U B | J5 7 ^ / 9 2-2. KEY FOR COMPLETION-TEST LANGUAGE SCALES PUBLISHED BY GTeartjers College, Columbia 2$mbcrsitp NEW YORK CITY 1922 KEY FOR COMPLETION-TEST LANGUAGE SCALES By M. R. TRABUE, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Education Teachers College, Columbia University PUBLISHED BY ©eatfjera College, Columbia Wlnfatvfiitp NEW YORK CITY 1922 Copyright, iqiq, 1022, by Teachers College, Columbia University OCT 23 72 -Vv-» | For Elementary School and High School 13 16 20 23 27 CONTENTS PAGE Directions for Administering Tests 5 Scheme for Scoring Sentences 10 Language Scale B ' Language Scale C Language Scale D Language Scale E Language Scale F Language Scale J "] 1 30 lSSES ISi. l *<* Hi gh school and Aduta ; ; ; ; ;; ; ;;; ; ; ; f 6 Language Scale M J J 39 Completion Exercise Alpha 1 For u Gradeg j 43 Completion Exercise Beta J J 57 Other Sentences Used in Original Study 7 1 Calculation of Median Score in Language Scales 76 Standard Scores on Language Scales 78 Kelley's Arrangement for Individual Testing 80 Difficulty Value of Each Sentence 89 KEY FOR COMPLETION-TEST LANGUAGE SCALES i. Directions for Administering Tests If the class to be tested is a fourth grade or higher class, oral explanations will be sufficient. Below the fourth grade it will be desirable to distribute to each pupil the following practice sheet, before allowing any pupil to see the scale with which he is to be measured. PRACTICE SHEET Two and two are A boy is little, but a man is Girls and boys can run play. The boy has book. After passing one of these practice sheets to each child, make the following general explanations: I want to see if you can read what is printed on the little sheet of paper, and whether you can guess what words have been left out. Each little dotted line shows where a word was left out. If you can guess what word ought to be there, write it on the dotted line. Write just one word on each blank. Make each line say something. After making the above explanation, the teacher and the examiner should give assistance to any child who does not understand, seeing that each child learns what is expected. When the examiner is confident that each child has the correct idea of how to proceed, a copy of the scale to be used should be held up in full view of the entire class and the statement made that "This page is very much like the little sheet on which you have just been working, except that the last sentences on this sheet are very much harder." From this point the procedure is practically the same as that for the fourth and higher grades. In the fourth grade or above, or after the preliminary practice just described has been completed in a lower grade, the following oral explanation of the scale to be used should be made before distributing any papers: ORAL DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS This sheet contains some incomplete sentences, — sentences in which some of the words were left out. There is a blank in each place where a word should be written. You are to write one word on each blank, in each case writing the word which makes the most sensible statement. 5 6 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales You will have just seven minutes 1 in which to write your name and age at the top of the page and write the words that are missing. The papers will be passed to you with the face downward. Do not turn them over until I tell you to. After I tell you to start, remember that you are to write just one word on each blank and that your score depends on the number of perfect sentences you have at the end of seven l minutes. If there are no questions, the papers may then be distributed, care being taken that no child looks at the printed side until there is a paper upon the desk of each child and the following additional instructions have been given : After you have been working seven > minutes, I shall say, "The time is up. All stop writing!" You will all please stop at once and lay aside your pens (or pencils). Now if you are all ready, you may turn your papers, sign your names, put down your ages and your grade, and fill the blanks. Go! Take note of the exact time at which the signal to start was given, allow exactly seven minutes, 1 and give the command to stop writing. Collect all papers at once. It is very important that exactly seven minutes l be allowed. A stop watch is the most satisfactory means of keeping the time on a test of this sort. Grade each paper according to the scoring scheme shown on pages 13 to 42, and make a record of the total number of points ob- tained by each child. Tabulate the scores, and calculate the median for the class and the range of scores required for the middle 50 per cent of the class, following the directions given in Section 3 of this pamphlet. 2 Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Seven minutes Age (on last birthday) — LANGUAGE SCALE B 1. We like good boys girls. 2. The is barking at the cat. 3. The stars and the will shine tonight. 4. Time often more valuable money. 5. The poor baby as if it were sick. 6. She if she will. 7. Brothers and sisters always to help other and should quarrel. 8 weather usually a good effect one's spirits. 9. It is very annoying to tooth-ache, often comes at the most time imaginable. 10. To friends is always the it takes. x Or five minutes each with Scales J, K, L, and M. 2 Tabulation blanks may be obtained from the Bureau of Publications, Teachers College. Directions for Administering Tests 7 Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Seven minutes Age {on last birthday) LANGUAGE SCALE G 1. The sky ...blue. 2. Men older than boys. 3. Good boys kind their sisters. 4. The girl fell and her head. 5. The rises the morning and at night. 6. The boy who hard do well. 7. Men more to do heavy work women. 8. The sun is so that one can not directly causing great discomfort to the eyes. 9. The knowledge of - use fire is of .... important things known by but unknown animals. 10. One ought to great care to the right of ...., for one who bad habits it to get away from them. Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Seven minutes Age {on last birthday). LANGUAGE SCALE D 1. We are going school. 2. I to school each day. 3. The plays her dolls all day. 4. The rude child does not many friends. 5. Hard makes tired. 6. It is good to hear voice friend. 7. The happiest and contented man is the one lives a busy and useful .... 8. The best advice usually obtained one's parents. 9 things are - satisfying to an ordinary than congenial friends. 10 a rule one - association friends. Note: Scales B, C, D, E, and F are for all practical purposes equal and interchangeable and may be used in the elementary- school and high school. Scales J and K are fairly well matched, and likewise Scales L and M differ very little in their difficulty. These four may be used in high school and with adults. All scales are printed on standard forms and may be purchased from the Bureau of Publications, Teachers College. 8 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Seven minutes Age (on last birthday) LANGUAGE SCALE E 1. I see you. Can you see ? 2. Ice is cold, but fire is 3. The kind lady the poor man a dollar. 4. The best to sleep is at night. 5. Children should many lessons from parents. 6. The child the river was drowned. 7> It is a task to be kind to every beggar far money. 8. Worry never improved a situation but has _ made conditions 9. When one feels drowsy and , it happens that he is to fix his attention very successfully anything. 10. In order clearly at it is to artificial Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Seven minutes Age (on last birthday) LANGUAGE SCALE F 1. I like to go to 2. Women — older than girls. 3. The bird a song every morning. 4. When the grows older he be a man. 5. Children to pick 6. All animals shelter during a 7. The of your and mother is your brother. 8. When two persons about which neither understands. they almost to disagree. 9. want are often caused by 10. The least difficult are by no always the most , are the tasks the most disagreeable. Directions for Administering Tests Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Five minutes A ge {on last birthday) LANGUAGE SCALE J 1. Boys and soon become and women. 2. The are often more contented the rich. 3. The rose is a favorite because of fragrance and 4. It is very to become acquainted persons who _ timid. 5. Extremely old sometimes almost as care as 6. One's in life upon so factors it is not to state any single for failure. 7. The future of the stars and the facts of history are now once for all, I like them not. Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Five minutes Age (on last birthday) _ LANGUAGE SCALE K 1. The boy will his hand if plays with fire. 2. Hot weather comes in the and weather the winter. 3. The poor little has nothing to ; he is hungry. 4. Very few people how to spend time and to the best advantage. 5. One not, as a , attention uninter- esting things. 6. To eat one is is a pleasure. 7 they us not, nature's are _ and unchangeable. Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Five minutes Age (on last birthday) _ LANGUAGE SCALE L 1. Children are rude not easily win friends. 2. Plenty exercise and air healthy and girls. 3. In to maintain health, one should have nourishing 4 happiness can not be with money. 5. One's do always express his thoughts. 6. To to wait, after having to go , very annoying. 7. It is sometimes to between two of action. 8. One can do his at one while of another. io Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Name Write only one word on each blank Grade Time Limit: Five minutes Age {on last birthday) .. LANGUAGE SCALE M 1. One can not foretell will happen in the 2. The dog a useful because his intelligence and faithfulness. 3. Many people their health because do not the of hygiene. 4. Nothing can one's happiness effectively than a guilty 5. To many things ever finishing any of them a habit. 6. The seems and dreary a discouraged 7 that are to one by an friend should be pardoned readily than injuries done by one is not angry. 8. It is that a full-grown man should a ghost he is 2. Scheme for Scoring Sentences The question of what should be called correct and what should be called incorrect in scoring the sentences as completed is a ques- tion upon which a great deal of time and worry may be spent. The important thing about scoring the sentences, however, is not that the scheme used shall be absolutely perfect, but that the scheme used shall be used consistently. These sentences might be used to measure a great variety of qualities in the individual completing them. For example, we might score altogether according to the correctness of the gram- matical forms used. On the other hand, we might ignore gram- mar and make these sentences test the child's understanding, scoring according to the child's grasp of the ideas suggested by the printed words. We might score according to the judgment shown or the truthfulness of the child's statements in the sentences as completed. Again, it might be possible to use these sentences as tests of memory for phrases, of richness of associations, of unity and clearness of expression, of aptness in the choice of words, of imagination, or of other characteristics. The scheme which has actually been used has not been any par- ticular one of the above possibilities, but simply a general combina- tion of all of them. In some cases one element may have predom- inated in causing a decision, and in other cases another element. The scoring plan found on pages 13 to 42 is given in order that it Scheme for Scoring Sentences 1 1 may be perfectly clear just which combinations are allowed and which are not to be allowed in the scoring. The important thing for one to do is to be sure that he is making no great errors in judgment and to be consistent. The scheme shown should be used as it stands in order to secure uniformity and comparability. 1 GENERAL SCORING SCHEME Score 2 A score of 2 points is to be given each sentence completed per- fectly. Errors in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation should not be allowed to lower the score. Score 1 A score of 1 is to be given each sentence completed with only a slight imperfection. A poorly chosen word or a common gram- matical error, which makes the sentence less than perfect and yet leaves it with reasonably good sense, should serve to reduce the score from 2 to 1 . Score o A score of o is to be given if the sentence as completed has its sense or construction badly distorted. A sentence must have reasonably good meaning and express a sentiment which might honestly be held by an intelligent person in order to receive a higher credit than zero. DETAILED SCORING SCHEME In those sentences having only one blank to be filled, any word appearing under the heading Score 2 is considered entirely satisfac- tory as a completion of the sentence. Those words appearing under the heading Score 1 are given half credit — a score of 1 — while words appearing under Score are given a score of o. The score of each sentence should be written on the test paper just under or at the end of the sentence. 1 With the preliminary series, 5 points were given for perfect, 4 for slightly less than perfect, 3 for still less, etc. The present scheme (2-1-0) is practically the same as though the lower end of the older scheme (4-5-3-2-1-0) had been omitted, using 2 in place of 5, 1 in place of 4, and o in place of 3, 2, 1 and 0. With 40 pupils in each grade, the correlation between the relative difficulty of the pre- liminary list of 56 sentences in the 6A grade and their relative difficulty in 1 the 8B grade was .965 by the 5-0 method, .962 by the 2-0 method now used, and .958 if everything now scored 2 and 1 were called "right," and everything else ' wrong. 