V\v „-l°^ <^'%. «5 '^-« ,v^ -Si. \^''"'-*i. xX^^^-%, o ^^^ -'*. ,\^' v-^"^ %<^^'• x^' V-^ ^^v^■^^. v^^^-%. '■-r'\ xv^^"^^ -./ ,0' s ■ ,, cO<- 4 ^, ^ .&^\. = .A > ■> , ^^. ^^ . -v^.o ^''--VV::i;,% .^'^■* .^•^.>^^^^ '"^. i*-' ■>>., v^ .V ^-0^ \0 O^ ^ / « « s ^ .A ^ ^ n V ■i ■, N f -^j .\ tin '-^ t) (J V \.^^'' X^^ iV->- N^^ '>U *^. ^^-^ ='- ^.^' *• ' .r ■* ^^- %.^^'' • J a\ -" .'.%. ,^ '^f. .•^' v\-^^ '^, '' I' .>^ ■* o.. - O ' « '. i'i ■' .0^ y % 4 \0 -7- ^/-o^ ,*-^ '- .-^'* --^ ■ .A .^ . o^^ '^^.i -"■ .0' ^^. ^-0^ %.^- ,o- • ■^^ .^•"^ A > ' » I ^■i J- ■>^''%. %.„^ v^' , ^ ,A ^ 'o . . *' .0^~ v ,.A^" '/. qX -A* -^ ^^. l='y. -\ C tLCctti o ^ THe ILLINOIS RIVSR BASIN. TEKRlrORY DRAINED I)V TIIK ILLINOIS RIVER. -AJTt^^o^&^wR^^cCc^ PREFACE. Why publish this book? There shonlcl be many and strong reasons to warrant such an ttndertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make this Tenture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should receive attention. In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio Eiver — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on the Slavery question. This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most cai'efully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space. And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuitj, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to scholars, ofiicials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, the jiflQce, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 3 4 PREFACE. long-drawn acconnta of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are many of this character — it is handled accordingly. As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass from subject to suljject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and order to complexity and confusion. Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography hiis an honored, useful and legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than the selection of names for this part of the work. While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to Hon. Harvey B. Ilurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, encouraged us in this enterprise— with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. Hm/)Jm. PREFATORY STATEMENT. Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and ready for the press, Dr. Newtou Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history ; changes in form of government and administration ; the history of Consti- tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of State officers, United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which have mai'ked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early news23apers, and the gi'owth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. While individual or collected biogi'aphies of the public men of Illinois have not been wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particitlar periods or classes. Eich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. Tlie large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 5 6 PREFATORY STATEMENT. elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains hits been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population. In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel il. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Paum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Libraiuans of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large cu'cle of correspondents in different parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work. In conclusion, I oannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate. Dr. Batenian, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, on October 21, 1S97, was deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large cii-cle of friends in all parts of the State. Altliough his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of tlie public), the entliusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which ne brought to the discharge of Iris duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit. With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepai'a- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded nni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualitiet of mind and heai-t won the love and confidence of all with whom lie came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. '-^^^^^^''^^^oa^dP^ ^<:^Ufc/ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237 Asylum for Licurable Insane, Bartonville 85 Bateman, Xewtou (Portrait) 3 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 "Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1835 .... 315 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfares 93 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 Day after Chicago Fire 92 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 240 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 8 LIST OF ILLUSTKATIOXS. PAGE Institution for Ueaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 Interior of Kooni, Kaskaskia llotel (1803) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 31-i Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1803) 3U La Salle (Portrait) 240 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 270 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 COO Map of Illinois FoUowing Title Page Map of Illinois Hiver Valley McCormick Seminary, Chicago 363 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1808) 315 Selby, Paul ( Portrait) 5 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 University of Chicago 303 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 View from Engineering Hull, L'niversity of Illinois 281 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago , 91 Views of Drainage Canal 96 Views of Drainage Canal 97 War Eagle (Portrait) 240 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 405 Jo Daviess County PREFACE. In presenting the following concise History of Jo Daviess County to the public, I do so with some misgivings, owing to the fact that the early records of the county are so meager that it is difficult, and at times impossible, to obtain an accurate record of local events. Its mines were the first attraction, and the earliest visitors to the county came with the sole purpose of amassing wealth from their products, and paid little attention to leaving a permanent record of their work. I do not claim that the History is complete in every detail, but I do claim that the events narrated are as accurate and complete as it is possible, with the data available, to make them. I have stated nothing, recorded no event, that is not based upon evidence which I believe to be true and reliable. I have endeavored to be accurate and, while some events may have escaped my notice, it is not because I have not endeavored to find them. I ac- knowledge my obligation to the Hon. David Sheean, who is familiar with manv of the events recorded, and who has patiently and laboriously supervised the work. I also acknowledge my obligation to Mr. AI. L. Johnson, who courteously permitted me to examine all old papers and manuscripts left by his father, the late Aladison Y. Johnson, from which manuscripts I have derived much valuable information relative to matters herein recorded. It may be possible that some will criticise the work : this I expect, but it should be remembered that nothing human is perfect, and the most careful will make mistakes. Few know — I did not know before undertaking the work — what infinite pains and great care are required in the preparation of any historical work, no matter how brief, to make the same reliable. I present the work to the can- did consideration of the people of the County, among whom I have lived for many vears. j^aI^^^i.^1-^^4 Jo Daviess County. INDEX. CHAPTER I. Territorial Changes. page. Region Claimed b)- France 619 Passes to Great Britain after Battle of Quebec 6ig Conquest of the Illinois Countr)^ by Col. George Rogers Clark 619 Cession to the United States 619 Virginia claims Control of Country Northwest of the Ohio 619 Territorial Jurisdiction conveyed to the United States Government. . . 619 Ordinance of 1787 619 "Territory Northwest of River O'hio" Organized 619 Ordinance Prescribes State Boun- daries 6ig Illinois a Part of Indiana Territory. 620 Set off from Indiana : Territorial Boundaries 620 Illinois Admitted as a State 620 Jo Daviess County Created ; Original Boundaries 620 The Military Tract 620 Counties Originally Embraced in Jo Daviess County 620 Sketch of Col. Joseph Hamilton Daviess 620-62 1 United States' Attorney in the Prose- cution of Aaron Burr 621 Col. Daviess' Death at Tippecanoe. 621 Act of 1836 Defining Boundaries of Jo Daviess County 621 Counties Organized from Jo Daviess County Territory 621 V CHAPTER II. Physical Characteristics. Surface and Geological Features... 621 Principal Streams 621 Soil and Products 622 Notable Scenery 622 ^Mineral Wealth 622 CHAPTER III. ■ E.\RLY Settle jiENTS. First White Visitor to Lead Mine Region 623 Indian Workers of the Mines 623 Some First White Occupants of the Soil 623 Jesse ShuU and Samuel Muir Early Traders 623 Thomas H. January Operates a yUne Within the Limits of Galena 623 Julian Dubuque Settles at Dubuque, Iowa 623 Beginning- of the Lead-smelting Business 623 New Orleans First Market for the Product 623 Col. George Davenport 623 Immigrants Begin Arriving in 1822-23 623 Lieut. Martin Thomas appointed Government Superintendent of Alines in 1824 623 First White Child born in Jo Daviess County 623 Story of an Early Settler with a Squaw-wife ; his Massacre 623 Francois Barthillier first Permanent Settler 623 He Locates on the Site of Galena. . 624 CHAPTER IV. MixixG History. Lead Mines Attract first Settlers... 624 French Trader LeSueur sees the Mines in 1700 624 Galena River first called "River of Mines" 624 Mining Region a Part of the Crozat Grant made by Louis XIV., of France 624 The "Buck Aline," the first Discov- ered 624 JO D A \' I E S S COUNTY INDEX. List of Most Important Mines 624 Estimated Product of Jo Daviess Mines 625 Averagje \'ahie of Lead-ore, 1853- i8f)8 r.. 625 Ore \eins Descrilx'd 625-626 Smcltinfj Methods — the "Scotch Hearth" 626-627 A Story alx)ut Ilhnois "Suckers" and Missouri "Pukes" 627 Development of Zinc Mining. . . .627-628 Present Condition of Mining Indus- tries 628 Other Mineral Products 628 CHAPTER V. Ol'FlelAL HlSTOKV. Territorial Delegates in Congress. . 628 Members of Congress who have rep- resented Jo Daviess Countv 629 Col. E. D. Baker and E. B. 'Wash- burne 629 Jo Daviess County Delegates in Con- stitutional Conventions 630 Senators and Representatives in the State Legislature 630 CHAPTER VL JUDKIAKV AND Till: B\K. Early Courts 630 Justices of the Peace Hold first Cir- cuit Court 630 Advent of Regular Circuit Judges. 631 Some Notable Occu]>ants of the Cir- cuit Bench 63 1 Distinguished Members of the Bar. 631 The County Court 631 Probate Justices 631 County Judges 632 CHAPTER VII. TowNsiiii- Organizatiox. Early Townships : Date of ( )rganiza- tion 632 List of First Townships 632 Present Organization 633 Origin of Township Names. . . .633-634 CHAPTER V\U. Towxsiiip History. East and West Galena Townships. . 634 Galena City a Part of Each 634 Early Settlers 634 Galena first called "La I'ointe".... 634 The Lead Mines Attract Immigra- tion about 1823 634 The Increased Tide of 1827 634 The first Survey and Plat of (ialena. 635 Postofiice established in 1826 635 ( ialena incorporated 635 I'Larlv Xews]japers 635 ThePdack Hawk War 635 A Tragic Story of Pro-Slavery Days. 636 Galena as County-Seat 636 Rawlins ( )riginally I'art of West Ga- lena Townshi]) 636 Hanover Town.sliip and its first Set- tlers 636 Warren Township and \'illage. .636-637 Some Early Settlers 637 Postoifice Established in 1847 637 CH.M'TF.R IX. TuwNSiiii' HlSTOKV (continued). A])ple River Township and its ILarly Settlers 637 Scales Mound a Historic Locality. 637 Dunleith Township and East Du- buque City 637 Elizabeth Township and \illage. 637-638 The "Wishon Mine" 638 Stockton a Mining and Stock-raising District 638 Council Hill Township and N'illage. 638 \'inegar Hill an early Mining Reg- ion 638 Rice Township 6)39 Guilford Townshi]) the Home of John .\. Rawlins 639 Pleasant N'alley Townshi]> 639 Ward's Grove Township 639 Berreman Township 639-640 Dcrinda Townshi]) 640 Woodbine Townshi]) 640 Rush Townshi]) 640 CH.M'TICR X. Rici.u.iois A.vi) Chi'Rcii History. First Religious Service in Jo Dav- iess Comity held by a Catholic Priest 641 Early Protestant Ministers 641 Revs. John Dew and .\ratus Kent.. 641 Historx- of Local Churches 641-642 JO DA\'IESS COUNTY INDEX, CHAPTER XI. School History. Conditions in Galena in 1829. as de- scribed by Gov. Reynolds 642 ]Mi"s. Sarah Reed's Account of Early Schools 642 Galena Academy and other higher Institutions 642 Statistics of Jo Daviess County Schools of the Present Day 642 CHAPTER XII. Distinguished Citizens (Sketches). Gen. U. S. Grant 643 Gen. John A. Rawlins 643-644 Hon. E. B. Washburne 644-645 Col. Edward D. Baker 645 Judge Tliomas Drunmiond 645 Hon. Thompson Campbell 645-646 Gen. John Eugene Smith 646 CHAPTER XIII. Notable ^"ISIT0RS. Abraham Lincoln : Speech and N^ewspaper Article by 646-647 Stephen A. Douglas 648 President Fillmore 648 Lyman Trumbull 648 Joseph Jefferson 648 Vice-Presidents Wilson and Colfax. 648 \\'illiam AIcKinley 648 Theodore Roosevelt 648 Gen. John A. Logan 648 CHAPTER XI\-. War Record. Jo Daviess furnishes first \^olun- teer in Northwest for Civil War. 649 Gen. Augustus L. Chetlain 649 List of distinguished Soldiers 649 ^Military ( )rganizations formed in whole or part from Jo Daviess County 649 Officers from Jo Daviess County. .. 649 List of Jo Daviess Countv Soldiers who died in Battle or in Rebel Prisons 650-652 Spanish-American War 652 CHAPTER XV. Citizens of Jo Daviess County. Allanson. Richard 663 Appel, John 663 Artman, Andrew G 663 Avery, George Smith 657 Barnett, Richard S 664 Baume, James Simpson 655 Beall, John P 664 Beaton, Matthew 664 Bell, Bert 665 Bench, Edward M 665 Birkbeck, Thomas T 665 Blair, Hiram 665 Boevers, John C 660 Bourquin, L. F 665 Boyle, Patrick 665 Bracken, Andrew 666 Bracken, Julia AI 666 Breed, A. L 666 Brickner, Philip 667 Brushons, Jackson 667 Bucknam, Alvan E 668 Bunker, Henry L 668 Burrichter, Frank Joseph 668 Carroll, Jeremiah 668 Cassidy, Thomas F 669 Chetlain, Henry B 66g Clock, Alonzo 669 Clock, Frank 669 Connor, Bryan H 670 Czibulka, Alfonso Clemens 670 Dillon, Martin J 670 Dimmick, Daniel W 670 Dittmar. Albert 671 Dittmar, Rudolph 672 Dobler, Samuel 672 Doxey, William H 672 Eadie, Benjamin 672 Eaton, Walter S 672 Ebv; Charles, Sr 672 Edwards, George 673 Felt, Benjamin Franklin 654 Fiddick. John 673 Foster, Thomas 656 Ford, Walter 656 Furlone, John E 673 Gann, Herst C 674 Gault, Norman A 674 Gerner, John 675 Glasgow, James G 675 Glasgow, William Henry 675 Goldthorp, William 676 JO D A \' I E S S C O I' X T \' INDEX Graham, George 676 Grube, George 676 Haas, John 677 Hall, Walter 677 Hardt, Edward Alexander 677 Heni])stead. William 677 Hermann. William I'^ 678 Hicks, Preston Thomas 663 Hicks, Thomas H 678 Hicks, William S 662 Hilliard, Celia A 678 Milliard, Sumner H 679 Hodson. William Theophilus 661 Hogan, Owen C)79 Homrich, Louis 679 I Inward. Henrv Danforth 679 Howell. John A 680 I I unt, Ernest F 680 Hunt, Paul I! 680 Hutton, William 680 Irwin. William D CiSo Jefl'ers, (icorge 680 Jewell, Alfred 681 Keast, Horatio (iS\ Keller, U. S. G ()8i Kepner, Erastus P 682 Kneelxjne, Joseph T 682 Kiihlsaat, Herman I tenry 682 Lamont,'J. Stewart 682 Leeklev. Annie Eliza 683 Leitzen. John, Sr ('^^ Lewis, James S 683 Lewis, Ulysses S 684 Leydon, Rev. Thomas 698 Logan, Evan B 684 Logan, Jesse R 684 Luptetitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest jxipular triumph wiis in 1890, when he was elected Attorney -General on the Re])ublican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all com])etitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Riiilway (Rock Island brancli). Population (1890), Oil; (1900), 621. ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louia KXPERIMIvNT FARM TIIi: VINEVAKUi INIVKKSITV cU- Il.l.INeiIr~ i;XPl.KlMi;.\T lAKM lOKCHARD CILTIVATION ). f NIVKKSIT Y Ol- ILLINOIS HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 ami Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for manufactui-e of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. ALCORN, James Liisk, was born near Gol- conda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 30, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Cliicago ; was brouglit to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Cliicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection witli the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington. ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, wliere, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years. Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dee. 3, 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of tlie richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to whicli he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the captiire of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, III., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the Count}' Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Soutliern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, wliile practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the i)roprietors of the town of America, which was locateounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and esist by the Ohio and Caclie rivers. Its area is about 230 square miles and its population, in 1800, was l(i,- 503. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Huniplireys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Sliadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comj'ges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo."" The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government; but in 1835 Sidney Bree.se, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert reentered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company,"" which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extendeil its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, which wjis incorporated in 1820. Population (1900), 19.384. ALEXLiN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through tlie aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only jKK)r male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having rendered the building unfit for hospital purjwses, a street railway com- pany purchased the site and buildings for $250,- 000 and a new location has been selected. ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles ea.st of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900). 915. ALGONiJl'INS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally tlieir territory extended from about latitude 37' to 53 north, and from longitude 25' east to 15' west of the meridian of Wiisliington. Branches of the stock were found by Curlier in Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by tlie Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of tlie Mississippi. One of the prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the country in 1673. They were liereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by wliom tlieir territory was re])eatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt witliin the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kicka]xx)s, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chiise, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot"s Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stock extant is estimated at alwut 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United States. ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson County. Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestry of Scotch- Irish descent. In early HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 15 infancy he was brought by his parents to South- ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- came a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson Count}'. In 1853 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but lie declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 18G2 and 1869, serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 186-1 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" which had broken out among his former neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 183-t he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 18-14, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded him in the latter office. ALLERTON, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Yates County. N. Y., but about 1852 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock -Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and a Director of the First National Bank of Cliicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City Railway (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison. ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Je.suit priest, was born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis. , now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians -the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the IlUnois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert All3-n, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small pubUc library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletovra, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 10 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOI.-,. meanwhile (1843) l)ecoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of tlie Methodist Episcopal Church. From 184S to 18.'>4 lie seri-ed as Princi- pal of the Providence Conference Seminar}- at East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island — also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1839 he filled tlie chair of Ancient Languages in the State University at Atliens, Oliio, when he ac- cepted tlie Presidency of the Wesleyan Female College at Cincinnati, four years later (ISlWi) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. That position he resigned to accept the Presi- dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carboiidale, whence he retired in 1892. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. ALTAMONT, Effingliam County, is intersecting point of the Vaiulalia. Chicago & Eastern Illinois, Baltimore & Oliio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, being midway and highest point between St. Louis and Terre Haute, In Hos- pital for tlie In.sane is located here. Population (1890), 2,2!l.->; (1900), 2,018; (est. 1904), 3,000. ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New England Quaker ancestry at SpafTord, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course of pre])aratory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 he entered the sophomore cla.ss in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The next year lie began the study of law, at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- land iis one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 18,58 was elected City Attorney, and. in 1803, liecame solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroiid (now the Chicago & Northwestern ). Judge Anthony served in two State Constitutional Conventions — those of 1802 and 18C9-70 — being chairman of the Committee on Executive Department and mem- ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1880, retiring in 1892, after which lie resumed the practice of his profession, being chieflj' employed as consulting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; also served as President of the State Bar A.ssociation (1894-95), and delivered several important liistorical addres.ses before that bodj'. His other most important productions are volumes on "Tlie Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of his last term upon the bench, he sjient several montlis in an extended tour through the princi- pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted illness, at his liome at Evans- ton. Feb. 24. 1898. ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- TION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1850, pursuant to the suggestion of "The Morgan Journal," tlien a weekly paper publislied at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Wliig"; O. P. Wliarton of "The Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Cliarles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Clironicle"; and Paul Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and AV. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended tlie calling of a State convention at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take tlie matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J. Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edward.sville : D. L. P)iil- lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koemer for the State-at-large. Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 19 ham Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of these served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of 1S56. ) APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 31 miles east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 626; (1890), 573; (1900), 576. APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zeiias, soldier, was born in Broome Coimty, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where be fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksmitli, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his property in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 1859, was one of the members of that body apiJointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of the earnest supporters of the Government in its preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The latter year lie assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Sladrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862, while obeying an order to charge upon a baud of rebels concealed in a wood. APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads: Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for by the Constitution of 1818. Tliat instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows: To create districts for the election of Representatives not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in nmuber not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at the time of organization. The schedule appended to the first Constitution contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives. The first fifteen counties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Each county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower liouse, with the number of members for each varying from one to three; while Johnson and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, tlie other counties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. Before an election was held under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable changes were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire population should equal 1,000,000, when five members of the House were added and five additional members for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives reached 100. Tliereafter the number was neither increased nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the niimber of white inhabit- ants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties. The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. By the apportionment law of 18.54, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geographical limits varied under each act, while the number of members from Representative districts varied according to pojjulation. The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by tlie Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggi'egate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to population. This arrange- ment continued in force for only one Legislature — that chosen in 1870. In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion the State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," which had been sub- mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- tion and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representa- tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 20 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing the entire population by 153 and each county to be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached tliree-fifths of the ratio ; coun- ties having a [Kipulation equivalent to one and three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; while each county with a larger l)opulation w;i.s entitled to one additional Kejire- sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this principle in 1872, '83 and "93. Jlemljers of the lower house are elected bienni- ally: Senators for four years, those in odd and even districts being chosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at tlie same time with that of Ciovernor and other State officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- mediate periods. CoXGRESSlON.'VL. — For the first fourteen years of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act. approved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first election under this Law being held on the first Slonday in August, 1832. At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun- ties, which were apportioned among the districts as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, CUn- ton, Bond, Madison, JIaci>iii)in; Second — White, Ilaniilton, JelTerson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay. JIarion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, Tazewell, Mcl.«an, Cout between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teaclier in Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was comiielled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate education and returned home at the end of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter and working on his mother's farm during the crop season, until 184.J, when he located in Mor- ris, (Jrundy County, opened a general store and wiis ai)|)ointed Postmaster. He luis been in pub- lic ])osition of some sort ever since he reached his majority, including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (18()2-64 and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the prei)aration of others. At an earlier date it fell lo his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Miisonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 32d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also foimd time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his oldest brother (William E. Armstrong) to Chicago ^vith a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin. ARNOLD, Isaac X., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30. 1813, being de.scended from one of the companions of Roger AVilliams. Thrown upon liis own resources at an earlj' age. he was largely "self-made." He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the liar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputatit)n as a lawyer, and .served for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the rejieal of the Mi.ss<5uri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- siis and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler, into the ranks of the Reimblicin p.arty, by which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in supjiort of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. ArnoM returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, 1884, He was of schol- arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold." AKKIXOTOX, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 25 received on trial as a Methodist preacher and became a circuit-rider in Indiana; during 1833-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 183-t he began the study of law, and having been admitted to tlie bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, where be was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1S44, was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to Madison, Wis. , but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plished scholar and gifted writer, having written much for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Jlessenger, " ' over the signature of "Charles Sunimerfield, " and was author of an "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomiugton; is in an agricultural and stock region; has one newspaper. Population (1890;, 420; (1900), 317. ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas Counties, at junction of Clucago & Eastern Illi- nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 858; (est. 1904), 1,000. ASAY, Edward d!., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Jlorris and others during their trial for conspiracj- in connection witli the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended triji to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. ASBl'RY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 1810 ; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his clo.se personal friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several years as Registrar in Bankru]itcy at Quincy, which was his last official position. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- spondent at tliat period. Messrs. Nicolay and Haj', in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. ASHLAXD, a town in Cass County, at the inter.section of the Cliicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of a ricli agricultural region, and is an important shipping point for grain and stock. It has a bank, three chui-ches and a weekly newspaper. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,201. ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & Nashville Railways, 02 miles east by southeast of St. Louis; is io an agricultural and fruit-growing region; has some manufactures, electric light plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- wa}-, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 446, (1900), 487; (1903), 520. ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 26 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 646; (1800), fisO; (1000), 776. ASPIXW.VLL, Homer F., farmer and legisla- tor. \va.s liorn in Stephenson County, 111., Nov. 15, 1840, educated in tlie Freeport high school, and, in early life, sjient two years in a wholesale notion store, later resuming tlie occupation of a fanner. After holding various local offices, in- cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Mr. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1806. Soon after the lieginning of the Spanish- American War in 1S08, he w;vs appointed by President JIcKinley Captain and Assistant Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but before lieing a.ssigned to duty accepted the Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- visional Regiment. When it became evident that the regiment would not be called into the service, he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- toba," a large transport steamer, which carried some 13,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico witli- out a single accident. In view of the approach- ing .session of the Forty-first General Assembly, it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. Aspinwall applied for a discharge, whicli was refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted instead. A discharge was finally granted about the middle of February, wlien he resumed his seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and operates a large farm near Freeport. ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by west from Decatur and miles north of Pana. It is situated in a ridi agricultural and coal min- ing district, and has two banks, five churclies, a public school, two weekly papers and coal mine.s. Population (1880). 700; (1800). 1,076; (1900), 1,703. ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock Island & St. Louis Division C, 15. & Q. R. R. ; has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- phone exchange, three large grain elevators, pressed brick works; six cluirdies, two banks, two weekly papers, citj- hall and park, and good schools; is in a coal region; busine.«s portion is built of brick. Pop. (1800), 1,,1.57; (1900), 1,084. ATCHISOX, TOPEKA & SAXTA FE RAIL- W.\Y CO.MP.\XY. This Company operates three subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Siinta Fe in Chicago, and the Jlississippi River Rail- road & Toll Bridge, which are ojierated as a through line between Chicago and Kans;is City, with a bninch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav- ing an aggregate operated mileage of 513 miles, of which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and income for the year ending June 30, iso.j, were §1,298,000, wliile the operating exjjenses and fixed charges amounted to §2.360,706. The accumu- Lited deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 1894, to more than $4..50o,000. The totjil capitali- zation of the whole hue in 1895 was §52,775,251. The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 1863 was changed to the Atchison, To]jeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. The largest number of miles operated was in 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its i)resent name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general oflficers of the .system (1898) are: Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, New York; E. P. Ripley, President. Chicago; C. M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- urer, Topeka ; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, New York; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, Chicago ; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; H. W. Mudge, General Sui>erintendent, Topeka; W. A. Bissell, ^Vssistant Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. F. White, Pa,ssenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. Hodges, General Purcluising Agent, Chicago; James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- cago; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, Topeka. Kan. ; C. W. Koims, Superintendent Car Service, Toiieka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes. Superintendent of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General Claim Agent, Toiieka; F. C. Gay, General Freight Agent, Toijeka; C. R. Hudson, jVssistant General Freight Agent, Tojieka; W. J. Black, General Pas.senger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General Baggage Agent, Chicago. ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal- mining town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 27 & St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring- field. It is also tlie center of a prosperous agri- cultural and stock-raising district, and large numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- cago market. The place lias an electric lighting plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535. ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was born near Elmira, N. Y., June 9, 1836; came with his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm till 1850 ; was educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a private soldier in Stephenson County. He served as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Vokmteers (three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same rank for three years and took part in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- , ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. Forced to retire temporarily on account of his health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army of the Cimiberland. On the organization of Sher- man's great "March to the Sea," he efliciently cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the ■war, by special order of President Lincoln, was brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen- eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- master of that city. He took a prominent part in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 763. ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 30 miles southwest of Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as- well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- ing district. It has a water-works system, elec- tric liglit plant, five churches, a graded school, a weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So- ciety established in 1860. Population (1900) 1.270. ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- teresting history. It was settled by Col. William Ross and four brothers, who came here from Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or early in 1820, making there the first settlement within the present limits of Pike County. The town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the nest j'ear the county-seat was removed thither from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but which had been the first county-seat of Pike County, when it comprised all the territory lying north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. Atlas remained the coimty-seat xmtil 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During a part of that time it was one of the most important points in the western part of the State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. It now has only a postoffice and general store. The population, according to the census of 1890, was 52. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the Territorial and State Governments, down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent : Territorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; William Mears, 1813-18. State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 1819; WiUiam Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Ninia» W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F. Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43; James Allen MoDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- bell, 1846-48. The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for the continuance of the office, and for nineteen years it remained vacant. It was recreated, 28 IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liowever, by legislative enactment in 1867, and on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis- charge the duties of the jKisition, which he con- tinued to do until 1SG9. Subsequent incumbents of the office have been: 'Wasliington Bushnell, 18C0-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81 ; James McCart- ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of the Legislature of 1807, but, in 1870, it was made a constitutional office to be filled by popular election for a term of four years. ATAVOOI), a village lying partly in Piatt and partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 37 miles east of Deca- tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- ing; the town has two l)ank.s, an excellent scliool and a newspaper. Poj) (1890), .530; (1900), 698. ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at Millbury, Mass., May 18, 18-19; at 17 began a full course in architecture at Harvard Scientific School, and, after graduation, received prizes for public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and a number of other cities, besides furnishing designs for some of the finest private residences in the country. He was associated with D. H. Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian Exposition l)uilcliiigs. at Chicago, for the World's Fair of 1893, and distinguished liiniself bj- i)ro- ducing plans for tlie "Art Building," the "Peri- style," the "Terminal Station" and other prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, Dec. 19, 1895. AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Kailioad, 15 miles south of Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and farm implements, besides tile and brick works, two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, several churches, a graded school and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281. AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- torial Government were H. H. Slaxwell, 181216; Daniel P. Cook, 181617; Robert Blackwell, (April to Augxist), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, without limitation of term; but by the Constitu- tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made elective by the people for a term of four years. The following is a list of the State Auditors from tlie date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835 41; James ShieKls, 1841-43; WilUam Lee D. Ewing, 1843 46; Thomas H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois. 1857-64; Orlin n. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Cliarles P. Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 — . AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, Hancock County, on the Cliicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 36 miles northeast of Quincy. Wagons and brick are tlie principal manufac- tures. The town has one newspajjer, two banks, three churches and a graded school. The sur rounding country is a fertile agricultural region and abounds in a good ijuality of bituminous coal. Fine (jualities of potter's clay and mineral paint are obtained lieie. Population (1890), 1,077; (1900), 1,149. AUGUSTAXA COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran denomination, located at Rock Island and founded in 1863. Besides preparatorj- and collegiate de- partments, a theological school is connected with the in.stitution. To the two first named, young women are admitted on an equiility with men. More than 500 students were reported in attendance in 1896, alxmt one-fourth being women. A majority of the latter were in the preparatory (or academic) department. The col- lege is not endowed, but owns projierty (real and personal) to the value of §250,000. It has a library of 12.000 volumes. AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles soutli- west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine water-power and many successful manufactories, including extensive boiler work.s, iron foundries, cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage factories, stove and smelting works, establish- ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, and wood-working machinery. The city owns water-works and electric light plant; has six banks, four dailj- and several weekly papers, some twenty-five churches, e-xcellent schools and handsome public library building; is connected by interurban electric lines with the principal towns and villages in the Fox River valley. Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 29 AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. It is accessible from that city bj' either the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a graded school is supported (including a high school department) and there are numerous churches, repre.senting the various religious denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890), 4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899. AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing- ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers and reports a total of 313 pupils for 1897-98—163 males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000 volumes and reports property valued at §37,000. AUSTRALIAN BALLOT," a form of ballot for popular elections, thus named because it was first brought into use in Australia. It was adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 1891. and is applicable to the election of all public officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- ors, niombers of Boards of Education and officers of road districts in counties not under township organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- tion of c fficers (except those just enumerated) are required to be printed and distributed to the election officers for use on the day of election, at public cost. These ballots contain the names, on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted for at such election, such names having been formally certified previoush' to the Secretary of State (in the case of candidates for offices to be "voted for by electors of the entire State or any district greater than a single county) or to the County Clerk (as to all others), by the jaresiding officer and secretary of the convention or caucus making such nominations, when the party repre- sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- eral election. Other names may be added to the ballot on the petition of a specified number of the legal voters under certain prescribed conditions named in the act. The duly registered voter, on presenting himself at the poll, is given a copj- of the official ticket by one of the judges of election, upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for his use, by making a cross at the head of tire col- umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the same part}', or by a similar mark before the name of each individual for whom lie wishes to vote, in case he desires to distribute his support among the candidates of different parties. The object of the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- tation or interference by others in the exercise of his right of sufl'rage. AVA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad (Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south- southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984. AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B & Q. R. R. , 30 miles south of Galesburg; has drain- pipe works, two factories for manufacture of steam- and hot-water heaters, two banks and two newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu- ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1.000. AYER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in Kingston, N. H., April 23, 1835, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane Law School (Harvard University), was admitted to the bar and began practice at Manchester, N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney for Hillsborough County, in 1857 became to Chica- go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised city cliarter. After the close of his official career, he was a member for eight years of the law firm of Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the firm of Ayer & Kales, imtil, retiring from general practice, Mr. Aj'er became Solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, and is at present its General Counsel and a jjotent factor in its management. AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 37, 1823; came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 1830, and was educated there, graduating from Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. Newton Bateman. afterwards President of Knox College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- lege he became the partner of his father (David B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers succeeded to the management of the business, about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands coming under his charge. In December, 1852, with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- sonville, for tlie sale of exchange, but which finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been continued ever since, being recognized as one of the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 1870-71. aided by Philadelphia and New York capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers' Rail- 30 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. road" between Jacksonville ami Waverly, after- wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr. Ayers has had no connection with it for several years. Other business enterprises with wluch he has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com- pany (now including an electric light and power plant), of which he has l)een President for forty years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a body of 33,600 acres of land in Champaign County, known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander, an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become heavily involved during the years of financial revulsion. As a result of this transivction, Mr. Alexander's debts, which aggregated SI. 000,000, were discharged within the next two years. Mr. Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the organization of that partj- and, during the war, rendered valuable service in assisting to raise funds for the support of the operations of the Cliristian Commission in the field. He has also been active in Sutiday School, benevolent and educational work, having been, for twenty yeare, a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has been an ardent friend. In 1846 lie was married to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father of four sons and four daughters, all living. BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan, N. Y., Jan. 20, 182S, the son of a member of Con- gi'ess from that State; at tlie age of 18, having lost his father by (.leath, came West, and soon after engaged in mercantile business in partner- ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 18.54 he was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- Nebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine- teenth General Assembly, and, in the following se.ssion, took part in tlie election of United States Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman Trumbull. Although a personal and political friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter of policj', ciist his vote for his townsman, William Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- trict, until it w;us apparent that a concentration of the Anti-Nebriiska vote on Trumbull was necassarj' to defeat the election of a Democrat. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fourth District, and, in 1863. was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in the Republican National Convention of 1868. which nominated General Grant for the Presi- dency, and the same year was made Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, also conducting the campaign two years later. He identified himself with the Greeley movement in 1872, but. in 1S76, was again in line with his party and restored to his old position on the State Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among business enterprises with which he was con- nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., which was undertaken, in conjunction with Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell. about 1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the "Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which continued to be his home imtil his death from apoplexy, Feb. 2.5, 1899. BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at Dorche.ster, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to Springfield, 111., where, in 18.59. he joined a mili- tary company calleil the Springfield Greys, com- manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of which he was First Lieutenant. This company became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Jlr. Lincoln's first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeedeil him as Captain, on the re-enli.stment of the regi- ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- Colonel, and, in JIaroh, 1862, being promoted to the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was compelled to resign on account of impaired health. His home is at Springfield. BACON, (ieorire E., lawyer and legislator, born at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and. in 1876. located at Paris. Edgar County; in 1S79 was admitted to the bar and held various minor offices, including one term as State's Attorney. In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate and re-elected four years later, but finally removed to Aurora, where he died. July 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death of Senator John A. Logan, he was .selected by his colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy on the deceased statesman. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 31 BAGBT, John C, jurist and Cougi-essman, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- sing through the common schools of Barren County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at Baoon College, gi'aduating in 1840. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. In 1840 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., confining himself exclusively to professional work until nominated and elected to Congress in 18T4, b}- the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 188.5 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, was born at Middle bury, Wyoming County, N. Y., June 23, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y. ) University in 1854, and was admitted to the bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856. he removed to Freeport. 