers of France, Palmer's History of Lake Champlain, Lossing's Field Book of the War of 1812, the Histories of the United States of Bancroft, Hildreth, and Schoider, and from other works. The first settlement of Vermont has been assigned to Vernon, and to a date not later than 1690, on the authority of Hon. H. H. Wheeler, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont, who has rendered valuable assistance in another part of the work. Aid has also been received from Rev. A. W. Wild, from Hon. Hiram A. Huse, State Librarian, who read a portion of the proof sheets, and from Hon. G. G. Benedict, who, in addition to other assistance, read the proof of the chapter on the Civil War, and to whose History and aid the value of that chapter is chiefly due. To others, who have ofFered valuable suggestions and encouragement, much Is due. The author hopes this book may prove useful to the youth of Vermont. Edward Conant Randolph, Attg., 1890 INTRODUCTION TO FIFTH EDITION BY MASON S. STONE I.i the title page of his text on Vermont, Mr. Conant quotes from Roger Ascham as follows: " Yf I haue sayed a misse, I am content that any man amende it." On account of the deep insight, the keen discriuiiiiation, and the accurate scholarship for which Mr. Conant was exten- sively and favorably known, it would seem presumption on the part of any one to attempt to correct anything concerning Vermont published over his name; therefore it should be said, in explanation of the present revision, that it is issued, not for the purpose of correcting the original work, but, if possible, to improve it for school use by a modification of forms of expression, by the addi- tion of new material and by bringing the contents up to date. The present book contains in a compact and teachable form all the essential facts of the Geography, History and Civil Government of Vermont, also of the Civil Government and Constitution of the United States; it is published specifically for school use and with the purpose of meeting in fullest measure the intent of the law prescribing the teaching of the Geography, History, and Civil Govern- ment of the State. In order that it may be of the greatest service in the school room, certain statistics and facts are included for reference and comparison, but not for study or memoriza- tion. The chapters on Civics are written with an appre- ciation of the benefits to be derived from training in good citizenship, and it is hoped that the matter presented will contribute greatly to the supreme end for which our public schools are maintained. 6 Preface Fur assistance in the work of revision, especial acknowl- edgment is made of the valuable services rendered by Hon. Horace W. Bailey, United States Marshal, Hon. Henry L. Clark, Judge of Probate of the Fair Haven District, and Hon. T. C. Cheney, Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives ; acknowledgments are also due to other prom- inent Vermonters for courtesy in reading proof sheets and for suggestions given, namely: Superintendent Henry O. Wheeler, Dr. H. D. Holton, F. W. Pierce, Elmer Barnum, Frank L. Greene, Henry L. Stillson, Historian, Hon. John Merrifield, Hon. F. W. Baldwin, Hon. H. S. Peck, Hon. A. A. Hall, Hon. Josiah Grout, Hon. F. D. Proctor, Hon. G. M. Powers, Hon. John Senter, and Hon. Henry A. Harman, author of " The Vermont Justice and Public Officer." While great care has been used in revising, compiling and proof reading, it is expected that trivial errors of print, typographical errors, and possibly mistakes in subject mat- ter may occur in this revised edition. In view of these facts the publishers cordially invite criticism and sugges- tions for future editions. It is their desire to produce a complete text book on Vermont, one that shall cover its Geography, History and Civil Government, in compliance with the law, and that shall be unsurpassed in accuracy of statement and form of composition. If they have suc- ceeded they ask those interested in our public schools to approve it. Mason S. Stone Morrisville, Aug. IQOJ The Publishers will be pleased to receive notice of cor- rections or amendments that will contribute to the improve- ment of future editions of Conant's Vermont. TABLE OF CONTENTS GEOGRAPHY Location .... Mountains and Valleys Boundary Waters Internal Waters Questions on Text and Map Routes of Travel Railroad Journeys Climate .... Soil and Products Metals and Minerals — Building and Ornamental Stone Main Divisions of the State Important Towns and Cities Education HISTORY Explorations. Raids. First Settlement. War Parties Further Settlements. Conflicting Claims The Revolutionary War . The Building of the State . Vermont's Declaration of Independence Independent Sovereignty Early Development .... War. Business. Social Conditions The War of i8i2 .... The Civil War .... The Spanish-American War Present Conditions. Education . CIVIL GOVERNMENT Introductory Note Preparation for Citizenship Organization .... Town Government Conventions and Caucuses General Elections The Three Functions of Government Obligations of Citizenship . Forms of Government Evolution of the Constitution Constitution of the United States 13 15 21 23 32 35 40 43 45 51 61 63 87 "3 137 153 176 181 187 203 217 220 245 260 263 297 298 305 313 321 324 330 344 348 351 356 Tablk of Contents Analysis of the Constitution of the United States Facsimiles of Forms ...... Letter from George Washington Tlie Constitution of \'ermont . . . . Synopsis of the Constitution of Vermont . The Constitution of the United States PACE 366 370-375 378 379 401 405 MAPS Vermont (modern) Ncrth America The United States Vermont and Vicinity Vermont, Mountains and Rivers Vermont, Routes of Travel Vermont, Rocks and Quarries . Vermont, Political Divisions New Hampshire and New York Grants Vermont, Historical .... New Hampshire Grants First Political Division United States in 1790 TABLES Books of Reference . Geographical Data Areas of the Counties of Vermont Population by Towns, 1791 to 1900 Population by Counties, 1791 to 1900 Most Populous Towns, 1791 to 1900 Comparative Population, 1791 to 1900 Height of Mountains Area of Lakes and Ponds . Incorporation of Counties, etc. Lighthouses in Vermont Federal Court Houses in Vermont Ports of Entry in Vermont . Dates of Importance . Grand List of the State Governors of Vermont, 1778 to 1907 Li^utenant-CJovernors, 1778 to 1907 Senators in Congress, 1791 to 1907 Representatives in Congress, 1791 to 1907 Frontispiece Inside of first cover Page next to inside of first cover 12 33 41 50 81 106 112 126 146 193 9 93 93 94-104 105 107 108 109 109 no no no no 279 281 282 291 292 294 REFERENCE BOOKS PERTAINING TO THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR STONE'S REVISED EDITION OF CONANT'S VERMONT BY E. G. BALDWIN SOURCES Reprints of original records and minutes of early conventions and other important documents Slade's Vermont State Papers, by William Slade, Jr., Secretary of State, Middlebury, 1823: contains among other valu- able documents the Journal of the Council of Safety, the first Constitution and the early journals of the General Assembly. Governor and Council of Vermont, edited by E. P. Walton, Montpelier, 1873-1880: contains a large amount of matter relative to the New York controversy. STANDARD HISTORIES The Natural and Civil History of Vermont, by Samuel Williams, LL.D., Burlington, 1809. 2 vols. History of Vermont, Natural, Civil and Statistical, by Zadoc Thompson, Burlington: contains geography, botany, birds, animals and fishes of the state, with civil history and gazetteer to 1842; issued with appendix in 1853. History of Eastern Vermont, by Benjamin H. Hall, New York, 1858: one of the best histories for reference. The Vermont Historical Gazetteer, edited by Abby Maria Hemenway, Burlington, 1867-1891: a series of town his- tories grouped by counties. Early History of Vermont, by Hiland Hall, Albany, N. Y., 1868: a work relative to the struggle between New York and Vermont. 10 Reference Books Vermont, a Study of Independence, by Rowland E. Robinson, Boston, 1892. The V'ernnont Historical Society Collections, 2 vols. Depuy's Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Heroes of 'jd: contains the full text of Ethan AMenV " Narrative." Vermont for Young \'ermonters, by Miriam I. Kimball, New York, 1904. History of Vermont, by Edward D. Collins, Boston, 1904. FICTION Whicli will bring reality to the dry facts and make the events and characters have a charm and realism that can be attained in no other way The Green Mountain Boys, by D. P. Thompson, Montpelier, 1840: gives descriptions of the capture of Ticonderoga and the Battle of Hubbardton. The Rangers, by D. P. Thompson, Boston, 1851: gives descrip- tion of the Battle of Bennington. Green Mountain Girls, by Blythe White, Jr., New York, 1856: a story of conditions existing along the northern frontier of the State during the war of 1812. The Gilead Guards, by Mrs. O. W. Scott, New York, 1891: gives strong descriptions of the spirit and manners of a Vermont town during the civil war; characters taken from Orleans County. Uncle Lisha's Shop and Danvis Folks, by Rowland E. Robin- son, New York, 1887 and 1894: a true picture of rural life in Vermont in 1840. A Danvis Pioneer, by Rowland E. Robinson, Boston, 1900: a story of one of Ethan Allen's Green Mountain Boys. The Wood Carver of Lympus, by Mary E. Waller, Boston, 1904: depicts interesting features of rural life in Vermont. Hester of the Grants, by Theodora Peck, New York, 1905: reveals customs and conditions of the State in its formative period. See page 368 for books of reference on the Civil Government of the United States. Geography of Vermont GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT CHAPTER I Location ERMONT is in the northeastern part of the United States and in the northwest corner of New England. It is bounded on the north by the Dominion of Canada, on the east by New Hampshire, on the south by Massachusetts, and on the west by New York. I'he northern boundary of Vermont is nearly coincident with the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, crossing it several times, hence is practically equidistant between the equator and north pole; its eastern boundary is the west bank of the Connecticut River at low water; Hathaway's Point, St. Albans Bay its southern boundary is a continuation of the southern boundary of New Hampshire and is nearly the parallel of forty-two degrees forty-four minutes north latitude; and the western boundary extends in a northerly direction from the northwest corner of Massachusetts to the Poultney River and then follows the deepest channel of this river and of Lake Champlain. (2) 14 Geography of Vermont riic hackhniie oi tin- (inrii Mc)untain> A lovely bit of dappled green Shut in the circling hills between." — Dorr Minuii l.t|uiiiox, Mauclicstcr "In the Green Valley" Mountains and Valleys 15 CHAPTER II Mountains and Valleys HE GREEN MOUNTAIN range extends through Vermont in a direction nearly north and south, but it is nearer the western than the eastern side of the State. Just north of Canada line it is terminated by the Missisquoi River; about thirty-five miles south of the Missisquoi, the Lamoille River cuts the range; and eighteen miles further south, the Winooski River also cuts through. Summit Mount Mansfield looking northeast from Underbill side of Nose " To grasp the beauty Set so thick around." The highest peaks of this range are, from north to south, Jay, Belvidere, Sterling, Mar.sfield, Camel's Hump, i6 Geography of Vermont Lincoln, Pico, Killington, Shrewsbury, Stratton and Hay- stack. Mount Mansfield, with its elevation of 4,389 feet, is the highest mountain in the State, and K i 1 lington, 4,221 feet, is second. In the southern part of the State, the main range is broad - backed and continu- ous ; about the middle of the State it becomes nar- rower and higher, and is from thence accompanied on the east by parallel Killington House, luar Miiniiiii (il \lt. KHIiiigton ranges, which "List to Nature's wooing calls." ^j.^ consider- ably broken. The longest of the parallel ranges is from the White River to the Winooski. A parallel range is found between the Winooski and the Lamoille rivers, the highest peaks of which are the Hogback and Elmore mountains ; another parallel range is between the Lamoille River and Canada line, of which the Lowell Mountains are the highest; and another range is in the northeastern part of the State, the chief mountains of which are Monadnock Mountains and Valleys 17 in Lemington, Westmore Mountain and Burke Mountain, each of which is over 3,000 feet high. Other prominent Logs coming down from Mount Pico " The stately children of the wood." — Dorr peaks of the parallel ranges are the granitic mountains Hor and Pisgah in Westmore, Blue in Ryegate, Knox in Orange, Ascutney in Windsor, and Black in Dummerston. On the western side of the main range are the Red Sandrock Mountains, the highest point of which is Grand- view in the town of Addison. These mountains are near Lake Champlain, stand in a low country, and are therefore unusually conspicuous. Near the western border and in the southern half of Vermont are the Taconic Mountains. They do not form a continuous ridge as the Green Mountain range, but are broken into groups. Of these, Herrick, Eolus and Equinox Mountains, and Mount Anthony are the chief. The main water-shed of Vermont coincides with the Green Mountain range from the Massachusetts line nearly to Lincoln Mountain ; thence it deflects to the east, crosses narrow north-and-south valleys, follows along northerly i8 GEO(;RAPH^ OF \'i:r.m{)\t ridges, extends in an irregular course to the northeastern part of the State and at Canada line is quite near the Con- necticut River. In the town of Sheffield, about twenty miles south of Lake Memphremagog, a lateral water-shed curves reversely around the headwaters of the Lamoille River and the large bend of the Black River, in Orleans County, and follows Ascutney Mountain from old Indian road to Crown Point, near Sprinj^field " Earth fills her lap with pleasures of her own " the ridge of the Lowell Mountains into Canada, thus form- ing with the main water-shed a system of drainage in the north central part of the State, of which Lake Memphre- magog is the reservoir, known as the North Central Valley. That portion of the State which lies east of the main Mountains and Valleys 19 water-shed is in the Connecticut Valley, and the portion west of the main and lateral water-sheds is in the Cham- plain-Hudson Valley. Between the Green and Taconic Mountains is what may be called the Southwest Valley of Vermont. On the east of this valley the Green Mountains form an unbroken wall, while to the westward are the Taconic Mountains with numerous gaps. The Central Valley of Vermont lies east of the main range of the Green Mountains and extends from Canada line to the Black River, southeast from Killington Peak. Near the middle of its northern portion, this valley is almost filled by Norris Mountain in the town of Eden. The portion between the Lamoille and the Winooski rivers is the widest. The portion between the Winooski and the White rivers is crossed about midway by the main water- shed of Vermont. The southern portion, in which are branches of the White, Quechee, and Black rivers, is quite irregular in its direction. Bellows Falls and the Connecticut River 20 Gt-OC.R.MMI^ OF X'kR.MONT Boundary Waters 21 CHAPTER III Boundary Waters HE Connecticut River rises in New Hampshire, forms the entire eastern boundary of Vermont, passes through A'lassachusetts and Connecticut —s^mfm ^^^ empties into Long Island Sound. Its ^■^^ chief commercial use is to float logs from the upper portion of its valley to the manufactur- ing towns below ; but it also furnishes abundant water power which is made use of in Vermont for manufacturing purposes, especially at Canaan, Guildhall, Lunenburg, Mclndoes, Ryegate, Wilder, and Bellows Falls. Poult- ney River forms a boundary for several ^ miles between New York and Vermont. On Canada line is W^allis Pond, about A logging crew on the Connecticut two-fifths of which is in the town of Canaan. Lake Mem- phremagog is an attractive body of water on the northern boundary of the State and about midway between the Con- necticut River and Lake Champlain. It is nearly thirty miles long, two or three miles wide, and lies about one- fourth in Vermont and the remainder in Canada. Near its southern extremity are the villages of Newport and West Derby; and at its northern extremity is its outlet, the St. Francis River, which empties into the St. Lawrence. Lake Champlain, reported to its discoverer by the Indians as " a large lake, filled with beautiful islands, and a fine 22 Geography of Vermont country surrounding it," is partly in Vermont, partly in New York and partly in Canada. Its length is one hun- dred twenty-six miles, its greatest width in clear water is thirteen miles, and its average width is about four and one-half miles. Its outlet is the Richelieu River, which empties into the St. Lawrence about forty-five miles below Montreal. There are many islands in this lake, the chief of which are North Hero, South Hero, and Isle La Motte, all in Vermont and all unusually attractive as summer resorts. This lake was an important thorough- fare before white men traversed it, — and it is so still, although the railroads through and on each side of it and those crossing both its northern and southern portions some- what diminish its importance as a waterway. In colonial days and during the Revolutionary War and the War of i8i2, there were strong fortifications on the west side of it, while near and upon it several important battles were fought. The Hudson River rises among the Adirondack Moun- tains west of Lake Champlain and flows southeasterly, then southerly to New York Bay, and is navigable from the ocean to Troy, Eagle Camp Beach on Lake Champlain, Grand Isle County which is just west of the southern boundary of Ver- mont. This river is wholly in New York, but it re- ceives tributaries from Vermont and, with Lake Champlain and the Hudson Canal, forms an important line of communication along the western border of Vermont. Internal Waters 23 CHAPTER IV Internal Waters of Vermont HE RIVERS of Vermont may be treated in four groups: the tributaries of the Connecti- cut River, of Lake Memphremagog, of Lake Champlain, and of the Hudson River. The tributaries of the Connecticut River, of which the Nulhegan, Passumpsic, Wells, Waits, Ompompanoosuc, White, Quechee, Black, Williams, Black River at Springfield ; where perch and pickerel hide Saxtons, West and Deerfield are the chief, rise in the main water-shed of Vermont and flow in a southerly or southeasterly direction, the last named emptying into the 24 Gp-ography of Vkrmoxt ConiH'cticut in Massachusetts. Hall's Stream, wliich sep- arates New Hampshire from Canada for a short distance, cuts across the northeastern corner of V'^ermont and empties into the Connecticut about one-half mile below Canada line. The Vermont tributaries to Lake Memphremagog are the Barton and the Black from the south, and from the east the Clyde, which is uniform in its flow on account of the numerous lakes and ponds which serve as reservoirs for its waters. The principal Vermont tributaries of Lake Champlain are the Missisquoi, Lamoille, Winooski, Otter Creek, and Poultney rivers. The first three of these rise east of the main Green Mountain range, the first flowing around the northern extremity of the range, and the other two breaking through it. The Missisquoi is navigable to Swanton, about six miles, and the Otter Creek to Vergennes, eight miles from Lake Champlain. The tributaries to the Hudson from Vermont are the Battenkill and the Hoosac, each of which receives important Lamoille River, near Johnson North Duxbury, looking down the Winooski River Internal Waters 25 tributaries after leaving the State, Not only do the streams of Vermont water beautiful and fertile valleys, but along their courses they furnish valuable water power for manufactur- ing purposes. The waterfalls most worthy of mention on account of their size, height, or beauty are Bellows Falls in the Con- Palisades on Winooski River, near Waterbury " All was silent as a dream Save the rushing of the stream." necticut River, Springfield Falls in the Black River, Hartland Falls in the Quechee River, Bolton Falls in the Wells River, Troy Falls Bolton Falls Dam and electric light plant 26 GliOGRAl'in' OF VliRMOXT and Swanton Falls in the Missisquoi River, Morrisville Falls, Fairfax Falls, and Milton Falls in the Lamoille River, Falls of the Lamoille at Morrisville Bolton Falls and Winooski Falls in the Winooski River, and Gookins Falls, at Center Rutland, Sutherland Falls at Proctor, Middlebury Falls, Belden Falls and Vergennes Falls, in the Otter Creek. Carver's Falls at Fair Haven, Castleton River " Where the silver brook from its full laver pours the white cascade." There are many interesting falls on smaller streams, but those of especial attraction are Molly's Falls in Marshfield, Internal Waters 27 Moss Glen Falls in Stowe, Lana Cascade in Salisbury, Hamilton Falls in Jamaica, and Brockway Falls in Rocking- ham. Also there are several river gorges worthy of men- tion, the most remarkable of which are Cavendish Gorge, near the middle of the course of the Black River, Quechee Gorge, near the mouth of the Quechee River, Mid- dlesex Narrows in the Winooski River, and Clar- endon Gorge in Mill River. Of the many lakes and ponds wholly within Ver- mont, the most numerous are in the northeastern part of the State, while the largest and most patron- ized as summer resorts are in the south-central section of the State and west of the main range of mountains, of the State, Willoughby Lake is the largest and in pic- Quechee Gorge In the northeastern part Gookins Falls on Otter Creek, Center Rutland 28 Geography of Vermont Sutherland Falls at Proctor on Otter Creek Falls at Middlebury on Otter Creek Internal Waters 29 turesqueness is unsurpassed in Vermont. Other important lakes and ponds in this part of the State are, in order of size, Seymour Lake in Morgan, Island Pond in Brighton, Great Averill Pond in Averill, Crystal Lake in Barton, Norton Pond in Norton, Maidstone Lake in Maidstone, Salem Pond in Derby, May Pond in .Barton, and Little Averill Pond in Averill. On the eastern side of the State are Groton Pond, situ- ated amid granitic mountains, Fairlee Lake in West Fair- lee, Morey Lake in Fairlee, on w^hich Samuel Morey plied his steamboat in 1793, and Joe's Pond in Cabot and Danville. Joe's Pond, West Danvilk In the north-central section are Caspian Lake in Greens- boro, Great Hosmer Pond in Albany and Craftsbury, and Eden Pond in Eden. In the northwestern section of the State are Franklin Pond, remarkable for its curious pond walls, and Fairfield Pond. (3) 30 Geography of V^ermoxt On the western side of the State are Lake Dunmore in Salisbury, celebrated in the tale of the Green Mountain Boys, Lake Bomoseen in Castleton, a fashionable summer resort, Lake St. Catherine in Wells and Poultney, a lake in two parts connected by a narrow channel, and Lake Hortonia in Sudbury, noted for its charming bits of scenery. There are many other lakes and ponds in Vermont, some of which are as important as those named and all remarkable for the purity of their waters and for the beauty of their scenery. In the foregoing enumeration it is impossible to enter into a description of the various places, each of which has its own peculiar charm and feature. Without discrimin- ating, it can truly be said that Vermont is unique in the diversity and picturesqueness of its scenery. Everj-where there are purling brooks and sedgy ponds and charming lakes with their settings of leafy wood and rolling hills. Along the rivers stretch the highways leading up to the little valleys among the mountains, and at every turn and from every point are extensive views of sweeping valley and pastoral life, while in the dense forests of the mountain sides are strolling deer, and every stream has gamey trout sport- ing in the cozy nooks and under the little cascades. Such inviting scenes, together with the salubrious climate, the abundance of fish and game and the excellent hotel accom- modations, are rapidly winning a patronage of summer vis- itors to Vermont that is beneficial alike to the State and to the summer guest. Caspian Lake, Greensboro Internal Waters 31 Lake Morey, Fairlee " Crowned with light the mountains stand Royally on either hand." — Dorr A fourteen mile drive in Rutland County; Lake Hortonia in the distance, Echo and Beebe Lakes in the foreground QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT AND MAP MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS Describe the Green Mountain range. Trace it on the map. Point out the higliest mountains in it. Describe and trace the ranges parallel to the main range. Describe the main water-shed of Vermont. Trace it on the map. Describe the Taconic Moun- tains. Point out the highest of them. Describe the Red Sandrock Mountains. Describe and point out the granitic mountains. Describe the Southwest Valley of Vermont. Trace it. What rivers are found partly within it? Describe and trace the Central Valley of Vermont. What rivers cross it? What rivers form portions of the boundary of Vermont? In what directions do they flow? Into what waters? Name the Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River. Which of them flows into Massachusetts ? In what direction does it flow while in Vermont? What other of these tributaries flows south- ward? Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Memphremagog. In what direction does each of them flow ? Name the Vermont tributaries of Lake Champlain. In what direction does each flow? On which side of the Green Mountains does each rise? Which have tributary lakes? Name the lakes. On which side of the Taconic Mountains is the Otter Creek? On which side of them does the Castleton River rise? The Poultney River? The Battenkill? Name the Vermont tributaries of the Hudson River. In what direction does each flow? Which enters Vermont from another State? From what State? Into what State do they all flow? Name the chief w-aterfalls of Vermont. Point them out on the map. Name the chief lakes and ponds of Verrpont and locate them on the map. Draw a map of Vermont showing its boundaries, mountains and rivers. ASSAC(HU5£Tr8 34 Geography of Vermoxt Silver Lake, Leicester " Summer comes with joys for all." Crystal Lake, Barton " See the field, the shore, the wildwood. Routes of Travel 35 St. Albans, vliowiii^ depot of Cential \eiinont Railroad 1 T li ii li CHAPTER V Routes of Travel HE INDIANS were the first engineers, and the railroads that run along the river valleys or cross the State follow the old Indian trails. Also the lines of water travel pursued today are those followed by the Indians in prehis- toric days. But today a canal connects the head of Lake Champlain with the Hudson River, so that through the Champlain-Hudson Valley there is an uninter- rupted water-way consisting of the Richelieu River, Lake Champlain, Hudson Canal, and Hudson River, thus con- necting the St. Lawrence River with New York Bay. By means of this water route the ports on Lake Champlain receive merchandise from New York City, coal from the mines of Pennsylvania, and lumber from the Canadian . forests. This water-way is paralleled on either side by a railroad route. The one traversing Vermont enters the State at Alburg, passes through the principal islands of Lake Cham- plain, crosses to the mainland near the mouth of the 36 Gkographv of Vermont Winooski River, continues near the Lake until it reaches the Otter Creek, follows up this river and through the Southwest Valley, and leaves the State at North Benning- ton. At Rutland this line also diverges to the east, crosses over the main range of the Green Mountains, runs down the eastern slope to Bellows Falls, and connects with lines to Boston and Springfield, Mass., and New York. Rutland Kailrciiul, at summit of (iiccii Mcuiniains, in town of Mount Holly — Green Mountain Flyer " Whizzing through the mountains, Buzzing o'er the vale." — Saxe Another railway line which crosses the State enters Ver- mont from Montreal at Highgate, passes southward near Lake Champlain as far as the Winooski, then follows up this river, down the White River to White River Junction, and down the Connecticut to Windsor. At White River Junction connections are made for Boston. A line starts from Swanton and crosses the northern part of the State to Lunenburg, thence is continued by Routes of Travel 37 another line across New Hampshire to Portland, Maine. At Newport a road from Montreal and one from Quebec meet and form a line which follows up the Barton River, down the Passumpsic to the Connecticut, thence down the Connecticut to various points in Massachusetts. At Wells River, White River Junction and at Bellows Falls, connec- tions are made for Boston. Gordon's Landing on Lake Champlain, Grand Isle County A direct line from Montreal to Portland crosses the northeastern corner of Vermont through Island Pond, and another line enters Vermont at Canaan, follows down the Connecticut, partly in New Hampshire, as far as Guildhall, and then crosses New Hampshire for Portland. From Rutland a line runs westward and leaves the State at Fair Haven. At Castleton a branch of this road runs southward, follows close to the boundary line between Ver- mont and New York, and leaves the State at West Rupert. There are various short lines that serve as connecting links between important stations on main lines, as follows: Rich- ford and St. Albans, St. Albans and Alburg, Burlington and Essex Junction, Essex Junction and Cambridge Junction, Montpeller and Wells River, Leicester Junction and Ticon- deroga, N. Y. Also there are various spurs from main lines, namely, — from North Bennington to Bennington, Manchester to 38 Geography of Vermont Dorset, New Haven Junction to Bristol, Montpelier to Barre, Montpelier to WilHamstovvn, Concord to East Haven, Bethel to Rochester, White River Junction to Wood- stock, Brattleboro to South Londonderrv, and from Hoosac Tunnel, Mass., to Stratton. Montpelier is not located on a main line, but is near one and has connection with all trains, Bennington has a rail- way outlet westward, as well as northward via North Ben- nington. Mountain road building, Danby There are four steam roads for the transportation of freight, mostly stone and marble, rather than for travel, the one con- necting the marble quarries of Pittsford, Proctor, Rutland and West Rutland, the one connecting the granite quarries of Barre town and vicinity with lines at the city of Barre, the one connecting the quarries of Woodbury with the main line at Hardwick, and the Bethel Granite railway. The first electric road in Vermont was opened in Bur- lington, September 5, 1893, supplanting the first horse-car line in the State. Since then all the other cities of the Routes of Travel 39 State, except Vergennes, have introduced electric lines. Also electric lines have been put in as follows: Montpelier to Barre, Waterbury to Stowe, St. Albans to Swanton and St. Albans Bay, Burlington to Essex Junction, Rutland to Fair Haven and Lake Bomoseen, Bennington to North Ben- Lake Bomoseen, Rutland County " That eye before which stands Nature's art revealed " nington and Williamstown, Mass., Brattleboro to West Brattleboro, Bellows Falls to Saxtons River, and Springfield to Charlestown, N. H. Various other lines are already pro- jected. In igo6 there were in Vermont 1060 miles of steam rail- way, and over lOO miles of electric road, operated by ten different companies. An effort is being made for the construction of permanent roadbeds along the common highways and, to encourage such improvements, a law was enacted in 1892 levying a tax annually for this purpose. The Legislature of 1906 greatly aided the cause of good roads by making a generous appropriation and by providing for their construction under experts in road making. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT AND MAP RAILROAD JOURNEYS Take the shortest route by rail unless some other is men- tioned. Name the important towns one will pass through in going by rail : From Alburg to Bennington; to Brattleboro; to St. Johnsbury; to Newport. From Newport to St. Albans; to Brattleboro. From Woodstock to Rutland via Burlington; via Bellows Falls. From South Londonderry to Fair Haven. From Montpelier to Highgate Springs; to Newport; to Brattle- boro; to Bennington. From the station nearest your home to Swanton ; to Bennington; to Ludlow; to Brattleboro; to Morrisville. Draw a railroad map of Vermont. Name the railroad junctions in \'ermont. Compare this map with the map of mountains and rivers. Name the lakes or ponds and rivers near which one will pass in taking each of the journeys named above. H U S E fj^T S 42 Geography of Vermont Lake St. Catherine, Rutland County Silver Lake, Barnard Climate 43 CHAPTER VI Climate ERMONT is near the middle of the North Temperate Zone and is in the region of west- erly winds. The temperature, amount of moisture and the winds are favorable to the health of the people and to the productiveness of the soil. The mean annual temperature for the different parts of the State varies from forty degrees to forty-seven degrees; the highest temperature varies from ninety to one hundred degrees ; and the lowest from thirty to forty-five degrees below zero. The average annual rainfall is from thirty inches in the portion of the State having the least rainfall to forty-fiye Inches in the portion having the greatest amount of rain. In the valleys the direction and force of the winds are greatly modified by the ad- jacent mountains and hills ; however, rain and snow storms come mostly from the west and U. S. weather signals, established 1870; 11 J J J • forecast of weather published every day; are usually preceded and, m ^ ^ . , ^ , . •' '^ ' hrst official records sent out from station the beginning, accompanied by at Burlington. March so, 1906. south winds. Northeasterly and southeasterly storms sometimes occur, but they are not frequent. West, northwest and north winds indicate fair weather. 44 Geography of Vermont Snow usually appears in October, but it does not come to remain until December, and, in the northern part of the State, generally stays until April. There is less snow near Lake Champlain and in the southwestern portion of the State than in other parts, and the spring opens earlier in these sections and in the lower portion of the Connecticut Valley than it does in other sections of the State. On account of the salubrity of its climate, the purity of its air and the freshness and beauty of its scenery, Vermont not only is becoming a summer resort, but is attracting per- manent residents from the cities of other States. ^ \ A Green Mountain stock farm in winter " The old brown farmhouse seems to sleep, So calm its rest is and so deep." — Dorr Soil and Products 45 CHAPTER VII Soil and Products HE SOIL of Vermont is very fertile, especially along the river valleys. The low, rolling hills are excellent for tillage purposes, the uplands are used for pasturage, and the mountain sides produce much valuable timber. The total acreage of the State, in land, is 5,846,400, of which 4,724,440 acres are divided among 33,104 farms, comprising 2,126,624 acres of improved land, about one-third of which is tillage. In proportion of farm acreage to the total land area Vermont is the sixth State, and in value per capita of agricultural products it is exceeded only by eleven States. The chief product of Vermont is the grass of the pastures and hay-fields, which is converted into milk, butter, cheese and meat for market. Vermont produces more butter and cheese in proportion to population than any other State, and is about the tenth State in the amount of these products. In 1902, the amount of butter and cheese produced in creameries and factories was respectively 25,000,000 and 3,900,000 pounds. In addition, about 5,000,000 pounds of butter were made on the farms; about 400,000 pounds of casein, a by-product of creameries, was manufactured ; and the condensed milk factories used about one-tenth as much milk, or 5,000,000 pounds, as went' into the manufacture of cheese. From 1890 to 1900 the number of butter, cheese and condensed milk factories more than doubled in Vermont ; in the latter year there were 180 butter-making plants, 61 (4) 46 Geography of Vermont cheese factories, and 14 cream and condensed milk estab- lishments, more than half of the total number in all New England. Vermont also surpasses the other New England States in the production of butter and cheese; in amount of hay, wheat, corn, and barley raised ; and in number of farm-kept cattle and swine. The other chief products of the field are oats, potatoes, corn, barley, buckwheat, rye, wheat, beans, peas, and vege- tables. The following data from the United States Agri- cultural Report for the year 1902 will be found serviceable for future comparisons : Tui' AvER.AGE Production hkr Acre and Value per Bushel for the United States and for Vermont bushels per acre Oats Potatoes 1 Corn Barley u. Vt. s 45 40 96 94 26.8 21.8 29 29.7 VALUE PER BUSHEL u. Vt. s $0.30,'„ $0.47,',, .43 .58 $0.40v'„ .68 $0.45,'-'„ .61 number of bushels Vt. 3,111,200 2^550,502 1,258,252 384,734 BUSHELS PER ACRE Buckwheat Rye | Wheat Hay u. Vt. s 18.] 17 14.5 25 16.9 18.8 1.5 tons per acre 1.27 tons per acre value per bushel u. Vt. s $0.59,«, .56 $0.50,",, ^ $0.63 .70 ! 1.09 $9.06 per ton 9.65 per ton number of bushels Vt. 258,900 32,837 1 32,430 1,177,135 tons Soil and Products 47 In all sections of Vermont small wild fruits grow abun- dantly, while larger fruits are cultivated to some extent on every farm. Apples are extensively cultivated, and those of Grand Isle County bring a high market price on account of their superior quality. Cattle, horses, sheep, swine, and poultry are extensively raised both for market and for home use. In 1902, Ver- mont had 86,517 horses; 273,876 sheep, about four-sevenths of which are kept for their wool; 88,624 swine; 282,546 milch cows; 225,893 other cattle. From these figures it will be noticed that the number of horses and swine are about equal, and likewise the number of sheep and milch cows.. Next in value to the hay and forage crop of the State is the forest product. The chief timber product is spruce, although other kinds, such as hemlock, pine, fir, maple, oak, chestnut, birch, beech, ash, elm, cedar and cherry, are also cut for market. There are now no large tracts of virgin forest on account of the extensive lumber business that has been carried on to meet the demands of the trade. How- ever, there has been no denudation of the mountain sides for the reason that only marketable timber has been taken. The areas cut over have been left to briars, bushes, and to the sturdy new growth that invariably springs up, the conditions for the growth of which will be greatly facili- tated by wise forestry laws. The first record of maple sugar-making by white men in the State was in Bennington in 1763. Since then the making of maple sugar has become a general industry in Vermont, and the amount produced is greater than that of any other state and is nearly one-third of the whole amount produced in the United States. By improved apparatus the quality has been greatly increased within a few years; but in 1898 a variety of caterpillar invaded the sugar 48 Geography of Vermont orchards, seriously injuring the maple trees in many sec- tions of the State, and, in consequence, the amount of supar produced was somewhat curtailed for a few years. Maple sugar grove; gatlieriiig sap late in the season Large wild animals, except deer, are not numerous in Vermont. Bears are found in the mountainous portions of the State, foxes are widely distributed, porcupines are somewhat numerous, other destructive animals are rarely found. Laws exist for the protection of deer, which are rapidly becoming plentiful, and of various small animals of valuable fur. Other wild animals of the State are the bat, mole, mouse, muskrat, raccoon, rat, squirrel, weasel and woodchuck. V^ermont abounds in birds in summer time, and it is estimated that more than three hundred varieties of land and water birds visit the State annually. However, some of these, such as the wild geese and mallards, are mere Soil and Products 49 migrants; while others, like the chicadee, nuthatch, wood- pecker, English sparrow, owl and ruffed grouse, are per- manent residents. Crows and jays frequently, and some- times robins, spend the winter here ; but the great multi- tude are merely summer visitors, the robin, bluebird and swallow leading the procession of the land birds, while the duck and loon are among the first arrivals of the water-fowl. Game, song, insectivorous and other harm- less birds are protected by law, but such consideration is not accorded blackbirds, crows, English sparrows, hawks, jays, owls and a few others. Many of the lakes, ponds and streams of Vermont are well supplied with fish, and successful efforts are being made to re-stock those waters that have become destitute. Edible fish are protected by laws regulating the time and manner of fishing. The kind of fish common in the lakes and ponds are bass, muscallonge, minnow, perch, pickerel, pike, pout and lake trout; while those of the streams are bass, dace, pickerel, shiner, sucker and brook trout. Lake Dunmore, Rutland County fiv tSw' MAP OF VERMONT ROCKS AND QUARRIES EXPLANATIONS Rock areas are surrounded by dotted lines. The name or abbreviation of the name of the vwosOK rock is written within the area. Only the most important areas are indicated on the map. ABBREVIATIONS C for copper and copperas G " granite I " iron K " kaolin L " lime M " marble bt " ste^ine and soapstone V A " vei de-antique, or serpen- tine ScJiie or Mil- ta m H U S £r T T s Metals and Minerals 51 CHAPTER VIII Metals and Minerals OLD is widely distributed in the State and has been worked along the middle portion of the White River in Stockbridge and Bethel, on branches of the Black and Quechee Rivers in Plymouth, on a branch of the Black River in Bridgewater, and on a branch of the Deerfield River in Readsboro ; but gold working has never to any great extent been found profitable in Vermont. Gold is generally found in the sand of streams ; but was mined in Bridgewater and Reads- boro. ' Copper and gold are the only metals that have been mined in Vermont, but in extent of mining operations copper far exceeds gold. As early as 1793 ore was mined in Strafford for the manufacture of copperas; about thirty years later it began to be mined for copper only, and for this purpose mines have been worked intermittently ever since, and sometimes extensively. Copper is found in several localities in Vermont, but not pure like that of the Lake Superior region. For a time it was somewhat mined in Corinth ; extensively so for several years in Strafford, and at Copperfield in Ver- shire ; and a mine was recently worked a little in the town of Berkshire; but all operations are for the present discontinued, except in Strafford. Before 1800 iron was manufactured from ore found in Bennington, Tinmouth and Chittenden. Iron was dis- covered in Brandon in 18 10; a forge was at once set and the manufacture of bar iron begun. Deposits of iron ore were subsequently discovered in Wallingford, Plymouth, 52 Geography of Vermont Monktoii and Tn)). Altlioui^h the ore produced was of excellfiir tiuality, still on account of the small amount pro- duced the business was not profitable, and iron-working has practically been discontinued since 1880. In rlu- same localities in which iron ore is found there are also found, and frequently associated with it, kaolin, clays, ochres and manganese. Asbestos is found in considerable quantities in Eden and Lowell, some in Duxbury, Westfield and Troy; but it has not been mined to any extent except on Belvidere Moun- tain in Eden. Lead is found in small quantities in several localities, especially in the towns of Brandon, Bridgewater, Chitten- den, Norwich and Thetford ; but in no place has it been profitably mined. Talc, of which soapstone is a compact form, is found In Stockbridge and Moretown. Soapstone for stoves, furnace-linings and the like, is found in many places in the State and has been worked for a long time in the valley of Saxtons River at Cambridgeport in Grafton, near the Black River at Perkinsville in Weathersfield, and in Chester. It is also worked in Ludlow and Athens. Rock suitable for scythe stones is quarried in Browning- ton and manufactured for that purpose at Evansville in the same town. Clay of good brick-making quality is widely distributed throughout the State, but brick-making has never been an extensive business. The making of cement blocks for build- ing purposes is rapidly becoming an important industry in the State. Bun.Dixc AND Ornamental Stone The prevailing rock throughout Vermont is crystalline and metamorphic ; that of the main range of the Green Mountains is gneissoid; granite is found extensively on the Metals and Minerals 53 ^i»- , ,» .