12 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales In those sentences where more than one blank appears, the first blank is indicated by the letter A, the second blank by B, the third by C, etc., and the words which fit the blank are listed after the same letter in a column appearing below the sentence. Various groups of words that may be used in these blanks have distinguishing num- bers, i.e., Ai, A2, Bi, B2, etc., which means that the score of the sentence is affected by the use of any word in one group, say Ai, in combination with any word in a subsequent group, say B2, etc. To indicate that full credit is given if any one of the words of group Ai in the first blank is followed by any word of group Bi in the second blank, and any word of group Ci in the third blank, the following notation appears under the italicized direction Score 2: Ai Bi Ci This device obviates the necessity of repeating an entire list of words for each instance in which the list may be used. In some instances a word which does not appear in any group may be used in a blank and is represented as follows : A: must Bi Ci Di (Scale B, sent. 7) In other instances a word from more than one group may be used in a blank, and is represented as follows: A2 . . . . Bi, B2 (Scale C, sent. 6) The lists given are not exhaustive, but they are suggestive of the way the scoring has been done. In many cases a different tense of the same word has not been recorded. Anyone using the scales will be called on constantly to make judgments upon new combina- tions, although the samples furnished under each sentence are varied enough to indicate by comparison about what value should be as- signed to any particular new combination. LANGUAGE SCALE B 1. We like good boys girls. Score 2 and, an Score i or, not, and good, also Score o for, with, said the, and the 2. The is barking at the cat. Score 2 dog, hound, pup Score i dogs, boy Score o man, cat, god 3. The stars and the will shine tonight. Score 2 moon Score 1 light, planets, lights Score o dipper, stripes, clouds, city, sky, sun 4. Time A often more valuable B money. Score 2 A: is, was B: than Score 1 A: seems, becomes B: than Score o A: are B: than A: is B: with 5. The poor baby ... A as if it were B sick. Ai : cries, cried, acts, acted, lies, lay, looks, looked A2: suffers, suffered, appears, moans, sighs, lays, feels, behaves, was crying, groans Bi: very, getting, quite, extremely B2: feeling, nearly, dangerously, rather, almost, real, awfully, terribly, pretty, half, home, sea, bad, about, often, so Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 A2 Bi A 1 B2 Score o A 1 B: not A: was Bi 13 14 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 6. She if she will. Score 2 can, may Score i will, may go, can do well Score o does, works, goes, has, is, could, knows, might, plays, is good, can't 7. Brothers and sisters A always B to help C other and should D quarrel. Ai : should Bi : try, strive, offer, seek, agree, endeavor, learn, aim, attempt, want B2 : consent, like, go, work, love, be ready, come, have, wish B3: expected, able, supposed, told, glad, happy, willing, eager, ready, bade, careful, good, apt, trying, together, best, needed Ci: each Di: not, never Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 A: must Bi Ci Di Ai B2 Ci Di A: are B3 Ci Di Ai Bi C: the, an, one, one an Di A: nearly B: have Ci Di A: ought B: to try Ci Di A: most Bi Ci Di Score A 1 Bi C: out, along, some Di A: can B: go C: one Di A: are B: ready C: one Di 8 A weather usually B a good effect C _ one's spirits. Ai: Cold, Pleasant, Balmy, Frosty, Winter, Bright, Clear, Spring, Fair, Cool, Mild, Warm, Autumn, Beautiful A2: Summer, Good, Fine, Nice, The, Hot, Sunny, Calm, Rainy, Temperate, This, Such, Damp, Windy Bi: has Ci: on, upon Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B: had Ci A2 Bi Ci A 1 B: takes, produces Ci Score o Ai, Summer, Damp, Bad Bi, is C: to. in Ai B: makes, shows Ci A 1 B: gives C: to A: Bad Bi Ci Key for Scale B 15 9. It is very annoying to A B toothache, C _. often comes at the most D time imaginable. A 1 : have A2: suffer Bi: a, the Ci : which Di : trying, unexpected, absurd, inconvenient, embarrassing, annoying, un- welcome, unusual, distressing, extraordinary, disagreeable, inoppor- tune, undesirable, unfortunate, unsuitable, unreasonable, objectionable D2 : horrid, awkward, terrible, critical, unpleasant, busy, strange, important, unthinkable, peculiar, unlucky, harmful, valuable, unlikely, unsatis- factory, unprepared, uncertain, awful, queer D3: unknown, pleasant, happy, joyful, worst, sudden Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di A2 B: from, with Ci Di Score 1 A2, get, feel, bear Bi Ci Di Ai Bi Ci D2 A2 B: from Ci D2 Ai Bi C: for it, as it, and it, that, it Di Score o Ai Bi C: and Di Ai Bi Ci D3 10. To A friends is always B the C it takes. Ai: have, make, win, gain, be, help, keep A2: see, satisfy, meet, greet, know, please, find, treat, visit, entertain, possess, obtain Bi : worth Ci: time, effort, trouble C2: endeavor, energy, pains, patience, work Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A2 Bi Ci A 1 Bi C2 Score o Ai B: for, worthy of Ci A: win B: better C: longer A: our B: given C: best LANGUAGE SCALE C 1. The sky blue. Score 2 is, was, became, turned, looks, appears, seems Score I got, is very, is not, has Score o are, light, very, dark 2. Men older than boys. Score 2 are, act, look, appear, seem Score i grow, were, is Score o be, see 3. Good boys A kind B their sisters. Ai : are A2: were, must be, should be, will be, act, is Bi: to B2: with, toward, like, also, and Score 2 A 1 Bi Score 1 A2 Bi Ai B2 A : and B : love A: think B: of A: do B: things for A: say B: words to Score o A 1 B: for, as, by 4. The girl fell and her head. Score 2 hurt, injured, bruised, cut, hit, struck, bumped Score 1 knocked, came down on, crushed, fractured, broke Score o split, busted, on, bunked 5- The A rises B the morning and C at night. Ai: sun Bi: in, during Ci: sets, sinks, disappears C2: falls C3: goes, leaves, lowers, sits, moon, never, goes down, set, not, descends, drops, dies, the moon, fades 16 Key for Scale C 17 Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A: temperature Bi C2 A: boy, bird Bi C: sleeps, rests A: tide Bi C2, also Ai Bi C3 Score o Ai Bi C: sometimes Ai B: every Ci 6. The boy who A hard B do well. Ai : works, tries, studies, thinks A2: worked, tried, studied, thought A3: plays, hits, work, try Bi: will B2: can, may, does, shall, should, could, must, did Score 2 A 1 Bi Score 1 A 1 B2 A2 Bi, B2 A3 Bi Score Ai B: sometimes, surely, often A : did B : work did A: work B: did A: does. B: work 7. Men A more B to do heavy work C women. Ai: are A2 : have Bi: able, competent, willing, inclined, apt, ready, likely B2: ability, strength, inclination, power B3: prepared, anxious, eager, liable, fitted, equal, accustomed, suited, satis- fied, fit, capable, used, adapted, wanted, required, taken, healthy, qualified, built, stronger, suitable, useful B4: ambition, energy, time, muscle, tools, right, business Ci: than Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A2 B2 Ci Score 1 A 1 B3 Ci A2 B4 Ci A: try, like, ought B: often Ci A: earn B: money Ci A: know B: how Ci A: need B: tools, money Ci A: appear Bi Ci Score o Ai B: made, asked, good, active Ci Ai B: useful, able C: for A: work B: hard Ci A: do B: thinking Ci A2 B: brains, work Ci 1 8 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 8. The sun is so A that one can not B C D directly E causing great discomfort to the eyes. Al : brilliant, dazzling, radiant, bright A2: blinding, intense, strong, light, powerful, glary, hot, red, fiery, high Bi : look, gaze, stare B2: endure, bear, stand Ci: at Di: it Ei: without Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di Ei Ai B2 C: its D: rays Ei Ai Bi C: into, toward, towards Di Ei, unless, for, if A: low B: read C: a D: book Ei A 1 B: even C: look D: up Ei Score o A: warm, far, low Bi Ci Di Ei Ai Bi Ci Di E: because, thus Ai B: see Ci: it D: so Ei 9. The knowledge of A B use fire is C of D important things known by E but un- known F animals. Ai: how Bi: to B2: proper, correct, careful, important, skillful, great Ci : one C2: considered, rated, thought Di : the, many, several Ei: man, men, us, mankind, people E2 : persons, scouts, humans Fi : to, by, among Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Score 1 Ai Bi Ci Di E2 Fi A: why B: we Ci Di Ei Fi A: when, having, the way Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Ai Bi C2 Di Ei Fi Ai Bi Ci D: most Ei Fi Score Ai Bi C: often Di Ei Fi A: the B2 Ci Di Ei Fi A: knowing B: how to Ci Di Ei Fi Key for Scale C 19 10. One ought to A great care to B the right C of D , for one who E bad habits F it G to get away from them. Ai : use, take, exercise Bi: form, choose, acquire, gain, cultivate, develop, adopt, establish, learn, teach, begin B2: obtain, get, possess, use, have, pursue, make, lead Ci : sort, kind C2 : habits Di: habits D2: living, life, working, work, studying, study, speaking, speech, thinking, thought, learning, mind, procedure, action, attention, acting Ei: has, gains, contracts, forms, acquires Fi: finds Gi: hard, difficult G2: impossible, pays Score 2 A 1 Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Gi A 1 Bi C2 D2 Ei Fi Gi Score 1 A 1 B2 Ci Di Ei Fi Gi Ai B2 C2 D2 Ei Fi Gi A 1 „ Bi _ Ci Di Ei, gets, makes Fi G2 A 1 Bi Ci Di Ei F: has, makes Gi A 1 Bi C2 D2 Ei F: has, makes Gi A: have, give Bi C2 D2 Ei Fi Gi A: have, give Bi Ci Di Ei Fi „ Gi A 1 B: be Ci D: person Ei Fi Gi A 1 B: begin C: way D: living Ei Fi Gi Ai B: do C: thing D: course Ei Fi Gi A 1 B: do Ci D: things Ei Fi Gi Score o Ai B: get C: start D: life Ei Fi Gi Ai B: do C: thing D: life Ei Fi Gi LANGUAGE SCALE D 1. We are going school. Score 2 to, through, toward, before, after Score I into, from, to the, as a, to go to Score o at, in 2. I to school each day. Score 2 go, come, walk, ride, drive, run, went, came, rode, drove Score I am, am going, like to go, was, have gone Score o like, to, going, study 3. The A plays B her dolls all day. Score 2 A: girl, child, baby B: with Score 1 A: boy, girls, cat, dog, children, little girl, B: with Score o A: girl B: to, for 4. The rude child does not many friends. Score 2 have, make, gain, win Score 1 deserve, find, know, acquire, possess, keep, greet, appreciate, accumu- late, help, please, obey, meet, get, see, play with Score o want, like, care for, need, has 5. Hard A makes B tired. Ai: work, labor, play A2: traveling, tasks, luck, things A3: thing, bread, times Bi: one, people, you, him, her, me, men, women, them, us, folks, anyone, children B2: a man, minds, bodies Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A2 Bi Score o A3 Bi 20 Key for Scale D 21 6. It is good to hear A voice B C friend. Ai : the A2 : your Bi: of B2 : from Ci : a, one's, your, my, another, some, his, her, any, their C2: one, an old, a true, the, an intimate Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A 1 Bi C2 A2 B: my C: dear, good A: her B: to C: her A: a Bi, B2 C: a A: your, her B: calling C: your, her A2 B: again, tonight C: my A: that Bi C: my A: Caruso's B: with C: his A: her B: said C: Mary's Score o A 1 B2 Ci A: a Bi, B2 C: year A: one's B: said C: his A2 B: with, than C: your A: his B: and C: his 7. The happiest and A contented man is the one B lives a busy and useful C A 1 : most, best A2: well, brightest, richest, the, nice, truly, loveliest, strongest, healthiest, more A3: good, poor Bi: who, that B2: which Ci: life Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score j Ai B2 Ci A2 Bi Ci Score o A3 Bi Ci 8. The best advice A usually B obtained C one's parents. Ai: may, can, will A2: is A3: might, could, would, should Bi: be B2: directly, that, correctly, freely, easily, readily, promptly, first, fully, soon, accurately, properly B3 : rightly, well, best, only, to be, better, willingly, fairly, cheerfully B4: always, often, not, also, being Ci : from C2: of, by, through 22 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A2 B2 Ci A: has B: been Ci Score i A3 Bi Ci Ai Bi C2 A2 B3 Ci A2 B2 C2 A: most, received B: is Ci A: one B: has Ci A: comes B: when Ci Score o A2 B4 Ci A: children B: have Ci A2 B: best, to be C: by 9 A things are B satisfying to an ordinary C than congenial friends. Ai : Few A2: Many, Some, No, Good, Sometimes, These, More, Those, New, One's, Pleasant, Queer, Such, Ordinary, What A3: Kind, All, The, Small, Often, Flattering B 1 : more B2 : less Ci: man, person, child, mortal, individual, boy, girl, woman C2: friend, companion, stranger, people, acquaintance C3: child, boy, girl Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A: Most B2 Ci Score 1 Ai Bi C2 A: Play Bi C3 A2 Bi, B2 Ci Score o A3 Bi Ci Ai Bi C: one, condition Ai B: not C: man A2 Bi C: friend A2 B: quite Ci 10 A a rule one B association C friends. Ai: As A2 : Although Bi: enjoys, prefers, likes, desires, welcomes, seeks B2: holds, keeps, cultivates, finds, chooses, wishes, loves, gains Ci: with C2: of Score 2 A 1 Bi Ci Score 1 Ai Bi C2 Ai B: makes Ci Ai B2 Ci, C2 Score o Ai B: chooses C: and A 1 B: keeps C: his A2 B: like C2 LANGUAGE SCALE E 1. I see you. Can you see ? Score 2 me Score i the cat, men, us, it, I can, yes Score o play, run, you 2. Ice is cold, but fire is Score 2 hot Score i good, not, red, burning, warm Score o how, burned, cold 3. The kind lady the poor man a dollar. Score 2 gave, gives, offers, offered, paid, pays, took, sent, loaned, lent, handed, tendered Score 1 found, lends, loans, hands, sends, takes, give, is giving Score finds, helps, owes, owed 4. The best to sleep is at night. Score 2 time Score 1 hour, way Score place, bed, air, girl, boy, of all, go, thing, when, thing is 5. Children should A many lessons from B parents. Ai : learn, take, receive, obtain, get A2: study, have, observe, know, obey A3: show, do, recite Bi: their B2: the, fond, kind Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 A2 Bi Ai B2 Score A3 Bi A: have B: your 23 24 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales C was 6. The child ... A B the river drowned. Ai: fell A2 : went, sprang, jumped, waded A3 : swam, bathed, played, was A4: went A5: playing Bi: in B2: into B3: down, on, near B4: by B5: to Ci: and Score 2 Ai .... ... Bi, B2 Ci A2 .... ... B2 Ci Score 1 A3 .... .. Bi Ci A 4 .... ... Bi, B3, B; 5, Ci A: ran B2, B5, Ci A: played, sat