111. , where he soon built up a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to the bench of the Aj^pellate Court, being presiding Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from June, 1881, to June. 1883. In 1879 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in office, Oct. 16, 1895. BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after gaining the rudiments of an education in his mother tongue (the Fi-ench), he acquired a knowl- edge of English and some proficiency in Greek and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe (then the State Capital), .soon after becoming sole owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- zette" and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian Chronicle." Here he remained until 1838, mean- time engaging temporarilj- in the banking busi- ness, also serving one term in the Legislatm-e (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge of "The Ohio State Joui-nal," served one term as Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The Telegraph" at Alton, lU., which he conducted alone or in association with various partners until 18.54, when he yetired, giving his attention to the book and job branch of the business. He served as Representative from Madison County in the Thir- teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man and a joiu-nalist Judge Bailhache commanded the highest respect, and did much to elevate the standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- graph," during the period of his connection with it, being one of the leading papers of the State. His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the result of injuries received the day previous, by being thrown from a carriage in which he was riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 111., in 1836, was educated at Shm-tleflf College, and learned the printing trade in the office of "The Telegraph," under the direction of his father, afterwards being associated with the business department. In 1855, in partnership with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the proprietors and business manager of "The State Jom-nal'' at Springfield. During the Civil War he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank of Major. After the war he returned to joui'nal- jsm and was associated at different times with "The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, Receiver of Public Monej-s at Santa Fe., N. M., remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- dent of San Diego, Cal. , where he has been engaged in newspaper work, and, under the administration of President MoKinley, has been a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was born in Columbus, Oliio, Feb. 31, 1885, served as a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the interest of sanitary and hospital service. At present (1899) he occupies a prominent position at the headquarters of the United States Marine Hospital Service in Washington. ^Arthur Lee (Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April 32 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was employed in the State commissary service at Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of disea.'ie and exjwsure in the service. BAKKK, David Jewett, lawj-er and United States Senator, was Ixjrn at E;ist Iladdani, Conn. , Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to Xew York in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, and tliree }'ears later was admitted to the bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence in his profession and was made Probate Judge of Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator McLean, but he served only one month when he was succeeded by Jolm M. Robinson, who was elected by the Legislature. He was United States District Attorney from 1833 to 1841 (the State then constituting but one district), and thereafter resumed private practice. Died at .Mton, August 6, 1869. —Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- ceding, was born at Kaska.skia, 111., Nov. 10, 1824, received his preparator}' education at Shurt- leff College, L^pper Alton, and, in 1843, entered Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, Hon. David J. Baker. In 18.-)4 lie was elected as an AntiNebr:uska candidate to tlie lower branch of the Nineteenth General A.ssembly, and, at the subsequent session of the General .Vssembly, was one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- bull resulted in the election of the latter to the United States Senate for the first time — the others being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards United States Senator. Burton C. Cook and Nor- man B. Juihl in the Senate. He served as one of the Secretaries of the RepubUcau State Convention held at Bloomington in May, 18.50, was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- lican State Convention, served as delegate to the Repuljlican National Convention of the sjinie year and was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver the addi'ess on occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888. About 1888 lie retired from practice, dying at Alton, March J5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Sliurt- leflf College in 1847 ; read law with his father two years, after which he entered Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 185.5. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had become associated with William H. Bailhache, in the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," and, in July, IS.5.5, they purchased "The Illinois State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 1874. In 1809 he was appointed United States Assessor for the Eiglith District, serving until the abolition of the oflSce. In 1873 he received the appointment from President Gi-ant of Consul to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming the duties of the office in 1874, remained there for twenty-three years, proving himself one of the most capable and efficient officers in the con- sular service. On the evening of the 20th of June, 1897, wlien Mr. Baker was about to enter a railway train already in motion at tlie station in the city of Buenos Ayres. he fell uii<]er the cars, receiving injui-ies which necessitated the ampu- tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, Julj- 8, following. His remains were brought home at the Government expense and interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- ment has since been erected in his honor, liearing a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres and foreign representatives in that city express- ive of their respect for his memorj-. — Uavid Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20.1834; graduated from Shurtleflf College in 18.54, and was admitted to the bar in 18.56. In Novemlier of that year he removed to Cairo and begiin prac- tice. He was Mayor of that citj- in 1864-65. and, in 18C9, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act of March 28) having divided the State into twenty -six circuits, he was elected Judge of the Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, lie resigned to accept an appointment on the Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, deceased, but at the close of his term on the Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33 served for several years on the Appellate Bench. In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by resignation and was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to Chicago and engaged in general practice, in partnersliip with his son, John W. Baker. He fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13, 1899. In all. Judge Baker had spent some thirty years almost continuously on the bench, and had attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and a jurist. BAKER, Edivard Dickinson, soldier and United States Senator, was born in London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected to Congress from the Galena District ; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad; went tO' San Francisco in 18.52, but later removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 1800. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 31, 1861. BAKER, Jeliii, lawj-er and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4. 1822. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Although he did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 18.58, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. From 1861 to 18G5 he was Master in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 1869 he repi'Bsented the Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From 1ST6 to 1881 and from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified himself with the Free Silver Democracy and People's Party, he was elected to Congress from tlie Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans." BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was born in liitchfleld County, Conn., Slarcli 8. 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a comi- try school, continuing this occupation for several years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, which he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of .his health and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle Count}', where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with his family the following j-ear. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County," which contains much local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 1895. BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Goslien, Conn., July 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological school there, was ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or "Western College Society," of which lie was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to his death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. 34 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. UALLAKI), Addisdn, inercliant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio. No- vember, IS'22. He located at La Porte, Lnd., about 1841, where he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, remaioing two years, when he returned to La Porte ; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- man of the City of Chicago, and again in the latter office. 1894-9G. BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827; was educated at the colleges of the Iloly Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in IS.'iS, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was successful, but regarded by his priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of clergj- and laitj'. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and enlarged\ 1880. Died at .Vlton. Feb. \r,, 1880. BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Oliio system) is made up of two principal divisions, the first extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 miles, of which 147'^ are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Rsiilway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 18.51. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being knowni as the Ea.stern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to stamlard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis ami San Francisco, were the principal financial Uickers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and oi}ened for traffic, Maj' 1, 18.17. The following year the roivd became financially emlxirrassed; the E;istern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860 while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1862. and reorganized as the Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois Legislature pa.ssed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and. in November of the same year, the two divisions were consoliilated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Nortliwestern and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each having been chartered in 1867 — the new cor|X)- ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Riiilroad. under which n;uue the road was built and opened in Marcli. 1871. In 1873. it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railwa3' Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was con.solidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the suc('e.s.sor of the Cincinnati, Wa.shington & Baltimore Riiilroad, the reorganized Company taking tlie name of tlie Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several brandies of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not takfu into ac- count in tliis st.atcnuMit. BALTIMORE A. OHIO A. CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, part of tlio Hahimore & Ohio Riiilroad System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in Illinois. The princijKil object of the comixiny's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds §1.500.000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is .$20,329,166 or §76.728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, l.'.<98, were .83.38!, 016 and the operating expenses .82.493,4.52. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were §209,208 and the expenses §208,096. BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was^born in Franklin County, Ma.ss., Jan. 9, 1822; .si>ent his lM)y- hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844. later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing east in 1847, he engiiged in teaching for two years at Springfield. Mass., then si>ent a j'ear in a dry goods store at Lacon, III., meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35 cf the Circuit Court in 1S.")9 ; served one session as State Senator (1870-73) ; in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the xinexpired term of Judge Riclimond, deceased, and, in 1875, was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 18.54; in 1803 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress for the first time ; was one of tlie charter members of the "Union. League of America," servingas its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated General Grant for President for the first time. After retiring from the office of District Attorne)- in 1879, he removed to Chicago, wliere lie is still (1898) engaged in the practice of liis profession. BaXKSOX, .\ndrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, III., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently removed to Washington County. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 1823 he was elected to the State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1822-23 was one of tliose who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 18.53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tie in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 179G-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on the slavery question, resulted in the division of the denomination into factions. Of these perhaps the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1823 until his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, until it had some 250 chui-ches, witli about 7,500 members. These were under tlie ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years later, Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set- tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the University of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- lished at Chicago. B.\RBER, Uirani, was born in Warren County, N. Y., March 24, 183.5. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his coimty in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congre.ss by the Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of JIaster in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. B.\RDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. Population (1880), 409; (1800), 447; (1900), 387. B.ARXSBACK, George Freilerick Julius, pio- neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781; came to Pliiladeljihia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison (tlien a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where lie resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after -returning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- teers (100-days' men); also served as a member or the Twenty-fom-th General Assembly (1865). 36 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was bom in Onondaga Countj', N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When he was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- tion was obtained at Belleville. 111., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigiin State University at Ann Arljor. After leaving the institution last named at the end of the sophomore j'ear, he taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Cliester, where, for a time, he held the office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 1807, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of his term he resumed private practice. BARKERE, (iranville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higlier education at Au- gusta, Ky., and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 1830. In 1873 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 187.5, at the conclusion of his term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 111., Jan. 13, 1889. BARRIX(ilTO\, a village located on the north- ern bortler of C'(X)k County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Ea.stern Railway, 32 miles northwest of Cliicago. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1.102. BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and eclucator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11. 1847; graer, 1896, ending with his return to the United States by way of .San Francisco in Jlay, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of .Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the jjrincipal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidencj- of Oberlin College. Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899. BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in 1836, on tlie Wabash Railroad, 18 miles ea.st of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains flouring miUs, jwrkpacking and poultry establishments, etc. It has two local papers, two banks, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- tion (ISSin. 1.392; (1890). 1,3.54; (1900), 1,643. BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was born of Kevolutionarj- ancestry at Stratford. Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming to Chicago in 1863. entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard. Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College. Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Jletropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 BASCOM, (Rev.) Flayel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent his boyhood on a farm uxitil 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, entered Yale College, graduating in 1838. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theology at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- ary department of the college. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few j'ears previous ; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding churches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Chm'ch at Galesburg, this relation continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Missionarj' Society; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, ID., August 8, 1890. BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 3.5 miles west of Chicago; has water power and several prosperous manufacturing establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. The city has fine water-works supplied from an artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric street car lines with interurban connections, two weekly papers, eight churches, two public schools, and private hospital for insane women. Population (1900), 3.871; (1903, est.), 4,400. BATEMAN, Nowtoii, A. M., LL.D., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- pedia of Illinois." was born at Fairfield, N. J., July 27. lo22, of mixed English and Scotch an- cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 1833; in his j'outh enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois College at Jack.sonville in 1843, supporting him- self during his college course wholly by his own labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of failing health, when he gave a j-ear to travel. He then entered upon his life-work as a teacher bj' engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining there two }-ears. when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the principalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven years, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen j'ears, serving con- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65), as the result of hisdefeat for re-election in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the state of efficiency which it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five different languages of Em'ope, besides a volume of "Common School Decisions," originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volimie has been recog- nized by the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three years he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted by Congress creating the National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 38 niSTOKK'AL EXC YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. close intimacy sprang up between tlie two men, which enableil the "Scliool-nuister," as Mr. Lin- coln plavfullj- calleil the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of which he gave evidence by liis lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of the higli (character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Superintendency (18T5), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted tlie Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg. remaining until 1H93, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. This, after having been repeatedly urged upon the Board, w;us finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Profes-sor of Jlental and Moral Science, under which lie contiiuied to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as liis health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by api«)intment of successive Governors l)etween 1877 and 1.^91, as a member of the State Board of Healtli. for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February, 1S78, Dr. Bate- man, unexpectetlly and without solicitation on liis part, received from President Hayes an apiMiint- ment as '"Assay Comini-ssioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, ami discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. Never of a very strong physique, wliicli was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Batcman suffered much from a chest trouble wliich finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from whicli, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1S97. The event produced the most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him offi- cially or personally, and had learned to admire his many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 2.'), called out an immense concourse of sorrowing friends. Almost the last laboi-s per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in which he manifested the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in this field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, first in ISoO to Mi.ss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1S.j7, and a second time in October, 18S9, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts (but for some time a teaclier in Jacksonville Female Academy), who died. May 28, 1.'<7S.— Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College — a position especially created for him. He had filled this jxjsition a little over one year when his career — which was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. 0, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all tlie wives of clergj-men. — P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was bom at Ann Arbor, Midi., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 18G8; the next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote mucli for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and ".^sops Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. BATES, Erastus Xewton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfiehl, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by his father to Oliio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years lie lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning monej- by teaching and manual labor. He graihi- ated from Williams College, 5Iass., in 18.-13, and commenced the study of law in New York City, but later removed to Jlinnesota. wliere he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 185{> and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1>'.">9 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 18l!2; was com- missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois ^'olunteers. being successively jiromoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen months he wjis a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to lie recaptured and later exixised to the tire of the Union batteries at Mor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 39 ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 18G6 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 18T0, and serving until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field. BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for that State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at San Francisco, and, in 18.56, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which he performed in an address of great eloquence. At an early day he married the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago. BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (I'JOi)), yiio. BATLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles soutbea.st of Quiiicy ; has one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, .supporting himself during his college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange County, Ind., m 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the northern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator, where he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, to which he was elected in November follow- ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70,000 votes. BE.4RD, Tliomas, pioneer and founder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the flr.st ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjimction with Enoch March of Morgan Coimty, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at Beardstown, in November, 1849. BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being tlie intersecting point for the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peorip,. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled liere about 1820 and soon after- wards established the first ferry across the Illi- nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- nois volunteers. The city has six churches and three schools (including a high school), two banks and two daily newspapers. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- tory, two button factories, two stave factories, one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others of less importance. The river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some S300,000. Population (1890), 4,326; (1900), 4,837. BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second pei- maneut settler on the site of Chicago, was bo:":i at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader c_i Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for h r first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at ML- waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Hj visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabiii there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre ol 1813, married the daughter of Francis La Frarc-' boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becani& agent of the American Fur Company, having' charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else- where. After 1823 he occupied the building known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear- born, which had belonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. Tlie claim was allowed by tlie Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adversely bj- a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in IS.jO, was commissioned BrigJidier-General. In 18.^8 he removed to Na.sli- ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. .5, IBd'.i. — Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 182G. and bouglit a log house of James Kinzie, in wliich he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as tlie "Sauganasli." and in which he kept a hotel until 1834. He also eng;iged in mer- chandising, but was not s\iccessful, ran the first ferry across the Soutli Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — lie liaving previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twenty two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined liis father in Chicago, was eilucated in a Baptist Mission Sdiool where Niles, Jlich., now stands; was licensed iis a merchant in Chicago in 1831. but failed as a business man; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Compjiny in tlie Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for many years tlie official interpreter of the tril>e and, for some time, one of six Coniiiiissioners employed by the Indians to look after their alTairs with the United States Government.— Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien by his white wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 1822. In 1840 lie accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago in 1862. and for years past has been employed on the Cliic-ug" jMilice force. ItEIUt, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1802; taught .school at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a Welsh colony to Tennes.see, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, III., where he had i)urcha.sed a large body of land. Ho was a man of uncompromising loyalty and high principle; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the AVorld's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of AVorld's Fair Coniniissidiicrs. BECKER, Charles St. N., ex State Treasurer, was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, III. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wouiuled that it was found nece.ssary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 ho wiis elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several terms as a City Councibnan of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14. 1889, to Jan. 12, 1801. BECKWITH, Corj don, lawyer and jurist, was iKirn in Vermont in \>*'l'.i. and educated at Provi- dence. K. I., and Wrenthain. Mass. lie read law and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans. Vt., where he practiced for two years. In 18.')3 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton. who had resigned. On retiring from the iM^nch he re- .sumed ])rivate ]inicti(i'. Dii'd. .\ugust 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was born at Danville. 111.. March ri. 1833. Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Esistern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817. the senior Beckwith. in company with his brotlier George, descended the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 111. A year later he removed to tlie vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian reservations in that section of the State being set off by him. In connection' with Guy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on wliich the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Representative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantlj" related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probably now the owner of one of tlie most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the autlior of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- gus Series." besides having edited an edition of "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the same firm), which he has enriched by the addition of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "Tlie Chicago Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being chosen President of the Board. BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y. , August '27, 1839, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, and began the study of law in the office of his brother, Edwin Beeclier, being admitted to prac- tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- road projected from Shawneetown to Edgevs'ood on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which name it was con- structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice President — now constitutes the Beards- town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bond- holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of the controlling corporation, so remaining until 1888. Since tliat date he has been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore & Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin- nati, although for over a quarter of a century he has been prominently identified with one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve years. 42 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BKECHER, Edward, 1). D., clergyman ami educutor, was born at East Hampton, L. I, August 37, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lj-nian Beeclier and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; gratluated at Yale College in 18i2, taught for over a year at Hartford, Conn., studied theologj', and after a year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 1826 was ordained i)astor of the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 he became President of Illinois College at Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he resigned and returned to Boston, serving as pastor of the Salem Street Church in that city until IS.!!!, also acting as senior editor of "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 18.50 he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- gregational Church at Galesburg. continuing until 1871, when lie removed to Brooklyn, where he resided without pastoral charge, except 188.'5- b'.l. when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- gational Church. While President of Illinois College, that institution was exposed to much hostile criticism on account of his outspoken opiwsition to slavery, as shown by his ])articii)a- tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- Slavery Society and his elocjuent denunciation of tlie murder of Klijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brother Henry Ward, he was i)robably the mo.st powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and. in coiuiection with his able a.s,sociates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nurserj- of independent thought. Up to a short time before his death, he was a prolific writer, his proiluctions (besides editorials, reviews and con- tributions on a variety of subjects) including nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- tant are: "Statement of A nti Shivery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); 'A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (183,8); "The Concord of Ages" (1853): "The Conflict of Ages" (18.54): "Pai)al Conspiracy Exjiosed" (1854), besides a number of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery topics. Died in Hnx.Ulyn. July 28. 1895. BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest son of Rev. Lyman Beeclier and brother of Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- dover. became a Congregationalist clergj-man, occupying pulpits at Newport. R. I.. Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in his later years, living at the home of his daugh- ters in th.1t city. June 23. 1S89. ItEGCiS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 1805, but remained there only two years, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed but poor eilucatioual aerland. first as Lieuten- ant and afterw.ards !is Adjut.int of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 43 Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed under tire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earli- est advocates of manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago Manual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a position wliich he lias continued to occupy. During 1891-03 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to investigate the school systems in European countries. BELKNAP, Hii^h Reid, ex-Member of Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 18G0, being the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- tary of War wider President Grant. After attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academj-, Quinoy, Mass., and at Pliillijis Academy, Andover, wlien he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio rtailroad, wliere he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1802 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of tlie South Side Elevated Haih'oad of Chicago, lie never held any political position until nomi- nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- trict of Chicago. Although the returns .showed a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGaiin), a recount proved him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously awarded the seat. In 1896 lie was re-elected from a District usually strongly Democratic, receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was defeated bj' his Democratic opponent in 1898. retir- ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when lie re- ceived an appointment as Paynia.ster in the Army from President ilcKinley, with the rank of Major. BELL, Robert, lawj-er, was born in Lawrence County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Cariiiel and Indiana State University at Bloomington, graduating from the law department of the latter in 18.5.5; while yet in his minority edited "Tlie Mount Carmel Register," during 18ol.53 becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County Judge of Lawrence Count}', being elected to the Sime office in 1894. He was also President of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company mitil it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes Road in 18G7 ; later became President of the St. Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, III. In 1876 he visited California as Special Agent of the Treasury Department to investigate alleged frauds in the Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same year, a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the State-at- large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to examine a section of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies in tlie center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- ing district and contains numerous factories of various de.scriptions, ini;luding flouring mills, a nail mill, glass woiks and slioe factories. It has five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- man, which Lssue daily editions. Its commercial and educational facilities aie exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German descent. Population (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484. BELLEVILLE, CEXTRALIA k E.\STERN RAILRO.VD. (See Louisville. Ei-(insrille d- St. Louis (Coiisolidi(fcd) liailroad.) BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Compaii}', June 1, 1883. The annual rental is .SSCOOO, a sum equivalent to the interest on the bonded debt. The cajiital stock (1895) is §500,000 and the bonded debt S485,- 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalizatiiyii to ■§995,054 or §57,- 317 pev mile. BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feli. 22, 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 44 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroad Company for 4>i() years, and has since been operated by that corporation in connection with its lielleville branch, from East St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital stock (189.5) is §1,000,000 and its bonded debt S.^.^O.OOO. Tho coriM.rate office is at Hellcvillf. BELLEVILLE A: ILLIXOISTOWN K.VILRO.Vl). (See .S7. Louis. Altiin t£' Ti'rrc llaiitv liiiilrinid. t BELLEVILLE & SOITHEKX ILLINOIS RAILKO.VI), a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Dui|Uoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1. 1H60. it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is Sl,fi92.()00 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMOM, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900). 624. BELT I{.\ILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a cor()cinUi'SyiLLE, a town in McDonough County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship ping point for the grain grown in tlie surround- ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- lation"()«o'^^ 877; (1900), 995. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zaiidt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philadelphia when too yoaag to receive his diploma ; in 1843 eanie west and joined Dr. Daniel Brainard in founding Rush Medical College ftt Chicago, for a time filling three chairs ia that institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterward-s Medical Director, in the army, and was Surgeonin-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,- 000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 187-4. BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet WIckes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, N. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D., who came to New York from England, in 179.'j. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo. , afterwards as.sociating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dis.solved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among tlie numer- ous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- western Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi- nois College (1866-T5); President of the Chicago Academj' of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorporation, President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the foiuiders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; Jj.fe member of the Chicago Historical Society; ,for nearly forty r. • T i A , ; « i' " ^tirectors of the years President of the Board Oi. Chicago Theological Seminary; u^ •ring his resi- ^.^^^a^yj i iiCUHJgil.,cll UCimiicUJ' , Ul Pllffland dence in Chicago an officer of the New ._^ - Congregational Church; a corporate memb^ the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of 'Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — four sons and three daughters— have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to him Chicago owes much of its prosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. He finished his theological course at "Princeton, N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained until compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his ministerial duties. He wa.s married in 182.5 to Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esfi-. of Jamaica, Long Island. N. V. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, \v;i.s born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 1835-30, Profe.s.sor of Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- ing studied theology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (18.54 61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Con.stitution, which was pub- lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review," which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a number of works on religious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at -MexaiKlria. Va.. Dec. K, 1877. JJLODUETT, Heiirj Williams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, wliere he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he began the study of law at Chicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 18.58, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road he was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position he continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment bj' Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators at Paris, whicli was his last oflicial service. ' BLOOMIX(iI)A LE, a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population (1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. BLOOMINtiTON, the county seat of McLean County, a flourisliing city and railroad center, 59 miles northea.st of Springfield; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- leyan LTniversity, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other i)ublications. The business sec- tion suffered a dististrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20.284; (1900), 23,286. BI,00MI>(;T0X convention of 1S5«. Although not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention belil in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A mass conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, althougli it ailopted a platform in harmony with the i)riniipl('s wliicli afterwards became the foundation of the Reiiublican jjarty, and api)ointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the only State officer elected that year — the orgjini- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 Yaska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," bvit was addressed to those opposed to the principles of tlie Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, 185(i, the date designated bj- the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at tliat time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (enrbracing nearly the wliole of the southern part of tlie State) entirely unrepre- sented. Lee County liad tlie largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as sliown by the contemporaneous record, was 369. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. Tlie temporary organization was effected witli Arcliibald Williams of Adams County in tlie chair, followed by the election of Jolin M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. Tlie other oflicers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Scliuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker of Madison ; Cliarles L. Wilson of Cook ; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Buslmell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after tlie date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. Tlie principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraliam Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who lieard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "liouse- divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and tlie deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to tlieir feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply tlieir hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, altliough the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of u HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school. churche.s and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890). 2..521 ; (1900), 6,114. BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock §2.5,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Coiniwny. Its funded debt (189.5) was .$100,000 and its floating debt. .$3,779. BLUE MOl'M), a town of Macon County, on the Wabasli Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur; in rich grain and livestock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 690; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash R;iilway, .52 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (18.H0), 162; (l.'iDO), 421; (190(1), ,5;». BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when fi\Te years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that Di.strict, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been tho.se of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General As.semblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Diunb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of tlie Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenburj- L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is apjwinted by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some . labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1. 1897, it is to be three yejirs. one member retiring annually. A compensation of SI. .500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may l>e made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- cion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed bj- the employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peiicefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either party shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both emploj-er and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law ])rescribing penalties for its violation leaves the ol)servance of the law. in its present form, dependent ujwn the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF E(}l'ALIZATIO>', a body organ- ized under act of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was ap]x)inted by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the law was amended, reducing the number of mem- l)ers to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nineteen, with the Auditor as a member exofficio, w;ho usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was increased to twenty two. The Board meets annually on the second Tuesday of August. The abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several counties of the State are laid before HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 it for examination and equalization, but it may not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase it more tlian one per cent. Its powers over tlie returns of the assessors do not extend beyond equalization of assessments between counties. The Board is required to consider the various classes of property separately, and determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- scribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated — personal, real, railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are jjrinted at the expense of tlie State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (3) John J. McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- Ansh, (.5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (1.5) J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-ofRcio member — the District members being divided politically in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and caring for the condition of tlie paupers and the insane. As originally constituted the Board consisted of five male members wlio em- ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The office is not elective. The Board has always carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various State charitable institutions, and, under its man- agement, no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has ever been substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the coimty jails and almshouses has been careful and conscientious, and lias resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the clo.se of the year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- bus was President and Frederick H. Whines, Secretary. BOOARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in tlie common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in tlie service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford Count.y, 111., where he has been a success- ful opei'ator in real estate. He has been twice elected to tlie House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '96), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 189.5 he was chosen President pro tern. of the Senate. BOdrGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, his term to continue until 190G. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in 1853. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of S4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After gi-aduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick. Jle., and at Pembroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in tlie high school at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingliam Count)', X. H. In 1864 he went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, III., for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after wliich, in 1>'TANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, in the Grand Ducliy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL. D., and attaining liigh honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of tlie Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, but, in 18.j9, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1863, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 18C8, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIlMiEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It lias a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRID(iEP()RT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Cliicago. located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing- industry. BRIli«EPORT & SOUTH CHIC.VGO RAIL- AV.VY. (See Chicago d- yorthern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the- Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; luis a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 697; (1900), (iOO. BRIM FIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the- Buda and Kushville branch of the Cliicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coalmining and farming are the chief indu.stries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. Population (1880), Sii'J: (1890). 719; (1900), 077. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergj'man, was bom in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 18.'il ; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 12 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- ton, afterwards supixirting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his- studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pastor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Churcli, attended by President McKinley Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BRO.VIUVEl.L, Norman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan County, 111., .\ugust 1, 182."); was edu- cated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing liealth to leave college without graduating; spent some time in the book business, then began the study of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 18.50, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Si)ringfield. Having been admitted to the bjir, he jiracticed for a time at Pekin, but, in 18.54. returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in tlie Twenty-second General As.sembly. Other offices held by him included those of County Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 61 field, to wliich last position he was twice elected (18t)7 and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was one of the most genial of men, popular, high- minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 ; graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three j-ears later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few j-ears of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his death. BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- ing previously developed his phj'sical strength by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five j'ears after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Thsre he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "Tlie Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two J'ears. In 18.52, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," which was consolidated with '"The Tribune" in 18.58, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent free- soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as an eff'ective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his onl}- official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 18.5.5. As a presiding officer, he was dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing lectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief "His- tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and. when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled down in practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Pro.secuting Attorney of Cook Countj'. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois histoiy that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of the Chicago Lyceiun, he delivered an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still jireserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he Ijecame a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for Iiis town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorsliip of "The Gazette" of that city. Sir. Bi-own also serv-ed as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 1896. BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; came to Sangamon Count)', 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged extensively in farming and stock-raising. lie served as Representative in the General Assem- blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. era of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 16, 186S. BROWN, 'ffillinm, lawyer and jurist, was born Jime 1. 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country when he was eight years old, and settling in "Western New- York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in Octoljer, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 18.52 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was reelected successively in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 1.5, 1891. BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskiis- kia and was soon after ai)pointed Clerk of the United States Di.strict Court by Judge Natlianiel Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandulia, tlie new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the ]X)sition of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, wliich he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen years (t!^40-.53), managing the city's school fund through a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the grouj) of early patriots who successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; was also one of the projectors of tlie Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He W!us an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-(52). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, Jolm and David Six, 'William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is farming, although there is some manufai'turing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900). 11,5.57. BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was Iwrn in South Halifax, Vt.. Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a . teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was- brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper ofl^ce at Cliicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 18C2, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Mas.sa- chusetts Vohmteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 186G, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1807, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and "74 he wius editor of "Tlie Lakeside Monthly," wlien he became literary editor of "The Alliance," but, in 1880, he established and iissunjed the editorsliip of "The Dial," a purelj' literary pub- lication which hiis gained a high reputation, and of which he hiis remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary adviser, for many years, of the well-known i>ub- lishing house of McCIurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, 5Ir. Browne hi\s contributetl to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose'* (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard )K>etry (1891-92). Mr. Browne wjis Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection witli The Columbian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in Kentuckj', studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (181-t-lGj and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have been differently estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable ability and liad clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeacli him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Whig in jjolitics, but had some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1823 Judge Browne was one of the four candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery part_v. (See Coles, Edward, and Slarenj and Slave Latcs.) In the latter part of his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — probably about 1856 or 1858. BROWNING, Orvllle Hickman, lawyer. United States Senator and Attorney-General, was born in Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augusta in his native State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1833 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, was a member of the Legislature, serving in both houses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate to the Cliicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1803. In 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging the duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which was his last participation in public affairs, his time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 1881. BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov 4, 1832; was left an orphan at an earlj' age, and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. The following year he came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to the bar, supporting liimself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem, III., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1807, his second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1873. Died at Salem, Marcli 30, 1880.— William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding, vpas born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. Tlie early life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, ^the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted two years to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Tnmibull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for tlie Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and in 1890 received tlie Democratic nomination for Congress in a district wliich liad been regarded as strongly Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1892, lie was elected bj- a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of "Tlie Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited coinage of .silver" at tlie ratio of sixteen of silver (in weigljt) to one of gold, anil a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the same office — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly everj' Nortliern and Midille "Western State, but was defeated by his Repuljlican oi)ponent, Maj. William McKinley. Jlr. Bryan is an ea.sy and Ihient sixjaker. jiossessiiig a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opiK)nents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real estate ojierator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 22, 1828, being descen1. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generously to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (180.')), where some $300,000 were cleared for distibled soldiers, were especially conspicuous. At this time he became the purchaser (at 83,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Ex|X)sition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Euroi)e in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by app(jintment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literature and art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban village of Elmhurst.— Charles Page (Bryan), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, IS')'), and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesbj- and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- sioners in 1891-93. In the latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 1.S98, was a.ssigned to tlie United States mission to tlie Republic of Brazil, where he now is. Hon. E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been appointed to the Brazilian nii.ssion, l)eing trans- ferred ti> Pckin. BRYAXT, Jobn Howard, pioneer, brother of William CuUen Bryant, the jioet, was born in Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Asseniblj-, to whicli he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A practical and entei-prising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society in its early liLstory, as also with the movement which resulted in the establishment of industrial colleges in the various States. He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican .State Convention at Bliximington in 18.56, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by apiiointment of Mr. Lin- coln in 1862-04. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 65 -years later was identified with the "Independent Reform" party, but lias since cooperated with the Democratic party. He has pi-oduced two volmnes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the • endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College at Jacksonville, Died at Decatur, 111., August 22, 1892. BUI)A,a village in Bureau County, at tlie junc- tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern, 13 miles southwest of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- light plant, brick and tile factory, fine cliurches, graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 873. BUTORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and . soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad- ■ emy, 1827, and served for .some time as Lieutenant of Artillery ; entered Harvard Law School in 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then resigned his commission, and, after .some service as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, established himself as an iron-founder and banker at Rock Island, 111 , in 1857 becoming President of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In ISGl he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of the Twent}'-seventh Illinois, serving at various points in Western Kentuckj- and Tennessee, as also in the siege of Vicksburg. and at Helena, Ark., where he was in command from SeiJtem- ber, 1863, to March, 1805. In the meantime, by promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- General by brevet, being mustered out in August, 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. BULKLET, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born . at Leicester, Livingston Count}', N. Y., July 23, 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- ing school in a log school-house in the winter and working on a farm in the summer. His family then removed to Illinois, finally locating at Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the preparatory department of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was immediately made Principal of the preparatory department, remaining two years, wlien lie was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Shurtleff College, but remained only two years, when he accepted the pastorship of a church at Carrollton, which he continued to fiU nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of one year he was qigain called to a professorship in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of Church History and Church Polity, which he continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; also serving for a time as Acting Presiilent dur- ing a vacancy in that office. During this period he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- erator at General As.sociations of the Baptist Churi'h, and he became widely known, not only in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1.899. BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was bom in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from the vicinit}- of Boston and settled Hartford in 1634. Leaving Hartford in tlie spring of 1833, he arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, but soon after secured a position with Judge Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Here the j-oung clerk made himself acquainted ■with the jjeople of the county (at that time few in number), with the land-system of the country and with the legal forms and methods of procedure in the courts. He remained with Judge Snow over two years, receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's family. He next accepted a situation with Slessrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the most prominent mercantile houses of the cit}', remaining through various changes of the firm until 1844, wlien he formed a partnership with 66 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his brother under the firm name of L. & C. 11. Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware and crockery, which was the first attempt made in Quincy to separate the mercantile business into different departments. Disposing of their business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull embarked in the private banking business, which thej' continued in one location for about thirty years, when they organized the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, in wliich he held the position of President until 1898, when he retired. Mr. Bull has alwaj's been active in promoting the improvement and growth of the city ; was one of the five persons who built most of the horse rail- roads in Quinc}', and was, for about twenty years, President of the Conipanj'. The Quincy water- works are now (1898) owned entirely bj- himself and his son. He has never sought or held political office, but at one time was the active President of five distinct business corporations. He was aLso for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they have five children now living. In politics he is a Republican, and his religious associations are with tlie Congregational Church. — Charles Henry (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in Hartford, Conn.. Dec. IG. 1822. and removed to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced business as a clerk in a general store, where he remained for seven years, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, in the hardware and crockerj- business, to which was subsequently added dealing in agricultural implements. This business was continued until the year 1801. when it was sold out, and the brothers established them- selves as private bankers under the same firm name. A few years later they organized the Jlerchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which was mainly owned and altogether managed by them. Five or six years later this bank was wound up, when they returned to private bank- ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when it was merged in the State Savings Loan & Trust Companj-, organized under the laws of Illinois with a capital of $300,000, held equally by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the First National Bank of Quincy was merged into the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as P*resident of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull was one of the parties who originally organized the Quincy, Mis.souri & Pacific Railroad Com- pany in 1869 —a road intended to be built from Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now (1898) the President, the name having been changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City Railway. He was also identified with the con- struction of the system of street railwaj's in Quincy, and continued active in their manage- ment for about twenty years. He has. been active in various other public and private enter- prises, and has done much to advance the growth anpointeJ Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In IS.VJ he served as foreman of the Grand Jury which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" charged against ex-Governor JIatteson, and it was largely through liis influence that the pro- ceedings of that body were subsequently i)ub- li^hed in an official form. During the same year Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer to fill a vacancy caused by tlie resignation of James Miller, and he was elected to the s;ime office in 18G0. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom lie efficiently befriended in the earlj- struggles of the latter in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 187G. BITTERFIELD, Jnstin, early lawyer, was born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at Williams College, and was admitted to tlie bar at Watertown, N. Y., in 1S12. After some years devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where he attained a high rank at the bar. In 18.35 he settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison United States District .\t- torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by President Taylor Commissioner of the General Land Office, one of his chief competitors for tlie Litter place being Abraham Lincoln. Tliis dis- tinction he probably owed to the personal intlu- ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of St;ite, of whom Mr. Butterfielil was a psrsonal friend and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he rendered valuable service to the State in securing the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and elsewhere. One of the former relates to his address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin his argument. Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), '"sur- rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party of lastles, in behalf of the prophet of the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if he was opposed to the war with Me.xico, he rei)lied. "I opposed one war" — meaning his opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 185.5. BYFORD, William H., physician and author, was born at Eaton, Ohio. .March 20, 1817; in 1830 came with his widowed mother to Crawford County, 111., and began learning tlie tailor's trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at Vincennes and practiced at different points in Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the Ohio Medical College. Cincinnati, in 18.50, he assumed a professorship in a Medical College at Evansville, Ind. , also editing a medical journal. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two years later bei^ame one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, where he remained twert}' years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, assuming the chair of Gynecologj-. In 1870 he assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Chicago, remaining President of the Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death, May 21. 1890. He published a nuniter of medical works which are regarded as standard by the profession, besides acting as a.ssociate of Dr. N. S. Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical Journal and E.Kaminer," the successor of the former. Dr. Byford was lield in the highest esteem as a physician and a man, both by the general public and his professional associates. BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- esque region on Rock River, at junction of the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways. 83 miles west-north- west from Chicago ; is in rich farming and dairy- ing district; has two banks and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015. C.VBLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal industry, but there are also tile works, a good quality of clay for manufai-turing ])ur|x>ses being founil in abundance. Population (1880), 572; (1S90), 1.-27G; (1900). 697. CABLE, Uonjaniin T., capitalist and ix)liticiaD, was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky., HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 71 August 11, 1853. When lie was three years old his father's family removed to Rock Island, III, where he has since resided. After passing through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating in June, 18T6. He owns extensive ranch and manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- ential in his party, having been a member of both the National and State Central Committees. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public office. CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. His early training was mainly of the practical sort, and b^- the time he %vas 17 years old he was actively employed as a lumberman. In 18.57 he removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock Island. Later he became interested in the pro- jection and management of railroads, being in turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- dent of the Rook Island & Peoria Railroad. His next position was that of General Manager of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His experience in these positions rendered him famil- iar with both the scope and the details of railroad management, while his success brought him to the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- way interests all over the country. In 1870 lie was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with this company he has held, successively, the offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- dent, General Manager and President, being chief executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway.) CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas here in 1700, to which they gave the name of "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair County, when that county was organized by Governor St. Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was continued as the county-seat of the parent county, so remaining until the removal of the seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers make up a considerable portion of the present population. The site of the old town is on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road, about four miles from East St. Louis. Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia Mounds," are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- Bnildcrs. ^Vo)•ks of the.) CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford County in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1833-24), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1826, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the coimty-seat of Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered about 1.800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois Central Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base for military operations. Its population, according to the census of 1900, was 13,566. (See a,\so Alex- ander County.) CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirtj'-tliree feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun, July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and one span of 100 'i feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally supported by ])iles driven within the c^-linders. The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty -two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106,'4^ feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, including tliat of the bridge proper, which is 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through spans rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about SJi miles. _Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle ■work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since tlie completion of the bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of tlie liighe.st iron work is 248.94 feet. The total co.st of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1895) between §3.250,000 and .?.3,.5(K3,000. CAIRO, VIXCEXXES & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville to Cairo (261 mile.s), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, III., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was cliartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, placed in the liands of a receiver in 1874, sold under foreclasure in January, 1880. and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the Wabash. St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the Danville & Southwestern Riiilroad. reorganized as the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and. in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- nali. Chicago d- St. Lnui.i Rtiilirai/.) CAIRO & ST. LOriS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis <£■ Cairo Railroad and Miibilc <£• Ohio Ruil- u-aij. ) CAIRO i VIXCEXXES RAILROAD. (See Cairo. Vincennes <{• Chicago RailriKtil.) CALDWELL. (Dr.) George, early physician and legislator (the name is spelled both Cad well and Caldwell in the early records), was born at Wethersfield, Conn.. Feb. 21, 1773, and received his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of Ireland, .and who served two terms in Congress from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), and w:is elected the first Delegate in Congress from .Arkansas Territory, but died before taking his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi- dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory, but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Ilcmj^- stead. Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon"s family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger (see Mcisinger, John), who afterwards became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldweil and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in the American Bottom. Tlie former finally located on the banks of the Mis.sis.sippi a few miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his profession and held various public offices, includ- ing those of Justice of the Peace and County Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison County after the organization of the latter. He served as State Senator from Madison County in the First and Second General Assemblies (1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the limits of what is now Morgan County (but still earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — the latter at that time embracing all the northern and northwestern part of the State, including the county of Cook. During the following ses- sion of the Legislature he w.is a sturdy opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave .State. His home in Slorgan County was in a locality known as "Swinerton"s Point," a few miles west of Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826. (Bee Slavery and Slave Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or Caihvell, as he was widely known) commanded a high degree of resi)ect among early residents of Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," says of him: "He was moral and correct in his public and private life. . . . was a respectable physician, and always maintaineil an unlilemished diameter." CALHOL'X, John, pioneer printer and editor, was born at AVatertown. X. Y.. April 14, 1808; learned the printing trade and jiracticed it in his native town, also working in a tyjie-foundry in Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 73 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that cit)-. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of the paper thi-ee years, transferring it in Novem- ber, 1S36, to John Wentwortli, who conducted it until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 1861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as agent of the Illinois Central Raih-oad in procur- ing riglit of way for the construction of its lines. Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black Hawk War and was soon after appointed County Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at tlie following session. He was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector in 1844, %vas an unsuccessful candidate for the nomination for Governor in 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51), served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 1853 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- wards Govertior and United States Senator) , as a candidate for Congress, but two years later was appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General of Kansas, where he became discreditably con- spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out the policy of the Buchanan administration for making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- vention, with the election of which he had much to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. CALHOUN, WilUam J., lawyer, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at various points in that State, his family removed to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the war. He participated in a number of severe battles while with Sherman on the march against Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- ville, Tenn. During the last few month-s of the war he served in Texas, being mustered out at San Antonio in that State, though receiving his final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the war he entered the Poland Union Seminar}', where he became the intimate personal friend of Maj. William McKinlej', who was elected to the Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the seminar}-, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 111. , and began the study of law, later taking a course in a law school in Chicago, after which he was admitted to the bar (18T5) and established himself in practice at Danville as the partner of the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun was elected as a Republican to the lower branch of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during the following session, proved himself one of the ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. Calhoun was appointed by President JIcKinley a special envoy to investigate the circumstances attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- uralized citizen of the United States who had died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- State Commerce Commission to succeed William. R. Morrison, whose term had expired. CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their junction. It has an area of 260 square miles, with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- nally, the county was well timbered and the early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, which tended to give the population more or less of a migratory character. Much of the timber has been cleared off, and the principal business in later years has been agriculture, although coal is foiind and mined in jiaying quantities along Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- ines foimd the precious metals in the bed of this stream. It was originally included within the limits of the Military Tract set apart for the veterans of the War of 1813. The physical con- formation of the county's surface exhibits some peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of botli rivers, wliile through the center of the county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. The side valleys and the top of the central ridge are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- tion (1890) of 311. CALLAH.VN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator, was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he farmed, taught school and edited, at diff'erent times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall Telegraph." He early identified himself with the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 74 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trict : became a member of the first State Board of E<-1. and again in '80, advanced to the Senate in 1888. and re-elected in '92. During his twelve years' experience in the Legislature he participated, as a Democrat, in tlie celebrated Logan-Morrison contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer to the Senate in 1891. At the clo.se of his la.st term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con- gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the second call for troops issued by the President during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp- bell organized a regiment which was mustered in as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- ville, Fla. Altliough his regiment saw no active service during the war, it was held in readiness for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba in December, 1898, it became a part of the army of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 1898. CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State and Coiigre.s.snuin. wxs Inirn in Chester County, Pa., in 1811 ; removed in ehildliood to the western part of the State and was educated at Jefferson College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed to Galena. 111., where he had acquired some min- ing interests, and, in 1843, w:us apjKjinted Secre- tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigneil in 1840. and became a Delegate to tlie Constitutional Convention of 1847; in 18.50 was elected a.s a Democrat to Congress from the G.alena District, but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B. Washburne. He was then appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land grants by the Mexican Government in California, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 77 removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this position about 1855 to engage in general practice. In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe with his family, and, on his return, located in Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin- ridge ticket ; in 18C1 returned to California, and, on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a zealous champion of the Union cause, by his speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the destiny of the State. He also served in tlie Cali- fornia Legislature during tlie war, and, in 1864, was a member of the Baltimore Convention which nominated llr. Lincoln for the Presidency a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- quent campaign to carry the State for tlie Repub- lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1808. CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When he was two years old his father removed to Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp- bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for two years, after which he studied law-, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he was in active practice and attained prominence at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State Senator, and was re-elected in 1883, serving in all eight j'ears. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 he was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- Governor Hamilton to the executive office to succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected United States Senator. In 1888 he represented the First Illinois District in the National Repub- lican Convention, and was the same year chosen a member of the Republican National Committee for Illinois and was re-elected in 1883. Died in Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing Company of Chicago. CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at the intersection of the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 23 miles east- northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a high school, and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,1.50; (1900), 1,360. CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had been associated with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, had his attention called to a check purporting to have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839, which, upon investigation, he became convinced was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued. Having communicated liis conclusions to Hon. Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov- ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — which developed the fact that a large amount of these evidences of indebtedness had been taken up through that office and bonds issued therefor by the State Auditor under the laws for funding the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery that, in May and August, 1839, two series of canal "scrip" (or checks) liad been issued by the Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the work of construction — the sum aggregating $269,059— of which all but §316 had been redeemed within a few years at the Chicago branch of the Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after redemption, been held by them in tlie bank vaults without cancellation until settlement was had with the Canal Board, when it was packed in boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- ing lain in the canal office for several years in this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the officer in charge was now called) having come into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then Governor, to be taken by him to Springfield and deposited there. Nothing further was known of these papers until October, 1854, when $300 of the scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 1857 by larger smns, until, at the time the legis- lative investigation was instituted, it was found that bonds to the amount of $323,183.66 had been issued on account of principal and interest. With the exception of the $300 first presented, it was shown that all the scrip so funded had been presented by Governor Matteson, either while in office or subsequent to his retirement, and the bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although none of the persons in whose names the issue was made were known or ever afterward discovered. The developments made by the Senate Finance Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 78 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. indemnify the State, in which he stated that he had "unconsciously and innocently been made the instrument througli whom a gross fraud upon the State had teen attempted." He therefore pive to the State mortgages and an indemnifying bond for the sum shown to have been funded by him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured judgment for $25.5,000, although the property on being sold realized only .$238,000. A further investigation by the Legislature, in 1861. revealed the fact that additional issues of Iwnds for similar scrip had been made amounting to •$16.5,8-1C. for which the State never received any compensa- tion. A search through the State House for the trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation was in progress, resulted in the discoverj' of the trunk in a condition showing it had been opened^ but the box was never found. The fraud was made the subject of a protracted investigation by the Grand Jury of .Sangamon County in May, 18,5!l, and, although the jury twice voted to indict Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to "ignore the bill." CAN'BY, Richard Sprigg, jurist, was born in Green County. Ohio, .Sept. 30, 1808; was educated at Miami University and admitted to tlie bar, afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney, member of the Legislature and one term ( 18lT-t9) in Congress. In 1S63 he removed to Illinois, locating at Oliiey. was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by the Modocs in California in 1873. CAXXOX, Joseph G., Congressman, was born at Guilford, X. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville. Ver- milion Countj'. By profession he is a lawyer, and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, he is conducting a large banking busine.ss at Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) serving his twelfth term as the Representative for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty- sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been an influential factor in State and National poli- tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- man of the Hou.se Committee on Appropriations during the important se.s.sions of the Fifty-fourtli and Fifty-fifth Congresses. CANTON', a flourishing city in Fulton County, 13 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties in the "corn belt"' -, also has abundant supplies of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. There are coal mines within the municipal limits, and various manufacturing establishments. Among the principal outputs are agricultural implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- partment, a public library, six ward schools and one high sclioo". and three newspapers. Popula- tion (1890). .5,604; (1900), 6,564. CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was lx>rn in London, England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the L^nited States in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. For a time he taught school in what is now called Round Prairie, in the present County of Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original name of a part of the city of Springfield), having among his pupils a numl>er of those who after- wards became prominent citizens of Central Illinois. In 1836, in conjmiction witli two part- ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the original county-seat of Logan County, where he continued to live for the remainder of his life, and where, during its later period, he served as Postmjister .some fifteen years. He also served as Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. t'ARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, founded in lf-.")2, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway center here. The cliief indu.stries are coal-min- ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and lumbering. It luus two preserving plants, eight churches, two weekly papers, and four public schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois Normal University. Poi).(1890), 2,382 ; (1900), 3,318. rARHONDALE \ SHAWXEETOWN RAIL- R().\l>, a short line 17'+' miles in lengtli. ex- tending from Marion to Carbondale. .and ojierated by the St. Ix>uis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Coni])any, as lessee. It was incorporated as the Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867; its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 79 Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 18T1, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. Louis Southern, through which it passed into the hands of the St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road, and by lease from the latter, in 189G, became apart of the Illinois Central System (which see). CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town of Turner. Maine, Dec. 29, 1836 ; studied law with General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1857, and the Supreme Court of the United States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in 1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo Daviess Count}', and the choice of the Republicans in that body for temporary presiding officer; was elected to the next General Assembly (the Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno County, Kan. The first office held by Judge Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred iipon him through the influence of John A. Raw- lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff during the war, and later Secretary of War — altliough at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi- dence is in Chicago. CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born of Irish ance.stry in Fayette County, Ky., July 18, 1789; emigi-ated to Illinois in 1811, and served as a private in the War of 1813, and as a Captain in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- cated, he was a man of strong common sense, high moral standard, great firmness of character and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in Greene Comity, of which he was the first Sheriff ; was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never- theless commanded the respect and good-will of his political opponents. Died at his home in Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1839. At the age of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian fighting, he was ordered to California, where he was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers. H is record during the war was an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- souri for eighteen months; led a brigade under Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ; took a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign, at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- ous service at Benton ville, N. C, and Major- General for services during the war. Colonel Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton. CARLINVILLE, the count3'-seat of Macoupin County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of Springfield. Blackburn University (which see) is located here. Three coal mines are operated, and there are brick works, tile woiks, and one newspaper. The city has gas and electric light plants and water-works. Population (1880), 3,117, (,1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502. CARLTLE, the countj-seat of Clinton County, 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas- kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public library connected with the high school. Popula- tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. CARMI, the county -seat of White County, on the Little Wabash River, 134 miles east of St. Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- turing, including the making of staves, are the chief industries, though the city has brick and tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939. CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State Treasurer ; entered upon public life in Illinois as fiO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Representative in the Ninth Greneral Assembly (1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh anj Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) he was elected by the Legislature to the ofiice of State Treasurer, retaining this position until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was chosen his own successor by popular vote, but died a few days after the election in August, 1848. He was buried in what is now known as the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying ground in the west part of the city of Springlield, long since abandoned — where his remains still lie (1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he established himself in tlie drug business, wliioh was later extended into otlier lines. Soon after his arrival, he began investing in lands, wliich have since become immensely valuable. Mr. Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. Jeremiaii Porter in the organization of tlie First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851, withdrew on account of di.s.<^vtisfaction with the attitude of some of the representatives of that denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, in whicli lie had been re.ared. He was one of the original f()unen (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- ing the children about Fort Dejirborn in 1833, Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom she survived, dying at Aurora. Kane County, Jan. 10. 1897. CARPE>TERSVILLE, a village of Kane County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- neva branch of theChicago& Northwestern Rail- road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 7.54 ; (1900). 1.002. CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo- mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1830; at 13 years of age accompanied his fatlier's family to Galesburg, 111., where he spent several years at Knox College. In 18.')7 lie gradu- ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his aflSliations being uniformlj- with the Republican party. His first office was that of Postmaster at Galesburg, to which he was apjiointed by Presi dent Lincoln in 1801 and whicli lie held for twenty-four years. He wjis a tried and valued assistant of Governor Yates during the War of the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to the National Convention of his party at Baltimore in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an active part in the campaigns of that year, as well as those of 1808 and 1872. In 18G9 he purcliased "The Galesburg Republican," which he edited and published for two years. In 1880 he wius an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor; in 1884 was a delegate to tlie Rejiublican National Convention, from the State- at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus nomination for United States Senator, which was given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was defeated in the Republiciin State Convention as candidate for Governor by Joseph W Fifer. In 1S89 President Harrison apix)inted liim Minister to Denmark, which jxjst he filled with marked aliility and credit to the country until his resig- nation was accepted by President Cleveland, when he returned to his former home at Gales- burg. While in Denmark lie did much to promote American trade with that country, especially in the introduction of American corn as an article of food, which has led to a large incresise in the annual eximrtation of this com- modity to Scandinavian markets. CARR. Eugene A., .soldier, was born in Erie County. N. V.. May 20. 1830, and graduated at West Point in ISHO, entering the Jlounted Rifles. L'ntil 1801 he was stationed in the Far West, and engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 81 tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he entered upon active service under General Lyon, in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage- ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In September, 18G1, he was commissioned Colonel of the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the second day at Pea Ridge, although three times woxmded, he remained on the field seven hours, and materially aided in securing a victory, for his bravery being made Brigadier-General of Volunteers. In the summer of 1803 he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in the United States Army. He also distinguished himself for a first and second assault upon taking Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at Corinth. In December of that year lie was transferred to the Department of Arkansas, where he gained new laurels, being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, and Major-General for services during the war. After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and has since resided in New York. CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born ^t Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1837, and immedi- ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he visited a large number of the leading hospitals and asylmus of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel received the appointment of Superintendent of the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, a position which he continued to fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to Oovernor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel), wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039 •over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. CARROLL COU\TY, originally a part of Jo Davi&ss County, but set apart and organized in 1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The first settlements were in and around Savanna. Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor den. Garner IMoffett and S. M. Jersey; who held their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 1843 the county seat was changed from Savanna to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town- ships were first organized in 1850, and the development of the county has steadily pro gressed since that date. The surface of the land is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- esque. Tlie land is generally good for farming. It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles; population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public and private schools. CARROLLTO?f, the county-seat of Greene County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- cago & Alton and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and two weeklj' newspapers. Population (1890), 2,258; (1900), 3,355. CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March 13, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated from tlie Law Department of the University of Michigan, the next year establishing himself in practice at Quincy, where he has since resided He was a member of the Thirty-first and Tliirty- .second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme Pencil, wliich lie now occupies CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his father locating at Pana, where he was educated in the public schools ; was employed in farming, railroading and teaching several years, then studied law and was admitted to the bar, and, in 1883, removed to Helena. Jlont., where he en- gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from Idaho and the first Representative from the new 82 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. State: was Commissioner of the General Land Office (1891-92), and, iu 189.1, was elected to tlie United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. In 1S92 lie was chosen Chairman of the Repub- lican National Committee, serving until the St. Louis Convention of 1896. CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five churches, a public school, and a weekly news- paper. Population (IHHO), 092; (1890). 969; (1900), 1,749; (1904, est), 2,000. C.VRTHAOE, a city ami the county-seat of Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincyand the Wa- bash Railroads; lias water-works, electric h'ghts. three banks, four trust companies, four weekly and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1.6.54; (1900), 2,104. CARTHAGE COLLEOE, at Carthage. Hancock County, incorporated in 1871 ; lias a teaching faculty of twelve members, and reports l.")M pupils — sixty-eight men and ninet)' women — for 1.S97-98. It has a library of .'5,000 vohimes and endowment of $32,000. Instruction is given in the classical, scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 this institution rejiorted a property valuation of $41,000, of which S3.-).000 was in real estate. CARTHAGE k HIHLIXJTOX RAILROAD. (See Cliicayo. Burlinijtun d- Quincy Railroad.) CARTWRKiHT, James Henry, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born ;it Maijuoketa, low.a, Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi- nary and the University of Michigan, graduating from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at Oregon, Ogle County, wliich is still his home; in 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- late Court duty; in December. 189."), was elected Justice of the .Supreme Court to succeed Justice John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 1897. CARTWRIGHT, I'cter, pioneer Metliodist preaclier. was born in Amlierst County, Va., Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to Logan County. Ky. The country w;is wild and unsettled, there wei'e no scliools, the nearest mill was 40 miles distant, tlie few residents wore homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious; impressions. A few months later he abandoned his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured gambling. He began preaching immediately after his c.inversion, and, in 180:i, was regularly received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, although only 18 years old. In 1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon County, then but simrsely settled. In 1828, and again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature, where his homespun wit and undaunted courage stood liim in good stead. For a long series of years he attended annual conferences (usually as a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous supporter of the Government during the Civil War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Abi-iliam Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the lecture platform, hisquaintness an4, he was again elected State's Attorney, serving until 1808; in 1870, was cliosen Representative, and. in 1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where he died, Marcli 1, 1891. CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the center of the State, with an area of 360 square miles and a population (1900) of 17.222— named for Gen. Lewis Ca.ss. French traders are believed to have made the locality of Beardstown their headquarters about the time of the discovery of the Illinois country. The earliest permanent white settlers came about 1820, and among them were Thomas Beard. Slartin L. Lindsley, John Cetrough and Arcliil)ald Job. As early as 1821 there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and. in 1827. M. L Lindsley con', John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, was born in Monroe County, N. Y., March 19, 1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at an early age, his childhood was s])ent in jwverty and manual labor. At 1.5 he was set to learn a trade, but an infirmity of sight comi)elled him to abantlon it. After a brief attendance at an academy at Utica. where he studied law between the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to Pekiii. was examined and licensed to practice by Judiro Stei)lien T. Logan. In 18:U. he was elected Justice of the Peace, .served iis Alderman in 1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- > •z w i< n m z > r O >' o 50 w z > z > w o z V w 7, C H < < en a z 2! O ■Si < HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 85 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During this period he more tlian once occupied the posi- tion of Chief -Justice. Being emljarrassed by the financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and, taking his family with him, began farming. Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he became interested in the construction of telegraph lines in the West, which for a time bore his name and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- ern Union," laying the foundation of a large fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted himself for the remainder of his life to his private affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among his published works are "The Antelope and Deer of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. CATARLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793; served as a soldier in the War of 1813, and, in 1833, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- ville, and soon afterwards at CarroUton, Greene County. Here he was elected Representative in the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to the Twelfth (184U) ; also served as Senator in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies (1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was prominent both in his profession and in the Legislature while a member of tha.t body. In 1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. CENTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near Coal Citv. Population (1880), 673; (1900), 200. CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, established under act of the Legislature passed March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- gan County. Its founding was largely due to the philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, who addressed tlie people from the jilatform and appeared before the General Assembly in behalf of this class of unfortunates. Construction of the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two wards were ready for occupancy, and the first patient was received in November of that year. The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, who served less than two years, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as Acting Superintendent for several months, when the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his administration continuing until 1870, when he resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge of the institution. The original plan of construc- tion provided for a center building, five and a half stories high, and two wings with a rear extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen and employes' quarters. Subsequently these wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an increase in the number of wards, and as the exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- ations have been made for the erection of addi- tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings have been erected witliin the past few years, and the capacity of the institution greatly increased ^"The Annex" admitting of the introduction of many new and valuable features in the classifica- tion and treatment of patients. The number of inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to 1,400. The counties fron. which patients are received in this institution embrace: Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, Mason, Slenard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and Jersey. CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of Marion County, 250 miles .south of Chicago. It forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines, a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries, raih'oad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and an ice plant ; also has water-works and sewerage system, a fire department, two daily papers, and excellent graded schools. Several parks afford splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 4,763; (1900), 0,721; (1903, est), 8,000. CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. (See Cciitralia A' Chester Railroad.) CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail way line wholly within the State, extending from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the Mississippi River (91. G miles), with a lateral branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 86 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 1889, and consolidated the same year witli the Sparta & Evansville and the CentraUa & Alta- niont Railroads (projected); line completed from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. Tlie branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia to Salem (U.9 miles) in 1896, and that from Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. The road was placed in tlie hands of a receiver, June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension and equipment made under authority granted by the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's certificates. Tlie total capitalization is $2,374,- 841, of which §978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in bonds. CEXTR.VL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. (See Chicago. Jiurliiigton d- Qiiincy RailrtKtd.) CERHO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12 miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which has aLso a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a bank and two newspaper offices. Population (1890), 939; (1900), 1.008. CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Quiucy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is coeduca- tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and reports 127 students— 70 male and 57 female— in the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual dei)art- ments in literature, science and the classics, instruction is given to classes in theology, music, the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It has property valued at $110,000, and reports an endownu-nt fund of S^.ooil CHAMBERLIX, Thomas Crowder, geologist and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111. , Sept. 25. 