.f ,0 '^ A^ \3, "■' ,-, ^^ A <^ - ^°o y .0^ ^°-'^-, , ^^, ♦i^.PM, * .40. ^^'V'^ ^^'•-^:^•V -^'-^^'V X^-^x. t<» '^, ^0 ^a ,0- :^ ^^>*«h^ ^ ^^•' ^^-^ ' ^^• «>^ <•. V ' ^ o^ •i- <^. ^^. o " ° « O -■ .a' -:..^- >-^-. ^bv" ^•i'^. ' . . s . > -<^ <'. V, > Y,. vi* o > .0 ^ 0^ ^ o " = ^■o " ^ *^:' V ^' ^;^K' ,^ ^ .<4 ;> ,v .^' » I 1 .0' t^o^ ^' N^ HO. -^^0^ ,>J- % C3 c o vO- '^^^ O „ ^ ^ -0 ■ ■ -^^ J' ,•- -., ,G' ^C> ... A <. 'o..* ,0^ V r,V o " o '^^ 4 V I. ' • *<*» n"^ " o , ^^-'^, ,-^0, /^^^. uL J CLdi'o J ivLhJL cllkA, cia.\^acv.cLee , i^aiatto .Halt iNMrt, I Mt LAST TUTELO. IN 1870; AGED 106. ^.,^^1^^^' March 2, 1883.] 1 [Hale. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. HELD AT PII1L.VDELP1IIA, FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. VOL. XXT. 1883. No. 114. THE TUTELO TRIBE AND LANGUAGE. By Horatio Hale. (Read before the American PhilosopMcal Society, March 2, ISSS.) The tribes of the Dakota stock, under various designations — Osages. Quappas, Kansas, Otoes, Omahas, Minitarees (or Hidatsas), lowas, Man- dans, Sioux (or Dakotas proper) and Assiniboins, have always been regarded as a people of the western prairies, wliose proper home was the vast region lying west of the Mississippi, and stretching from the Arkansas River on the south to the Saskatchawan on the north. A single tribe, the Winnebagoes, who dwelt east of the Mississippi, near the western shore of Lake Michi- gan, were deemed to be intruders into the territory of the Algonkin nations. The fact, which has been recently ascertained, that several tribes speaking languages of the Dakota stock were found by the earliest explorers occu- pying the country cast of the Alleghenies, along a line extending through the southern part of Virginia and the northern portion of Nortli Carolina, nearly to the Atlantic ocean, has naturally awakened much interest. Tliis interest will be heightened if it shall appear that not only must our etlino- graphical maps of Nortli America be modified, but that a new element has been introduced into the theory of Indian migrations. Careful researches seem to show that while the language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western Dakotas, it bears evidence of being older in form. If this conclusion shall be verified, the supposition, which at first was natural, that these eastern tribes were merely offshoots of the Dakota stock, must be deemed at least improbable. The course of migration may be found to have followed the contrary direction, and the western Dakotas, like the western Algonkins, maj' find their parent stock in the cast. As a means of solving this interesting problem, the study of the history and language of a tribe now virtuallj' extinct assumes a peculiar scientific value. Philologists will notice, also, that in this study there is presented to them a remarkable instance of an inflected language closely allied in its- vocabu- PKOC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. A. PRINTED MARCH 26, 1883. Hale.] ^ [March 2, lary and ia many of its forms to dialects which are mainly agglutinative in their structure, and bear but slight traces of inflection. In the year 1671 an exploring party under Captain Batt, leaving "the Apomatock Town," on the James River, penetrated into the mountains of Western Virginia, at a distance, by the route they traveled, of two hun- dred and fifty miles from their starting point. At this point they found " the Tolera Town in a very rich swamp between a breach [branch] and the main river of the Roanoke, circled about by mountains."* There are many errata in the printed narrative, and the circumstances leave no doubt that "Tolera" should be " Totera." On their way to this town the party had passed the Sipong [Sapony] town, which, according to the journal, was about one hundred and fifty miles west of the Apomatock Town, and about a hundred miles east of the "Toleras." A few years later we shall find these tribes in closer vicinity and connection. At this period the Five Nations were at the height of their power, and in the full flush of that career of conquest which extended their empire from the Georgian Bay on the north to the Roanoke River on the south. They had destroyed the Hurons and the Eries, had crushed the Andastes (or Conestoga Indians), hid reduced the Dela wares to subjection, and were how brought into direct collision with the tribes of Virginia and the Caro- linas. The Toteras (whom we shall henceforth know as the Tuteloes) began to feel their power. In 1633 the French missionaries had occasion to record a projected expedition of the Senecas against a people designated in the printed letter the "Tolere, " — the same misprint occurring once more in the same publication.! The traditions of the Tuteloes record long continued and' destructive wars waged against them and their allies by the Iroquois, and more especially b}'- the two western nations, the Cayu- gas and Senecas. To escape the incursions of their numerous and relent- less enemies, they retreated further to the south and east. Here they came under the observation of a skilled explorer, John Lawson, the Sur- veyor-General of South Carolina. In 1701, Lawson traveled from Char- leston, S. C, to Pamlico sound. In this journey he left the sea-coast at the mouth of the Santee river, and pursued a northward course into the hilly country, whence he turned eastward to Pamlico. At the Sapona river, which was the west branch of the Cape Fear or Clarendon river, he came to the Sapona town, where he was well received. X He there heard of the Toteros as "a neighboring nation "in the "western mountains." "At that time," he adds, "these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyawees, three small nations, were going to live together, by which they thought they should strengthen themselves and become formidable to their enemies." *Batt's Journal and Relation of a New Discovery, ia N. T. Hist. Col. Vol. Hi, . P. 191. tLarabi-eville to Bruyas, Nov. i, 1636, in N". Y. Hist. Col., Vol. iii, p. 4S4. X Gallatin sii'.?gests that Lawson was here in error, and that the Sapona river ■was a brancli of the Great Pedee, which he does not mention, and some branches which ho evidently mistook for tributaries of the Cape Fear livev. —Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, p. 85. IK BXCMAKGS Bos. Athsa. Mar 28 06 rc> 1883.1 [Hale. They were then at war with the powerful and dreaded Senecas — whom Lawson styles Sinnagers. While he was at the Sapona town, some of the Toteras warriors came to visit their allies. Lawson was struck with their appearance. He describes them, in his quaint idiom, as "tall, likely men, hiving great plenty of butlaloes, elks and bears, with every sort of deer, amongst them, which strong food makes large, robust bodies." In another place he adds: "These five nations of the Toteros, Saponas, Keiauwees, Aconechos and Schoicories are lately come amongst us, and may contain in all about 750 men, women and children."* It is known that the Tote- roes (or Tuteloes) and Saponas understood each other's speech, and it is highly probable that all the five tribes belonged to the same stock. They had doubtless fled together from southwestern Virginia before their Iro- quois invaders. The position in which they had taken refuge might well have seemed to them safe, as it placed between them and their enemies the strong and warlike Tuscarora nation, which numbered then, accord- ing to Lawson's estimate, twelve hundred warriors, clustered in fifteen towns, stretching along the Neuse and Tar rivers. Yet, even behind this living rampart, the feeble confederates were not secure. Lawson was shown, near the Sapona town, the graves of seven Indians who had been lately killed by the "Sinnegars or Jennitos" — names by which Gallatin understands the Senecas and Oneidas, though as regards the latter identi- fication there may be some question. The noteworthy fact mentioned by Lawson, that buflalocs were found in " great plenty" in the hilly country on the head waters of the Cape Fear river, may be thought to afford a clue to the causes which account for the appearance of tribes of Dakota lineage east of the Alleghcnies. The Dakotas are peculiarly a hunting race, and the buflalo is their favorite game. The fact that the Big Sandy river, which flows westward from the Alleghcnies to the Ohio, and whose head waters approach those of the Cape Fear river, was anciently