^■B.TTO^ ^ *^' ^-\ Lo)i|)ci mills and mines, Copperfield, in town ol V cisliiie Soap-stone quarry, Athens 54 Gkoc.rafhy of Vermont eastern side of the State, and limestone abounds on the western side. By the decomposition of rock, the abund- ance and fertility of the soil is maintained. The rocks of the Green Mountains in the southern half of their length and the granitic rocks have less lime, are harder, and hence change more slowly. Marble. — The rock products of Vermont are excelled only by those of Pennsylvania. In the marbles of the finer qualities, such as are used for monuments and orna- mental work, Vermont supplies five-sixths of the entire amount produced in the United States, and in variety and beauty of color as well as the purity of its white product it is unsurpassed in the world. Marble blocks and quarry at West Rutland Ever since the first quarry was opened in 1785, the marble business has been carried on uninterruptedly, and it has so increased that Vermont leads the world in capital invested, men employed and value of output. Marble of many varieties and of excellent quality is found in the Southwest and Champlain valleys from Equinox Mountain to Canada line. Extensive quarries are worked on Eolus Mountain in Dorset, beside the Cas- tleton River at West Rutland, in the Otter Creek Valley Metals and Minerals 55 Marble Mills at Proctor in Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon and in a few- other towns. A kind of variegated marble is produced in Swanton near the Missisquoi River; a black marble is quar- ried on Isle La Motte ; and a serpentine marble, called verde antique, is quarried at Roxbury. The largest quar- ries are at Proctor and West Rutland. Interior Marble Mill, Center Rutland Metals and Minerals 57 Granite. — The granite areas of Vermont are not con- centrated like those of marble or well defined like those of slate. But in various forms granite is found on the eastern side of the main mountain range from Derby to Dummerston, Ascutney Mountain and Windsor village, from Cornish hills " Beneath my feet the village lay As calmly as a child asleep, While, like stern guards, the mountains round Seemed o'er its rest close watch to keep." — Dorr No State produces granite of such fine quality or of so large quantity for building and monumental work as Ver- mont. No red granite is found in the State, but all the shades from the white Bethel to the dark green syenite of Windsor are found. No business in the State has had 58 Geography of Vermont Interior granite shed, Barre Hartlwii'k ur;illll iif (il ilif largest in iIr- Metals and Minerals 59 such a phenomenal growth as the granite industry since 1890, and Barre is probably the largest granite center in the world. Granite is quarried on Black Mountain in Dummerston, on Ascutney Mountain in Windsor, on Blue Mountain in Ryegate, and on Kirby Mountain in Kirby. It is also quarried on a branch of Wells River in Groton and Tops- ham; near the White River in Bethel; on branches of the Winooski River in Calais, Barre, Williamstown and Ber- lin; on Granite Ridge in Hardwick and Woodbury, near the Lamoille River; on the Nulhegan River in Brunswick; and in Derby, near Lake Memphremagog and Canada line. It is also found in Marshfield, Orange, Washington, Chelsea, Strafford, Barton, Brighton, Morgan and several other towns. Granite team at Bethel Slate. — The first slate quarry opened in Vermont was in Guilford in 1812. Slate suitable for roofing, flooring, flagging and many other uses is found in three different parts of the State, and the amount produced by Vermont is excelled by no other State except Pennsylvania. One 6o Geography of Vermont of these sections is west of the Taconic Mountains, begin- ning nearly at the north end of that range and extending south as far as Equinox Mountain. In this section slate is quarried in many places, especially near Lake Bomoseen and in the valleys of the Castleton, Poultney and Pawlet rivers, and particularly in the towns of Castleton, Fair Haven, Poultney, Wells and Pawlet. In this belt, which is not over thirty miles long and from seven to ten miles wide, nearly all the slate is quarried that the State produces. Another section extends from Lake Memphremagog southward along the valley of the Black River, crosses the Lamoille and the upper Winooski valleys, extends along the east side of the Dog River and ends just south of the White River. In this section slate for roofing is quarried in the valley of the Dog River at Northfield. The third section begins east of the Passumpsic and north of the Moose River and extends south along the west side of the Connecticut River to the south line of the State. Quarries have been opened at various points in this section, but none are extensively worked now. Stone for building purposes is abundant throughout the State, but quarries for this purpose are mostly on the western side of the State and where lime-rock exists. Probably the oldest quarry for building purposes is at the south end of Isle La Motte. Limestone has been quarried in several places in the State, but the burning of it is now confined almost entirely to Weathersfield, Highgate, Swanton, Leicester and Brandon. Type of early Steamboat Main Divisions 6i CHAPTER IX Main Divisions of the State ERMONT contains two hundred forty-three towns, three of which, Averill, Ferdinand and Lewis, are unorganized ; six cities, Vergennes, Burlington, Rutland, Montpelier, Barre and St. Albans, chartered in the order given ; and five gores. A town is a definitely bounded territory containing a requisite number of people who are organized under the laws of the State for self-government. An unorganized town is a portion of territory granted with the condition that the inhabitants may organize as a town when they have become sufficiently numerous. A gore is a portion of territory granted without the con- dition that the inhabitants may organize as a town. A city is a town to which some special privileges with respect to government have been granted by the State. At first the towns were laid out to average six miles square as nearly as M-as practicable. But there were inequal- ities at the beginning, and many changes have been made so that the towns are now very unequal in area and some are quite irregular in shape. There are fourteen counties in Vermont. A county is a group of towns united for the convenient administration of justice. The town in which the county court is held and where the county buildings are is called a shire town. Bennington County has two shire towns called half shires. Each of the other counties has one shire town. The county buildings are a court house and a jail. (5) 62 Geography of Vermont The capital of a State is the town or city in which the General Assemblj- meets and makes laws. There are twenty probate districts in the State. Each of the six southern counties contains two probate districts; Tlan ofBridkori 25'000 Acris — Wtit StvtnmUe Bridport, chartered October 10,1761 (Copied from town charter records) each of the other counties constitutes one probate district. A probate district is a group of towns united for the hold- ing of probate courts. There are two congressional districts in Vermont: the first district contains the counties on the west side of the main range of the State, together with Lamoille County; and the second district contains the remaining counties of the State. Clarendon Springs Important Towns and Cities 63 CHAPTER X Important Towns and Cities HE FIRST settlement in Vermont was in Vernon, in the southeast corner of the State, and not later than 1690. At South Vernon is a railroad junction, Brattleboro, by the Connecticut River in the southeastern part of the State, is dis- tinguished principall}' for the manufacture of pianos and organs. It also contains an asylum for the insane. Fort Dummer, of importance in the early history of Vermont, was beside the Connecticut River near the present village of Brattleboro. Springfield Westrriinster, beside the Connecticut River and just below Bellows Falls, was once the shire town of Cumber- land County. It was here that Vermont was declared to be an independent State. 64 GpoGRAi'in- OF Vhrmoxt IJi'llows Falls, in the town of Rockingham, is an im- portant railroad center and has an immense water power. It is extensively engaged in the manufacture of paper and of farm machinery. Saxtons River, ahout four miles from Bellows Falls and in the same town, is the seat of Vermont Academ}'. These towns are on the Connecticut. Springfield is one of the most thriving and important manufacturing towns in the State, and is located on the Black and Connecticut rivers. Windsor contains the Vermont State Prison and a United States Court House, and has some manufacturing interests. It was here that the first constitution of Ver- mont was framed, July, 1777, and the first legislature elected under that constitution met and organized, March, 1778. Hartford lies on the Quechee, White and Connecticut rivers, and contains four thriving villages, of which the W'hite River Junction most widely known is White River Junction, an important railroad center. Hartford is distinguished for the great variety of its industries. Wilder, by Olcott Falls in the Connecticut, is of recent importance. Important Towns and Cities 65 Bradford is an excellent town, has some manufactures, is located on Waits River and near the Connecticut. Newbury is distinguished for its early settlement (1762), its fine meadows and the charming location of its village. Here was formerly located Newbury Seminary, a Metho- dist institution of more than local fame, which w*as re- moved to Montpelier in 1868, and is now known as Montpelier Seminar}^ Wells River, in the northeast corner of the town, is a busy village at the junction of several railroads. Ryegate has excellent granite in Blue Mountain and extensive granite works at South Ryegate on Wells River. St. Johns- bury, the shire town of Cal- edonia Coun- ty, is a rail- road center and is widely known for the manufacture of the Fair- banks Scales, which are standard t h r oughout the United States and are sent to all parts of the world. St. Johnsbury Academy is one of the foremost schools In the state The Fairbanks Company Scale Works, St. Johnsbury 66 Geography of Vermont At Lyndonville arc the offices and shops of the Passumpsic Division of the Boston and Maine Railroad, Lyndon Insti- tute is located at Lyndon Center. St. Johnsbiirj' Academy In Concord, a thriving town on the Connecticut and ]\Ioose rivers, was the first Normal School in the United States, incorporated in 1823. Guildhall, on the Connecticut River, the shire town of Essex County, settled in 1764, is the most northerly town in Vermont that was occupied by white people during the Revolutionarv War. Important Towns and Cities 67 Island Pond, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence division of the Grand Trunk Railroad, is the half-way place between Portland and Montreal. It has the repair shops of the division and is a prominent customs port. Barton is a progressive town on the Barton River; Barton Landing is a thriving village in the same town. At Derby is Derby Academy, a well-known institution ; West Derby is a growing village on the Clyde River and near Lake Memphremagog. Brigham Academy, Bakersfield Newport, on Lake Memphremagog, is the shire town of Orleans County. It has excellent railroad facilities, is an important port of entry, and a favorite summer resort. North Troy, Richford and Enosburg Falls are thriv- ing places on the Missisquoi River; the first two are nearly on Canada line. At Bakersfield is Brigham Academy, a well-endowed and excellent institution. 68 Geography of Vermont Swanton, on the Missisquoi River, has excellent water power, is at the junction of several railroads, and has marble quarries and manufactories of marble. There are extensive lime kilns in the south part of the town, Swanton is a port of entr_v. Highgate has abundant water power at Highgate Falls. Highgate Springs is a popular summer resort. North Hero is the shire town of Grand Isle County. St. Albans City, char- tered in 1896 and set off from the town of St. Albans, is the shire of Franklin County. It contains the railroad offices and shops of the Central Ver- mont. It is one of the most important points in New England for the distribution of grain, has one of the largest creameries in the world and is in the heart of one of the richest dairy regions in New England. St. Albans has a variety of manufactures, including a factory for making con- densed cream and milk and a garment factory which makes khaki uniforms for the United States troops. A United States custom house is located here. Fairfax, a prosperous town on the Lamoille River, has an excellent water power, and contains the Bellows Free Academ}'. Essex Junction is an important railroad center and has manufactories of brick and paper. Richmond is a butter market and has large canning and milk condensing industries. Winooski is a large manufacturing village on the lower falls of the Winooski River and in the town of ^ Lo" ?. j' ^ i.^ ^ 1 ^ \ Cr c \ I D i- ~T3 1 ;3 6 ^ / to ra St. Albans, chartered August 17, 1763 (Copied from town charter records. ) Colchester. Important Towns and Cities 69 Burlin-ton Bay from Battery Park; Shelburne Point in distance The Citv of Burlington, the shire of Chittenden County, is the chief port on Lake Champlain. It has a large trade, both wholesale and retail, is an important manufacturing town, and was formerly one of the chief lumber marts of the country. It contains the University of Vermont, the Marv Fletcher Hospital, a Home for Destitute Children, Falls at Brandon on Neshobe River 70 Geography of Vermont \'ennoiU Industrial School, Vergennes The old U. S. Arsenal building at Vergennes, built in 1828, from which arms were removed South before the Civil War ; now occupied by the Vermont Industrial School Important Towns and Cities 71 and other educational and charitable institutions ; also a Customs House and a United States Court House. Bur- lington was incorporated as a city in 1854. In popula- tion it is the largest place in Vermont. Vergennes, a city incorporated in 1788, is situated eight miles from Lake Champlain and at the lower falls of the Otter Creek, which is navigable to this place. It has abundant water power for manufacturing, but only a part Federal Park and Main Street, Rutland, 1840 of it is used for this purpose. The State Industrial School is located here. Bristol, on the New Haven River, is a manufacturing town and the terminus of the Bristol Railroad. Middlebury. is the shire town of Addison County and the seat of Middlebury College. It has valuable marble quarries, a good water power and some manufactures, and is the chief sheep market in Vermont. At Leicester Junction are manufactories of paint and of lime. Brandon is a thriving town with marble quarries, and with beds of ochre and kaolin that are worked with profit. Pittsford has marble quarries and some iron ore ; the State Tuberculosis Hospital, the gift of Senator Redfield Proctor, is located here. 72 Geography of Vermont I Proctor is extensively engaged in marble working and is il practically the center of the marble industry of the world. Here is a waterfall of 122 feet, one of the highest in the State, which furnishes power for the industry. The City of Rutland, the shire of Rutland County, .is an important manufacturing place and the chief railroad center of the State. It is also the center of the marble trade and is sometimes called the Marble City. The Howe Scale Works is the most important single industry, but Tlie Howe Scale Company Works, Rutland there are various other important manufactories. A United States Court House is located here and also the Vermont House of Correction, a State penal institution. There is a town of Rutland and one of West Rutland. These, with Proctor and the City of Rutland, were for- merly the town of Rutland. West Rutland, on a branch of Otter Creek, is famous for its marble. Wallingford has a long-established and prosperous fork and hoe factory. Benson, by Lake Champlain, has black slate. Important Towns and Cities 73 Poultney, on the Poultney River, produces roofing and other slate and is the seat of the Troy Conference Academy. Fair Haven, on the Castleton River, which here fur- nishes abundant water power, is the leading slate-producing town in the State. Castleton, on the same river, has slate quarries and is the seat of a State Normal School. It is an attractive summer resort. Slate quarry at Poultney East Dorset has marble quarries. At Dorset important conventions were held in 1776. A'lanchester, a half shire town of Bennington County and seat of Burr and Burton Seminary, is a fashionable summer resort. Shaftsbury has a manufactory of carpenters' squares. Bennington, a half shire town of Bennington County, is a summer resort and a manufacturing town. It has 74 Geography of Vermont beds of kaolin from which pottery is made, and of ochre from which paints and paper liUing are manufactured. Bennington is the oldest town on the west side of the State and contains a monument in memory of the battle which was fought near by in 1777. In this town is the Vermont Soldiers' Home. Burr and Burton Seminary, Manchester, incorporated in k>_'V; one of thc' oldest institutions in the State Pownal is in the southwest corner of the State, on the Hoosac River. It has two manufacturing villages. Readsboro, on the Deerfield River, has pulp mills and manufactories of lumber. Wilmington, on the same river, is a thriving town, and of considerable importance in manufacture. Ncwfane, on the West River, is the shire town of Wind- ham County. South Londonderry, on the same river, is the terminus of a railroad from Brattleboro. Chester, on the Williams River, has quarries and manu- factories. Important Towns and Cities 75 Ludlow, on the Black River, has large manufacturing interests. Woodstock, the shire town of Windsor County and the largest and most prosperous town in the Quechee Valley, is Main street of Manchester at the terminus of a railroad from White River Junction and is a prominent summer resort. South Royalton, on the White River, is the railroad center for several towns and is engaged somewhat m the manufacture of shoes. Bethel, on the same river, has a well-endowed public school ; it has leather manufactories and large granite indus- tries. Randolph, on the same river, is the most populous and wealthiest town in Orange County and its principal village is the center of a large trade. At Randolph Center is a State Normal School. Chelsea is the shire town of Orange County. 76 Geography of Vhrmont Northficld, on the Dog River, has slate quarries from which roofing slate is manufactured and has a few other industries, but granite working has become of chief im- portance. Norwich University, the State Military College, is located here. At Waterbury is located the State Asylum for the insane. kaiulolpli At Johnson, on the Lamoille River, is located a State Normal School. Hyde Park, on the same river, is the shire town of Lamoille County, and has one of the largest hide industries in the world. Morristown, on the same river, is well located, has large agricultural interests, and is the most important town in Lamoille Count\. Its principal village, Morrisville, has several manufacturing enterprises. Important Towns and Cities 77 Hardwick, on the same river, has extensive granite quar- ries and a rapidly growing business in working granite. The City of Barre, chartered in 1894 ^"d set off from the town of Barre, on a branch of the Winooski River, Norwich University, Northfield ; incorporated November 6, 1834 has the largest granite business in the State and the city has had a rapid growth in population. It has two rail- roads and an electric line from Montpelier, and is the seat of Goddard Seminary. The City of Montpelier is the capital of the State and the shire of Washington County. It has a United States Court House, a State Arsenal and a fine public library Goddard Seminary, Barre (6) 78 Geography of Vermont Birds-eye view of Montpelier "The lofty mountains veiled in mist, Purple and rose and amethyst, Looked tenderly, yet proudly, down On silent vale and steepled town." — Dorr iniii [)cnt-r >triiiiiiar\ ; iiudiporaieii in iSv*^ Important Towns and Cities 79 building. The head offices of the National Life Insur- ance Company and of the Vermont Mutual and the Union Mutual Fire Insurance Companies are located here. It also is the location of Montpelier Seminary. Montpelier has a large business in trade, in the manufacture of machinery and in the working and the sale of granite. Willoughby Lake Of the summer resorts not already mentioned, the fol- lowing may be named,— Bread Loaf in Ripton, Hyde Manor in Sudbury, and Middletown Springs. The lakes most patronized are Bomoseen, St. Catherine, Dun- more, Willoughby, Caspian, Morey and Champlain. The larger of the islands of Lake Champlain are connected with the main land and with each other by bridges and furnish as fine drives as can be found in the United States. In addition to the places enumerated, it may be said that almost every town in the State is visited by pleasure-seeking tourists. Towns, Cities and Gores in Vermont Addison County 1 Ferrisbiirg 2 Monkion 3 Starksboro 4 City Vergennes 5 Panton 6 Walthatn 7 Addison 8 New Haven 9 Bristol 10 Lincoln 11 Granville 12 Ripton 13 Middlebury 14 Weybrid^e 15 Bridport 16 Shoreharn 17 Cornwall 18 Salisbury 19 Hancock 20 Goshen 21 Leicester 22 Whiting: 23 Orwell Benoinilon Counly 1 Rupert 2 Dorset 3 Peru 4 LandgTove 5 Winhall 6 Manchester 7 Sandsrate 8 Arlington , 9 Sunderland 10 Glastenbury 11 Shaftsbury 12 Beanin«rton 13 Woodford 14 S->arsburg 15 Readsboro 16 Stamford 17 Pownal Caledonia County 1 Ryegate 2 Groton 3 Peachaui 4 Barnet 5 Waterford 6 St. Johnsbury 7 Danville 8 Walden 9 Hardwick 10 Stannard 11 Whcelock 12 Lyndon 13 KIrby 14 Burke 15 Sutton 16 Sheffield 17 Newark Chillenden County 1 Milton 2 Westford 3 Underbill 4 Jericho 5 Essex 6 Cf'lchester 7 City Burlington 8 So. Burlington 9 Williston 10 Shelburne 11 St. George 12 Richmond 13 Bolton H Huntington 15 Hmesburgh 10 Charlotte A Buel and Avery' Gore Essex Counly 1 Concord 2 Victory 3 Lunenburg 4 Guildhall 5 Granby 6 East Haven 7 Brighton 8 Ferdinand 9 Maidstone 10 Brunswick 11 Bioomfleld 12 Lewis 13 Averill 14 Lemington 15 Canaan 16 Norton A Avery's Gore B Warren's Gore C Warner's Grant Franklin County 1 High sate 2 Franklin 3 Berkshire 4 Richford 5 Montgomery 6 Enosburg 7 Sheldon 8 Swanton „ I St. Albans "(CitvSt. Albans 10 Fairfield 11 Hakersfield 12 Fletcher 13 Fairfax 14 Georgia A Avery's Gore Grand Isle County 1 Alburg 2 Isle LaMottf- 3 North Hero 4 Grand Isle 5 South Hero Lamoille Couoly 1 Stowe 2 Elmore 3 Morristown 4 Cambridee 5 Waterville »> Jolmson 7 Hyde Park 8 Wolcott 9 Eden 10 Belvidere Oranse County 1 Thetford 2 Stratford 3 Tunbridge 4 Randolpii 5 Braintrce 6 Brookfield 7 Chelsea 8 Verstiire 9 West Fairlee 10 Fairlee 11 Bradford 12 Corinth 13 Washington 14 Williamstown 15 Orange 16 Topsham 17 Newbury Orleans Counly 1 Greensboro 2 Craftsburv 3 Lowell 4 Albany 5 Glover 6 Barton 7 Irasburg 8 Coventry 9 Brownington, 10 Westniore 11 Charlestown 12 Morgan 13 Holland 14 Derby 15 Newport 16 Troy 17 West field 18 Jay Rutland County 1 Sudbury 2 Brandon 3 Benson 4 Hubbardton 5 Piitsford 6 Chitteiidoo 7 Pittsfield 8 Sherburne 9 Mendon ,« ) Rutland ^ ) City Rutland 11 Proctor 12 West Rutland 13 Castleton 14 Fair Haven 15 West Haven 16 Poult ney 17 Ira 18 Clarendon 19 Shrewsbury 20 Mount Holly 21 Wall ingf Old 22 Tin mouth 23 Middlf town 24 Wells 25 Pawlet 26 Danby 27 Mount Tabor Washinslon Counly 1 Roxbury 2 Warren 3 Favston 4 Wailsfleld 5 Northfield P ( Barre I City Barre 7 Berlin 8 Moretown 9 Dux bury 10 Waterbury 11 Middlesex , 12 City Montpelier 13 East Montpelier 14 Plainlield 15 Marsh field 16 Calais 17 Worcester 18 Woodbury 19 Cabot Wlndbam County 1 Vernon 2 Guilford 3 Halifax 4 Whitingham 5 Wilmington 6 Marlboro 7 Brattleboro 8 Dummerston 9 New fane 10 Dover 11 Somerset 12 Stratton 13 Wardsboro 11 Brookline 15 I'litney 16 Westminster 17 Athens 18 Towishend 19 Jamaica 20 Londonderry 21 vviudham 22 Grafton "iA Rockingham Windsor County 1 Sprmglield 2 Cho.ster 3 Andover' 4 We'^ton ;i Ludlow »> Cavendi.sli 7 Baltimore 5 Weathorslield !t Windsor 1(1 West Windsor 11 ReaTding 12 Plymouth l.'{ Bridge water l-l Woodstock !."> Hariland 16 Hartlord 17 Pomfret 18 Barnard 19 Stockbridge 20 Rochester 21 Bethel 22 Royal ton 2:^ Sharon 24 Norwich Probate Districts A Marlboro B WcstminsKir C Windsor D Hartford E Bradford F Randolph G >ew Hiiven H Addison I Fair Haven J Rutland K MancheSiter L Bennington Each of the other Pru oate Districts is ail entire county, aiid is known by the name of the counly. 84 Geography of Vermont npiiiijiimf.h-' p p. ■ E£UL JLi X. ■ PP 1 ■-.,-.::^ T^^::^/ .-,'-.' ■":■ '- Woodstock Public School Building Brattleboro High and Graded School; incorporated in 1832 Important Towns and Cities 85 Bennington High and Graded Schoo F;iirha\-en Hliih and (.;radeil School 8b CjEOGR.\I'M\ of \'hR.M(JNT University of Vermont, Bjrlington; incorporated November 3, 1797 Middlebury College from Science Hall, Painter Hall at right, Library in distance; incorporated November i, i8oo Education 87 CHAPTER XI Education REE PUBLIC SCHOOLS of an elementarv character are maintained in every town in the State, and in nearly all villages of sufficient school population to require a graded school there are also high schools. Children of sufficient attainments and resi- dent in towns unprovided with high schools or academies Three Vermont Normal Schools : Johnson^Randolph — Castleton ; incorporated in 1866 may be furnished advantages in those of other towns and have their tuition paid by the towns of which they are residents. 88 Geography of Vermont Tlu" Legislature of 1906 gave a great impetus to the educational work of the State by providing for professional supervision of the schools; by establishing a permanent school fund consisting of the U. S. Deposit Money, the Hunting- ton Fund and the War Claims Fund ; and by encouraging centralization of schools, by means of an appropriation to- ward transportation of pupils. A ftw academies not yet mentioned are worthy of recognition on account of the reputation they had and the influence they exerted half a century ago. The prin- cipal ones are located in the towns of Craftsbury, Peacham, Thetford and Townshend. Several old- time academies have ceased to exist, or have become associated with the public school system and are known in- dififerently as academies or as high schools. There are three colleges, the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College at Burlington, Middlebury College at Middlebury, and Norwich University, the State Military College, at Northfield. By the enactment of a State-aid law in 1894, the public library, as an institution, received a strong impetus and has, accordingly, become an important agent in educational work. Prior to that date there were less than fifty public libraries in the State ; but a de- cade later there were more than one hundred and fifty. The estab- lishment of these lib- raries invited benefac- tions and, as a result, more than a score of handsome and substantial library buildings were erected within the Library at Danville Education 89 decade. The traveling library came into existence through an act of the Legislature of 1900, and in less than three years twenty-five stations were established. The churches, with an average Sunday attendance of about one-third of the population of the State, together with their Sunday schools, are considered important educa- tional agencies. Old building at East Pouitney, where " Northern Spectator " was printed, and where Horace Greeley learned the printer's trade For the dissemination of news and information there are nine daily and nearly sixty weekly papers published in the State, together with several monthlies. All of the important places of the State are supplied with telegraphic communication, while telephone lines extend to nearly every place of business in every town and city. There are over five hundred postoffices in the State, but rural free delivery of mail is rapidly supplanting offices of the fourth-class. The first rural free delivery route in 90 Geography of Vermont \ i-rmont was cstablislu-d in the town of Grand Isle and delivery began on December 21, i8g6. Soon thereafter this was followed by another route in the same town, one in South Hurlinj^ton and one in Tinmouth. At present there are over one hundred routes in each Congressional district. Waterbury High and Graded Schco Wallingford High and Graded School Education 91 Exterior of old Church at Rockingham Within a churchyard's sacred ground, Whose fading tablets tell Where they who built the village church In solemn silence dwell." — Saxe Interior of old Church at Rockingham " The villagers repair On each returning Sabbath morn Unto the House of Prayer." — Saxe Middletovvn Springs High and Graded School Wilmington High and Graded School Tables 93 GEOGRAPHICAL DATA Longitude Latitude Length (North and South) Width (Northern Boundary) Width (Southern Boundary) 73 25'-7i 33 45° 43"- 42° 44' approximately, i6o miles " 90 miles " 40 miles Area . . . approximately, 10,000 square miles Population (Census of 1900) . . . 343i64i AREAS OF THE COUNTIES OF VERMONT From Thompson's Geography From Thompson's and Geology of Vermont Vermont 1842 18+8 Addison 700 sq. miles 719 sq. miles Bennington 610 " 6l2 Caledonia 700 " 640 Chittenden 500 " 485 Essex 581 " 620 " Franklin 600 " 549 " Grand Isle 82 " 77 " Lamoille 420 " 43i Orange 650 " 650 Orleans 700 " 689 Rutland 958 " 862 1^ Washington 5^3 " 57i Windham 780 " 782 " Windsor 900 " 893 .7) 94 Geography of V'ermoxt u >^ ~ H < r-1 2 U L_ U <; _ ^ ■J) y. > o 'J) o Q Uh Q < > o a „ ID — o ^. !C -r fO o OJ ,-, At t-o _ ■o Of ~. 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Lo -^ Lo N Tf If: c- »-i OX^^J>ln'^0X^^0ln o in o i.O o X X X rj< C^ — OJ !>» -^ — < M t-C^C^JCOWX'-'XCO '^ »— < — 1— 1 — -^ jvl w ;s ■^J c; -r C5 o -^ O m '^^ o X o o iM i.o o ^' — '-' " " — ■ M o ^ » c -^ « (N ^ o o 1-H (M CS X CO i"^.* ^« TT< CO 1— « o CO (.^ Ol f- ■>( •^ '"' ""^ '"' ~' c:ocic-c-x-^inx -rcic^LOinco.— iX-^* M O :^ O Cl iM LO — LO oin^^c-ocoinxo — — C0■^(MC0O'^JX (MX-MCoC'OTpt-r^ X -rj lO r- -^i rr J> — ' (N xcococoLomoxx COCO-^CO^'-'COTJ O a; 4> . i£^ "5: (StSudlil^s^^ Tables 97 c- CO -- o o CO o ^ o r- C3 "3" CO c- o w cs — 00 •-I ic o in vD — JO rr r— o •^ o o M o ,-■ CO 00 -^ CO o -^ ■>* O -^ CO C5 CO o* o C5 «o o CO CO 2; (M o CO rr '- fo 1309 1190 791 T-H in c- --^ -H LO CO •<9' r^ iM "* CO • __ c, _ W CO CO c- ,— -^ N TJ< CO r- m in !> CO Ci W C: m — . in -T » in CO 00 . — l-H w <# . fivj ■«• in in .^ Tf CO in 00 Tf CO o -#-o '^ — ^^cn^t'cooMr; SoSocoMc-rrcojnogogc^ f0c-oooinc5C0'-;-^c-;«92O^ QOc-rtiroj>iMinO'tCOMCC5gr? ^c^oSco-(M'5X2g^, 2;g Sw'^'-ocr. coScoLnocoocO;-^ ^5 5 M -^ ?^} '-' .-H m 5vi O W iM f^'a'cocs — co-^ -t-T-it^coc^ -co ^C5C-OC0-fCS .inp;^OpH ;0 — t^ in CO i.^ 'M c^ . o c^ "^J CO i-- • -" „ ^ ^ CO o — " ^^ .— 1 — H CM • in w oo . CO in • ^0 w • CO m • W CO W T' • ,-1 » C^l in i - CO CO 00 CO in (M CO o . ;0 ,— . -T CO w :ooo z o u a ^ o m o CO — m o o !> CO „ ^ r_CO O . t- ^- CO -r o . C5 CO X. in CO -^ ^- O - a C O C <: c ^ xo-rooooicoo»- ^ ^ H in C5 C3 L~ 01 L-r c: ct -r X X •-- ■M -r — • :^ -r O) — .-: c: r: X t~ — Tf ct X T c^ c- '?! t- 1 „„SV}„^ — — — — C^J-^^ 1 :c r? M ^ c; I'j i~ rt 01 c: T iS '^ — 1 . —i oa ;s '^? n •M oj 3i X 1': 07 c: 15 ■ co — -T- '^( L-: X c- C7 iM X — r: i^ • i^J „^?^^^^ _,„_^jvj_t> -cc r. oooeooojxo-tX'Mxrtco -o CO -TO — wooc-:ox-r — •rjo -r- 00 01 10 OJ X — X -r i.t :s X ".- — - -o *" — — CJ — W ^„oj_„^{> ..-^ ^ rtc;r-o — '•'^'^J^^o^c — t>•^ 'O r^ 00!>ioc^o — Offl'MX^:.- • • ao •^oo~■^^xc!— wf-rfflO -x — — W — OJ — r-o — ^>:o■^JXlrtc~ -x CO L-CSOXC: — X-Tt-'M^SCOmiro •£> 00 -*xoc;-Tc;t-L-:i.~^!c^^o -o *" _^(>},— S^J ^^t^^,^ — .-0 .jsj ^ ccL'>c; — — -fooMr— f-^c- .-^ m (M lO ^ C5 X ^ X i?t f-- — • C^ OQ ic — '-t ;s X '.O • X — — S^JNW — — CvJC^ — — ^^CO -IM ^ XXMC:X-*OOMX-?""*W -Cvj if^ — W — -XO^I>0 -x CO X j o c^ « c^} c ■ 10 00 Occ'nc-'>}r-r-xOTrt-'TirT •— < ^ Ift^— NOC0£>r^C0O?7OJ>O •?> evj T}c-:rrxo -o CO X c: t- r^ -^ cr: t- I- C-: w -T X • '" r-< ^^ ^- r-i •— ( . 1—1 CMMf-:j>-HOOXr-:oi:cx — •X wc-^xooxoccco — CO •>-■? 1 00 (M rt ^ S> C; (M -M XT -^ c- • X *" *"• CO • -rroc-jcor^ ■ -o^ •Tf OS .— • •i/t!rj-^Tt"Tf>o • • — i/t • J> r>. *" CO 15 ■ c ^ 5 >. > h u :r I/) -3 , c _^ ^l-. c c a! C i- In -^ ^ '^ — — tc -f^ -ic: — •!; «^^ i£t: u" c u\ct;j: — "^ ^ ^_l ? pq cc fc ClH Ci, w Eb rK hH ^ X a; 03 'TjiL \ -* — X (N r~- t>- 1.0 o — -^ -* X O £- C5 o rci ^ o C5 c; o Li 10 10 CO r- ir: 10 o •^ Ci Tj" t- O •— ' -f o CO c>j o t- >-o o ;s O M C^ ^H CO — X c: O X i> ;o ^ o ir; CO X Tj< rr r- o o -o en — t> l^ L- LO CO X CO o o o CO o £- e-3 o ITS i5 Tji £- t- Tf TJ> lO cs •»* •>3< w CO — CO CO r- -v c- ;o O X CO X {> CO T -T CO — w CO CO ;3 t- M X IM CO C-J j>0 — O -r — X r? Lo X CO CO X S>? CO o c^} CO 10 lyi — CO CO o X o c; to Tfi LO X CO IT? X I> ITJ — CO C>( t/;^ o o o o ^ -ITS i-J^x; <;c!.:ii^cc Tables 99 GO o oc o ri :r ^ '^ ?> S ^ -si c- L': '^ ^ '^, — •- ■ S c- 00 5 cr- H in CO cc L'^ -s o> — :i '.- X -^ — X '-;; L- o o T '^' '■': '" ^ jS Lz S O O CO 00 — C5 cj -- -J —' rf c- CJ -^ t <• p ■^' '-■ '~ ^ C- r: O S5 -C '- L-O r-l o s^» r^ oo — ,-/: c; r'' o CO o L': c-j c: c-^ -- O — c» c- -t- X 'r; — -• i." •^ L-^ in cc ■?-) i^ c; -r f^ ^ cc i5 a: ;c — '-n ^ o i": — O O a ►J 5 00 — o o •^? in ^ -f o ^. -^ en ^' o c ■^ o |» o '^ ^ ? ( 2 _ f^ C: O : ^ ':-t c. — • ■— o CO CI ti -f 'Ti CJ — • f— >— 1 I— < C( c- t- ■* O -T >n ^ CO Gc n r. o. GO 32 •- 7 tr § 5 2 o '§ fi ?5 S S i -n ^- o o ?- o 2 if I .- c( c; - o -T -. -f ^--o '- '-^ i2 1; ! X ^ i— ^ r-i •■^' CI '— I ^' "^ ""■ m c? r— CI CO c; m O x c' GO ^ CO T CI t^ — 1.- CO c: 1— I CO -^ t" -X O CO m -T -r i |l3 GO Xi CO CO c'> CP CO CO 2 CI ># GO CI CO Ci CX) CO — i> CO GO CO '-- CO liO C5 ?- o m i- t- c m '.- M " _ CI " CO f- {- cr. C( '- • cociinO'O-T^r:;*!: • coci'T'- 'OTrr'- ^ :?>. ,— CI — CO -— -— rt/^ .^ ' '^ 1 CI O "T t.* '* ?j? ;^ ^ ,^ ^. r/^ ^ rT< .0 • CI CO cc o ■ c o H 'A O O <: w •J o CJ C5 -T" (M C>J IC l^ C5 t^ fO oc» r-^^-oo-rOOJooc^'-irjcoC'j-'*' L-^ " O C- — CO CC C^ 0> 00 00 lO TJ< ^ »-' c. ci ■>} ci CO t- r-^ o 00 o ift o <© TO — o-^cooT'.-»^'rcoao iMOOCOr-i^-OTOTCOt^ — -J< (MO£>^^C5Tj.iCWOJ>r-i-TiaOiO (Mc-cooot-coint^aocrT — r^co •OGO^^OCOC^JOCOOCOCCl-COQO OCiCOOGOWiM — OOOCOO-^ O '^^ ?D — :o — O c: CO lO -^ 00 >— cj OJ Ci CO CO Ci i.t 00 — CO O t- O CO C^l cioo-^i'-r-.-iO^^oo^CicoT''* cocDC'j-rciWCsc-JTiMOOT'-" ooc^)^^OMoooooo5>*<»c; — CO «sr--^io{>oocij>Tco.-ico«? 'C '^ C: iC O C) iM • o i--^ c^ CO o 00 o o -t '^> o CO o • -^ (M CO c^^ (?} to o o CO -^ T .,-1 — C^ O «0 00 «0 C> J^ O CC 'T) OTfco»oi>coi-- »owci -H Tj< (M I— 1 uo r- CO o 1-1 w ■ £> Ci -r O O • iC w C: CO ac ■ -^ >» 3 tc o ^ o • c ^ ra w tf J- ^ •Q -u bo Tables lOI CC C^ i» o ^^ :2 Tj- o ,— ^ 50 cc CO — l> CO fO lO -T" r- ^ o O O O CO 00 —1 O «^J CO O (M OJ C5 00 ■^ in o -^ M r-1 O lO •— ' M lO i.O r>J ^ O CO !> rr C~ CO CO Tfi Ci 't ■— ' Ol T-i W O CO CO X' ^t C^J Tf O O lO {> O O "-I ^ '^ O -f c: lo t^ M lO CO CO ^H ■^ GO CO OJ CO o in CO oi o CO l>1 1- lO • 1^- C^J • C! OJ ; 1 co ^ _ . o QOl>OOOS5C5'VCOeOt-C5'^i>-<^CO'— >— '>— '-^^ci-^-^ Svj jVi cvj — < ,-1 CO (M — rt OOOOCO-*'— i?0^OO-»<«0i(0Q0i0— iCOO co^c;co(>^coc»OWi>QO— •co-r<:o!:~-c2"''® 00C0C0C-OO!>'O-^»O£>0J-tC^'*!>Oi>«> p o o Q H ID • r-H -"^ (M in • m c- o CO • '^ Ci in -^ -rroinc^jinwi— iCocscscoomoin'MO -o -oiCiMS^ oooocioo^coc-NWOOCiincO'-H •-* •"'iA^^ X^itoot— '>'*^^!in-^«oooco-^oicoc— -i— > •■rpc^inio — ^COW"— .1— (1— iM r-i 1—1 1— i(M-(M' 1— t -f'— 'Coc^?coo50oocoMi>>n — inc^it-o '^rC^-^OC-'— OOi— iT-i!>COOOOOWCO Mmwco — cow^-^ co-c- in CO in -^ -—I 00 — coco 1— 1 r-^ W -^ -^ SVJ N ' iM in — c; • CO ^ O 00 cOC~'MTfco;s-^oc-incoin^oow r-iCO!^J r-l^^,— . ^H t-( T— I'M • in m CD o ■ W l> o w ■ in — I «c CO I'^inomoin'M— '0-*infoocowoC5 c5co — r^r-cooooO!>coo'+--5JC2 c^oooo^fincic^-^inGOincoccmoco — >C^}COr-H,-l ,-lr-.MlM :2 :?S •CO • r-. 00 -^ C~" CO o; »-< in c^ i> c- co'^OTfC50coo50in£-cocoooinc--o ocvco'*'*i>co^co"coc5co ^^OJi-H r-ii— !-■ — — ■ — ' — ■ 00 00 CO --J ■ 05 1—1 05 00 ■ rf (M t- C- co CO CO o in 'TJ m in cj c^} C5 CO O m in in ^ 05-^00 — oococ~«^co'::;'-;'-coOQO '^C5i>coincocooO'«9'^rc:co(MOinocr5 I— (r-11— IT—Cl— 1 1— (1— (CJ— < ■CO ■ CO cs w o> • in • in 00 — ^t* . i> • -* iM CO o . (M • r-l .-» ^in.-oojijncocoin oooi'^oj-^O'— ir-ot-como?inin<— 'in Tr'?fJ c- c- in cs cr^t^OC;QOcOin'*'M"^C5 'inQOCiO---; coccoo — '^c^'corrco CO •.-•'* co--^ • c^} CO 00 in • CO 00 in CO CO c^} OS c^ o 01 ^ I C -w i: t, _ t- n C ^ ■ c • ; fe >> . o .-t; •ho ^ ., , ii 'r ™ tfl 'rri 3 t^ "I' — O '^ n3 •- •- O I- 3 3 ^ X 3 — I02 Geography of Vermont Si m H O Hi > 2 O H < CL O t- O iQ '-^ o m~ IN O a» CO o ■* o ^ *" CO CO lo w -r » 35 00 o •* o -r {- • «> wo • -t -^ CO • t- CO lO • GO -rco • 00 o -^ • CO 00 t- ■ COOr>< . O "T t^ • (© t- {> . O O t ■T OO C^J I'oo c- o h O CO -T t> QO 00 in 05 CO CO O C5 00 -f c- co o CO C* 00 Q ^ {> ?5 O 05 '»• CO c»> to CO S^J Tf »c CO »n > .u TO Q^ 4^ 4J H O o o t— I CO OOCO'-CO — 00 — COOlfOCOMLOCOWOtO -^ -r M ■^> o <- to "-o ro TO CO © lo — — ■CO i?j -r c? o — — (.- O T o X ?> ft X' I- t- t~ 30 X CO — — r- r- — ■ M -f -f r— v^ X — ic ro ■rj X » LO r> -^ ?c -^ CO ■ CO — • — "— — T ?J •ooojco-Toxwi-OQepaxx — •cox-Tinxt'-coox — *w?»rocoifi ■ ocOiMc^ixoico — ort — xt-rics— . . M „ ^ „ ^^ ^- ro *-• c^) • W'rcic:fOO-i-c>> — r:roo;ocoxx • X t- {^ O c; CO c <- f- ■^> :o — ?> — T o •X'TC^fOOX — coo — OiM-rt-OClO :^! i ic X c; o t ■— o o • X ir: r? -r o XOO'T — oow '^> o CO ic ■— ' — c>i (M cox — 'M'^'^rox — ^ „ ^1 „ rr Q lit — i8S. ■ lO t- CO O iC ■ -T O lO — T • X 'O CO -r 00 r^ — r o> lO O ic c^i x -r X o « — r* o! O -fCO— COCOCtOiX — — 1 —< i^j — 6j r- — w • CO X O O O c>> o; -f t^ (M ' — lO -T O 00 lv> „ „ ^, ■ lO O -C: lO X CO o • CO lo t^ ?* c^J — X . O — •r • iC {- iC X O — { - • -^ c-j ^- o X 'T- X — — OJ — t- C: C- • UO 10) 'M — ' O • ic lo CO — • -^ ■C5 't O '- -^ • CO o CO X CO o o ■ i.O — ■?» O c: 05 CO ■ C> J> C- CO l.O CO CO in c; CO ■ C3 t- CO '— CD ' CO ^ X -r *> CO o X X « ~ {- O -M -r :0 -r r» ' X T rr lio io :0 '^» • Ci-roroco •X'^)'^}o — -T--ctrox •■— OD-r-ro • — t-coc:r:oi.o — t^io 'C5coco-r-^ • — C'JX — ■?)c^> — -r H, — « 0) r- . O -U c .t: o oh Tables 103 o r> o "X "K o r>i O W c; ".o o CJ X' CO 00 Ci -f c; ci CO — C5 o w o ■?