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, in 1866: took a course in Michigan University (1808-69): taught in various Wisconsin institu- tions, also discharged the duties of State Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at Columbian University, Wasliington, D. C. In 1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- cational exhibits of Wiscon.sin, at the Interna- tional Exposition of that year — during his visit making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he became Heail Professor of Geology at the Univer- sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a number of volumes on educational and scientific subjects, chiefly in the line of geologj'. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian University, all on the same date (1887). CHAMPAIGN', a flourishing city in Champaign County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 miles northeast of Springfield; is the intersecting point of three lines of railway and connected with the adjacent city of Urbana. the county- seat, bj- an electric railway. The University of Illinois, located in Uibana, is contiguous to the city. Champaign has an excellent sj'stem of water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- tories of carriages and machine.s. Three papers are published here, besides a college weekly con- ducted by the students of the University. The Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- dence portion of the city there is a handsome park, covering ten acres and containing a notable piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks in other sections. There are several hand.some churches, and excellent schools, both public and private. Population (1890), 5.839; (1900), 9,098. CHAMPAIGN COl'XTY, situated in the eastern half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 stjuare miles; population (1900), 47,022. The county was organized in 1833, and named for a county in Ohio. The physical conformation is flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the heart of what wivs once called the "Grand Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal underlie the surface, but overlying ipiick-sands interfere with their oiwration. The Sangamon anil Kaska,skia Rivers have their sources in this region, and several railroads cross the county. The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 1900) is the county-seat. Other important iwunts in the county are Champaign (9.000), Tolono (1.000), au.i Rantoul (l,2tH)). Champaign and Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the Illinois State University extend into each corpo- ration, being largely situated in Champaign. Large drifted miis.ses of Niagara limestone are found, interspersed with coal measure limestone and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel anil (juicksand of the drift formation are found beneath the subsoil to the depth of LIO to 300 feet. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 87 CHAMPAIGIV, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- "ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at West Woodstock, Conn., Julj' 2, 1806; graduated with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, in 1839, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown by the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the Sangamon River, in Cass County, wliere, in 1848, he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted the town. Here he gained a large practice, which he was compelled, in his later 3'ears, par- tially to abandon in consequence of injuries received while prosecuting liis profession, after- wards turning his attention to merchandising and encouraging the development of the locality in whicli he lived by promoting the construction of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- ence for good extended over a large region. Died, April 7, 1879. CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1836; at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of the business department of "The Detroit Free Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. Storey and became business manager of "The Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey and retired from newspaper business. Died, at Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896. CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery, four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a •saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940. CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), ,514. CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. With an ardent passion for the railroad business, at the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, being steadily promoted through the ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed General Agent of the Eastern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are: Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific (1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of its branches (1870-74); General Superintendent of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76) ; Superintendent of the Western Division of the Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the position of Assistant General Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in the next three years through the grades of General Superintendent and Assistant General Manager, to that of General Manager of the entire system, which he has continued to fill for over twelve years. Quietly and without show or display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge of his duties, assisting to make the system with which he is identified one of the most successful and perfect in its operation in the whole country. CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies in the center of a farming region, yet lias several factories, including woolen and flouring mills, broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry and a canning factory. Three newspapers are published here, issuing daily editions. Population (1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State Normal School was located here in 1895. CHARLESTON, NEO(iA & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad.) CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, a celebrated Frencli traveler and an early explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society, and while a student was sent to Quebec (1695), where for four years he was instructor in the college, and completed his divinity studies. In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St. Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, and finally reached the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some works on religious subjects, he was the author of histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. His great work, however, was the "History of New France," which was not published until twenty years after his death. His journal of his American explorations appeared about the same time. His history has long been cited by scholars as authority, but no English translation was made until 1865, when it was undertaken by Shea. Died in France, Feb, 1, 1701. 88 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal Kisliop. was born in Comisli, Vt., Dec 14, 1775, and graduated at Dartinoutli in 1795. Although reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted tlie Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary in Nortliern and Western New York. In 1805, he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, organizing a nuiiilx-r of parishes and founding an academy at Worthington; was consecrated a Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon College and Gambler Theological Seminary, named in honor of two English noblemen who had contributed a large portion of the funds. Differences arising with some of his clergy in reference to the proper u.se of the funds, he resigned both the Bisliopric and the Presidency of the college in 1831. and after three years of missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to England, he succeeded in raising additional funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a charter was obtained in 1817. He was a man of great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop from 1843 until his death, whicli occurred Sept. 20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, the most important being "A Plea for the West'' (1826), and "Reminiscences; an Autobiograpliy, Comprising a History of the Principal Events in the Author's Life" (1848). CH.VTHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on tlie Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of Springfield. Population (1800), ^,h2; (19(i0), 000., CHATSWOUTH, town in Livingston County. on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and stock-raising district; has two banks, three grain elevators, five churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, water works, electric lights, paved streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and otlier manufactories. Pop. (1890). 8'-27: (1900). 1,038. CHEBAXSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee Counties, on tlie Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place has two banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 728; (1890). 616; (1900), 55,5. CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after ordination he became rector of Christ Church, Chicago, and was prominent among those who, under tlie leadersliip of Assistant Bishop Cum- mins of Kentucky, organized tlie Reformed Epis- copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. CHENEY, John A'anoe, author and librarian, was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, though the family home was at Dorset, Vt.. wliere lie grew up and received liis primary edu- cation. He acquired his academic training at Manchester, Vt., and Temjile Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the same institution. Having studied law, he was admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts and New York; but meiinwhile having written considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" (now "Century Magazine''), while under the editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually adopted literature as a profession. Removing to the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining luitil 1894, when he accepted the position of Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney is the author of numerous essays on literary subjects. His published works include "Thistle- Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's edition of Derby's Ph(eni.\iana. CHENO.A, an incorporated city of McLean County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- roads. 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. Agriculture, dairy fanning, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- rounding region. The city also lias an electric light iilant. waterworks, canning works and tile works, liesides two banks, seven churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone systems connecting with the surrounding coun- try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1.512. CHESBROUGH,ElUs Sylvester, civil engineer, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 89 age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being later employed ou other roads. In 1837, he was appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- missioner of the Water Department of that city. In 18.5,5, he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity designed the sewerage system of the city — also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the office of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, August 19, 1886. CHESXUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principally in his native State, but came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- nut %vas associated with many local business enterprises, was for several years one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan 14, 1898. CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph Covinty, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity : also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills and foundries. Population (1880), 2,.580; (1890), 2,708; (1900). 2,833. CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock — his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colonj' on Red River, in Manitoba. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, which General Grant had declined; participated in tlie campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at Corinth, where he remained in command until Ma)-, 1863, and organized tlie first colored regi- ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From January to October, 1865, he commanded the post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was mustered out of the service. General Chetlain was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States Consul at Brussels, serving until 1873, on his return to the United States establishing himself as a banker and broker in Chicago. CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in population in the United States. Situation. — The city is situated at the south- west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of the extreme southern point of the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- ington, and 200 miles northeast of St. Louis. From the Pacific Coast it is distant 3,417 miles. Latitude 41' 52' north; longitude 87" 35' west of Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence basins. It is 503 feet above sea-level, aud its highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, dividing into north and south branches about a half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering science and skill have done much for it in the way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal terminates at a point on the south branch of the Chicago River, within the city limits, and unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Illinois River. Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Anrther navigable stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the «0 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. •corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- cago River, with its branches, navigable for vessels of deep draft. The liarlior has also been widened and deepened. AVell constructed break- waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels arriving there exceeds that of any otlier port in the United States. During 1897, 9,1.56 ves.sels arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,443, while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 7,18.5.324. It is the largest grain market in the world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity of 32..>")0,0()0 bu-shels. According to the reixirts of the Board of Trade, the total receipts and sliipments of grain for the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain eiiuiva- lent in bushels — amounted to 323.097.4."):$ bushels of the former, to 2«9,920.028 bushels of the latter. The receipts and shipments of various jiroducts for the year (1898) were as follows: Flour (bbls.) . Wheat (bu.) . . Corn "... Oats "... Rye "... Barley " . . . Cured Meats (lbs.) Dressed Beef " . Live-stock — Hogs " Cattle " Sheep Receipts. .5,310.195 35, 741.. 555 127.426,374 110.293.647 4.935.308 18, 116. .594 229.(H)5,246 110.286,6.53 9.360.968 2.480.633 3,502,378 Shipments. 5.032,236 38,094,900 130,397,681 85.057,636 4.4.5.3.384 6,7.5.5.247 923.627.722 l,00O.H.59.808 1.334.708 864.408 545,001 Chicago is also an important lumber market, the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 1, .562, .527 M. feet. As a center for beef and jmrk- packing, the city is witliout a rival in tlie amount of its products, there Iiaving been 92,4.59 cattle and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-9.5. In bank clearings and general mercantile business it ranks second oidy to New York, while it is also one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- facturing establisliments. with a capital of ^OOJ,- 477,038; employing 203,108 liands, and turning out products valued at §032,184,140. Of the out- put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting to S203.S25,092; men's clothing came ne.xt (§32,- 517.226) ; iron and steel. 831,419.854; foundry and machine shop products, .$29,928,616; [ilaned lumber, .'?17.604,494. Chicago is also the most important live-stock market in the United States. The Union Stock Yards (in the soutliwest jKirt of the city) are connected witli all railroad lines ■entering the city, and cover many hundreds of acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,- 620. Chicago is also a jiriinary market for Iiides and leather, the production and sales being both of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- tured leather (notalily in bfnits and shoes) exceeds that of any other market in the country. Sliip-building is a leading industry, as are also brick-making, distilling and brewing. Transport.\tio.n. etc.— Besides lieing the chief port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to no other -American city as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was ojierated in 1849, and within liiree years a substantial advance liad been scored in tlie way of steam transportation. Since then the multi- plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter the city, although these are operated by only twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of railroad track are laid within the city limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is alx)ut 2.000. Intramural transjKirtation is atforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, and numerous bridges connect tlie various divi- sions of the city. History.— Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Cliicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers — Jlarijuette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After tlie expulsion of tlie French at the close of the French and Indian War, the territory i)assed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the AVar of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du .Sable alx)ut 1796, and was hini-self suc- ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who came in 1803. Fort Dearlx)rn was built near the mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on hind acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 179.5, but was evacuated in 1812. when most of the garrison and the few inhabitants were mas.sa- cred by the savages. (See Fort Dvarborii.) The fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement established around it. The first Government survey was maile. 1829-30. Early residents were the Kinzips. the Wolcotts. the Beaul)iens and the Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather aided in developing the resources and increasing o a > s o M o c ■a en B a 3 a 3 O o o < o X o < ?: o '-J z z > c o 53 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 91 the population of the infant settlement by draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10, 1833, the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in the financial crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became a city. Tlie total number of votes cast at that time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. The following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city ofiScers from 1837 to 1899: 1837 1838 18:i9 1S40 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 18ti6 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879 80 1381-82 1883-84 1885 86 1887-88 1889-90 1891-92 1893 94 1895-9R lsy7-98 1899 — Wm. B. Ogden.. Buckner e. Morris Benj. W. Raymond Alexander Lloyd F. C. Sherman Benj, W. Raymond August ns Garrett Aug Uarri'tt.Al.soii S,Sherman(4) Aug.Garrett.Al9onS.Sherman(4) John P. Chapiu Jamea Curtiss James H. Woodworth James H. Woodworth James Curtiss Walters Ournee Walters. Gurnee Charles M.Gray Ira L Milliken Levi D. Boone Thomas Dyer John Wentworth John C. Haines JohnC. Haines John Wentworth Julian S- Rumsey F.C.Sherman F O. Sherman F.C.Sherman..... John B. Rice John B. Rice John B. Rice John B. Kice John B Rice (8) R. B. Mason R. B. Mason Joseph Medill Joseph Medill Harvey D. Colviii Harvey D. Colvin Monroe Heath. (9) H. D. Colvin, Thomas Hoyne Monroe Heath Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison [Carter H Harrison John A. Roche Dewitt C. Cregier Hempstead Washburne Carter H. Hsirrison, Geo. B. I Swift,'ll) John P. Hopkins.dit Geo. B. Swift .Carter H. Harrison. Jr Carter H. Harrison, Jr I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1) Geo. Davis Wm. H. Brackett Thomas Hoyne Thomas Hoyne J. Curtis James M. Lowe E. A. Rucker E. A. Rucker.Wm S.Brown(5 Henry B. Clarke , Henry B. Clarke Sidney Abe. I Sidney A hell , Sidney Abell Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman H. Kreisman H. Kreisman H. Kreisman Abraham Kohn A. J. Marble A. J. Marble H.W.Zimmerman H. W. Zimmerman Albert H. Rodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H, Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hotchkiss , Charles T. Hotchkiss Jos. K. C. Forrest Jos. K. C. Forrest Caspar Butz Caspar Butz P.J. Howard P. J. Howard , John O. Neumeister C. Herman Plautz D. W. Nickerson , Franz Amberg James R. B. Van Cleave Chas. D. Gastfield , James K. B. \au Cleave Wilhani LuetTler William Loeftler N. B. Judd N. B. Judd Samuel L. Smith Mark Skinner Geo. Manierre Henry Brown G. Manierre. Henry Brown(3) Henry W.Clarke Henry W. Clarke Charles H. Larrabee Patrick Ball i ngall Giles Spring O R. W. Lull . Henrv H. Clark Henry H. Clark Arno Voss Arno Voss Patrick Balllngall J. A. Thompson J L Marsh John C. Miller Elliott Anthony Geo. F. Crocker John Lyte King Ira W. Buel Geo. A. Meech Francis Adams Francis Adams Daniel D. Driscoll Daniel D, Driscoll Hasbrouck Davis Hasbrouck Davis Has'irouck Davis Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Egbert Janiieson Egbert Jamleson CiTV Treasiirkr. Hiram Pearsons. Hiram Pearsons. Geo. W. Dole. W.S. Gurnee, N. H. Bolles(2) N. H. Bolles. F. C. Sherman. Walter S. Gurnee. Walter S. Gurnee. Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. Andrew Getzler. Wm. L. Church. Wm. Ij. Church. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Uriah P. Harris. Wm. F De Wolf. O J. Rose. C. N. Holden. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6) W. H Rice. F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice(7) David A. Gage. David A. Gage. A.G. Tliroop. A. G. Throop. Wm, F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. Daniel O'Hara. Daniel O'Hara. Clinton BrlggS. Chas. B. Larrabee. W. C. Seipp. R.S. Tuthill R.S. Tuthill Julius S. Grinnell Julius S. Grinnell Rudolph Brand. Julius S. Grinnell I John M. Dunphy. Hempstead Washburne Wm. M. Devlne. Hempstead Washburne C Herman Plautz. Geo. F. Sugg Bernard Roesing. Jacob J. Kern, G.A.TrudeUO) Peter Klolbassa. Geo. A. Trude.... Roy O. West Miles J. Devine.. Andrew J. Ryan . Michael J. Bransfield. Adam Wolf. Ernst Hummel. Adam Ortseifen. (11 (2) (3) (4) (0) (6) (7) <8) (9) UO) ill) I, N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837. Gurnee resigned. Bolles appointed hia successor. April, 1840. Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 1843. Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. Brown appointed to till vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to fill vacancy. Cutting havimc failed to qualify, Rice, who was already in office, held ove-. Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in ofEce at beginning of 1S69 remaining in office to December of that year- City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1H75, and no city el'^ction held until April, 1876. The order for a new election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council then in office refused to canvass this vote, bur its successor, at it.s first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin, the Incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to ■■ hold over:" Hoyne then made a contest for the office, which resulted In a decision by the Supretne Court denying the claims of both contestants when a new election was ordered by the City ComicU, July VI. 1876, at wnich Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. City Attorney Keru, having resigneJ November 21, 18i>2, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the term. Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated. October 28. 1893. the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893) elected Gen. B Swift i ^n Aldermm from the Eleventh Wird > Mayo-- at interim. At a special electioa held December 19, 1893. John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. 92 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The Fire of 1871.— The city steadily grew in beauty, jwpulation and commercial importance until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the "great fire" the story of which has passed into historj'. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsequent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population : 1837 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 4,179 4.470 28,269 . 112,163 . 298.977 . 503. 185 . 1,099,850 . 1,698.575 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the Anarcliist disturbance of 1880, and a strike of railroad employes in 1894. Mlxicip.\l Admixistratiox. — Chicago long since outgrew its special cliarter, and is now incorjxjrated under tlie broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class." under which the city is virtual!}' autonomous. The pereonnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if not supe- rior to any. to be found in other American cities. The Cliicago River, with its liranclies, divides the city into three priiicii>al divisions, known respec- tively as Nortli, South and West. Each division has its statutory gpographical boundaries, and each retains its own distinct township organiza- tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- ever, botli assailants and defenders. Public Improveme.nts. — Chicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well develojied, well ini|)roved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the Soutli Division) was tlie site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better facilities are being constantly introduced, and the existing water system will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city. Architecture.— The public and office build- ings, as well as tlie business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain. Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, County Court House, tlie Hoard of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in manj' private residences. In the business part of the city, however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largely employed in construction, the exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and the "Chicago construction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the United States. Office buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in tlie case of the Masonic Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their employes. In the residence sections wide diversity may be seen ; the cha.ste and tlie ornate styles being about equally popular. Among the handsome public, or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the Public Librarj-, the Newberry Librarj-, the Art Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots. Educatio.n- and Libraries. — Chicago has a public schixjl sj-stem unsurpa.s.sed for excellence in any other city in the country. According to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city had a total of 221 primary and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The total expenditures during the year amounted to §6,785,001, of which nearly .$4,500,000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly S7..")00,000 invested in school buildings. Besides pupils attenuing public schools there are about 100,000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmacoutical schools, and the great L'niversity of Chicago. Near the city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235.000 volumes and nearly 50.000 pamphlets, there are the Library of the Cliicago Historical Society and the Newberrj- and Crerar Libraries — the last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and lil)eral citizens — all open to DAY AFTER TIIH FIRE. CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 93 the public for purposes of reference under certain conditions. This list does not include the exten- sive library of the University of Chicago and those connected with the Armour Institute and the public schools, intended for the use of the pupils of these various institutions CHICAGO BOARD OP TRADE, one of the leading commercial exchanges of tlie world It was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as a voluntary association, with a membership of eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- tion of the city"s commercial interests by unity of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establish- ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions an incorporation was effected — a second organi- zation being effected in April, 18.50. For several j'ears the association languished, and at times its existence seemed precarious. It was, however, largely instrumental in securing the introduction of the system of measuring grain by weight, which initial step opened the way for subsequent great improvements in the methods of handling, storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. By the close of 1856, the association had overcome the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange building began to be agitated, but the project lay dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted the first systerh of classification and grading of wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- tion of the elaborate modern system, which has proved of such benefit to the grain-growing States of the West, and has done so much to give Chicago its commanding influence in the grain markets of the world. In 18.58, the privilege of trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited to members. The same year the Board began to receive and send out daily telegraphic market reports at a cost, for the first year, of 8500,000, which was defrayed by private subscriptions. New York was the only city with which such communication was then maintained. In Febru- ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- ring more extensive powers upon the organization, and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An important era in the Board's history was the Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its attitude was one of imdeviating loyalty and gener- ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were contributed, by individual members and from the treasury of the organization, for the work of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring for tlie wounded on Southern battlefields, and ■Providing for the famiUes of enlLsted men. In 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war upon the irredeemable currency with which the entire West was then flooded, and secured such action by the banks and by the railroad and express companies as compelled its replacement by United States legal-tender notes and national bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- pied in a new building erected by the Chicago Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely one year after the destruction of its predecessor. Spacious and ample as these quarters were then considered, the growing membership and increas- ing business demonstrated their inadeejuacy before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the erection of a new building were taken in 1881. and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the largest and most ornate of its class in the world — was opened for occupancy. The membership of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the association is felt in every quarter of the com- mercial world. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is the parent organization of an extensive system which operates railroads in eleven Western and Northwestern States, furnishing connections from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont), Deadwood (So. Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. The main line extends from Chicago to Denver (Colo.), 1,035.41 miles. The mileage of the various branches and leased proprietary lines (1898) aggregates 4,637.06 miles. The Company uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines controlled through the ownership of securities amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole number of miles of standard-gauge road operated by the Burlington system, and known as the Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated at 7,419, of which 1,.509 is in lUinois, all but 47 miles being owned by the Company. The system in Illinois connects many important commercial 94 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota. Ful- ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keitlisburg, Rock Island. Beardstown, Alton, etc. Tlie entire capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to S234,884,- 600, which was e > O o n ?5 ■II o d > o w n X > ■z ■z w r > D H P) PC ^ ■< •n r r o w "0 H n w z H W SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO MANCHESTER nzo - 5P NORTH SELA - 9ALTIC- I ^to ■ -^ NORTH SEA - AMSTERDAM - ZiHJ OH SUEl PANAMA WtLLAND ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - -- jiflif ERIE ILLINOIS«MICHIGAN '«a»i> COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 95- five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1836. and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of the passage of boats from the Cliicago basin to La Salle. (See Illinois & Michigan Canal.) Under an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work of deepening the canal was imdertaken by the city of Chicago with a view to furnisliing means to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being completed some time before the fire of 1871. This scheme having failed to accomplish the object designed, other measures began to be considered. Various remedies were proposed, but in all the authorities were confronted with the difficulty of providing a fund, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost of construction. In the closing months of the year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- self and others that the difficulties were not insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- mission" for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon the matter of water-supply and disposition of the sewage of the city. As a result of this action, .Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- phia, was appointed expert engineer by Slaj-or Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. At the succeeding session of the General Assem- bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but both drawn by Sir. Hurd, the first contemplating doing the work by general taxation and the issue of bonds, and the other by special assessment — were introduced in that body. As it was found that neither of these bills could be passed at that session, a new and shorter one, which became known as the "Roche-Winston bill," was intro- duced and passed near the close of the session. A resolution was also adopted creating a com- mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further investigate the subject. The later act. just referred to. provided for the construction of a cut- off from the Des Plaines River, which would divert the flood-waters of that stream and the North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the city. Nothing was done under this act. however. At the next session (1889) the commi.ssion made a favorable report, and a new law was enacted embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, though changing the title of the organization to be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as. proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- trict." The act, as passed, provided for the election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers being confined to "providing for the drainage of the district," both as to surplus water and sew- age. Much opposition to the measure had been developed during the pendency of the legislation on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- mer flooding of the bottom lands which are cultivated to some extent : but this was overcome by the argument that the channel would, when the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels between the lake and the Mississippi River, and the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the eighteen months preceding the pas.sage of the act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, lest the taking of so large a volume of water from Lake Michigan should aff'ect the lake-level injuriously to navigation ; but these apprehen- sions were quieted by the assurance of expert engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- level below the present minimum would not exceed three inches, and more likely would not produce a perceptible effect. At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- ized by an almost unanimous popular vote — the returns showing 70,958 votes for the measure to 242 against. The District, as thus formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- three square miles outside of the city limits but "within the area to be benefited by the improvement. Though the channel is located partly in Will County, the district is wholly in Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then elected to hold their offices for five years and until the following November. The second election occurred. Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. : William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 96 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Carter. Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones. Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have jwwer to sell bonds in order to procure funds to prosecute the work and to Ifevy taxes upon prop- erty within the district, under certain limitations Jis to length of time the taxes run and the rate jier cent imposed. Under an amendment of the Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, the rate of asses-sment upon property within the Drainage District is limited to one and one-half per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. The bed of the cliannel, as now in proce.ss of con.struction. commences at Robey Street and the South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles from Lake Michigan, and extends in a .south- westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From this point it follows the bed of that stream to Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of the channel comes to the surface, and where the great controlling works are situated. This has made necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles of new channel for tlie river — which runs parallel with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal — besides the construction of about nineteen miles of levee to separate the waters of the canal from the river. The following statement of the quality of the material excavated and the dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by Hon. H. B. Ilurd, under the title, "Tlie Chicago Drainage Cliannel and Waterway," publi.shed in tlie sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): "Through that portion of the channel between t'hicago and Summit, which is being constructed to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- age for alxiut the present population (of Chicago), the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.4-48 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the channel from Summit down to the neighborhood of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with the same side slope. The cut through the rock, which extends from the neighborlux)d of Willow Springs to the point where the channel runs out of ground near Lockixirt, is 100 feet wide at the bottom. The entire depth of the channel is subst^mtially the same as at Rol)ey Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock portion of the channel is constructed to the full capacit}' of 600.1KX) cubic feet i>er minute. From tile point where the channel runs out of ground to Joliet Lake, t.'iere is a rapid fall; over this slope works are to L>e constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. ' Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont. on Sept. 3. 1S92. and work has been in progre-ss almost constantlv ever since. The prog- ress of the work was greatly obstructed during the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of way for the discharge of the waters of the canal through the citj- of Joliet, but the.se were compromised near the close of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1S90, to Dec. 31, 1898," the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated 828,2.57,707, while the net expenditures had amounted to §28,221 864.57. Of the latter, 820,099.2,84.07 was charged to construc- tion account, 83.150.903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and 81,222,092.82 to the cost of maintaining the engineering depiartment. AVhen finislied, the cost will reach not less than 835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of tlie work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modern engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 152. .52 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, tlie extreme terminal ixjints being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kans;is City in the Southwest. It has several branches in lUi nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most imix)rtant being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis: with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to tlie Grand Central Station in Chicago. The company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy -five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. Tlie outstand- ing capital stock (1898) wiis 852,019,054: total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, 857,144,245. (History). The road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws of Illinois, for the pur|iose of reorganization of VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 97 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the De Kalb & Great Western Railroad (.j.81 miles) was built from De Kalb to S3-camore as a feeder of this line. CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & No>ihe7-n Pacific Rail- road. ) CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, orgahized, April 2-1, IS.'JO, for the jjurposes of (1) establishing a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; (2) the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) the encouragement of the discovery and investi- gation of aboriginal remains, i^articularly in Illi- nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 the Society had accumulated much valuable material, but the entire collection was destroyed in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the manuscripts consumed being the original draft of the emancipation proclamation b}' Abraliam Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second conflagration included many valuable manu- scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was erected, wliich was torn down in 1892 to make room for the erection, on the same lot, of a thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, planned after the most approved modern systems. The new building was erected and dedicated under the direction of its late President, Ed- ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 13, 1896. The Society's third collection now embraces about twenty-five thousand volimies and nearly fifty tliousand pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with other works of art; a valuable collection of mauuscript documents, and a large museum of local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles Evans is Secretary and Librarian. CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its fii'st term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed structure was erected by the trustees, in a more desirable location. The institution was among the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- tion, extending over a period of eigliteen vears. - In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200. CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND 'CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. ^ declared objects are: "To afford a home for women and children among the respectable poor in need of medical and surgical aid; to treat the same classes at home by an assistant physician; to afford a free dispensary for the same, and to train competent nurses." At the outset the hospital was fairly well sustained through jiri- vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized for the medical education of women exclusively. (See Northicestern University Wonuni's Medical School.) The hospital building was totally destroyed in tlie great fire of 1871, but temporary accommodations were provided in another section of the city. Tlie following 3'ear, with the aid of .$25,000 appropriated by the Cliicago Relief and Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well planned building was erected on the same site, at a cost of about §75.000. CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL- ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is known as its "Freeport Division." The par value of tlie capital stock outstanding is .550,000 and of bonds .$2, .500, 000, while the floating debt is 5>3,620,698, making a total capitalization of §6,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from Chicago to Freeport in 1888. CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- irestern Univer.^ity Medical College.) CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- WAT, one of the great trunk lines of tlie North- west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main line extends from Chicago to Minneajiolis, 420 miles, although it has connections with Kansas City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys the distinction of being the owner of all the lines operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of second tracks owned jointlj' with other lines. The greater part of its track is laid with 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total cajiital invested (1898; is §220,005,901, distributed as follows: capital stock, §77,843,000; bonded debt, §135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, §5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi- tures, §3,320,248. The total number of em- ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 98 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS- 81,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes paid for the same year amounted to Sl.jl.is.^.— (History). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway was organized in ISC:! under the name of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- nois portion of the main line was built under a cliarter granted to the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- tion under cliarter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- road Company; the whole built and opened in 1873 and imrchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. It sub.sequently acipiired by purchase .several lines in Wisconsin, the whole receiving the present name of the line by act of the Wisconsin Legislature. pas.sed, Feb. 14, 1874. The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, Feb. 16, 18G1, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 miles), and oiiened. May 1, 188.5; was consolidated with the Chicago & Lake Superior R;iilroad, under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, ISS."), opened to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in June, 1887, by the Chicago, ililwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. CHICAGO, r.VDUCAH i MEMPHIS RAIL- ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, isn;?. to run between Altamont and Metropolis, 111., 1,J2 miles, with a branch from Johnston City to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles. The gauge is standard, and the track laid with sixty-pound .steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com- pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has been in progress. It is intended to connect with the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. Capital stock authorized and subscrilied. S2,.')00,- 000; bonds issued, $1,. 57."), 000. Funded debt, •authorized, SI.'). 000 per mile in five per cent first mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1. 1895, §20,000 per mile; estimated cost of the entire line, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road pa-ssed into the hands of tlie Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See Ch iciigo it Eiistcni Illinuis liuilroad.) CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOITHWESTERX RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Riiil- road, chartered jus the Chicago & Plainfield Railroad, in 18.i9 ; opened from Pekin to Streator in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under foreclosure in 1879. and now constitutes a part of the Chicago & Alton system. CHICA(;0, PEORIA A. ST. LOUIS RAILROAD COMPANY (of Illinois J, a corporation oi)erating two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to Springfield, with a connection from the latter place (in 1895), over a leased line, witli St. Loviis. The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, was 208.00 miles, of which 166 were owned by the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- ville Division of this line was the Illinois River Railroad, ojjened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, and, early in 1864, wiis transferred by the pur- cha.sers to a new corporation called the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore- closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, with the Wabash. .St. Louis & Pacific Railway. (2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern liiiihvay; constiiiction was begun in 1872, and road opened from Springfield to Havana (4.5.20 miles) in December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville line. The s;ime year the road was leased to the Indianajxjlis, Bloomington & West- ern Railroad Company, liut the lease was for- feited, in 187,5, and the road placed in the hands of a receiver. In 1881, together with the Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Rivilway, and by that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- field Puiilroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific having defaulted and gone into the liands of a receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spiing- field Divisions were reorganized in Februarj-, 1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A reorgiinization of the latter took place, in 1890, under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the hands of receivers, and was severed from its allied lines. The Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad remained uniler the management of a separate receiver until January, 1896, when a reorganization was effected xinder its present name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield & St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- ber, 1895. it has also been reorganized as an independent corporation under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 99 CHICAGO KIVER, a sluggish stream, draining a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan and tlie Des Plaines River, the entire watershed drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It is formed by the union of the "North" and the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile and a half from the mouth of the main stream. At an early day the foiTiier was known as the "Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles, only a small fraction of which is navigable. The South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities for navigation, being lined along its lower por- tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and manufactories. 'The Illinois Indians in early days found an easy portage between it and the Des Plaines River. Tlie Chicago River, with its branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have been erected at the principal street crossings over the river and both brandies, and four tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the citv, have been constructed under the river bed. CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAJfD & PACIFIC RAIL- WAT, formed by the consolidation of various lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered in Illinois in 18.51, and the road opened from Chi- cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 miles), Jul)' 10, 1854. In 1852 a company was chartered under the name of the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the extension to the Missouri River and a junction with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The Peoria & Bureau Valle}- Railroad (an important feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7 miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company has financial and traffic agreements with the Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort Worth, Texas. Tiie road also has connections from Chicago with Peoria ; St. Paul and Minne- apolis; tirnaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver. Colo- rado "Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898) , is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the corpo- ration. All of the Company's owned and leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total capitalization reported for the same year was §116.748,211, of which §50,000,000 was in stock and 858,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was §5,851,875, and the total expenses §3,401,165, of which §233,129 was in the form of taxes. The Company has received under Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu- sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, up to March 31, 1894, ,548,609 acres. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC R.UL- RO.VD. (See Chicago & Nortlucestcrn Railway.) CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered. Feb. 7, 1887, and opened for traflSc, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock is §1,000,000, and its bonded debt §2,000,000, making the total capitalization about §56,000 per mile. The cost of the road was §2,950,000; total incumbrance (1895), §3,016,715. CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- RO.AD, the .successor to the Cliicago & Northern Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to other roads and transact a local business. The Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after acquiring the property of the Cliicago & Calumet Terminal Railway also. Tlie combination gives it the control of 84. 53 miles of road, of which 70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for both passenger and freight terminal purposes, and also a belt line just outside the city limits. Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western Railroad. The Company also has control of the ground on which the Grand Central Depot is located. Its total capitalization (1898) was §44,- 553,044, of which §30.000,000 was capital stock and §13,394,000 in the form of bonds. CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- gational ministers and laymen representing seven 100 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Western States, among wliich was Illinois. A special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 1~>, IH')'). The Seminary has always been under Congregational control and supervision, its twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial Conventions, at which are represented all tlie churches of that denomination west of tlie Ohio and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu- tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 1858, with two professors and twenty-nine matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown in lioth numbers and influence. Preparatory and linguistic schools have been added and the faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally endowed, its productive assets being nearly $1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $.'500,000 more. No charge is made for tuition or room rent, and there are forty two endowed scholar- ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid of needy students. The buildings, including the library and dormitories, are four in number, and are well constructed and arranged. CinCAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor- tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous branches, extending into Slissouri, Kansas and Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper was constructed under two charters — the first granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & Mis.si.s.sippi Railroad Company, in 18.52. Con- struction of the former w;is begun in 18.j2, and the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 1853. Under the second corporation, the line was opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854. and to Joliet in 18,56. In 1855 a line was con- structed from Chicago to Joliet imder the name of the Joliet & Chicago Rjiilroad, and leased in perpetuity to the present Company, which was reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Rivilroad Companj-. For some time connection was liad between Alton and St. Louis V)}' steam-packet boats running in connection with the railroad ; but later over the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad — the first railway line connecting the two cities — and, finally, by the Company's own line, which was constructed in 1864. and formally 0|)ened Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- panj') was organized, which, in 1862, purcha.sed the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- closure sale. Several branch lines have since been acquired by purchase or lease, the most important in the State being the line from Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was o[)ened for business in January, 1868, and having been diverted from the route upon which it was originally projected, was completed to Blooming- ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main line. Other important branches are the Kansas City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the ilis- sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the W;ishington Branch from Dwight to Wasliington and l^icon, and tlie Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks of the Toledo, Peoria & "Western. The whole number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double tracks and sidings, the Company has a total trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, in 1898, was §32,793,972, of which §22.230,600 was in stock, and .?6. 694. 8.50 in tends. The total earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were $5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, $4,272,207. This road, under its management as it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- formly successful in the country. Dividends have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number of years previous to 1897, the dividends had amounted to eight per cent per annum on both preferred and common stock, but later had been reduced to seven per cent on account of short crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 were $341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the world to put into service sleeping and dining cars of the Pullman model, which liave since been so widely adopted, as well as the first to run free reclining chair-cars for the convenience and comfort of its passengers. At the time the matter embraced in this volume is undergoing final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress for the purchase of this historic line bj- a syndi- cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the Mi.ssouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose interest it will hereafter be operated. CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See Chicago. Burlington tS: Quincy JRnilrodil.) CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- RO.VI). Tills company operates a line 516.3 miles in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. HISTOaiCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 101 The main line in this State extends soutlierly from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago) to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns sevei-al important branch lines, as follows : From Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan- ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to Eossville. The system in Illinois is of standard gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. The grades are light, and the construction (including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- ing (1895) is §13, .594, 400; funded debt, §18,018,000; floating debt, §916,381; total capital invested, §32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, §2,592,072; expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com- pany paid the same year a dividend of six per cent on its common stock (§286,914), and reported a surplus of §1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but later in same year took its present name. In 1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago, Paducah <£- Memphis Railroad.) CHICAGO & GRAND TEUNK RAILWAY. Of the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That portion of the line within the State extends from Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is capitalized at §6,600,000, has a bonded debt of §12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of §2.271,425, making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted to §660,393; disbursements within the State for the same period, §345,233. The Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- dation of various lines between Port Huron, Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- nois section was built under a charter granted in 1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all being consolidated under the name of the North- western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final consolidation of these lines with the eastward connections took place under the present name — the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Pailway. ) CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansvillc Railway.) CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansvillc Rail- way. ) CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad.) CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- road. ) CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South Dakota. The total length of its main line, branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. Second and side tracks increase the mileage to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines of the "Northwestern System," in its entirety, are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul and Minneapolis for their termini, though their branches reach numerous important points within the States already named, from the shore of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake Superior on the north. — (History.) The Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway Company was organized in 1859 under charters granted by the Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin dm'ing that year, under which the new company came into possession of the rights and franchises of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of various railway enterprises which had been pro- 102 HISTORICAL EN'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. jected. chartered and partly constructed in Wis- consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com- pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from Chicago to the Wisconsin line. Tlie Wisconsin Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the Illinois enterprise, and, in Marcli, 1855, the con- solidation of these lines was perfected under the name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- ence this company built 170 miles of the road, of which sevontj' miles were between Chicago and the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- structed in Wisconsin completing the connection between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its property and franchises under the foreclosure of 1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked the beginning of the present corporation, and, in the next few years, by the construction of new lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent of its lines, both constructed and projected. The most important of these was the union effected with the (ialena & Chicago Union Railroad, which was formally consolidated with the Chi- cago & Northwestern in 18(i4. The history of the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in view of the fact that it was one of the earliest railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been chartered by special act of the Legislature during the "internal improvement" excitement of 1830. Besides, its charter was the only one of that period under which an organization was effected, and although construction was not begun under it until 1847 (eleven j-ears afterward), it was the second railroad constructed in the State and the first leading from the city of Chicago. In the forty j-ears of its history the growth of the Chi- cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its success almost phenomenal. In that time it has not only added largely to its mileage by the con- struction of new lines, but has absorbed more lines than almost any other road in the country, until it now reaches almost every imjjortant city in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago Union liefore the consoliilation. These included a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter- prises, and more or less closely connected with the development of the State. The total capi- talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was §200,968,108, of which §66,408,821 was capi- tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of bonds. Tlie earnings in the State of Illinois, for the same period, aggregated §4,374,923, and the expenditures .§3, 7 12. .593. At the present time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of road not included in the preceding statements of mileage and financial condition. 'Although owned by the Chicago & Northwestern Companj-, they are managed by different officers and under other names. The mileage of the whole system covers nearly 8,000 miles of main line. CHICAGO & SPRIXiiFIELD RAILROAD. {See Illinoi.i Central JiuilriKid.) CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line seventy-three miles in length, extending from Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- deau. The line was originally operated by two companies, rmder the names of the Grand Tower & Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- deau Railroa0; (1900), 905. CHRISTIAN COUNTY, a rich agricultural county, lying in the "central belt," and organized in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- ponderance of early settlers having come from Christian County, Ky., this name was finally adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, the northern lialf of the county being best adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its area is about 710 square miles, and its population (1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) could not grind more than ten bushels of grain per day, by horsepower. The people hauled their corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. Tlie first store was opened at Robert.son's Point, but the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A gre;it change was wrought in local conditions by the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which passes through the eastern part of the county. Two otlier railroads iu)w pass centrally through the county— the •'Wabasli " and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- burg. and Assumption. CnriK'H, Lawrence S., lawj-er and legislator, was born at Nunda, N. Y. , in 1820; passed his youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, at an early age began teaching in winter with a view to earning means to prosecute his studies in law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having walked a part of the way from New 'Vork, paj-ing a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he removed to the latter place, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. A member of the Whig party up to 1850, he was that year elected as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth General Assembly, serving by re-election in the Twenty-first and Twenty -second ; in 1860, was supported for the nomination for Congress in tlie Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. E. B. Washburne; in 18G2, aided in the organiza- tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign before reaching the field on account of failing health. In 1806 he was elected County Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, in 1809 to the Constitutional Convention of 1809-70. Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of high principle and a speaker of decided ability. CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was Ixjrn at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood, and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 21, went to Cincinnati, Oliio, where he engaged in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in the public schools of that city. Then, having spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- ter, N. Y., in 1833 he removed to Illinois, first locating at Geneva, but the following year removed to Rockford, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- ford by the first President Harrison, remaining in office three years. Other oflices held by him were those of Countj- Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly (1803-65), and member of the first Board of Public Charities by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 1873, and, for a part of the time, seri'ing as Presi- dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- ment of the Secretary of AVar, as one of the Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 105 the Governraent bridge between Rock Island and Davenport. During tlie latter years of his life he was President for some time of the Rockford Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- tors, and, for many years, Managing Director of the Rockford Water Power Company, which has done so much to promote the prosperity of that city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died at Rockford. June 23. 1802. CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for literature which led to his learning the printer's trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, after serving his time, worked as a journeyman printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to New York, and, after working at the case some five months, started for the West, stopping en route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. In the latter place he worked for a time in the office of "The Courier," and still later in that of "The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison County, where he continued to reside the re- mainder of his life. In order to raise means to improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he worked as a compositor in the office of "The Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of '"The St. Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. Charles County," advocating the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union without slavery, which caused considerable excitement among the friends of that institution. During the same year he aided Hooper Warren in establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent contributor to its columns, especially during the campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois. In 1832 he was elected Represent- ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in that body by successive re-elections until 1832. His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- strated that his vote at the preceding session, in opposition to the scheme for a State Convention to revise the State Constitution in the interest of slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the House — in all serving a period in both Houses of sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. He was an indastrious and systematic collector of historical records, and, at the time of his death in the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and other historical material of great value. (See Slavery and Slave Laivs; Warren, Hooper, and Coles, Edward.) CLARK (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was born near Monticello; Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His first experience in Indian fighting was under Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and the British having incited the Indians against the Americans in the following year, he was commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, and planned an expedition against the British fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- dition against Illinois, which was carried out the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other French villages surrendered at discretion. The following February he set out from Kaskaskia to cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and was garrisoned bj' the British under Hamilton. After a forced march characterized by incredible suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- ture of the post. His last important military service was against the savages on the Big^ Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a private cemeterj' near that city for half a cen- tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill Cemetery in 1869. Tlie fullest history of General Clark's expedition and his life will be found in the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" (3 volumes, 1896), by the late William H. English, of Indianapolis. CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 13, 1840. At 106 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found employment in a livery stable ; later, worked oc a farm in Kane County, attending school in tlie winter. After a j-ear spent in Iowa City attend- ing the Iowa State University, he returned to Kane County and engaged in the dairj' business, later occupying himself with various occupations in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to his Ohio home, where he began tlie study of law at Circleville. In 1801 he enlisted in an Ohio regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, but was finally compelled to leave the service in consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. In ISCi he settled at Slattoon, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 18G8. In 1870 he was an unsuccessful candidate for tlie Legislature on the Republican ticket, but was electeil State Senator in ISfiO, serving four years and proving himself one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention, and lias long been a con- spicuous ligure in State politics. In 1896 lie was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for (iovernor. CLARK, John 31., civil engineer and merchant, was born at White Pigeon. Mich., August 1, 1830; came to Chicago with liis widowed mother in 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- nois Central Railroad. After a course in the Rensselaer Polytechnic In.stitute at Troy, N. Y., where he graduated in \S'>G, lie returned to the service of the Illinois Central. In ISilOhe went to Colorado, wliere he was one of tlie original founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- neer of its first water supply company. In 1803 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, when the Confederates, being defeated, were driven out of the Territory. Returning to C'lii- cago in lS(i4. he became a member of the whole- sale leatlier firm of Gray, Clark & Co. Tlie ofiicial positions held by Mr. Clark include tliose of Alderman (1879-81), Memlier of the Board of Education, Collector of Customs, to which he was appointed by President Harrison, in 18S9, and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act l)a.ssed by the Legislature of 1S9.'), retiring in 1897. In 1881 he was the Republican c;indidate for Mayor of Chicago, but was defeateil by Carter 11. Harri- son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directoi-s of the Crerar Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. CLARK COUXTY, one of the eastern counties of the State, south of the middle line and front- ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers were John Bartlett, Abraham W;isliburn, James AVhitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Jlarshall, the site of wliich was purchased from the Govern- ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and CoL William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made only after a hard struggle. The soil of the county is rich, and its agricultural products varied, embracing corn (the chief stivple), oats, potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing interests are not extensive. Among the promi- nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are Casej- (poi)ulation 844), ilartinsville (779), West- field (510). and York (294). CL.VY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con- verted and gave himself to the Bajitist ministry, locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent most of his life. Died, in 18.50. CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12 miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. Population (1890), 612; (1900), 907; (1903), 1,020. CL.\Y COUNTY, situated in the southeastern ipiarter of the State; has an area of 470 square miles and a jxjpulation ^lyoO) of 19. .553. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and smin after settlers begiin to locate liomes in the county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer .settlement of Maysville was made the county -seat, but immi- gration continued inactive until 1837, when many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCuUom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored sandy loam con.sti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- date the county's requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfully cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and academies in larger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 1843, and, in 1890, had a population of 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important towns. CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111., and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to Quincy, 111. The industries include Hour and feed mills, machine and raih-oad repair sliops, grain elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a bank, four churches, a high school, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996. CLE.iVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- don, England, in 1813; came to Canada with his parents in 1831, and to Cliicago in 1834; engaged in business as a chandler, later going into the grocery trade ; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in California, and, six years afterwards, established himself in the southern jiart of tlie present city of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he served as Postmaster and managed a general store. He was the owner of considerable real estate at one time in what is now a densely populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- ernor of Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Danville, III., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 1837; graduated from Asbury University, at Green- castle, in 18.59, having supported himself during his college course by teaching. After reading law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again found it necessary to resort to teaching in order to [lurchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis-. sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He was in the service for three years, was three times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth District. He was also a member of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving imtil 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a few months, when he accepted the position of Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of tliis sys- tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main line lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (133 miles), and oper- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The Cairo Division, extending from Tiltbn, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (3.59 miles) • tlie Chicago Division, extending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, from Wann Junction, on the main Une, to Alton (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- ship of tlie Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. Tlie system is uniformlj- of standard gauge, and about 380 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, and is amply ballasted with broken stone and gravel. Extensive rejiair shops are located at Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and bonded and floating debt — was 897,149,361. The total earnings in Illinois for tlie year were $3,773,19.3, and the total expenditures in the State §3,611,437. The taxes iiaid the same year were §134,190. The history of this syntem, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For history of the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo & Vlnecnnes, and Kankakee <& Seiieca Railroads.) CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great diversity of climate, as regards not only the range of temperature, but also the amount of rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several points of contrast to States lying between the same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the North Central and the Western States. Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up the ilis.sissippi VuUey. and impart to vegetation in the .southern portion of the State, a stimulat- ing influence whicli is not felt upon the seaboard. On tlie other hand, there is no great barrier to the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing the tem]>erature to a point lower than is custom- ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, mitigating both summer lieat and winter cohl. If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa and Boston — the latter being one degree farther north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the springs and summers are found to be about five degrees warmer, and the winters tliree degrees colder, at the former point. In comparing tlie East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen that, in the former section, the same is pretty equally distributed over the four seasons, wliile in the latter, spring and summer may be called the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the yearly precipitation occurs during the growing season. This is a climatic condition higlily favorable to the gro%vth of grasses, etc., but detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a geographical position where these great climatic ■changes begin to manifest tliemselves, and wliere 'the distinctive features of the prairie first become fully ai)i)arent. The annual precipitation of rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, but, owing to the higher temperature of that section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons is also more unequal toward the south, a fact whicli may account, in part at least, for the increased area of woodlands in that region. While Illinois lies witliin the zone of southwest winds, their flow is affected In' conditions some- what abnormal. The northeast trades, after entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and southwesterly as they enter the Upper Vallej'. It is to this aerial current that the liot, moist summers are attributable. Tlie north and northwest winds, which set in with the change of the season, depress the temperature to a point below that of the Atlantic slope, and are attended with a diminished precipitation. CLIXTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, situated i'i miles south of Bloomington, at inter- section of the Springfield and the Champaign- Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricidtural region; has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric lighting plant, piano-ca.se factory, banks, three new.spapers, six churches, and two public schools. Population (1890). 2,rj98; (1900), 4,4.52. CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824. from portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It is situated directly e;ist of .St. Louis, has an area of 494 secause of the inherent difficulties attending coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county from east to west, but its trade is not important. Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat and oats being the staple products. CLOUD, Newton, clergj-man and legislator, was Ijorn in North Carolina, in 180.';, and, in 1827, settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a farmer, as well ius a preacher of the Methodist Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- cratic politician, and seri-ed in no less than nine sessions of the General Assembly, besides the Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he was chosen President. He was first elected Repre.sentative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), and afterwards served in the House during the se.ssions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He was also Clerk of the Hou.se in 1844-45, and, having been elected Representative two years later, was chosen Sjjeaker at the succeeding ses- sion. Although not noted for any specially aggressive qualities, his consistency of character won for him general respect, while his frequent elections to the Legislature prove him to liave been a man of large influence. CLOWRY, Roliprt C. Telegraph Manager, was born ill 1S:).S; entered the service of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 109 boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the office at Lockport six months later, at Springfield in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. Between 1859 and '03, he held higlilj- responsible positions on various Western lines, but the latter year was commissioned by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed in charge of United States military lines with headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed District Superintendent of Western Union lines in the Soutliwest. From that time his promotion was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- sion at Cliicago; in 1880, succeeded General Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, was elected Director, member of the Execu- tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. COAL AND COAL-MIXING. Illinois contains much the larger portion of what is kno\vii as the central coal field, covering an area of about 37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. Those available for commercial mining generally lie at considerable depth and are reached by shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the State the coal does not jdeld a good marketable coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas coal, although used in some localities for that purpose, rather because of its abundance than on accoimt of its adaptability. It is thought that, with the increase of cheap transportation facili- ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State in such quantities as eventually to exclude local coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report of the Eleventh United States Census, the total product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 12,10-1,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported by the Tenth Census. The value of the output was estimated at §11,735,203, or S0.97 per ton at the mines. Tlie total number of mines was stated to be 1,073, and the number of tons mined was nearlj- equal to the combined yield of the mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are divided into two classes, technically known as "regular"' and "local." Of the former, there were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 858 regular mines employed 33,934 men and boys, of whom 21,350 worked below ground, besides an office force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The total capital invested in these 358 mines was §17,630,351. According to the report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines were operated during the year, eniijloying 35,026 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, wliich was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. Five counties of the State produced more than 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,752; Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,926; La Salle, 1,165,490. COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal mines are operated here, and the town is an im- portant shipping point^for their product. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. Pop. (1890), 1.672; (1900), 2,607; (1903), about 3,000. COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later acted as operator on Western New York lines, but, in 1852, became manager of the office at Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- panies having meanwhile been consolidated into the Western Union. He then made an extensive tour of the world, and, although he had intro- duced the system of transmitting money by telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to the key-board. Having made large investments in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, he has devoted much of his time to agriculture and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. He has done much to improve the city of his adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- struction of electric street-car lines and the promotion of manufactures. COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, was erecting; later he erected a building of his own in which he started a harness-shop, wiiich he conducted successfully for a number of years. He has since been connected with a nvunber 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public cliaracter, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- sive owner. He is al.so one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lecture Hall," on the campus of that in.stitution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to Sl.TO.OOO. Died in Chicago, AprU 5, 1900. CORDEX, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped to northern markets. This region is well tim- bered, and Cobden has two bo.\ factories employ- ing a considerable number of men; also has several churches, schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 994; (1900.) 1,034. COCHRAN, William (iranville, legislator and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and. Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three years as a private. Returning home from the war, he resumed life as a farmer, but earlj- in 1873 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was an imsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 1890. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDIXO, Ichabod, clergj-man and anti- slaverj' lecturer, was born at Bristol, X. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slaverj'; after leaving college served five years as agent and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport. Joliet and elsewhere; between 18.54 and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo. Wis.. .June 17, 18l)(i. CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; born in Oneida County, X. Y., June 11, 1824; was partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843, came with his father to Kendall County. III. In 1847, he removed to Xaperville, where for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted to the bar; in 18G1, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity , served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena. Cal. COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, midway between Galesburg and Quincy; is the center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- mining region, producing more than 1110,000 tons of coal annually. A superior (juality of potter's clay is also iiiinea and shipped extensively to other points. The city has brick and drain-tile works, a bank, four churches, two public schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1.635. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va., Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; was educated at Haini>den-Sidney and William and Mary Colleges, but com|)elled to leave before graduation by an accident which interrupted his studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of President Madison, re:nainiag six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by apix)intment of the President. He early manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three years later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Con.stitu- tional Convention of li^lH was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville. Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a jwint below Louisville, where they disembjvrked, journej-ing overland to Edwardsville. While descending thp Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was. in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ill Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of Register of the Land Office, to wliicli he had been appointed by President Monroe. In 1823 he became the candidate for Governor of those opposed to removing the restriction in the State Constitution against the introduction of slavery, and, although a majority of the voters then favored the measure, he was elected by a small plurality over his higliest competitor in conse- quence of a division of the ojiposition vote between three candidates. The Legislature chosen at the same time submitted to the people a proposition for a State Convention to revise the Constitution, which was rejected at the election of 1824 by a majority of 1,G68 in a total vote of 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient aid in opposition to the measure of such men as Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he was himself a most influential factor in protecting Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he continued to reside some years on his farm near Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- eral Jackson, was defeated by Josepli Duncan. Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelpliia, where he married during the following year, and continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford County, but organized in 1831, and named in honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the eastern portion of the State, and embraces .520 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34.146. The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the Okaw) runs through the nortliwestern part of the county, but the principal stream is the Embarras (Enibraw). The chief resource of the people is agriculture, although the county lies within the limits of the Illinois coal belt. To the north and west are prairies, while timber abounds in the southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, sorghum, wool, etc. , are also important products. Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is centrally located, and has a number of handsome public buildings, private residences and business blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488. Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 9.622, and is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are Ashmore. Oakland and Lerna. COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the Kankakee and Blooraington branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- ton. Farming and stock-grovf ingare the leading industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1900), 1,153. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. The institution ranks among the leading medical colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is equal to those of other first-class medical schools throughout the countrj^. The teaching faculty, of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of assistants, demonstrators, etc. COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward colleges. The first charters for in.stitutions of this character were granted in 1833, and were for the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first named vfas to be under the care of the Scotch Covenanters, but was never founded. The second was in the interest of the Baptists, but the charter was not accepted. Both these acts contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, notably one to the effect that no theological department should be established and no pro- fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor should any religious test be applied in the selec- tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The friends of higher education, however, made com- mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private colleges — the Alton ; the Illinois, at Jacksonville ; the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. Similar restrictive provisions as to theological teaching were incorporated in these charters, and a limitation was placed upon the amount of 112 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. propertj' to be owned bj- any institution, but in many resjiects the law was more liberal than its predecessors of two years previous Owing to the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- tory departments under the tuition of the college professors. The college last named above (Jones- boro) was to have been founded by the Christian denomination, but was never organized. Tlie three remaining ones stand, in the order of their formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois College in 1829, and a class was organized in the collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature of 1833 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female Academy, the first school for girls chartered in the State. From thi.s time forward colleges and academies were incorporated in rapid succe-ssion, many of them at places wliose names have long since dis;ippeared from the map of the State. It was at thi.s time that there developed a strong party in favor of founding what were termed, rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- leges." It was believed that the time which a student might be able to "redeem" from study, could be so profitably employed at farm or shop- work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of XS'i') granted charters to tlie "Franklin Manual Labor College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- mon County. University powers were conferred upon the institution la.st named, and its charter .also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- vision that any sect might establish a professor- ship of theologj- therein. In 1837 si.x more colleges were incorporated, only one of which (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, better and broader views of education had developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed all prohibition of the establishing of theological departments, as well as tlie re.strictions previously imposed upon the amount and value of property to be owned by private educational institutions. The whole number of colleges and seminaries incorporated under the State law (1896) is forty- three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, Lake Forest University, McKendree College, Mon- mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary, Montieello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni- versity, Shurtleff College.) COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at Boston University, 18.')8; soon after became an itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 18C6, united with the L'nitarian Church and officiated as pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- .sas Citj-, Ijesides supplying pulpits in various cities in England (1880-8.)). In 1885, he was apix)inted United States Consul at Leipsic, but later served as a special commissioner of the Johns Hopkins L'niversity in the collection of labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a wide reputation as a lecturer and mag-azine writer. His published works include: "E^very- Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (18G9) and "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" (1876). Died near his birthplace, July 27, 1890. COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was bom in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- est of five brothers who came with their parents from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and settled in the town of Unionville — now CoUins- ville — in the southwestern part of Madison Count}". They were enterprising and public- spirited business men, who engaged, quite extensively for the time, in various branches of manufacture, including flour and whisky. This was an era of progress and development, and becoming convinced of the injurious character of the latter branch of their business, it was jiromptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch was later a.ssociated with his brother Michael in the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally located at Quincy in 18.")1, where he was engaged in manufacturing business for many years. He was a man of high business probity and religious principle, as well as a determined opixjnent of the institution of slavery, as shown by the fart that he was once subjected by liis neighbors to the intended indignity of lieiug hung in effigy for the crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in commemoration of the act of emancipation in the West Indies, he gave utterance to the following prediction: "Methinks the time is not far distant when our own country will celebrate a day of emancipation witliin her own borders, and con- sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring tliroughout the length and breailth of the land." He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Oov- ernor in 1842. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 112 COLLI\S, James H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, where he grew to manhood. After spending a couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 he began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 1837, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in exploration of the surrounding coiuitry, but returning to Chicago in 1834. he entered into partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had been his preceptor in New York, still later being a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- sidered an eminent authoritj' in law and gained an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway slaves in securing their liberty or defended others who did so. He was also one of the original promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court at Ottawa, in 1854. COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was educated at the Northwestern University. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon built up a remunerative practice. He was elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, soon became one of the leaders of his party on the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time devoting his attention to regular practice in the city of Chicago. COLLIXS, William H., retired manufacturer, born at Collinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, later taking a course in literature, philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle several years; in 18.58, became editor and propri- etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but resigning in 18G3, organized a company of the One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army Corps headquarters, until after the fall of Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, when he engaged in the manufacturing business as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. This business he conducted successfully some twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim, of the city of Quincy; Representative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- nent candidfCte for the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a strongly Democratic city. COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border of Madison County, 13 mUes (by rail) east-north- east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. & I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. The place was originally settled in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber The town was platted by surviving members of this family in 1836. Coal-mining is the principal industry, and one or two mines are operated within the corporate limits. The city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile factories, two building and loan associations, a lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street railways, seven churches, two banks, a high school, and a newspaper oflice. Population (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4,021; (1903, est), 7,500. COLLTER, Robert, clergyman, was born at Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left school at eight years of age to earn his living in a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. His only opportunity of acquiring an education during this period, apart from private study, was 114 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in a night-school, which he attended two winters. In 1S49 lie became a local Methodist preacher, came to the United States the next year, settling in Pennsylvania, wliere he pursued his trade, preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- ment having gradually been changed towards Unitarianisiu, his licen.se to preach was revoked by the conference, and, in 18,)9, he united with the Unitarian Church, having already won a wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- ary, and, in 18G0, organized the Unity Church, beginning with seven members, though it has since become one of the strongest and most influ- ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted a call to a church in New York City, where he still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary Commission. Since the war he lias repeatedly visited England, and has exerted a wide influence as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of volumes, including "Xature and Life" (18GC); "A Man in Earnest: Lifeof A. H. Conant" (1868); "A Hi-story of the Town and Parish of likely" (188G). and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (188G). COLTOX, Chaunecy Sill, pioneer, was born at Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- ing his manhood, at Mon.son, Maine. He came to Illinois in 1H3G, locating on the site of the present city of Galesburg, where he built the first store and dwelling house; continued in general mer- chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- while associating his sons with him in business under tlie firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. Colton was sissociated with the construction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of the Conijiany; was also a Director of the First National Bank of Calesburg, the first organizer and first President of the Farmers" and Meclian- ics' Bank of tliat city, and one of the Trustees of Knox College. Died in Galesburg. July 27, 1885. — Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- burg with his father's family in 1836, and -.t-as educated at Knox College, graduating in 18.5.5, and receiving the degree of A.M in 18.58. After graduation, he was in partnership with his father .some seven years, also served as Vice-President of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 1866, was appointed by President Johnson United States Consul at Venice, remaining there until 1869. The latter year he became the General Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, continuing in that position until 1871, meantime visiting China, Japan and India, and e.stablisliing agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 1884. and the same year removed to Washington, D. C, where he has .since resided. Mr. Colton is a large land owner in some of the Western States, especially Kansas and Nebraska. COLUMBI.i, ,1 town of Monroe County, on Mobile it Ohio Railroad, 1.5 miles south of St. Louis; has a machine shop, large Hour mill, brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1903), 1,205. COMP.VXY OF THE WEST, THE, a company formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop the resources of "New France," in which the "Illinois Country" was at that time included. At the head of the companj- was the celebrated John Law, and to him and his asscjciates the French monarch granted extraordinary powers, Ixjtli governmental and commercial. They were given the exclusive right to refine the precious metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company, owing to the king having granted them conces- sions to trade with the East Indies and China. On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France declared that the Illinois Country should form a part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the shrewd management of Law and his associates, immigration soon increased, as many as 800 settlers arriving in a single year. Tlie directors of the company, in the exercise of their govern- mental powers, ajipointed Pierre Duque de Bois- briant Governor of the Illinois District. He proceeded to Kaska.skia. and, witliin a few miles of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See Furt Churtren. ) Tlie policy of the Indies Company was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of commons were made to various French villages, and Cahokia and K;isk;iskia steadily grew in size and population. Permanent settlers were given grants of land and agriculture w;is encouraged. These grants (which were allodial in their char- acter) covered nearly all the '.ands in that part of tlie American Bottom. lying between the Missis- sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 115 held their lands in one great common field, each proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte- nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies Company divided the Province of Louisiana into nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois was numerically the Seventh, and included not only the southern half of the existing State, but also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary and the Company's Commissary, formed the District Council, the civil law being in force. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were appointed directly by the French crown. CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, founded in 1879 ; the succes- sor of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois University. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- though there is no classical cour.se. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutherans. The institution reports $125,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in Athens Covmty, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1.S47; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111. . at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy. Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in 1SG8. He then began prac- tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., wliere he served three years as Citj' Attorney, but, in 1873, returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now a part of Chicago), where he served as City Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was defeated with the National and the State tickets of that year, since when he has given his atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his profession. COXGER, Edwin Hurd, lawyer and diploma- tist, was born in Knox County. III., March?, 1843; graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg. in 1862, and immediately thereafter enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated from the Albany Law School and practiced for a time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and banking; was twice elected County Treasurer of Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, being re-elected in 1882 ; in 1886, was elected to Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of his last term was appointed by President Harri- son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of Illinois. CONWREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent some time at Kaskaskia and Sha-mieetown, but left for New Orleans without organizing any churches. The first church was organized at Mendon, Adams County, in 1838, followed by others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, who became pastor of the first Quincy church, followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant (afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foot. Other Congregational ministers who came to t'^e State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. Thomas Lippincott, Cjtus L. Watson, Theron Baldwin, Elisha Jenney. William Kirlw, the two Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.). and many more of whom, either temporarily or permanently, became associated with Presbyterian churches. Although Illinois College was under the united patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational- ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- ment were Congregationalists, and the same was true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835. at Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was convened the first Congregational Council, known in the denominational history of tlie State as IIG HISTOltlfAL EXrVfLOPHDIA OF ILLINOIS. that of Fox River. Since tlien some twelve to fifteen separate Associations have been organized. By 1890, the development of the denomination had been such that it had 280 churches, support- ing 312 ministers, with 33, 126 members. During that year the disbursements on account of chari- ties and liome extension, by the Illinois churclie-S, were nearly .$1,000,000. The Chicago Theological Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school of divinity, its projMjrty holdings being worth nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. (See also Religious Dci)on>i7iiilioiis ) CONGRESSIONAL APPOHTIO.N.