B: near Ci A: who B: crossed C: yesterday A: who fell B2 C: soon A: was B: at, on Ci A5 B4 C: side A5 B: on C: bank A5 B: near C: accidentally Score o A4 B 4 Ci A: was B 4 , B5 Ci A: played B: at Ci A: goes B5 Ci A: swam B: through Ci A5 B4 C : today, nearly 1* i s a -A task to be kind to every beggar B C for money. Ai: hard, burdensome, difficult, great, big, real, trying A2: philanthropic, charitable, heavy, bitter, noble, small, foolish, pleasant, good, little, bad, kind, worthy, mean A3 : daily, poor, fine, nice, friendly, easy Bi: who, that B2: which Ci : asks, begs, pleads C2: calls, cries, comes, seeks, wants, looks, wishes, works Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A2 Bi Ci A 1 Bi C2 Ai — B: when C: asked, he asks A 1 B: asking _ C: one A 1 B2 Ci Key for Scale E 25 Score o A3 Bi Ci Ai B2 C2 Ai Bi C: needs A: polite B: here C: asking 8. Worry A never improved a situation but has B made conditions C Ai: has A2 : certainly, surely Bi: often, usually, always, generally, merely, undoubtedly, sometimes, only, certainly, slowly, probably, simply, repeatedly, surely B2: rather, really, ever, mostly, even, instead, just, indeed, helped B3 : never Ci: worse C2: serious, poor, change, poorer, bad, harder, miserable Score 2 A 1 Bi Ci A2 Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B2 Ci Ai Bi C2 Ai B: always, gradually C2 Score o Ai B3 Ci A: can, will B: often Ci Ai B3, Bi C: better A: should Bi Ci 9. When one feels drowsy and A , it B happens that he is C to fix his attention very successfully D anything. Ai : dull, tired, stupid, weary, fatigued, lazy, indolent, sleepy, inattentive, ill, inert, indisposed, sick A2: weak, sad, bored, cross, is Bi : usually, generally, frequently, sometimes, often B2 : seldom, rarely B3: invariably, always, soon, just, then, so Ci: able C2: unable C3 : failing, able, slow, unfit, not able, too tired C4: trying, going, ready, liable, apt Di: on, upon Score 2 A 1 Bi C2 Di A 1 B2 Ci Di Score 1 A2 Bi C2 _ Di A2 B2 Ci Di A 1 B2 _ Ci D: to, at A 1 B3 C2 Di A 1 Bi C3 Di Ai B2 C4 Di A 1 B: never C: apt Di 26 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score o Ai Bi C: never Di Ai B: generally C: made Di Ai B: often C: not Di Ai B: sometimes C: lazy Di io. In order A B clearly at C it is D to E artificial F Ai: to Bi: see B2: look Ci: night C2 : times, all Di: necessary, essential D2: better, best Ei: use E2 : have Fi : light, means, devices Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Ai Bi Ci Di E2 F: light Score 1 Ai Bi C2, sea Di Ei, E2 Fi Ai B: think C2 Di Ei, avoid Fr stimulants Ai B2 C: light Di E2 F: pro- tection Ai Bi Ci D2 Ei Fi Ai B: hear, speak C: times, first Di _ _ Ei, adopt F: means Ai B: understand, explain C: times Di Ei F: examples Ai Bi Ci Di Ei F: glasses Score o Ai Bi C: distance D2 E2 F: light Ai Bi C: once D2 E: try F: means Ai B2 C: something D; advisable E: remove F: aids Ai B: think C: times Di Ei F: means LANGUAGE SCALE F 1. I like to go^to Score 2 school, church, play, bed, mess, sleep, town, Chicago Score I see, war,^heaven Score o bad, today 2. Women older than girls. Score 2 are, appear, seem, look, act Score I were, grow, become, dress, is Score o be, see, do, make 3. The bird a song every morning. Score 2 sings, sang, sung Score 1 will sing, sing, has, warbles, chirps, pipes, sings us, gives, gives us Score o likes, did, songs, song 4. When the A grows older he B be a man. Ai: boy, youth, lad A2: child, son, baby, brother, man, boys Bi: will B2: may, must, can, shall, should, could, would, might, has to, is to, begins to, comes to Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A2 Bi Score Ai B: says Bi 5. Children A to pick B Ai A2 Bi B2 like come, are, came, are not, go, likes, went, try, were, wish, have, ought flowers, berries, apples, fruit, daisies quarrels, playmates 27 28 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Score i A2 ........ Bi A: climb, jump B: apples Ai B: flower, nuts A: try B2 Score A: go B: stick 6. All animals A shelter during a B Ai: seek, hunt, like, want, need, require, take A2: find, have, get, love, look for Bi: storm B2: shower, rain Score 2 Ai Br, B2 Score 1 A2 B2, night A 1 B: winter A: need B: day Score A: are, will, do Bi A: have, shall B: year, day, summer 7' The A of your B and mother is your brother. Ar A2 A3 £ 4 Bi B2 pleasure, pride, boy, child, support, love, care, children boy, reason girl, work father family Score 2 A I ..... Score 1 A2 ..... Score o A3 A 4 Bi Bi B2 Bi 8. When two persons A about B. understands, they C almost D. Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 Ci Di D2 D 3 D 4 talk, converse decide, ask, are talking, dispute, argue, speak fight, think, talking that, something things, matters, anything, objects, a subject are sure, certain bound, positive, ready, willing, apt, liable conclude, agree fit, always, very sure which neither to disagree. Key for Scale F 29 Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di A 1 Bi C: seem D: always Score 1 hi Bi Ci D2 A2 Bi Ci Di Ai B2 Ci Di Ai Bi C: can D3 A 1 Bi C: usually, will D: have Score o Ai Bi Ci D4 A3 Bi Ci Di A: are B: something Ci D: ready ....A B want are often caused by C Bi: and B2: of Ci: drink, ignorance, laziness, sickness, disease, neglect C2: selfishness, jealousy, indulgence, imagination Score 2 A: Poverty Bi Ci Score 1 A: Times B2 C: famine A: Cases B2 Ci A: Things B: people C2 A: Need Bi C: pleasure A: People B: in Ci A: What B: girls C: variety Score o A: Health Bi C: laziness A: Horrors B2 C: obstinacy A: Hunger Bi C: cries A: Conditions B: in C: neglect 10. The least difficult A are by no B always the most C , D are the E tasks F the most disagreeable. Ai: tasks, undertakings Bi: means Ci: profitable Di: nor Ei: hardest Fi: always Score 2 Ai Bi C: pleasant, agreeable Di El Fi Score 1 Ai Bi Ci, trifling Di Ei Fi Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Score Ai Bi C: pleasing D: altho E: hard Fi LANGUAGE SCALE J Boys and soon become ...and women. Score 2 girls men Score I girls, girl man girls gentlemen Score o girl mans men _... poor The are often more contented the rich. Score 2 poor than Score i poor, people with, by children, people than girls with Score o girls, men, parents than The rose is a favorite because of fragrance and Score 2 flower its beauty, color Score i flower the beauty, color, smell, blossoms, sweetness flower. its scent, smell, appearance, sweetness, blossoms Score o flower _... sweet, nice, looks, pretty It is very A to become B acquainted C persons who D timid. Ai: hard, difficult A2: trying, tiresome, pleasant, possible, nice, unusual, awkward, unpleas- ant, annoying, fine, strange, uncommon, inconvenient, kind, easy, grand, good, sensible, troublesome, necessary, commendable A3: well, unwise, customary, wrong, bad Bi: w r ell, thoroughly, fully, intimately, personally B2 : really, slightly, merely, closely, properly, rapidly, fairly, nicely, quite, familiarly, readily, quickly, better, much, more, so B3: good, goodly, kindly, easily, strongly, real, immediately Ci: with Di: are D2: seem, act, appear, look Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di 30 Key for Scale J 31 Score 1 A2 Bi _ Ci Di Ai B2 Ci Di Ai Bi Ci D2 Score o A: nice B: much Ci Di A3 Bi Ci Di Ai B3 Ci Di Extremely old A sometimes B almost as C care as D .. Ai : people, persons A2 : age Bi: need, take, require Ci: much Di : babies, infants, young, children, invalids Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai B: are Ci, great Di A2 B: brings Ci D: youth A2 B: seems Ci D: sickness A: automobiles Bi Ci D: horses A: men B: take Ci D: women A: books B: need Ci D: new A: people. B: have, show C: little D: young Score A: things Bi Ci D: trouble One's A in life B upon so C factors D it is not E to state any single F for G failure. A 1 : success A2: position, conduct, course, status , purpose, aim Bi: depends, rests Ci: many Di: that Ei: easy, safe, wise Fi: rule F2: reason, condition, factor Gi : his, her, one's, every, any, a G2 : avoiding Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di El Ai Bi Ci ... Di Gi Score 1 h2 Bi Ci . Di E Ai Bi Ci . Di E one's, our, complete Score Ai Bi Ci . Di E G: our Fi G2 Ei F: cause Fi G2 . F2 G: true F: reason 32 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 7. The future A of the stars and the facts of B history are C now once for all, D I like them E not. Ai : course, destiny, circuits, paths Bi: ancient, past, their B2 : future Cl: fixed C2: known, learned, settled Di: whether Ei: or Score 2 Ci Di Ei C2 Di Ei Ci Di Ei Ai Bi Score 1 Ai Ai Bi B2 Score Ai Bi Ci, known D: and, although Ei LANGUAGE SCALE K 1. The boy will his hand if plays with fire. Score 2 burn he Scgtc I injure, hurt, heat, warm, ruin, dirty he Score o use, shake, hold, lose, suck, wash, he 2. Hot weather comes in the A and B weather C the winter. Ai: summer A2: spring Bi : cold, snowy, icy B2: the, bad, rainy Ci: in Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A 1 B: cool C: precedes Score 1 Ai, A2 B2 Ci A2 Bi Ci, brings Score o Ai Bi C: comes 3. The poor little A has B nothing to C ; he is hungry. A 1 : boy, lad, chap, fellow, child A2: baby, creature, man, beggar, thing, pig, dog, bird Bi : had, found, absolutely B2: got, received, almost, really, simply, even, probably B3: no, not, hardly, never, entirely Ci: eat Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B2 Ci A2 Bi Ci Ai B: eaten C: day Ai, A2 Ci Score o Ai Bi C: do, wear Ai B3 Ci 4. Very few people A how to spend time and B to the best advantage. Ai: know, learn A2: find, show Bi: money, energy, effort B2: thought, study, work, think, put it B3: go, send, try, do 3 33 34 Key f or Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Score i Ai B2 A: knows Bi Ai Bi Score o A2 B: work, think Ai B 3 5- One A not, as a B , C attention D uninteresting things. Ai: can, does, will A2: should Bi: rule B2: student, teacher, necessity, reader, practice Ci: give, pay C2: attract, call, direct C3: fix, put, hold Di: to Score 2 A 1 Bi, fact Ci Di A2 Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C2 Di Ai B: child Ci Di Score 1 Ai Bi Ci, C3 D: on Ai B2 C: place D: in Ai B2 Ci Di Ai B2 C: maintain D: with Ai B2 C: hold D: by A: has Bi C: much D: for A2 B: idiot, practice Ci Di Score o Ai B: spectator C: keep Di A: looks B: tarter C: giving Di 6. To eat A one is B is a C pleasure. Ai: when, whenever A2: till, until A3: what, whatever Ci: great, real Score 2 A 1 B: hungry Ci A2 B: satisfied Ci Score 1 A 1 B: well, happy Ci A: food, what B: fond of Ci A2 _.... B: full, stuffed Ci A: heartily B: told, convinced Ci A: what, whatever, B: forbidden, given C: doubtful, Ci Score o A: delicious B: sure Ci A: when B: enjoying C: marked Key for Scale K 35 A they B us C not, nature's D are E and unchangeable. Ai : Whether Bi: suit, affect, impress, concern, favor, disturb B2: convince, effect Ci: or Di : laws, ways Ei: fixed E2: true, inflexible Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Score 1 Ai B2 Ci Di Ei A: If Bi Ci Di Ei Ai B: influence Ci Di E2 Score o A: Even B: suit Ci _ D: roads E: sure LANGUAGE SCALE L I. Children A are rude B not easily win friends. Ai : who, that B I : do, can , will B2: may, should, must Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A: which Bi Score A: maybe B: but 2. Plenty A exercise and B air C healthy D and girls. Ai: of A2: outdoor, work, study Bi: fresh, pure, good B2 : clear, plenty of Ci: makes Di: boys Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai Bi C: make Di Ai B2 Ci Di A2 Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C: is D: to boys, for boys Score o Ai B: healthy C: give Di 3. In A to maintain B health, one should have nourishing C Ai A2 Bi B2 Ci order seeking, trying, helping, traveling, summer, winter, spring, truth, illness. one's, his, good our, your food, foods Score 2 hi Bi Ci Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Ai B2 Ci Score A: life, time Bi Ci 36 Key for Scale L 37 4 A... happiness can not be B with money. True, Real, Great, Your, Our, His, Her, One's, Children's Ai A2: Some, Plenty, No, People's, Often, All, Much Bi: bought, compared B2: gotten, secured, obtained B3: had, won, insured, made Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 A2 Bi, B2 Ai, Much, Always, Sometimes B2, B3 Score o A: Good B: made A: Your B: counted A: Their.. B: repaid Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 5. One's A do B always express his thoughts. words, statements, lips expressions, looks, actions, sayings, features, word ways, eyes, opinions not nearly Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 A2 Bi A: words B: almost A: actions B2, most Score A3 ,Bi A: expressions B2 6. To A to wait, after having B to go C , D very annoying. A 1 : have Bi: prepared, planned, decided, promised, arranged, hurried B2: wanted, wished B3: had Ci: somewhere, out, away, home Di: is Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C: promptly Di Ai B: asked Ci Di Score 1 Ai B: waited Ci Di A: stop B: attempted Ci Di Ai Bi, B2, B3 C: is D: sometimes, often Ai B: lunch C: swimming Di Ai B3 — - C: quickly, far, away Di Score o Ai B: preparing C: there Di Ai B3 C: work Di 38 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 7. It is sometimes A to B between two C of action. Ai: difficult, hard A2 : necessary Bi: choose Ci: lines, modes, courses C2 : kinds, types Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A2 B: hesitate Ci Score 1 Ai, A2 Bi, distinguish C2 A: dangerous B: go C: men Score A: safe B: go C: guns 8. One can A do his B at one C while D of another. Ai: not, never Bi: best, duty Ci: thing, task, , job, occupation, study C2: time C3: place Di: thinking Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai Bi C2, C3 Di, dreaming A: often Bi Ci, C2, C3 Di Score A: also Bi C2 D: not Ai Bi C2 D: seeing A: easily B: work C2 D: talking LANGUAGE SCALE M 1. One can not foretell A will happen in the B Ai: what Bi : future, morning, autumn, winter, night, end, spring, summer B2: city, crowd, present, family, house, month, year, morrow, day, world B3: time, past, today Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A: things that Bi Score o Ai B 3 A: that Bi 2. The dog A a useful B because C his intelligence and faithfulness. Ai: is Bi: animal, creature, friend, pet, beast, companion B2: fellow, thing, being, dog Ci: of Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B2 Ci A: becomes Bi Ci A 1 Bi C: he has Score o Ai Bi C: by A: has B: manner Ci 3. Many people A their health because B do not C the D of hygiene. Ai: lose, injure, ruin, undermine, destroy A2: wreck, mar, haven't, spoil, waste Bi: they Ci: observe, heed, understand, know, practice, follow, keep Di: principles, laws, rules D2: need, good, value, meaning D3: science, subjects, books, lessons, study, rules, subject Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di A: keep Bi C: neglect Di A 1 Bi C: know D2 Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di A 1 Bi C: study ....". D3 A: have Bi C: disregard D3 3 39 40 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score o A: protect Bi C: want D: disease A: lose Bi C: acquire D: value A: have Bi C: follow Di, ethics 4. Nothing can A one's happiness B effectively than a guilty C Ai: destroy, injure, mar, lessen, decrease, ruin, spoil A2: harm, hurt, hinder, dampen, effect, darken A3: stunt, hinder B 1 : more Ci: conscience C2: man, person Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Score o A3 Bi C2 5- To A many things B ever finishing any of them C a D habit. Ai: begin, undertake, attempt, leave, commence, start, try, play A2: take, have, do, make, say, stop, think, get, avoid Bi: without B2: hardly, never, n B3: before, not Ci : is, becomes C2: forms, seems, starts Di: bad D2: deplorable, pernicious, tenacious, strange Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di Ai B2, B3 Ci Di Ai Bi Ci D2 Ai Bi C2 Di Score o A2 B3 Ci Di A2 Bi C2 Di A: do D: when Ci Di Ai B: and Ci Di 6. The A seems B and dreary C a dis- couraged D Ai : world, day A2: way, time, road A3: teacher, man, boy Bi: dull, dark, sad B2: long Ci: to Di: man, woman, person, child, boy, girl Key for Scale M 41 Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di A2 B2 Ci D: traveler Score 1 A2 B2 Ci Di, voyager A3 B: sad C: and, over Di, mortal A: man B: tired C: after D: attempt Ai Bi C: when Di Ai Bi C: for Di Ai Bi C: giving D: feeling Score Ai B: long C: although Di 7 A that are B to one by an C friend should be pardoned D readily than injuries done by one E is not angry. Ai: Injuries A2: Insults, Harms, Wrongs, Slights, Offences, Things, Bi: done B2: given, rendered Ci: angry, angered, irate, enraged C2: irritated, incensed, old, another, injured, intimate, other, honest, inno- cent, ordinary, unkind D 1 : more Ei : who, that Score 2 Ai ...' Bi Ci Di Ei Score 1 A 1 Bi Ci Di E: which Ai B2 Ci Di Ei Ai Bi Ci D: less Ei Ai Bi C2 Di Ei A2 Bi Ci Di Ei A: words B: spoken C: irritated Di El Score A: Things Bi C: unknown Di Ei Ai Bi Ci D: very Ei 8. It is A that a full-grown man should B a ghost C he is D. Ai : inconceivable, improbable, impossible, unbelievable A2: strange, absurd Bi: see B2: fear Ci : while, when, if C2: unless, except Di: sane, sober, awake D2: insane, drunk D2; dead Score 2 Ai Bi Ct Di A 1 Bi C2 D2 Ai B2 Ci Di 42 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score i A: best B: show C: that D: unafraid A: said B2 C: if D: wise A: foolish B2 C: since D: grown A2 Bi Ci Di A: unwise B: become C: before, until D3 Ai B: be Ci D3 A 1 B: believe C: story D: reading Score A2 B: know C: when D: alone COMPLETION EXERCISE ALPHA 1 1. I like to go to Score 2 school, church, play, bed, mess, sleep, town, Chicago Score I see, war, heaven Score o bad, today 2. The sky blue. Score 2 is, was, became, turned, looks, appears, seems Score i got, is very, is not, has Score o are, light, very, dark 3. Ice is cold, but fire is Score 2 hot Score 1 good, not, red, burning, warm Score o how, burned, cold 4. The stars and the will shine tonight. Score 2 moon Score 1 light, planets, lights Score dipper, stripes, clouds, city, sky, sun 5. The A_ plays B her dolls all day. Score 2 A: girl, child, baby B: with Score 1 A: boy, girls, cat, dog, children, little girl B: with Score A: girl B: to, for 6. Good boys A kind B their sisters. Ai: are A2: were, must be, should be, will be, act, is Bi: to B2: with, toward, like, also, and 1 See pages 80 to 89 for description of Completion Exercises Alpha and Beta. 43 44 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Score i A2 Bi Ai B2 A: and B: love A: think B: of A: do B: things for A: say B: words to Score o Ai B: for, as, by 7- During the weather the boys play in the shade. Score 2 hot, warm, sunny Score i bright, summer, pleasant, nice, dry Score o wet, rainy, bad 8. Boys must A be rude to B mothers. Ai A2 Bi B 2 not, never seldom, always good, dear, any, our, your, the their Score 2 Ai B 2 Score i Ai Bi Score o Ai B: his, her A2 B2 9- The boy will A his hand if B plays with fire. Score 2 A: burn B: he Score i A: injure, hurt, heat, warm, ruin, dirty B: he Score o A: use, shake, hold, lose, suck, wash B: he io. Time A often more valuable B money. Score 2 A: is, was B: than Score i A: seems, becomes B: than Score o A: are B: than A: is B: with Key for Scale Alpha 45 II. Hard A. makes .B. tired. Ai: work, labor, play A2: traveling, tasks, luck, things A3: thing, bread, times Bi: one, people, you, him, her, me, men, women, them, us, folks, anyone, children B2: a man, minds, bodies Score 2 Ai Score 1 Ai A2 Score o A3 Bi B2 Bi Bi 12. The A. night. rises .B the morning and C at Ai: sun Bi: in, during Ci: sets, sinks, disappears C2: falls C3: goes, leaves, lowers, sits, moon, never, goes down, set, not, descends, drops, dies, the moon, fades Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A: temperature Bi C2 A: boy, bird Bi C: sleeps, rests A: tide Bi C2, also Ai Bi C3 Score Ai Bi C: sometimes Ai B: every Ci 13. Hot weather comes in the A. C the winter. and .B weather Ai A2 Bi B2 Ci summer spring cold, snowy, icy the, bad, rainy in Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A 1 B: cool C: precedes Score 1 Ai, A2 B2 Ci A2 Bi Ci: brings Score Ai Bi C: comes 46 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 14. The child A B the river C was drowned. Ai: fell A2: went, sprang, jumped, waded A3: swam, bathed, played, was A4: went A5: playing Bi: in B2: into B3: down, on, near B4: by B5: to Ci: and Score 2 Ai Bi, B2 Ci A2 B2 Ci Score 1 A3 Bi Ci A4 Bi, B3, B5 Ci A: ran B2, B5 Ci A: played, sat B: near Ci A: who B: crossed C: yesterday A: who fell B2 C: soon A: was B: at, on Ci A5 B4 C: side A5 B: on C: bank A5 B: near C: accidentally Score o A4 B4 Ci A: was B4, B5 Ci A: played B: at Ci A: goes B5 Ci A: swam B: through Ci A5 B4 C: today, nearly 15. She if she will. Score 2 can, may Scsre 1 will, may go, can do well Score does, works, goes, has, is, could, knows, might, plays, is good, can't 16. It is good to hear A voice B C friend. Ai : the A2: your Bi: of B2 : from Ci: a, one's, your, my, another, some, his, her, any, their C2: one, an old, a true, the, an intimate Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Key for Scale Alpha 47 Score i Ai Bi C2 A2 B: my C: dear, good A: her B: to C: her A: a Bi, B2 C: a A: your, her B: calling C: your, her A2 B: again, tonight C: my A: that Bi C: my A: Caruso's B: with C: his A: her B: said C: Mary's Score o Ai B2 Ci A: a Bi, B2 C: year A: one's B: said C: his A2 B: with, than C: your A: his B: and C: his 17. The boy who A hard B do well. Ai: works, tries, studies, thinks A2: worked, tried, studied, thought A3: plays, hits, work, try Bi: will B2: can, may, does, shall, should, could, must, did Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A2 Bi, B2 A3 Bi Score o Ai B: sometimes, surely, often A: did B: work did A: work B: did A: does B: work Boys who play A. C .B mud get their hands Ai Bi B2 Ci C2 in the wet, dirty, soft, black, any, with, near dirty, soiled, muddy black, wet, sticky, filthy, nasty Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai Bi C2 Ai, around B2 Ci A: marbles, games, ball B: in, with .. A: with dirt, in dirt B: and Ci A: at B: moulding Ci Score Ai, with B2 C: dusty A: , much B: in Ci Ci 4 8 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 19 A the weather is B one should wear heavier C than when it is D Ai: When, If Bi: cold, cool Ci : clothing, clothes, garments, cloaks, coats, wraps, underwear Di: hot, warm Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai Bi Ci D: warmer, good, nice Ai B: stormy Ci D: nice, hot A: cold B: when Ci Di Ai B: winter Ci D: summer Ai B: bad Ci Di A: Although Bi Ci Di A: As, Now Bi C: clothes Di Score A: How B: no Ci D: cold A: Like B: today Ci Di A: Tho B: warm Ci Di A: Here, Sometimes Bi Ci Di .B 20. It is a A task to be kind to every beggar C for money. Ai: hard, burdensome, difficult, great, big, real, trying A2: philanthropic, charitable, heavy, bitter, noble, small, foolish, pleasant, good, little, bad, kind, worthy, mean A3: daily, poor, fine, nice, friendly, easy Bi: who, that B2 : which Ci: asks, begs, pleads C2: calls, cries, comes, seeks, wants, looks, wishes, works Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Ai Bi C2 A 1 B: when C: asked, he asks Ai B: asking C: one Ai B2 Ci Score o A3 Bi Ci Ai B2 C2 Ai Bi C: needs A: polite B: here C: asking 21. The happiest and A contented man is the one B lives a busy and useful C Ai: A2: A3 Bi B2 Ci most, best well, brightest, richest, the, nice, truly, loveliest, strongest, healthiest, more good, poor who, that which life Key for Scale A Ipha 49 Score 2 Ai .... .... Bi .... Ct Score 1 Ai ... .... B2 .... Ct A2 .... .... Bi .... Ct Score A3 -. .... Bi ... Ct Ai A2 Bi B2 Ci 22. In A to maintain B health, one should have nourishing C order seeking, trying, helping, traveling, summer, winter, spring, truth, illness one's, his, good our, your food, foods Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Ai B2 Ci Score o A: life, time Bi Ci 23. Many people A their health because B do not C the D of hygiene. Ai: lose, injure, ruin, undermine, destroy A2: wreck, mar, haven't, spoil, waste Bi: they Ci: observe, heed, understand, know, practice, follow, keep Di: principles, laws, rules D2: need, good, value, meaning D3: science, subjects, books, lessons, study, rules, subject Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di A: keep Bi C: neglect Di Ai Bi C: know D2 Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C: study D3 A: have Bi C: disregard D3 Score A: protect Bi C: want D: disease A: lose Bi C: acquire D: value A: have Bi C: follow Di, ethics 24. A home is A merely a place B one C live comfortably. Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 B3 Ci C2 4 not, often, sometimes generally, usually, just, now, really, now, never but, only, always where in, which, that for may, can will, would, should 5o Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score i Ai B2 Ci, C2 A2 Bi Ci Ai, A2 B: for C: to Ai B: so Ci Score Ai Bi C: does Ai B3 C: who A3 Bi Ci 25. It is very A to become B acquainted C persons who D timid. Ai : hard, difficult A2: trying, tiresome, pleasant, possible, nice, unusual, awkward, unpleasant, annoying, fine, strange, uncommon, inconvenient, kind, easy, grand, good, sensible, troublesome, necessary, commendable well, unwise, customary, wrong, bad well, thoroughly, fully, intimately, personally really, slightly, merely, closely, properly, rapidly, fairly, nicely, quite, familiarly, readily, quickly, better, much, more, so good, goodly, kindly, easily, strongly, real, immediately with 26. A3 Bi B2 B3 Ci Di D2 are seem, act, appear, look Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di Ai B2 Ci Di Ai Bi Ci D2 Score o A: nice B: much Ci Di A3 Bi Ci Di Ai B3 Ci Di .B always express his thoughts. Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 One's A do words, statements, lips expressions, looks, actions, sayings, features, word ways, eyes, opinions not nearly Score 2 Ai Bi JScore 1 A2 Bi A: words B: almost A: actions B2, most Score A3 Bi A: expressions B2 Key for Scale Alpha 51 storm-clouds some- 27. The A is always shining B. times C it D us. Ai : sun Bi: but, although B2: the Ci: hide, obscure C2: shield, bar, separate, cover, darken Di: from Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai B2 Ci Di Ai B2 C: reveal D: to Ai Bi C2 Di Ai Bi C: cover D: and Score Ai B: and Ci D: to 28. Children should A that after all nobody is B. to care much more C their success than D. E parents. Ai A2 A3 Bi learn, know, realize, see, understand, remember, note, recognize, feel appreciate, consider, find, think, believe say, insist likely, apt, supposed, able, inclined, wont, disposed, going, willing, expected B2: liable, sure, ever, made, ready, bound, known, here, trying, there, about, anxious, obligated, needed Ci: concerning, about, for Di: their El: own E2: dear, loving, fond, kind, two, good, devoted Score 2 Ai Score 1 Ai Ai A2 Ai Score o A3 Ai Bi Bi Bi Bi B2 Bi B: Ci Di Ei Ci Di E2 Ci D: do, will, both, are E: their Ci Di Ei Ci Di Ei Ci Di Ei absolutely Ci Di Ei 29. A are times in the B of almost C. us when we D for a long life. Ai: There Bi: experience, life, history, career B2 : lives B3: youth, age, existence, days, past, midst, world, minds, hearts Ci : everyone C2: any, anyone C 3 : all Di: wish, hope, plan, long, yearn D2: seek, ask, pine, pray, look, prepare, fight, strive, suffer D3: want, live, die Of 52 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ai B2 C 3 Di Score I Ai Bi C2 Di Ai B2 C3 D2 Ai Bi, B3 C3 Di Ai B3 Ci Di Score Ai Bi Ci D3 Ai Bi C: every Di Ai B: midst, heart, world C3 D: are .B. often in his C. 30. One's real A appears than in his speech. Ai: self, character, nature, intention, desire, ambition, attitude, spirit, feeling, worth, disposition, patriotism, happiness, motive A2: ability, power, thought, meaning A3: sense, life, manner, tact, training, breeding, education, object, soul, traits, effort, dignity A4: customs, minds, brains, friend, idea B 1 : more Ci: actions, deeds, conduct, habits, manner, behavior C2: appearance, face, expression, tone, manners, acts, letters, eyes, looks, silence, ways, thoughts, habits C3: writing, letters, work