known as the Totteroj'- river, has been supposed to afford an indication that the progress of the Toteros or Tute- los, and perhaps of the buffaloes which they hunted, may be traced along its course from the Ohio valley eastward. There are evidences which seem to show that this valley was at one time the residence, or at least the hunt- ing-ground, of tribes of the Dakota stock. Gravier (in 1700) affirms that the Ohio river was called by the Illinois and the Miamis the Akansea river, because the Akanseas formerly dwelt along it.f The Akanseas were identical with the Quappas, and have at a later day given their name to the river and State of Arkansas. Catliu found reason for believing * Lawson's " History of Carolina ;" reprinted by Strotlier & Marcoiu. Raleigh, 1880 ; p. 384. t "Elle" (tlie Ohio) " s'appelle par les Illinois et paries Oumlauiis la rivifire des Akanseas, parceciue les Akanseas rhabitoient autrefois. "—Gi-avier, Relation du Voyage, p. 10. I am indebted for this and other references to my esteemed friend, Dr. J. G. Shea, whose unsurpassed knowledge of Indian history is not more admirable than the liberality with which its stores are placed at the com- mand of his friends. Hale.] ^ [March 2, that the Mandans, anotlier tribe of the Southern Dakota stock, formerly — and at no very distant period— resided in the valley of the Ohio. The peculiar traces in the soil which marked the foundations of their dwellings and the position of their villages were evident, he affirms, at various points along that river. It is by no means improbable that when the buffalo abounded on the Ohio, the Dakota tribes found its valley their natural home, and that they receded with it to the westward of the Mississippi. But the inference that the region west of the Mississippi was the original home of the Dakotas, and that those of that stock who dwe.t on the Ohio or east of the Alleghenies were emigrants from the Western prairies, does not, by any means, follow. By the same course of reasoning we might conclude that the Aryans had their original seat in Western Europe, that the Portuguese were emigrants from Brazil, and that the English derived their origin from America. The migrations of races are not to be traced by such recent and casual vestiges. The only evidence which has real weight in any inquiry respecting migrations in prehistoric times is that of language ; and where this fails, as it sometimes does, the question must be pronounced unsoluble. The protection which the Tuteloes had received from the Tuscaroras and their allies soon failed them. In the year 1711 a war broke out between the Tuscaroras and the Carolina settlers, which ended during the following year in the complete defeat of the Indians. After their overthrow the great body of the Tuscaroras retreated northward and joined the Iroquois, who received them into their league as the sixth nation of the confederacy. A portion, however, remained near their original home. They merely re- tired a short distance northward into the Virginian territory, and took up their abode in the tract which lies between the Roanoke and the Potomac rivers. Here they were allowed to remain at peace, under the protection of the Virginian government. And hei-e they were presently joined by the Tuteloes and Saponas, with their confederates. In September, 1722, the governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, held a conference at Albany with the chiefs of the Iroquois, to endeavor to bring about a peace between them and the southern tribes. On this occasion Governor Spottes- wood, of Virginia, enumerated the tribes for which the government of his Province would undertake to engage. Among them were certain tribes which were commonly known under the name of the " Christanna Indians," a name derived from that of a fort which had been established in their neighborhood. These were "the Saponies, Ochineeches, Sten- kenoaks, Meipontskys, and Toteroes," all of whom, it appears, the Iro- quois were accustomed to comprehend under the name of Todirichrones.* Some confusion and uncertainty, however, arise in consulting the col- onial records of this time, from the fact that this name of Todirichrones was applied by the Iroquois to two distinct tribes, or rather confederacies, of Southern Indians, belonging to different stocks, and speaking languages *N. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. 655 et scq. 18.S3.] «^ [Hale. totally dissimilar. These were, on the one hand, the Tuteloes (or Tote- roes) and their allies, and, on the other, the powerful Catawba nation. The Catawbas occupied the eastern portion ot the Carolinas, south of the Tuscarora nation. At the beginning of the last century they nunil)ered sev^eral thousand souls. As late as 1743, according to Adair, they could still muster four hundred warriors. A bitter animosity e.visted between them and the Iroquois, leading to frequent hostilities, which the English authorities at this conference sought to repress. It was the policy of the Iroquois, from ancient times, always to yield to overtures of peace from any Indian nation. On this occasion they responded in their usual spirit. "Tiiough there is among you," they replied to the Virginians, "a nation, the Todirichrones, against whom we have had so inveterate an enmity that we thought it could only be extinguished by their total extirpation, yet, since you desire it, we are willing to receive them into this peace, and to forget all the past."* The Catawba language is a peculiar speech, differing widely, if not radi- cally, both from the Dakota and from the Iroquois languages.f The only connection between tlie Catawbas and tlie Tuteloes appears to have arisen from the fact that they were neighboring, and perhaps politically allied tribes, and were alike engaged in hostilities with the Iroquois. The latter, however, seem to have confounded them all together, under the name of the tribe which lay nearest to the confederacy and was the best known to them. One result of the peace thus established was that the Tuteloes and Saponas, after a time, determined to follow the course which had been taken by the major portion of their Tuscarora friends, and place them- selves directly under the protection of the Six Nations. Moving north- ward across Virginia, they established themselves at Shamokin (since named Sunbur}^ in what is now the centre of Pennsylvania. It was a region which the Iroquois held by right of conquest, its former occupants, the Delawares and Shawanese. having been either expelled or reduced to subjection. Here, under the shadow of the great confederacy, many frag- * X. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. mo. t Gallatin, in Ills Synopsis classes the Catawba as a separate stock, distinct from tho Dakota. The vocabnhiry wliicli he gives seems to warrant this scpa- ration, the resemblances of words being few and of a doubtful character. On the other hand, in the first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology connected with the Smitlisonian institution (Introduction, p. xi.x) theKatAba (or Catawba) Is ranked among the languages of the Dakotan family, ^fy esteemed corre- spondent. Mr. -V. S. Uatschet, whose extensiveacquainlancc with Indi.iu linguist- ics gives great weight to hisopinion on any subject connected with this study, informs me (March 31, 18S2) that this classitication was conjectural and provi- sional, and that his subseriuent researches among the few survivors otthe tribe hiive not yet res\iltedin conlirmingit. Theyshow certain traces of rcsemblatice, both in the vocabulary and the syntax, but too slight and distant to make tho alliliation certain. We shall have, as he remarks, "to compare more material, or more attentively that which we have, to arrive at a flnal result." Hale. J ^ [March 2, ments of broken tribes were now congregated— Con oys, Nanticokes, Del- awares, Tuteloes, and others. In September, 1745, the missionary, David Brainerd, visited Shamokin. He describes it in his diary as containing upwards of fifty houses and nearly three hundred persons. "They are," he says, "of three different tribes of Indians, speaking three languages wholly unintelligible to each other. About one half of its inhabitants are Delawares, the others Senekas and Tutelas."