^IENT. (See Ax)portionment, Congressional; also Re^iresent- atives in Congress.) CONKLI.XtJ, James Cook, lawyer, wa,'- born in New York City, Oct. 13, ISIG; graduated at Prince- ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J. , in 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a later period he was associate'NOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of tlie State Senate; studied law and was admitted to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was successively commissioned as Captain and Major, retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- Colonel. ' In 1872 he was elected Representative in the State Legislature from Coles County and re-elected in 1874; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois from 1876 to 188.-), and again from 1889 to 1893; in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of the Treasury, but declined the office; the same year ran as the Republican canili late for Con- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 117 gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) District in opposition to Wm. M. Springer, and was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He declined a second nomination in 1888, but, in 1894, was nominated for a third time (this time for the Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro- fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth Congress. CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle Air Academy and the University of Virginia, graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a Democrat; in 18.56, served as Presidential Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- nent of the policy of the Government in dealing with secession. Having removed to Marshall, Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice of his profession there, but was elected Judge of the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- stable was arrested because of his release of four deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers who had arrested them. He was subsequently released by Judge Treat of the United States District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 32, in which four soldiers and three citizens were killed outright, and eight persons were wounded. CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois has had four State Conventions called for the purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— adopted Constitutions which went into effect, while the instrument framed by the Convention of 1863 was rejected by the people. A synoptical history of each will be found below: Convention op 1818. — In January, 1818, the Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress requesting the passage of an act authorizing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government. A bill to this effect was intro- duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- ing. It authorized the people to frame a Constitution and organize a State Government — apportioning the Delegates to be elected from each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday of July, following, as the day of election, and the first Monday of August as the time for the meet- ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned upon a census of the people of the Territory (to be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu- lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as taken, showed the required population, but, as finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,630 — being the smallest with which any State was ever admitted into the Union. The election took place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were farmers of limited education, but with a fair portion of hard common-sense. Five of the Delegates were lawyers, and these xmdoubtedly wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. Thomas (afterwards one of the first United States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, also a later Senator, was among the dominating spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter should be ascribed whatever new matter was incorporated in the instrument, it being copied in most of its essential provisions from the Con- stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The Convention completed its labors and adjourned, August 26, the Constitution was submitted to Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- nois was admitted into the Union as a State by resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. Convention of 1847. — An attempt was made in 1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the movement being to secure the incorporation of a provision authorizing the admission of slavery into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, bj' the necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, submitting the proposition to a vote of the people, was secured by the most questionable methods, at the session of 1823, but after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it was rejected at the election of 1824. (See Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles, Edivard.) At tlie session of 1840-41, another resolution on the subject was submitted to the people, but it was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 118 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- ted, and, at the election of lii-tO, was approved. The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, following. It was composed of 102 members, ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list of Delegates embraced the names of many who afterwards attained high distinction in public affairs, and the bodj-, as a whole, was represent- ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed in its successor, except by a few additions, among which was a section disqualifying any person who had been concerned in a duel from holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- ever, was carefully revised and several important changes made. Among these may be mentioned the following: Limiting the elective franclii.se for foreign-born citizens to those who had become naturalized; making the jiidiciarj- elect- ive; reiiuiring that all State officers be elected by the people; changing tlio time of the election of the Executive, and making liim ineligilile for immediate re-election; various curtailments of the power of the Legislature: imposing a two- mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- tion, August ;31. 184T; ratilied by popular vote, March (i, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848. CosvEXTlo.N OF ISG'v. — The proposition for holding a third Constitutional Convention was submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In the excitement attendant upon the early events of the war, jieople i)aid comparatively little attention to the choice of its members. It was composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one Rei>ublicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed as doubtful. The Convention assembled at Springlield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses- sion until March 24, following. It was in many respects a remarkable body. The law providing for its existence prescribed that the members, before proceeding to b\isine.ss, should take an oath to support the State Constitution. This tlie majority refused to do. Their conception of their powers was such that they seriously deliber- ated upon electing a L^nited States Senator, as-sumed to make ap|)roi)riations from the State treasury, claimed the right to interfere with military affairs, and called upon the Governor for information concerning claims of the Illinois Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- posed numerous impi)rtant changes in the organic law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1863, by a majority of over 16,000 votes. Convention of 1869-70. — The second attempt to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in submission to the people, by the Legislature of 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, whicli was approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- ity of 704 votes. Tlie election of Delegates was provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- tion held in Noveml)er and the Convention assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. .Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were eighty-five memters, of whom forty-four were Republicans and forty -one Democrats, although fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- ents." It was an a.s.semblage of some of the ablest men of the State, including repre.sentatives of all the learned professions except the clerical, besides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal- ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and in the main good. Some of tlie principal clianges made in the fundamental law, as projiosed by the Convention, were tlie following: Tlie prohibi- tion of special legislation where a general law may be made to cover the necessities of the case, and the absolute proliibition of such legislation in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of other matters; prohibition of the pas.sage of any law releasing any civil division (district, county, city, township or town) from the payment of its just proportion of any State tax; recommenda- tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon certain specified subjects, such as liberal Imme- stead and exeiiipticm rights, tlie construction of drains, the regulation of charges on railways (whicli were declared to be public highways), etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses public warehouses, and proviiling for their legis- lative inspection and supervision. The mainte- nance of an "efficient system of public schools" was made obligatory uikiii the Legislature, and the appropriation of any funds — .State, municipal, town or district — to the support of sectarian scliools was prohibited. The principle of cumu lative voting, or "minority representation." in the choice of members of the House of Represent- atives was provided for, and additional safe- guards thrown around the pa.ssage of bills. The ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a second consecutive term was set aside, and a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 119 two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary to override an executive veto. The list of State officers was increased by the creation of the offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction, these having been previ- ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme Court bench was increased by the addition of four members, making the whole number of Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts authorized after 1874, and County Courts were made courts of record. The compensation of all State officers — executive, judicial and legislative — was left discretionary with the Legislature, and no limit was placed upon the length of the .sessions of the General Assembl}-. The instru- ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, August 8, following. Occasional amendments have been submitted and ratified from time to time. (See Constitutions. Elections and Repre- sentation: also Minoritii Representation.) CONSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. The earliest instrument was that approved by Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at an election held, March .5, 1848, and going into force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, except that of Treasurer, which is two years. Biennial elections and sessions of the General Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their seats for four years, and Representatives two years. The State is required to be apportioned after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three Representatives. The principle of minority rep- resentation has been incorporated into the organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as many votes for one legislative candidate as there are Representatives to be chosen in his district ; or ho may divide his vote equall}' among all the three candidates or between two of tl'em, as he may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- tution of 1870 is the inhibition of tlie General Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- palities are classified, and legislation is for all cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- ance must secure payment of their claims under the terms of some general appropriation. The sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to time, nor is there any restriction upon the power ■of the Executive to summon extra sessions. '(See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections: Governors and other State Officers; Judicial System; Suffrage, Etc. ) COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Monroe Count}', N. Y. , May 11, 1819; completed his academic education at the Collegi- ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, serving two j'ears, when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people under the Constitution of that year, for four years. From 1852 to 1800. he was State Senator, taking part in the election which resulted in making Lj-man Trumbull United States Senator in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace Commissioners from'lllinois in the Conference wliich met at Washington. He ma}' be called one of the founders of the Republican party in this State, having been a member of tlie State Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 1856, and Cliairman of the State Central Com- mittee in 1862. In 1864, lie was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1866, "68 and '70, but resigned in 1871 to accept tlie solioitorship of the Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 1864. His death occurred at Evanston. August 18, 1894. COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer, ' • and at the same time served as Auditor of Public Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards ; the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, then minister to London, and, on his return, was appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of the State he was elected the first Attorney- General, but almost immediately resigned and, in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- ing as Representative until 1837. Having married a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a slave State in 1823-34, and did much to prevent the success of that scheme. He also bore a prominent part while in Congress in securing the donation of lands for the construction of the 120 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished for his eloquence, and it was during his tirst Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was introduced into the State. Suffering from consumption, he visited Cuba, and, after return- ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to improve, he went to Kentucky, wliere he died, Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at Edwardsville, III. June 12, 182.5, the son of Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Xinian Edwards, was educated by private tutors and at Illinois College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon County, later serving as Quartermaster of the State. Raising a company promptly after the firing on Fort Sumter in IHOl, he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers — the first regiment organized in Illinois under the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort Donelson in March, 18G2; in 1864 commanded the District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the brevet rank of Major-Oeneral. General Cook was elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During recent years )iis home lias been in Michigan. COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern section of the State, bordering on Lake Micliigan, and being the most easterly of the second tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It has an area of 890 square miles; population (1890), 1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago. The county was organized in 1831, having origi- nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will, Lake, McHenry and Irotiuois, in addition to its present territorial limits. It was named in honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were Samuel Bliller, Gholson Kercheval and James Walker, who took tlie oath of office before Justice John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. William Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A scow ferry was established across the South Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- gists are of the opinion that, previous to the glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay under the waters of Lake Michigan, whicli was connected with the Mississippi by the Des Pkines River. This theory is borne out by the finding of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern and southern jxirtions of the county, either under- lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- ence of an ancient kej-, and they conclude that, at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty feet higher than at present. Glacial action is believed to have been very effective in establish- ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable abundance. Athens marble (white wlien taken out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat have also been found. The general surface is level, although undulating in some portions. The .soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior becomes a black mold from one to four feet in depth. Drainage is afforded by tlie Des Plaines, Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being improved by the construction of the Drainage Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the principal industries outside of the city of Chi- cago. (See also Chicago.) COOK COUXTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- cago and under control of the Commissioners of Cook County. It was originally erected by the City of Chicago, at a cost of §80,000, and was intended to be used as a hospital for patients suffering from infectious diseases. For .several 3ears the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, it was leased by an association of physicians, who opened a hospital, with the further purpose of affording facilities for clinical instruction to the students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 tlie building was taken by the General Government for military purposes, lieing used as an eye and ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1806, was purchased by Cook Countj'. In 1874 the County Commissioners purcha.sed a new and more spa- cious site at a cost of $145,000, and began the erec- tion of buildings tliereon. The two principal pavilions were completed and occupied tefore the close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an administrative building and two additional pavilions were addeil in 1882-84. L^p to that date the total cost of the buildings had been .'?719,574, and later additions and improvements liave swelled the outlay to more than §1,000,000. It accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes a part of the county machinery for t)ie care of the iX)or. A certain number of beds are placed under the care of homeopathic physicians. The HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 121 present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or house physicians and surgeons, composed of recent graduates from the several medical col- leges, who gain their positions through competi- tive examination and hold them for eighteen months. COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1849; was educated in the common schools and the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that city and at Columbian University, Washington, D. C, graduating from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- cago the same year, he entered upon the practice of his profession, which lie pursued for the remainder of his life. In 1882 he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature from Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in attendance on the extra session of Congress in Washington, June 24, 1897. COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1831; at the age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- ing business, also serving in the Iowa State Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate of his party for United States Senator, being defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 18G2 he came to Chicago and opened tlie banking house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co. , which, in 1865, became the Union National Bank of Chicago. Later he became the first President of the Chi- cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' Association of the West and South, a Director of the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to the whole city of Chicago. COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban- gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1842 took a prominent part in the campaign which resulted in tlie election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also received from Governor Carlin an appointment as Quartermaster-General of the State. On the accession of Governor French in December, 1846, he was appointed Secretary of State and elected to the same oflice under the Constitution of 1848, dying before the expiration of his term, April 2, 1850. CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C., physician, was born in Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri- mary education in the public schools, followed by an academic course, and began the study of medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon thereafter removing to Lee County, where he remained until 1862. Tlie latter year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- pelled to resign the following year on account of ill health. Returning from the army, he located at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a member of the State Board of Public Charities from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical Examiners for his District under the Pension Bureau, and has served as a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the State Board of Charities, and was made President of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William G. Stearns. CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi- talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in Washington County, N. Y.,_ August 5, 1822; at 9 years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of a farmer, working part of the year to earn money to send himself to school the remainder; also taught for a time, then entered tlie office of W. A. Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but soon after became a student in the law office of Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 122 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne; finally entered into a contract with Judge Skinner to perfect tlie title to 320 acres of land held under tax-title within the present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded in doing by visiting tlie original owners, thereby securing one-half of the proijerty in his own name. He thus became the founder of the village of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. He also established a watch factory at Cornell (no%v a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell was a memljer of the first Park Board, and there- fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi- cago's extensive park system. COR WIN, Franklin, Congre.ssman, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he served in both Houses of the Legislature, and settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at Peru. He was a member of the lower house of the Twentj^-fourth, Tuenty-lifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, and again in 18ii!). In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 15, 1879. COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born at Fort Edward, N. Y.. August 31, 1800; removed to Chautauqua County, in the same State, wliere he remained until Ids twentieth year, receiving a fair English education. After engaging succes- sively, but witli indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- tilling business, in 1836, in comi)any with his younger brother, Ira, he visited Clucago. They both decided to go into business there, first ojien- ing a small store, and later entering upon their hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at various times, of many large business blocks in the city. Upon the death of his brotlier, in 1857, he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April. 1892, while boarding a street car in the central part of the city of Chicago, he was run over bj- a truck, receiving injuries which resulted in his death the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of the preceding, was born in Saratoga Coimty, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up in business on his own account. In 1836, while visiting Chicago with his brother James, he determined to go into business there. With a stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, newly bought in New York, a small store was opened. This business soon disposed of, 5Ir. Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the old Tremont House, then a low frame building kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was destroyed by fire in 1839, as was al.so the larger rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, and on a mucli larger and grander scale at a cost of §75,000, surpassing any thing the AVest had ever known before, the Tremont House this time stood until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an immense patronage, and was able to accumulate (for that time) a large fortune. He jmrchased and improved a large number of business blocks, then within the business center of the city. In 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of his life to seek recreation in travel. In the winter of 1857, while with his family in Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- cago. COULTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, at tlie crossing of the Centralia it Chester and the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. The town has two banks, two creameries, and a newspaper Population (1890). 598; (1900), 6.50. COrXTIES, UXORGAXIZEl). (See Unorgmi- ized Counties.) COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Oliio .Southwest- ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751. COWLES, .\lfre(i, newsi)aper manager, was born in Portage County. Ohio, May 13. 1832, grew up on a farm and, after spending some time at Michigan L'niversity. entered the office of "The Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 18,55 accepted a similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," wliich had just been bought by Joseph Jledill and others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 123 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his death in ChicaKC Dec. 20, 1889. COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in tlie First General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union County, and a conspicuous figure in early State histor}' ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of making Illinois a slave State : became one of the original proprietors and founders of the city of Springfield, and was appointed tiie first Register of the Land Office there, but was removed under charges of misconduct ; after liis retirement from the Land OflSce, kejit a hotel at Springfield. In 1886 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- sin Territory), became a member of the first Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected and once SjDeaker of the House, being prominent in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators"' who drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. COT, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., July 2.5, 1832; educated in the common schools and at Central College, Cortland County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he located in Kendall County and began practice ; in 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General A.ssembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. CRAIG, AKred M., jurist, was born in Edgar County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, commencing practice at Knoxville. He held the offices of State's Attorney and County Judge, and represented Knox County in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and '91 ; his present term expiring with the century. He is a Democrat in politics, but has been three times elected in a Republican judicial district. CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three times elected to the State Senate — 1884, "88 and '94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- tion Law, enacted in 1885. CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452 square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The first settlers were the French, but later came emigrants from New England. The soil is rich and well adapted to the production of corn and wlieat, which are the principal crops. The count}' was organized in 1817, Darwin being the first county-seat. The present county-seat is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; centrally located and the point of intersection of two railroads. Other towns of importance are Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River crosses the southwest portion of the county, and receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral resources, but contains some valuable woodland and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- ing products. CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1800), 539; (1900). 940. CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. When he was but 7 j-ears old his parents removed to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in W^hite County. In 1863 he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, jxirticipating in all the important movements in the Mississippi Valle}-, including the capture of Vicksburg, and in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time commanding a brigade. Returning home, he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and. in 1880, was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention, Died, June 26, 1890. 124 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CREKwHTOX, James A., jurist, was bom in Wliite County, 111., March 7, 184fi; in childhood removed with his parents to Wayne County, and was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a time while studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897. CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York City, in 1827; at 18 years of age was an employe of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- quently accepting a position with Morris K. Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to Chicago in 1863, in partnership with J. McGregor Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & Co., in that city, also becoming a partner in the Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- ers. He also became interested and an official in various other business organizations, including the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago & Alton Kailroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified with various benevolent institutions and associ- ations. After the fire of 1871. he was intrusted by the New York Chamber of Commerce with the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- ers bj' that calamity. His integrity and business sagacity were universally recognized. After his deiith, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1889, it was found that, after making munificent bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, amounting to some S2. 000.000, for the purpose of founding a public library in the city of Chicago, n&ming thirteen of his most intimate friends as the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and livsting monument of so noble and public-spirited a man could have been devised. CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900), 760. CROOK, (ieorfire, soldier, was born near Day- ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828; graduated at the United .States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- ant in l.s.");{. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- try; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1802 and JIajor-Geueral in 1864, being mustered out of the service, January, 1806. During the war he participated in some of the most important battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the spring of 1805. On being mustered out of the volunteer service lie returned to the regular army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-third Infantrj-, and, for several years, was engaged in campaigns again.st the hostile Indians in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he was appointed Major-General and, from that time to his death, was in command of the Militarj- Division of the Missouri, with headcjuarters at Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French village on the Mississippi just above the mouth of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; later lived at Peoria (1824). at Ottawa (1826), at Shippingport near the present city of La Salle (1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in La Salle County, kept a storage and commission house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry County, at the intersection of two divisions of the Chic^igo & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), ,546; (1890), 781; (1900), 950. CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ ing the town) is underlaid with a good ((uality of bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of Fulton County, there are 9.000.000 tons to the square mile, within 1.50 feet of the surface. Brick and cigars are made here, and the town has two banks, a newspaper, three churches and good schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; (1903, school census). 1,400. CULLEX, William, editor and Congressman, born in the nortli of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- burg, Pa., where he wsis eduavted in the public schools. At the age of 20 he removed to La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He lias served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 125 other local offices, and was for many years a part owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- lican." From 1881 to 1883, as a Republican, he represented the Eighth Illinoi.s District in Con- gress. CULLOM, Richard Nortlicraft, farmer and legislator, was born in tlie State of Maryland, October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne Count}-, Ky., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. Although a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of prominence and a recognized leader in public affairs. In 183G he was elected as a Whig Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of whom he was an intimate personal and political friend. In 18^0 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was again elected to the House. Mr. Cullom's death occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 18T3, his wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom. CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1830, where his father became a member of the Legislature and attained prominence as a public man. After two years spent in Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the study of law in tiie office of Stuart & Edwards. Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, he was almost immediately elected City Attor- ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- more ticket for Presidential ElectOT-, at the same time being elected to the Twentieth General Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by the Fillmore men and tlie Free-Soilers. At the session following the latter election, he was chosen Speaker of the House, wliich was his first Important political recognition. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln a member of the War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this capacit}^ with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was also a candidate for the State Senate the same year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con- gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He was a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1873. and. as Chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the Presidency, holding the same position again in 1884 and in 1893; was elected to the Illi- nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874, being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he was the unanimous choice of his party for Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 %vas elected Gov- ernor, was re-eiccted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. David Davis. Having had two re-elections since (1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special appointment of President McKinley, Senator Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and report a plan of government for this new division of the American Republic. Other important measures with which his name has been promi- nently identified have been the laws for the sup- pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At present he is Cliairman of the Senate Committee on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His career has been conspicuous for his long public service, the large number of important offices whicli he has held, the almost unbroken uniform-, ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No man in tlie history of the State has been more frequently elected to the United States Senate, and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and Logan — for an equal number of terms; though only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to serve out the full period for which he was elected. CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, directly south of Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1843. Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 16.134. The county-seat was at Greenup until 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a town in 1866. The present county-seat is at Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras River crosses the county, as do also three lines of railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- tion of 839. The county received its name from the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- jected, passed through it. 126 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CUMMIXS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcojjal Church, was born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1832; gradu- ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, but. in 1846, took orders in the Epi.scopal Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- secrated Assistant Bishop of the Dioce.se of Kentucky. As a recognized leader of tlie Low- Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church party, and, liaving withdrawn from the Episcopal Church in 18T3, became the first Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- ous. elo(iueiitaneT- sonal friend of Abraliam Lincoln, who, in 1863, placed him \i\K)n the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He resigned liis high judicial lionors to become United States Senator in 1877 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- ton. June 26, 1886. DAVIS, (jeor^e R., lawyer and Congressman, was iKirn at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3. 1840; received a common sclux)! education, and a classical course at Williston Seminary, Bjisthamp- ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By profession he is a kiwyer. He took a prominent jiart in the orgjinization of the Chicago militia, was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, I. X. G.. and was for a time the .senior Colonel in the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress, but was elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook County. He took an active and influential part in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General of the Exposition from its inception to its close, by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25. 1899. DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827. being the son of John Davis. United States Senator and Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, remaining in active service until August, 1865. when he resigned. After the war he was, for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 1867 to '69, but later removed to il.-issachusetts Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a voyage to Europe. DAVIS, James M., earlj- lawyer, was born in Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to have taught the first school in that county. He became a lawj-er and a prominent leader of the Whig party, was elected to the Tliirteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to the Twenty-first from Jlontgomery in 1858, hav- ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of Hillsboro; was also a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a man of striking jjersonal appearance, being over six feet in height, and of .strong individuality. After the dissolution of the Wliig party he identi- fied himself with the Democracy and was an intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 1866. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 129 DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Stephen- son County, 111., in boyhood and served as Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, was elected Captain and, on the organization of the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately wounded by a shot through the lungs, but recovered in time to join his regiment before the battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1862, he fell mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- zens, a few days before his death, to accept a nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve my country better in following the torn banner of my regiment in the battlefield." DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- ated at JefEerson College, Pa., in 1828, and was admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The following year he removed to Illinois, settling at Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public Accoimts, to which office he was elected by the Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He attained prominence at the bar and was, for several years, attorney for the Cliicago & Alton . and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companies, in which he was also a Director. Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began practice at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York City, when he removed to Chicago to accept tlie chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Chicago Medical College (now the medical department of Northwestern University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with his profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periodicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The Journal of the American Medical Association." He has also been prominent in State, National and International IMedical Congresses, and is one of the founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- cal Society and the Union College of Law, liesides other scientific and benevolent associations. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Dee. 20, 1S19; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, III., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower brancli of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Api^ellate bench. Died. Jan. 12, 1892. DAWSOX, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- sented Sangamon County at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 18.50. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun imtil 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, was declared luisafe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buildings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probaljly the largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, loO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hampton Academy; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where he taught school and served tis deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to Msison County, 111., and, in 1844. to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, which proving disastrous in laru, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of bw. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed i)ractice at Havana, ser%-ed one term in the State Senate (l«7G-80); in 1.SH4 became member of a Liw firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of tlie Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April .'5, 1889. For the Last two years of his life Jlr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 3!) miles east of Springfield and one mile nortli of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal sliafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent i)ul)lic schools, including one of the best and most noted high scliools in the State. Four newspapers are published tliere, each issuing a dailv edition. Poy., (1H90). l(i,841; (1900), 20,7,'54. 1)E(ATIR EIUTORIALIOXVEXTION. (See Aiitiyrhraskn Kditmial ('mi niitioii.) HECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See liidiuiut, DcCiiturd- Western Uiiilinui.) DECATIR, MATTOON A. SOITIIERX RAIL- KOAD. (See Peoria, Dcaitiir RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur ct Evansvillc Railway.) DEEP S>'OW, THE, an event occurring in the winter ot 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant. Presi- dent of Illinois College, in an addre.ss to the "OKI Settlers" of Morgjin County, a few j-ears before his death, gave the following account of it: "In the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a depth of fully three feet on a level. Then c«nie a rain with weather so cold tliat it froze as it fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of snow, nearly, if not iiuite, strong enough to bear a man, and finally over this crust there were a few inches of snow. The clouds passed away and the wind came down u]X)n us from the north- west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury in the thermometer tube was not, on any one morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. This snow-fall i)roduced constant sleighing for nine weeks." Other contemiwraneous accounts say that this storm caused great suffering among both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- able to reach the mills or produce stores, were driven, in some cases, to great extremity for supplies; mills were stopped bj- the freezing up of streams, while deer and other game, sinking through the cru.st of snow, were easilj' cajitured or jjerished for lack of food. Birds and domestic fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- tena.ice or from the severity of the cold. DEERE. John, manufacturer, was born at Mi.l.llrliuiy. \t.. Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when became west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and there founded the plow-works which bear his name and of which he was President from 1868 until his death in 1886.— Cliarlos H. (Deere), son of the ])receding. was iKirn in Hancock, Addison County Vt., March 28. 1837; educateil in the conunon schools and at Iowa an"T, Thomas, lawj-er. was bom in Putnam County, 111.. Nov. 14. 1831; in his youth was employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, meanwhile .studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1854. and, in 1850, oixjned an office in Chi- cago; is still in practice and has served as President, Ixjth of the Chicago Law Institute and the State Bar Association. I)ES PLAIXES, a village of Cook County, at tlie intersection of the Chicago & Nortliwestern and the Wisconsin Central IJailroads, 17 miles north- west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu- lation (1880). >S1H; (1890). 986; (190(1). l.«t;6. DES PLAIXES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, after passing through Kenosha County, in that State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan through Cook County, finallj- unites with the Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet. by its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois River. Its length is alxjut 150 miles. The Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, was born at Forestville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after receiving his primary education took a two years' course in the literary and a three years" course in the medical department of the Michigan Univer- sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1869. He then began practice as House Physician and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary methods, meanwhile spending six months in the Pru.ssian military service as Surgeon during the Franco-Pru.ssian War. After the clo.se of the war he took a brief course in the University of Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he was employed for seven years as -Vssistant Physi- cian in the Northern Ilosjntal for the Insane at Elgin. In 1879 he was apjiointed Medical Super- intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the treatment of the insane has stood among the highest of his cliv.ss. UE WITT COrXTY, situated in the central portion of the State; has an area of 405 square miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta- watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- nent white settlers occupy this region. The first to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel, William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- ever, the finst cabin had been built on the site of the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian church were built at Waynesville. Tlie county was organized in 1839, and — with its capital (Clinton) — was named after one of New York's most distinguished Governors. It lies within the great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. .Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 133 lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367. Both are railroad centers and have considerable trade. DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 181.5; taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that State; spent one year at a manual labor school in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1$37, came to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will County, still later engaging in the same vocation in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 18-43, was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining tlie position for a quarter of a century, winning for himself the reputation of a sagacio"us and incor- ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an original abolitionist and his home is said to have been one of the stations on the "underground railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. He was descended from a family of lawyers, his grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable attention at first to his father's extensive lumber trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter of the Government during the Civil War, and was an active member of the Relief and Aid Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years before his death being in the service of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Qviincy Railroad Company as its general solicitor and member of the executive committee of the Board of Directors. Died in Chicago, May 20, 1890. DICKEY, Hu^h Tliompson, jurist, was born in New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from Columbia College, read law and was admitted to the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four years later settled there, becoming one of its most influential citizens. Upon the organization of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, practicall}- without partisan opposition, serving until the expiration of his term in 1853. He was prominently identified with several important commercial enterprises, was one of the founders of the Chicago Library Association, and one of the first Trustees of the Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his residence in his native city. New York, where he died, June 2, 1892. DICKEY, Tiieopliilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, was born in Bourbon Countj% Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, the grand.son of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, McDonough County, where he was admitted to the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, where he resided three years, a part of the time editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the Mexican War, organized a company of volun- teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan, and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, resigning after eighteen months' service. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," having been founded by Alexander Campbell. Many members settled in Illinois in the early 30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the denomination soon began to flovirish greatly Any one was admitted to membership who made what is termed a scriptural confession of faith and was baptized by immersion. Alexander Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of much native ability, as well as a born conver- sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in numjjers and influence in the State. The United States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- bership of 61,587, having 550 Sundaj' schools, with 50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the real propertj', wliich included 553 church edifices (with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- ages, was 81,167,675. The denomination supports Em-eka College, with an attendance of between 134 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued at §150,000. Total membership in the United States, estimated at 750,000. DIXON', an incorporated city, the county-seat of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock River furnishes abundant water power and the manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth factory, wagon factory; also has electric light and jK)«-(;n- plant, three shoe factories, planing mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are two National and one State bank, eleven churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In schools tlie city particularly excels, having sev- eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. The Chautauqua Assembly liolds its meeting here annually. Population (189U), 5.1G1; (1900), 7,917. 1)1 XOX, John, ]iioneer — the first white settler in Leo County, 111., was born at Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed to New York City, where he was in business some fifteen years. In 1820 lie set out with his family for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy Creek, some nine miles north of the ])resent site of that city. Here he remained .some five years, in that time serving as foreman of the fir.st Sanga- mon County Grand Jury. The new county of Peoria having been established in 1825. he was offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was then calleil. Later he became contractor for carrying the mail on the newly established route between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- vide means of crossing Kock River, he induced a Frencli and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to take charce of a ferry at a point afterwards known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. Dixon was forced to buy him out. removing his family to this point in April. 1830. Here he e.stablished friendly relations with tlie Indians, and, duringthe Black Hawk War ,two years later, was enabled to render valuable service to the State. His station was for many years one of the most imjxirtant points in Northern Illinois, and among the men of national reputation who were entertained at different times at his home may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid ney Johnston, Gen. W infield Scott. Jefferson Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He Ixjuglit the land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, and. in 1840, secured the removal of the land office from Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate from Lee County to the Republican State Con- vention at Bloomiugton, in May, 18.56, and, although then considerably over 70 years of age, spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. His death occurred, July 6, 1870. DO.VNE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, was Iwrn at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., March 23, 1833; was educated in the common schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870, had become one of the most extensive concerns of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out of existence by the fire of 1871. but was re-estab- lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an importing business in many lines of goods used in the grocery trade. Having become interested in the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was elected its President and has continued to act in that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Allen Paper Car AVheel Company and the Illinois Central liivilroad, and was a leading promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — being one of those who guaranteed the $5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago to assure the success of the enterprise. DOLTOX STATION, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. 10 miles south of Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weeklj- paper, churches and a graded school. Population ( 1880) 448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229. DOXUOLA, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. Population (1880). .599; (1890). 