> icc^ o CC O f- oj '^» t— C^ C-. X ^ O '.O 5 u aj -° n "^ U -D (U QJ-Z U *i o •- rt o o O — ' re O Tf "TJ "M Z o u Q Z CM » in CO 'N O '^-' C.i tj — « .'J w 2: '-•< •-■ sc :^ ^ ^ r^ S t= f~ ^t f^ « 05 -r •>> i*^ ■— 5>-i'ftix»c-ocoa>i"C50oo ^^ , ^ , ^ ,^ — » ,^ ^ — , ,— ^> L-^ i^ "^ lO '^ CO c ift Sv! c^? -r o c- O JJ -r O I . - ' L; =^ ^, jj5 ;2 O I© Oi ^ £, waDr^»n*cocoi>OOTroo^ t^vcc'^.i. ^ M C5 ^j CO c~ o o ®l ^ -^ O ST. o CO £; ;t fo « I- re o » c- re 'M ^ »i^| iiiis|Hiiii5li"ssiiii|S, CO — ,,0!>^?0-*>-l>0>— iQC^lCO ■ JO c>} 00 >ft w '^J ^i * £r ^ .5^uv^--^-_> — — ^^ <'^ 00^.^1 nab ^i^^^t- ; ,^ rS ^ S; i-? ^ o iS C5 » -- w "n 51 -r CI ao '4^1^ : § :!: r» § -c jc o o i-e c5 - -M o -r ^ o « o Tft ^ P r^ . ^ .5 "S) ^ r^ I04 GEOGRAl'hn OF \^l'RMONT ID C o o Q z o f- z o > z o H •< •-) o r r) le O „ r> r! 1- ?- 3 e> -~ — (^ — ^ 1- Ci r> r) -. .^ — ~ f^ II " x ;;; c; rt t- r rt c: " :c i^ -^ -■. - i^ - x o (.- i-n - ■'■ *" cc — xx — Moo^tx-rif^i-rit-rtr- — -r-r-rooio 03 '-^ r^ic^x-tcitsOi.to-Ti^rzrcxcsc^ot^-TTf. OO '?• C5T"— .t-t-^:t-^ct>oot>!^l-^c~xx^oo^.-:cx)l-':: """""■"• ""'^ "" (M -. '^ c^ — — — rt — ;d — -r X ■." — 1"; c; r? •>! X ^j -r — -r t^ o |'^ l~ ■o c- cr. =^ X £- o 1- -. o {- !- .-: .- ;-.- — — r>! .- x r; i- — OO '- — ^ O ■>> c: c: 1- o -r o — c; rt ■- o — — .~: c: o — X x.-cxc-.-rt'Moot-csi.'t— .•M-rr:rcr-ric- — xr;o cc X o — . -r (M >.t 00 — ->? re X irt 1 r o -^ rt o u-i .-: o o ^ OO u-t woo — xo-rj>x;s'>»i^>o-roor;s^>L-:c5!>:i3C5 <—— <-^^'>>'Ml— — — . — — 1 — — r-r^I^J — ,-, ,-,5M o:sr — t-MCic^ox xc;■^Jo~{^ri-HX-rl.-^'^J1! c: -r o .-: .': {- .- o rt — ■- c^ o r? ■>> ;2 :c OO ^^„„cv, ^, , ^^-^, :^„^i„^ „r: lo-rc-o^ts^c. cec. xsoo'-rtoos^it^ — 0(MGO.-i w ivj -r ce — . {> O «r: o — {^ r? -r £^ r: 1.': -r o •>? ir: ic o c^» -<*« o — !oi>fCL-to.-o^O!ML~ rx«vj{-rcxooc50 X L-r -r CO M f> ir; -r — rt X t- -r .~: :c o — i i-: c: ■>? •>} • -*• i.~ c- m t^ X :s rj O r: -r ;s — — c- ;= C-. — {- '^( .-^ O r? ■ — — . 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In 1800. — Guilford, 2,256; Bennington, 2,243; Windsor, 2,211; Woodstock, 2,132; Rutland, 2,125. In 1810. — Windsor, 2,757; Woodstock, 2,672; Springfield, 2,556;. Bennington, 2,524; Rutland, 2,379. In 1820. — Windsor, 2,956; Springfield, 2,702; Woodstock, 2,610; Hartland, 2,553; Middlebury, 2,535. In 1830. — Middlebury, 3,468; Bennington, 3,419; Burling- ton, 3,226; Windsor, 3,134; Woodstock, 3,044. In 1840. — Burlington, 4,271; Montpelier, 3,725; Benning- ton, 3,429; Woodstock, 3,315; Aliddlebury, 3,161. (See note.) In 1850. — Burlington, 7,585; Bennington, 3,923; Brattle- boro, 3,816; Rutland, 3,715; St. Albans, 3,567. In i860. — Burlington, 7,713; Rutland, 7,577; Bennington, 4,389; Northfield, 4,329; Brattleboro, 3,855. In 1870. — Burlington, 14,387; Rutland, 9,834; St. Albans, 7,014; Bennington, 5,760; Brattleboro, 4,933. In 1880. — Rutland, 12,149; Burlington, 11,365; St. Albans, 7,193; Bennington, 6,333 ; Brattleboro, 5,880. In 1890. — Burlington, 14,590; Rutlandf, 11,760; St. Albans, 7,771; Brattleboro, 6,862; Barre, 6,812. In 1900.* — Burlington, 18,640; Rutland, 11,499; Barre, 8,488; Bennington, 8,033; St. Johnsbury, 7,010. Note. — To and including 1850 the numbers are taken from Thompson's Vermont, Part II., pp. 209, 210. For the remainder of the table the numbers have been taken from the United States Cen- sus Reports. tin 1886 the town of Rutland was divided and West Rutland and Proctor were set off; in 1893 the city ot Rutland was organized from territory comprised in the town of Rutland; and again in 1894 a portion of the real estate in the City of Rutland was set off to the town of Rutland. *St. Albans had been divided into city and town by special act of the Legislature of 1896, which gave St. Johnsbury, by 1900 census, fifth place. io8 GiiocRAiMi's- OK \'i:rmoxt COMPARATIVE POPULATION, 1 791— 1900 In 1791. — Population, 85,499. In 1800. — Population, 154,465. Gain for the State, 68,966. Number of towns that lost, 10. In 1 8 10. — Population, 217,895. Gain for the State, 63,430. Number of towns that lost, 13. In 1820. — Population, 235,966. Gain for the State, 18,071. Number of towns that lost, 63. In 1830. — Population, 280,652. Gain for the State, 44,686. Number of towns that lost, 44. In 1840. — Population, 291,948. Gain for the State, 1 1,296. Number of towns that lost, 97. In 1850. — Population, 314,120. Gain for the State, 22,172. Number of towns that lost, 94. In i860. — Population, 315,098. Gain for the State, 978. Number of towns that lost, 136. In 1870. — Population, 330,551. Gain for the State, 15,453. Number of towns that lost, 144. In 1880. — Population, 332,286. Gain for the State, 1,735. Number of towns that lost, 135. In 1890. — Population, 332,422. Gain for the State, 136. Number of towns that lost, i8b. In 1900. — Population, 343,641. Gain for the State, 11,219. Number of towns that lost, 163. NOTE. — The aggregate population for the State at the several censuses has been taken from the Census Reports. The numbers used in the comparison of towns to and including 1840 are found in Thompson's Vermont, Part II., pp. 209, 210; and for the later periods in the U. S. Census Reports. Heights of Mountains 109 HEIGHTS OF VERMONT MOUNTAINS {Taken from the Geology of Vermont, A. Guyot and others) West of Main Range Feet. Buck 1,035 Grandview .... 1,310 Herrick 2,692 Mount Eolus ..3,148 Mount Equinox. 3,872 Mount Anthony. 2,505 Main Range Jay Sterling Mansfield Chin. Camel's Hump.. Lincoln Pico Killington Shrewsbury .... Bromley Stratton Haystack Feet. 4,018 3,700 4,389 4,088 4,078 3,954 4,221 3,845 3,260 3,839 3,462 East of Main Range Feet. Monadnock . . . .3,025 Westniore 3, 400 Mount Pisgah. .3,800 Burke 3, 500 Blue 2,200 Mount Ascutney 3,320 {Reported from the office of the U. S. Coast Sur-vey) Killington 4,241 Mansfield, Nose 4,071 Lincoln 4,024 Jay 3,861 Mount Equinox 3,847 Haystack 3,465 Grandview • . 1,322 Black 1,269 The elevation of Lake Champlain is given in the U. S. Coast Survey Report as 97 feet; by A. Guyot and others as 90 feet. AREA OF VERMONT LAKES AND PONDS {From report of the State Fish Comjnissioners for igoo-2) Tributary to the Connecticut River Acres Fairlee Lake 1,500 .Morey Lake 1,300 Groton Pond 1,800 Joe's Pond 1,000 Maidstone Lake 1,000 Tributary to Lake Champlain Caspian Lake 1,200 Franklin Pond 1,800 Fairfield Pond 1,500 Lake Dunmore 3,000 Lake Bomoseen 15,000 Lake St. Catherine 2,000 Tribjtary to the St. Francis River (ji) Thtough the Coaticook River Acres Great Averill Pond 1,200 Little Averill Pond r,ooo iB) Through Lake Mentphremagas Willoughby Lake 5, 500 May Pond 1,000 Crystal Lake 1,400 Island Pond 1,500 Seymour Lake 5,000 Salem Pond 1,000 Great Hosmer Pond 1,000 (8) no Geography of Vermont DATES OF INCORPORATION OF THE COUNTIES OF VERMONT Bennington . 1778 Frankh'n 1792 Windham 1778 Caledonia 1792 Rutland 1781 Essex . 1792 Windsor 1781 Orleans 1792 Orange 1781 Grand Isle . 1802 Addison 1785 W^ashington . 1810 Chittenden . 1787 Lamoille 1835 LIGHTHOUSES IN VERMONT Lake Champlain Alburg (Windmill Point), Isle La Motte (Blanchard's Point), Colchester Reef, Burlington Breakwater, Juniper Island (Burlington Harbor). Lake Memphremagog Newport and Whipple Point, Maxfield Point, Hero Island. FEDERAL COURT HOUSES IN VERMONT Windsor, Rutland, Burlington, Montpelier, Newport. PORTS OF EN'FRY IN VERMONT ' Burlington, St. Albans, Alburg (bridge), Alburg Springs, Windmill Point (in Alburg), Swanton, High- gate, Franklin, Berkshire, Richford, North Troy, Derby, Island Pond, Canaan, Beecher Falls (in Canaan). History of Vermont M /"A S S A C /H U S E T -r S HISTORY OF VERMONT CHAPTER I Explorations^ Raids^ First Settlement, War Parties I. First Exploration.^ Samuel Champlain entered the lake that now bears his name, July 4, 1609. He came from Quebec where he had wintered and had made a settlement the year before, and he was accom- panied by two Frenchmen and The first American sixty Indians of the Algon- quin race. The party worked slowly up the lake and, at the end of three weeks, met a larger band of Iroquois Indians near Ticonderoga. These they fought and de- feated, and then hastened back to Canada with booty and prisoners. While on this expedition Champlain saw and possibly explored a portion of Vermont. This was the first discover)' of the State by white men. Champlain monument at Quebec, unveiled Sept. 21, 1898; fifty feet liigli 114 History of Vermont 2. The Indians. Fort St. Anne. — When North America became known to Europeans it was occupied by several families of Indian tribes. One of these fam- ilies, the Algon- quin, inhabited the chief part of New England and Canada ; another family, the Iro- quois, had its chief residence in New York. The valley of Lake Champlain was disputed territory through which war parties often passed. Champlain settled among the Algon- quins and gained their friendship. They would assist First fight with the Irn'iunis Indians; drawn by Champlain ; copied from an old plate ^^ ^fig-j g" Second fight with Iroquois Indians; drawn by Champlain; copied from an old plate Explorations 115 him to explore Lake Champlain only on condition that he would assist them against their enemies, the Iroquois, in case they met them. Champlain and his two white com- panions aided the Algonquins in the battle near Ticonderoga. The Iroquois had never before seen white men or fire-arms, and the use of these strange weapons proved very des tructive to them. From this time the Iroquois were bitterly hostile to the French and made frequent raids upon them. For protec- tion against the Iroquois the French built forts along the Richelieu River, and one, Fort St. Anne, on Isle La Motte in Lake Champlain, in 1666. This was the first point occupied by white men in Vermont. Soon after their alliance with the French, the Algonquins be- gan, or renewed, a settlement _ near the lower falls of the Missisquoi River, now called Swanton Falls, which was continued with one short interrup- tion until the settlement of the town by the English after the close of the Revolutionary War. No other Indian settlement so permanent has been known in Vermont since its discovery by Champlain. 3 Expedition against the Mohawks.— At the beginning of October, 1666, a force of twelve hundred French and one hundred Indians was encamped near l^ort St. Anne, on its way to chastise the Mohawks, a tribe of the Iroquois. They passed up Lake Champlain and Lake George, crossed to the Mohawk Valley and appeared before the Mohawk villages. These villages were sur- rounded by triple palisades, while within were raised plat- iorms for the discharge of arrows and stones against an Samuel 1) I Imuh I n" " i^- -t s,xt> -t,w . Kreiich ai^coiercr of tl.c Great Lakcb and Lake Champlain. He was born in 1567 and died in 16^5: was governor of New France, of which Vermont was once claimed as a part. >>?. F/K ST ElTG^OKMKST •■*'cft*fS^^ Prospective view of a battle, Sept. 8, 1755. between the English and Mohawk Indians against the French and other Indians (Copied from an old engraving in the New York State Library pub- lished Feb. 2, 1756) Explorations 117 attacking enemy, and for water -tanks made of bark for protection against fire. There were also a supply of axes and saws of steel purchased from the Dutch at Albany and a great stock of corn and beans stored for winter. The cap- ture of these villages would have cost the French heavily if the panic-stricken Indians had not fled on their approach. After burning the villages with all their stores and taking possession of the coun- try in the name of the king of France, the army returned to Canada. Wilcox Point, Grand Isle; typical chazy cliffs 4. Raid Against Schenectady. — In 1689 England and France were at war and the Governor General of Canada had been di- rected to attempt the conquest of the English colonies. So in Janu- ary of the next year a force of French and Indians, starting from Montreal and passing through Lakes Cham- plain and George, at- tacked, pillaged and burned Schenectady, N. Y. They killed many of the inhabitants and retired with much plunder and many prisoners. Settlers watching the burning of their home by Indians ii8 History of Vermont Indian war dance before a raid on settlers 5. First English Expedition. — Early in the fol- lowing spring the New York authorities sent Capt. Jacob De Warm to build a small fort at what is now Chimney Point, in Addison, and, about mid- summer, an expedition of English and Indians sailed down Lake Cham- plain and the Richelieu River to the neighbor- hood of Chambly. From this place they marched through the woods against La Prairie on the St. Lawrence and opposite Montreal. They killed a few settlers, took some prisoners, slaughtered the cattle and burned the houses and barns outside the fort. On their return the party stopped at Fort St. Anne, then unoccupied, and at a little stone fort, probably that at Chimney Point. This was the first English expedition through Lake Champlain. 6. Raid Against Deerfield. — P^nglaiui and France were at war (known as Queen Anne's war) a;i:ain in 1704, and in the early part of that year a party of French and Indians were sent from Montreal by way of Lake Champlain. the Winooski, White and Connecticut rivers against Deerfield, at that time one of the frontier towns in Massachusetts. The A liouse with palisades for protection town was protected by a ^S^'"''* ^"'^'""^ palisade; a watch was kept at night, but the watchmen retired at daybreak. The snow was drifted high against Explorations 119 the palisade and was covered with a strong crust. Soon after the watchmen had withdrawn, the enemy climbed over the palisade and distributed themselves through the town. At a given signal they attacked all the houses at once The surprise was complete. Many of the mhab- itants were killed, more than one hundred were taken prisoners, and the town was burned. The work was quickly done and by the time the sun was an hour high the journey to Canada had begun. A dreary prospect was before the captives as they started northward from their still burning homes. Among the captives were Rev. John Williams, pastor of Deerfield, and his fam- ily, consisting of his wife and seven children, a man servant and a maid servant, both col- ored. The maid servant and two of the children An Indian outbreak ; the settlers alarmed were slain at the door of the house. The rest, after being distributed among different groups of Indians, started on the journey. Mrs. Williams, who had not fully recovered from a recent sickness, traveled with difficulty and in a separate group from her husband, whom she met only once after they left Deerfield They did not expect to meet again and they comforted each other with the promises of the Bible and with the hopes that were born of their Christian experience. On the morning of the second day, while wading a brook, Mrs Williams fell in the water. Although able to gain the opposite bank, still she was hindered by her wet clothing and lagged behind. An Indian, who called himself her master, cleft her head with a tomahawk. He did this before the eyes of one of her sons who I20 History of X'hrmont found an opportunity on the following day to describe the act to his father. Some fifteen or twenty of the captives were killi'd duriiij^ the first three days of the march. The party stopped over Sunday beside a branch of the Connecticut River, a little way above Bellows Falls, and j\Ir. Williams preached a sermon to his fellow captives. From this circumstance the stream was named Williams River. At the mouth of the White River the party divided. One division went by way of the White River and the Winooski, crossed to the islands in Lake Champlain, turned aside for a few days' rest at the Indian village near the present village of Indian squaws building a birch Swanton, and then went baric wigwam on to Canada. The other division kept along up the Connecticut River to the great meadows in Newbury, near which they remained until corn-planting time. Corn was planted in the meadows and the Indians would have remained for the summer if they had not heard that some of their tribe living about twenty miles below had been attacked and nearly all destroyed by partisans of the Eng- lish. Then the party moved on to Canada by way of the Wells and Winooski rivers and Lake Cham- plain. The Rev. John Williams was with the first division, and his son Stephen with the second. Both Indians hunting deer with bow and arrow Explorations 121 were exchanged, returned two years afterward and wrote narratives of their captivity, which are valuable and easily accessible. Eunice Williams, daughter of John, remained in Canada, married an Indian, and was the ancestress of numerous descendants. 7. The First Settlement. — There v^^ere settlements in North- field, Mass., previous to the Deer- field raid. At a very early day these settlements extended north on both sides of the Connecticut River be- yond the Massachusetts boundary, as afterwards determined. The first settlement by the English in the present State of Vermont was in the town of Vernon, then a part of Northfield, Mass., and not later than 1690. King Philip, Indian chief (From old pJate in Schoolcraft's "Indian Races," 1848) 8. Fort Dummer. — After the close of Queen Anne's war in 17 13, new settlements were rapidly made in Massachusetts and, to protect them, in 1724 Fort Dummer was built beside the Connecticut River near the present village of Brattle- boro. The original fort was about one hundred eighty feet square, built of white pine logs cut in the imme- diate neighborhood, hewn square and laid up, interlocking at the corners in the manner of a block house. At convenient places on the walls, boxes were placed for sentries and platforms for cannon, one of which, known as the Great Gun, was fired as a signal whenever Indians were discovered in the neighborhood. Indians trading at Fort Dummer 122 History' of Vermont Houses were built within, having the walls of the fort for one side and all their openings within the fort. To this place a garrison was sent consisting partly of friendly Indians. "Die Puritans did not forget the spiritual welfare of their soldiers nor of their savage neighbors, and a worthy min- ister was sought out to serve as a chaplain to the garrison and as a missionary to the heathen Red Men. Soon it was believed that a profitable trade in furs might be carried on there, and an agent was appointed and provided with Fort Dummer Old log fort, showing manner of building means to conduct the business. So in a short time Fort Dummer had become a military post, a missionary station, a trading house; and within and around it grew up a settlement. 9. Exi'i.oRixc. Parties. — Many exploring parties were sent out from the fort and its neighborhood during the early years of its occupation. In 1725, a party went by way of the Connecticut, Wells and ^Vinooski rivers to Lake Cham- plain, and live years later another party explored the route Explorations 123 by way of the Connecticat and Black rivers and Otter Creek to Lake Champlain. This second route was called the " Indian road," because of its frequent use by the Indians in their journey between Lake Champlain and Fort Dum- mer. In 1731, the year following this last expedition, the French built a fort at Crown Point, N. Y. They had the year before begun a settlement at Chimney Point, where Captain De Warm, under orders from the English at Albany, had built the little stone fort in 1690. 10. Temporary Forts and Settlements. — It does not appear that the fort built by Captain De Warm was used or intended for permanent occupation. Likewise the French Fort St. Anne, a larger and more important work, The site of old Fort St. Anne, at Isle La Motte seems to have been used only for temporary needs. The French settlement at Chimney Point flourished while the French power in Canada continued. Other settlements on the borders of Lake Champlain were made by the French, notably in Alburg, but were deserted when Canada became a British Province. 124 History of Vermont II. Boundary Between New Hampshire and Mas- sachusetts. — Fort Dummer was built by Massachusetts. At that time there was a dispute between New Hamp- shire and Massachusetts relative to boundaries. The northern boundary of Massachusetts, according to the claim of Massachusetts, would have run near the northern base of Ascutney Mountain, while according to the claim of New Hampshire it would have been found crossing Black Moun- tain. The dispute was at length de- cided by the King of England, who gave to New Hampshire more than she claimed. In accordance with the King's decision the boundary line be- tween Massachusetts and New Hampshire was run in 1741, the work of which was assigned to three surveyors, each of whom had his particular portion or line. Richard Hazen, beginning near Merrimac River, " marked the west line across the Connecticut River to the supposed boundary line of New York." For more than forty years the provinces of New Hampshire and Massachusetts were united under one Governor, though each province had its House of Repre- sentatives and its Council. Soon after the boundary line between them was determined, a Governor was appointed for each province. A Puritan maid 12. Western Boundary of New Hampshire. — The new Governor of New Hampshire was Benning Went- worth, in whose commission New Hampshire was described as extending westward until it meets his Majesty's other provinces. The western boundary of Connecticut, except Explorations 125 in the southern part, had been fixed as a line twenty miles east of the Hudson River and parallel to it. Massachu- setts claimed that her southern and northern bjundaries each extended west to a point twenty miles east of the Hudson Rivci and that her western boundar\ was a straight line joining thoM two points. Although this clain < had not been formally estab- lished, lands had been granted and settlements made in ac- cordance with it. The author- ities of New Hampshire claimed that the territory of that province extended toward the west as far as that of Massachusetts did, and, in January, i749, Governor Went- worth granted a township six miles square, lying six miles Benning Wentworth, Royal Governor of New Hampshire from 1741 to 1767 Indian pipes north of the north line of Massachusetts, and twenty miles east of the Hudson River. The township was surveyed according to the grant, and was named Bennington. 13. Settlements Near Fort Dummer. — The period extending from the building of Fort Dummer to the ap- pointment of Governor Wentworth was one of comparative (9) 126 History of Vermont Map of the New Hampshire Grants soon after the erection of Fort Dummer Explorations 127 The following7^mong otlTer implements of Indian manufacture, all of stone, are occasionally picked up. quiet. A few townships had been granted by Massachusetts in the vicinity of the fort and settlements had been begun in them. The most northerly of these settlements was Number Four, now Charlestown, N. H. 14. The First French and Indian War. — The year 1744 brought to America news of war between England and France. This im- plied war between the New England colonies and the French and Indians of Canada, and pre- parations were at once begun on both sides. 15. The Main- tenance OF Fort D u M M E R . — The maintenance of Fort Dummer was necessary to the safety of Massa- chusetts, but the survey of 1741 had shown it to be be- yond her borders. The Governor of the colony applied to the home government for relief from the support of this fort. After due consideration, an order by the King in Council was issued to Governor Wentworth directing him to urge the Assembly of New Hampshire to provide for the fort, on the ground that its maintenance was necessary T,'i ave soir.ctimos grooved thrciu-,; , i... , .. iiole lenglli, which is gen- erally from 8 to-l-i inches. '< Tlie arrow ']>0}'iis :.re from one to five ■inches ifl.n g- . Indian implements found in Vermont 128 History oi Vermont and that it was unjust to require a province to maintain a fortress outside its own territory. The Assembly first appHed to refused to assume the charge. The next As- sembly voted to garrison the fort, but on such conditions as the authorities in Massachusetts thought insufficient. So Massachusetts supported the fort. 1 6. Scouting Parties. — Fort Dummer now became one of a series of forts extending from Number Four in New Hampshire to Fort Massachusetts in the Hoosac Valley, near the present village of Williams- town, Mass. Frequent scouting parties traversed the line of forts and were sometimes sent in other directions. In May, 1748, one of these parties lett Number Four by the " Indian road " already men- tioned. They kept together until they reached the largest branch of the Otter Creek, when they divided, one part crossing the river and going towards Crown Point, while the other kept the east side of the river. The first division, consisting of eighteen men and com- manded by Captain Eleazar Melvin, when opposite Crown Point fired Indian chisel, pick and spear at University of Vermont upon some Indians who were rowing on the lake, and \vere pur- sued. To avoid their pursuers they Indian Utensils (Copied from old plate) Explorations 129 passed up the southern branch of the Otter Creek and crossed the mountains to the West River. While halting on this stream, near the present village of Jamaica, they were attacked by the Indians and scattered, losing one- third of their men. The other party, commanded by Captain Phineas Stevens, not meeting the first and fearing danger, crossed the mountains to the Quechee River, which they followed to its mouth, and passed thence down the Connecticut River by raft and canoe to Number Four. A few weeks later Captain Humphrey Hobbs, with forty men, left Number Four for Fort Shirley, near the Deerfield River in Massa- chusetts. About twelve miles from Fort Dummer, in the present town of Marlboro, Vermont, the party halted for dinner with guards posted in the rear. While at dinner they were attacked by a large force of Indians. A fierce onset of the Indians was repelled by the English, when the men of each The Bridgeman Fort erected at 1 , , , r Vernon in 17+6 party sought the shelter of (From old engraving) trees and fought as sharp- shooters. After a severe battle the Indians withdrew. Captain Hobbs had three men killed and two severely wounded. The next day he marched with his force to Fort Dummer. 17. Vermont in 1749. — During the war from 1744 to 1749, Fort Dummer and the fort at Number Four were repeatedly attacked and lost many men, and before the close of the war all other forts and settlements of the English north of Massachusetts and west of the Con- necticut River had been captured, abandoned or destroyed. Fort Dummer remained alone of English settlements within the territory of Vermont. I30 History of Vermont 1 8. Positions and Aims of tiif Enolish and the French. — The English at this time lield the country bo tween the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean from Maine to Georgia. The French held Canada and Louisiana and had posts on the Great Lakes and along the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Both sought possession of the Valley of the Ohio River which was between them. 19. Washington Sent to the Ohio. — In the spring of 1754 an expedition was sent from Virginia under George Washington to complete and protect a fort already begun at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, which is the beginning of the Ohio River, where is now the city of Pitts- burg. Before Washing- „, J . .- r.i T) 1 • ton reached the place, the Hags used at time of the Revolution _ English, American, Washington's French had gained posses- sion of it and had sent a force to meet him. Wash- ington defeated that force and built a fort for his own defense which he called Fort Necessity. This he was obliged to surrender July 4. 20. Convention of Albany. — On that day, July 4, 1754, a convention of eight English colonics, called by the advice of the King of England for the purpose of devising measures of defense against the French, was in session in Albany, New York. The delegates there assembled renewed for the colonics their treaties of friend- ship with the Iroquois and adopted a Plan of Union for the colonies which was presented by Benjamin Franklin, but was not accepted by the colonies or by the king. Explorations 131 21. Second French and Indian War. — War between France and England was declared in 175b, and both nations had already sent troops to America. For four successive years, beginning with the declaration of war, efforts were made by the English to gain possession of Lake Champlain. Many soldiers from the New England colonies were engaged in these undertakings and so became acquainted with por- tions of Vermont. 22. A Military Road.-^ After the capture of Crown Ten Colonial costumes Point by the English, in the summer of 1759, Captain John Stark with two hundred rangers was sent by General Amherst to cut a road from Crown Point to Charlestown, N. H. The road was completed the next year, following for the most part the largest eastern branch of the Otter Creek and the Black River. 23. Johnson Captivity. — Captain Johnson and family with Messrs. Laberee and Farnsworth were taken captives by the Indians from Charlestown, N. H. (No. 4), August 30, 1754. The first day out on the way to Canada (Aug 31), Mrs. Johnson gave birth to a daughter in the town of Cavendish, Vt. Nearly fifty years later Mrs. Johnson identi- fied the places where the Indians encamped and where her. daughter was born, and contracted for the erection of stones to mark both spots. Her instructions were ignored and the stones erected side by side, where they have stood for fully a century on the roadside near Felchville in the town of 132 History of Vermont Reading, but the child was born " up the brook a half mile " in the town of Cavendish. The daughter was named Eliza- hfth Captive Johnson and was the third English person born in the State of Vermont. ^i^}^->^^^, Stones 111 iIk iiu\n oi (. avendish niarkii,_ m. .rih of Elizabeth Captive Johnson, born in Indian captivity, 1754 Elizabeth Captive Johnson, born in Indian captivity undei the most trying circumstances, lived and prospered and be- came the head of one of Vermont's most distinguished families. She was the maternal great-grandmother of th« late distinguished Hon, Frederick Billings of Woodstock. Mrs. Johnson wrote a narrative of her captivity, which was published in its third edition at Windsor in 18 14 and is one of Vermont's very rare and costly books. Explorations 133 24. Other Early Births. — Col. John Sargent, so far as the historical records of early births can be relied on, was the first English person born in Vermont. He was buried in the West River Cemetery in Brattleboro, where he was born in 1732. ^RG£AN-r C- ^®^J ^ Gravestone of first English person born in Vermont The second recorded birth is that of Anna Averill at West- minster in the autumn of 1751. The third that of Elizabeth Captive Johnson in the town of Cavendish, Aug. 31, 1754. IJ4 History of Vermont 25. Rogers Expedition. — In September, 1759, Major Robert Rofi;ers was sent from Crown Point with two hundred men against the. St. Francis Indians near the mouth of the St. Francis River. He sailed down Lake Champlain and leaving his boats and provisions hidden in the bushes beside the Missisquoi Bay marched through swampy woods to his destination. The Indians were surprised in the early morning, many were killed, and the village was plundered and burned. IVIajor Rogers had learned that his boats and provisions had been discovered and captured by the enemy and that he was pursued by a larger force than his own, and so he started immediately for Charlestown, N. H. A difficult march of eight days brought the little army to the neighbor- hood of Lake Memphremagog. They were already short of provisions, and, as a means of safety, the whole party was now divided into several com- panies and each was di- rected to find its way to the mouth of the A m m o n oosuc River. Major Rogers with his company took the route along the Bar- ton and Passuinpsic rivers to the Connecticut, where he expected to find provisions. A camp w^as found and a fresh fire was burning in it. but the men sent had gone down the river with their provisions. Guns were fired as a Indian wigwams and canoe Explorations 135 Indian hoe signal, but the men with the provisions made the greater haste down the stream. Here Major Rogers left his com- pany, except three com- panions with whom he started down the river on a raft made of dry logs. On the second day they lost their raft at Olcott Falls, and made a new one at the foot of the falls by burning down trees and burning off logs of a suitable length. With this they kept on until they found men chopping beside the river just above Charlestown, were helped to the fort, and provisions were at once sent to the men who had been left behind. Many of those rangers never returned and they probably died of starvation in the woods. Skeletons, guns and other remains found by early settlers near the Connecticut and Passumpsic rivers were reported as the relics of Rogers' men. After gathering up a remnant of his force Major Rogers returned to Crown Point. ONE POUND. SSI gntgl I'rin.ec! by Spooned &. -^,^0^ Fac-simile of Vermont bill of credit, 1781; amount authorized 25,155 English pounds. All were redeemed by the State 136 History of Vermont 26. — Vermont in 1760. — With the retreating army in 1759, the French settlers in the Champlain valley retired to Canada. There were then a few scattered settlements near the west bank of the Connecticut River from the Massachusetts line to Bellows Falls. These, with the dwellers in the Indian village by the Lower Falls of the Missisquoi River, constituted the population of Vermont in 1760. Q , . . — ^ / ^ \ R' r> /// .l.D 'r^^ ^.^/,: f^j, /sa^/.li .c-^. £.. -m \ Hit^' /tic. fi'f^U%. V 4 N^"^ -^ .0. ^^z- ^ (tDtlCtD r«C 'Jt^* IMUUN miBtS. i;6>, 1 Treaty with Indian tribes, showing peculiar signatures and seals Settlements 137 CHAPTER II Further Settlements. Conflicting Claims ETTLEMENT of Bennington. — The town- ship of Bennington was granted and sur- veyed in 1749, but the forest remained unbroken until after the conquest of Canada. Captain Samuel Robinson, returning from Lake George to his home in Massachusetts during the French and Indian war, passed through Ben- nington, encamping for the night there. He was so much pleased with the country that he found the owners, purchased a por- tion of their rights and with some friends began there, in 1761, the first permanent settlement of West- ern Vermont. Six families from beyond the Connecticut River wended their way on horseback , ^. . ■ . ^ „ »rv,.i^J^_^J >...<-ii j Indian urn or water ]ar found at through leafy woods and beside full coichester in ms; now in => •' possession of University Streams and reached Bennington °f Vermont June 18. Samuel Robinson had bought wheat at Charle- mont on the Deerfield River two months before and as a pioneer went forward to prepare as fully as possible for the necessities of the colony. In the autumn other families came, some of them from the farthest corner of Connecticut, making up a number of thirty or forty. A mild winter followed, which was very favorable to the settlers and which they regarded as a special interposition of the Supreme Ruler in their 1 38 History ok Vermont behalf. The settlement grew rapidly and others were made near it. In 1765 a bridle path was surveyed and opened to Danby, where a few begin- nings were made beside the branches of the Otter Creek by settlers from New York. Bennington, with its one thou- Garrison House sand inhabitants, its town organization, its mills, its militia company, its church and its schools, was already a center of "business and of social and political influence. 2. Settlement of Newbury. — The Coos Meadows, in Newbury, Vt., and Haverhill, N. H., of the present day, had been known for a long time. Stephen Williams spent several weeks in the neighborhood in the spring of 1704. The same spring Jacob Hicks planted corn there with tlif Indians, and shortly after died of starva- tion. Captain Peter Powers of New Hampshire, just fifty years later, found the meadows cleared and covered with grass. A few families came to these meadows in 1762. They settled on oppo- site sides of the Connecticut River and in different towns, but constituted one neighbor- hood sixty miles distant from the nearest settlement, that of Charlestown, N. H. From that place they brought provisions by boat in summer and on the ice in winter until they could raise their own supplies. The irons for the first saw-mill in Newbury were brought from Concord, N. H., nearly eighty miles ^TJ.^ Early backwoods house before 1770 Settlements 139 distant, upon a hand-sled. It was a wild country far in the woods. One Sunday, Mrs. Mary Kent of Newbury remained at home alone while the rest of the family went to meeting. During the time three large bears came and looked in at the open door of her cabin, and then walked away. In 1765, three years after its first settlement, Newbury was a fully organized town First thanksgiving; set- j • ^- VI TT i-'ii tiers and Indians at and, m connection with Haverhill, peace had a church and a pastor. In that year there were settlements in nearly all the towns border- ing the Connecticut River on the west from Massachusetts to Newbury, and in enough of the tiers east of the Connecticut to fill the gaps in the line of the river towns. A settlement had also been made in Guildhall. 3. Timothy Knox. — In some of these towns the people were few. The entire population of Wood- stock at this time consisted of Timothy Knox. He had been a fellow-student in Harvard College with Elbridge Gerry, who afterwards signed the Declaration of Independence, became Governor of Massa- chusetts and Vice-President of the United States, whose virtues have been extolled in history and one of whose de- vices has been embalmed in the word gerrymander. Knox had not been requited in an affection he had bestowed, so went to Woodstock, built a shack in which he slept, cooked his food, and stored his furs. For three j'ears he was the only inhabitant of the town. A corn crusher and old chair I40 History of Vermont 4. New Hampshire Grants. — In 1765 the settle- ments in what is now Vermont extended from the border of Massachusetts northward in two lines ; on the west to the head waters of the Otter Creek, on the east to Guild- hall. Beginnings had been made in some twenty-five townships, and wherever the popu- lation was sufficient towns had been organized. Before this date one hun- dred fifty townships had been granted by Governor Went- w'orth of New Hampshire to purchasers who constituted a large and influ- ential portion of the citizens of the New England colonies. The country in which these lands lay was then called the New Hampshire Grants. 5. News. — To these settlers and purchasers there came interesting news from Albany, in the early summer of this year, in the form of a proclamation by Lieutenant Governor Colden of New York, in which he recited an order of the King of England declaring the west bank of the Connecticut River to be the boundary between the provinces of New Hampshire and New York. 6. Changed Jurisdiction. — By this decision the lands granted by Governor Wentworth west of the Con- necticut River were placed under the jurisdiction of An early settler Settlements 141 At home in 1776. Spinning before the fireplace New York. But not • until surveyors appeared In the valley of the BattenkiU, laying out for New York grantees fields just won from the forest and for which payment had been made to the Governor of New Hampshire, did the set- tlers believe that their titles to their lands would be questioned. 7. A Convention. — A convention of settlers was held at Bennington in the early autumn of 1765. The convention was a New England notion. But with the men of Massachusetts and Connecticut came the Yorkers from Danby, whose bridle path grew to a wide road as they approached the new center of democratic ideas. Samuel Robinson of Bennington was selected as an agent of the settlers to lay their case and their claims before Governor Moore, then newly arrived in New York City. 8. Claims. — The New York Party. — The New York authorities persisted in their claims. Both parties granted that the lands in dispute originally belonged to the King of England. The New York party claimed that ■ a grant of all lands between the Connecticut River and the Delaware Bay, made by the King to the Duke of York in 1664 and confirmed ten years later, included the lands west of the Connecticut recently granted by Governor Wentworth, and had never been set aside with respect to them. Consequently the grants made by Governor Went- worth were without authority and null and void ; and this (10) 142 History of Vermont party demanded that the settlers procure new patents, pay- ing the customary fees for them upon pain of ejectment. The New York officials were desirous of fees; they were upholders of royal and parliamentary authority in the colonies; they thoroughly believed in the excellence of the British form of government and of the constitution of British society, and they feared the democratic tendencies of New England. The leaders of the New England party were men of superior education and native ability, whose interests and whose real belief were in harmony and who were determined to maintain the right, as they understood it, at all hazards. 