C4: mind, nature, dream, dress, heart, doings, character Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai Bi C2 A2 Bi C3 . Bi Ci A3 Score o A 4 Ai Ai A: Bi Ci Bi C4 B: most C: manners thought Bi C: character 31. Extremely old A sometimes C care as D A 1 : people, persons A2 : age Bi: need, take, require Ci: much Di: babies, infants, young, children, invalids Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai B: are Ci, great Di A2 B: brings Ci D: youth A2 B: seems Ci D: sickness A: automobiles Bi Ci D: horses .B almost as Key for Scale Alpha 53 A: men B: take Ci D: women A: books B: need Ci D: new A: people B: have, show C: little D: young Score o A: things Bi Ci D: trouble 32. To A to wait, after having B to go C , D very annoying. Ai : have Bi: prepared, planned, decided, promised, arranged, hurried B2: wanted, wished B3: had Ci: somewhere, out, away, home Di: is Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C: promptly Di Ai B: asked Ci Di Score 1 Ai B: waited Ci Di A: stop B: attempted Ci Di Ai Bi, B2, B3 C: is D: sometimes, often Ai B: lunch C: swimming Di Ai B3 C: quickly, far, away Di Score o Ai B: preparing C: there Di Ai B3 C: work Di 33. The A seems B and dreary C a dis- couraged D A 1 : world, day A2: way, time, road A3: teacher, man, boy Bi: dull, dark, sad B2: long Ci: to Di: man, woman, person, child, boy, girl Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di A2 B2 Ci D: traveler Score 1 A2 B2 Ci Di, voyager A3 B: sad C: and, over Di, mortal A: man B: tired C: after D: attempt Ai Bi C: when Di Ai Bi C: for Di Ai Bi C: giving D: feeling Score Ai B: long C: although Di 54 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 34. The knowledge of A B use fire is C of D important things known by E but unknown F animals. Ai : how Bi: to B2: proper, correct, careful, important, skillful, great Ci: one C2: considered, rated, thought Di: the, many, several El: man, men, us, mankind, people E2: persons, scouts, humans Fx: to, by, among Score 2 Ai Bi Gi Di Ei Fi Score 1 Ai Bi Ci Di E2 Fi A: why B: we Ci Di Ei .... Fi A: when, having, the way Bi Ci Di Ei Ft Ai Bi C2 Di Ei .. Fi Ai Bi Ci D: most El Fi Score Ai Bi C: often Di Ei Fi A: the B2 Ci Di Ei .... Fi A: knowing B: how to Ci Di Ei Fi 35 A B want are often caused by C A 1 : Poverty Bi: and B2: of Ci: drink, ignorance, laziness, sickness, disease, neglect C2: selfishness, jealousy, indulgence, imagination Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 A: Times B2 C: famine A: Cases B2 Ci A: Things B: people C2 A: Need Bi C: pleasure A: People B: in Ci A: What B: girls C: variety Score A: Health Bi C: laziness A: Horrors B2 C: obstinacy A: Hunger Bi C: cries A: Conditions B: in C: neglect 36. In order A B clearly at C it is D to E artificial F Ai Bi B2 Ci C2 Di to see look night times, all necessary, essential Key for Scale Alpha 55 D2: better, best Ei: use E2 : have Fi: light, means, devices Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Ai Bi Ci Di E2 F: light Score 1 Ai Bi C2, sea Di Ei, E2 Fi Ai B: think C2 ..Di Ei, avoid F: stimulants Ai . B2 C: light Di E2 F: protection Ai Bi Ci D2 Ei Fi Ai B: hear, speak C: times, first Di El, adopt F: means Ai B: understand, explain C: times Di Ei F: examples Ai Bi Ci Di Ei F: glasses Score Ai Bi C: distance D2 E2 F: light Ai Bi C: once D2 E: try F: means Ai B2 C: something D: advisable E: remove F: aids Ai B: think C: times Di Ei F: means 37. One's A in life B upon so C factors D it is not E to state any single F - for G failure. A 1 : success A2: position, conduct, course, status, purpose, aim Bi : depends, rests Ci: many Di: that Ei: easy, safe, wise Fi: rule F2: reason, condition, factor Gi: his, her, one's, every, any, a G2: avoiding Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi G2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei F: cause Gi Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di Ei Fi G2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei F2 G: ones, our, complete Score o Ai Bi Ci Di E: true F: reason G: our 38 A a rule one B association C friends. Ai: As A2: Although Bi- enjoys, prefers, likes, desires, welcomes, seeks B2: holds, keeps, cultivates, finds, chooses, wishes, loves, gains Ci: with C2: of 56 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Score i Ai Ai Ai Score o Ai Ai A2 Bi Ci Bi C2 B: makes Ci B2 Ci, C2 B: chooses C: and B: keeps C: his B: like C2 39. One can A do his B. D of another. A 1 : not, never Bi: best, duty Ci: thing, task, job, occupation, study C2: time C3 : place Di: thinking at one C while Score 2 Ai Score 1 Ai Bi Bi Ci Di C2, C3 Di, dreaming A: often Bi Ci, C2, C3 Di Score A: also Bi C2 D: not Ai Bi C2 D: seeing A: easily B: work C2 D: talking 40. The future A of the stars and the facts of B ^history are C now once for all, D I like them E not. Ai: course, destiny, circuits, paths Bi: ancient, past, their B2: future Ci: fixed C2: known, learned, settled D 1 : whether Ei: or Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Score 1 Ai Bi C2 Di Ei Ai B2 Ci Di Ei Score o Ai Bi Ci, known D: and, although Ei COMPLETION EXERCISE BETA 1. I see you. Can you see ? Score 2 me Score i the cat, men, us, it, I can, yes Score o play, run, you 2. The boy has book. Score 2 a, the, his, her, my, their Score I a good, a big, a school, a nice, an, some Score o pretty, red, heavy 3. I to school each day. Score 2 go, come, walk, ride, drive, run, went, came, rode, drove Score 1 am, am going, like to go, was, have gone Score o like, to, going, study 4. Men older than boys. Score 2 are, act, look, appear, seem Score 1 grow, were, is Score o be, see 5. I see man and the boy. Score 2 the Score 1 a, some, that, one, our, your, my, both the, the big Score o big, bad 6. The wind the dust into our eyes. Score 2 blows, blew, blowed, sweeps, swept Score 1 , throws, carried, gets, sends, chases, carries, raises, brings, puts, tnrew, got, brought, sent, chased, raised, will blow, put, is blowing Score draws, makes, has, flew 57 58 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 7. Here is a man who do it. Score 2 can, could, couldn't, can't, will, would, wouldn't, won't, may, cannot, might, should, shouldn't, does, must, doesn't Score 1 did, shall, does not, likes to, ought to, saw him, dared to Score o dared, never, always, will try to 8. The little A and his dog B running a race. Ai: boy, fellow, lad A2: child, master, man Bi: are, were, began B2: came, went, kept, try, play, like, won, was, is Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A2 Bi, B2 Score o A: girl Bi A: cat Bi Ai had 9. Boys and A soon become B and women. Score 2 A: girls B: men Score 1 A: girls, girl B: man A: girls B: gentlemen Score A: girl B: mans A: men B: poor 10. The rude child does not many friends. Score 2 have, make, gain, win Score 1 deserve, find, know, acquire, possess, keep, greet, appreciate, accumu- late, help, please, obey, meet, get, see, play with Score o want, like, care for, need, has 11. Children should A many lessons from B par- ents. Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 learn, take, receive, obtain, get study, have, observe, know, obey show, do, recite their the, fond, kind Key for Scale Beta 59 Score 2 Ai Bi Score i A2 Bi Ai B2 Score o A 3 Bi A: have B: your 12. The A are often more contented B the rich. Score 2 A: poor B: than Score i A: poor, people B: with, by A: girls B: with A: children, people B: than Score o girls, men, parents than i3« A A drink is very refreshing to a B who is C Ai: cold, cool, good, fresh A2: healthy, soft, common, little, fine, water, soda, 5 cent, clean Bi • person, laborer, man, runner, woman, girl, child, tramp, boy, workman Ci : thirsty, hot, ill, tired, working, sick, traveling, exhausted, warm C2: healthy, well, here, running Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score i A2 Bi Ci Ai B: man, girl, boy C2 Ai B: dog Ci A: little, small B: boy Ci Ai Bi C: dry Score o A: fine B: man C: good 14. Children A to pick B Ai A2 Bi B2 like come, are, came, are not, go, likes, went, try, were, wish, have, ought flowers, berries, apples, fruit, daisies quarrels, playmates Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 A2 Bi A: climb, jump B: apples Ai B: flower, nuts A: try B2 Score o A: go B: stick 6o Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 15. Brothers A sisters should always B to help C other. Ai: and Bi: try, offer, strive, aim, endeavor, learn, seek, consent, want, attempt, wish, like, agree B2: have, go, hurry, stay, love, work, be ready, come C 1 : each C2: one, an, the, some, one an Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B2 Ci Bi C2 B: ask Ci Ai Ai Score Ai Ai Ai Bi C: out, along B: go C: the B: glad Ci 16. Children A are rude B not easily win friends. A 1 : who, that Bi: do, can, will B2: may, should, must Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A: which Bi Score o A: may be B: but 17. One can not foretell A will happen in the B . Ai: what Bi: future, morning, autumn, winter, night, end, spring, summer B2: city, crowd, present, family, house, month, year, morrow, day, world B3: time, past, today Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A: things that Bi Score Ai B 3 A: that Bi The fci rose is a favorite A... grance and C Score 2 A: flower B: its C: beauty, color because of B fra- Key for Scale Beta 61 Score I A: flower B: the C: beauty, color, smell, blossoms, sweet- ness A: flower B: its C: scent, smell, appearance, sweetness, blossoms Score o A: flower B: sweet, nice, C: looks, pretty 19. The poor little A has B nothing to C ; he is hungry. Ai A2 Bi B2 B3 Ci boy, lad, chap, fellow, child baby, creature, man, beggar, thing, pig, dog, bird had, found, absolutely got, received, almost, really, simply, even, probably no, not, hardly, never, entirely eat Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B2 Ci A2 Bi Ci A 1 B: eaten C: day Ai, A2 Ci Score o Ai - ... Bi C: do, wear Ai B3 Ci 20. It is hard A keep B getting C on a rainy day. Ai: to Bi: from Ci: wet, damp, cross, gloomy, drowsy C2: tired, angry, sulky, dirty, sick, out, dull, lazy, fretful C3: work, umbrellas, cold, wet Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai Bi C2 Ai B: busy C: ready Ai B: dry C: out Ai B: not Ci Ai B: on C3 Score Ai Bi C: asleep, home A 1 B: dry C: shelter 21 A and rain B plants C Ai A2 A3 Sunshine, Sun Heat, Fertilizer, Sun Water, Light 62 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales A4: Snow B 1 : make B2: help, refresh Cl : grow, thrive C2: nourishment, growth C3 : grow Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Ai B2 C: greatly Score 1 A2 B: give C2 Ai B: help C: along Ai B: our C: need A 1 B: makes Ci A: Air B: do C: good Ai Bi C: healthy Ai B: the C: get A3 B: helps C3 Ai B: keep C: growing A4 B: gives C: food A4, Hail Bi C3 Score A: Ground B: kill C: growing 22. Men A more B to do heavy work C women. Ai : are A2 : have Bi: able, competent, willing, inclined, apt, ready, likely B2: ability, strength, inclination, power B3: prepared, anxious, eager, liable, fitted, equal, accustomed, suited, satis- fied, fit, capable, used, adapted, wanted, required, taken, healthy, qualified, built, stronger, suitable, useful B4: ambition, energy, time, muscle, tools, right, business Ci: than Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A2 B2 Ci Score 1 Ai B3 Ci A2 B4 Ci A: try, like, ought B: often Ci A: earn B: money Ci A: know B: how Ci A: need B: tools, money Ci A: appear Bi Ci Score Ai B: made, asked, good, active Ci Ai B: useful, able C: for A: work B: hard Ci A: do B: thinking Ci A2 B: brains, work Ci Key for Scale Beta 63 23. When one A angry he should B forth an effort C D his actions. Ai: Bi: B2. Ci: Di: D2: put bring to control, restrain, check, curb subdue, overcome, crush, calm, change, cure, conquer, push, prevent, guard, hide, stop, consider, conceal Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 Ai Ai Ai Score o Ai Ai Ai Bi Ci D2 B2, take, set Ci Di B2 Ci D: overcome, subdue B: set Ci D: maintain B2 Ci D: conceal B: try C: and D: stop 24. The A of your B and mother is your brother. Ai A2 A3 A 4 Bi B2 pleasure, pride, boy, child, support, love, care, children boy, reason girl, work father family Score 2 Ai .... Score 1 A2 .... Score A3 -.- A 4 .... Bi Bi B2 Bi 25. Worry A never improved a situation but has B made conditions C Ai : has A2: certainly, surely Bi : often, usually, always, generally, merely, undoubtedly, sometimes, only, certainly, slowly, probably, simply, repeatedly, surely B2: rather, really, ever, mostly, even, instead, just, indeed, helped B3 : never Ci: worse C2: serious, poor, change, poorer, bad, harder, miserable Score 2 .Bi Ci . Bi Ci Ai A2 Score 1 Ai Ai B2 Bi Ci C2 Ai B: always, gradually C2 6 4 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score o Ai B3 Cx A: can, will B: often Cl Ai B3, Bi C: better A: should Bi Cl 26. The best advice A usually B obtained C one's parents. Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 B 3 : B 4 : Ci: C2: may, can, will is might, could, would, should be directly, that, correctly, freely, easily, readily, promptly, first, fully, soon, accurately, properly rightly, well, best, only, to be, better, willingly, fairly, cheerfully always, often, not, also, being from of, by, through Score 2 Ai A2 A: has Score 1 A3 Ai A2 A2 Bi B2 Bi Bi B3 B2 .. Ci .. Ci been Ci C2 Ci C2 Ci A: most, received B: is Cl A: one B: has Ci A: comes B: when Cl Score A2 B4 Ci A: children B: have Ci A2 B: best, to be C: by 27. Sleep A. both .B and body. Ai A2 Bi B2 B3 B 4 refreshes, aids, helps, strengthens, improves rests, stimulates, rebuilds mind heart, brains, brain, eyes, health health, mind, strength legs, muscles Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai, A2 B2 A: makes B3 A: builds B: mind Score A: rests B4 Key for Scale Beta 65 28. The sun is so A that one can not B C D directly E causing great discomfort to the eyes. Ai: brilliant, dazzling, radiant, bright A2: blinding, intense, strong, light, powerful, glary, hot, red, fiery, high Bi: look, gaze, stare B2: endure, bear, stand Ci: at Di: it Ei: without Score 2 Ai Score 1 A2 Ai Ai for, if A: low Ai Bi Bi B2 Bi Ci Ci C: Di Ei its Di Ei D: rays Ei C: into, toward, towards Di Ei, unless, Ei . B: read C: a even C: look . D: book D: up Ei Score A: warm, far, low Bi Ci Di Ei Ai Bi Ci Di E: because, thus Ai B: see Ci: it D: so Ei 29. To A many things B ever finishing any of them „C a D habit. Ai: begin, undertake, attempt, leave, commence, start, try, plan A2: take, have, do, make, say, stop, think, get, avoid Bi: without B2: hardly, never B3: before, not Ci: is, becomes C2: forms, seems, starts Di: bad D2: deplorable, pernicious, tenacious, strange Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 A2 Bi Ci ....... . Di Ai B? B3 Ci Di Ai Bt Ci . D2 Ai Bi C2 Di Score A2 -B^ . Ci . Di A2 Bi . C2 . Di A: do D: when .. Ci Ai B- and Ci Di Di 66 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 30. When two persons A about B which neither understands, they C almost D to disagree. Ai : talk, converse A2: decide, ask, are talking, dispute, argue, speak A3: fight, think, talking Bi: that, something B2: things, matters, anything, objects, a subject Ci: are Di: sure, certain D2: bound, positive, ready, willing, apt, liable D3: conclude, agree D4: fit, always, very sure Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C: seem D: always Score 1 Ai Bi Ci D2 A2 Bi Ci Di Ai B2 Ci Di Ai Bi C: can D3 Ai Bi C: usually, will D: have Score o Ai Bi Ci D4 A3 Bi Ci ........ Di A: are B: something Ci D: ready 31. One A not, as a B , C attention D uninteresting things. Ai: can, does, will A2: should Bi: rule B2: student, teacher, necessity, reader, practice Ci: give, pay C2: attract, call, direct C3: fix, put, hold Di: to Score 2 Ai Bi, fact Ci Di A2 Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C2 Di Ai B: child Ci Di Score 1 Ai Bi Ci, C3 D: on Ai B2 C: place D: in Ai B2 Ci Di Ai B2 C: maintain D: with Ai B2 C: hold D: by A: has Bi C: much D: for A2 B: idiot, practice Ci Di Score Ai B: spectator C: keep Di A: looks B: tartar C: giving Di Key for Scale Beta 67 3 2 A things are B satisfying to an ordinary C than congenial friends. Ai : Few A2: Many, Some, No, Good, Sometimes, These, More, Those, New, One's, Pleasant, Queer, Such, Ordinary, What A3: Kind, All, The, Small, Often, Flattering B 1 : more B2 : less Ci: man, person, child, mortal, individual, boy, girl, woman C2: friend, companion, stranger, people, acquaintance C3: child, boy, girl Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A: Most B2 Ci Score j Ai Bi C2 A: Play Bi C3 A2 Bi, B2 Ci Score A3 Bi Ci Ai Bi C: one, condition Ai B: not C: man A2 Bi C: friend A2 B: quite Ci 33. Doesn't it A strange that B people should show so much C and D so E excite- ment when a sudden loud F is heard? Ai: seem Bi: some, many Ci: fear, alarm C2: excitement, fear, alarm Di: cause, make, exhibit D2: others, some D3: yet Bi: much E2: little Fi: noise Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Ai Bi C2 D2 E2 Fi Ai Bi Ci D3 E2 Fi Score 1 Ai B: the, good, nice, all Ci Di Ei Fi Ai Bi Ci D2 E: extreme, great Fi Ai Bi C: trembling Di Ei Fi Score Ai B: all Ci D2 E2 Fi 68 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 34. It is sometimes A.. of action. to B between two C 35- Ai: difficult, hard A2 : necessary B 1 : choose Ci: lines, modes, courses C2: kinds, types Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A2 B: hesitate Ci Score 1 Ai, A2 Bi, distinguish C2 A: dangerous B: go C: men Score o A: safe B: go C: guns A that are B to one by an C friend should be pardoned D readily than injuries done by one E is not angry. Ai A2 Bi B2 Ci C2 Injuries Insults, Harms, Wrongs, Slights, Offences, Things done given, rendered angry, angered, irate, enraged irritated, incensed, old, another, injured, intimate, other, honest, innocent, ordinary, unkind D 1 : more El : who, that Score 2 Ai' Score 1 Ai Ai Ai Ai A2 A: words Score o A: Things Bi C: unknown Di El Ai Bi Ci D: very Ei Bi Bi B2 Bi Bi Bi Ci Ci Ci Ci C2 Ci Di Di Di D: less Di Di Ei E: which Ei Ei Ei Ei B: spoken C: irritated Di El 36. To A friends is always takes. .B. the .C. it Ai: have, make, win, gain, be, help, keep A2: see, satisfy, meet, greet, know, please, find, treat, visit, entertain, possess, obtain Bi: worth Ci: time, effort, trouble C2: endeavor, energy, pains, patience, work Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Key for Scale Beta 69 Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Ai Bi C2 Score o Ai B: for, worthy of Ci A: win B: better C: longer A: our B: given C: best 37. To eat A one is B is a C pleasure. Ai A2 A3 Ci when, whenever till, until what, whatever great, real Score 2 Ai B: hungry Ci A2 B: satisfied Ci Score 1 Ai B: well, happy Ci A: food, what B: fond of Ci A2 B: full, stuffed Ci A: heartily B: told, convinced Ci A: what, whatever, B: forbidden, given C: doubtful, Ci Score o A: delicious B: sure Ci A: when B: enjoying C: marked 38. It is A that a full-grown man should B a ghost C he is D Ai : inconceivable, improbable, impossible, unbelievable A2: strange, absurd Bi: see B2 : fear Ci : while, when, if C2: unless, except Di: sane, sober, awake D2: insane, drunk D3 : dead Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C2 D2 A2 B2 Ci Di Score 1 A: best B: show C: that D: unafraid A: said B2 C: if D: wise A: foolish B2 C: since D: grown A2 Bi Ci Di A: unwise B: become C: before, until D3 Ai B: be Ci D3 Ai B: believe C: story D: reading Score A2 B: know C: when D: alone 70 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 39. One ought to A great care to B the right C of D , for one who E bad habits F it G to get away from them. Ai: use, take, exercise Bi: form, choose, acquire, gain, cultivate, develop, adopt, establish, learn, teach, begin B2: obtain, get, possess, use, have, pursue, make, lead Ci : sort, kind C2 : habits Di : habits D2: living, life, working, work, studying, study, speaking, speech, thinking, thought, learning, mind, procedure, action, attention, acting Ex: has, gains, contracts, forms, acquires Fl : finds Gi: hard, difficult G2: impossible, pays Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Gi Ai Bi C2 D2 Ei Fi Gi Score 1 Ai Ai Ai Ai Ai A: A: Ai Ai G Ai Ai Score o Ai Ai B2 Ci Di Ei Fi Gi B2 C2 D2 Ei Fi Gi Bi Ci Di Ei, gets, makes Fi G2 Bi Ci Di Ei F: has, makes Gi Bi C2 D2 Ei F: has, makes Gi have, give Bi C2 D2 Ei Fi Gi have, give Bi Ci Di Ei Fi Gi B: be Ci D: person Ei Fi Gi B: begin C: way D: living Ei Fi B: do C: thing D: course Ei . B: do Ci D: things Ei Fi Fi Gi Gi B: get C: start D: life Ei Fi G B: do C: thing D: life Ei Fi Gi 40. The least difficult A are by no B always the most C , D are the E tasks F the most disagreeable. Ai Bi Ci Di Ei Fi tasks, undertakings means profitable nor hardest always Score 2 Ai Score 1 Ai Ai Score Ai Bi Bi Bi Bi C: pleasant, agreeable Di El Fi Ci, Ci trifling Di Ei Fi Di Ei Fi C: pleasing D: although E: hard Fi OTHER SENTENCES USED IN ORIGINAL STUDY i. The stars A brightly at B Ai : shine, shone, gleam, twinkle A2 : shines, appear, look, show, sparkle, come out, were shining Bi: night B2: midnight, evening, seven, last, us, me, you, him, home, 7:30, 8 o'clock B3: the sky, the town, city Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 A 1 B2 A2 Bi Score o A: shining, are Bi A 1 B3 2. If a person injures one by A , without having intended any B , one should C D insulted. Ai: accident, chance, carelessness, thoughtlessness A2: mistake, words, remarks, talking, gossip, fooling, unthoughtfulness, mishap, talk, speaking, fun, ignorance, anything, word, speech, some- thing, haughtiness, shoving, pushing, hitting, joking, jokes A3: slander, insulting, snubbing, shooting, slapping Bi: injury, offence, harm, disrespect, insult, affront B2 : wrong, thing, unkindness, hurt, mischief, malice, mishap, trouble Ci : not, never Di: be, feel, become D2: act, get Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Score 1 A2 Bi Ci Di Ai Bi Ci D2 A: accident B: accident Ci Di Ai B2 Ci Di Score A3 Bi Ci Di 3. A shelter A the weather is B appreciated on a C day. Ai : from A2: in, to, for, of Bi: greatly, thoroughly, fully, heartily, duly, certainly, usually, highly, always, generally, truly, indeed, much, keenly B2: rarely, not, seldom B3: only, surely, best, well, sincerely, most, fairly, quite, kindly, more, better, often, to be, deeply B4: very, good, glad, not Ci: stormy, rainy, snowy, wintry, cold, bad, hot C2: pleasant, beautiful, bright C4: damp, summer, wet, warm C5: pretty, summer, sunny, warm, good, clear, nice, fine 5 7i 72 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Ai B2 C2 Score i Ai B3 Ci Ai Bi C4 A: against Bi Ci Ai B: not C5 Score Ai B4 Ci A2 Bi Ci 4. A reasonable A of sleep and rest is B in order to C a high D of efficiency. Ai: amount Bi: necessary, imperative, essential, desirable Ci: maintain, attain, achieve, reach C2: have, hold, keep C3: have, gain, secure C4: make, keep, hold D 1 : degree D2: standing, amount, quality Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Di Ai Bi C2 D: standard Score 1 Ai B: desirable C: give Di Ai B: best Ci Di Ai Bi C3 D2 Ai Bi C4 D: grade, state Ai Bi C2 D: position Score o A 1 B: best C: do D: piece 5. Sympathetic A are B to dumb C people, boys, men, girls, women, persons, children Lrinri crr\r\A Ai Bi Ci C2 C3 kind, good animals persons people Score 2 Ai Bi Ci, C2 Score 1 Ai Bi C: ones, friends A: pats B: pleasant Ci A: characters, friends Bi Ci, C2 A: signs B: best C2 A: persons B: sympathetic Ci, C2 A: words B: kind, nothing Ci A: feelings, hearts B: shown Ci, C2 Key for Other Sentences 73 Score A: things, actions Bi Ci, C2 A: people B: often Ci A: children B: not C: to learn A: forms B: used C3 A: always B: good C3 6. A boy A run B than a C. Ai A2 A3 Bi B2 B 3 Ci C2 can, will, may could, should can further, better, faster quicker, sooner, more, swifter rather, sooner, oftener baby, girl mile Score 2 A 1 Bi Ci Score 1 A3 B: more C2 A: cannot B: faster C: horse A: likes to B: better, more C: girl, man A2 Bi Ci A: should, has, can't B: more C2 Ai, A2 B2 Ci A3 B: faster C: snail, cat, rat, dog A: always B: faster Ci A3, will, should Bi C: man Ai, A2, will B3 Ci Score A3 B: fast C: man A: took B: and C: jump A: who B: more C2 7. A joke A one's self is seldom thoroughly B. Ai : on, upon, about Bi: appreciated, enjoyed B2: pleasant, told, seen, played, known, reasonable, good, funny, explained, expressed, kept, liked Score 2 Ai Bi Score 1 Ai B2 A: to, with B: funny A: by B: amusing Score A: about B: queer A: in, of B: finished A: with, in B: true, good 74 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 8. One feels A inclined to work B it is C. Ai : little, less A2 : much Bi: when, if Ci: hot, warm C2: hard Score 2 Ai Bi Ci A2, more Bi C: cold, cool Score 1 A 1 B: after C: dark Ai Bi C: winter, nice A: dis, not, seldom, himself Bi, while C: hot A: very B2 cold, interesting A: seldom, really, rather Bi C: necessary A: himself, A2 Bi C: time, important A: well Bi C: easy, interesting A: often Bi C: raining A: not B: for C2 A2 B: though C2 Score A: so, too, very, almost, it Bi C: hot, day 9. Birds have A which enable them to B through the C A 1 : wings Bi: fly B2: go Ci: air, woods, streets, sky, clouds, country, meadows Score 2 Ai Bi Ci Score 1 Ai B2 Ci, wind, world A: food B: eat C: winter A: wing, foods Bi Ci A: nests B: sleep, rest C: night A: beaks B: pick C: summer A: feathers Bi Ci A: power Bi Ci A: feathers B: live C: winter, cold A 1 Bi C: place Score o A: instincts, trees B: live C: year A: that B2 C: air A: incense B: wander C: world A: homes Bi C: winter 10. One cannot A his B thoroughly C he has good teeth. Ai chew, masticate A2 eat Bi food Ci unless C2 until Key for Other Sentences 75 Score 2 Ai Bi Ci, C2 Score i A: grind, bite, eat Bi, meals, supper Ci,X2 A: do B: work Ci, C2 A: have B: health Ci A: spoil B: looks C: when, if Ai Bi C: without A: maintain B: health Ci Score o A2, chew Bi C: when, if, because, though A: clean B: teeth C: when A: keep B: teeth C: clean, Ci A: have B: way C2 3. Calculation of Median Score in Language Scales Each child who spends the allotted amount of time in an at- tempt to complete the sentences of any of the language scales should be given as a total score the sum of the number of points made upon the individual sentences contained in the scale. For example, the child who completes perfectly the first three sentences of Scale B, and almost perfectly the fourth sentence in this scale, should be given a total score of seven points on Scale B (2+2+2 + 1 = 7). Such a score on one seven-minute scale should not under any circumstances be used as a measure of the ability of the pupil. At least three such short scales should be used if one wishes to determine the ability of an individual pupil. To find the ability of the class on any language scale, it will be necessary to take into consideration the total score made by each child in the class on that scale. A distribution should therefore be prepared showing the scores made by the members of the class. This distribution should indicate the number of pupils in the class who make a score of zero, the number making a score of one, the number making a score of two, the number making a score of three, and so on for each step up to twenty, the highest possible score in Scales B to F. As examples of this sort of dis- tribution, we may take the following: Number of Times Each Score was Made in Language Scale C Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total Group X ..3584322.1 Group Y ....1.235643212.... Group Z 22354.6342 28 29 32 There are 28 individuals in Group X, 29 individuals in Group Y, and 32 individuals in Group Z. The only adequate compari- son of these three groups is such a table as that shown above, or a surface of distribution representing the same facts. The average score, or even the median score, is in itself inadequate as a measure of the group, although it is usually desirable to cal- culate the median as an indication of the central tendency of the group's ability. The median point of any distribution is that point on the scale which divides the distribution into two exactly equal parts. 