733; (1900). 081. DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States Senator, was born in Hampton, W;ishington County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845. and. in 185L HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 135 removed to Wisconsin; two years later was elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and the following year was elected as a Democratic- Republican to the United States Senate, being re-elected as a Republican in 1863. Retiring from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the courts of Cliicago. He was President of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866, and of the National Democratic Convention of 1873 in Baltimore, wliich endorsed Horace Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., July 27, 1897. DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H., March 23, 1823; began teacliing at 17 years of age and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; then taught several years and, in 1854, was offered and accepted the position of Superintend- ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two years later. Afterwards engaging in business, he served as Vice-President and President of the Board of Trade, President of the Com- mercial Insurance Company and of the State Savings Institution ; was a member of the State Senate, 1868-73, and has been identified with various benevolent organizations of the city of Chicago. Died in Boston. Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6, 1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape Girardeau, Mo. , where they remained imtil after the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and early attaining prominence as a successful criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized political leader, was elected as a member of the House to the Eighth General Assembly (1833) and re-elected in 1834, '36 and "40, and again in 1856, and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the latter body until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, Sept. 7, 1879. DOUGLAS, • John M., lawyer and Railway President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three years in his native city, then came west and settled at Galena, 111. , where he was admitted to the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central Railroad, with which he had been associated as an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 he was a Director of the Company over twelve years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again for eigliteen months in 1875-76, when he retired permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, March 35, 1891. DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was born at Brandon, Vt., April 33, 1813. In conse- quence of the death of his father in infancy, his early educational advantages were limited. When fifteen lie applied himself to the cabinet- maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. In 1833 he began the study of law, but started for the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few months later resigned this office to enter the lower house of the Legislature, to which he was elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 1858, before the people of the State with Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- ture. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination before the Democratic National Conventions of 1.S52 and '56. In 1860, after having failed of a nomination for the Presidency at Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the "two thirds rule," he received the nomination from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore six weeks later — though not until the delegates from nearly all the Southern States had with- drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 136 UISTOKICAL KNCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nating John C. Breckenridge. Altliough defeated for tlie Presidency by Lincoln, liis oldtinie antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial supiwrt to the incoming administration in its attitude toward the seceded States, occupying a place of honor beside 5Ir. Lincoln on the portico of the oapitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As politi<;ian, orator and statesman, Douglas had few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in expedients, ready in resources, earnest and fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of men." His shortness of stature, considered in relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, gained for him tlie sobriquet of the "Little Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. DOrCJLAS COUXTY, lying a little east of the center of the State, embracing an area of 410 square miles and liaving a population (1900) of 19,097. The earliest land entry was made by Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was signed by Andrew Jackson. Anotlier early settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian, who erected one of the first frame houses in the county in 1839. The Embarras and Kas- kaskia Rivers (low tlirough the county, which is also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central Railways. Douglas County was organized in 1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tu.s- cola was made the county -seat. It has l)een visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but is a thriving town, credited, ia 1800, with a population of 1,897. Other important towns are Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which was originally known as New Salem. DOWNERS tillOVE, village, Du Page County, on C, B. &Q. R. R., '21 miles south- south west from Chicago, incorporated 1873; has water- works, elec- tric lights, telephone sy.stem. good schools, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 900; (1900), 2,103. DOWM.\erintendency in New York, he was chosen Superintendent of Public Schools for the city of Cleveland. Ohio, remaining in that position imtil 1894. when he was elected President of the University of Illinois at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 137 tration has been characterized by enterprise and sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- ity and prosperity of the institution. DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; graduated from Brown University in 182.3, went to Virginia, where he studied theology and was ordained a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 18.58. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in marriage. He died, March 2.5, 186.5. DRUMMOXD, Thomas, jurist, was born at Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at Galena, 111., in 183.5, and was a member of the General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was appointed United States District Judge for the District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. Upon the division of the State into two judicial districts, in 185.5, he was assigned to the North- ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the United States Circuit Court, and presided over the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in retirement until his death, which occurred at Wheaton, 111., May 15, 1890. DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence Countj', 111., near Viucennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, had been a personal friend of General Harrison, under whom he served in the Indian wars, including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- ington. Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was elected to the General Assembly, serving in the same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being re-elected in 1836, '38, and "42. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Palestine, 111., but .soon resigned, giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, renominated in 1860 and elected both times. In 1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of his party for Governor, but was defeated by General Oglesby, serving, however, on the National Executive Committee of that year, and as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876. — Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851; received a common-school and classical educa- tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory and engaged Ln business in 1880, was appointed United States Marshal there in 1883, serving until 1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became one of the first United States Senators, his term extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the Idaho delegation in the National Republican Convention at Minneapolis in 1893, and was a member of the National Republican Convention at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver Democrats. DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24, 1830, received a liberal education and became a civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, and six years later was made Secretary and Chief Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that city. Wliile acting in this capacity, he virtually revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, sappers and miners, but neither the State nor Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the^ army. General Ducat returned to Chicago, re-entering the insurance field and finally, after holding various responsible positions, engaging in general business in that line. In 1875 he was entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State militia, which he ijerformed ^vith signal success. Died, at Downer's Grove. 111.. Jan. 29, 1896. DUELS Xyj) AXTI-DUELIXG LAWS. Al- though a majority of the population of Illinois, in Territorial days, came from Southern States where the duel was widely regarded as the proper 138 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mode for settling "diflBculties" of a personal character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of which either historj' or tradition has handed down any account, is said to have occurred between an Englisli and a French officer at the time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the Britisli in 176.5, and in connection witli that event. The officers are said to have fought with small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, when one of them was killed, but the name of neither the victor nor the vanquished has come down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer Ilistorj' of Illinois," claimed to have received it in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who represented that he had seen the combat. An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come down to us in the history of tlie Territorial period, and. although it was at first bloodless, it finally ended in a tragedj'. This was the Jones- Bond affair, whidi originated at Kaskaskia in 1808. Rice Jones was the sou of John Rice Jones, the first English-si)eaking liiwyer in the "Illinois Country." The younger Jones is described as an e.xceptionally brilliant young man who, having studied Law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two years later ho became a candidate for Represent- ative from Riindolph County in the Legislature of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. In the course of the canva.ss wliich resulted in Jones' election, he became involved in a (juarrel with Shadrjich Bond, who was then a member of the Territorial Council from the same county, and afterwards became Delegate in Congress from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took place on an island in the Mi^si.^sippi between Kivskaskia and St. (ienevieve. Bond's second wiis a Dr. James Duulap of Kiuskaskia, who appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. Tlie tiischarge of a pistol in the hand of Jones after the combatants had taken their phvces preliminary to tlie order to "fire," raised the ipiestion whether it was accidental or to be regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlaj) maintained tlie latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of liis adversivry that the discharge wius accidental, and the generosity wliich he displayed led to e.xi)la- natioiLs that averted a final e.xchange of shots. The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap grew until it involved a large part of the com- munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down Jones in cold blood and without warning in the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident furnishes the basis of the most grapliic chapter in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, were held to be guilty of murder. Governor Reynolds fiirnislies the record of a duel Ijetween Thoraa-s Rector, the meinlter of a noted family of that name at Kaskaskia. and one Joshua Barton, .supjxjsed to have occurred some- time during the War of 181'2, though no exact dates are given. This affair took place on the favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the conflict." The next affair of whicli liistory makes men- tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between two men named Alonzo Stuart and TVilliam Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. The managers of the affair for the princi]xils are said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded with blank cartridges, and Stuart wa.s let into the secret but Bennett was not. When the order to fire came. Bennett's gun proved to have been loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, e.xpiriiig almost immediately. One report says that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so understood by Bennett, who wsis horrified bj" the result. He and his two seconds were arrested for muriler, but Bennett broke jail and fled to Arkans;i.s. Tlie .seconds were tried, Daniel P. Cook conducting the prosecution and Tliomas H. Benton defending, the trial resulting in their acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, convicted and e.xecuted — Judge John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing sentence. In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," edited Ity the late E. B. Washburne, and jirinted under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society, a few yeiirs ago. Mr. Washburne relates an inciilent occurring in Galena about 18:58, while "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 139 Mr. Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates (a Galena business man and captain of a packet plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a short communication for the paper reflecting on the character of John Turney, a prominent law- yer who had been a member of the House of Eepresentatives in 1828-30, from the District composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett to a duel, which was prompth' accepted by Bart- lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from the Galena District. Bartletfs second was William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." (Warren was a prominent Union officer during the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the ground selected for the duel, in what was then Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed to Quincy, and was for a long time connected with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" During the session of the Twelfth General Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- self aggrieved bj- some reflections indulged by Gen. John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party in connection with the partisan reorganization of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- ably to both parties." It was dm'ing the same session that John A. McClernand, then a young and fiery member from Gallatin County — who had, two years before, been appointed Secretary of State by Governor CarUn, but had been debarred from taking the office by an adverse decision of the Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack upon the Whig members of the Court based upon allegations afterwards shown to have been fur- nished by Theophilus 'W. Smith, a Democratic member of the same coirrt. Smith having joined his associates in a card denying the truth of the charges, McClernand responded with the publi- cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- tions directly to Smith himself. This brought a note from Smith which McClernand construed into a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- ance. Attornej'-General Lamborn, having got wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a Springfield Justice of the Peace, which resulted in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to keep the peace, wlien he took his departure tor Chicago, and the "affair" ended. An incident of greater historical interest than all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in wliich James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the former the State Auditor and the latter at that time a young attorney at Springfield — were con- cerned. A communication in doggerel verse had appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the author, and, in accordance with previous under- standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- dence, later coming to light, showed that the real authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne, afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the offensive matter — the demand being presented to Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- ing to follow the affair through all its complicated details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was the author without further investigation, and Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named Dr. E. H. Slerriman as his second and accepted Shield's challenge, naming cavah-y broadswords as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. The principals, with their "friends." met at the appointed time and place (Sept. 23, 1843, opposite the city of Alton) ; but, in the meantime, mutual friends, having been apprised of what was going on, also appeared on the ground and brought about explanations which averted au actual con- flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln. Out of tliis affair, within the next few days, followed challenges from Shields to Butler and Whiteside to Merriman ; but, although these were accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part of the challenging party to the conditions named by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- lay, no meeting actually took place. 140 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Another affair which bore important results without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. Tlie parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess County, and both Democrats. Some sparring between them over the question of suffrage for naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the Planters' House in St. Loviis, with an intimation that tliis was for the purpose of arranging the preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on hand before the appointed time, but their arrest by the St. Louis authorities and putting them under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them an excuse for returning to their convention duties without coming to actual hostilities — if they had such intention. This was promptly followed by the adoption in Convention of the provision of the Constitution of 184S, disqualifj-- ing anj' person engaged in a dueling affair, either as principal or second, from holding any office of honor or profit in the State. The last and principal affair of this kind of historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that in which Congressman 'William H. Bissell, after- wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis were concerned in February, IS.'iO. During the debate on the "Compromise Mea.sures'" of that year, Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon the courage of Northern soUliers as displayed on the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis the credit of .saving the day. Replying to these claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared tliat, at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon, when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's regiment was not within a mile and a half of the scene of action. This was construed by Davis as a reflection uixm his troops, and led to a challenge which was promptlj' accepted by Bissell, who named the soldier's weapon (the common army muskef), loaded with liall and buckshot, with forty paces as the distance, with liberty to advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre- liminaries to be .settled by his friends. The evi- dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be intimidated, but was prepared to face death itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis to withdraw his cliallenge on condition that Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a clause awarding credit to the Jlississippi regi- ment for what they actually did. but without dis- avowing or retracting a single word he had uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law of Davis, having been apprised of what was on foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting by instituting legal proceedings the night before it was to take place, tlH)Ugh this was rendered unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, Colonel Bi.ssell's position was virtually (though indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, he was violently a.s,sailed by his political opponents for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State Constitution against dueling, especially when he came to take the oath of office as Governor of Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his friends maintained that the act having been performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, he was technically not guilty of any violation of the laws. While the provision in the Constitution of 1848, against dueling, was not re-incor]x>rated in that of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a fine not exceeiling .$3,000, uyion any one who, as principal or second, participates in a duel with a deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal- lenge: the law also provides that any one con- victed of such offense shall be disqualified for liolding "anj- office of profit, trust or emolument, either civil or military, under the Constitution or laws of this State." Any person leaving the State to send or receive a challenge is subject to the same penalties as if the offense had lieen committed within the State; and any person who may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as the result of an engagement made in this State to fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the person so woimded dies within this State — is held to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment for the same. The iniblishing of any i>erson as a coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or abusive language, for refusing to accejit a chal- lenge, is declared to be a crime punisliable by fine iir imprisonment. Dl'FF, Andrew D., lawyer ami Judge, was born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 141 County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, where he began reading law, but suspended his studies to enlist in the Slexican "War, serving as a private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of Franklin County, and, in the following year, was admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional Convention of 1862 from the district composed of Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1864, to protest against the policy of the Government in the prosecution of the war. About the close of his last term upon the bench (1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- tinued to reside. In his later years he be- came an Independent in politics, acting for a time in cooperation with the friends of temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint resolution of the Legislature on a commission to revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at Tucson, Ariz., June 2.i, 1889. DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 23, 1794; emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously served with distinction in the War of 1812, and been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- son. He was commissioned Jlajor-Geperal of Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He was the author of the first free-school law, adopted in 182.5. His executive policy was con- servative and consistent, and his administration successful. He erected the first frame building at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend of Illinois College at that place. In his personal character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, although fearless in the expression of his convic- tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor in 1842, when he met with his first political defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, mourned by men of all parties. DUXCAX, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- kaskia, 111., April 14. 1809; served as a private in the Illinois mounted volunteers during the PJack Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War (1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel dm-ing the War of the Rebellion, still later doing duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in check. He was retired from active service in 1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. DUNDEE, a town on Fox Ri%-er, in Kane County. 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two distinct corporations — East and West Dundee — but is progressive and united in action. Dairy farming is the principal industry of the adjacent region, and the town has two large milk-oon- deusing plants, a clieese factory, etc. It has good water power and there are flour and saw-mills, besides brick and tile-works, au.extensive nursery, two banks, six churches, a handsome high school building, a public library and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 2,023; (190U), 2,765. DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the first President, retiring five years later and re- engaging in the mercantile business. While Hon. Hugh McCuUough was Secretary of the Treasury, he was appointed National Bank Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, and an early member of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1893, leaving a large estate. DUNHAM, Bansom W., merchant and Con- gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21, 1838 ; after graduating from the High School at Springfield, Mass., in 18.55, was connected with the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- pany, embarked in the grain and provision commission business in that city, and, in 1882, was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois District in Congress, after the expiration of his last term devoting his attention to his large private business. His death took place suddenly at Springfield, Mass., August 19, 1896. DUNLAP, (Jeorge Lincoln, civil engineer and Railway Superintendent, was born at Brunswick, U2 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Maine, in 1828 ; studied mathematics and engineer- ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several years' experience on tlie Boston & Maine and ti>e New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 and accepted a position as assistant engineer on what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, finallj- becoming its General Superintend- ent, and, in fourteen j-ears of his connection with that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 1872 and '79 he was connected witli the Montreal & Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned to Illinois and was actively connected with the extension of the Wabash system until his retire- ment a few years ago. DUXLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14, IH'ui — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known "Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist In Cliani|)aign County and was one of the found- ers of tlie State Agricultural Society. The family having located at Savoy, Champaign County, about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in the University of Illinois, graduating in the .scientific department in 1875. Following in the footsteps of his fatlier. he engaged extensively in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of both President and .Secretary of the State Horti cultural Society, besides local oflTices. In 1892 he was elected as a Rei)ublican to the State Senate for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, and hius been prominent in State legislation. DU>'LAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14. 1814; coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he taught school the following winter; then secured a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- keeper for a firm of contractors on tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having entered a body of Government land in the western part of Cook County, he turned his attention to farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- ing. In 1845 he became intere.sted in horticulture and, in a few years, built up one of the most extensive nurseries in the West. In 18.54 he was chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the following session, presided over the caucus which resulted in tlie nomination and final election of Lyman TrxunbuU to the United .States Senate for the first time. Politically ', (Col.) Riifiis, pioneer, founder of the city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1804. and wius commissioned by President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of .St. Louis, in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate in Congress from Mis.souri Territory, and, on the organization of the State of Mis.souri (1821), was appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving vmtil 1826. His desith occurred at St. Charles, Mo.. July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection with Illinois history is biised chieflj- ujx)n the fact that he was the founder of the present city of .Alton, which he laid out. in 1817, on a tract of land of whicli he had obtained pos-se.ssion at the mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lipjiincott, prominentl}' identified with the early history of that jK)rtion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from .\lton, in the early " '20's. " EAST ST. LOris. a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on tlie east bank of the Mississippi di- rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and the leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high scluxjl, and two colleges; is well sup- plied with banks and lias one daily and four weekly papers. Population (18'.)0), l.j.169; (1900), 29,6.5."); (1903. est). 40,000. EASTERX HOSPITAL FOR THE INSAXE. The act for the estabUshment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements, by way of donations, for the location of the new hospital, but the site finally selected w:vs a farm of i.jO acres near Kan- kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the jiurcluise of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was Ix'gun in 1878 and the first patients received in December, 1879. The plan of the institution is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 general building, three stories high, capable of accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number of detached buildings, technically termed cot- tages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad. Tlie seventy-five build- ings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives. The counties from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole number of patients in 1898 was 3,200, while the employes of all classes numbered .500. EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving instruction in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build- ings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the city of Cliarleston, making a total of §181,216.72. The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the jirogress of the work in consequence of the failure of the contractors in December, 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and practically completed early .in 1899, with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol- lowing. EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8. 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. Then, after a brief experience as an employe in the ofBce of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- ville, Vt. This venture proving misuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he vi.sited Peoria liy way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was partially defeated bj' Lundy's early death, but, after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty" as the succe.s.sor of Lundy's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer- cial Advertiser, "in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1843, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number, when it was discontinued for want of financial oupport. In 1861 he was appointed bj- President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up liis residence at Elgin, later removing to May wood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, Hooper. ) EBERHART, John .Frederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer Count}', Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- glieny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal, " which he published three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 146 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; was eJucateil at Milwau- kee, and, in 1868, tecanie clerk in tlie oflice of the Eagle Milling Company of tliat city, afterwards serving ;is its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty-sixth General A.ssembly. lie lias also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and. in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 189.'5 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDItROOKE, Willoughby J., Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought uj) to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity sujjervising the construction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Cliicago, Marcli 20, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in tlie War of 1812, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where lie edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest jiaper in tliat part of tlie .State; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General As.semblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 183.5, but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bur of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited the most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, June 29. 1S49. EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergj man and author, was l)orn in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 1842 to 18,')3, was a Methodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elderof the Indianajxilis district until 18.56, when he was apixiinted editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," in Cliicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorales in Baltimore and Washington; and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- sionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons. puliUsheil two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion iinder the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (186,';). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1S74. EDGAK, John, early .settler at Kaskaskia, was bom in Ireland and, during the .Vmerican Revo- lution, served as an officer in the Britisli navy, but married an American woman of great force of character who s\-nipathized strongly with the patriot cau.se. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the -Vmerican camp, he was compelled to flee. A fter remaining for a wliile in the American army, during which he became the friend of General l^ Faj-ette, he sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- kaskia in 1784. His jiroperty was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in sjiving some .?12,0()0 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- man named Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Soutliern markets. When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he was apiKiinted one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was cho.sen, in 1799, one of tlie memliers for St. Clair County — the Legis- lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the present State of Oliio, under the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also apjiointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the oflice foi many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to K.-vskaskia in IH^'). a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 they had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in 1833. Edgar Count}', in the eastern part of the State, was named in honor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of tlie first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806. EDOAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with a population (1900) of 28,273. Tlie county is nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is imder cultivation, grain-growing and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty -five feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- lation of over 6,000. VermiUon and Dudley are prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was credited with a population of 900 in 1900. EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles southeast of Springfield ; has two banks and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, though some coal is mined here. Population (1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071. EDSALL, James Eirtland, former Attorney General, was born at Windham, Greene County, N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile, by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1852. The ne.xt two years he spent in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 18.54, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) tody when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his second term he took up his residence in Chicago, where lie afterwards devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession, until his death, which occiu'red, Jime 20, 1892. EDUCATIOIS'. The first step in the direction of the establish- ment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- tory." This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first time established the present system of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Tliomas Hutchins, who became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the office was styled) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this con- nection, was the provision "that there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the toviTi- ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each township, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given, perjietually for the purpose con- tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary for the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The reservation referi'ed to in the act of 1785 (and sub.sequent acts) was reiterated in tlie "enabling act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted by the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire township (in addition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning. 148 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. together with three per cent of the net proceeds of tlie sales of public lands within the State, "to be appropriated by the Le^slature of tlie State for tlie encouragement of learning, of which one- sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recoj^nized in the Ordinance of 1T87 which re.served that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in the preliminary steps for the organization of the State (lovernment. These several acts liecame the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "town- ship." "seminary" and "college or university" funds. E.\RLY Schools. — Previous to this, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- lish schools for the benefit of the children of tlie pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught the first American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe (.V)unty. in 1783. followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- ties. Seeley 's earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe County. Among the teachers of a still later period were John Hoyle. a soldier in Col. George Rogers Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County between 1790 and 1800; John At water, near Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House of Representatives. The latter t;iuglit in the viciiiit3" of Sliiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Sjjring Seminary. The schools which existed during this period, and for many years after the organi- zation of the State (lovernmeut, were necessarily few, witlely scattered and of a veiy primitive character, receiving their supjMrt entirely by subscription from their ]iatrons. FiKST Fkk.e School Law and Sales of School Lands. — It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at Upper Alton, in 1821, but there is good rea.son for believ- ing this claim was based upon the ])ower granted bj' the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which jxjwer was never carried into effect. The firet attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State was made in Januarj-, 1825, in the passage of a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman and Governor of the State. It nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or subscriptions for the support of schools. So small was the aggregate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over §60,000), that the sum realized from this law would have been but little more than $1,000 per year. It remained practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the payment of current exjwnses. In this way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, realizing less than §60,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1S31, and, two years later, the greater part of the school section in the heart of the pre.sent city of Chicago was sold, producing about §39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1883, was $3.78 per acre, and the minimiun, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of the system as of those selected to administer it — whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal jjrovision for the support of public schools in many sections of the State. Mr. AV. L. Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1885-80 — to which the wTiter is indebted for many of the facts presented in this article — gives to Chicago the credit of establishing the first free schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. Early Higher I.nstitutions.— A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institu- tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vinceunes, in November. 1800. of an act incorjK)- rating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at Vincennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institu- tion bj- means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptl}' organized, with Gen. 'William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 149 little progress was made. Twenty -one j'ears later (1837) the first successful attempt to found an advanced school was made by the indomitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- ment of his Theological Seminary and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair Count)', which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nar)-, establisheil in 1828, two years later expanded into McKendree College, while instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1839, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 183.5. (See sketches of the.se Institutions. ) Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, whicli were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the number of those participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National history. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from the ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court ; Judge S. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, the most notable writers in the State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several depart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, although the members of the Legislature were present in considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teachers and school oflBcers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; and the same may be said of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form permanent educational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the "State Teachers' Institute," which, three years later, took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" — though an association of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several years. State Superintendent and School Jour- N.ALS. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature ; but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the office, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- master," which became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. The State Teachers' Association has no official organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the country at large, than any single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apai-t one section in each township for the support of public schools. This was the scheme formu- lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam County, Nov. -18, 1851. While proposing a plan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- cated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing the work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- plish. The proposition attracted the attention of persons interested in the cause of industrial education in other States, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and 150 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. received their hearty endorssement and cooper- ation. The Granville meeting wa,s followed by a series of similar conventions held at Springfield, June 8, 18.'52 ; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1852 ; Springfield, Jan. 4, 18.'53, and Springfield, Jan. 1, IS.'iS, at which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January. IS.Vi, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois." with a view to disseminating information, securing more thorough organization on tlie part of friends of the measure, and the employment of lecturers to address the people of the State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- ward, making a|ipropriations of public lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 18.59. The State was extensi\ely canvas.sed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in belialf of the objects of the League, and tlie Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the ine;isure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 18.55. pro- posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers" Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act passed at the session of 1857, for the establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finally triumplied in 186?. The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480.000 acres, besides subsequent do- nations. (.See University uf Illinois; also Turner, JoiKitliati Bahlirin.) On the foundation thus furnished was established, bj- act of the Legisla- ture in 1867, the "Illinois Indu.strial University" — now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, to say nothing of more tlian forty similar insti- tutions in as many States and Territories, based upon the same general act of 'Congress. Free-School System. — While there may be said to have been a sort of free-school .system in existence in Illinois previous to 18.55, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free scliools, as it now exists, ba.sed upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in the act of that year. As alreadj' shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created bj- act of the Legislature in February, 18.54, and tlie act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an official for its administration. Since then there have been many .-imendments of the school law, but tliese have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-.school education. The development of the system began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of the.se laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The follon-ing comparative table of school statistics, for 1800 and 1806. compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more imiwrtant features: IMO. 1898. PopulMlon 1,711,951 («8t.) 4,250,000 No. of Persons of School Age { be- twperifi «nil 211 •M9.604 1.3W.367 No. of Pupils enrolled »4;2.il7 898.619 School DKslrlcts. 8.956 11.SIS " PubllcSchoola 9.162 12.tP23 Graded " 294 1,8S7 •■ Public HiRh Schools 272 ** School Houses built during the ye»r 657 267 Whole No of Si-hool Houses 8.221 12,6-'H No. of .Male Tmi.-hiTS 8.-.'-.!3 7.i«7 F»miile T.iu-hers 6,485 18,359 Whole No. of Teachers In Public s,li,...ls 14,708 25.416 Ilr^hi Ht Monthly Wages paid Mal« Twiohers 1180.00 1300.00 HiKhest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Montlilv Wages paid Male Teachers 8.00 14.00 L X HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 I860. 1896. Amount received from Slate Tax.. $ 690,000.00 } 1,000,000.00 " " *' Special Dis- trlctTaxes 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61 Amount received from Bonds dur- ing the year 617,960.93 Total Amount received during the year Ijy Scliool Districts 2,193,455.00 15,607,172.50 Amount paid Male Teachers 2.772,829.32 " Female " 7.196,105.67 Wholeamount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,958,934.99 Amount paid for new School Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25 Amount paid for repairs and im- provements 1,070,755.09 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 " " " Books for Dis- trict Libraries 30.12400 13,664.97 Total E.xpenditures 2.269,868,01) 14,614.627.31 Estimated valueotSchool Property 13,304,892.00 42,780,2(17.00 •• Libraries.. 377..S19.O0 " Apparatus 607,389.00 The sums annually disbursed for incidental expenses on account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and partiall)' or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some .$600,000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and the Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to 847,15.5,374.9.5, of which !j;4,375.107.95 repre- sents propert}' belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties of Superintendents AND Other School Officers. — Each county elects a Countj' Superintendent of Schools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- vise the management of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, bienniall}-. He is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of tlie several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, phj'si- ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — Count.v Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schools is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less than five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members. 153 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establish kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of tlieir districts), for cliildren between the ages of four and six years, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires tliat each child, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of each year, unless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disqualified by physical or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 18511, women are made eligible to any office created by the general or special school laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the office as are pre.scribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see Superintendents of Public Iiisfrnction. ) EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Midi., and the Wes- leyan University of Oliio, graduating from the latter in iy.")8; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the ssime year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1801 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 18G4, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Cliristian Advocate" at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years thereafter to the present time. He has also been a member of each General Confer- ence since 1872, was a memlier of the Ecumenical Conference at London in 1881, and h;vs held other positions of prominence within the church. EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County. Md., Jan. 17. 17!)3; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia. 111., in 181.5, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brother) lieing then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of Upper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower hou.se of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas C'arlin (Democrat), who waselected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 18.52. Died at Upper Alton, .September, 1877. EDWARDS, Mnian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Montgomery County, Md.. March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated AVilliam AVirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison api)ointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a .State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates ,Senator and re-elected on the completion of liis first (the short) term. In 1820 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence with many public men of his time, have been published; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," by his son. the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "Tlie EJw.irds Papers," edited by the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 1809, the j'ear his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvani.i L^niversity, graduating in 1838. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine,'' and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, and again to the Hovise in 1S4S ; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but resigned on account of his change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- ling. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of. Governor Matte- son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, since which time he remained in private life. He is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889.— Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, lie subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, and, in 1868, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelb}' M. CuUom. In 1869 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring the excitement antl emoluments of private practice to the diguit\' and scant}' salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was universally respected. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirtj'-five years. During this period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys" High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, coming west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the Presidency of the State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The next nine j'ears were spent as pastor of the First Congregational church at Princeton, when, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again railed, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) his place of residence. EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Richland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court, in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1900, 10.845. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mostly in White. Ethvards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards. the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ■wards, Coles, and otliers. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water- works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one is.sued semi-weekly. Population (1890). 3, .561 ; (1900), 4.1.")7: with suburb (estimated), ,5,000. EFFINdiH.AM, an incorporated city, tlie county- seat of Ertingliam County, miles northeast from St. Louis and 199 southwest of Cliicago; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- tory. Population (1890), 3,200; (1900), 3,774. EFFI.\(;H.\.M county, cut off from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 02 miles northeast of St. Louis; has an area of 490 square miles and a population (191)0) of 20,405. T. JI. Short, I. Fanclion and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was platted by Me-ssrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EfiiA>', William Bradsliaw, M.D., pioneer jihy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1>*0S; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Sledical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1830, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (18.53-54). Died. Oct. 27, 1800. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on tlie Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper Population (1890), .584; (1900). 606. ELDOR.VDO, a town in Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argicultural. Population, (1900), 1,445. ELDRIUGE, Hamilton >'., lawyer and soldier, was born at Soutli Williamstown. Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 18.56. and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice; in 1862 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty -seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished liimself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg. winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was comi>elled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedinglv popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) tho.se conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United St.