9. The Settlers. — Claims. — The settlers had invested money and labor in these lands to make homes for their families, and to give up their claims would reduce many of them to abject poverty. They were Indian wampum belt g^j-ong men; they had grown up under the influence of the town meeting, the local church and the district school. They were men of mark in their former homes. They had been active in civil affairs. They had raised companies of militia and of rangers for the wars. They had out-fought the French- man and had out-witted the Indian. They had organized companies to settle in the new country. They were fond of arguments, and the statement and defense of personal rights was for them an intellectual pastime. They said that the grant of 1664 was too indefinite to support the claim of New York. They held that when the King called upon the people of New Hamp- shire to support Fort Dummer, he plainly implied that Settlements 143 it and the territory near it belonged to New Hampshire; and that in his commission to Governor Wentworth he implied that New Hampshire extended as far west as did Massachusetts and Connecticut — to within twenty miles of the Hudson River. They also maintained that having bought their lands of one of the King's accredited agents they could not be required to pay again for the lands because of misunderstandings between the agents, and they furthermore declared that in their new home they meant to stay, and, as for themselves, they would never pay a second time. The issue was direct and the parties might soon have engaged in hostilities except for the larger questions raised by the stamp act and promoted by the colonial congress held at New York in October of that year. The dispute went on and was carried to the courts of New York for decision. The claims of the settlers found no recogni- tion there and in the autumn of 1770 a convention of settlers held at Bennington declared, " We will resist by force the unjust claims of New York." It must be noticed that the contention of the inhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants in 1770 was with the New York government exclusively, as the King more than three years before had forbidden the New York authorities to make any new grants of these lands or molest any person in the quiet possession of his lands who could produce a valid deed for the same under the seal of the province of New Hampshire, until they should receive fur- ther orders respecting them. 10. The Green Mountain Boys. — We have seen that Bennington had an organized military company pre- A British stamp issued in 1765 for colonists to use on all busi- ness papers 144 History of \'i;R.moxt vious to 1765. Between October, 1764, and 1772, a regi- ment was formed, called The Green Mountain Boys. Elijah Dewey was captain of the Bennington company. II. Sheriff Ten Eyck. — July 19, 1771, Sheriff Ten Eyck of Albany county, in which Bennington and the adjacent towns were then included, accompanied by a posse of four hundred armed men, citizens of the county, attempted the ejectment of James Breckenridge from his farm in Bennington. The Bennington militia were found in possession of the house and advantageously posted in the vicinit}'. A parley was held. The men of Bennington declared their intention to maintain their position at every cost; the sheriff's posse was unwilling to make an attack, so the sheriff withdrew with his three hundred men. This was a great victory for the claimants under New Hamp- shire, as it showed that the official and land-jobbing classes of New York were not supported by the people. A pre- vious attempt at serving process had been made October 19, 1769, and peacefully resisted. Uld home of Ethan Allen, court house and church at Bennington Center; only the eliurcli now stiindinj,^ Settlements 145 12. At Otter Creek Falls. — Two years after the affair at Bennington, one Colonel Reid, who had previously driven off New Hampshire grantees from the lower Otter Creek Falls at Vergennes, and who had himself been driven away by the Green Mountain Boys, returned with a party of newly arrived Scotch immigrants, whom he put in possession of a grist-mill, saw-mill and other property, again driving away New Hampshire settlers. After two months' possession these people were visited by a force of more than one hundred armed men commanded by Ethan Allen and Seth Warner. The houses and grist-mill were destroyed, the mill-stones were broken and the people warned not to come again within the New Hampshire Grants. In these ways the Green Mountain Boys pro- tected their lands and nourished their valor. 13. Rewards Offered. — In consequence of these and other energetic measures of the Green Mountain Boys, Governor Tryon of New York, at the suggestion of the Assembly of the province, offered a reward of fifty pounds each for the apprehension and delivery to the authorities at Albany of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner and six other leaders. The reward offered for Allen and Warner was afterwards doubled by vote of the Assembly. To this the settlers in convention at Man- chester replied March 16, 1774, just a week after the offer of the reward, by a resolution in which they said, "We will stand by and defend our friends and neighbours, who are indicted, at the expense of our lives and for- tunes." And the persons for whose apprehension the reward old court house at Woodstock had been offered responded by ^^^o^^ ^793- (From old plate) e v^ ^ "HO— rON .fO >* u N f£nHINc\ 6/VTW ^of P^^vt^h/^^^ /ocro^^ A. / V \^^AffOy£/f k T ^ /iiDAnTMOUTH Coil O OA? aNOI w HAM ASHIRi First political division of Vermont Settlements 147 a proclamation declaring that they would "kill and destroy" any persons attempting to capture them. 14. Counties.— New York at first treated the en- tire territory between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain as belonging to the county of Albany. But the distance from the county seat, A bit of Vermont pasture "Farther off blue mountains stand Like giant guards on either hand. " — Dorr. in the absence of roads, rendered the administration of justice difficult, if not impossible, in the further por- tions of the county, and led to the establishment, in 1768, of Cumberland County. This new county had an area nearly the same as that of the present Windham and Windsor counties, and Chester was made the shire town at first. 148 History of Vermont Two years later the county of Gloucester was formed, extending from Cumberland County to Canada, and from the Connecticut River to the Green Moun- tains. The shire was Kingsland, now Washington, in Orange County, where a log building was erected for a court house and jail. It stood near the headwaters of two streams, one flowing into the Winooski, the other into the Waits River, each of which was called Jail Branch. Here, eight miles from any human habitation, courts were held until, in the attempt to hold a winter term, the judges and officers of the court lost their way in the woods, when, all standing on their snow-shoes among the leafless trees, the court was opened and adjourned and the party retraced their steps. After two more years, Charlotte County was estab- lished. It extended in Vermont, west of the Green Mountains, from the Battcnkill River in Sunderland and Arlington to Canada, and included as large a territory west of Lake Champlain. The shire at first was at a hotel near Fort Edward, but later it was' removed to Skenesboro, now Whitehall. Only a small portion of Vermont was then left in Albany County. In 1772, Westminster was made the shire of Cumberland County, and Newbury the shire of Gloucester County. 15. Attitude of the People. — One purpose lead- ing to the formation of these counties was to attach the inhabitants to New York by the emoluments of office and participation in the local government. The plan was but partially successful. The Green Mountain Boys were dominant everjnvhere west of the mountains, and prevented any exer- An old-fashioned oven Settlements 149 cise of authority derived from New York. In Gloucester County the people were few and scattered, and at this period took little interest in the controversy with New York and made no opposition to the county government. Cumberland County was more populous, and among its inhabitants were many friends of New York. But men who had been accustomed to take the large share in pub- lic affairs allowed by the New England town were not easily satisfied with the county government of New York. The county oflRcers were appointed by the Governor and council of the province, and these, in turn, appointed inferior officers and performed other duties which in New England were performed by the towns in tov^ai meeting. The officers were selected from the friends of the official and aristocratic party, and, as they held office by appoint- ment, they were little dependent on the people, and their conduct was not always conciliatory. Party spirit ran high. The courts were distrusted. The executive officers were hated. In 1770 the June term of the court at Chester was in- terrupted by a band of men who denied the right of New York to estab- lish a county on the New Hampshire Grants. 16. Massacre at Westminster. — In 1774 the colonial government of Massachusetts came ,, , Interior old courthouse practically to an end. ^^ Westminster 150 History of Vermont Thf provincial asseinly was replaced by a provincial con- gress. Courts were prevented from sitting. Committees of correspondence appointed by the towns had brought the people to know each other, and were keeping the spirit of independence at a white heat. In September the first Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. The whole country was in a ferment. The people of Cumberhuul County held conventions and passed resolutions showing them to be in full sym- pathy with American patriots in other colonies. These movements, added to the previous disputes, led to an earnest desire for the suspension of the term of court appointed at West- minster for March 14, 1775. The judges were appealed to, but declined to make any promises. The day previous to that set for the opening of the court, a large number of men pro- vided with staves and clubs took possession of the court house. The sheriff appeared with a posse of armed men and demanded admit- tance. This was refused except on conditions which were not acceptable to the sheriff, and he withdrew. Just before midnight he returned with his posse and again demanded admittance. As it was refused, the men in the building were fired upon ; ten were wounded, two of them mortally, one of whom, William French, died in a few hours. The wounded and some others were made prisoners and were lodged in the jail, and the victorious party spent the rest of the nitrht in carousal. In the mornine Westminster court house and jail Settlements 151 armed men came in from the surrounding country and before noon the prisoners of the last night had been released, and such judges and officers of the court as could be found had been committed to the jail. Within two days five hundred armed men had reached Westminster. Among them were forty Green Mountain Boys led by Captain Robert Cochran of Rupert, and many men from New Hampshire and Massa- chusetts. This uprising of the people of Cum berland County was not only an expres- sion of the dislike of the majority of the inhabitants to the measures of the mother country, but also to those of the local government of New York. This event was quickly followed by Lexington and Ticonderoga and Bunker Hill. British rule in America had ceased. The Revolutionary War had begun, and for a time all attention was drawn to that. Tombstone of William French at Westminster The four horse coach of other davs 152 History of Vermont Work of Larkin Goldsmith Mead of Brattleboro The Revolutionary War 153 CHAPTER III The Revolutionary War ICONDEROGA.— Late in February, 1775, John Brown, Esq., of Pittsfield, Mass., called at Bennington on his way to Canada "■rnvm ^° secure the friendship of the Canadians ^ilH^^ and Indians for the American colonies in the approaching conflict between them and England. He had been selected for this service by the Boston committee of correspondence at the sugges- tion of the Massachusetts Congress. Peleg Sunderland, a leader of the Green Mountain Boys, for whose delivery at Albany Governor Tryon had of- fered a reward the year before, was his guide. Near the end of March, Brown wrote from Montreal to the committee in Boston, " The fort at Ticonderoga must be se- cured as soon as possible should hostilities be committed by the King's troops. The people on the New Hampshire Grants have engaged to do this business." Soon after the battle of Lexington, several gentlemen of Hartford, Conn., raised a sum of money to pay the expenses of an expedition against Ticonderoga and sent it forward by messengers, one of w^hom was Captam Edward Mott. Mott gathered a few recruits in Connecti- cut, a few more in Massachusetts, and reached Bennington with about fifty men. Affairs were in such a state of readiness there that in three days, namely, on Sunday even- Development of the American flag 154 History of Vermont ing, May 7, Captain Mott had reached Castleton with one hundred and seventy men, including Colonel Ethan Allen, Captain Samuel Herrick and Captain Seth Warner, three of the eight persons for whose capture Governor Tryon had offered a reward. Here it was ! arranged that • Captain Her- k* rick, with t h i r t >• m e n , should cap- ture Skenes- boro. now Wh itchall, N.Y., and any boats there and send the boats down the lake to Shoreham; that Captain Douglass should go at once to secure other boats; that Colonel Allen should com- mand the main force that was to go against Ticonderoga. So much had been agreed on, and Captains Herrick and Douglass had started for their destinations and Colonel Allen had started for Shoreham to meet some men who would be waiting there, when, on the evening of May 8, Benedict Arnold, with a servant, a new uniform and epaulets, arrived at Castleton with a commission from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety authorizing him to enlist men for the capture of Ticonderoga, and demanded that the command of the expedition be given to him. The men utterly refused to accept him as a commander. He had not enlisted them as the terms of his commis- sion required. They had enlisted on the express condition that thev should be led bv their own officers. Fort Ticonderoga. (From old picture published in 1855) The Revolutionary War 155 Before leaving Castleton, Colonel Allen had sent a messenger, whether Major Gershom or Major Samuel Beach- is now uncertain, to summon men. The messenger went through Rutland, Pittsford, Memorial tower to General Ethan Allen; dedicated at Burlington August 16, 1905, the 128th anniversary of the battle of Bennington Brandon, Middlebury, and Whiting, to the lake side in the southerly part of Shoreham, making a circuit of sixty miles 156 History of Vermont in twenty-four hours and summoning his men. To the same place the little army marched May 9, going north from Castleton until they reached the military road that we saw John Stark opening sixteen years before. Boats were collected during the night and, before the dawn of May 10, two hundred and seventy men faced toward the lake waiting to cross. Allen and eighty-two men were all that could be carried over at once. When these reached the west shore the morning had begun to dawn. To wait for the arrival of the remainder of the force was not safe. The fort must be taken at once. Allen explained the danger of the undertaking and called upon all who were willing to follow him to poise their firelocks. Every firelock was poised and the march began. They were guided by a boy named Beeman through a covered way to a gate, where a sentinel was surprised and over- powered ; and the Green Mountain Boys rushed through the gate, formed on the parade ground and roused the gar- rison with their huzzas. Allen was shown to the lodging of Captain Delaplace, the commander, of whom he de- manded in- stant surren- der of the fortress " In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continen- tal Congress." The fort was su r rendered with its gar- r i s o n and stores. So, before the members of the second Continental Congress had breakfasted the first day of their session, Ethan Allen's capture of Fort Ticontiero^a ; the surprised commancier. (From old plate) The Revolutionary War 157 the key to Lake Champlain and the guns at whose bidding General Howe was to evacuate Boston the next spring had been captured in its name by a band of back- woodsmen under the command of New York outlaws. The next day Crown Point was captured by a force under Captain Seth Warner. 2. Americans Possess Lake Champlain. — The Green Mountain Boys would not have Colonel Arnold for their commander, but he accompanied them and entered the fort at Allen's side. A few days later Allen and Arnold formed a plan for the capture of a British vessel at St. Johns. They had gained possession of a schooner and several bateaux and with these and such a force as they could carry the expedition was made. Allen com- manded the bateaux; Arnold, the schooner. A favor- ing wind enabled Arnold to outsail Allen. Arnold captured the vessel, and, returning by the help of a changed wind, met Allen, who insisted on attempting to take St. Johns. The force proved to be insufficient and the whole party returned to Ticonderoga. By the capture of this vessel the Americans obtained control of the whole lake. 3. Warner's First Regiment. — As soon as prac- ticable after their capture a force was sent from Connecti- cut to occupy the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and the Green Mountain Boys were discharged. Allen and others sought service for the colonies under the author- ity of New York, but as no reply was received Allen and Warner went to Philadelphia and laid their case before the Continental Congress. The Congress voted to pay the Green Mountain Boys for their service at Ticonderoga and recommended the colony of New York to authorize the formation of a regiment on the New Hampshire Grants under officers of their own choice. With this recommendation and a letter from the president of (11) 158 History of Vermont Congress, Allen and W^irner went to New York, the residence of their most bitter enemies, and appeared before the provincial congress then in session there, asking leave to form a regiment according to the advice of the Continental Congress. The regiment was at length formed and Seth Warner was chosen commander. 4. Invasion of Canada. — In the early autumn an army was sent into Canada under the immediate com- mand of General Montgomery, and Warner's regiment made a part of it. While the main army was besieg- ing St. Johns, Colo- nel Ethan Allen and Major John Brown, who went to Canada with Peleg Sunderland for a guide the spring before, were sent, each with a small force to arouse the Cana- dians for the Amer- ican cause. Both were in the vicinity of Montreal, which was but slightly protected, and they formed a plan for its capture. They were to cross to the island in the night of September 4 and to attack the town from opposite sides at dawn. Allen crossed over at the time appointed, but Brown did not appear; and Allen, having but a small force, Soldiers' Mdiuiiiiliu at Manchester Dedicated July 4, 1905, to the soldiers ol all the wars The Revolutionary War 159 was taken prisoner after a severe conflict and was sent to England. Afterwards he was sent to New York and was exchanged in May, 1778. Warner's regiment did good service near Montreal and at the mouth of the Richeheu River during the siege of St. Johns and until the capture of Montreal by General Montgomery, soon after which it was honorably discharged from the service. After he had secured Montreal, Mont- gomery proceeded to Quebec, where he joined Colonel Arnold who with great difficulty had marched through the wilderness of Maine. An attempt to take Quebec by storm on the last night of the year resulted in a dis- astrous defeat of the Americans and in the loss of General Montgomery killed and of Colonel Arnold wounded. The command of the defeated army devolved upon General Wooster of Connecticut, who, by personal letter, asked Warner to raise a Green Mountain Corps and come to his assistance. Warner and his friends responded promptly and were of great service, especially in protect- ing the rear of the retreating army which reached Ticonderoga in June. Again Warner and his men were discharged. 5. A Continental Regiment. — The day after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Congress resolved to organize under its own authority a regiment of regular troops under officers who had served in Canada. Warner was made commander of the regi- ment and the other officers were mostly men of the New Hampshire Grants who had served with him before. The regiment was continued with Warner in command until 1 78 1. 6. On Lake Champlain, 1776. — For several months of 1776, there was a navy yard at each end of Lake Champlain. The British under General Carleton i6o History of Vermont at St. Johns and the Americans under General Arnold at Skenesboro were making everj' effort to build and equip a fleet with which to control the lake. Arnold moved towards his enemy first, but the British fleet was the stronger. In a severe battle, fought October 1 1 between Valcour Island and the New York shore, Arnold's fleet was severely crippled. During the night he sailed away to the south without attracting the enemy's attention. Pursuit began as soon as Arnold's escape was known to the enemy. Soon the British thought they sighted his vessel through the dawning light and fired upon it. Their two largest ships poured broadsides into it until the increasing light showed them that the rock, since known as Carleton's prize, was receiving no damage. Meanwhile, Arnold was moving south as fast as he could. The British overtook the American vessels and Arnold fought them with a part of his ships while the rest were making their way toward Ticonderoga. At last finding himself quite overpowered he ran his ships aground near the mouth of Otter Creek and set them on fire, escaping with his men to the shore. General Carleton took possession of Crown Point and threatened Ticonderoga. General Gates, commander of the American forces at Ticonderoga, called on the militia for assistance. The New Hampshire Grants furnished two regiments that a few weeks later, after General Carleton had retired to Canada, were dis- missed with honor by General Gates. 7. Campaign of 1777. — In 1775 the Americans drove the British from Lake Champlain, captured Montreal and besieged Quebec. The next year the Americans were driven from Canada and up the lake to Ticonderoga. For the campaign of 1777, the British had planned the recovery of the Champlain-Hudson valley and the establishment of a line of posts from the St. Lawrence River to the New York Bay, by which the confederate colonies would be divided and co-operation The Revolutionary War i6i between the New England colonies and those beyond the Hudson River would be prevented. To this end an army of more than seven thousand veteran troops, the best that Europe could furnish, with Indians, Canadians and Tories enough to make the number ten thousand, under the com- mand of General Burgoyne, was to move up the lake from Canada, and a sufficient force was to move from New York up the Hudson River to meet the army of Bur- goyne. The British army encountered no opposition until it reached Ticonderoga. Here the fortifications were ex- tensive. To the original fort another had been added on Mount Independence in the town of Orwell, Vermont. Communication between these was maintained by means of a floating bridge. Both were within cannon shot of the top of Mount Defiance, which rises above them toward the west. These works were occupied by an inadequate force under General St. Clair. The British landed on both sides of Lake Champlain and, on the west, gained possession of the road to Lake George. Still General St. Clair thought he could defend himself against their assault until, just a year and a day after the Declaration of In- dependence, he saw the enemy in possession of Mount Defiance. They were constructing a battery. St. Clair's immediate decision was to retreat, and in this his chief officers concurred. Soon after midnight the occu- pants of Fort Ticonderoga crossed the bridge to Mount Independence, and before daylight the march from Mount Independence by way of Hubbardton and Castleton toward Skenesboro had begun. 8. Hubbardton. — Colonel Warner had arrived the day before the evacuation with some nine hundred men, mostly Green Mountain Boys, and with Colonel Francis of Massachusetts and Colonel Hale of New Hampshire was placed in the rear of the retreating army. General St. Clair with the main army reached Castleton the evening of July 6. Colonels Warner, l62 History of Vermont nV Francis and Hale c-iicampcd the same night on a ridge in the easterly part of Hubbardton. Early the next morning they were attacked by a superior force under General Eraser. Colonel Hale withdrew with his regiment. Colonels Warner and Francis sustained the attack. For three hours the battle raged. Both sides fought obstinately and the advantage was with the Ameri- cans until the British received a large re- inforcement of Ger- man troops, who came singing their battle hymns louder than the sound of the musketry. Colonel Francis had been Hubbardton battleground; copied from plan made for JfiHed and Colonel British report of battle. A. Road to Caslleton. B. British troops. O. American troops. F. British troops. Wj^j-fj^j- dirCCtcd llis American loss. ?24: British loss, 185. British vic- tory. Date. July 7,1777. ( From old plate.) SoldicrS tO look OUt for themselves and to meet him at Manchester. The loss was heavy on both sides, that of the Americans in killed, wounded and prisoners amounted to more than three hundred. A monument has been erected on the spot where Colonel Francis fell. Colonel Hale and a portion of his regiment were overtaken and made prisoners during the day and the arms of the prisoners were stacked in the woods for want of transportation. 9. St. Ci-.air and Warner. — The enemy reached Skenesboro before General St. Clair reached Castleton, and in consequence, with the remnant of his army, he The Revolutionary War 163 marched by way of Rutland, Dorset and Arlington to Fort Edward. Colonel Warner collected his forces at Manchester. 10. At the Head of Lake Champlain. — General Burgoyne reached the head of Lake Champlain in triumph. A renowned fortress had been taken, the army that was to defend it had been scattered, its stores had been captured. The army in front was believed to be weak both in numbers and in fighting capacity. But miles of swampy woodland along Wood Creek and beyond it were to be passed ; and to the natural diffi- culties of the country the Americans were adding others every hour by breaking down bridges and felling trees so as to render both the roads and the creek impas- sable until they had been cleared with great labor. Provisions for the army were disappearing. Means of transportation were scanty. Fresh supplies must be brought from Quebec or procured from the enemy. Large stores were reported to have been gathered at Bennington. Burgoyne's army needed the stores. The loss of them would cripple the Americans. Moreover, Bennington was in New England, that hot-bed of rebellion, towards which Burgoyne and his King cher- ished a peculiar hatred. So Colonel Baum was sent towards Bennington with a thousand men, Germans, Tories and Indians, and Colonel Breyman was posted with- in supporting distance with nearly as large a force. Colonel Baum was directed after the capture of Bennington to send an expedition to the Connecticut River and to scour the country on both sides of the mountains. The Hubbardton battle monument 164 History of Vermont II. The New Englanders. — Stark. — The New Englanders were not idle. Warner had sent to all parts of Vermont for recruits. His efforts were aided by the Vermont Council of Safety and by a convention of delegates that was sitting at Windsor when Burgoyne reached Ticonderoga. Application for help was made to New Hampshire, whose legislature responded promptly by the appointment of John Stark as a Brigadier General and by provision for calling out and equipping the militia. Stark had gained credit as a leader of rangers during the second French and Indian War, and had fought with dis- tinction at Bunker Hill and in New Jersey. In his own New Hampshire, Stark was a name to conjure with. At his call the farmers, more in num- ber than were asked for, came with gun and powder horn to his headquarters at Charles- town by the Connecticut River. 12. Bennington. — July 30, 1 777, Stark had alreadysent two detachments of his brigade to Manchester. Thursday, Au- gust 7, he descended the moun- tain from Peru to Manches- ter; and, August 9, he reached Bt^nnington with his New Hampshire troops. Colonel Warner and a portion of the Vermont militia. Here he organized and drilled his men while his scouts scoured the countrv for information. Au- A Proposed memorial of Bureoync's siirrendt-r, October 17. 1777; drawn in 187? for Sara-guSt 1 3, neWS WaS brOUght of to^a Monument Association: copied from , , . ^~, orieinai plan. Indians plundering in Cam- The Revolutionary War 165 bridge, N. Y., and a force of two hundred men was sent to check them. They were found to be the advance guard of a larger force, and the next day Stark went forward to meet them. When Colonel Baum found himself in the presence of a force nearly as large as his own, he halted in an advantageous position and began to construct in- trenchments and sent to Colonel Breyman for reinforce- ments. Stark sent for Warner's regiment, which had been left at Manchester under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel Safford and whose equipment had been completed by the recovery of the arms of Colonel Hale's men, which were left in the woods five weeks before. The next day was very rainy and little was undertaken. The British strengthened their works. Stark learned the position of the British by his scouts and worried them by his skirm- ishers. Warner's men marched a part of the way from Manchester to Bennington. A body of volunteers from Western Massachusetts came in through the rain. Those from Pittsfield were led by their pastor, Rev. Thomas Allen, who wore his hair long and banged. He said to General Stark, "We, the people of Berkshire, have been frequently called upon to fight but have led against the have now resolved, not let us fight, never to turn out again." Saturday morning, August 16, the sky was clearing, and prepara- tions were made to attack the British in their intrenchments. The Americans had about six- teen hundred men. New Hampshire furnished half of General John Stark never been enemy. We if you will 1 66 History of Vermont these. The Vermont troops consisted of Warner and his reiiiinent. a corps of ran^^ers under Colonel Herrick, a small body of militia from the southeastern part of the State under Colonel Williams of Wilminjiton, and the militia of Bennington and vicinity. "Fhe remainder of the force was from Masvachusetts. Three hundred men were sent to attack the rear of the enemy's right, and as many more to attack the rear of his left. Three hundred others were to attack the extreme right of the enemy, and Stark and Warner with another force advanced in front. The battle began at three o'clock in the afternoon and continued In 1848, last survivors of Battle of Bennington — Ben Harwood, David Robinson, Abisha Kingsley, Aaron Robinson, Samuel Fay, Samuel Safford: Ben Harwood was first male child born in Ben- nington; David Robinson was brother of Governor Moses Robinson; Samuel Safford was first man to scale Tory breastworks at battle ot Bennington. two hours. Stark reported: "It was the hottest I ever saw." The victory of Stark and his militia was com- plete. Nearly all of the enemy that were not kiMetl were taken prisoners with their arms and supplies. The Revolutionary War 167 The prisoners had scarcely been secured and sent away when Colonel Breyman's approach became known and the scattered victors were collected to oppose him. Warner's regiment arrived as the second battle be- gan, which lasted until sundown, when the British retreated and were pursued until dark. Four brass can- non, one thousand muskets and seven hundred and fifty prisoners were part of the trophies of that day. The American loss in killed was about thirty; that of the British was over two hundred. This was called the battle of Bennington because that was the headquarters of the American army and because the supplies sought by the British were stored there. The battlefield was in Hoosick, N. Y., quite near the State line. This battle was important as the first of a series that led to the surrender of Burgoyne's army. It was the turning point of the Revolutionary War as it led to the recognition of the independence of the United States by France and other European countries, and to a treaty with France, on account of which she assisted the new nation with money, fleets and armies. The victory of the Americans at Saratoga has been reckoned among the great battles of the world, but the victory at Benning- ton was preliminary to that of Saratoga, if not even neces- sary for it. Catamount Tavern memorial Bennington battle monument, 301 feet lOH inches high The Revolutionary War 169 A monument in commemoration of the Battle of Ben- nington has been erected at Bennington Center, near where the Vermont Council of Safety held its sessions for several years, and on ground about three hundred feet above the bed of the Walloomsac River. Half a mile distant toward the south is Mount Anthony, more than two thousand five hundred feet in height. The monument is thirty-seven feet six inches square at the base, and three hundred one feet ten and a half inches high. Two hun- dred and twenty-five feet above the base are large open- ings on each side with supporting pillars and protecting railings. Within, at this height, is a floor that cov- ers the entire area. Here is the main outlook. There are other outlooks both above and below the main one. The funds for the erection of the monument were furnished in part by private subscription, but chiefly by the states of Vermont, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and by the federal government. The cor- ner stone of the monument was laid August 16, 1887. 13. Other Military Operations. — Other military operations in Vermont during the Revolutionary War were chiefly of local importance. In 1776, General Jacob Bennington battle ground, from a map drawn for Burgoyne's Statement of the Expedition. The "American Volun- teers" were the Tories, the "enemy" the forces of General Stark. I70 History of Vermont Bailey of Newbury was directed to cut a road from Newbury to Canada, but after he had reached a point a few miles beyond Peacham the work ceased on account of the retreat of the Americans from Canada. Three years afterward the road was continued by General Hazen some fifty miles further, ending in Westfield near Hazen Notch, a pass through the (ireen Mountains. This Burgoyne's kettle, captured October, 1777; now hanging in Bennington monument at entrance road afterward was of great use to the settlers of the towns through which it passed. A fort was maintained at Newbury during the war. For portions of the same period forts were kept up at Peacham, Corinth. Bethel and Barnard. These mark verv nearly the northern limit of The Revolutionary War 171 settlements east of the Green Mo u n t a i ns during the war. West of the mountains there were forts at Pitts- ford, Rutland and Castleton. Few settlers remained north of these forts after the re- treat from Ticonderoga in 1777. 14. The Church ILLS. —The Revolu- tionary War brought great hardships to many Vermont people. On the morning of the battle of Hubbardton, Colonel Warner sent men to tell Mr. Samuel Churchill, who lived near Warner's camp, of his danger and to assist him to escape with his family. The escape was prevented by the early beginning of the battle. After the battle the houses and farms of the settlement were plundered and all the men that could be found were taken prisoners. Mrs. Churchill, with three other women and four children, one a lame boy thirteen years old and one an infant, were left. There were no provisions remaining in Hubbardton; the inhab- itants must go or starve. Toward Castleton were the British and Indians. The women feared to go that way; Marker at terminus of old Hazen Road, Kazan's Notch, town of Westfield ; dedicated August 31, 1903 172 History of Vermont ■■%.. (From an old book published in 1856) B - ^ i> 4J I I I J'.' i ajJ^' ^^>^y c^ "v~' were molested. No attack was made. The next day a deep snow covered the smoking ruins and desolated fields of Royalton. It was a sad beginning of winter for the women and children of that settlement, the men prisoners or killed, their houses and provisions burned, their horses driven away. The Revolutionary War 175 The Indians had been aroused by the firing of a few guns on the approach of the whites and moved off in the early morning through Randolph, where they captured Zadock Steele, whose narrative of his captivity is well known. That day the Indians crossed the ridge to the Dog River in Northfield. Thence by the Winooski Rivi;r and Lake Champlain the prisoners were taken to Canada, where, after living with the Indians for a while, they were sold to the English at eight dollars a head. Within a year they were exchanged, except one who died in cap- tivity and one who was detained longer but afterwards escaped. Sl«-!f^ CDMMEMORflTtNQ THE BURNINq OF ROYALTON BY INDIANS OCTOBER 15. I78Q. A shaft of granite has recently been erected by the Women's Club of Rovalton in commemoration of this event. 176 History of Vermont CHAPTER IV The Building of the State OW^N GOVERNMENTS.— UNION.— ( i ) The early settlements in Vermont were mostly on lands granted by the Governor of the province of New Hampshire. By these grants the inhabitants of the townships severally were authorized to organize town governments. Such governments were organized as soon as the settlers became sufficiently numerous. The powers of the town were derived from and regulated by the Province. One of the early acts of the town of Benning- ton was a vote " to send a petition to the General Court of New Hampshire to raise a tax on all the lands in Ben- nington, resident and non-resident, to build a meeting-house and school-house and mills, and for highways and bridges." July 20, 1764, the west bank of the Connecticut River was declared by the King to be the boundary between New Hampshire and New York. New Hampshire held in abey- ance her claim of jurisdiction. New York claimed juris- diction, and claimed further that her jurisdiction was prior to that of New Hampshire, and that any grants made by New Hampshire of lands west of the Connecticut River were unlawful and without effect, and that any persons who held such lands under New Hampshire grants must give up the lands or purchase them again of New York, The settlers denied the claim of New York upon lands already granted by New Hampshire. As the dispute went The Building of the State 177 on they gradually rejected the claim of New York to jurisdiction, and so each town became an independent 4 PQ 1 "5, 1^1 -> ^"1 4^ 1 |c 10 1 1 £ <■ t >^^ ■5-C; < s -^ ^ 1 10^ -« ^ i-^" It' t2 ¥ > E 4 1^2 E 1 10 '^ ^ 5 ^5 » 0.15 " ■J J .5 c s 3 5 i^ ^1 ^ 1 1'^ 3-s - P 4i •^ ^ "C 0- I ,t- 6-5 •Is 1^ ^ ? :^^^ ; r 1 ^ 1 ID > a 4^ 11 "4 4" Plan of township of Bennington, granted January 3, 1749, by Go\ernor Benning Wentwortli of New Hampsliire Province to Colonel William Williams and others. ( Copied from State papers. ) " It was plotted by a surveyor and chain men, upon oath unto each proprietor or grantee in equal shares, be their lots better or worse (except the four lots next to the town plot or site, which are 16 acres less measure than the other lots), as they were drawn by the agents for the proprietors, in Portsmouth January 10, 1749, and were entered by the secretary of said Province upon this plaii, each man taking his chance whose name stands in the schedule annexed to the grant of said township." government. But the people of the several towns had common interests and were exposed to common dangers. Within eight months from the promulgation of the King's order fixing the boundary, the settlers of southwestern Ver- mont had held a convention at Bennington and had chosen 178 History of Vermont an agent to act for them. The need of united action did not become less and the towns began to appoint committees of safety who should correspond with committees of other towns and with them recommend measures for the public good. Ihese committees became accustomed to meet in convention and their resolves grew to have the effect of laws ami to be extended to all matters civil and militar\-. A few of these conventions deserve notice. 2. Convention at Manchester. — Among the proceedings of a convention held in Manchester in April, 1774. was a resolve "forbidding any person to act as an officer under a commission from the New York government." 3. Dorset, July 24, 1776. — A warrant was issued by a committee appointed for the purpose by a previous convention at Dorset, January 16, in which the inhab- itants of the New Hampshire Grants on the west side of the Green Mountains were w^arned and those on the east side were desired to meet by their delegates in con- vention at Dorset, Juh' 24. Thirty-two towns were repre- sented in this convention by forty-nine delegates. One of the tow'ns represented was Townshend, which is east of the mountains. Two acts of that convention should be remembered : " Reaolvcd. That application be made to the inhabi- tants of said grants to form the same into a separate District. " Voted, To choose a committee to treat with the inhabi- tants of the New Hampshire Grants on the east side the range of Green Mountains, relative to their associating with this body." This convention adjourned to meet at Dorset the 25th day of the next September. The Building of the State 179 4. Dorset, September 25, 1776. — The adjourned meeting was attended by fifty-eight representatives from thirty-three towns. Eight of the towns were east of the mountains. At this meeting the convention Voted, To take the following vote, passed July 24, 1776, into consideration (viz.), 'Proceeded to the consid- eration of the fifth article of the warrant, and voted that suitable application be made to form that District of Land commonly called and known by the name of the New Hamp- shire Grants into a separate District ; ' passed in the affirma- tive — not one dissenting vote." The people of Vermont joined very heartily in the effort to make the American colonies independent of Great Britain, but there was an opposing minority called Tories. How this convention regarded Tories may be learned from the following: Voted, That a sufficient gaol be built on the west side of the range of Green Mountains at some place that shall be hereafter agreed on for securing Tories.'' Voted, That, as it appears that the town of Arlington are principally Tories, yet the Friends of Liberty are ordered to warn a meeting and choose a Committee of Safety and Conduct as other towns ; if they meet with opposition to make application to the Committees of Safety of other towns for assistance." The convention adjourned to meet at Westminster on the 30th of the next October. 