* Three years later, in the summer of 1748, an exploring party of Moravian missionaries passed through the same region. The celebrated Zeisberger, who was one of them, has left a record of their travels. From this we gather that the whole of the Tuteloes were not congregated in Shamokin. Before reaching that town, they passed through Skogari, in what is now Columbia county. In Zeisberger's biography the impression formed of this town by the travelers is expressed in brief but emphatic terms. It was "the only town on the continent inhabited by Tuteloes, a degenerate remnant of thieves and drunkards, "f This dis- paraging description was perhaps not unmerited. Yet some regard must be paid to a fact of which the good missionary could not be aware, namely, that the Indians who are characterized in these unsavory terms belonged to a stock distinguished from the other Indians whom he knew by certain marked trails of character. Those who are familiar with the various branches of the Indian race are aware that every tribe, and still more every main stock, or ethnic family, has certain special characteristics, both physical and mental. The Mohawk differs in look and character decidedly from the Onondaga, the Delaware from the Shawanese, the Sioux from the Mandan ; and between the great divisions to which these tribes belong, the differences are much more strongly marked. The Iroquois have been styled "the Romans of the West." The designation is more just than is usual in such comparisons. Indeed, the resemblance between these great conquering communities is strikingly marked. The same politic fore- thought in council, the same I'espect for laws and treaties, the same love of conquest, the same relentless determination in war, the same clemency to the utterly vanquished, a like readiness to strengthen their power by the admission of stmngers to the citizenship, an equal reliance on strong fortifications, similar customs of forming outlying colonies, and of ruling subject nations bj^ proconsular deputies, a similar admixture of aristocracy and democracy in their constitution, a like taste for agriculture, even a notable similarity in the strong and heavy mould of figure and the bold and massive features, marked the two peoples who, on widely distant theatres of action, achieved not dissimilar destinies. Pursuing the same classical comparison, we might liken the nearest neigh- bors of the Iroquois, the tribes of the Algonkin stock, whose natural traits are exemplified in their renowned sachems, Powhatan, Philip of Pokano- * Life of Brainerd, p. 167, Am. Tract Soo. edition. Qaotect in the " Life of Zeis- berger," by De Sehwelnitz, p. 71. t Life of Zeisberger, by De Schweinitz, id. It9. 1883.] • [Hale. ket, Miantanomah, Pontiac, and Tecumseli, to the ingenious and versatile Greeks, capable of heroism, but incapable of political union, or of long-sus- tained effort. A not less notable resemblance might be found between the wild and wandering Scythians of old, and the wild and wandering tribes of the great Dakotan stock. Reckless and rapacious, untamable and tickle, fond of the chase and the fight, and no less eager for the dance and the feast, the modern Dakotas present all the traits which the Greek historians and travelers remarked in the barbarous nomads who roamed along their northern and eastern frontiers. The Tuteloes, far from the main body of their race, and encircled by tribes of Algonkin and Iroquois lineage, showed all the distinctive charac- teristics of the stock to which they belonged. The tall, robust huntsmen of Lawson, chasers of the elk and the deer, had apparently degenerated, half a century later, into a "remnant of thieves and drunkards," at ■ least as seen in the hurried view of a passing missionary. But it would seem that their red-skinned neighbors saw in them some qualities which gained their respect and liking. Five years after Zcisbcrger's visit, the Iroquois, who had held them hithei-to under a species of tutelage, de- cided to admit them, together with tlieir fellow-refugees, the Algonkin Nanticokes from the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to the full honors of the confederacy. The step received the commendation of so shrewd a judge as Colonel (afterwards Sir William) Johnson. At a great council of the Six Nations, held at Onondaga in September, 1753, Colonel Johnson congratu- lated the Cayugas on the resolution they had formed of "strengthening their castle " bj' taking in the Tedarighroones.* At about the same time a band of Dclawares was received into the League. When a great council was to be convened in 1756, to confer with Colonel Johnson on the subject of the French Avar, wampum belts were sent to nine "nations" of the confederacy.! From this time the chiefs of the Tuteloes, as well as o the Nanticokes and the Delawares, took their seats in the Council of the League, a position which they still hold in the Canadian branch of the con- federacy, though the tribss whom they represent have ceased to exist as such, and have become absorbed in the larger nations. It would seem, however, that their removal from their lands on the Sus- quehanna to the proper territory of the Six Nations did not take place im- mediately after their reception into the League, and perhaps was never wholly completed. In an "account of the location of the Indian tribes," prepared by Sir William Johnson in Novemb:>r, 1763, the four sm:vll tribes of "Nanticokes. Conoys, Tutecoes [an evident misprint] and Saponej's, " are bracketed together in the list as mustering in all two hundred men, and are described as "a people removed from the southward, and settled on or about the Susquehanna, on lands allotted by the Six Nations.":}: Though the Tuteloes were thus recognized as one of the nations of the * N. Y. Hist. Col. Vol. vi, p. 811. t Stone's Life of Sir William Johnson, Vol. i, p. 48i. t Ibid., Vol.il, p. 487. Hale.] S [March 2, confederacy, and as such kept up their distinct tribal organization, they were regarded as being in a special manner the friends and allies of the Cay- ugas. The latter, a tribe always noted for their kindly temper, received the new comers within their territory, and gave them a site for their town, which of course brought with it the hunting and fishing privileges neces- sary for their existence. Tlie principal Cayuga villages were clustered about the lake to which the nation has given its name. South of them lay the land assigned to the Tuteloes. Their chief settlement, according to a careful observer, was on the east side of Cayuga inlet, about three miles from the south end of Cayuga lake, and two miles south of Ithaca. "The town was on the high ground south of the school-house, nearly opposite Buttermilk Falls, on the farm of James Fleming. On the Guy Johnson's map of 177], it figures (by a slight misprint) as Todevigh-rono. It was called in the Journal of General Dearborn, Coreorgonel ; in the Journal of Gaorge Grant (1779), Dehoriss-kanadia ; and on a map made about the . same date Kayeghtalagealat."* The town was destroyed in 1779 by General Sullivan, in the expedition which avenged, so disastrously for the Six Nations, the ravages committed by them upon the settlements of their white neighbors. The result, as is well known, was the destruction of the ancient confederacy. Of the broken tribes, some fragments remained in their original seats, submitting to the conquerors. All the Mohawks, the greater part of the Cayugas, about half of the Ouondagas, and many of the Oneidas, with a few of the Senecas and Tuscaroras, followed Brant to Canada. The British government furnished them with lands, mostly along the Grand River, in the territory which in ancient times had been conquered by the Iroquois from the people who were styled the Neutral Nation. The Tuteloes accompanied their friends the Cayugas. A place was found for them in a locality which seemed at the time attractive and desirable, but which proved most unfortunate for them. Tliey built their town on a pleasant elevation, which stretches along the western bank of the Grand River, and still bears the name of Tutelo Heights. Under this name it now forms a suburb of the city of Brantford. Fifty years ago, when the present city was a mere hamlet, occupied by a few venturous Indian traders and pioneers, the Tutelo cabins were scat- tered over these heights, having in the midst their "long-house " in which their tribal councils were held, and their festivals celebrated. They are said to have numbered then about two hundred souls. They retained ap- parently the reckless habits and love of enjoyment which had distin- guished them in former times. Old people still remember the uproar of the dances which enlivened their council-house. Unhappily, the position of *"I am indebted for this and mucli other valuable infoumation to my friend General .John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., who has made the location and migra- tions of the Indian tribes the subject of a special study. Of the above names Dehorlss kanadia is apparently a corruption of the Mohawk words Tehoterigh kanada, Tutelo town. The other words are probably, like most Indian names of places, d<*scriptive designations, but are too much corrupted to be satisfac- torily deciphered. 