76 Calculation of Median Score 77 When the scales are very crude, and measurements of small numbers of individuals are being considered, it is not worth while to locate the median point any more accurately than by indi- cating upon what step of the scale it falls. In the case of carefully derived scales, however, it is often desirable, especially where the group to be measured is reasonably large, to locate the exact point within the step on which the median falls. This median point in the case of the scales here presented may well be cal- culated to the tenth of a unit. Since there are 28 individuals in Group X of the distributions shown above, the median point will evidently fall between the fourteenth and the fifteenth individuals. If we begin with the three individuals making a score of 2, and count up through the five individuals making a score of 3, we should have to count out six of the eight individuals making a score of 4 in order to arrive at the point upon each side of which an equal number (14) of papers were scored. It now becomes necessary to define the fourth step. Some of those scored four may have been worth just barely 4 points, while others of this group may have been worth almost 5 points. It is impossible, of course, to know at just what points between these two extremes each of the eight individuals was located. The best single assumption to make, and the one which should always be made, is that those individuals scoring upon any single step of a scale are distributed along the step at equal distances from each other. We may therefore assume that the eight indi- viduals scored upon step 4 range from 4.0 to 4.999 and lie at equal distances from each other along this range. If we count out six, therefore, of the eight individuals who scored on step 4, we shall arrive at a point which is approximately 4.7. 4.7 is therefore the median point of Group X. Similarly there are 29 individuals in Group Y. The middle case is the fifteenth individual who is the fourth of the six scored on step 9. This individual has fourteen persons scored above him in ability and fourteen persons scored below him in ability. The median point, therefore, will lie at the middle of that fraction of the step assigned to him. In order to reach this point it will be necessary to count out three and a half of the six individuals scored on step 9, which brings us to 9.6, the median of Group Y. Group Z presents a peculiar problem in the calculation of its 78 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales median. There are 16 individuals above score 14, and 16 indi- viduals below score 14. Probably the wisest assumption to make is that the four individuals scored on 13 take up all of the thir- teenth step and that the six individuals scored upon 15 take up all of that step. If this is assumed, the median falls upon step 14, probably at 14.5, since any given distance on a scale is best represented by its middle point. The 25 percentile and the 75 percentile are to be found in a manner similar to that for finding the median, counting into the distribution one-fourth of the total number of cases for the first, and three-fourths of the total number of cases for the second. 4. Standard Scores on Language Scales 1 In order to stimulate comparisons between groups of school children, certain tentative standard scores were estimated and included in the original monograph dealing with the completion- test language scales. The statement was made at the time that the "estimates are more likely to be too low than to be too high," and experience has shown that the estimates were distinctly too low. On the basis of extensive trials in their present form, it is now possible to furnish a useful set of standards for Scales B, C, D, and E. Scores on Language Scale F will be about 1 point less than scores on Scales B to E, and in the higher grades pos- sibly 2 points less. Scale F is intended as a substitute for Scales B to E, but to be used only after the previous four have been employed. The median B, C, D, or E score of any school grade, in which the pupils are from white, middle-class, English-speaking homes, and in which the English language has been well taught and care- fully used, should, at the middle of the term (where the semi- annual promotion scheme is used), or at the middle of the year (where promotions are made annually), be approximately as given in the table on page 79. The total range of scores in any given class should usually not be more than 12 points, and the middle fifty per cent of the scores in any school grade should fall within a range of 2 points above and 2 points below the median. Greater variability within a class or grade is certain to result in very unequal degrees of 1 Completion-Test Language Scales. Teachers College Contributions to Edu- cation, No. 77. Standard Scores 79 understanding of the subject matter taught in the class. Ex- treme variability of scores within a grade is evidence of careless or inaccurate classification of the pupils. School Grade Semester or Half Grade Scales B, C, D, or E Median Score Second (" Low 2nd ( High 2nd f 3 - 8 4.8 I 5-8 Third f Low 3rd i High 3rd f 7-4 8.0 [ 8.6 Fourth ( Low 4th \ High 4th r 9.6 10. o< { 10.4 Fifth C Low 5th 1 High 5th fil.l 11. 4 [ 11. 6 Sixth ( Low 6th { High 6th [ 12.2 12.4 [ 12.6 Seventh f Low 7th i High 7 th f 13. 1 I 13.6 Eighth f Low 8th J High 8th f H- 1 14-4 14.6 The score made by any individual pupil on a single short scale is not an adequate measure of his language ability. A fairly adequate index of individual ability may be found by testing the pupil on three or on all four of the Scales B, C, D, and E,and using as a final measure the average score obtained. Although the chief purpose of the short scales is to serve as a means for comparing groups and classes, the average score obtained by an individual pupil on several short scales is a valuable index of individual capacity and will be useful in checking up the accuracy with which pupils have been classified in school. The standard scores given below for high-schoo 1 classes are not as accurately determined as those given above for elementary- school classes, but they are based on actual tests of high-school 8o Key for Completion-Test Language Scales pupils and are much better than the guess any reader would make for himself. As was stated above, the middle fifty per cent of a class should score within 2 points of its median on Scales B, C, D, or E. The middle fifty per cent should score within I? points of the median on Scales J or K, and within 4 points of the median on Scales L or M. The following class medians may be expected in a "classical" high school made up of middle-class white pupils who are accustomed to hearing the English language well used. High School Class Scales B, C, D, or E Median Score Scales J or K Median Score Scales L or M Median Score I II III IV 15 -2 16.0 16.7 17-4 7-5 8.6 9-4 10. 7-5 9.2 10.5 "■5 The writer would be pleased to receive copies of the distribu- tions of scores made by the pupils in various sections of the coun- try, particularly scores obtained from high-school classes. 5. Kelley's Arrangement for Individual Testing Professor Truman L. Kelley has made an arrangement of the completion-test problems which will give in a single examination a fairly accurate measure of the language completion ability of an individual. 1 The short scales presented in the foregoing pages and in the original monograph were designed primarily for the measurement of school classes. In order to measure an individual pupil with any degree of accuracy, it would be necessary to test him with at least three of the short ten problem scales and to use the average of the three resulting scores as the final measure of the individual's ability. Professor Kelley's rearrangement of the completion-test sentences consists of two equivalent sets or exercises, each exercise consisting of forty sentences arranged in order of their difficulty, from very easy sentences at the beginning to very difficult sentences at the end. The two sets or exercises arranged by Professor Kelley are as follows : 1 Truman L. Kelley: "Individual Testing with Completion-Test Exercises," Teachers College Record, Sept., 1917, pp. 371-382. Kelley's Arrangement for Individual Testing 81 COMPLETION EXERCISE ALPHA Name Age Grade Write only one word in each empty space to make the whole sentence sound sensible and right. 0. We like good boys girls. 1. I like to go to 2. The sky ..blue. 3. Ice is cold, but fire is 4. The stars and the will shine tonight. 5. The plays her dolls all day. 6. Good boys kind their sisters. 7. During the weather the boys play in the shade. 8. Boys must be rude to mothers. 9. The boy will his hand if plays with fire. 10. Time often more valuable money. 11. Hard makes tired. 12. The rises the morning and at night. 13. Hot weather comes in the and weather the winter. 14. The child the river was drowned. 15. She if she will. 16. It is good to hear voice friend. 17. The boy who hard do well. 18. Boys who play mud get their hands 19 the weather is one should wear heavier than when it is 20. It is a task to be kind to every beggar for money. 21. The happiest and contented man is the one lives a busy and useful 22. In to maintain health, one should have nourishing 23. Many people their health because do not the of hygiene. 24. A home is merely a place one live comfortably. 25. It is very to become acquainted persons who timid. 26. One's do always express his thoughts. 27. The is always shining storm-clouds sometimes it us. 28. Children should that after all nobody is to care much more their success than parents. 29 are times in the of almost of us when we „ for a long life. 30. One's real appears often in his than in his speech. 31. Extremely old sometimes almost as care as 32. To to wait, after having to go , very annoying. 33. The seems and dreary a discouraged _. 34. The knowledge of use fire is of impor- tant things known by but unknown animals. 35 want are often caused by 82 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales 36. In order clearly at it is to _ artificial 37. One's in life upon so factors it is not to state any single for failure. 38 a rule one association friends. 39. One can do his at one while of another. 40. The future of the stars and the facts of history are _ now once for all, I like them not. COMPLETION EXERCISE BETA Name - Age Grade Write only one word in each empty space to make the whole sentence sound sensible and right. 0. We are going school. 1. I see you. Can you see ? 2. The boy has book. 3. I to school each day. 4. Men older than boys. 5. I see man and the boy. 6. The wind the dust into our eyes. 7. Here is a man who do it. 8. The little and his dog running a race. 9. Boys and soon become and women. 10. The rude child does not many friends. 11. Children should many lessons from parents. 12. The are often more contented the rich. 13. A drink is very refreshing to a who is 14. Children to pick 15. Brothers sisters should always to help other. 16. Children are rude not easily win friends. 17. One can not foretell will happen in the 18. The rose is a favorite because of fragrance and _. 19. The poor little has nothing to ; he is hungry. 20. It is hard keep getting on a rainy day. 21 and rain plants 22. Men more to do heavy work women. 23. When one angry he should forth an effort _ his actions. 24. The of your and mother is your brother. 25. Worry never improved a situation but has made condi- tions 26. The best advice usually obtained one's parents. 27. Sleep both and body. 28. The sun is so that one can not directly causing great discomfort to the eyes. 29. To many things ever finishing any of them a habit. 30. When two persons about which neither understands, they almost to disagree. 31. One not, as a , attention uninteresting things. 32 things are satisfying to an ordinary than con- genial friends. Kelley's Arrangement for Individual Testing 83 33. Doesn't it strange that people should show so much and so excitement when a sudden loud is heard? 34. It is sometimes to between two of action. 35 tnat are -. to one by an friend should be par- doned readily than injuries done by one is not angry. 36. To friends is always the it takes. 37. To eat one is is a pleasure. 38. It is that a full-grown man should a ghost he is 39. One ought to great care to the right of , for one who bad habits it to get away from them. 40. The least difficult are by no always the most , are the tasks the most disagreeable. No time limit is set for the completion of the sentences in either of the two exercises shown above, but the papers in any- class may be taken up as soon as all but three or four individuals have stopped work. The time for completing one of the above exercises will vary therefore from twenty minutes with very young children to three quarters of an hour or more with older persons. The calculation of the final score of an individual on either of the above exercises is to be in terms of the difficulty of the sen- tences on which the individual has an even chance of success or failure. To say that Mary's score on Exercise Alpha is 8.25, indicates therefore that, if Mary should attempt to complete a number of sentences having a difficulty of 8.25, she would make just half of the total possible number of credits on them. This method of measuring a person, by the difficulty of those tasks which he can do in only about half the cases, is quite useful and scientific, and is really not difficult after it has been used a few times, although at first sight it may appear somewhat compli- cated to the untrained teacher. The individual sentences on each blank are first looked over and marked 2, 1 or o, according to the adequacy of the words written in the blanks, just as is done with the shorter scales originally published for measuring classes. 1 The scores on the individual sentences of an exercise are then added, not for the exercise as a whole as is done with the short scales, but for groups of sentences, five sentences in each group. Each pupil tested receives therefore eight partial or "raw" scores. One raw score 1 The detailed scoring scheme for each sentence in Exercises Alpha and Beta will be found on pp. 43-70. 