5. Westminster, October 30, 1776. — At this time there was excitement throughout the New Hampshire Grants. The British had advanced from Canada. The American flotilla on Lake Champlain had been destroyed. General Carleton, who commanded the British, had estab- lished headquarters at Crown Point. The New England militia were gathering for the protection of Fort Ticon- i8o History of Vermont deroga, upon which an attack was anticipated. The militia of the New Hampshire Grants responded promptly to the call of General Gates for assistance, and when they were dismissed, November 9, they received the thanks of the General for their spirit and alertness. One consequence of these movements was that the convention at Westminster was but thinly attended. It con- sisted of seventeen dele- gates from fifteen towns, nine of which were east of the mountains. After a session of three days the convention adjourn- ed to meet at West- minster. 6. Westiviinster, January 15, 1777. — The conven- tion met according to adjournment and consisted of twenty- two delegates from sixteen towns, ten of which were east of the mountains. Three other towns reported by letter that their people voted in favor of a new State. Three votes of the convention at this meeting require our atten- tion. They follow: " Voted, That the district of land commonly called and known by the name of the New Hampshire Grants, be a new and separate State and for the future to conduct them- selves as such." " Voted, That the declaration of New Connecticut be inserted in the News Papers." " Voted, That Captain Heman Allen, Colonel Thomas Chandler and Nathan Clark, Esq., be a committee to Westminster, chartered by New Hampsliiri November 11, 1752 (Copied from town char ter records) The Building of the State prepare the Declaration for the press as soon as may be." This committee performed its duty, and as a result of its labors the following Declaration appeared in the Con- necticut Courant of March 17, 1777: VERMONT'S DECLARATION OF IN- DEPENDENCE " In convention of the representatives from the several counties and towns of the New Hampshire Grants, holden at Westminster, January 15, 1777, by adjourn- ment. " Whereas, The Honorable the Continental Congress did, on the 4th day of July last, declare the United Colonies in America to be free and independent of the crown of Great Britain ; which declaration we most cor- dially acquiesce in : And whereas by the said declaration the arbitrary acts of the crown are null and void, in America, consequently the jurisdiction by said crown granted to New York government over the people of the New Hampshire Grants is totally dissolved : " We, Therefore, The inhabitants, on said tract of land, are at present without law or government, and may be truly said to be in a state of nature; consequently a right remains to the people of said grants to form a government best suited to secure their property, well-being and happi- ness. We, the delegates from the several counties and towns on said tract of land, bounded as follows: South on the North line of Massachusetts Bay; East on Connecticut River; North on Canada line; West as far as the New Hampshire Grants extends: " After several adjournments for the purpose of forming ourselves into a distinct separate State, being assembled at i82 History of Vhrmoxt W'l'stniinsttT, ilo make and publish the t(jU()\\ing Declara- tion, viz. : " ' 1 hat we will, at all times hereafter, consider our- selves as a free and independent State, capable of regulat- ing our internal police, in all and every respect whatso- ever, and that the people on said grants have the sole and exclusive and inherent right of ruling and governing them- selves in such manner and form as in their own wisdom they shall think proper, not inconsistent or repugnant to any resolve of the Honorable Continental Congress. " ' Furthermore, We declare by all the ties which are held sacretl among men, that we will firmly stand by and support one another in this (jur declaration of a State, and in endeavoring as much as in us lies, to suppress all unlawful routs and disturbances whatever. Also we will endeavor to secure to every individual his life, peace and property against all unlawful invaders of the same. " ' Lastly, We hereby declare, that we are at all times ready in conjunction with our brethren in the United States of America, to do our full proportion in maintaining and supporting the just war against the tyrannical inva- sions of the ministerial fleets and armies, as well as any other foreign enemies, sent with express purpose to murder our fellow brethren, and with fire and sword to ravage our defenseless country. " ' The said State hereafter to be called by the name of New Connecticut.'" (In the original report were the words, "alias V^ermont.") The convention adjourned to meet at Windsor the fourth day of the following June. 7. Windsor. — Fifth Meeting. — The Windsor meet- ing was the largest held, consisting of seventy-two delegates, representing forty-eight towns, of which twenty-one were The Building of the State 183 west of the mountains and the remainder east. Two towns, one from each side of the mountains, by letter reported acquiescence in the formation of a new State. The con- vention at this meeting re-affirmed the declaration made in January, changed the name of the new State to Vermont {Verd Mont, meaning Green Mountains), and added a series of reasons for the separation from New York. They recommended to the freeholders and inhabitants of each town in the State to choose delegates to at- tend a general con- | vention in Windsor on ^ the second day of July, *:! then next, to choose | delegates to attend ^ the General Congress, a Committee of Safety and to form a consti- tution for the State. They also appointed a Day of Fast- ing and Prayer and appointed a committee to go to Ticon- deroga and consult with regard to the defense of the fron- tier. This was the last meeting of the Convention that declared the independence of Vermont. Windsor, chartered July 6. 1761 (Copied from charter records) 8. Constitutional Convention. — First Meeting. — A convention of delegates from the towns met at Windsor, July 2, 1777, to form a constitution for the new State. The cor^stitution of Pennsylvania, then recently amended, was presented to the convention as a model and was adopted with a few changes, some of which were important. 1 84 History of Vermont IVovision was made for an election of State officers and a legislature in the December following, and for the legisla- ture to meet a month later. A committee of safety was chosen to conduct affairs until the new government should be organized. g. Constitutional Convention. — Second Meet- ing. — The summer and autumn of 1777 were even more troubled than were those of 1776. While the conven- tion was sitting the evacuation of Ticonderoga and the battle of Hubbardton occurred. Bennington and Saratoga followed. The people of Vermont bore their full share, both of toil and of suffering, in these events. And in consequence the new constitution was not ^ published and '^' "' distributed in season for an election in December. Accordingly the conven- t i o n was called t o- gether again, at W^indsor, December 24, by the Coun- cil of Safety, and the con- oid C'oiibtitution House, Windsor, 1777 State government organized here, March 1778 stitution was amended by providing for an election on the 3d day of March and for the first meeting of the legisla- ture, Tuesday, March 12, 1778, at Windsor. 10. The New Government Organized. — The election was held and the legislature met according to ap- The Building of the State 185 pointment. The new State was organized with Thomas Chittenden as Governor, and with an able legislature and council. The State was not formed in a time of peace nor Colonists grinding corn (From an old plate; with the acquiescence of all men. There had been enemies without and foes within, and so it continued for several years more. Truly the ship was built in a tempestuous season and was launched on a stormy sea. Nature's Mirror " — \\'ater Shadows in Otter Creek 1 86 Hl.sl()R^ OF \'i;r.m()nt 't vt ii CONSTITUTIC^ O * T M B S T A T E r E R M O Ai t'%r ATI t.t iKtta srv TKft GENERAL CO-NVJENTlO I.; 'Lw tax TWA'. ru»»»os». Arto Hftp A» ."' ' t N D S O R, ] -J L V ad, t■J■}^, «.sD rojiTjHfii* »r AP/oe^KKifrr t!784, the legislature of New York, moved by the appeals tif persons who because of resistance to Vermont author- ity had been driven from their homes, demanded of Con- gress a decision of the dispute, and, June 3, a committee appointed to examine the matter anew reported a resolu- tion declaring " that the district of territory lying on the west side of Connecticut River called Vermont, and the people inhabiting the same be, and they are hereby, recog- nized and declared to be a free, sovereign and independent State, by the name of the State of Vermont." 9. No Action on the Report. — This report was never acted on. The action of Congress in the matter had ceased to have much interest for Vermonters, and it was not likely to be favorable to New York. 10. Vermont Content. — Vermont now had large areas of unoccupied and fertile land, and a well-organized govern- ment whose authorit>- was unquestioned by her people. Independent Sovereignty 191 l-IKCK. (KK \ KU~i:. ,> She became to southern New England what the West after- wards became to all New England. She made rapid strides in population and in wealth. She was founding new towns and building highways and schools and churches. She provided for the coin- ing of money (coppers) and for a pos- tal system with a Postmaster- General. In 1 790 she had five postoffices : at Rutland, Vermom cem of 1776 Bennington, Brattleboro, Windsor and Newbury. At the same time the United States had seventy - fi v e postoffices. The two sys- ,, ,,^ , Vermont cent of 1785 tems made connection at Albany, N. Y. Since the acknow- ledgment of her jurisdiction by all the inhabitants of her territory in 1782, Vermont had been content with her position. II. New York Anxious. — But partly because of strife among the States with respect to the location of the national capital, partly because Kentucky was likely to be admitted as a State at an early day, and partly because in the view of most men there was no 192 History of Vermont hope that V^crniont could ever be re-united to New York, a strong party in New \'ork had become anxious for the acknowledgment of the independence of Vermont, and bills providing for such acknowledgment passed the New \'ork assembly in 1787 and in February, 1789. Both were defeated in the senate, but at another session in July, 1789, a law was enacted providing for a commission with authority to negotiate with Vermont and " declare the consent of the legislature " to the erection of Vermont into a State. 12. Vermont Responds. — To this overture Ver- mont responded in October of the same year by the appoint- ment of commissioners empowered to treat with any com- missioners appointed or to be appointed by the State of New York, provided that they should not diminish the limits of the State of Vermont as then existing, nor oblige any persons holding lands under grants from New Hamp- shire or Vermont to give up their claims, nor " subject the State of Vermont to make any compensation to different persons claiming possession, under grants made by the late Province and now State of New York, of lands situate and being in the State of Vermont and within the jurisdiction of the same." 13. Vermont Seeks a Guaranty. — When the commissioners met it was found that the commissioners of New York had no authority to bind their State to answer to the claimants of lands under the New York grants, and the negotiation was broken off until the New York legislature granted authority to their commissioners not only to relinquish the jurisdiction of New York over the territory of Vermont, but also to provide for securing the titles to lands therein against persons claiming the same lands under grants from the State of New York. For this guaranty by the State of New York that no claim Independent Sovereignty 193 should be brought against the holders of Vermont lands in consequence of grants of lands in Vermont by New York, it was agreed that Vermont should pay to New York the sum of thirty thousand dollars. 14. Final Action of Vermont. — An act providing for the payment of thirty thousand dollars to New York was passed by the legislature of Vermont in October, 1790. Copy of an old map. Vermont in 1790 was not recognized on tlie m.ap and Maine was. called Mass. In 1791 Vermont was admitted into Union The constitution of the United States was adopted for Vermont January 10, 1791, by a convention called at Ben- nington for that purpose. 15. Action of the United States. — February 18, 1 79 1, George Washington, President of the United States, approved an act which declared that " on the fourth day of March, 1791, the said State by the name and style of Vermont shall be received into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States of America;" and one week later the President approved an act which declared 194 HlSTOR\ OF \'l-R.MO.\T that until the Rrprcst'iitatixcs in Congress shall be ap- portioned according to an actual enunicration of the inhabitants of the United States, WTniont shall be entitled to choose two representatives." By another act of Con- f^ress the laws of the United States so far as locally appli- cable were extended to Vermont and the State was constituted a judicial district with a district judge to be resident therein and a customs district with a port of entry at Alburg. lb. The Population of Vermont. — Vermont re- tained her two representatives under the apportionment made in accordance with the census completed in 1791. The number of inhabitants at that time was 85,539, found in one hundred eighty-five towns. More than 77,000 of these were south of the Winooski and Wells rivers. The most populous town north of those rivers was Danville, population 574. 7"he five most populous towns in the State were Guilford, 2,432; Bennington, 2,377; Shafts- bury, 1,999; Putney, 1,848; Powmal, 1,746. Twenty-three towns each had more than one thousand inhabitants and each of one hundred towns had more than three hundred inhabitants. Of twenty-one towns south of a line drawn west from the mouth of White River each had a larger population in 1 791 than in 1900. 17. The Legislature. — During the thirteen years of the separate independence of Vermont, hei legislature met tW'Cnty-eight times, and in one year, 1781, there were four sessions. From 1788, one session a year was the rule until 1870; since that time one session in two years has been the rule. Previous to 179 1 the legislature had met in eight Vermont towns and in Charlestown, N. H., and previous to 1808 it had met in fourteen Vermont towns. Fourteen sessions were held in Windsor, eight in Benning- ton, seven in Rutland. Montpelier, which became the per- Independent Sovereignty 195 u a Court t^ticet. c C'ciuit lliitisc. ci MetluHlist fliapcl. e e i;lm Strrct it IJniver^alist Chnpol. h First (y(ins. clmrcli. n n State Strciji. MaiiH! Strt.'Ol. s VVtirri'ii St. w ravlllioii. 1 8i'(\te Home, fl Acailfniy- . 7 Sijcoml ('(mg. ciiurcli. y Uyioii IIo\isp. dJi The ground plan of Montpelier village, 1840; population, 1720; township granted October 21, 1870. (Copied from an old plate.) manent capital of the State in 1808, by act of Legislature of 1805, was the sixteenth town and the fifteenth Vermont town in which the legislature met. 18. Counties. — By the legislature at its first session in 1778, the State was divided into two coun- ties, Bennington west and Cumberland east of the Green Moun- tains. Before 1791, seven counties had been established, and the next year the number was increased to eleven. 19. Roads. — The construction of roads was a slow process, and although the selectmen of the towns were by law directed to require four days' labor annually on the roads from every able-bodied man between sixteen and sixty years of age, ministers only excepted, roads were no- where good, and often they were mere bridle-paths along which the traveler was guided by marked trees. The first wagon in Montpelier was brought there from Vergennes in the summer of 1789. There was only a bridle path from Williston and trees had to be cut down and logs removed in many places. Above Waterbury the path led over a high rock that filled all the space between the river and the mountain. The wagon was drawn to the top of the rock and was let down by attaching it to the tops of some small trees and swinging it by bending those trees 196 History of Vermont Wagons and carriages of ye olden time within reach of the tops of others, to which it was fastened, then by bending those the wagon was let down upon the ground below. 20. Church ES. — Churches were established early in the larger settlements, liefore the end of 1791 there were forty-six organized Congregational churches, thirty- five Baptist, eight Episcopalian and a few Quaker churches. Three associations of Congregational ministers and three Baptist associations had been formed ; and the Episcopalians had organized the Diocese of Vermont. 21. Church and State. — At that time towns were allowed to lay and collect taxes for building houses of worship and for the support of preaching. So questions concerning locating, building and repairing meeting-houses and hiring ministers were de- termined in town meeting, and to hire and pay the minister was often the duty of the selectmen. Tithing-men to keep order in and about places of public worship were chosen with other officers at the March meetings, and sometimes choristers were chosen in town meeting. 22. Education. — Schools were established almost as soon as settlements were made in Vermont. The consti- The tithing-man in church Independent Sovereignty 197 tution of 1777 declared that one or more schools ought to be maintained in every town and that there ought to "Righte learned is ye Pedagogue, Fulle apt to reade and spelle, And eke to teache ye parts of speeche, And strap ye urchins welle." — Saxe. be a grammar school for ever}' the State. After the adoption vious to any legislation on the went on doing as they had done before, as- sessing and collecting taxes for the support of schools and divid- ing their territory into school districts as they thought convenient, or neglecting to do so. By the terms of the Ne\A- Hampshire grants, lands had been set apart in the sev- eral towns for the use of schools. In the Vermont forgotten. In most of them county and a university for of the constitution and pre- subject of schools, the towns Schoolmaster of 1776 — Next! "Daye after daye, for little paye, He teacheth what he can, And bears ye yoke, to please ye folke, And ye Committee-man." — Saxe. grants the schools were not lands were reserved for the ig8 History of \'ermoxt town schools, for county grammar schools, and for a uni- versity. Previous to 1791 towns had been authorized by the le.Liishiture to raise money for the support of schools, and a tract of twenty-three thousand acres of land had been granted to Dartmouth College and named Wheeloclc in honor of the president of the college. Before the University of Vermont was incorporated and located at Burlington, schools of the secondary or academic grade had been established in Ben- nington, Norwich and Castleton ; and in Danby, Jacob Eddy, the Quaker, was keeping an annual fall term of school for teachers. A newspaper, the Vermont Gazette, was published in Ben- nington, and another, the Vermont Journal, was issued from Wind- sor. Poultney had already a town library, and others were begun soon after. The mental force of the Vermonters of that period is sufficiently evident from their success in the establishment and maintenance of an independent and prosperous State against powerful opposition. 23. Experiments. — There were other signs of intel- lectual activity. About 1791, Captain Samuel Morey of Fairlee constructed a steamboat, which he exhibited first ■on the Connecticut River and then transferred to a lake The original building of the Uni- versity of Vermont at Burlington ; built in 1801; was 160 feet long, 75 feet wide, cost $35, Soon, however, an applica- .1^. i^£' '. xi-sri-"^ ^. ^^^^ "^ them within the bounds of the State created considerable warmth of feel- ing, for Matthew Lyon, a mem- ber of Congress from Vermont, had been adjudged guilty of their violation through a rather free arraignment of the administration of President Adams and was imprisoned at Vergennes four months and caused to pay a fine of $1000. While in jail he was re-elected to Congress and his fine was paid by contribution on the part of citizens and friends. Lyon was of Irish birth, he came to America at thirteen years of age, his passage indenture was bought by one of the pioneers of Danville, a pair of steers was given in pay- ment and L3on was accustomed to swear " by the bulls that redeemed me." For his second wife he married a daughter of Governor Chittenden ; and after his second term in Congress he removed to Kentucky, represented that State in Congress, and died in Arkansas shortly after being elected congressional delegate from that territorv. Early Development 203 CHAPTER VI Early Development EGINNINGS MADE.— The twenty years following the admission of Vermont into the Union were eminently years of progress. She had already made good beginnings in all departments of civilized life. There were settlements in three-fourths of her towns. Along the New York border and the shore of Lake Champlain there was a settlement in every towm from Massachusetts to Canada. Beside the Connecticut River but one town had no inhabitants. Pine logs cut on the Connecticut River at North Thetford, looking south " Still does the river roll between Flowery banks and meadows green." — Dorr 204 History of V'ermont bank of the Connecticut were rolled into tiie stream and floated to market in Massachusetts and Connecticut and the export of lumber from the Champlain valley to Quebec and Cong^fs of the United States : iJcgim Had held at the Cily of Philajclphii, ■ i " ; i;!:iyTli(? (ixth of bi.temhci'.'oric vbou- liuid fcvcn hundred and, ninety. X HE itiic nf ".-.rrwuf iKvlnj i.,^iMont.i cht Con; rctt..(.e '..i- iniuea* jiieniba of ihe United Sutcj, Bt li eiu^lal 4/ iti SesATt amfHovit rf RiP««ixtiTivt« tftlx UaiteJ Siala cf Amriia i,-. Citigrefi afimiUJ, ailil il u bcrtb] tmHtd mut itelareJ, Thai on the rouitk-tU; of Miich, one thuutitij fcvcn hundred »nd ninttyom:, tlK rja siaK, by the i)xiic ini (lile of " *< Sine '-r vcrmoit." Biill btrtceived and admilicd inlo iWi Onion, j member of thtUnilcd^talei of Amcricj. . • . VREDERltK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBEBC, S,':iiktT If tit Hcaft ifRtfrtfinMiKJ. II illN ADAMS, VufPrrfJiTil tflhc.ViiiicJ Stan, atlA PrifiUl^l if :' : S-v;h. ApfROViD, February the eightftaith, 1791. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prefidcri ., -iSirfmtTrii jmonf ilie 1l«li.« in ihe Ofncf oflheS. , ■'^f- Act of Adnli^sioll ol \'eiinont, 1791 ; at Secretary of State's office, Montpelier Montreal had already begun. The trees cut in clearing the land for cultivation were most easilv removed by burn- Early Development 205 ing, and from the ashes pot and pearl ashes were manu- factured for export in nearly every town. The people then thought the supply of timber was sufficient to keep up the manufacture for centuries. The incoming population fur- nished a ready market for the surplus products of the farms, until by means of improved roads markets were found in Boston and New York, or in Canada by the way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. 2. Progress. — Mills were multiplying. The full- ing-mill and the carding machine lightened the labors of the housewife, and the tannery furnished leather for boots, shoes and harness. The manufacture of pottery for common use was carried on in several places during this period, and jugs for molasses and rum and pitchers and mugs for water and cider and flip were turned out in large numbers with other articles for household use. The manufacture of axes, scythes and nails began at an early period. The want of nails had been severely felt before , the manufacture began. Jonas .W j Mathews of Woodstock built a ! '/^s I house about 1780, and sent "be- J low " for one thousand nails, for • — vk j^'"' ' . which he paid five dollars. ~^^-=lirl_ --' '^ Wooden pins were sometimes Colonist's hand-made spade used for nails. Boards some- times had their ends placed in furrows in sill and plate, or were fastened by other devices. Before 18 10 the manufacture of iron had begun, partly from ore found near Crown Point, N. Y., and partly from ore obtained in Bennington, Tinmouth and Chittenden. Mills for the manufacture of oil from flaxseed sprang up early in this period, and before the end of it marble was worked on an extensive scale in Middlebury, circular saws (14) 2o6 History of Vermont were ill use, and the method of wehlinjj:; steel was discovered in the same village. Apple orchards had been planted early and were bear- ing abundantly. Great quantities of cider were produced and much of it was made into cider-brandy. Distilleries for the manufacture of whiskey, gin and other liquors were numerous, and the habitual use of strong drink was universal. " A pint of rum to a pound of pork " was a rule for the supply of workmen in those days. I^arge quantities of maple sugar were produced. Dr. First meeting house erected in Vermont; at Bennington, 1763 Williams in his history of Vermont expresses the belief that sugar enough to supply the people of the State was then made from the maple. 3. Churches. — Progress was not confined to material things. Before 181 1 the Congregationalists had formed a State association called the General Convention, and their organized churches had increased to more than one hundred. The Baptists had established new churches and had formed three new associations, doubling the num- Early Development 207 ber that existed in 1791. There were Presbyterians, immi- grants from Scotland, in Barnet and Ryegate prior to the Revolutionary war, who maintained such worship as they could without a settled minister until 1791, when they obtained a pastor. After that the church made steady progress. A Methodist meeting-house was built in Danby in 1795, through the influence of a resident local preacher, and in the 3'ears next following Methodist churches were established in many places and Methodist itinerants reached all the settled portions of the State. During this period several Universalist and Episcopalian churches were formed and the Northern Association of Universalists was organ- ized. Also a few Free Baptist and a few Christian churches were founded. It was a period of theological discussion and of religious awakening. 4. Education. — Middlebury College was incorpo- rated in 1800 and graduated its first class in 1802. The University of Vermont held its first commencement in 1804. In 181 1 the two institutions had graduated one hundred sixty-six students. Williams College, in Massachusetts near the south- west corner of Vermont, had been established in 1793, and Dart- mouth College, on the eastern bor- der of the State, at the close of our period had graduated a thousand men. Tw^enty-two grammar schools and academies had been incorpo- rated, and the common schools had Punishment of a pupil in become more numerous and were better supported. Three local medi- cal societies had been incorporated. Fifteen newspapers were published in the State. 208 HrSTORY OF Vfrmon't Newburv Seminary St. Albans High School Early Development 209 5. Population. — In 1800 the population of the State was 154,465 in two hundred and twenty-six towns. Each of sixty-three towns had a population of more than one thousand, and six of these had more than two thousand each. Ten towns had a smaller population in 1800 than in 1791. In 1 8 10 the whole number of people in the State was 217,895, in two hundred and thirty-two towns. towns had sand inhabi- these had sand each. Each of ninety-six more than one thou- tants, and thirteen of more than two thou- Thirteen towns had a smaller population in 1 8 10 than in 1800. Four had fewer in- habitants in 1 8 10 than ^ ,,. , , The ride home after spelhng school m 1 79 1. By the apportionment made in consequence of the census of 1800, Vermont had four representatives in Congress, and by the next apportionment she had six representatives in Congress. 6. Hardships. — ^With all this prosperity there were hardships. Food though abundant was generally coarse. Many people lived in log houses. The appointments for religious services and for education were by no means sumptuous. Meetings and schools were often held in barns in summer and in private houses in winter. The teacher of the common school boarded around among the families of the district and often received his slen- der salary in grain of various kinds at the end of the term. 7. Kindness to Strangers. — We have noticed more than once that the people of Vermont were of 2IO History of Vermont New hii;i;lan(l origin. A tew persons only came from beyond the sea either to remain in the State or to pass thr()UL!;li it. Captain Trotter, who came to Vermont and settled in Hradford, was born in England and appren- ticed to a ship-master who treated him harshly. At the age of nineteen he came to America and soon was in command of a ship. He was successful and shortly after 1800 was able to retire with a large fortune, after which he was distinguished for his enterprise and public spirit. One da\' there came to Bradford an Irish boy, poorly clad, selling pins and needles and inquiring for his father. Captain Trotter took the boy to his house and after a little time sent him to a tailoress with a large bundle which she turned into a suit of new clothes for the lad. Soon the father came seek- ing -his boy and was greatly re- joiced to find him and the friend he had found. With grateful hearts and lighter steps the father and son w'ent on their way to Canada. 8. Lotteries. — We have noted the diilftculty of constructing goods roads throughout the State as rapidly as they w^ere needed. Help was occasionally obtained from lottery companies authorized by the legislature for the purpose of building and repairing some road or bridge. Lotteries were authorized for some other pur- poses: as two to build breweries, one to assist a saddler whose buildings had been burned, and one to build a school house. Leave was asked to institute lotteries for quite a variety of purposes: to build a house of worship, to help an impecunious author to publish a work on surgery, to assist a blind man. Before the close of this period the granting Indian's trap. Trap for small animals of lotteries had ceased. Early Development 211 9. Turnpikes. — As aid in road-making had been sought in lotteries, so later it was sought from corpora- tions called turnpike companies. The first was incor- porated in 1796, with authority to build a road from Ben- nington to Wilmington, and to place gates upon it and to collect toll of travelers. A craze for turnpike build- Old toll bridge between Newbury, Vt., and Haverhill, N. H. " There, all day long, in the summer-time. You may hear the river's dreary rhyme." — Saxe ing followed and fifty turnpike companies were incorporated within a few years. The roads built by them were very useful ; but public roads were multiplied, and for this and other reasons the turnpikes ceased to be profitable, the companies surrendered their charters and the roads became public highways. The only turnpike that now exists in the State is between Manchester and Peru and has one gate. 212 History of Vermoxt ID. Mails. — The carrying of the mails was trans- ferred to the United States when Vermont entered the Union. For several years no new mail routes were added, and when they were added the business was very small. In 1798 the mail was carried once a week each way between Windsor and Burlington, passing through Wood- stock, Randolph and Montpelier. The whole number of letters received at the postoffice in Woodstock during the year was one hundred eighty, the number sent out was one hundred twenty. The mail of July ig brought ten letters, a very large number. The whole number of letters brought to Woodstock by mail that year from Boston was eighteen ; from New York, twenty-eight ; from Windsor, nine. Two years later the popula- tion of the Vermont towns named was, of Windsor, 2,211 ; of Woodstock, 2,132; of R a n d o Ip h, 1,841 ; of Montpelier, 890; of Burlington, 815. Woodstock had been ten years a shire town and was bristling with politicians and professional men. Old brass kettles; often used as hidiiic places by settlers II. The Legislature. — In 1792, 1796, 1800, the legislature chose four, in 1 804 and 1808 six, and in 1 8 12 eight presidential electors. In January 1804 an adjourned session of the legislature was held at Windsor to act on the twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which was adopted on the part of Vermont. In 1805 an act of the legislature provided that Early Development 213 on certain conditions Montpelier should become " the per- manent seat of the legislature." The conditions were com- plied with and Montpelier became the capital of the State in 1808. In 1806, after refusing to authorize private banks, the legislature enacted a law establishing a State bank with branches at Woodstock and at Middlebury. Later, branches were established at Burlington and at West- minster. The State did not succeed in banking, and in 181 1 the process of closing the business had already begun. 12. State Prison. — Punishments. — In 1807 the legislature provided for the erec- tion of a State prison, which was located at Windsor and was in use within two years. In consequence of building the State prison, new modes of punishing many crimes were adopted. Cut- ting off the -^ ears, branding, whipping, putting in the stocks and pillory had previously been well- known punishments. A law of 1779 required " that every town in this State shall make and maintain at their own charge a good pair of stocks, with a lock and key sufficient to hold and secure such offenders as shall be sentenced to sit therein." In Monkton a Quaker was condemned to stand a certain num- ber of hours in the pillory for getting in hay on Sunday. In the stocks 214 History- of N'krmont While he stood there his wife sat by with knitting-work in haml. In Manchester a convict was brought to the sign- post near a large hotel. He was placed on a horseblock and his head was bound fast to the signpost. The officer cut off the lower portion of the culprit's ears and trod the pieces under his feet. Then taking a brand- ing iron which an as- sistant had been heat- ing over a kettle of coals he applied it to the convict's forehead. To Imitate the opera- tion was a favorite play with the boys the following winter. High on a hill near the center of Newfane may be seen the foun- dations of a few build- ings long since removed or gone to decay. A busy village was once there, with its dwellings and shops and court house and academy and church. In an open space just below the academy and church stood the whipping post in the form of a cross. About three months prior to the passage of the act providing for a State prison, a woman convicted of passing counterfeit money was brought there, stripped naked down to the waist, her arms were tied to the arms of the cross and thirt\-ninc lashes Punishment in Vermont in 1775 for crimes: tied in chair and hung up for two hours ; tied to tree and "beech seal," so-called, applied, con- sisting of 200 lashes. (From an old engraving.) Early Development 215 were applied to her back, partly by the sheriff and partly by an assistant. Her back became raw from the inflic- tion, and she writhed and screamed in her agony. Mean- while multitudes were looking on from the windows of the church and academy. The State prison did not come too soon ; and it is well that such scenes were viewed through the windows of the meeting house and school house, else they might have continu- ed to this day. S^— .r^CsJ The ducking stool used in early times (From an old engraving) 13. No Sla- very. — After the adoption of the Ver- mont Constitution in July 1777, and before the distribu- tion of it, near the beginning of the next 3Tar, Captain Ebenezer Allen of Tinmouth was sent on a raid with forty men in the neighborhood of Ticonderoga. He took several prisoners, among whom was Dinah Mattis, a negro slave. To her Allen gave a certificate of eman- cipation, being " conscientious that it is not right in the sight of God to keep slaves," and had the same recorded in the town clerk's office in Bennington. The first Con- stitution of Vermont contained in its first article the dis- tinct prohibition of slavery, which article is now found there, and is the first constitutional prohibition of slavery on this continent. This is a Vermont addition to the Penn- sylvania model. Under it a slave could not thereafter be 2l6 History of Vermont legally held in Vermont. As slavery was rejected for high reasons before the promulgation of the constitution, so it was afterward. Theophilus Harring- ton of Clarendon, who was an associate judge of the Supreme Court for ten years, beginning with 1803, very well expressed the verdict of the people in a case that came before him of one person claiming another as his prop- erty. The claimant presented evidence that he owned the other person. The judge asked if he had any other evidence. " What other evidence do you want?" in- State monument to Judge Theophilus Har- quired the counsel for rington(i762-i8i3), Clarendon the claimant. "A bill of sale from Almighty God," responded the judge. The slave was released. Lyndon Institute, Lyndon Center Social Conditions 217 CHAPTER VII War. Business. Social Conditions. UR WORK SO FAR.— I. We have traced the history of Vermont from its discovery in 1609 for tvuo hundred years. We have studied its early settlements, the struggles by vuhich it became a State, its period of independence, its admission to the Union of States and its progress for twenty years within the Union. We have reached a period at which the settle- ment of the State may be regarded as substantially complete; for, though a few towns were still not inhab- ited, they were within easy reach of the conveniences of civilized life. No marked transition occurs in the sub- ■'' sequent history, but there is con- / stant progress. V The agency most efifective of change since the date we have reached is the railroad. So we will include in the present chapter the chief events to 1852, before which time several important railroads had been opened for traffic. 2. Political Parties. — Vermont entered the Union at the beginning of the second Congress. The organiza- Early transportation — first railway 2i8 History of Vermont tion of the goveninient and the provisions for its support led to questions relating to the interpretation of the federal constitution and the extent of the powers of the federal government. The friends of the new constitution, who secured its adoption and who elected a president and a majority in both branches of Congress, sought to establish a strong national government. They naturally inclined to a liberal interpretation of the clauses granting powers to the federal government. Others, who feared lest the federal government should become an instrument of op- pression, sought by a strict interpretation of the same clauses to maintain in their integrity the powers of the States and of the people. The former part\ were called Federalists, and the latter before the close of this Congress were named Democratic Republicans, or Republicans. About 1828, the term Republicans was dropped and the term Democrats was used instead. At this period the Federal party disappeared and a new party called Whigs took its place. About the same time the Anti-masonic party appeared, opposed to the election of Free Masons to office. This party was of short duration. The Liberty, or Anti- slavery party, made their first presidential nomination in 1839, and in 1841 they made their first nomination for governor in Vermont. In 1848 the Free Soil party was organized, and the Liberal party was merged in it. In 1854, the opponents of slavery assumed the name Repub- licans. Since that date the great political parties of the country have been the Democratic and the Republican parties. 