18S3.] ♦^ [Hale, their town brought them into direct contact with the white settlements. Their frames, enfeebled by dissipi^tion, Avere an easy prey to the diseases which followed in the track of the new population. In 1833, the Asiatic cholera found many victims on the Indian Reserve. Tiie Tuteloes, in pro- portion to their numbers, suffered the most. The greater part of the tribe perished. Tliose who escaped clung to their habitations a few years longer. But ihe second visitation of the dreadful plague in 184.8 completed the work of the fii-st. The Tutclo nation ceased to exist. The few survivors fled from the Heights to which they have left their name, and took refuge among their Cayuga friends. By intermarriage with these allies, the small remnant was soon absorbed ; and in the year 1870, only one Tutelo of the full blood was known to be living, the last survivor of the tribe of stalwart hunters and daring warriors whom Lawson encountered in Carolina a hun- dred and seventy years before. This last surviving Tutelo lived among the Cayugas, and was known to them by the name of Nikonha. Okoniia in the Cayuga dialect signifies mosquito. Nikonha was sometimes, in answer to my inquiries, rendered "mosquito," and sometimes "little," perhaps in the sense of mosquito- like. His Tutelo name was said to be Waskiteng ; its meaning could not be ascertained, and it was perhaps merely a corruption of the English word mosquito. At all. events, it was by the rather odd cognomen of "Old Mosquito," that he was commonly known among the whites ; and he was even so designated, I believe, in the pension list, in which he had a place as having served in tlie war of 1812. What in common repute was deemed to be the most notable fact in regard to him was his great age. He was considered by far the oldest man on the Reserve. His age was said to ex- ceed a century ; and in confirmation of this opinion it was related tliat he had fought under Brant in the American war of Independence. My friend, Chief George Johnson, the government interpreter, accompanied us to the residence of the old man, a log cabin, built on a small eminence near the centre of the Reserve. His appearance, as we fii"st saw him, basking in the sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports which I had heard, both of his great age and of his marlced intelligence. " A wrinkled, smiling countenance, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a scanty, stubbly beard, fingers bent- with age like a bird's claws," is the description recorded in my note book. Not only in physiognomy, but also in demeanor and character, he differed strikingly from the grave and composed Iroquois among whom he dwelt. The lively, mirthful disposi- tion of his race survived in full force in its latest member. His replies to our inquiries were intermingled with many jocose remarks, and much good-humored laughter. He was married to a Cayuga Avife, and for many years had spoken only the language of her people. But he had not forgotten his proper speech, and readily gave us the Tutelo renderings of nearly a hundred words. At that time my only knowledge of the Tuteloes had been derived from the few notices comprised in Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, where PROC. AMER. PUILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. B. PRINTED MARCH 2G, 1883. Hale.] 1^ [March 2, they are classed witli the nations of the Huron-Iroquois stock. At the same time, the distinguished author, with the scientific caution which marked all his writings, is careful to mention that no vocabulary of the language was known. That which was now obtained showed, beyond question, that the language was totally distinct from the Huron-Iroquois tongues, and that it was closely allied to the languages of the Dacotan family. The discovery of a tribe of Dakota lineage near the Atlantic coast was so unexpected and surprising that at first it was natural to suspect some mistake. The idea occurred that the old Tutelo might have been a Sioux captive, taken in the wars which were anciently waged between the Iro- quois and the tribes of the far "West. With the view of determining this point, I took the first opportunity, on my next visit to the Reserve, in October, 1870, of questioning the old man about his early history, and that of his people. His answers soon removed all doubt. He believed himself to be a hundred and six years old ; and if so, his earliest recollec- tions would go back to a tim3 pieceding by some years the Revolutionary war. At that time his people, the Tuteloes, were living in the uciglibor- hood of two other tribes, the Saponies and the Patshenins or Botshenins. In the latter we may perhaps recognize the Ochineeches, whom Governor Spotteswood, in 1702, enumerated with the Saponies, Toteroes, and two other tribes, under the general name of Christanna Indians. The Sapo- nies and Tuteloes, old Nikonha said, could understand one another's speech. About the language of the Patshenins, I neglected to inquire, but they were mentioned with the Saponies as a companion tribe. When the Tuteloes came to Canada with Brant, they parted with the Saponies at Niagara Falls, and he did not know what had become of them. His father's name was Onusowa ; he was a chief among the Tuteloes. His mother (who was also a Tutelo), died when he was young, and he was brought up by an uncle. He had heard from old men that the Tuteloes formerly lived on a great river beyond Washington, which city he knew by that name. In early times they were a large tribe, but had wasted away through fighting. Tlieir war parties used to go out frequently against various enemies. The tribes they most commonly fought with were the Tuscaroras, Senecas, and Cayugas. Afterwards his tribe came to Niagara (as he expressed it), and joined tlie Six Nations. He knew of no Tutelo of the full blood now living, except himself. This, with some additions to my vocabulary, was the last information which I received from old Waskiteng. or Nikonha. He died a few months later (on the 21st of February, 1871), before I had an opportunity of again visiting the Reserve. There are, however, several half-castes, children of Tutelo mothers by Iroquois fathers, who know the language, and by the native law (which traces descent through the female) are held to be Tuteloes. One of them, who sat in the council as the representative of the tribe, and who, with a conservatism worthy of the days of old Sarum, was allowed to retain his seat after his constituency had disappeared, was 1883.] 