8 4 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales is obtained for the first five sentences, another for sentences six to ten, another for sentences eleven to fifteen, and so on for each group of five sentences. As an example, we may imagine that an individual, John, has tried to complete the sentences in Exercise Alpha and has made the following raw scores: On sentences I to 5, a score of 10 " " 6 " io, 11 11 " 10 « . ii II "15. 11 11 " 10 ii ti 16 "20, 11 ii " 10 ii " 21 "25, " " " 8 ii " 26 "30, 11 11 " 5 ii a 31 "35. 11 11 " 2 ii a 36 " 40, a tt " The above partial or "crude" scores are not adequate as a final measure of the individual's ability. To secure a scientific- ally accurate measure one must consider the above in connec- tion with the degree of difficulty of each group of sentences. The sentences of Exercise Alpha, and also of Exercise Beta were selected and grouped by Professor Kelley in such a way that the average difficulty of each group is approximately as follows: Average Difficulty ... 2.00 ... Sentence Group i-5 6-10 4.00 11-15 6.00 16-20 7 .CO 21-25 - - — • 8 00 26-30 „ „ 9.00 31-35 - 10 .00 36-40 11 .00 Mid-point or Average of Two Groups 3.00 5 00 6.50 7 -50 8.50 9 -50 10.50 The following calculating sheet is printed on the back page of each test blank for convenience in determining the score of the pupil whose record the blank contains. Kelley's Arrangement for Individual Testing 85 RECORD AND CALCULATING SHEET For Calculating Individual Performance Levels on Completion Test Exercises Alpha and Beta I Group of Sentences II Average Difficulty III Raw Score IV Decrease in Raw Scores V Mid-point Between Groups VI Products IV xV — 1 .00 0.00 1. 00 2.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 Est. Est. Est. — s 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. 10 Name Age Grade School Score Individual's score is found by dividing the sum of products in column VI by the sum of decreases in column IV. Upon this table the eight raw scores of any individual should be entered and the calculations made. The raw scores used in a previous paragraph as an example would be entered and the calculations made as indicated in the table on page 86. 1 1 For a slightly different method of arriving at the score of each pupil, see Van Wagenen, M. J., "Table for Computing Mean Individual Scores in Edu- cational Scales," Teachers College Record, Vol. XXI, pp. 441-5 1 (Nov., 1920). 86 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales I Group of Sentences II Average Difficulty III Raw Score IV Decrease in Raw Scores V Mid-point Between Groups VI Products IV x V i- 5 2.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11 .00 10 10 10 JO 8 5 2 3.00 5.00 6.50 7- 50 8.50 9-50 10.50 6-10 11-15 16-20 2 150 21-25 3 25 -5 26-30 31-35 3 2 28.5 21.0 36-40 10 )oo.o(q.o It will be observed in column III that John made a perfect score of 10 points on each of the first four groups of sentences. In the group of sentences from 21 to 25, however, John secured only 8 out of a possible 10 points, so that between group 16-20 and group 21-25 there is a decrease in raw score (noted in column IV) of 2 points. The average value or mid-point between these two groups, between which there is a decrease of 2 points raw score, is 7.5 (shown in column V). The product (15.0) of 2 and 7.5 is therefore entered in column VI. Between the group of sentences 21-25 and the group 26-30 there is a decrease of 3 points raw score and an average value of 8.5. The product (25.5) is therefore entered in column VI. The sum of all the products finally entered in column VI is at last found and divided by 10, the sum of the decreases entered in column IV. The result of this division gives the difficulty value (9.00) at which the particular individual, John, would probably succeed or fail in an equal number of cases in his attempts to complete mutilated sentences. It is quite evident, however, that very young children will not make a raw score of as much as 5 points on the easiest group of sentences (group 1-5). Some provision must therefore be made for estimating what a given raw score on the easiest group, which has a difficulty value of 2.00, would mean on another group Kelley' s Arrangement for Individual Testing 87 of difficulty 1. 00, or on a group of difficulty 0.00, or even on a group of difficulty — 1.00. Similarly, we must provide for estimating from the raw scores made by superior individuals on the most difficult group of sentences (group 36-40). which has a difficulty of 11.00, what scores would be made on more difficult groups if such were provided. Professor Kelley also points out that in using the method here described it is necessary that the easiest difficulty considered should bring about a raw score of 10 and the hardest difficulty a score of o. The range of difficul- ties in Exercises Alpha and Beta is too limited to fulfill this re- quirement in all cases, and therefore the following tables are provided by Professor Kelley for use in estimating raw scores for difficulties 1.00, 0.00 and — 1.00 from actual raw scores on the group 1-5, which has a difficulty of 2.00; and for estimating Actual Score on Estimated Score on Difficulty Difficulty 2.00 1. 00 0.00 — 1 .00 9 8 10 10 10 9 10 10 7 6 9 10 10 .. 8 10 10 5 4 3 7 9 10 6 8 10 . 5 7 10 4. 6 10 3 5 10 . 5. 10 Estimated Score on Difficulty Difficulty 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 1 2 3 ..0 .... .... .... .... .... .... ...0 .... .... 2 ... I .... .... .... 5 6 7 8 1 ....0 .... .... 2 I .... .... -z .... I .... .... 6 . 2 .... 1 .... 9 s 3 .... 1 .... 88 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales scores for difficulties 12.00, 13.00, 14.00, 15.00 and 16.00 from actual raw scores on group 36-40, which has a difficulty of 11.00. It frequently happens that an individual will make for some reason a higher raw score on one group of sentences than he made on a previous group which is in general less difficult. In such a case the decrease in score to be entered in column IV will be a negative quantity. In the case of the individual reported below, for example, 9 points were secured on the 36-40 group while only 8 points had been secured on the easier 31-35 group. The de- crease entered in column IV is therefore -1, and the product entered in column VI is -10.5. The following example also illustrates the use of estimated scores for values not actually contained in Exercises Alpha and Beta. I Group of Sentences II Average Difficulty III Raw Score IV Decrease in Raw Scores V Mid- point Between Groups VI Products IV xV — 1 .00 0.00 1. 00 2.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15-00 16.00 Est Est. Est. 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 9 7 Est. 5 Est. J Est. /Est. oEst. -■5 •5 1-5 3-0 5-0 65 7-5 8-5 9-5 10.5 11 5 12.5 13.5 14-5 15-5 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 2 — 1 19.0 -10.5 2 23.0 2 25.0 2 27.0 2 1 29.0 10 )I28. 0(12.8 Difficulty Value of Each Sentence 89 Professor Kelley proposes tentative norms for Exercises Alpha and Beta. It will be remembered in using them that they are for difficulty values obtained by the method just described and that they are not related in any way to the scores obtained by the simpler method from Scales B, C, D or E, described in ear- lier sections of this pamphlet. Tentative Norms For Completion Exercises Alpha and Beta Age Norm 7 i.i 8 1.9 9 3-i 10 5.0 11 6.2 12 6.7 13 7-1 14 7-3 15 7 6 16 8.2 17 8.7 18 9.0 Grade Norm II 2.2 Ill _ 3 7 IV 6 V 6 7 VI 7 1 VII 7 4 VIII 7 8 IX 8 5 X 8 9 XI 9 3 XII 9 5 College Graduate 11 4 The age norms given above are for persons in school and there- fore higher than would obtain for the general population. Psy- chological examinations in the United States Army have demon- strated that the average "mental age" of the general population is about 13.5 on the Stanford Revision of the Binet Scale. The average adult should not, therefore, be expected to make a score above 7.2 on Exercise Alpha or Exercise Beta. 6. Difficulty Value of Each Sentence Detailed distributions of scores on each sentence were fur- nished in the previous edition of "Completion-Test Language Scales," in order that other investigators might make use of the methods and results in any way that seemed desirable. Since the chief purpose of this reprint is to furnish a "key" to the Language Scales, only the final estimated difficulty of each sen- tence will be furnished here. The unit of difficulty is the P. E., or median deviation from the median of a school grade, assuming that within each school grade the abilities of children in completing these sentences are 90 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales distributed around the median for the grade in accordance with the "normal surface of frequency." The arbitrary zero point selected for the scales is a point I P. E. below the difficulty of the sentence "We are going school." Giving this sentence a value of i.oo, each other sen- tence is given its proper value in relation to this degree of diffi- culty. The difference between a sentence of value 2.00 and a sentence of value 3.00 is equal to the difference between a sen- tence of value 10.00 and a sentence of value 1 1 .00; is half as great as the difference between a sentence of value 4.00 and a sentence of value 6.00 ; and is one tenth as great as the difference between a sentence of value 1.00 and a sentence of value 11.00. The differences between consecutive sentences in Scales B, C, D, E and F are in each case as near 1 P. E. as it was possible to get with the sentences which had been evaluated. In Scales J and K the differences are about one and a half units between consecutive sentences, and in Scales L and M the differences are about one half of a unit in each case, except that the last sentence in each of these two scales is about one unit more difficult than the next-to-the-last. In the list of values which follow, the number of each sentence in the author's original report is given along with the number in this brief "key." Those sentences which in the original study were numbered from 1 to 56 are most definitely evaluated, since their values are based upon the records of several thousand pupils. Sentences which in the previous report were numbered from 57 to 72 are well evaluated, while those numbered higher than 72 are only fairly well measured, as results from only about 500 pupils were used to secure these last values. Sentences Included in Language Scale B ntence Number in Difficulty ale B 1st Report Value 1 I .96 2 6 1.98 3 8 2.94 4 22 4.26 5 23 5 -40 6 31 6.50 7 35 7.42 8 38 8.42 9 48 9-50 10 54 10.76 Difficulty Value of Each Sentence 9 1 Sentences Included in Language Scale C Sentence Number in Difficulty Scale C ist Report Value I 2 1.38 2 5 2.52 3 4 12 3-58 - 19 4-47 5 24 5 69 6 30 6.95 7 37 7-85 8 44 8-95 9 IO 53 10.05 56 11. 17 Sentences Included in Language Scale D Sentence Number in Difficulty Scale D ist Report Value I 4 1 .00 2 76 1.97 3 4 5 ii 3-31 21 4.40 63 5-54 6 27 6.67 7 8 7i 42 7.64 8.86 9 IO 51 9.78 84 10.85 Sentences Included in Language Scale E Sentence ' Number in D v ^ Scale E ist Report value 1 73 * 8 75 lii , 7 3-34 18 4-42 5 58 5-55 6 25 6.32 7 34 731 8 36 8 ^ q 52 9- 2 9 10 83 x°.55 Sentences Included in Language Scale F Sentence Number in Difficulty Scale F ist Report Value 77 i • y 11 (2.40)? ?o 3-41 2 3 6 99 68 7.27 8.28 7 °° o 9.28 10. 18 85 "-5 8 8 50 Tn R 9 96 I048 92 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Sentences Included in Language Scale J Sentence Number in Difficulty Scale J ist Report Value 1 29 4 2 61 5 3 64 7 4 41 8 5 93 9 6 87 10 7 89 12 Sentences Included in Language Scale K Sentence Number in Difficulty Scale K ist Report Value 1 16 4.15 2 57 5- 3 28 7 4 33 8 5 82 9 6 90 10 7 86 12 Sentences Included in Language Scale L Sentence Number in Scale L 1st Report 1 60 2 66 3 70 4 65 5 32 6 92 7 78 8 97 Difficulty Value 6.83 7.40 7.91 8.38 8.91 9.71 10.14 11 .11 Sentences Included in Language Scale M Sentence Number in Difficulty Scale M ist Report Value 1 67 6-93 2 59 7.46 3 95 7-94 4 79 8.48 5 45 9.04 6 9i 9.88 7 55 10.19 8 88 11 . 14 Difficulty Value of Each Sentence Sentences Included in Completion Exercise Alpha 93 Sentence Number in Difficulty Sc. Alpha 1st Report Value I 77 1 .09 2 2 1.38 3 75 1.63 4 8 2-94 5 11 3-31 6 12 3-58 7 not included 1 ? 8 13 4 03 9 16 4 15 10 22 4.26 ii 63 5-54 12 24 5 69 13 57 5-98 14 25 6.32 15 3i 6.50 16 27 6.67 17 30 6-95 18 26 7.00 19 107 6.96 20 34 7 3i 21 71 7.64 22 70 7.91 23 95 7-94 24 43 8.29 25 4i 8-37 26 32 8.91 27 81 8.92 28 47 9 03 29 46 9.04 30 49 9.20 3 1 93 9-53 32 33 92 9i 9.71 9.88 34 35 53 96 10.05 10.48 36 83 io.55 37 38 87 84 10.75 10.85 39 97 11 .11 40 89 12.31 » Sentence No. 7 of Exercise Alpha was one of those in the Preliminary List used in the original study by the author but was discarded and not evaluated, except by Dr. Kelley, who included it in this exercise. 94 Key for Completion-Test Language Scales Sentences Included in Completion Exercise Beta Sentence Number in Sc. Beta 1st Report i 73 2 74 3 76 4 5 5 3 6 17 7 9 8 20 9 29 10 21 ii 58 12 61 13 102 14 98 15 105 16 60 17 67 18 64 19 28 20 69 21 72 22 37 23 94 24 68 25 36 26 42 27 62 28 44 29 45 30 50 31 82 32 . 5i 33 not included 1 34 78 35 55 36 54 37 90 38 88 39 56 40 85 ifficulty Value 1 .18 1 .28 1 •97 2 •52 3 33 3 .66 3 76 4 .09 4 . 12 4 .40 5 55 5 85 6 15 6 16 6 7i 6 83 6 93 7 02 7 04 7 16 7 55 7 85 8 15 8 28 8 32 8 86 8 92 8 95 9 04 9 28 9 56 9 78 ? 10 14 10 19 10 76 10 79 11 14 11 17 11 . 58 1 Sentence No. 33 of Exercise Beta was one of those in the Preliminary List used in the original study by the author but was discarded and not evaluated, except by Dr. Kelley, who included it in this exercise. Difficulty Value of Each Sentence 95 Other Sentences Evaluated but Not Included in Any Language Scale Sentence Number in . Difficulty Kev ist Report Value 1 15 4.8i 2 39 8 "5 8 , 40 8 -46 I 80 8.59 1 100 7.58 6 101 t\ 2 ; 103 8.60 o 106 6.76 A 108 9-o8 10 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 840 739 2 t