3. Electoral Votes. — At the presidential elec- tion, according to the original federal constitution, each elector voted for two candidates for president. In 1792, Vermont cast her first presidential votes for George Social Conditions 219 Washington and John Adams, both Federalists. Again, in 1796, the votes of Vermont were cast for the Feder- alist candidates. In 1800, the Vermont electors voted for Adams, Federalist, and for Pinckney, Republican. Pre- vious to the election of 1804, the constitution was so amended that each presidential elector has since voted for a president and for a vice-president. From 1804 to and including 1820, the electoral votes of Vermont were cast for the Republican candidates, in 1824 and 1828 for the Federalist candidates, in 1832 for an Anti-masonic candi- date, from 1836 to 1852 for the Whig candidates; since 1852 to the present time the electoral votes of Vermont have been given to the Republican candidates for presi- dent and vice-president. In 18 12, 18 16 and 1820 Vermont had eight presidential electors, the largest num- ber she ever had. 4. The County. — Lamoille, the fourteenth and last county, was formed in 1835. Until that time the county had served simply as a judicial district whose officers were elected by the legislature. The next year the county began to have a new character, that of an election district. 5. The Senate Introduced. — Originally the legis- lative power of the State of Vermont was " vested in a house of representatives," and the executive power was " vested in a governor, or, in his absence, a lieutenant- governor and council," consisting of twelve councilors chosen annually by the freemen of the State. In 1836, the constitution was so amended as to abolish the executive council and to establish a senate consisting of thirty sen- ators, apportioned to the counties according to their popu- lation and to be elected annually by the freemen of the 220 History of Vermont counties. Tin's chanjj;e was effected by the adoption of articles two to thirteen of the Amendments to the Con- stitution. 6. Population. — The population of the State in 1820 was 235,966; in 1830, 280,652; in 1840, 291,948; in 1850, 314.120. The population diminished in the ten years from 1810 to 1820 in 63 towns; from 1820 to 1830 in 44 towns; from 1830 to 1840 in 97 towns; from 1840 to 1850 in 94 towns. By the apportionments made in consequence of the cen- suses of 1820 and 1830, Vermont had five representatives in Congress; and by the apportionment next following the census of 1840, she had four representatives. From 1812 to 1 8 18, inclusive, and in 1822, representatives to Congress were elected on a general ticket as presidential electors now are. Presidential electors were chosen by the legislature until 1828, when the method of election by the freemen on a general ticket was introduced. THE WAR OF l8l2 7. Causes. — At the close of the eighteenth century, England and France were at war. There was peace for a few months in 1802, then the war was renewed. Both parties adopted measures offensive to neutrals, one of which, on the part of England, was the searching of American vessels for British subjects. These were re- claimed when found and compelled to serve in the British navy. American citizens were sometimes taken on the pre- tense that they were British subjects. The commerce of the United States suffered from both parties. Congress attempted retaliation in 1807 by forbidding American ves- sels to sail from American ports to any foreign country. Social Conditions 221 Two years later the law was modified so as only to for- bid trade with Great Britain. These measures interrupted business and brought financial ruin to many people. They were the occasion of special hardship to the inhabitants of the Champlain valley, who had a large trade with Canada. As trade with Canada was prohibited, smuggling became profitable and many on both sides of the line engaged in it. There were frequent conflicts in northern Vermont between the smugglers and the custom house officers and several lives were lost. These conflicts tended to exas- perate one party against Great Britain, the other against the federal government. In February of 1812, evidence was made public show- ing that three years before an agent of the British govern- ment was sent through Vermont, New Hampshire and Massachusetts for the purpose of intriguing with the lead- ers of the Federalists and organizing a movement for dis- union. He had been wholly unsuccessful, but the dis- closure increased the hostility already existing against Great Britain. On the third of April following, Congress passed another embargo act forbidding commerce with foreign nations for ninety days, and eleven da3'S later authorized the president to detach one hundred thousand militia for the defense of the country. May I, Governor Galusha issued a general order calling for three thousand men as the quota of Vermont. 8. The Northern Towns. — These events indicated approaching war. In case of war the northern towns would be exposed to incursions from the enemy, and before the middle of May the people of Troy assembled in town meeting and adopted measures for arming the militia and for the erection of a fort. Later, through the concerted action of more than twenty towns, guards were established (15) 222 History of Vermont in Troy, Derby and Canaan. But the fears of the inhab- itants of the border were not wholly allayed, and before winter many families filed from the Missisquoi valley near Troy as the inhabitants of the frontier had done during the Revolutionary War. War against Great Britain was declared by Congress, and the declaration was announced by the president the 19th of June. In September the Vermont troops, called for on May i, were reported to be at Plattsburg, N. Y. 9. Campaign of 1812. — According to the American plan of the war, Canada was to be invaded from three quarters, — Detroit, some point on the Niagara River, and Lake Champlain. To that end the army was organized in three divisions, — the western, the central, and the north- ern. The western division commanded by General Hull, Governor of Michigan, was surrendered at Detroit. The army of the center was commanded by General Van Rensselaer, who, in the latter part of October, sent a force across the Niagara from Lewiston to Queenstown, where, after hard fighting and heavy loss, it was captured by the enemy. The northern division under General Dearborn was collected at Plattsburg, and in due time went into win- ter quarters at Plattsburg and at Burlington. 10. Political. — The war was a measure of the Republican party, which was then dominant in Vermont. When the legislature met in October, laws were passed forbidding intercourse with Canada, exempting the persons and property of the militia in actual service from attach- ment, and laying a tax of one cent an acre on the lands of the State for military purposes. These measures were thought by many to be oppressive; and the Federal party, which opposed the war, gained in strength so that in 18 13 Social Conditions 223 and 1814 a Federalist governor, Martin Chittenden, a son of Thomas Chittenden, was chosen by the legislature as there had been no election by the people. The obnoxious laws of 1812 were repealed. The official representatives of the State were opposed to the war, but within what they thought to be the constitutional limits were ready to assist in the defense of their country. II. On Lake Champlain. — In September, 1812, Lieutenant Thomas Macdonough was placed in command of the naval forces on Lake Champlain, consisting at that time of two sloops — the Growler and the Eagle — and two gun-boats. During the winter another sloop was fitted for service at Burlington and named the President. Early in June, 1813, British gun-boats came up the lake and took some small craft. The Groiuler and the Eagle were sent to chastise them; but, pursuing the enemy too far, they were disabled and captured after a severe battle. The sloops were refitted by the British and later in the season, with accompanying gun-boats, were sent into the lake. The expedition destroyed the public works and stores at Plattsburg, which was unprotected, and plundered the village; then they sailed up the lake as far as the middle, on their return attacked Burlington, but retired as soon as the batteries on shore began to respond to them. General Wade Hampton was then at Burlington with four thousand men, but the Americans had no naval force sufficient to cope with the British. In the latter part of this summer several companies of Vermont troops, who were with General Wilkinson at Sacketts Harbor on the east end of Lake Ontario, made the expedition with him down the St. Lawrence in the fall and suffered loss in the battle of Chrysler's Field in Canada, a few miles below Ogdensburg. 224 History of ViiRMONX 12. Colonel Clark. — Just befure General Wilkinson left Sacketts Harbor, Colonel Isaac Clark of Castleton, with one hundred two Vermont riflemen, sent out by General Hampton to " make a petty war," surprised the enemy at Missisquoi on the Missisquoi Bay, in Canada, inflicting a loss of nine killed and fourteen wounded and delivered at Burlington one hundred one prisoners without the loss of a man. 13. Derby. — In December, 1813, a British raiding party destroyed barracks and stores at Derby, Vt. 14. Ox THE Niagara Frontier. — The plan of cam- paign for 1 8 14 involved the invasion of Canada by three routes as before. A portion of the Vermont troops were in the army of the center, commanded by General Brown. They belonged to the Eleventh United States Infantry, which was a part of the brigade of General Winfield Scott. This regiment bore an honorable part in all the battles of the severely contested campaign from the beginning of July to the middle of September. 15. At the Mouth of Otter Creek. — In the spring of 1 8 14, Lieutenant Macdonough was engaged in the con- struction of vessels at Vergennes, and about the middle of May a British force was sent to capture or destroy them. A battery recently constructed at the mouth of Otter Creek was placed under the command of Lieutenant Stephen Cassin and the militia of the neighborhood was called out. The British arrived May 14 and attacked the battery, which made a spirited reply, and Lieutenant Macdonough moved down the river with such vessels as were fitted for action and joined in the battle. An attempt of the British to land and gain the rear of the battery was prevented by the militia, and the enemy withdrew w'ith loss and sailed down the lake. Social Conditions 225 16. The American Fleet Ready. — A few weeks later Lieutenant Macdonough sailed out of the Otter Creek with his fleet and crossed to Plattsburg. He afterwards sailed down the lake to the Can- ada line, but nothing of import- ance happened until September. 17. The Land Forces Gather. — The British in Canada had received large reinforcements of veteran troops released from European service by the first a minute man downfall of Napoleon, and Gov- ernor Prevost planned an expedition through the Cham- plain-Hudson Valley to New York. He commanded in person and advanced with a force of fourteen thousand men. The American headquarters were at Plattsburg, where, on the first of September, was a force of barely two thousand effective men, commanded by General Alexander Macomb. General Macomb appealed to the governors and people of New York and Vermont for help. The response of the Vermonters was prompt and patriotic. Partisan spirit had run high during the war, but the invasion of the country by a hostile army aroused the patriotism of all classes and of all parties. Not only from the lake shore, but from Central and Eastern Vermont as well came the volunteers, old men with their sons and grandsons, farmers and men of the professions, Republicans and Federalists, marched towards Plattsburg for the defense of their friends and firesides. Smith Morrill of Strafford, nearly seventy years old, and lame, had four sons who marched for Plattsburg. He drove a two-horse team carrying baggage. At Bur- 226 History of Vermoxt liii^toii lu" wanted a }^un to take to Plattshurji;, and wept when told that he must stay and take care of the team. The Rev. JJenjamin Wooster of Fairfield, a pronounced Federalist, was holding a service preparatory to the cele- bration of the Lord's Supper, Thursday afternoon, Sep- tember 8. News of the danger to Plattsburg and of the call for assistance came to that assembly. Mr. Wooster volunteered with the men of his flock and others of his town. He had served in the Revolutionary War and his townsmen made him their captain. They reported at Plattsburg the morning of the tenth, and were stationed for the day five miles south of the village. On the bright Sunday morning that followed, they marched again toward Plattsburg to the sound of the great guns. At the same hour on other Sundays they had been accustomed to go with their families to the little church in Fairfield to wor- ship, under the guidance of their present leader, the God of battles who is also the God of peace. 1 8. Plattsburg Saved. — The village of Plattsburg, N. Y., is built on the Saranac River and Lake Champlain. The river runs in an easterly course for several miles until, about one mile from where it enters the lake, it takes a northeasterly course. The principal American fort was near the bend of the river and south of it. The south bank of the river is steep and high, and along this bank the Americans were posted. General Prevost arrived September 6. He had suffered much from skirmishers who fired from sheltering wall or wood, then ran to the next cover and waited the approach of the invaders. They crossed the Saranac and tore up the bridges under a heavy fire. He spent the time until September 1 1 in bringing up his battering trains and supplies. Meanwhile the Social Conditions 227 volunteers of New York and Vermont were coming in. The Vermonttre chose Samuel Strong, one of their num- ber for their commander. They numbered twenty-five hundred t\ie morning of the nth, and many more were on their way. The New York militia was less numerous, 1 i j At eight o'clock the British fleet entered Cumberland Bay in front of Plattsburg. It consisted of sixteen vessels of all kinds, carrying ninety-five guns and one thousand fifty men, commanded by Captain Downie. The Amer- ican fleet consisted of fourteen vessels, carrying eighty-six guns and eight hundred fifty men. commanded by Lieutenant Macdonough. The battle began at nine o'clock. Be- fore noon the British fleet had surrendered. Their gun- boats escaped because the Americans had no means of pursuit. While the naval battle was going on, General Prevost opened fire from his batteries and attempted to cross the river at three points. At one point, defended by the New York militia, a crossing was effected but, a body of Ver- mont militia coming up, the enemy were driven back with severe loss. After their defeat on the lake the British withdrew from their attempt to cross the river and re- treated the following night. This was the last important battle in the northern department, and the victory gained was celebrated with delight throughout the United States. . Historv furnishes few examples of greater severity than the Battle of Lake Champlain, the American and English loss in killed and wounded being about one-fourth and one third respectively. Hardly a mast was left standing in either fleet. Moreover, Macdonough is thus distinguished among American commanders as having defeated a larger fleet than his own. 228 History of Vermont 19. The War Ended. — Four months later the country was rejoicing in the conclusion of peace with Great Britain and in the victory gained by General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans. The causes on account of which the war was declared were not mentioned in the treaty; but America had become assured of her strength, and Europe had learned that the young republic was not to be despised. The people of Vermont had come to think more of their relations to the general government and to realize that the United States was a nation of which they were citizens and a part. 20. As to Commerce. — Lawful commerce with Can- ada ceased when the embargo act of April 1812 took effect. With the suspension of hostilities trade revived. Lake Champlain, lately the seat of war, was now free for the white winged messengers of peace. Among them came and went a craft, still strange, the steamer Vermont. This vessel was begun at Burlington in 1808, the year in which Montpelier became the capital of the State, and was com- pleted in 1809, two hundred years from the first explora- tion of the lake by Champlain. This was the second suc- cessful steamer built, and for several years it was the only one on the lake. Its speed was about five miles an hour. The passenger sloops would race with it, and under favor- able conditions would win the race. 21. Steamboats. — The steamboat was perfected by a slow process. In August 1787, John Fitch exhibited a new steamboat to the framers of the federal constitution at Philadelphia. Later in the same year James Rumsey exhibited a steamboat on the Potomac River to a large concourse of people. In 1795, Samuel Morey, of whom we have heard before, obtained a patent for his invention. Social Conditions 229 Robert Fulton, who was kept well informed of these American experiments, was then studying the problem of steam navigation in Europe. He afterward re- turned to America, and in 1807 built the first successful steamboat. The Vermont was lost in 181 5. Another steamer, the Phoenix, built at Vergennes, was already running on the lake. In a few years more the Lake Champlain steamers were the finest in the world. OF Trade. — Previous to 18 12, 22. The Course the commerce of the Champlain Valley was chiefly with Quebec. During the war trade had been forced south- ward. Associations begun with the mer- 1 ^ r rj^ , A 1776 tea set chants of 1 roy and Albany continued after the war ended. Products of the valley were carried by water to Whitehall, thence by land to Troy and thence by river to New York. Mer- chandise from New York was brought to the lake towns over the same route in reverse order. Lumber was then one of the chief products of the valley. That could not be profitably transported to New York, but continued to be sent to Quebec by water. In 1823 the Champlain canal was opened for business, connecting Whitehall with Troy, N. Y. The first boat to pass through it was the Gleaner, from St. Albans, loaded with wheat and potash. It went forward to New York, welcomed by booming cannon, brass bands, and dinners to the owners. This completed water- way caused great changes in the business of the valley. The lumber export was divided. Other exports went mostly 230 History of Vermont southward. The imported iiierchandise came mostly from New "V'ork. 13urlinj2;ton, on account of its fine harhor, became the center of trade for Northwestern Vermont. Four-horse wa<2;()ns loaded with merchandise went out into all the sur- roundinji; country and returned with the surplus products of the farms. The southwest part of the State traded with Whitehall and Troy, the eastern part with Boston, or by way of the Connecticut River with towns below and with New York. Locks were constructed around Bellows Falls, Sumner's Falls by Hartland and Olcott's Falls by Hartford. Large boats coming to Bellows Falls would be unloaded and their freight would be carried by, while smaller boats would be taken through the locks. In the winter a farmer who had a good pair of horses would load a sled with the products of his farm and go to market to Troy, Albany or Boston, returning with supplies for his family and money to pay his taxes. 23. Travel. — Corresponding with the baggage wagons were two-horse, four-horse, and sometimes six-horse stages, carrying the mails and passengers in all directions. On the great lines the passing stage, coming promptly on time, filled within and covered on top with passengers and loaded with trunks behind, was a fine sight. And in the late summer and early autumn droves of cattle guided by men and boys passed along the high- ways toward the market. Many a youth who had wondered whence the stages came and whither they went gained his first view of the outside world by going to market as a drover's boy. The Erie Canal, a shining ribbon stretched between Lake Erie and the Hudson River, was completed in 1825, two years later than the Champlain Canal. This Social Conditions 231 was of great advantage. The West was reached more easily and was settled rapidly. New York grew apace. Soon after the opening of the Erie Canal the wheat crop became unprofitable in Vermont on ac- : count of the rav- ages of insects, and western flour was brought in. White- hall was an important distributing point for it. It was a gathering point for western emigrants as well. Teams from the Connecticut Valley often crossed the Green Mountains, carrying the persons and effects of emigrating families and returning loaded with wheat flour, the product of the then far West. \. '1:^1 ;!■:( O F "h^ Bv ;> '"T XT^ ^^r<»,}i$}:A.:f:M£^. O'lrx:! more fuirit rstlx pbe>:; ..; l--%4j9l-:^ jI'.?:: *- 'I'^iiii.-* M.li^ii-'-. -Mill Sr.'?5i.ti??J.^.e..t.?...?^.ir)i^*!.;i*?;'........ ...... Sampler; fancy work in linen made in 1835 by girl thirteen years old 232 History of Vermont 24. Some Effects of the War. — On account of the war and of the interruption of commerce before and during the war, an impulse was given to manufactures. Vergennes was distinguished as well for the manufacture of cannon shot as for the fleet built there, and it had fur- naces, forges, a rolling mill and a wire factory. Distilleries, especially of potato whiskey, were multiplied during the war and were numerous in all parts of the State. On the return of peace the conditions of business were changed so that many establishments became unprofitable and were given up. Sampler ; fancy work in silk, 1812, by sixteen-year-old girl Social Conditions 233 Old-fashioned weaving room 25. Local Manufactures. — The period considered in this chapter was one of local effort. Grist mills, saw mills, carding mills, fulling mills and tanneries were thickly distributed through the State. Shoemakers, blacksmiths and tail- ors were numerous. The farmers would carry their hides to the tannery and take their pay in leather, which was carried to the shoemaker who produced from it boots and shoes for the family. But sometimes the shoemaker was an itinerant, who went from house to house carrying his tools in a sack on his back and boarded with the family while he made their shoes. If he lacked a last of suitable size for any member of a household, he would select a stick from the woodpile, shape it with an axe and construct upon it shoes or boots as required. In those days the local blacksmith ,^ had much more work than now. If a bolt was needed he M^ould find a suitable rod, make a head upon one end, cut a screw upon the other and make a nut for it. He made the horseshoes that he used and the nails to fasten them on with. In the early part of this period the nails used by carpenters were made by hand in the blacksmiths' shops. Colonial plough Colonial horse shoe 234 History of Vermont Men's and boys' clotliinj^ was made either at home or by the local tailor or tailoress. So the house furniture and the carriaj^es used were mostly the products of local cabinet and carriage shops. 25. Business Enterprises. — Several business enter- prises begun during this period still continue and have become famous. One of these was the manufacture of carpenters' squares, begun in Shaftsbury in 1 817, said to be the oldest establishment of the kind in the world. Others were the Fairbanks Scale Works, established at St. Johns- bury about 18.^0, and The Tuttle Company, Publishers and Stationers, established at Rutland in 1832. Estey organs have been made in Brattleboro since 1846. A marble busi- ness was early started in Dorset and Manchester, and later, in 1836, in West Rutland ; and slate quarrying began in Fair Haven three years later. In 1818 the Bank of Windsor and the Bank of Burling- ton were incorporated ; these were the first banks after the State bank, which had already ceased to do business. The Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Montpelier was established in 1827. The National Life Insurance Com- pany was incorporated in 1848, and the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company was established a year later. The Brattleboro Retreat, an asylum for the insane at Brattle- boro, was opened in 1836. 27. Temperance REFORM.^We have already seen that distilleries were numerous in the State ami that the people were much addicted to drink. In 1829, Abraham Stearns of Woodstock \\as part owner of a distillery and was a producer of gin. Just after mid- night, the first day of November, he was told that his distillery was on fire. He said afterwards that the news brought him a feeling of relief, for he had not liked the Social Conditions 235 business. Judge Henry C. Denison heard the alarm and started for the iire, but when he came where he could see what was burning he turned back home and went to bed. That distillery was not rebuilt. A temperance reform had already begun. At first it was wholly a moral reform, but before the close of our period the sale of intoxicating drinks was restricted by law. 28. Anti-Slavery. — Slavery was excluded from Ver- mont by her original constitution. The State has ever been true to the letter and spirit of that exclusion. Ques- tions relating to slavery in other parts of the Union were always interesting to Vermonters, though they might dififer in their replies to them. In 1820, the representatives in Congress from this State opposed the admission of Mis- souri as a slave State, and the senators differed on the question. In 1825, the legislature resolved "That slavery is an evil to be deprecated by a free and enlightened people, and that this general assembly will accord in any measures which may be adopted by the general government for its abolition in the United States, that are consistent with the rights of the people and the general harmony of the States." In 1835, petitions were presented to the legis- lature praying for action in favor of the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and, nevertheless, an anti-slavery lecturer was publicly insulted in several towns of the State. The next legislature declared by resolution, " That neither Congress nor the State governments have any constitutional rights to abridge the free expression of opinions, or the transmission of them through the public mail ; and that Congress do possess the power to abolish slavery and the slave trade in the District of Columbia." So far the opponents of slavery had not formed a political party in Vermont, but in 184 1 the anti-slaverv men 236 History of Vermont nominated a governor and secured votes enough to prevent an election by the people. From this time the anti-slavery party continued under different names until slavery dis- appeared. In 1843, when the struggle for the right of petition in the Federal House of Representatives was at its height, and about two months after the Liberty party in national convention at Buffalo, N. Y., had denounced slavery and called upon the free States to prevent the return of fugitive slaves, the legislature of Vermont enacted a law of which two sections follow: " No sheriff, deputy sheriff, high bailiff, constable, jailer or other officer or citizen of this State, shall here- after seize, arrest 'or detain, or aid in the seizure, arrest or detention or imprisonment in any jail or other build- ing, belonging to this State, or to any county, town, city or person therein, of any person for the reason that he is, or may be, claimed as a fugitive slave. " No sheriff, deputy sheriff, high bailiff, constable or other officer or citizen of this State shall transport, or remove or aid or assist in the transportation or removal of any fugitive slave, or any person claimed as such, from any place in this State to any other place within or without the same." In the summer of 1850, after a long and heated dis- cussion in Congress, a new fugitive slave law w^as passed, providing for the arrest of runaways by United States officers, and denying to the runaways the right to testify when claimed as slaves. The Vermont legislature, in the autumn of the same year, responded with the following enactment : " It shall be the duty of State's attorneys, within their respective counties, whenever any inhabitant of this State is arrested or claimed as a fugitive slave, on being Social Conditions 237 informed thereof, diligently and faithfully to use all law- ful means to protect, defend and procure to be discharged, every such person so arrested or claimed as a fugitive slave. " It shall be the duty of all judicial and executive officers in this State, in their respective counties, who shall know, or have good reason to believe, that any inhabitant of this State is about to be arrested or claimed An old-fashioned school room. (From old plate) as a fugitive slave, forthwith to give notice thereof to the State's attorney of the county in which such person resides." Conflict with the federal government was guarded against in these enactments by the section following: " This act shall not be construed to extend to any citizen of this State acting as a judge of the circuit or district court of the United States, or as marshal or deputy (16) 238 History of Vermont niarslial of the district of Vermont, or to any person act- ing under the command or authority of said courts or marshal." 29. Education. — Common schools were maintained throughout the State. A small part of the expense was provided for by the towns. Money for this purpose was derived from the income of school lands and from a tax on the grand list of the town, laid first on the property of residents only, but after 1818 on the property of non- residents as well. In 1838 the State received the sum of $669,086.74 as a deposit of her share of moneys accum- ulated in the national treasury and not needed for the support of the government. The part of the cost of schools not furnished by the towns was provided for by the school district, and much of it was collected of the parents of chil- dren in attendance as a charge for tuition. In 1827 provision was made by the legislature for the examination and licensing of teachers, and for the supervision of schools by town committees; also provision was made for a board of commissioners for the State, authorized to select text-books for the schools and to study the educational needs of the State and report thereon. These provisions of the law were repealed after six years, and supervision of schools ceased until 1845, when a law was enacted providing for town, county and state super- vision of schools. Town and county superintendents were to examine and license teachers, and to inspect the schools and report. After four years the office of county superin- tendent was abolished. In 1 813 a graded school, in the highest department of which boys were fitted for college, was established in Burlington. It was continued for about sixteen years. In 1842 the people of the village of Brattleboro estab- Social Conditions 239 lished a school system which has been maintained with increasing usefulness until the present time. But high schools were not then a part of the common school system, their place being supplied by academies. These were numerous and were filled with students, who there prepared for college or for the study of a profession or for business. The period before us was one of large families. The schools were full. A much larger proportion of the people of the State attended school then than now. In Phillips Academy, Danville; incorporated October 21, 1840. This building with $2,000 endowment given to town by Dodge Phillips 1850 the number of pupils in the public schools was 99,110, or more than thirty-one per cent of the whole population, while in 1890 the number of pupils was 65,608, less than twenty per cent, of the population. During this period, in 18 19, the Norwich University, a military school having the rank and privileges of a college, was established at Norwich. It has since been removed to 240 History of Vermont Northfleld. A medical college was begun at Castleton in 1818, and another was opened at Woodstock in 1830. Both institutions flourished and were useful in their time, but they have ceased to exist. 30. Churches. — A Unitarian church resulted from a division of the Congregational church in Burlington in 1 8 10. A few other churches of this denomination have since been formed in the State. A few Roman Catholic families came to Vermont at an early day, but no effort at organization for public worship was made until 1830, when a missionary was sent into the State. Two other mis- sionaries were soon added. Congregations of this denomi- nation of Christians are now found in all the larger and many of the smaller towns. The first Sunday school in Vermont was held at Greensboro in 1 814. 31. Visit of General Lafayette. — An interesting event of this period was the visit of General Lafayette to the State in 1825, in accordance with an invitation of the legislature of 1824. Having participated in the celebration at Boston of the Battle of Bunker Hill on the 17th of June, the General and his suite came to Vermont, entering the State at Windsor, June 28, where he was met by the Governor's staff. He was welcomed by addresses, by the Revolutionary soldiers of the vicinity, and by crowds of people at Windsor, Woodstock, Royalton, Randolph, Mont- pelier, and Burlington, where he laid the corner stone of the south building of the University of Vermont, and where an elegant reception was prepared by Governor Van Ness. The gatherings of the old soldiers, the review of the strug- gles for Independence, and the presence of the most popular hero among the European auxiliaries of the rising republic tended strongly to enlarge the view and to nourish the patriotism of our people. Social Conditions 241 Borrowing fire from a neighbor 32. Imprisonment for Debt. — One incident con- nected with the visit of General Lafayette must not be omitted. General William Barton, who, as Lieutenant- Colonel of militia, with a few men captured the British General Prescott in July 1777 near Newport, R. L, had become involved in debt in Vermont, and in consequence had been kept in jail at Danville for thirteen years. General Lafayette learned of the condition of his former friend and paid the debt, enabling General Barton to return to his family in Rhode Island. Imprisonment for debt, quite akin in its spirit to some of the punishments already mentioned as having passed away, was abolished in 1838. 33. Matches. — The history of this period would not be complete w^ithout notice of the introduction of friction matches about midway of it. No longer "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day," no longer does the " busy house-wife " anxiously delay her breakfast while the small boy, sent to the neighbors for fire, loiters to pick the luscious raspberry and smears his luckless face with its tale-telling juice. A match is a little thing, but the changes in our mode of life that it has helped to make possible are not small. 34. Farm Machinery. — It was during this period, too, that the threshing-machine and horse-rake made their appearance, by the aid of which and of other machines a 242 History of Vermont much smaller number of farm hands than were formerly employed can grow and gather larger crops than were formerly secured. 35. Railroads. — Before 1830, railroads and locomo- tives had been introduced into the United States. Before 1840, Boston had become a railroad center, and the Vermont legislature had granted a charter for a railroad Old State house on West street in Rutland. The State legislature met here in 1784, '86, '92, '94, '96, '97 and 1804 from Lake Champlain to the Connecticut River. Under this first charter nothing was accomplished and another charter was granted in 1843. Ground was first broken for the road at Windsor in 1845. The first rail was laid at White River Junction in 1847. The first passenger train run in Vermont passed over this road from White River Junction to Bethel, June 26, 1848. The Vermont Central and the Rutland and Burlington railroads were opened to Burlington in 1849. Social Conditions 243 Within three years from this time railroads were opened from White River Junction to St. Johnsbury, from Essex Junction to Rouse's Point, from Rutland to Bennington, to Whitehall, and to Troy, N. Y. Rutland at once became the business center for a large part of the State, and is now an incorporated city. Burlington soon renewed its lumber trade, bringing its lumber by rafts through the Richelieu River and Canal from Canada — pine from the Ottawa Valley and spruce from Quebec — and distributing it at various stages of manu- facture to all parts of the Eastern States. Every kind of business was affected by the railroads. The produce of the farms and merchandise from the cities were transported more cheaply and more quickly. Travel was made easier. The mails were carried more swiftly and were delivered more frequently. Changes then recent in the postal laws were favorable to a rapid develop- ment of the mail service. The rates of postage in the beginning of our government were very much higher than they are now. The postage on a letter was paid by the receiver and varied according to the distance from which it was brought. The Brattleboro stamp rates for letters established by law in 1 8 16 were as follows: each letter conveyed not more than 30 miles, 6 cents; over 30 miles and not more than 80 miles, 10 cents; over 80 miles and not more than 150 miles, 12.5 cents; over 150 miles and not more than 400 miles, 18.75 cents; over 400 miles, 25 cents. Private expresses carried much mail matter. They became responsible for its safety and carried at a less price than the government charged. In 1845, by act of Congress, the business of carrying the mails was forbidden to private parties and the following 244 History of Vermont rates were established for letters weighing one-half ounce or less: each letter conveyed not over 300 miles, 5 cents; over 300 miles, 10 cents. Two years later the use of adhesive stamps to prepay postage was authorized by act of Congress, and in 1856 their use was made compulsory. The first postage stamps made in the United States were printed in Brattleboro in 1845. Four months before the first railroad train was seen in Vermont, a telegraph line had been completed between Troy, N. Y. and Burlington. So was the way preparing for new economical conditions and a new social state. The minuet of our grandparents The Civil War 245 CHAPTER VIII The Civil War HE ANTI-SLAVERY VOTE.— (i) In 1853 the anti-slavery vote for governor was large enough to prevent an election by the people. In 1854 a vacancy in the senate of the United States w^as to be filled by the legislature of Vermont, and Lawrence Brainerd, a Liberty Party man of 1841, was unanimously elected senator. In 1856 the State, by a large majority, chose electors to vote for John C. Fremont, the Republican candidate for President of the United States. 2. Growth of the National Idea. — During the last war with Great Britain the people of Vermont had exalted the authority of the State at the expense of the authority of the nation. Many of them disputed the right of the federal government to call the militia of a State to act beyond the borders of the State, except in certain cases specified in the constitution of the United States. But the near approach of a hostile army aroused their patriotism and dispelled their scruples. Every huzza and bonfire and booming gun for victories on land and lake and ocean impressed more deeply the thought that the United States is a nation; and the discussions of the tariff laws, of the Missouri compromise, of nullification, and of the fugitive slave law helped to emphasize the thought. Should there come rebellion on account of slavery, the position of Vermont was not doubtful. 246 History of Vermont 3. The Southern Claim. — Rebellion came. The people of the South were accustomed to slavery. To them the terms master and slave expressed relations necessary among men, and therefore right. They held that slaves were property, and claimed the right to take that property into any part of the Union and have for it the protection of the law. 4. The Purpose of the North. — To the people of the North the same terms suggested the reversal of fundamental laws . The permission of slavery in terri- tory controlled by the national government was, in their judgment, a great wrong. Slavery had no rights and should have no protection beyond the States in which it already existed. Only by excluding it from the national domain could the nation purge itself from the greatest sin of the age. Such was the belief of the Republican party. The issue was joined in i860, and the Republicans were victorious in the election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. 