11 [Hale. accustomed to amuse liis ffrave fellow-senators occasionally hj asserting the right wliich each councillor possesses of addressing the council in the language of his people, — his speech, if necessity requires, being translated by an interpreter. In the case of the TutClo chief the jest, which was duly appreciated, lay in the fact that the interpreters were dumfounded, and that the eloquence uttered in an unknown tongue had to go without reply. From this chief, and from his aunt, an elderlj'^ dame, whose daughter was the wife of a loading Onondaga chief, I received a sufficient number of words and phrases of the language to give a good idea of its grammati- cal framework. Fortunately, the list of words obtained from the old Tutelo was extensive enough to afford a test of the correctness of the additional information thus procured. The vocabulary and the outlines of grammar which have been derived from these sources may, therefore, as far as they extend, be accepted as affording an authentic representation of this very interesting speech. There is still, it should be added, some uncertaintj- in regard to the tribal name. So far as can be learned, the word Tutelo or Totero (which in the Iroquois dialects is variously pronounced Tiuterih or Tehotirigh, Te- hutili, Tiutei and Tutie) has no meaning either in the Tutelo or the Iro- quois language. It may have been originally a mere local designation, which has accompanied the tribe, as such names sometimes do, in its sub- sequent migrations. Both of m\' semi-Tutelo informants assured me that the proper national name — or the name by which the people were desig- nated among themselves — was Yesang or Yesah, the last syllable having a faint nasal sound, which was sometimes barely audible. In tiiis word we probably see the origin of the name, Nahyssan, applied by Lederer to the tribes of this stock. John Lederer was a German traveler who in May, 1670 — a year before Captain Batt's expedition to the Alleghenies — undertook, at the charge of the colonial government, an exploring jour- ney in the same direction, though not with equal success. He made, how- ever, some interesting discoveries. Starting from the Falls of the James river, he came, after twenty daj's of travel, to " Sapon, a village of the Nahyssans," situate on a branch of the Roanoke river. These were, un- doubtedly, the Saponas whom Captain Batt visited in the following year, the kindred and allies of the Tuteloes. Fifty miles bej'ond Sapon he arrived at Akenatzy, an island in the same river. "The island," he says, " though small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fixed in great security, being naturally fortified with fastnesses of uKnintains and water on every side."* In these Akenatzies we undoubtedly see the Aconechos of Lawson, and the Ochineeches mentioned liy Governor Spotteswood. Dr. Brinton, in his well-known work on the " Myths of the New World," has pointed out, also, their identity with the Ocoaneeches mentioned by Bever- ley in his "History of Virginia, ".and in doing so has drawn attention to * See " The Discoveries of John Lederer," rcpriutod by O. If. Iluvpel. Cincin- nati, 1870, p. 17. 1S83.1 ■*■•" [March 2, the very interesting facts recorded by Beverley respecting their lan- guage.* According to tliis historian, the tribes of Virginia spoke languages differ- ing so widely that natives "at a moderate distance" apart did not under- stand one another. They had, however, a "general language," which people of different tribes used in their intercourse with one another, pre- cisely as the Indians of the north, according to La Hontan, used the "Al- gonkiae, " and as Latin was employed in most parts of Europe, and the Lingua Franca in the Levant. These are Beverley's illustrations. He then adds the remarkable statement: "The general language here used is that of the Occaneeches, though they have been but a small nation ever since these parts were known to the English ; but in what their language may differ from that of the Algonkins I am not able to determine."! Further on he gives us tlie still more surprising information thai this "gen- eral language" was used by the "priests and conjurors" of the difierent Virginian nations in performing their religiotis ceremonies, in the same manner (he observes) "as the Catholics of all nations do their ilass in the Latin. ":t^ The Akeriatzies or Occaneeches would seem to have been, in some respects, the chief or leading community among the tribes of Dakotan stock who formerly inhabited Virginia. That these tribes had at one time a large and widespread population may be inferred from the simple fact that their language, like that of the widely scattered Algonkins (or Ojibways) in the northwest, became the general medium of communica- tion for the people of different nationalities in their neighborhood. That they had some ceremonial observances (or, as Beverley terms them, "ado- rations and conjurations") of a peculiar and impressive cast, like those of the western Dakotas, seems evident from the circumstance that the intru- sive tribes adopted this language, and probably with it some of these ob- servances, in performing their own religious rites. We thus have a strong and unexpected confirmation of the tradition prevailing among tlie tribes both of the Algonkin and of the Iroquois stocks, which represents them as coming originally from the far north, and gradually overspreading the countrj'- on both sides of the AUeghanies, from the Great Lakes to the moun- tain fastnesses of the Cherokees. They found, it would seem, Virginia, and possibly the whole country east of the Alleghenies, from the Great Lakes to South Carolina, occupied by tribes speaking languages of the Dakotan stock. That the displacement of these tribes was a very gradual process, and that the relations between the natives and the encroaching tribes were not always hostile, may be inferred not only from the adoption of the ab- original speech as the general means of intercourse, but also from the terms of amity on which these tribes of diverse origin, native and intru- sive, were found by the English to be living together. * See the note on page 303 of Dr Brinton's volume, 2cl edition, t History of Yirgiuiu, (1st edition), p. 161. J Ibid., p. 171. 1883.] -^^ [TIale. That the Tutelo tongue represents this "general language" of which Beverley speaks— this aboriginal Latin of Virginia— cannot be doubted. It may, therefore be deemed a language of no small historical impor- tance. The fact tha". this language, whick was first obscurely lieard of in Virginia two hundred years ago, has been brought to light in our day on a faroir Reservation in Canada, and there learned from the lips of the latest surviving member of this ancient community, must certainly be considered one of ihe most singular occurrences in the history of science. Apart from the mere historical interest of the language, its scientific value in Amtn-ican ethnology entitles it to a careful study. As has been already said, a comparison of its grammar and vocabulary with those of the western Daliota tongues has led to the inference that the Tutelo language was the older form of this common speech. This conclusion was briefly set forth in some remarks which I had the lionor of addressing to this Society at the meeting of December 19, 1879, and is recorded in the published minutes of the meeting. Some years afterwards, and after the earlier portion of this essay Avas written, I had the pleasure, at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Montreal, in September, 1832, of learning from my friend, the Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has resided for several years as a missionary among the western Dakotas, and has made careful researches into their languages and history, that they have a distinct tra- dition that tlieir ancestors tormerly dwelt east of the Mississippi. In fact, tlie more southern Dakotas declare their tribes to be oftshoots of the Win- nebagoes, who till recently resided near the western shore of Lake Michi- gan. A comparison of tlieir dialects, made wutli Mr. Dorsey's aid, fully sustains this assertion. Mere traditionary evidence, as is well known, cannot alwa3^s be I'elied on ; but when it corresponds with conclusions previously drawn from linguistic evidence, it has a weight which renders it a valuable confirmation. The portrait of old Nikonha, an accurate photograph, will serve to show, better than any description could do, the characteristics of race whicli dis- tinguished his people. The full oval outline of face, and the large features of almost European cast, were evidently not individual or family traits, as they reappear in the Tutelo half-breeds on the Reserve, who do not claim a near relationship to Nikonha. Those who are familiar with the Dakotan physiognomy will probably discover a resemblance of type be- tween this last representative of the Virginian Tutelosaud their congeners, the Sioux and Mandans of the western plains. THE TUTELO LANGUAGE. In the following outline of Tutelo grammar, it has been deemed advis- able to bring its forms into comparison with those of the western lan- guages of the same stock. For this purpose the Dakota and Hidatsa (or Minnetaree) languages were necessarily selected, being the only tongues of this family of which any complete account has 3'et been published. Hale.] l^ [March 2, For the information respecting these languages I am indebted to the Da- kota Grammar and Dictionary of the Rev. S. R. Riggs (published