5. Secession. — The slaveholders saw that the pre- dominance of the Republican party meant that there would be no more Slave States, while the number of Free States, already in the majority, would soon be greatly increased. The privileges of their pet institution would be diminished, and perhaps ultimately the institution itself would be overthrown. At any rate the day of their supremacy in the Union was past. Rather than remain in the Union shorn of their former influence they preferred to dissolve the Union. In December i860, a State convention of South Carolina passed an " ordinance of secession," declaring the State of South Carolina to be separate from and inde- pendent of the United States. In the course of the The Civil War 247 following month similar ordinances were passed by con- ventions in Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and by a convention in Texas on the first day of February 1861. The conventions of the seceded States appointed delegates who met at Montgomery, Alabama, February 4, adopted a provisional constitution and elected a president and a vice-president of their provisional government, who were inaugurated February 18. Forts, arsenals, dock-yards, navy-yard, ships and other property of the United States within the seceded States had been seized by the States and were turned over to the Confederate government as soon as it was organized. Officers of the United States army and navy resigned their commissions and entered the service of the Confederacy. At only four places — Pensacola, Key West, Charleston, S. C. and at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay — were any fortifications left to the United States from the Rio Grande to the Potomac. Hostile forts and batteries were building for the reduction of two of these and within the range of their guns, but their commanders were forbidden to fire upon them. The Star of the West, a government steamer, sent from New York with reinforcements and supplies for Fort Sumter at Charleston, was fired upon by the Con- federates and compelled to return. Senators • and representatives in Congress from the Southern States left their seats and went home. 6. The New Administration. — President Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, and in his inaugural address expressed his determination to do what he could to preserve the Union. The afiFairs of the government had been left in the greatest confusion. The men called to the administration of affairs were not familiar with their duties. 248 History of Vermont What measures the Northern States would sustain was un- known. "What will result, peace or war?" was the question of many loyal men. 7. Fort Sumter. — April 6th, a messenger from Major Anderson, commander of Fort Sumter, announced to the authorities at Washington that his provisions would not last beyond the middle of the month, after which, if not supplied, the garrison must starve or sur- lender. On the 8th, notice was given to the governor of South Carolina that the fort would be supplied at any cost. A fleet was already on its way from New York with provisions and other supplies. After communica- tion with Montgomery the surrender of the fort was demanded by General Beauregard, the Confederate commander. The surrender was refused. At half-past four o'clock in the morning of April 12, an attack was begun from all sides. The fort was surrendered April 14. Seven thousand men had overcome seventy men. The Confederate States had made war upon the United States. 8. The President's Call. — April 14, President Lincoln issued a call for seventy-five thousand men, and a call for Congress to meet July 4. The quota of Vermont was one regiment of infantry of seven hundred eighty men. 9. The First Regiment. — None of the Northern States were prepared for war. Vermont had a few com- panies of militia, but they did not contain so many men as were required, and they were not properly armed and equipped. But recruiting began at once. Arms and clothing were procured as speedily as possible. At the end of the month everything needed had been provided, The Civil War 249 and May 2 the First Regiment of Vermont Volunteers en- camped in Rutland. The regiment was mustered into the United States service May 8, left Rutland the next day and reached Fortress Monroe, Va., the 13th. 10. Vermont Aroused. — It had been a busy month in Vermont. On the day of the surrender of Fort Sumter the governor issued a call for the troops required and a call for the legislature to meet in extra session April 25 to make provision for raising and arming the forces needed. Meanwhile in all parts of the State meetings were held in which speeches were made and resolutions adopted expressive of a deter- mination to maintain the government and the Union at every cost. Money for the equipment of volunteers and the support of their families was pledged by individuals and by corporations, and the representatives of the towns were instructed to make liberal appropriations of money and to provide for men to carry on the war. The women added to their household duties the making of the uniforms for the soldiers, and two hundred Burlington women resolved to consider all their time and all their energies sacred to the purpose of restoring the authority of the government. The legislature met at the time appointed, and in three days had adjourned and gone home. They had appropriated, by unanimous vote, one million dollars for the defense of the nation, and had pro- vided for organizing, arming and equipping six full regi- ments for a term of two years. Volunteers for two regiments were called for May 7, and before May 1 1 men enough for five regiments had offered their services. Vermont was aHame with patriotic ardor. The whole North kindled with like enthusiasm. 11. The South Aroused. — The same events that aroused the North aroused the South. From all the 250 History of Vermont seceded States volunteers rushed towards Charleston. The border States made angry response to President Lincoln's call for troops. North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee and Virginia seceded ; Kentucky and Missouri attempted to maintain a neutral position. After the secession of Virginia, Richmond became the capital of the Confederacy. The northernmost Confederate States, on the Fourth of July, when Congress met, were Virginia, Tennessee and Arkansas. The task before the nation was to over- come rebellion in these States and in those south of them. The struggle lasted four years. At the end victory for the Union was complete. 12. The Main Lines. — The main lines of military operations were along the Mississippi river in the west, around Washington and Richmond in the east, and from the Kentucky and Tennessee rivers to and down the Savannah River in the center. Other military operations on the part of the Union forces were for the recovery of the seaport towns, or were auxiliary to their main lines of effort. The Vermont troops were employed in the eastern division and at the south end of the Mississippi valley. 13. Contraband of War. — The First Vermont Regi- ment was commanded by Colonel John W. Phelps, a native Vermonter and a graduate of the West Point Academy, who had seen twenty-three years of honorable service in the army of the United States. Its Lieut. -Colonel was Peter T. Washburn, afterwards governor of the State. Its first movement against the enemy was in a reconnaissance to the village of Hampton, a few miles from Fortress Monroe, undertaken May 23 under Colonel Phelps, and memorable from the fact that on their return the party was accompanied by a number of slaves who were anxious to The Civil War 251 know what would be done with them. Colonel Phelps told them that he should do nothing with them, they could go where they pleased. Two days later a messenger from Hampton appeared at the Fortress and asked for the return of slaves who had sought refuge there, when General Benjamin F. Butler, then in command, announced the doctrine that slaves were " contraband of war," and refused to return them. A portion of this regiment, under Lieut.-Colonel Washburn, encountered the enemy and engaged in actual fighting, with great credit to themselves, at Big Bethel, a hamlet ten miles distant from Fortress Monroe, on the lOth of June. The attack on Big Bethel, led by General E. W. Pierce of Massachusetts with about two thousand men, was not successful ; but the Vermont three- months men exhibited a steady courage that won them praise. This regiment served nearly four months and was mustered out at Brattleboro August 16. More than six hundred of these men re-enlisted in the army, and two hundred fifty of them held commissions before the war was over. 14. The Muster. — Before the return of the First Vermont, the Second and Third had gone to the front, and the Second had exhibited good soldierly qualities in the Battle of Bull Run, the first great battle of the war, fought July 21, thirty-five miles from Washington and on the road towards Richmond. The Union army was defeated and retired to Washington. Three days after this battle the Third Vermont Regiment was sent forward, and a week later Governor Fairbanks called for two more regiments in anticipation of a further call from the federal government. The magni- tude of the war for the Union began now to be appreciated. 252 History of Vermont and the people of the whole North devoted them- selves to the prosecution of it with more serious determination. The Fourth and Fifth Vermont Regiments reached Washington in September, the Sixth in October, and the First Vermont Cavalry in December. In nine months from the first call for troops, Vermont had sent forward one regiment for three months and six 13th Vermont Regiment's monument at Gettysburg, Pa., with re-union of surviving members, October, 1899 regiments for three j^ears. She had also raised three companies of sharpshooters and a light battery that had been mustered into the service of the United States. Early in 1862 another battery was mustered in and two more regiments, the Seventh and the Eighth. These, with the two batteries, were sent to Ship Island, where they were welcomed by General Phelps, formerly Colonel of The Civil War 253 the First Vermont, and General Butler, whom we saw at Fortress Monroe. Before the end of October three more regiments for three years, the Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh, and five regiments, the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth, for nine months, had been forwarded to Washington. No new regiments were furnished in 1863. The Third Vermont Battery was mustered in January i, 1864, and the Seventeenth Vermont Regiment in March and April of the same year. 15. The Service. — The service of the First Vermont Regiment was in the neighborhood of Fortress Monroe, in Virginia. The Seventh Vermont served in New Orleans, at Vicksburg and at Baton Rouge on the Mississippi, and at Pensacola, Fla., and Mobile, Ala. After the close of the war this regiment was sent, as a part of an army of observation, to the banks of the Rio Grande in Texas to watch the progress of events in Mexico, where an attempt was making with the aid of France to establish an empire. The scheme failed and the regiment was mustered out and sent home, reaching Brattleboro in April 1866. The Eighth Vermont saw service in Louisiana and Mississippi, and later, in 1864, in the Valley of Virginia, where it did valiant fighting under Colonel, afterwards General, Stephen Thomas. The Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Vermont regiments were brigaded as the First Vermont Brigade in October 1861. This brigade had its full share of marchin^i^ and fighting in General McClellan's campaign against Richmond, performed distinguished service at Savage Station and White Oak Swamp, also at Fredericksburg under General Hooker, in the Wilderness and at Spottsyl- vania and Cold Harbor during General Grant's advance against Richmond, in the Valley of Virginia at Winchester and Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, and led in the final assault on Petersburg in April 1865. (17) 254 History of Vermont The Ninth Vermont reached Washington in July 1862, and was sent to Winchester, Va., then to Harper's Ferry, just in time to be surrendered with the rest of the army there in September. The regiment was paroled and sent to Chicago for the winter; after it was exchanged in the spring the Ninth served in Southeastern Virginia, then in North Carolina, and was ordered to join the army of General Grant in September 1864. A portion of this regiment, under Captain A. E. Leavenworth, was the first Union infantry to enter Richmond after its evacuation by the Confederates under General Lee. The Tenth and Eleventh regiments were engaged in all the battles in which the First Brigade took part, beginning with Spottsylvania and the battle of the Monocacy. The Second Vermont Brigade was composed of the five regiments of nine-months men already named. Its most distinguished service was at Gettysburg, where, under General George J. Stannard, it helped to repulse the severest charge of the three days' battle. A State monument has been placed on the ground " where Stannard's Brigade fought," and dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. The Seventeenth Vermont Regiment " marched from the mustering ground into the carnage of the Wilderness, placed the name of a bloody battlefield on its colors for almost every month of its service, and was under almost constant fire until Richmond fell." The First Vermont Cavalry took part in seventy-six engagements in Virginia, Maryland and Penns3dvania. Richmond was captured April 3, 1865. General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House April 9. The war was soon ended. Before autumn the Vermont troops, except the Seventh Regiment, had returned to their homes. In his " Vermont in the Civil War," the Hon. G. G. Benedict says: The Civil War 255 " In proportion to her population more sons of Vermont fell in battle and more gave their lives to the cause of the Union than of any other Northern State. " The Vermont regiments, batteries and companies comprised about twenty-nine thousand men. Of their original members nearly two thousand re-enlisted to serve until the close of the war, and nearly two thou- sand conscripts paid the commutation fee, which would secure the enlistment of a volunteer, and was accepted by the military authorities as equivalent to furnishing a man. The final aggregates upon the books of the Adjutant-General of Vermont were as follows: Enlisted in Vermont organizations . Veterans re-enlisted. Enlistments in the regular army and navy Drafted men w^ho paid commutation . 28,967 1,961 1,339 1,971 Whole number of men furnished by the State 34,238 The Vermont battle monument al Gettysburg. Pa 256 History of Vermont " This total was less by cne thousand four than the number credited to the State by the War Department, which was 35,242, many enlistments of Vermonters in the regular army and navy having apparently been re- ported at Washington which were not reported to the State authorities. At the close of the war the State stood credited with a surplus of one thousand five hundred thir- teen men over her quotas, under all calls. "This number was r furnished from a iSi JM^M population comprism?; -A il^^HI less than the average M»9 proportion of men of L™ j military age. The '^ « i general percentage of males between the ages of eighteen and forty- five in the country in i860 was 20.80. In Vermont the percent- age was ig.27. The total population of Vermont at the out- break of the war was 315,098; the total number of men subject to military duty was 60,719. Of the total population of Vermont one in every ten enlisted. Of her able-bodied men of military age, every other one shouldered his musket and went to fight for his country. With a total valuation of property for taxation in 1861 of a little over $85,000,000, the State expended $9,887,353 for war pur- poses, of which amount $5,215,787 was expended by the SolJiers' monument in town of Hartford " I tell of life that calmly looked on death. Of peerless valor and of trust sublime." — Dorr The Civil War ^57 towns without expectation or realization of repayment. In her treasure, as in her lives, Vermont gave something more than her share to the country's cause. The brilliancy and value of the service rendered by the Vermont troops is denied by no student of the history of the war; and impartial judges admit it to be remarkable that the troops of one State, who constituted but an eighteenth part of the army, should have had a leading part in so many of the most Vermont Soldiers' Home at Bennington decisive campaigns and battles of the war. If some of this distinction was their good fortune, it will not be denied that most of it w^as due to their quality as fighters. " It is because these Green Mountain bayonets were thinking bayonets ; because the courage of these men was manly courage ; because its underlying principle was devotion to duty; because the service was patriotic service, that it is worth commemorating." The State continues to show its appreciation of the defenders of the Union by its support of the Vermont 258 History of Vermont Soldiers' Home, established at Bennington and incorporated in 1884. 16. The St. Albans Raid. — At the beginning of the war, St. Albans was a town of nearly four thousand inhabitants, the center of business for half a county. Several livery stables and three banks were among its business institutions. There were three good hotels there in 1864, and the W e 1 d e n House, since well known to travelers, was in process of construction. Strangers were coming to town daily, and a few more or a few less attracted no attention. October 10 five came to town, three stopping at one hotel and two at another. The next day three more came and the eight spent a full week in studying the town, but exciting no suspicion. On the i8th and 19th others came. There were now in town more than twenty, dis- tributed among the three hotels. They were Confederate guerillas who came from Canada in aid of the rebellion. An unusual number of the citizens were out of town. The day was cloudy; rain was threatening. The streets were remarkably quiet. At three o'clock in the afternoon of the 19th the banks were entered and robbed, while a part of the Demanding funds at St. Albans bank during Fenian raid The Civil War 259 company guarded the approaches. Then, talcing horses from the livery stables and saddles from the shops, the party rode away northward in small groups and escaped into Canada with $208,000. An alarm had been given before the raiders left. The citizens began to gather and some shots were fired. One Am^erican was wounded mortally and one raider severely. To guard against further incursions a company of infantry home guards was organized at St. Albans, and two companies of cavalry were raised in the northern part of the State, which constituted the first regiment of frontier cavalry. Shrewsbury Pond " To one who has been long in city pent 'Tis very sweet to look into the fair And open face of heaven." 26o History of Vermont CHAPTER IX The Spanish American War. HE PEOPLE of the United States were unable to endure complacently the oppres- sion and atrocities perpetrated on the inhabitants of Cuba by the Spanish govern ment, and were annoyed at the inter- ruption of American commerce carried on with the island. Consequently relations became strained between the United States and the kingdom of Spain ; the battleship " Maine " was blown up in Havana Harbor February 15, 1898, and w^ar was declared by the United States April 18. 2. Admiral Dewey. — The Pacific squadron was in Hong Kong Bay, under command of Vice-Admiral George Dewey, a native of Mont- pel ier. In accordance with the rules h of warfare it was necessary for him to leave Hong Kong. He could not enter any other neutral harbor for Admiral George Deweythe purpose of coaling, and it was difficult fo.r him to reach the nearest port of the United States. Therefore, and in accordance with instructions from Washington to " find the Spanish fleet and capture or destroy it," he sailed for the Philippines, entered Manila Bay on the early morning of May i, opened fire The Sl^'\NISH- American War 261 upon the Spanish vessels anchored there, and sent the whole fleet of ten boats to the bottom. It was done without the loss of a man to the Americans. This was one of the greatest naval victories recorded, and marked Dewey as one of the greatest naval heroes of the world. 3. Captain Clark. — The Oregon, under command of Captain Charles E. Clark, a native of Bradford, was on the coast of California. She was needed at Santiago, Cuba. Clark was ordered to get her there, and he did. She steamed the 13,000 miles without a mishap or strain, swung into line with the other battleships at Santiago Bay, reported ready foractionand participated in the naval engagement of July 3, in which the entire Spanish fleet was sunk. That was the finest sailing record ever made by a battleship. The superb manner in which it was done, the bravery on the part of Clark, as he was ignorant of the location of the Spanish fleet and thought it might be cruising off the east coast of South America, at once placed him in the front rank of the nation's heroes. Not many Vermonters were engaged in conflict with the Spanish on land ; however, the first regiment of Vermont volunteers, consisting of fifty officers and nine hundred eighty men, was mustered into the U. S. service, but was retained in camp at Chickamauga Park, Georgia, where it experienced with a large part of the Volunteer Army gathered there severe suffering and loss from disease and death. Admiral Clark's birthplace at Bradford 262 History of Vermont A sequel to the war with Spain was the resistance against the United States government on the part of the Filipino people, the archipelago having passed over to American sovereignty from that of Spain by virtue of the treaty of Paris. Many Vermonters were engaged in the suppression of this rebellion and distinguished themselves in the service. A suitable testimonial was voted by the legislature of 1904 to the Spanish War Volunteers. Old Glory and the American Eagle Present Conditions 2b3 CHAPTER X Present Conditions — Education OPULATION. (i) The population of the State in i860 was 315,098; in 1870, 330,55i ; in 1880, 332,296; in 1890, 332,422, and in 1900, 343,641. The population diminshed in the ten years from 1850 to i860, in 137 towns; from i860 to 1870, in 145 towns; from 1870 to 1880, in 137 towns; from 1880 to 1890, in 185 towns; and from 1890 to 1900, in 162 towns. 2. Representation. — One of the results to Vermont of the census of 1850 was the reduction of the number of her representatives in Congress to three. This number was retained for thirty years, since which the State has had but two representatives in Congress. The congressional districts of the present day correspond very nearly with those of 1791. 3. The County. — We have seen that the county took on a new character with the introduction of the senate in 1836. A further development of that character occurred in 1850, upon an amendment of the State con- stitution requiring the election of the chief county officers to be made by the freemen of the county. This change was effected by the adoption of amendments fourteen to twenty, inclusive. Another step in the same direction was taken soon after by the legislative enactments in respect to the sale of intoxicating liquors and requiring the election of county commissioners. By reason of a still 264 History of Vermont later enactment, that of 1872, authorizing the county judges to order the assessment of an annual tax, the county has been endowed with another function, and is now a self- taxing body. 4. Changes in the Constitution. — In 1870 the con- stitution of the State was so amended as to provide for biennial sessions of the legislature in place of annual sessions, and for biennial instead of annual elections of State and county officers. In 1880-83, a further amendment of the constitution was made, adding the secretary of State and the auditor of accounts to the list of officers to be chosen by the freemen of the State. By legislative enactments of 1880, women are empowered to vote in school districts and in town meetings for school officers, and to hold school offices and the office of town clerk. The legislative provision (1824) for the choice of presidential electors by the freemen, the constitutional amendments requiring the election of county officers (1850) by the freemen, and increasing the number of State officers (1883) to be chosen by the free- men, are worthy of notice for their extension of the direct power of the people. 5. Industrial Changes. — Some important industrial changes have taken place during the last fifty years. The introduction of agricultural machinery has led to a very general substitution of horses for oxen in farm work. The shortening of the time of harvest, par- ticularly of the haying season, gives time for much work in the fall that was formerly done in the spring, and brings the seeding time to close at an earlier period. The feeding of western grain and the use of artificial fertil- izers are new departures in agriculture, and the intro- Present Conditions 265 duction of cheese factories and creameries is still more recent. The local manufacture of boots and shoes has nearly ceased, and men's and boys' clothing is mostly brought from the cities ready-made. 6. The City and the Country. — The influence of the city upon the country has greatly increased since the introduction of railroads and trolley lines. The chief summer resorts have become such within the era of rapid travel. Manchester, Woodstock and a score of other places owe their celebrity to the easy communication between the city and the country. The telegraph and the telephone bring important news quickly to every hamlet, and the afternoon mail brings the morning daily paper from the city to almost every town in the State. 7. Religious Activity. — Some changes in the modes of religious activity are evident and are significant of new conceptions on the part of Christian people. It is sufficient here to notice the general omission of an afternoon preaching service in the churches, the greater prominence of the Sunday school, the great number of young people's religious societies, many of them including several denominations, and the structure of the modern church edifice. Once a single audience room, with a small entrance hall, was all that was required for a church building; now, in addition to these, a lecture room, parlor and kitchen are possessed or sought for by nearly every church in the State. 8. The State and Education. — A State board of education was created in 1856 with authority to appoint a secretary who should devote his whole time to the promotion of education in the State. The first secre- tary, J. S. Adams of Burlington, served eleven j^ears with 26b History of Vermont Bradford Academy — " Woods School Building Incorporated November 2, 1820 Northfield High and Graded School Present Conditions 267 great ability and enthusiasm. By his lectures, teachers' institutes and reports he aroused the people to new efforts in behalf of their schools. Until 1864 a portion of the expense of the schools might be, and in many districts was, laid on the pupils attending the schools. Since that time the common schools have been supported wholly on the grand list or from the income of public funds. The graded school for our villages, with a high school for one of its departments, became an essential Edmunds High School, Burlington part of our school system during the period of Mr. Adams' service, and normal schools were established for the training of teachers. In 1874 a state superintendent of educa- tion was substituted for the board of education and its secretary, but with no important change in the school system of the State. In 1888 a system of county supervision was introduced in place of town super- vision, and continued nearly two years ; and in 1892 the town system of schools was introduced. In 1894 free 268 History of Vermont text books were voted by the General Assembly. In 1906 free high school privileges were extended to all pupils quali- fiedfied to receive such, and a district supervision system by the combination of towns was established. 9. The Huntington Fund. — The Huntington fund became available in 1886, and was a gift to the State of Vermont by Arunah Huntington, a native of Vermont, who acquired wealth in Brantford, Canada. The amount of this fund is $211,131.46 and has been used by the State, but the interest was divided equally among the towns in proportion to their population. In 190b this fund was merged into the permanent school fund of the State. 10. Industrial School. — The Vermont Industrial School, an institution for the education of criminal 3'outh, was established in 1865 at Waterbury, under the name of Reform School. Afterwards it was removed to Vergennes, and in 1894 'ts name was changed to Industrial School. It is a school of manual as well as of mental train- ing. Its purpose is to shield its inmates from bad influences and to enable them to engage successfully in some lionorable pursuit. 11. Normal Schools. — The normal schools are under the control of a board of normal school commis- sioners, and tuition is free to all qualified to enter. Each school has two courses of study, which together extend through three years. Graduates from high schools and academies are admitted to a one-year course. 12. Randolph Normal School. — The Orange County Grammar School of Randolph was incorporated in 1806, but had been in operation several years prior to that time. It continued as a county grammar school, or academv, until 1866, when it became a normal school Present Conditions 269 by the action of the trustees. By the acceptance of the conditions of an act of the legislature of 1866 it passed under State patronage and control February 26, 1867. To and including 1906 it has sent out 1,286 graduates from its lower course, and 169 graduates from the higher course of study, the most of whom have taught in the public schools. 13. Johnson Normal School. — The Johnson Academy began in a shoe shop, somewhat revised, in 1828. A few years later a new building was provided for it, and in 1836 it was incorporated as the Lamoille County Grammar School. In 1866 its building was enlarged, and in December of that year the school was approved by the board of education as a State normal school. It began work under State supervision February 26, 1867, The whole number of its lower course graduates, to and including 1906, is 939, and of higher course graduates 42. 14. Castleton Normal School. — October 15, 1787, it was enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont, " That the place for keeping a county grammar school in and for Rutland county shall be at the house commonly known by the name of the New School House, near Dr. William Woolcott's, in said Castleton; provided that the county of Rutland shall not be at any cost in completing or repairing the same." The Rutland County Grammar School still exists, and it is the oldest chartered educational institution in the State. At a special meeting of the board of education held at Castleton August 22 and 23, 1867, a proposition made by the trustees of the institution named above to the board to make it a normal school was accepted, and the State Normal School at Castleton was established. The whole number of lower course graduates from (18) 270 History of Vermont •this school up to and including 1906 is 936, and of higher course graduates iii. 15. University of Vermont, — The University of Vermont was chartered in 1791. Its first class entered in 1800 and graduated in 1804. The college building was occupied for military purposes and college work was sus- pended during a part of the war of 18 12. In 1824 the college building was burned. The corner stone of a new building was laid the next year by General Lafayette. The medical department, first established in 1821 and afterwards suspended, was revived in 1853. The Vermont Agricultural College was chartered in 1864, and the next year was incorporated with the university. A farm and experiment station were added in 1888. Instruction is given in three departments: The Department of Arts, including The Course in Arts, The Literary-Scientific Course. The Department of Applied Science, including A Course in Civil Engineering, A Course in Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, A Course in Agriculture and Related Sciences, A Course in Metallurgy and Mining Engineering. The Department of Medicine. The laboratories of the university are ample, and it has a valuable museum and an art gallery. The Billings Lib- rary, one of the finest buildings of its kind in the country, contains a library of about sixty-six thousand volumes. In addition to the Billings Library building, there have been added to the University plant within a few years the Williams Science Building — one of the best of its kind in New England — a dormitory for young Present Conditions 271 men, a residence for young women students, the buildings and equipments of the experiment station, mechanical buildings, a gymnasium, Morrill Hall, for agri- cultural purposes, and three cottages. A new medical build- ing has recently been constructed. The University admits both men and women as students, except to its course in medicine, which is for men only. In its roll of graduates are found the names of men eminent in all departments of human activity. Including 1906, the number of graduates in the depart- ment of Arts and of Applied Science is 1,840, in the de- partment of Medicine is 2, 1 20; total, 3,960. The number engaged in military service in the Spanish-American war and in the Philippines was 32. 16. MiDDLEBURY CoLLEGE. — Middlebury College is pleasantly situated near the Otter Creek, in a region remark- able for its fertility, healthful- ness and natural beauty. Westward are the mountains beyond Lake Champlain; east- ward, the Green Mountains. Within a few hours ride are Grandview, the highest of the Red Sandrock mountains, Bread Loaf Inn, on a high plateau, and Lake Dunmore, a beautiful sheet of water at the foot of high mountains, all famous summer resorts. Middle- bury College was the first in Vermont to send out graduates. It was chartered in 1800, and held its first Com- mencement in 1802. It is now open to students of John G. Saxe 272 History of Vermont Governors Stewart ; Saxe, the land. A poet ; Edward few of those both sexes, and offers two courses of study, the Classical Course and the Latin-Scientific Course. The cabinet, laboratories and library are sufficient for the present needs of the college, and have recently been housed in elegant and commodious buildings. The faculty consists of a president and twelve professors. Among the distinguished graduates from this college, the following residents of Vermont may be mentioned: Stephen Royce, William Slade, John W. Professor R. D. C. Robbins; John G. J. Phelps, minister to Eng- who have gained distinction in other States are Samuel Nelson, the jurist; Silas Wright, the statesman; Truman M. Post and J. E. Rankin, clergy- men ; Henry N. Hudson, Shakesperian critic; Stephen Olin, John J. Owen, James D. Butler, Jonathan A. Allen and George N. Boardman, educa- tors. The whole number of graduates from the institution, to and including igo6, is 1,635 Captain Alden Partridge, born at'" the department of arts, and Norwich in 1785; founder 1 54 in the department of of Norwich University science. 17. Norwich University. — Norwich University grew out of a military school begun at Norwich in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. It was incorporated in 1834, and held its first Commencement in 1836. The institution was removed to Northfield in 1866. It offers instruction in four regular courses, those of Science Present Conditions 273 and Civil Engineering, of Chemistry and Physics, of Science and Literature, of Arts. This was the first institution in the country to lay down a purely scientific course of study, and, up to the time of the Rebellion, the only one which embraced in its curriculum thorough military, classical and scientific courses. When the general government called for men to suppress the great rebellion, the student body responded with such unanimity that for two years the University did not have any graduates. The law provides that the corps of cadets may be enlisted in the militia of the State of Vermont as a battery of artillery, company of signal corps and com- pany of engineers. The institution contributed 525 com- missioned officers to the country in the Mexican War and the Civil War. The whole number of its past cadets is about 1,800, and of its graduates about 502 up to 1906. Ninety Norwich University men were in the Spanish-Amer- ican War, and the institution has twenty-five men in the regular army. 18. The Vermont Colleges. — In accordance with legislative enactments of 1884 and 1888 the State offers thirty scholarships to each of her three colleges. A scholar- ship pays at least the tuition of a student. Persons may be appointed to these scholarships by the State senators of the several counties, or if these fail to make appointments, the appointments may be made by the trustees of the several colleges. 19. Educational Tendency. — A few facts indicate the recent tendency of the educational movements in this State. The most significant are the support of the public schools entirely at the public expense, the multiplication of free high schools, the effort to improve all common schools by the better preparation of teachers. 274 History of Vermont the opening of the colleges to women, the establishment of scientific courses of study in the colleges, the endow- ment of academies, and the institution of public libraries. These all look toward the better education of all the people. In 1906 provision was made for the professional super- vision of schools by the combination of towns in districts, and generous financial aid was provided therefor ; a per- manent school fund, consisting of the War Claims Fund, the Huntington Fund and the United States Deposit Money, was established ; State aid was granted for the transport- ation of pupils and in encouragement of the centralization of schools ; elementary and high schools were legally defined ; and the school code was thoroughly revised. 20. The Opening of the Twentieth Century. — The closing years of the nineteenth century and the opening of the twentieth were characterized by praiseworthy activities in various lines. Electricity became exten- sively applied to lighting, manufacture, communication and transportation, and business received a new impulse thereby. Industrially, various new manu- factures were introduced and many old ones received new vigor; the marble business greatly increased and the granite industry surpassed all prophecy in regard to growth and output. Agriculturally, a greater interest in scientific farming has been awakened through the state board of agriculture, the experiment station at Burlington, and the Old well and sweep of first settlers, Otter Creek valley Present Conditions 275 grange, so that in every valley results are apparent in better stock, better tillage, better products. Educationally there has been a radical change from former methods of teaching and administration, and better educa- tional facilities are afforded. Home life on the farm and in the village and city has improved, the things that contribute to culture and comfort abound, and better sentiments socially and religiously prevail. The love and loyalty of non-resident sons and daughters of Vermont have always been proverbial. Many tangible evidences of it are manifested in the numerous and substan- tial town halls and library buildings that have been erected in various towns of the State by loyal sons and citizens in recent years, as well as in the constantly recurring visits of themselves and their families to the old home. All the foregoing indicate a progressive spirit on the part cf the citizens of Vermont, sustain the prestige and reputa- tion of the state and people and are the earnest of better days to come. 21. Vermont's Contribution. — The inheritance from the Puritans and the Pilgrims of unswerving allegiance to conscience and duty gave to the early settlers of Vermont the foundation of their sterling character. The toil involved in subduing forest and field and in meeting the demands of a vigorous climate made them prudent, industrious and thrifty; while the Revolutionary War, the contention with New York, and the constant effort for the protection of them- selves and their property developed in them a spirit of independence and a keen understanding of the rights of men and the fundamental principles of government. The strength and stability of the rugged hills and mountains rendered them strong in faith, 276 History of Vermont steadfast in purpose, and triumphant in their efforts; while the abounding beauty of field and wood, of hill and valley, and the daily contact with nature in her best and primitive state softened their hardier selves and gave to them a refreshing charm and frankness. Later the church and school lent a wholesome atmosphere that has aided in transmitting to later generations the worth and character of the hardy first citizens of the new common- wealth. From such sturdy stock there have gone forth from Vermont many of her sons and daughters, a few to Charles G. Eastman, a Vermont poet, died in Montpelier September 16, 1860 "when Ethan Allen ruled the State With steel and stolen scriptur' And waged, alone, against New York His 'Beech Seal' war, and whipt her." Julia C. R. Dorr, poet "Taught that truth is the grandest thing Painter can paint, or poet sing" — Dorr obtain distinction, many to win honors, all to be highly esteemed. From her non-resident sons Vermont has given to the nation a distinguished president, Chester A. Arthur, two vice-presidents, William A. Wheeler and Levi P. Morton , four cabinet officers and several assistants , ambassadors to Germany, France and Russia, and ministers to numerous other countries, fourteen United States Present Conditions 277 senators, eminent naval and military officers, a United States Philippine Commissioner, and governors of various states; and has contributed to every field of human activity and achievement. Many resident sons of Vermont have also been conspicuous in the affairs of the nation and the world. The state has furnished cabinet officers in CoUamer and Proctor, an assistant secretary of the navy in Charles H. Darling, a governor-general of the Philippines in Henry C. Ide, ambassadors to Italy and England in Marsh and Phelps and ministers to various countries, distinguished statesmen m Ira Allen, Foote and Morrill, eminent jurists in Chipman, Redfield and Edmunds, artists in Thomas Powers and Larkin G. Mead , writers in D. P. Thompson and Rowland E. Robinson, poets in John G. Saxe, Julia C. R. Dorr and C. G. Eastman , and numerous prominent clergymen, educa- tors, journalists, physicians, and business men. In the 1906 volume of "Who's Who," over 15,000 dis- tinguished citizens of the United States are mentioned. Of this number 320 are credited as natives of Vermont, which gives to the state a larger number of eminent persons, accord- ing to population, than any other state in the Union. Of the number credited to Vermont, 79 are stilf residents of the State. It is well for a State to laud her distinguished sons, to boast of her achievements, to rejoice in her prestige and leputation; but it is better for a State to conserve her elements of strength, to deepen the roots of character and to look forward toward greater deeds and men. In this way Vermont will continue to maintain her reputation among her sister states, and reproduce in still greater sons those qualities that have already made her great as a State. 278 History of Vermont Important Dates 279 DATES IMPORTANT TO VERMONTERS 1690 Lake Champlain discovered July 4, 1609 Fort St. Anne built by the French on Isle La Motte. . 1666 Settlement in Vernon, not later than. . . . Raid against Schenectady Fort built by the English at Chimney Point. . First English expedition through the Lake. Raid against Deerfield 1704 Fort Dummer Built 1724 French settlement on Chimney Point 1730 Boundary line run between New Hampshire and Massachusetts 1 740-41 Bennington chartered 1 749 Settlements at Bellows Falls and Springfield I753 Bennington Settled 1761 The boundary line between New York and New Hampshire determined by the King 1764 First convention on New Hampshire Grants 1765 Massacre at Westminster i775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga May lO, 1775 American Colonies Declared Independent. . . . July 4, 1776 Vermont Declared Independent 1 Y 1777 Constitution of Vermont formed .... J 28o History of Vermont Battles of Hubbardton and Bennington I777 First election under the Vermont constitution. 1778 First Meeting of Vermont Legislature, Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States 1783 Vermont Enters the Union 1791 Voted to make Montpelier the capital 1805 State prison built at Windsor 1809 War with Great Britain begun 1812 Battle of Plattsburg and the Lake 18 14 The Champlain canal opened * 1823 Presidential electors first chosen by the freemen 1828 Executive council abolished, Senate introduced 1836 The first telegraph line opened in Vermont. . l*irst railway passenger tram m Vermont. County officers first chosen by the freemen 1850 Fort Sumter captured, first call for troops. . April 14, 1861 St. Albans raid October 19, 1864 General Lee Surrendered April 9, 1865 Biennial sessions of the legislature begun 1870 Each county becomes a self-taxing body 1872 First electric lights in Vermont 1885 Town system of schools 1 892 First electric railway in Vermont 1893 Capture of Manila by Admiral Dewey May i, 1898 Dedication of Ethan Allen memorial tower, Burlington August 16, 1905 Centennial Celebration at Montpelier of location of capital October 4, 1905 Grand List 2«I The Grand List of Vermont, 1906, is $1,904,461.45 This list consists of the Poll List of 91,071 polls at $2.00 per poll, amounting to. . $ 182,142.00 And one per cent of a Property List consist- ing of the appraised valuation of 5,251,068 acres of land at $129,276,413.00, and personal property, above debts, amounting to $42,955,532.00; total, $172,231,945.00. One per cent of $172,231,945.00 $1,722,319.45 Grand List $1,904,461.45 The Vermont State Flag 282 History of V'ermont STATE OFFICERS— GOVERNORS A List of Persons ivho have held the Office of Governor since the organization of the State, and their Portraits Thomas Chittenden 1778-89 Moses Robinson 1789-90 Thomas Chittenden* ...1790-97 Paul Brighamt, Aug. 25 to Oct. 16, 1797 Isaac Tichenor 1797-07 Israel Smith 1807-08 Isaac Tichenor 1808-09 Jonas Galusha ..1809-13 Martin Chittenden 1813-15 Jonas Galusha 1815-20 Richard Skinner 1820-23 Cornelius P. Van Ness. . 1823-26 Ezra Butler 1826-28 Samuel C. Crafts 1828-31 William A. Palmer 1831-35 Sil.is II. Jennisonl 1835-36 Silas H. Jennison 1836-41 Charles Paine 1S41-43 John Mattocks 1843-44 William Slade 1844-46 Horace Eaton 1846-48 Carlos Coolidge 1848-50 Charles K. Williams. ... 1850-52 Erastus Fairbanks 1852-53 John S. Robinson 1853-54 Stephen Royce 1854-56 Ryland Fletcher . 1856-58 Hiland Hall 1858-60 Erastus Fairbanks 1860-61 Frederick Holbrook ....1861-63 J. Gregory Smith 1863-65 Paul Dillingham 1865-67 John B. Page 1867-69 Peter T. Washburn|| 1869-70 George W. Hendee§ . . . .1870 John W. Stewart 1870-72 Julius Converse 1872-74 Asahel Peck 1 874-76 Horace Fairbanks 1876-78 Redfield Proctor 1878-80 Roswell Farnham 1880-82 John L. Barstow 1882-84 Samuel E. Pingree 1884-86 Ebenezer J. Ormsbee. ... 1886-88 William P. Dillingham. 1888-90 Carroll S. Page 1890-92 Levi K. Fuller 1892-94 Urban A. Woodbury. .. .1894-96 Josiah Grout 1896-98 Edward C. Smith. 1898-00 William W. Stickney. .. 1900-02 John G. McCullough. . .1902-04 Charles J. Bell 1904-06 Fletcher D. Proctor 1906 * Died in office Aufust 25, 1797. t Lieutenant Guvernor, acting Governor on the deatli of Governor Chittenden I Lieutenant Governor, Governor by reason of no election of Governor by the people. II Died in office, Feb. 7, 1870. § Lieutenant Governor, Governor by reason of the death of Governor Washburn. Portraits of Moses Robinson, Ezra Butler, Horace Eaton, Carlos Coolidge, have never ap- peared in any text book before, the first two being composite pictures executed in 1905 from sketches approved by descendants. This is the first text-book to contain ponraits of all the governors of the State. GOVERNORS OF VERMONT Thomas Chittenden, 1st and 3-d Gov., 1778-89, 1790 97. 18 years Moses Robinson. 2nd Gov.. 1789-90 Paul Brii;h;\m, 4th (iA., 2 mos., 1797 Isaac Tichenor, 5tli an. I 7tli (,uv., 11 yrs. Profile of Israel Smith, 6tli Gov., 1807-8 Jonas Galusha, 8th an 1 10th Gov., 9 yrs. Martin Cliitteiiden, 9th Gov.. 181M5 Richard Skinner, 11th Gov., 1820-2} Cornelius i'. Van Ness, 12th Gov., 1823 26 Ezra Butler, 13th Gov., 1826 28 Samuel C. Crafts, 14tli Gov., 1828-31 \\ ill:..!ii Silas H. Jrriiiisoii. 16tli ami 17tli Gov., 1835-41 Charies Paine. 18th Gov., 1841-4! John Mattocks, 19th Gov., 1843-44 William Slade. 20th Gov., 1844-46 Horace Eaton, 21st Gov., 1846-48 Carlos Coolidge, 22nd Gov., 1848-50 (285) (19) Charles Kilhorn Williams. 2!rd Gov. 1850-52 Erastus Fairbanks. 24th and 29tli Gov. 1852-55, 1860-61 John S. Robinson. 25th Gov.. 1853-54 Stephen Royce. 26th Gov.. 1854-56 Ryland Fletcher. 27th Gov.. 1856-58 Hiland Hall, 28th Gov.. 1858-60 (286) Frederick Holbrook. ?0.1« Gov., 1861-63 John Gregory Smith, 31s, Gov.. 1863 65 Paul Dillingham, 32nd Gov., 1865 67 John B. Page, 33rd Gov., 1867-69 Peter T. Washburn, 34th Gov.. 4 m. 1869-0 George W. Hendee, 3 5th Gov.. 8 m. 1870 (287) Joliii W. Stewart, 36tli Gov., 1870-72 Julius Comerse. ,.. Senator Solomon Foot 1851-66 Senator Jacob Collamer 1855-65 Senator Justin S. Morrill 1867-99 Senator George F. Edmunds 1866-91 Portraits of Redfield Proctor and William P. Dillingham, senators at time of publication, will be found among the governors, pages 296 and 297 respectively 294 History of Vermont REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS From 1791 to 1905 Nathaniel Niles 1791-95 Israel Smith 1791-97 Daniel Buck 1795-99 Matthew Lyon 1797-1801 Lewis R. Morris ... .1797-1803 Israel Smith .. . ._ William Chamberlain . , Martin Chittenden James Elliot Gideon Olin James Fisk James Witherell* Samuel Shaw William Chaniberlain . . Jona. H. Hubbard James Fisk William Strong William C. Bradley.... Ezra Butler Richard Skinner Charles Rich Daniel Chipman Luther Jewett Chauncey Langdon Asa Lyon Charles Marsh John Noyes Heman Allen of Colches- tert Samuel C. Crafts William Hunter Orsamus C. Merrill.... Charles Rich Mark Richards William Strong Ezra Meech Rollin C. Mallor> Elias Keyes .... John Mattocks Phineas White William C. Bradiev D. Azro A. Buck. ." Ezra Meech John Mattocks . George E. Wales Heman Allen of Milton. 801-03 803-05 803-13 803-09 803-07 805-09 807-08 808-13 809-11 809-11 811-15 811-15 813-15 813-15 813-15 813-15 815-17 815-17 815-17 815-17 815-17 815-17 817-18 817-2. 817-19 817-19 817-25 817-21 819-21 819-21 819-31 821-23 821-23 821-23 823-27 823-29 825-27 825-27 825-29 827-29 Benjamin Swift 1827-31 Jonathan Hunt+ 1827-32 William Cahoon 1827-33 Horace Everett 1829-43 William Slade 1831-43 Heman Allen of Milton. 1832-39 Hiland Hall 1833-43 Benjamin F. Deming. .. 1833-35 Henry F. Janes 1835-37 Isaac Fletcher 1837-41 John Smith 1839-41 Augustus Young 1841-43 John Mattocks 1841-43 George P. Marsh 1843-49 Solomon Foot 1843-47 Paul Dillingham 1843-47 Jacob Collamer 1843-49 William Henry 1847-51 Lucius B. Peck 1847-51 William Hebard 1849-53 James Meachamt 1849-56 Ahiman L. Miner 1851-53 Thomas Bartlett, jr 1851-53 Andrew Tracy 1853-55 Alvah Sabin 1853-57 Justin S. Morrill 1855-67 George T. Hodges 1856-57 Eliakim P. Walton 1857-63 Homer E. Royce 1857-61 Portus Baxter 1861-67 Fred'k E. Woodbridge. . 1863-69 Worthington C. Smith. . 1867-73 I uke ". Poland 1867-75 Charles W. Willard 1869-75 George W. Hendee 1873-79 Dudley C. Denison 1875-79 Charles H. Joyce 1875-83 Bradley Barlow 1879-81 James M. Tyler 1879-83 William W. Grout 1881-83 Luke P. Poland 1883-85 John W. Stewart 1883-91 William W. Grout. . .1885-1900 H. Henry Powers. .. .1891-1900 Kittredge Haskins 1900- D. J. Foster 1900- * Resigned in 1808, to accept the appointment of Federal Judge in Michigan Territory t^Resigned in 1818, and was appointed U. S. Marshal for Vermont tiDied in office CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF VERMONT AND THE UNITED STATES REVISED 1907 I. Civics Text II. Constitution of Vermont III. Constitution of the United States u Civil Government of Vermont INTRODUCTORY NOTE The following text on Civics is not intended as an ex- haustive treatise of the subject, but rather as a clear and concise statement of the essential governmental principles that should be taught in the public schools, of the qualities that enter into good citizenship, and of the processes of law making and administration. The chief benefits to be derived are best secured by the individual pupils learning facts con- cerning the business affairs of the town, studying details of administration and investigating phases of local and state government. Accordingly, the teacher is reminded that the text is a means rather than an end, and that ample oppor- tunity is afforded for supplementary work on the part of the pupils. These chapters are published with the hope that they may be so employed by the teachers that the pupils will be thoroughly impressed with their duties and responsibilities as citizens. The regular text is followed by copies of warnings of various meetings and of ballots used in the general elections of 1904; also by the Constitutions of Vermont and of the United States. 2()3 Civil Goverxmext of Vermont CIVICS FREEMAN'S OATH— You solemnly sicca,- {or affirm) that ivhenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you ivill do it so as in your conscience you shall judge ivill most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the constitution, ivithout fear or favor of any man. CHAPTER I 1 I h n w Preparation for Citizenship N ALL RELATIONS to the State ft is one's highest duty to be a good citizen. In order to be a good citizen it is necessary, first, to be a good man or a good woman ; and, in order to be either, it is necessary to have good prin- ciples. Principles are the forces that direct and control conduct. Therefore a good man or a good woman is a person of good conduct. Opportunities for exercising right principles are afforded in the home, at school, and with associates; and this exercise of right principles is the training necessary for the forming of right habits and for becoming a good citizen. The impulses of most children are to do right, and little training is necessary. Other children may not be so fortunatelv endowed, or, through unfortunate associa- Preparation for Citizenship 299 tions, may have practiced wrong principles, and so the cultivation of right habits is slower and more difficult. Principles of right conduct can usually be determined by asking the question "Is it right?", or by asking subordinate questions such as "Is it kind?", "Is it true?", "Is it honest?", "Is it fair?", "Is it just?" That which decides between right and wrong principles is called conscience; but frequently a question of expediency or a question concerning the better of two courses arises and then the judgment acts as arbiter. Conscience and judgment are both train- able through exercise; and the more they are trusted, exer- cised and followed, the stronger and more intelligent they become. When a right principle becomes thoroughly in- trenched in one's life it becomes a virtue ; and so we speak of home virtues, of school virtues, of social virtues, and of civic virtues, — all developed by the exercise of right principles. The highest principle is service, and the charm of service is the glad manner in which it is rendered. In the home each child should contribute his share of service to the family ; should have certain appointed tasks to perform ; and these should be performed regularly and willingly. Also, in all family relations, there should be kindness and cordial respect. The earliest opportunity for the exercise of right principles and for training in the virtues is in the home. Here, as in school and in life, the cardinal virtue is obedience, the characteristics of which are willingness, promptness, and exactness. If anything is done unwillingly or through coercion it is mere conformity. The school is practically the home enlarged in its relations and in its work. Consequently the virtues cultivated in the home are still further developed at school. But in the school 3O0 CiNiL Government of Vermont new sets of virtues are brought into prominence through the new relations and through work of a new character. In the schoolroom the teacher is the authority rather than the parents; associates are others than brothers or sisters; and the work necessarily differs from that of the home. High school pupils at drill « The chief virtues to be exercised at school are punctuality and regularity in attendance; industry, independence and order in work ; cheerful obedience to the rules and regulations of the school; kindness and fairness toward all. The child at school has more frequent and severe tests of his virtues than at home, and any child that stands the tests of char- acter at school will undoubtedly endure those of later years. In the schoolroom there should be no dissimulation, there should be no disposition to select the mistakes and defects of other pupils and speak of them, there should be no shielding of intentional wrong by silence or evasion; y Preparation for Citizenship 301 but frankness and truthfulness should prevail, the excellence of other pupils should be observed and spoken of w^ith pleasure, a sense of right conduct as con- ducive to the best w^ork andreputation of the school should dominate, and a +A7bc d7f rtTjif I V SON ^H f .iher.Khich in 1m- ^mti *rKlnj t w,iibcJ,.ruoi)E«ri}i,.itti,i„l IHtfvtA. GictuithijDjyourl »t>itt«rpifii«lonu<: AoJ P.«s in the large square at the top of the column, and make no other mark on the paper. To vote for any ONE PERSON ih this column, make a cross (X) in the small space at the right of his name, and place NO cross in the large square. If you choose, you may write on the blank lines names other than those printed, and mark them in the same way. DEMOCRATIC PARTY. For Electors of PRESIDENT and VICE-PRESIDENT of the Dnited States. Vote for Four. A. COCHRAN, Groton, Democratic. T. HOXIE HALL, Pownal, Democratic. J. H. DONNELLY,Vergennes,Democratic H. N. DEAVITT, Colchester, Democratic. FOLD YOUR BALLOT BEFORE LEAVING THE BOOTH. Vermont Facsimile 375 OFFICIAL BALLOT for Eleclion of State Officers, ^^JJi. (BIENNIAL.) To vote for EVERY PERSON in this column of candidates, place ONE cross (X) m the large square at the top of the column, and make no other mark on the paper. To vote for any ONE PERSON m this column To vote for EVERY PERSON in this column of candidates, place ONE cross (X) in the large square at the top of the column. To vote for any ONE PERSON in this column, make a cross (X) in the small space make a cross (X) in the small space at the at the right of his name, and place NO cross right of his name, and place NO cross in the in the large square. If you choose, you may lar°-e square If you choose, you may write write on the blank lines names oti er than on "the blank lines names other than those those printed, and mark them in the same printed, and mark them in the same way. way. REPUBLICAN PARTY. For eOVERNOR Vole for e. Charles J. Bell. Walden. RepuhlicHn. l For LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR Vole tor One- Charles H. Stearns. Johnson. Republican.! For TREASURER. Vote for One. John L. Bacon, Hartford. RepublictinT For SECREIARY OF STATE. Vof" for One. F. G Fleetwood, Morristowu. Republican.! For Aud lor of Accounts- Vote for One. H. F. Graham, Craftsbury. Republican.] For Rep, to Congress. 1st Dlslrict- Vo'e for i>ne. D J. I'oster, Burlington. Repubiican For Senators. Vote for Fo'jr. H. O.Carpenter,City of Rut'd. Republican. W. H. Rowland, Poultney. Repub lican Dan U. Burditt, Pittsford. Republican. J. E. Buxton. Middletown. Republican. For Assistant Judges of County Court. Vote for Two. G. D. Wheaton, Pittsford. Republican. Rodne.v M. Lewis, Wells. Repubiican For State's Attorney. Vote for One. R.A.Lawrence, City of Rut'd. Republican.! 1 For Sheriff. Vo|« for One. D. P. Peabody,'City of Rut'd. Republican.! 1 For High Bailiff. Vole for One. L. Southworth, Middletown. Republican. 1 For Judge of rebate for Dislrlci of Rut. Vote for One. T. C. Robbtns, City of Rutr^ Hardwick 64 Hartford 73 Highest peaks 73 Highgate 75 Highways 48 Hudson canal 13, 21 Hudson River 65 Hyde Park 71 Iron 63 Island Pond . 71 Johnson 69 Killington Peak 73 Lakes 52 Lead 21, 24 Leicester Junction 75 Libraries 74 Limestone 89 Location 52 Ludlow 24 Lyndon 88 Mails 66 Manchester 21, 23 Mansfield, Mt. 51 Maple sugar . 45, 68 Marble 67 Memphremagog, Lake 73 Middlebury 38 Missisquoi River 67 Montpelier 68 Morristown 68 Newbury 73 Newfane 49 Newport 47 Newspapers 47 Northfield 51 North Hero . 27 North Troy . Page 46 17 57 17 15 66 24 77 64 15 68 39 35 22, 24 76 51 76 16 27 52 71 88 60 13 75 (>(, 89 73 16 47 54 21, 24 71 24 77 76 65 74 67 89 76 68 67 432 Geography of Vermont Page Page Otter creek 24 South Royal ton 75 Parallel ranges 16 Springfield 64 Pittsford 71 St Albans 68 Political divisions, etc. 6i, 80 St. Johnsbury . 65 Poultney 73 Swanton 68 Pownal 74 Taconic Mountains 17 Proctor 72 Talc 52 Questions 32, 40 Telegraph and telephone 89 Railroads 35 Temperature . 43 Rainfall 43 Valleys . 18 Randolph 75 Vergennes 71 Readsboro 74 Vernon . 63 Red Sandrock Mou titains 17 Wallingford . 72 Resorts . 30, 79 Wallis pond 21 Richford 67 Waterburv 76 Richmond 68 Waterfalls 25 Rivers 23 Watersheds 17 Rockingham . 64 Waterway 35 Rutland 72 Wells River . 65 Ryegate 6s Westminster . 63 Saxtons River 64 White River Junction 64 Schools . 87 Wilder . . 64 Settlement, first 63 Willoughby La ke '. 29 Shaftsbury 73 Wilmington 74 Slate 59 Winds 43 Snow 44 Windsor 64 Soapstone 52 Winooski 68 South Londonderry 74 Woodstock 75 The Billings Library, ^^ivt■^^it\ nl \ (.iiikjiu INDEX TO HISTORY Action of the U. S. . Action, final, of Vermont . Albany Convention Annexation, some results of Anti-Slavery Anti-Slavery vote Appeal to Congress . Attitude of the people Beginnings made Bennington, settlement of . Bennington battle Boundaries of New Hampshire Business enterprises Campaign of 1777 Campaign of 1812 Canada, invasion of . Changes in the Constitution Changes, industrial Church and State Churches Churchills, the City and country Claims of the New York Party Claims of the settlers . Claim, the Southern . Clark, Admiral . Clark, Colonel . . College, Middlebury Colleges of Vermont Commerce, as to . Congress resolves Contest, parties to Contraband of war . Convention at Albany Convention at Bennington Convention at Manchester Convention at Windsor Conventions at Dorset Conventions at Westminster Conventions, constitutional Counties Course of trade, the . Debt, imprisonment for Declaration of Independence, Vermont's 196, Page 193 193 130 189 235 245 187 148 203 137 164 124 234 160 222 158 264 264 196 206, 240 171 265 141 142 246 261 224 271 273 228 189 187 250 130 141 178 182 178, 179 180 184 147. 179. 183, [95, 219. 263 229 241 i8i 434 History of Vermont Deeifield, raid against Derby Development Dewey, Admiral Dress Duke of Kent, the Education Electoral votes . English and French, positions and aims Expedition against the Mohawks Expedition, hrst English Expedition, Rogers Experiments Exploration, first Exploring parties Farm machinery Fleet ready, American Fort Dummer Fort Dummer, settlements near Fort St. Anne Forts and settlements, temporary Fort Sumter French and Indian Wars , Green Mountain Boys, the Guaranty, Vermont seeks a Hardships Hubbardton Huntington Fund Imprisonment for debt Indians, the Industrial School Johnson captivity Jurisdiction, changed Kindness to strangers Knox, Timothy . Lafayette, General, visit of Lake Champlain, on . Lake Champlain, Americans possess Lake Champlain, at the head of Land forces gather Legislature, the Lines, the main Local manufactures Lotteries Lyon, Matthew Mails Matches Middlebury College Military operations, other Military road, a Page ii8 224 187 260 201 20I 196, 207, 238, 265, 273 218 130 "5 118 134 198 "3 122 241 225 21, 127 125 114 123 248 27. 131 143 192 99. 209 161 268 241 114 268 131 140 209 139 240 59, 223 157 163 225 94, 212 250 233 210 202 212 241 271 169 131 Index 435 Muster, the National Idea, growth of Newbury, settlement of New administration, the New Englanders, the New Government organized New Hampshire Grants News New York anxious New York appeals to Cong Niagara frontier, on the Normal schools Northern towns, the . North, the purpose of Norwich University . No slavery Obstacles Other early births Otter Creek, at the mouth of Otter Creek Falls, at Our work so far Parties, political Plattsburg saved People, attitude of the Political Population of Vermont President's call, the . Progress Punishments Regiment, a continental Regiment, first (See also Muster (251' Regiment, Warner's first Railroads Religious activity Representation Resistance overcome Rewards offered Roads Rogers expedition Royalton burned St. Albans raid . St. Clair and Warner Schenectady, raid against Scouting parties Secession Senate introduced, the Service, the Settlement, the first . Sheriff Ten Evck and Service (253) 94, 209, 220, Page 251 245 138 247 164 184 140 140 191 190 224 268 221 246 272 215 188 133 224 lAC 217 217 226 148 222 263 248 205 213 248 157 242 265 263 190 145 195 134 174 258 162 117 128 246 219 253 121 144 436 History of Vermont South aroused, the Stark, General . State Prison Steamboats Temperance reform Ticonderoga Town governments Travel Turnpikes Twentieth centur}', opening of tl United States, action of University of Vermont Vermont aroused Vermont content Vermont in 1749 Vermont in 1760 Vermont responds Vermont seeks a guaranty Vermont's contribution War of 1812 War of 1812 ended Washington sent to the Ohio Westminster massacre 220, Page 249 164 213 228 234 153 176 230 211 274 193 270 249 190 129 136 192 192 275 232 228 130 149 It is a tradition that the original seal of Vermont was carved on' ox horn by an English officer, and it is authenticated that the first seal for use was cut in steel, perhaps with this as a pattern, by Reuben Dean, a silversmith and machinist of Windsor, formerly of Connecticut. He lived in Dover from 1796 to 1813, and was town clerk. He served as delegate to the constitutional convention in 1814. His shop was in his house at Windsor, and his handicraft extended to all sorts of work in metals. A stone now marks his burial place in the old church yard. INDEX TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT Adjutant and Inspector General Agent; town Agriculture, Board of Ambassador, etc.. Articles of confederation Asylum, Trustees of the State Amendments Attorney-General Auditor, county Auditor of Accounts . Auditors, town . Australian system Ballots .... Bank Examiner Beginnings of government Bills .... Cabinet .... Cattle Commissioners Caucuses .... Chancery, Court of . Circuit Courts . Citizenship, rights and duties of City, powers and duties of . City, the . Civil Authority, Board of . Claims, Court of, Vermont Claims, Court of, United States Clerk, county Clerk, town Committees, legislative Committees, reports of Congress Constable Constitution, a . Constitution of the United States Constitution of the United States, amendment Constitution of the United States, analysis Constitution of the United States, formation Constitution of Vermont Continental Congress Conventions County appointments County courts County officials, duties of 379, 327, 336 317 337 361 353 337 364 327 328 327 317 325 325 337 355 333 360 339 322 341 362 344 320 319 315 341 363 328 315 360 306 357 316 306 405 364 366 354 405 352 322 326 340 327 438 Civil Government of Vermont Page Court of Vermont ........ 340 Courts of the United States 362 Dental Examiners .... 339 Departments of government 330 Departments of government, United States 356 Disposition of a proposition 3" District Courts .... 362, 363 Election of Congressmen . 358 Election of House and Senate officers . 3S9 Election of Senators .... 334. 359 Examiner of teachers, county 329, 339 Executive department 360 Exemptions ..... 357 Expiration of office .... 338 Facsimiles ..... 370-375 Fish and Game Commissioner . 338 Forest . Commissioner 337 Freeman, etc., definition 317 Freeman's oath ..... 298 Freemen's meeting .... 324 Freemen's meeting, officers voted for • 326 General Assembly . . . . 331 General elections .... 324, 326 Geologist, State .... 337 Government ..... J05, 321, 348 Government of the United States 349 Government, roots of . . . 351 Governor and Lieutenant-Governor . 330 Grand Jurors, town .... 316 Health, Board of ... . 337 High Bailiff 328 Highway Commissioner 336 Incorporated villages 319 Insane, Supervisors of . . . 337 Instructions to voters, facsimile . 372 Insurance Commissioners . 327 Introductory note .... 297 Judge Advocate General . 336 Judges, assistant .... 327 Judges of Probate .... 328 Judges of Supreme Court . 340 Judges, Superior .... 341 Judiciary Department 362 Juries, grand ..... 342 Juries, how chosen . 342, 363 Juries, Justice Court .... 342, 343 Juries, petit ..... 342 Justice ballot, facsimile 374 Justice courts ..... 341, 342 Justice of the Peace, duties of . . 328 Index 439 Justice of the Peace, election of Legislative Department, State Legislative Department, United States Letter from George Washington Library Commissioners Listers .... Majority, etc., definition of Mayor, the Medical Registration, Board of Moderator Motions, kinds of Motions, putting of . Municipal Courts National ballot, facsimile . Naturalization . Nomination of State officers OflFenses vs. purity of elections, facsimile of notice Normal School Commissioners Officers appointed by the Governor Officers appointed by Governor, confirmed by Senate Officers elected by General Assembly. Officers, town Organization, method of Organization of society Osteopathic Examination, etc., Board of Overseer of the Poor . Parliamentary rules Pay of town officers . Penal Institutions, Board of Pharmacy, Board of . Political parties Posting of laws, etc. . President Presidential elections Presiding officer Principles of conduct Probate Court Probation officer Public Printing, Commissioner of Purity of elections, facsimile of Quartermaster-General Quorum .... Railroad Commissioners Ratification Reports of State officers Representative ballot, facsimile Representatives, assignment of Representatives at large Representatives, election of Page 323 331 357 378 339 317 309 319 339 315 3" 310 341 374 318 322 370 339 338 336 335 315 307 305 339 316 309 315 338 339 321 325 360, 361 323, 329 307 298, 305 328, 341 329 338 370 336 308, 358 337 355 326 373 358 359 322 440 Civil Government of Vermont Representatives, House of . Salaries of United States officers School directors Schools, support of School virtues Secretary of State Selectmen Senate Senators, United States Sergeant-at-Arms Sheriff Slaves, status of Special powers of each house Special powers of each house, national Special town meetings State officers' ballot, facsimile State officials, duties of State's Attorney Superintendent of Education Superintendents, town Superior judges Supreme Court of Vermont Supreme Court of the United Stages Taxation Taxes, Commissioner of State Tax notice Territorial courts Town and city elections Town meetings, special Town officers, election and duti Town, powers and duties Treasurer, town Treasurer, county Treasurer, State Tuberculosis Commissioners Union of States Virtues to be cultivated Volters, qualifications of Voting, methods of Ward system Warning for city election, facsimile Warning for freemeq's meeting, facsimile Warning for presidential election Warning for special meeting Warning for town meeting Warning of elections Page 332 357, 362 317 345 300 327 316 331 335 335 328 355 331, 332 359i 360 31S 375 326 328 135, 339 317 340, 341 340 362 345 337 373 363 314, 319 315 315 313 316 328 326, 327 339 355 303 517. 324 308 319 370 371 371 371 373 325 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Act of Admission . . 204 Allen, capture of Ticon- deroga . . . 156 Allen, home . . 144 Allen, memorial tower 155 Allen, statue . . 153 American, first . . 113 Arsenal building, Vergennes 70 Ascutney mountain . 18, 57 Athens, soap-stone . 53 Bakersfield, Brigham Academy ... 67 Barnard, Silver Lake . 42 Barre, Goddard Seminary 77 Barre, granite shed 58 Barstow, John L. . 289 Barton, Crystal Lake 34 Bell, Charles J. . . 290 Bellows Falls . . 19 Bellows Free Academy . 83 Bennington — battle, plan . . 169 battle, last survivors 166 battle monument 168, 170 catamount tavern memorial . . 167 center, old . . 144 first meeting-house . 206 school . 85 plan . . 177 Soldiers' Home . 257 Bethel .... 59 Bill of Credit . . 135 Billings Library . . 432 Black River . . 23 Bolton Falls dam . 25 Bradford Academy . 266 Bradford, Clark birthplace 261 Brandon, falls . . 69 Brattleboro — school ... 84 stamp . . 243 Sergeant tombstone 133 Bridgeman fort . . 129 Page Bridport, plan . 62 Brigham Academy . 67 Brigham, Paul . . 283 Burgoyne's kettle . . 170 Burlington — Bay ... 69 Allen tower . 155 Billings Library . 432 High School . 267 University of Vt. 86, 198 Burr and Burton Seminary 74 Butler, Ezra . . 284 Canal boat . . . 331 Carver's Falls . 26 Castleton Normal School 87 Castleton River . . 26 Catamount Tavern memorial 167 Cavendish, Johnson stones 132 Cents of 1776 and 1785 191 Chair, old-fashioned . 139 Champlain monument . 113 Champlain, Samuel de . 115 Chittenden, Martin . 284 Chittenden, Thomas . 283 Clarendon, Harrington monument . 216 Clarendon Springs . 62 Clark, Adm., birthplace 261 Coach, old . . 151 Collamer, Jacob . . 293 Colonial costumes . 131 Connecticut River 19, 21, 203 Constitution House . 184 Constitution of Vermont, title page . 186 Converse, Julius . 288 Coolidge, Carlos . . 285 Copper mines . - 53 Corn crusher . . 139 Court House — Westminster 149, 150 Woodstock . . 145 Crafts, Samuel C. . 284 Crystal Lake . • 34 442 CoNANT^s Vermont Danby, road building Danville — library . Phillips Academy West, Joe's Pond Dewey, George Dillingham, Paul Dillingham, W. P. Dorr, Julia C. R. Drill, high school Ducking stool Dummer, Fort Duxbury, North Eagle, American Eagle camp beach Eastman, Charles G. Eaton, Horace Edmunds, George F. Edmunds high school Election, first Equinox mountain Fairbanks, Erastus Fairbanks, Horace Fairfax, Bellows Free Academy . Fairhaven, falls Fairhaven, school . Fairlee, Lake Morey Farnham, Roswell Fenian raid . Flag, American 130, Flag, Vermont Fletcher, Ryland . Foot, Solomon Fourteen mile drive Franklin, school French and Indfan War battle French, Wm., tombstone Fuller, Levi K. Galusha, Jonas Garrison house Gettysburg monuments ; Goddard Seminary Gookins Falls Gordon's landing Governors Granite quarry Granite sheds Granite team Page 38 Green Mountains . Greensboro, Caspian Lake 88 Grout, Josiah 239 Hall, HJland 29 Hardwick, granite shed 260 Harrington monument 287 Hartford monument 289 Hathawaj-'s Point . 276 Hazen Road marker 300 Hendee, George W. 215 Holbrook, Frederick 122 Horn-book 24 Horse-shoe, old 262 Houses, early 22 Hubbardton battle, plan 276 Hubbardton monument 285 Indian 293 Indians — 267 belt 296 burning house 14 chief 286 fights 114, 288 hunting . implements 125, 127, 83 ■ 135, 137. 26 outbreak 85 road 31 trading . 288 treaty 2';8 war dance 153, 262 wigwams 281 Iroquois, fights with 286 Isle La Motte, site of fort 293 Jennison, Silas H. . 31 Joe's Pond 300 Johnson, Lamoille . Johnson Normal School 116 Johnson stones 151 Kettles, old . 289 Killington 283 Lake Beebe . 138 Lake Bomoseen 52, 255 Lake Caspian 77 Lake Champlain 22, 37, 27 Lake Dunmore 37 Lake Echo 283-291 Lake Hortonia 56 Lake Memphremagog <;8 Lake Morey . 59 Lake St. Catherine 1 20, 14 30 290 286 S8 2l6 256 13 171 287 287 301 233 138 162 163 "3 142 117 121 116 120 128 210 119 121 136 u8 134 114 123 285 29 24 87 132 212 16 31 39 30 69, 117 49 31 31 20 31 42 List of Illustrations 443 Page Page Lake Willoughby . 79 Newbury — Lamoille River . 24, 26 plan 313 Leicester, Silver Lake . 34 Seminary 208 Library, Danville . 88 toll bridge 2H Logging scenes 17, 21 Newport 20 Lyndon Institute 216 Normal schools 87 Manchester . 75 Northfield, school . 266 Burr and Burton 74 Norwich University 77 Mt. Equinox . 14 Ormsbee, E. J. 289 Soldiers' monument 158 Otter creek . 185 Mansfield 15 Otter creek falls 27 28 Maple sugar grove 48 Oven, old-fashioned 148 Marble mills 55 Page, Carroll S. . 289 Marble quarry 54 Page, John B. 287 Marsh, Joseph •330 Paine, Charles 285 Mattocks, John 285 Palisade house ii8 McCullough, J. G. 290 Palmer, William A. 284 Meeting house, first 206 Partridge, Alden . 272 Middlebury College 86 Pastures 147 Middlebury falls . 28 Peck, Asahel 288 Middlebury school 376 Philip, King . 121 Middletown Springs, school 92 Phillips Academy . 239 Minuet 244 Pico, Mt. 17 Minute man . 225 Pillory .... 213 Montpelier 78 Pingree, Samuel E. 289 Allen statue 152 Plough, old . 233 plan 195 Poultney — Seminary 78 East, building 89 State houses 324, 325, 329 slate quarry 73 Monuments — Troy Conference Ac- Allen 152 ademy 377 Bennington 168, 170 Proctor — Burgoyne 164 falls 28 Catamount Tavern . 167 mills 55 Champlain 113 school 376 Chittenden 304 Proctor, Fletcher D. 291 Gettysburg . 252, 255 Proctor, Redfield 288 Harrington 216 Punishments, early 207, 213, 214 Hartford 256 Puritan maid 124 Hubbardton 163 Quechee Gorge 27 Manchester 158 Randolph 76 Royalton 175 Randolph Normal School 87 Rutland 173 Road building •j8 Story 200 Robinson, John S. . 286 Morey Lake . 31 Robinson, Moses . 283 Morrill, Justin S. . 293 Robinson, Rowland E. . 278 Morrisville, Lamoille 26 Rockingham, old church 91 Mt. Holly, train . 36 Royalton, burning 172 Neshobe River, falls 69 Royalton, monument 175 444 Con ant's Vermont Page Page Royce, Stephen 286 Settlers, early 117, 119, 140, 174 Rutland — 185, 202, 209, 241 Center . . 27, 55 Shrewsbury Pond . 259 Fort, site 173 Silver Lake, Barnard 42 old ... 71 Silver Lake, Leicester 34 scale works 72 Skinner, Richard . 284 State House 242 Slade, William 285 West, quarry . 54 Slate quarry, Poultney . 73 Samplers . 231, 232 Smith, E. C. 290 Saxe, John G. 271 Smith, Israel 283 Saxtons River, Vermont Smith, J. G. . 287 Academy . 377 Soap-stone quarry . 53 Scale works . . 65, 72 Soldiers' Home 257 Schoolmaster, old-fashioned 197 Spade, hand-made 205 School, old-fashioned 197, 237 Spinning . . 141, 201 Schools — Springfield 18, 23, 63 Bellows Free Academy 83 Springfield, school 82 Bennington 85 Springfield, Indian road 18 Bradford Academy 266 Stamp, Brattleboro 243 Brattleboro 84 Stamp, British 143 Brigham Academy . (>! Stark, General 165 Burlington 267 State Industrial School . 70 Burr and Burton 74 State House, Rutland . 242 Fairhaven 85 State Houses, Montpelier 324 Franklin 300 325, 329 Goddard Seminary 77 Steamboat, early . 60 Lyndon Institute 2l6 Stewart, John W. . 288 Middlebury 376 Stickney, William W. . 290 Middlebury College 86 Stocks 213 Middletown Springs 92 Story, monument . 200 Montpelier Seminary 78 St. Albans Bay . 429 Newbury Seminary 208 St. Albans depot . rmont; and Whereas, the patriotic act of Mason S. Stone in revising, editing and publishing these Vermont text books merits the gratitude and thanks of the people of Vermont; Therefore Resolved, by the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, that we hereby express the thanks of the General Assembly of the Stare of Vermont to the compiler of these books for his able work; and Be it Further Resolved, that the Secretary of State make a certified copy of this resolution, which shall be transmitted to Mason S. Stone. John H. Mkrrifikld, Speaker of the House. Charles H. Stkarns, President of the Senate. STATE OE VERMONT OFFICF. OF THK SECRETARY OF STATE I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of a joint resolution entitled "Joint Resolution Commending Mason S. Stone," as adopted by the (jeneral Assembly of the State of Vermont at its eighteenth biennial session, as appears by the files and records of this office. Witness my signature and the seal of this office at Montpelier, this JUth day of Nov- ember, one thousand nine hundred and four. By George L. Hunt, Deputy. Secretary of State. LAWS OF VERMONT (Copied) In every town there shall be kept for at least twenty-eight weeks in each year, at the expense of said town, by a teacher or teachers of competent ability and of good morals, a sufficient number of schools for the instruction of all the children who may legally attend all the public schools therein; and all pupils shall be thor- oughly instructed in good behavior, reading, writing, spelling, Eng- lish grammar, geography, arithmetic, free hand drawing, the history and constitution of the United States, and n. elementary physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effect of alcoholic drinks and narcotics on the human system, and shall receive special in- s truction in the geography, history, constitution and principles of the [;overnment of Vermont. Public Statutes, Section 1003, Chapter 46. Are you meeting all the requirements of above law? Conant's Vermont Complete, and Vermont Primary Historical Reader are published expressly to meet the requirements of above law. Please examine them. THE TUTTLE COMPANY, Rutland, Vt. AUU 23 »9C7 FIFTH EDITION REVISED CONANPS Geography, History Constitution and Civil Government OF VERMONT REVISED BY MASON S. STONE State Superintendent of Education of Vermont The Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vt., are the publishers of "CONANT'S VERMONT," consisting of a Geography, His- tory, Constitution and Civil Government of the State, all in one book. Edward Conant, the author, spared no pains to have it correct in every detail. In the historical part, Mr. Conant was assisted by State Librarian Hiram A. Huse of Montpelier, and other well-known historians and educators of the State. It has been used in nearly every school in the State. The work is printed from new type in ten point, leaded, and profusely illus- trated. This book meets a long-felt want in our public schools, and all Teachers and Educators welcome a school book that is so well adapted for all schools in the State, covering as it does its History, Geography and Civil Government, including the Constitution, compiled by so able an author as Edward Conant, and revised by Mason S. Stone, the State Supt. of Schools. The publishers have embodied many new features in the work, and take pride in the same. Every county receives due atten- tion as regards its prominent features, and the book is as near complete as possible. The law requires "special instruction in the Geography, History, Constitution and Civil Government of Vermont." PRICE $1.23 SAMPLE COPIES BY MAIL PREPAID FOR $1. Special Price in Quantities for School Introduction THE TUTTLE COMPANY Publishers .*. .*. Rutland, Vermont THE TUTTLE COMPANY INCORPORATED The Vermont Jobbing House Proprietors of The Celebrated Marble City Mills Writing Paper ~ Jobbers in ^=^=^==== School Practice Paper, School Crayons, Ink, Pencils, etc. Holiday Goods, Albums Bibles, Stationery : : : : Send for our 16 p. Price List of School Supplies, or send us order for School Materials and we Guarantee Satisfaction Webster's New International Dictionary With Denison's Patent Index, full sheep - - - - . . 89.2^ Witliout Index --- -... 8.50 Webster's Unabridged Dictionary G. & C. Merriam Company's Reprint Containing about 100,000 words; size 8 x 11, and 5 inches thick. Full Sheep binding, indexed, *?.50. This book is about the size of the regular Webster's International Dictionary, but should not be confounded with it. The copyright has run out on the original book and this is a reprint of Unabridged at a reduced price. It is cheap and desirable for reference in schools, offices and the family, where the higher priced and last edition of the regular Webster cannot be afforded. ORDER AT ONCE. The Lambie Dictionary Holder and Attachments No. 1 Holder. Oak and Bronze Prame -------- S5.00 No. 6. Same with revolving book shelf --------- 8.50 fl®°'Just the thing. Holds any large book. WE PUBLISH THE New Primary Historical Reader of Vermont Just the Book for Vermont Boys and Girls. Only 60 cents by mail pre- paid. Introduction, 45 cents. THE TUTTLE COMPANY ESTABLISHED 1832 11 and 13 Center Street Rutland, Vermont We Occupy New Four Story Brick Block