in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge) and the Hidatsa Grammar and Dictionary of Dr. Washington Matthews (published in Dr. Shea's Library of American Linguistics), both of them excellent works, of the highest scientific value. The Alphabet, The alphabetical method which has been followed by me in writing this language, as well as the Iroquois dialects, is based on the well-known system proposed by the Hon. John Pickering, and generally followed by Ameri- can missionaries, whose experience has attested its value. The modifica- tions suggested for the Indian languages by Professor Whitney and Major Powell have been adopted, with a few exceptions, which are due chiefly to a desire to employ no characters that are not found in any well-fur- nished printing-ofiice. The letters h, d, h, k, I, m, n, p, s, t, lo, y, z are sounded as in English, the s having always its sharp sound, as in mason. The vowels are sounded generally as in Italian or German, with some modifications expressed by diacritical marks, thus : a, as 10. father ; in accented syllables written a. a, like the German a in Mann. a, like a in mat. a, like a in fall. e, like a in fate ; in accented syllables e. e, like e in met. i, like i in machine ; in accented syllables 'i. %, like i in pin. 0, as in note ; in accented syllables 5. 6, like the French o in bonne. 0, like in 7iot. 4, as in rule, or like oo in pool ; in accented syllables u. u, like u in ^JitJZ, ii, like u in bat ; in an accented syllable written il. u, like the French u in dtir. The diphthongs are, ai, like our long * in pine ; au, like out, in loud ; ai, like oiin boil ; in,, like u in pure. The consonants requiring special notice are: ^, like s7i in shine. g, always hard, as in go, get, gine. j, like z in azure. n, like the French nasal n in an, bon, un. q, like the German ch in Loch, or the Spanish j in joven. J883.] ^^ [Hale. The sound of the English ch in cJiest Is represented by tr ; the j and dg in judge by dj. The apostrophe (') indicates a slight hiatus in the pronounciation of a word, which is often, though not always, caused by the dropping of a con- sonantal sound. In general, the diacritical marks over the vowels are omitted, except in the accented syllable — that is, the syllable on which the stress of voice falls. It is understood that when a vowel (other than the ii) has a mark of any kind over it, the syllable in which it occurs is the accented or emphatic syllable of the word. Experience shows that the variations in tlie sound of a vowel in unaccented syllables, within the limits represented by the foregoing alphabet, are rarely of suflicient importance to require to be noted in taking down a new language. The only exception is in the sound marked u, which occasionally has to be indicated in unaccented syllables, to distinguish it from the u, with which it has no similarity of sound. It is, in fact, more frequently a variation of the a than of any other vowel sound. Occasionally the accented syllable is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel. This method is adopted principally when the vowel has a brief or obscure sound, as in miscini, I alone, which is pronounced in a manner midway between misani and mimni. Phonology. The Tutelo has the ordinary vowel sounds, but the distinction between e and /, and between o and u is not always clear. The word for " mother" was at one time written hena, and at another ina ; the word for "he steals" was heard as manbma and manuma. In general, however, the difference of these vowels was sufficiently apparent. The obscure sound of u (or in accented syllables u) was often heard, but when the word in which it occurred was more distinctly uttered, this sound was frequently developed into a clearer vowel. Thus hustoi, arm, became histo ; miiste, spring (the season), became maste ; asuni, white, became asnni, or (losing the nasal sound) asdi, and so on. The use of the character ii (or u) in this language could probably be dispensed with. The consonantalsoundswhich were heard were: p (or 5), f (ortZ), k{or(/), h (and q), I, m, n, s, w and y, and the nasal n. Neither/, v, nor ?• was heard? and q (sh) only as a variant of s. Harsh combinations of consonants were rare. The harshest was that of tsk, as in wagutska, child, and this was not frequent.* Words usually end in a vowel or a liquid. A double con- ♦ In wagutska (Dakota, koQka), suntka, younger brother (Dak., smika) ; t<;o!lgo or tqunki, dog (Dak., cuHka) and many similar words, the t is apparently an ad- scititious sound, inserted by a mere trick of pronunciation. Tlie llldutsa carries tliis practice furtlier, and constantly introduces the sound ot t befoi-e the sharp s. The Tutelo tsi, foot, becomes «si in IHdataa; «ani, cold, becomes ^smia, &o. Hale.] 1^ [March 2, sonant at tlie coramenccmpnt of a vnvtX is rare. It perhaps only occurs in the combinxtion tc {Uh) and ia contractions, as ksdn-cxi, nine, for kasdnkai. It is doubtful if the sonants h, d and g occur, except as variants of the surd consonants jh t and k ; yet in certain words sonants were pretty con- stantly used. Tlius in the pronouns muifitoice, mine, yinfitowe, thine, infitowe, his, the g was almost always sounded. The I and n were occasionally interchanged, as in Idni and vdni, three, letc.i iin(}i netf^i, tongue. In general, however, the two elements seemed to be distinct. The aspirate was somewhat stronger than the English h, and frequently assumed the force of the German ch or the Spanish j (rep- resented in our alphabet by q). Wiiether there were really two distinct sounds or not, could not be positively ascertained. The same word was written at one time with h, and at another with q. The nasal li is properly a modification of the preceding vowel, and would have been more adequately rendered by a mark above or below the vowel itself; but it has seemed desirable to avoid the multiplication of such dia- critical marks. This nasal is not to be confounded with the sound of ng in ring, which is a distinct consonantal element, and in the Polynesian dialects often commences a word. In the Tutelo this latter sound only occurs before a k or hard g, and is then represented by n. It is, in fact, in this position, merely the French nasal sound, modified by the palatal consonant. The nasal n is also modified by the labials & and p, before which it assumes the sound of m. Thus the Tutelo word for day, naTidmbi, or (in the construct form) nalidrnp, is properly a modification of nalidnbi or nahdnp. In all words in which it occurs, the nasal sound was at times A^ery faintly heard, and was occasionally so little audible that it was not noted, Avhile at other times an n was heard in its place. The word for knife was written at different times TOrtse?it and masdi; that for sky, matoni, matoi, maiitdi,, and mantoi ; that for day, nalidmbi, nalidmp, nahdnp, and naltdp ; that for winter, wane, icdnehi, and wanel; that for one, nos and nons, and so on. Whether this indistinctness of the nasal sound belongs to the lan- guage, or was a peculiarity of the individuals from whom the speech was learned, could not be satisfactorily determined. The tendency of the language, as has been said, is to terminate every word with a vowel sound. When a monosyllable or dissyllable ends with A consonant, it is usually in a construct form, and is followed by another Avord grammatically related to it. Thus, hisepi, axe, hisep mingitowe, my axe ; monti, a bear, mont nosd, one bear ; tr^ongo (or t<;dnki), dog, tqonk eplsel, good dog ; nahdinbi, day, nalidmp Idni, three days. The following brief comparative list, extracted from the more extensive vocabulary hereafter given, will show the forms which similar words take in the allied dialects, Tutelo, Dakota (or Sioux proper) and Hidatsa (or Minnetaree) : 1883,] 17 [Hale. Tiitelo. Dakota. HIdatsa. hti ate ati father In a, Jiend, henun ina liiiiu, hu, ikus mother tajutckai takorjcu, tt^inkqi idiqi sou simtka suHka tsuka, younger brother th, ilii i i mouth netqi, netsi, Ut(^i tr^eji neji tongue ihl M i, isa, hi tooth loti dote doti, loti throat isi siha itsi foot wasut nasu, tsaata brain wdyl, wayli we. idi blood ail tipi ati house masenl, masdi isiin, miTiiia maetsi knife ml ici midi sun (or moon) nihdmpi, nihdnpi ': anpetu mape day- manl mini mini water amdni, amdi maka ama land tcunki, ti^onjo qunka, maquka dog icdueni, icdnei loani mana winter tani ptan viata, autumn asdni, asdi, asei san aiiiki, ohuki white asepi sapa qipi black sli, tcdsi zi tsi, isidi yellow te ta te dead sani sni tsinia cold nosdi, nonq wanti^a, wantf^i nuels, luetsa one nomhdi. nonpa nopa two ndiii, Idni yamni ddmi, lam three topai topa topa four kibdhai zaptan kilm five akdspe t;akpc akama, akawa six sdgomink qakoicin sapica seven luta yuta, wota duti to eat hoioa tc, uwa hu to come kitci tcatr.i kidiqi to dance mahananka yaTika, naTika naka to sit, remain kteioa, kitesel kte kitahe to kill It must be borne in mind that the sounds of m, b, and w are inter- changeable in the Ilidatsa, and that d, I, n, and r are also interchangeable. A similar confusion or interchange of these elements is to some extent ap- parent in the Dakota and the Tutelo languages. Taking this fact into consideration, the similarity or rather identity of such words as tni in Tu- telo and tci in Dakota, meaning "sun," and loti in Tutelo, dote in Dakota, and dote or lote in Hidatsa, meaning "brain," becomes apparent. PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. C. PRINTED MARCH 31, 1883. Hale.] 18 [March 2, The nasal sounds, which are so common in the Dakota and the Tntelo, are wanting in the Hidatsa, while the s of the two former languages fre- quently becomes ts in Hidatsa. These dialectical peculiarities explain the difference between the words for younger brother, siintka, Tu., suiika, Da., tsuka, Hi., between isi, foot, Tu., and itsi, Hi., between maseni, knife, Tu., and maetsi, Hi. It will be noticed that the words in Tutelo are fre- quently longer and fuller in sound than the corresponding words in the other languages, as though they were nearer the original forms from which the words in the various Dakota tongues were derived. Grammatical Forms. As is usually the case with allied tongues, the grammatical resemblances of the languages of this stock are much more striking and instructive than those which appear in the mere comparison of Isolated words. Substantives and Adjectives. The Tutelo, like the Dakota and the Hidatsa, has no inflection of the substantive to indicate the plural number; but in both the Tutelo and the Dakota, the plural of adjectives is frequently expressed by what may be termed a natural inflection, namely, by a reduplication. In the Dakota, according to Mr. Riggs, the initial syllable is sometimes reduplicated, as ksapa, wise, pi. ksaksapa; tankn, great, pi. tanktan'ca ; sometimes it is the last syllable, as war.te. good, pi. waqteqte ; and occasionally it is a middle syllable, as, tankinyan, great, pi. tankinkinyan. Sometimes the adjective in Dakota takes the suffix pi, which makes the plural form of the verb, as waqte, good icitr/tsta waq^epi, good men, i. e. , they are good men. Similar forms exist in the Tutelo. The adjective, or some part of it, is reduplicated in the plural, and at the same time a verbal suffix is fre- quently if not always added, thus ; ati api, good house, pi. ati apipisel, good houses (those are good houses) ; ati itdni, large house, pi. ati itan- tdjisel; ati okayeke, bad house, pi. ati okay ey ekes el ; ati asdn, white house, pi. ati asansdnsel. Occasionally the reduplication takes a peculiar form, as in ati kutska, small house, pi. ati kotskutskaisel. In one instance the plural differs totally from tlie singular ; atisui, long house, pi. ati yumpan- katskaisel. The plural verbal termination is frequently used without the reduplica- tion ; as, imJitdke bi (or pi), good man, wahtdke biioa (or biw), he is a good man ; pi. wahtdke bihla (or bihlese),they are good men. So tronje Use, good dog (or, it is a good dog), pi. tconje bihlese. The plural form by reduplication does not appear to exist in the Hi- datsa. The Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, who has made a special study of the western Dakota languages, finds in the Omaha (or Dhegiha) dialect a peculiar meaning given to this reduplicate plural of adjectives. The following ex- 1S83.1 T-9 [ITale. amples will illustrate this signification. Jin'jn, small, becomes in the re- duplicate form jihjin^a, which refers to small objects of different kinds or sizes. Sngl, firm, fast, hard, makes fnmgi or saytji, which is employed as in the following example : irelhihide sacjtjihnan kanbdhd, I wish tools that are hard, and of different kinds, them only. Here the suffix hniia ex- presses the meaning of "only;" the reduplication of the adjective gives the sense expressed by the words "of different kinds." Sabe, black, makes msnbf, black here and there. Gdhcje, spotted, becomes (jdhejdja spotted in many places. P'i>'ji, bad, makes plpiaji, as in ucjcan jnjiiaji, different bad deeds. Nujiiija (apparently a compound or derivative form, iroxw jih'jd, small), means "boy," i. e., small man ; nujiiijiTvja, boys of different sizes and ages.* It would seem from these examples that in this language the reduplication expresses primarily the idea of variety, from which that of plurality in many cases follows. This meaning is not indi- cated by Mr. Riggs in his Dakota grammar, and it was not detected by me in the Tutelo, but it is not impossible that it actually exists in both languages. It is deserving of notice that while no inflection of the noun is found in the Iroquois to express plurality, this meaning is indicated in the adjective by the addition of s, or hons, affixed to the adjective when it is combined with the noun. Thus from kanonm, house, and wlyo, hand- some, we have konohb'iyo, handsome house, pi. kanonatyos, handsome houses. So karennakscn, bad song, pi. karennaksenSyhud songs ; kaudka- res, long pole, pi. kandknreshons, long poles. It is also remarkable that the peculiar mode of forming the plural, both of substantives and of adjectives, by reduplication of the first s\ilable or portion of the word, is found in several Indian languages spoken west of the Rocky Mountains, and belonging to families entirely distinct from one another, and from the Dakota. Thus in the Selish language w^e have Ivans, father, pi. liiludus ; tdaa, ear, jd. tuntdna ; skiiltaviiqo, man, pi. skiilkiiltamiqo ; qdest, good, pi. qmqdcut. In the Sahaptin, p» putrjM nombai } putska nombai 30 putska nam puti^ka lani 40 putska tohai 100 LOOO ukeiil iidfd ukcni putskai okeni The numeral follows the noun -whldi it qualifies. If the noun termi- nates in a vowel not accented, the vowel is usually dropped, while the numeral assumes its constuctor or lengthened form, and is sometimes closed with a strong aspirate. Thus, from mihnTii, woman, we have mihan noi-d or mihan nonsdi, one woman ; mihan nomhnq, two women ; mihan laniq, thi-ee women, &c. From trjm^jo or t(^'mki, dog, tconk nosdh, one dog ; iconk nomhaq, two dogs. From monti, bear, mont ndsdh, one bear ; mont nombah, two bears. From nahambi, day, nahvnp nosdh, one day, nnhamp nombai, two days ; nahamp Idniq, three days, &c. It wmU be seen that the dropping of the final vowel of the noun has the effect of giving a sharper sound to the preceding consonant. When the final vowel is accented, no change takes place in the noun ; thus ati, house; ati nonsai, one house; afi nonbai, two houses; ati laniq, three houses, &c. No such difference between the simple and the construct forms of the numerals appears to exist either in the Dakota or in the Hidatsa.. This is one evidence, among others, of the greater wealth of inflections which characterizes the Tutelo language. Pronouns. There are in the Tutelo, as in the Dakota, two classes of pronouns, the separate pronouns, and the affixed or incorporated pronouns. The former, however, are rarely used, except for the purpose of emphasis. In the Dakota the separate pronouns are miye or mic. I, 7iii/e, or nir., thou or ye, iye, or ir. he or the}^ and unkiye or unkie, we. In the Tutelo, m'lm sig- nifies I or we, ylni, thou or ye, im, he or they, which was sometimes lengthened to imahe/i(ji(onan kifjitonnn kinaqf/itoiuiTi kinyigitombdiian kif/itoqnennn it is not mine it is not thine it is not his it is not ours it is not yours it is not theirs The proper form of the first personal affirmative is doubtless mujitowi (or mikitowe). In mimi(jltowi the first syllable is evidently from tlie sepa- rate pronoun mlm, I, used for emphasis. In the Dakota the forms miye mitawa, me, mine, niye nituica, thee, thine, &c., are used for the same pur- .pose. Tlie negative form is not found in either the Dakota or the Hidatsa, and may be regarded as another instance of the greater wealth of inflections possessed by the Tutelo. The following are the interrogative demonstrative and indefinite pro- nouns in the Tutelo, so far as they were ascertained. Tlie Dakota and Hidatsa are added for comparison : Tutelo. Dakota. Hidatsa. etotra, or hetoa tuwe tape who? aken, kaka taku tapa what ? etuk tukte to ; tuci which ? t >keitu% tona ; tonaka tuami how many? tewahllunica tuwetawa tapeitamne whose (is it) ? veke, or neikiiij : heik i de Jiidi ; kini this yukdn ; hewa ; end he; ka Tiido ; hino that ohon, or oJio ota aim many Jiok, huk, okahok owasiTi ; iyuqpa etsa ; qakaheta all The general resemblance of most of these forms is apparent. In the Tu- telo for "whose?" which might have been written teica(jVumoa, we see the affix of the possessive pronoun (glioice) inflectedto make an inteiToga- tive form. The Dakota and Hidatsa use the affix (tawa and tamae) with- out the inflection. The Verb. There are two very striking peculiarities in which the Dakota and Hidatsa dialects differ from most, if not all, Indian languages of other stocks. These are: firstly, the manner in which the personal pronoun is incorpo- rated with the verb; and, secondly, the extreme paucity or almost total absence of inflections of mood and tense. In the first of these poculiarlties the Tutelo resembles its western congeners ; in the second it differs from them in a marked degree — more widely even than the Latin verb differs from the English. These two characteristics require to be separately noted. In most Indian languages the personal pronouns, both of the subject and of the object, are in some measure either united Avith the verb or in- PROC. AMER. PirrLOS. SOC. XXr. 114. D. PRINTED MAKCII 31, 1883. Hale.] ^^ [March 2, dicated by an inflection. The peculiarity which distinguishes the hmguages of the Dakotan stock is found in the variable position of these incorporated pronouns. They may be placed at the beginning, at the end, or between any two syllables of the verb. The position of the pronoun is not, how- ever, arbitrary and dependent on the pleasure of the speaker. It appears to be fixed for each verb, according to certain rules. These rules, how- ever, seem not yet to have been fully determined, and thus it happens that a Dakota dictionary must give the place of the pronoun in every verb, precisely as a Latin dictionary must give the perfect tense of every verb of the third conjugation. Thus, for example, in the Dakota proper, kar^kd, to bind (or rather "he binds"), makes wnkdr^ka, I bind, ya,kak<^a, thou bindest; manoii, he steals, makes mnvva/ion., I steal, ??iay a «(>«., thou stealest; and etriTi. he thinks, makes etcdmm, I think, etq^dna'x, thou thinkest, tlie suf- fixed pronouns receiving a peculiar form. In the Hidatsa, kider^i, he loves, makes makider^i, I love, dakider.i, thou lovest ; eke, lie knows, becomes ema,ke, I know, and ednke, thou knowest ; and kitsahike, he makes good, becomes kitsaldkema, I make good, and kitsaJiikeda, thou makest good. The Tutelo has the pronouns sometimes prefixed, and sometimes inserted ; no instances have been found in which they are suflixed, but it is by no means improbable that such cases may occur, as verbs of this class are not common in either of the former languages, and our examples of conjugated verbs in Tutelo are not very numerous. Among them are the following : 1. Verbs with prefixed pronouns: lakpese, he drinks j&lakpese, thou drinkest 'ff&lakpese, I drink MantkapeLca, he sleeps y%liiantkapewa, thou sleepest yv&Mantkapewa, I sleep tewa, he is dead yiteioa, thou art dead witewa, I am dead 2. The verbs in which the pronouns are inserted seem to be the most numerous class. The following are examples: haJiewa, he says Jiay'ihewa, thou sayest hawahewa, I say mahandnka, he sits down mafinjindnka, thou sittest down maliamindnka, I sit down inkseha, he laughs inysiJcseha, thou laugliest inwakseha, I laugh ohdta, he sees oj&hdta, thou seest owahd'a, I see 1883] ^< [Hnle. Tlie pronouns may be thus inserted in a noun, used with a verbal sense. Thus icahtd.'ca or wahtalcai, man or Indian, may be conjugated: waJdakai, he is an Indian icayMiidkai, thou art an Indian icuimhtakai, I am an Indian It is remarkable, however, that the pronoun of the fii-st person plural is usually (though not always) prefixed. Thus from inahiiHmikn, he sits down, we have (as above) inuhammanka, I sit down, and la&fikmahanaiika, Ave sit down. So, mmiikseha (or sometimes yfmnkseha), we laugh, and nvAohata, we see. On the other hand, we find hamn'okJieica, we say, from hdhewa, he says, making (as above) hawa/ietca, I say. The word manon. he steals, has in Dakota the pronouns inserted, as is shown in the examples previously given. The similar word in Tutelo, mandina or manuma, has them prefixed, as y'vnnnoma, thou stealest, ma- inanbma, I steal. But on one occasion this word was given in a different form, as manundani, he steals; and in this example the pronouns were in- serted, the form of the first personal pronoun, and of the verb itself in that person, being at the same time varied, as mayxnunddrd, thou stealest, ma- mmundatne, I steal. In Dakota the place of the pronoun is similarly varied by a change in the form of tlie verb. TIjus hakuf't, to cut ofl" with a knife, makes hftw-Aksn, I cut off (with tlie pronoun inserted), Aviiilc kaki qeta waulidaka , ika ; atsi(;a Seven sagom (n), sagomei, sagomiuk (jakowin (japua Seventeen agesagomi ake-Qikowin aqp'qapua Sew (v) ihoha kaglieglie ; ipasisa kikaki Shoes handisonoi (n), an gohlei, agore, - agdde tcaShanpa hupa ; itapa Shoot 0/ (») opatausel bopota Sick waginoma yazafi iqoade Sing (v) yamuuiye (n) dowan ; ahiyaya Sister minek (n), taliank tawinoqtin ; tauka, tanku inu, itaku, itjami Sit mahananka iyotanka amaki Six agu3 (n). akasp, akaspei qakpe akama Sixteen agegaspe akeQikpe aqpiakama Sky mafitoi, matofii, matoi maqpiya'to apaqi 1883.] 43 [Hale. Tiitelo. Dakota. Sleep (v) Llyiin (n); liianta, hiiintkapewa iQtiSma Small kut^kai (n), kutskai, kotskai tgistinna ; tqikadan niqkodan Snake wageni wau; wamdnqka Son wilC'ka (n), tckai; qrit<;kai(see|5/«rt??) t petu kin de hini-mape Toes atkasusai siyukaja ; sipinkpa itsiadutsamihe To-morrow nahampk (see To- day) heyaketcinkan ataduk, ataruk Tongue netQi, netsi, letci tQGJi dezi (nezi) Tooth ilii (N) hi i, hi Town mampi, mambi. otonwe ati, ati ahu Tree oni ; wien (n) mien (see Wood) tQan mina (wood) Turkey maudahkai, man- duhkai zitQa tanka Twelve agenomba ake-nonpa aqpidopa (agpi- nopa) Twenty putska uoraba wiktcemna nonpa nopapitika Two nomp (n) nomba nonpa nopa, dopa Ugly ukayik (see Bad) owanyaq sitqa icia Uncle (my) minek' midekqi; ate (father) ate ; itadu Us mae, wae un mido, wiro Valley onqyayun kaksiza ; tqokan amaqaktupi Walk (®) yalewa (see Go) mani dide Warm akateka, akatia kata ; tqoza ; maQte ade Warrior eruiaoiie akitQita ; mdeta- huuka akimakikua Water mani (n) mini mini, midi We mim, mae, wae, man, maesan un Weave anklaka yanka ; kazonta Weep qaka tqeya imia Wliich etuk tukte tapa What is that f ' kakanwa taku (what) tapa ^ 1883.1 45 [Hale. Tutelo. Dakota. Hidat.sa. When tokenaq tohmni ; kehan tuakaduk ; tuaka (jedii Wfiere toka toki, tokiya torn, toka White asiiui (x), asani, asai, asei safi ; ska aluki ; oqati W7io ketoa, hetoa tuwe tape Wftose tewakl.u.iwa tuwetawa tapeitamae Wife (same as Woman) mihaiii tawitQu itadamia ; ua Wind maniiikiC' (n), mam- uiiklei, inaminkre, omaklewa tate Imtsi Winter waneni, wanei wani, waniyetu mana;tsinic(coZd] Wolf naiiSktagin (n), niuiiktokai, mak- tukai (junktoketQa motsa ; tqeqa Woman miliani, milian (x), nialici winohintcja, winy. \u mia Wood miyciii, micS, miyei iQifi mina Work iv) oknalio qlani dalie ; kilvQa Te yim (see Thou) niyepi dido; niro Yellow sii zi tsi Yes alia, aliaii, awaqa lum ; ho e Yesterday sito qtaniluin hudigedu; liuri (jeiu Young y^nki askatudau wota Your (pi) yingilambui nitawapi Hale.] 46 [March 2, 1883.1 47 [Hnle. ^hoivuw the. stalicm^directo/i V.atdo ,y\iigration6 rl/50 .1^- J? 9^ ^^•^^ , , o « c , '^ o •■■'•» o iOv^ < o. ^ \/^f^\^\^ ^'c^'^>:^f:'' ,0^ "i,, A ^' 0- ^°'^^ A <^ *^V.%^ .G y ^X ^^?^^^^ ^ '^ <^. ' .^ v^ .^u:; ^0 ^^ ^^i^f,- ^h .^ ..^ --^^ ^^ ^.. ./ .^'^K'. •^0^ % -^ V- n .^' V • c .^^ •^^' ••>. •->, - c » o <. / <.^^o,''!^^/ o' '^ .^ ."-o ^■>\ .^^ k '^^ J, -(.,1, ,, -,,-^1 H ^^-V^ '^ '^'^ ^^ ^'• > ^ ^ <^<^ \' ^^ 'b V <-^- .^0 y „ « • o . "^ : 1^* , " "•^..^" .^^r. ^^/*' N. MANCHESTER. ^-' INDIANA .0- V"- ^O.