\tes Se.vators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the .State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by tlie laws of the United States. These make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second Tuesdaj- after convening at the se.ssion next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which anj- Senator maj- liave been chosen, to proceed to' elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the daj' designated, in open session and by the viva voce ^vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the d,\v following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint as-semblj-, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appeai-s that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each Hou.se. he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majority of all the votes cast— a majority of the members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it; and, if a vacancj' occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years — the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral tick.et, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congi-ess, 188"), to cast the vote of the State. — 3. (Members op Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congi'ess select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congi'essman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the 4th of Slarch of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gressional Apportionment. ) n. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal institutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Legisl.\ture). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, clio.sen at elections lield on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five (tliose in Districts bearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-Iialf of each State Senate is composed of what are called "liold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennially at the November election, and liold office two years. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require tliat the incumbent shall be 35 years of age, while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — tlie Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at whicli Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently witli the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (JUDICIARY). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Suprsme Court the State is divided into seven Districts, each of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Tlie elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh^occur on the first Jlonday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. Tlie elections in the other t .vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 18T6 and 1HT3, respectively — tlie hust election in the Fourth District liaviuK occurred in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— Circuit Judges are chosen on tlie first Monday in June even,- six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election liaving occurred in 189G. Under the act of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one. although the Clerks elected in 189(i remain in oflice and have charge of the records of their several Divisions until tlie expiration of their terms in 1902. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, Decemlier, February, April and June. (Other Ofkickks). (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the siime time as Congressmen, (b) County oflHcers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four j'ears and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of GO. 000 or over). Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- mediate years — Slieriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a ]iopulatioii of 70,000 and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, ,Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each year, and eiich holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislature pa.s,sed in 188."i, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Aii.-?, removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business; Later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1803, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Rjiilroad. At the present time Mr. English, having practically retired from busi- ness, is spending most of his time in the West. EXOS, I'ascal I'aoli, |)ioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 181.5, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, having purcha.sedatract of land in Madison County, 111. , he remained there about two years, when, in lW2;i, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of tlie land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with 5Iaj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Co.v. the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Jlr. Enos remained in ofiice through the administration of Pre.';ident John yuincy Adams, but Wiis removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon Countj- in 18.52, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State (18.57-65). EI'IiER. Tyrus. lawyer and jurist, was born at C'barlestoii, Clark County. Ind., Nov. 12, 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assemblj' two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, "85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home lias been in .lacksdiiville. EC^l'ALITY, a village of Gallatin Countj', on the .Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 11 miles west-northwest of .Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county -seat of (iallatin Coimty and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighliorhood. One weekly paper is i)ublislied here. Population (1880), 500; (lcS9()), 622; (1900). 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; (1890), .535; (1900), 708. EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 18.56, situateii 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large csmning factor}-. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the' control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal ScIkxiI and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a hands<.)me courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly pajier. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900), 1,661. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- ford County, and chartered in 18.").), distinctively under the care and supervision of the "Christian" or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary aim of its founders was to prepare youn™ men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been steady. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a tlieological school, the latter being designed to tit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearl}' one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is §144,000, which includes an endow- ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was born in Philadelpliia. Sept. 9, 1821; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 31, was admitted to the bar, removing the same year to Dixon. 111., where he resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but died in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorjiorated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in the classics, theologj', oratory and preparatory studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-96) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at 859,305, EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111. , where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- cliine shops at that place. In 1862 V'oung Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twent3--fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he has become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in JIarshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Cliurch in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for six years. He then became President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E. ) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D,, physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here lie became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, abovit 1841-43, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful ojjerator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty _years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1863, he received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office until displaced b}^ Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, wliich was liis home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVAXSTOX, a city of Cook County, situated 13 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorjiorated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act was passed by tlie Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the General Village and City Incorporation Act of tlie same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanstoii liave taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying di.strift by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of botli coriwrations and adopted. On Slarch 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government w;vs sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corj)©- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston. according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston. 3.20.J, making the total population of tlie new city l.'j,9()7. Judged by the census returns of 19(10, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in tlie past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19.259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWIXG, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer and ix)litician, was born in Kentucky in 179.J, and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at Shawneetown. As eiirly as 1820 he apjiears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President ilon- roe. to have been holding stjnie Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a deposit of §1.000 by the robliery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Sjty Battalion" during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the 5Iississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when lie also became Sjieakerof the House; Senator from the s;vme District in the Eighth and Ninth General A.ssemblies. of which he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity lie became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to acoept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Jo.sepli Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to tlie House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the Hou.se, but. before the close of the session (in March. 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died. March 25. 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the numljer and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five years. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under lieads of "Oitrtrnnr," "Lieutenniit Gov- ernor," etc.) HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, tlie title was changed by the substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at tlie corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Cliicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and tliiclily -settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140; (1890), 2,324; (1900). 2,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900), 2,338. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 649; (1900), 928. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his vmiversity course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 1861, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On liis return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesle3'an University at Bloomiugton, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united witli the Reformed Episcopal Chiu'ch, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming tlie editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is tlie author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Faj'ette County, on the Chicago Division of tiie Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles nortlieast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section ; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est.), 800. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Spring-field division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664. FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural So<'iety, ex-oflRcio. with one member from eacli Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organiziition. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be lield, wliich shall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improrement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State to tlie number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMI\(«T()N, a city and railroad center in Fulton County. Vi miles nortli of Canton and 22 miles we.st of Peoria. Coal is extensivelj' mined liere; tliere are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (18'.I0). 1.375 ; (190.3, est.). 2.103. FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (18.M) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the arm}' in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnswortk, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863. he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29. 1863. was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, wliile gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. F.\RXSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton. Canada Eiist, March 27, 1820; removed to Michig;in in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856. and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861. he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 1862, but resigned, JIarch 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, wliere he died, July 14, 1897. FARfl'ELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United .States Senator, wiis born at Painted Post, N. Y.. July 1. 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838. and, for six years. w;is employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 18.53, and re-elected in 18.57. Later lie entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John VilUers. in the firm of J. V. FarweU & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872. but was defeated in 1874. after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. FarweU has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. FarweU & Co. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County. N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle Coimty, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time. but. in 1845. came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keei^er in the drygooils establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his lient towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of $600 a year, but wius admitted to a partnership in 1^50, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, FarweU & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became :issociated with the coucern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. FarweU. In 1865 the title of the tirm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch has long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. FARWELL, William Wasliing'ton, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following j'ear went to California, returning to his birthplace in 18.50. In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Faj-ette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town is now extinct. 'V'andalia, the present seat of county government (population, 2,144), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begim. The original plan provided for a center building, %vith wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost Sl'24.775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of tiie Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the aS'airs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered under his rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- IG-i IIISTOItlCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at Blooiniujjton, being the first lawj-er in that new town. Later he became agent for scliool lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Pay.son, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in IS'm, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography ; in the campaign of 1800 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in \8&i, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important i)art in securing the location of the State Normal L^niversitj- at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. So, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was Iwrn in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1834 he came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Kjiilroad, 12 south of ter- minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., Augu.st 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to WaukegHn, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Slaj-or of Waukegan in 1859, a memter of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1802, State Bank Com- missioner in 1801-03, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial GrOT- ernor. On the admission of Wasliington as a State, in lss9, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle. Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters tlie Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve'' (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 10, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower liouse of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in "42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector in 1856, and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1850 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to IlUnois about the time of its admis.sion into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and tlie seating of Sliaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Eilwards, remaining in oftice under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, was born in St. Louis, Mo. , Sept. 2, 18.50. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and W^illiamstown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 1895. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway, Mass., in 183.5, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated §40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at 8300,000 and 8100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and 81,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- cial and manufacturing enterprises, including the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is a Director. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, "Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, when about 85 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter office, through re-election, until 1880. when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTT, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 niSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Xinety-nintli New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Cliicago, lie was connected with "The Cliicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continues to pub- lish. In 1882 he wa.s elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Ilhnois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884. was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 180.5, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and "16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of lUinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Jlichigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of S36,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apiKiratus. In addition to the "fi.shing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft are employed in the industry, sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki- nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890. was nearly S18,000. the catch aggregating 722.830 pounds, valued at between .^24,000 and S2.'i,0()0 Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAX, tJeorge W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and reelected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, wa.s born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large landowner; in 1832 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War. and, in 1834. w;is elected Representative in the Ninth General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from tlie Danville Di.strict (1838-40). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land telonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing phj-sician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FL.\Gl«, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond. Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818. where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in 18o7. — Willard Cutting (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his earlj' life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 1854. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of tlie Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860 ; in 1862, by ajipoiutment of Gov. Yates, becamfe Enrolling Officer for Madison County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864 69, and, in 1868, ■was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to '09, when he became its President. He was one of tlie origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, 111., April 5, 1878. FLEMING, Robert K., pioneer printer, was born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of "The Republican Advo- cate," which had been established in 1823, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- cation of "Tlie Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later lie returned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, %vas induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. Clair Jlercury, " both of which had a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," which he continued for a number of j'ears. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the histor}' of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County, 111. , in 1819 ; was elected Represent- ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- bl}'. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1872. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on tlie Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900). 2 :S11 ; (1903, est.), 3.000. FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards County. 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked ai) exten- sive farm witli blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (.Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daugliter at Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, lU." — and pulilished in 1882, is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State. — Edward Fordliams (Flower), son of the preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with liis father to Illinois in early life; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of tliat borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26, 18s;j. FUBES, Phllena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey. 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miiw Fobes succeeded to the principalsliip, remaining until 18G0. when she retired. For some }-ears she resided at Rochester, N. Y'., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwitlistanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Baltimore, Md.. in 1823; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bisliop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent^ and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won tlie respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teaclier, was born at Windham, Vt.. July 26. 1797; in his youth aci|uired a knowledge of surveying, and. liaving removed to Xewburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then con- tained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and o])ened the first school ever taught in Chi- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, returned two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 lie again returned to Cliicago, but survived onlj' a short time, dying Feb. 17. 1879. FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was bom in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The familj- soon after located in Monroe County, III. Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 183.5 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following j'ear to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upriglit in Iiis general policy, but he liad a number of embarra.ssing questions to deal with during his admini.stratiou, one of tliese being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub- lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organizeil in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion. It is shafjed like an inverted "T," and has an area of 490 siiuare miles; population (1900), 18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of tlie county is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor is there any outcroiiping of stone. The covinty is named in honor of CJovernor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which liaubluaT\ Wij*An\ EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 171 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne in 1T95. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (north- west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandant's quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, conti-actor's (sutler's) store and general store- house on the north — all the liuildings being con- structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- niies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that time numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- tribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant liesitated. The Pottawatomies, through whose country he would have to pass, had always been friendly, and he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. . Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous. he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the sav- ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition wliich they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Mianiis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August tlie gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- ade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during the Black Hawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1836. FORT tJAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1772. It was built of heavj', square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 172 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be within, and the commandant, Roclieblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with liis wife by his side. FOKT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. George Rogers Clark, under instructions from the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- grate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Manj' accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary "War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been badly weakened tlirougli de.sertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about ITU on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac Countj*. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Countrj-," antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in lionor of the engineer who superintended its construction; by others it has been traced to the name of the French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. Tlie Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French until after tlie evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treat}- of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to K.i.skaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading po.st. FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, erected in 1709, on the Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes. FORT SHERIDAN, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent on the south.) Pojiulation (1890), 4.")1 ; (1900). 1,,J75. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, which also served as a dwelling and trading p^)st. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on. a parapet, com- prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated by Father Jlembre, and soon became a giithering place for the surrounding tribes, esi>ecially the Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded as Governt)r of New I'ranee by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in lfi8.3, to return to France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to lie a trad- ing post until 171H, when it was raided by the Inilians and l)iirne'ormau L., lawyer and Supreme Court Iteporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to Shawneetown, 111, in IS.JI. was admitted to tlie Illinois l)ar and jiracticed some eight years. He then began farming in Marion County, Mo., but, in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, was appointed Reporter of Decisions bj' the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixtli term in office, Augast 23, 1894. FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons'" — the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- den; AVUliam Arundel, Secretary; Robert Robin- son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in the early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at VanJalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- zation of the CJrand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was six, with l.'JT members; the numl>er of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 was 713, with a membership of 50.727, of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 were §37, 834.. 50; the contributions to members, their widows and orphans. §25,038.41; to non- Hiembers, §6.300.38, and to the Illinois Ma.sonic Orphans' Home, §1,31,5.80. — Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi- zation of its kind in this or any neighboring State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney. Grand Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- five subordinate cominanderies, with a total membership of 9.3.55. and dues amounting to §7.7.54.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry Witbeck. Graml Treasurer, and Gil- bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder.— The Spring- field Chapter of Royal .Vrch-Masons was organized in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841. and tlie Royal Arch Chapter of tlie State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, tlie nine existing Cliapters being formally chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 16.414.— The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894. embraced 32 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 2,318. FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west of Chicago; lias good water-power from the Peca- tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- lishments, the output including carriages, wagon -wlieels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city has a Government postoffice building. Popula- tion (1.890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258. FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- port. 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 pupils. FREER, Lemuel Corell Paine, early lawyer, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the Government during the War of the Reliellion; for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in Cliicago, April 14. 1892. FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of Illinois (1846-.52), was born in New Hampshire, August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he became a resident of Crawford County, and a lawyer by profession. He was a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of his i>arty for a second term in 1848. His adminis- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 177 tration was free from scandals. He was appointed Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and later accepted the chair of Law in McKeudree College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee of the Douglas wing of the Democratic part}' for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were defeated. His last public service was as a mem- ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. -t, 1864. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, The first premonition of this struggle in the West was given in 1698, wlien two English vessels entered the moutli of the Mississippi, to take possession •of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then included what afterward became the State of Illinois. This expedition, however, returned without result. Great Britain was anxious to have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict the French, and began negotiation of treaties with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting thereby to fortify her original claim, which was based on tlie right of jjrior discovery. Tlie numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- sive trading privileges. Tlie Company proceeded to explore and survey and, about 1752, establislied a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities were probable, and advanced tlieir posts as far east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- strance on the part of Virginia. Among the ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, in early manhood, became identified witli Illinois history. His report was of such a nature as to induce the erection of counter fortifications by the British, one of wliich (at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized and occupied by the French before its completion. Then ensued a series of engagements which, while not involving large forces of men, were fraught with grave consequences, and in which the French were generally successful. In 1755 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now stands), which had been captured by the French the previous year, and the Government of Great Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The final result was the termination of French domi- nation in the Ohio Vallej-. Later came the down- fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result of the battle of Quebec; but the vanquished yet hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. But France was forced to indemnify Sjjain for the loss of Florida, whicli it did by the cession of all of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually ended French hopes in Illinois. Tlie last military post in Xorth America to be garrisoned by French troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, where St. Ange remained in command until its evacuation was demanded liy the English. FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French Governors began to be appointed by the Company of the Indies (which see) in 1723, the "Illinois Country" having previously been treated as a dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or "commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant, who was commandant for onI_v three years, when he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. du Tisne was in command for a short time after his departure, but was succeeded by another Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 1742. In 1733 the Company of the Indies surren- dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed directly by royal authority. Under the earlier Governors justice had been administered under the civil law ; with the change in the method of appointment the code known as the "Common Law of Paris" came into effect, although not rigidly enforced because found in many particu- lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was captured while engaged in an expedition against the Chickasaws, in 1730, and burned at the stake. (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Bertliet, but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. Louis, after turning over the command to Caji- tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 27, 1774.) The administration of the French commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 178 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tive and benevolent. Local self-government was encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the Governors' power over commerce was virtually unrestricted, they interfered but little with the ordinary life of the people. FREW, Calvin Haniill, lawyer and State Sena- tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 1862 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, Ohio, where he began the study of law. which he continued the next two years with Jlessrs. Strain & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting as Principal of a liigh school at Young America; in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which has since been his home, and the same year was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 was elected Representative in the Twenty -sixth General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again in "78. Wliile practicing law he has been con- nected with some of the most important cases before the courts in that section of tlie State, and his fidelity and skill in their management are testified by members of the bar, as well as Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, with a view to the improvement of his health but not with the intention of permanently abandoning his i)rofession. FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799: learned the trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, working first at Alton, but, in 1820. took up his residence near tlie present town of Carrolltou. in which he built the first house. Greene County was not organized until two years later, and this border .settlement was, at that time, the extreme nortliern white settlement in Ilhuois. He served as Constable and Deputy SherilT (simultaneously) for six years, and was then elected SherilT. being five times re-elected. He served through the Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and re appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up the business of the former commission, which was that year legislated out of office. He was afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade for three years, meanwhile .serving one term in the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he returned to Greene County ; in 1861. in spite of his advanced age. was commissioned Colonel of the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- pated in numerous engagements (among them the battle of Sliiloli), was captured by Forrest, and ultimately com|)elled to resign because of im- paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- field. Two of Colonel Fry"s sons achieved dis- tinction during the Civil War.— James Barnet (Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- rollton. III.. Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was a.ssigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- ence as Assistant Instructor, joinetl his regiment, the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, remaining there througli 1847-48. Ljiter, be was employed on frontier and garrison duty, and again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of the Academy during 18.54-.59; became Assistant Adjutant General. March 16, 1861, tlien .served as Chief of StalT to General McDowell and General Buell (1801-62), taking part in the battles of Bull Run. .Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in Kentucky ; was made Provost-Marshal-Oeneral of the L'nited States, in March, 1SG3, and con- ducted the di-afts of that year, receiving the rank of Brigadier-General, AprU 21, 1864. He con- tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during wliich time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, arrested 76..562 deserters, collected $26,366,316.78 and made an exact enrollment of the National forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 1881, wlien he was retired at his own request. Besides his various official reports, he published a ".Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, United .States Armj-. from 1775 to 1875," and "His- tor)- and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their origin in 1692 to the Present Time, " (1877). Died, in Newport. R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M. (Fry), another son. was Provost Marshal of the Nortli Illinois District during the Civil War, and rendered valuable .service to the Government. FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawj-er, jurist and Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 179 Conn., Sept. 24, 1832; studied law at Warsaw, N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced to accept the office of Adjutant-General by appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon the duties of tlie office in November, 1861. At first it was understood that his acceptance was only temporary, so that he did not formally resign his place upon the bench until July. 1862. He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- General until January, 1865, when, having been elected Representative in the General Assembly, he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as Speaker of the House during the following ses- sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and again in 1876. Since retiring from office. General Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession and looking after a large private business at Belvidere. FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 1849 ; attended the district school until 12 years of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He then spent a couple of j-ears in the book business in Iowa, when (,1869) he began the study of law with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 he served continuously in the Legislature, first as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty- second General Assemblies, then as a member of the House for three sessions, in 1888 being returned to the Senate, where he served the next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and was the candidate of his party (the Republican) for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the judicial election of June, 1897. FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court, was born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11. 1833, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago the following year. Through his mother's famih' he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- ments are of a high order. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served as a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, after that time devoting his attention to the practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, since which time he has resided at Washington, although still claiming a residence in Chicago, where he has considerable property interests. FULLERTON, Alexander N., pioneer settler and lawyer, born in Chester, 'Vt., in 1804, was educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile business, in which he was very successful. His name has been given to one of the avenues of Chicago, as well as associated with one of the prominent business blocks. He was one of the original members of the Second Presbyterian Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. FULTON, a city and railway center in White- side County, 133 miles west of Chicago, located on the Mississippi River and the Cliicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a line of steamers which annually brought millions of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., but this river trade gradually 'died out, having been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton has extensive factories for the making of stoves, besides some important lumber industries. The Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685 FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor- dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part of Pike Count}', but separately organized in 1823 — named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201. The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers (the former constituting its eastern boundary) and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the county-seat immediately after county organi- zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). The surface of the county at a distance from the 180 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. river is generally flat, although along the Illinois tliere are Muffs rising to, with a contiguous vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were Mes.srs. Craig and .Savage, who, in 1818. built a saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ro.ss and Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- man Phelps, in 1827. A flat boat ferry across the Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The principal towns are Lewistown (population, 2.1(56), Farmington (l,3T.i), and Vermont (1,158). FULTON COUNTY NARROW-UAUliE RAIL- W.VV, a line extending from the west bank of the Illinois River, opjwsite Havana, to Galesburg, 61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge (3-foot) road, although the e.xcavations and embankments are being widened to accommodate a track of standard gauge The grades are few, and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. There are more than 19 miles of curves, the ma.xi- nium being sixteen degrees. The rails are of iron, thirty-five pounds to the j-ard, road not ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), S(i;i(i.T94; iKinded debt, 8484,000; miscellaneous obligations, $462,.302; total capitalization. SI, .583.- 150. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) was chartered in 1 878 and ojjened in 1880 and the extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered in 1H,S1 and opened in 1882. FUXK, Isaac, jiioneer. was born in Clark County. Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- nois, finally settling at what afterwards became known aa Funk's Grove in McLean County. Here, with no other cajiital than industry, per- severance, and integrity. Mr Funk began laying the fouMiIation of one of i the most ample fortunes ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of trade or speculation. By agriculture and deiiling in live stock, he l>eciime the pos.sessor of a large area of the finest farming lands in the State, which he brought to a high state of cultivation, leaving an estate valued at his death at not le.ss than S2.00fl.000. Mr. Funk served three sessions in the General Assembly, first as Representative in the Twelfth (1840-42). and as Senator in the Twenty third and Twenty fourth (1862-06), dying before the clo.se of his last term.. Jan. 29. 1805. Originally a Whig in politics, he ttecame a Re]>ub- lican on the organization of that party, and gave a liberal and patriotic support to the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union. During the session of the Twenty-third General As-senibly, in February, 1863, he delivered a speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, although couched in homely language, arou-sed the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government throughout the State and won for its author a prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. (Funk), son of the preceding, was liorn in Funk's Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 1838. After leaving the district schools, he entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army in 1802, enlisting as a private in the Sixty eighth Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service he was honorably di.scharged, and reentered the University, completing a three-j'ears' course. For three years after graduation he followed farming as an avocation, and, in 18()9, took up his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive terms. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac Funk, was a Repre.sentative from SIcLean County in the Thirty third General Assembly and Sena- tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other sons who have occupied .seats in the same body include (Jeorge \V.. Representative in the Twenty- seventh, and Duncan M.. Representative in the Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk family have been conspicuous in the affairs of McLean County for a generation, and its mem- bers have occupied many other positions of im- portance and influence, besides those named, under the State, County and municipal governments. GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, was born in De Ruyter. Madison County. N. Y., June 28. 1830; received a common school educa- tion in his native county, and, on the removal of his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoj-ed the advantages of instruction in an academy. At the age of 17 he entered the employment of the Oneida t'entral Bank as oHice-boy and general utilit}' clerk, but. two years afterwards, came to Chicago, first securing employment in a planing mill. and. in 18.58. obtaining a position as bk- keejier of the Merchants' Loan anTY, one of three counties organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- ties, St. Clair and Rjuulolph. The new county was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the Ohio ancl Waba.sh Rivers, in the extreme south- eastern part of the .State, and ha-s an area of 349 square miles; population (1000). 1.5.836. The first cabin erected by .an .\merican settler was the home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- neetown in 1800. The place early liecame an important trading post and distributing point. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 183 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants conducted it for more than seventy-five years. Although Stephen Rector made a Government survey as early as 180T, the public lands were not placed on the market un*il 1818. Shawneetown, the county-seat, is the most important town, having a population of some 2.200. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities, and mining is an important industry. The prosperity of the county has been much retarded by floods, particu- larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the former point the difference between high and low water mark in the Ohio River has been as much as fifty-two feet. (JALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- don, Ind. , in 1820, took a course in Hanover Col- lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111., with a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having among his pupils a number who have since been prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained emploj'ment as an assistant engineer, serving for a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the meantime having located a farm in La Salle County, where the present city of Streator stands. In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin- tending its construction, and finally being trans- ferred to the land department, but retiring in 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway was elected a County Commissioner for Cook County, and has since been connected with many measures of local importance. GALYA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quiney Railways. It stands at the summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- turing and coal-mining town. It has eight churches, three banks, good schools, and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding country is agricultural and wealtliy. ami is rich in coal. Population (1891)), 2.409; (1900), 2,682. GARDXER, a village in Garfield Township, Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 65 miles south-south we.st of Chicago and 26 miles north-northeast of Pontiac; on the Kanka- kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining is tlie principal industry. Gardner lias two banks, four cliurches, a high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890). 1.094; (1900). 1,036. (iAROXER, COAL CITY & NORMAXTOWX RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet <& Eastern Rail- leay. ) GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was born of Puritan ancestrj', at Potsdam, St. Law- rence County. N. Y., July 9, 1821. His early educational advantages were such as were fur- nished by district schools and a village academy, and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in Southwest Missom-i, thence going to Las Vegas, N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal, in 1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he has since resided. After seven years of active practice he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat for thirty years, being four times nominated by both political parties, and his last re-election — for a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 1886 — one of the causes oelebres of Illinois. Some of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- tion, and his connection with the case has given him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the Supreme Court of IlUnois transferred him to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal he has been three times Chief Justice. GASSETTE, Xorman Theodore, real-estate operator, wasbornatTownsend,Vt., April 21, 1839, came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after spending a year at Sliurtleff College, took a prepar- atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- estate and loan business as the head of the exten- sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was t. 184 HISTORICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Republican in politics, active in Grand Army circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the jmsition of Eminent Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He also had charge, as President of the Masonic Fraternit}' Temple Association of Chicago, for some time prior to his decease, of the erection of the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- cago, March 20, 1891. GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, earlj- lawyer, was born in Warren County, Ky., came to Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school two or three years while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-33, and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, Jan. 8, 1842. GAULT, John C, railwaj- manager, was born at Hook.sett, N. II., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered the local freight office of the Iilanchester & Law- rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions of Superintendent of Transportation on the Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- western), that of Division Superintendent, General Freight Agent and Assistant General Manager; Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- ger of the Wabasli (1879-83); Arbitrator for the trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific (lS)S5-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, Aiigu.st 29. 1891. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES, The following is a list of tlie tJeneral As.semblies wliich have met since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 1898— from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — with the more imi>ortant acts pas.sed by each and the duration of their respective sessions: First General Assembly held two sessions, the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The second met. Jan. 4, 1819. continuing to March 31. Lieut-Gov. Pierre Slenard jjresidod over the Sen- ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John Jlessinger was chosen Sjieaker of tlie House, containing twenty-seven members. Tlie most important business transacted at the first session was the election of two United States Senators — Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At the second session a code of laws was eii.ioted, copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky- statutes, including tlie law concerning "negroes and mulattoes,"' which long remained on the statute book. An act was aLso passed appointing Commissioners to select a site for a new State Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building with gambrel-roof pierced bj- dormer-windows, tlie Senate occupying tlie lower floor and the House the upper. The length of the first session was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven — total, ninety -six days. Second General Assembly convened at Van- dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker of the House. A leading topic of discussion was the incorporation of a State Bank. Monej' was scarce and there was a strong jx)i)ular demand for an increase of circulating medium. To appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab- lished a State Bank (see State Dank), despite the earnest protest of McLean and the executive veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session for the benefit of the debtor class. The number of members of the next Legislature was fixed at eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives — this provision remaining in force until 1831. The session ended Feb. 15. having lasted seventy- four days. Third General Assembly convened. Dec. 2, 1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in the Senate, while in the organization of the lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, called attention to the existence of slavery in Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged the adoption of repressive measures. Both branches of the Legislature being jiro-slavery in S3'mpatliy, the Governor's address provoked bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard White and Samuel D. Lock wood. After electing Mr. Thomas and choosing State ofiicers, the General Assembly proceeded to tiiscu.ss the major- itj' and minority reports of the committee to which had been referred the Governor's aildress. The minority report recommended the abolition of slavery, while that of the majority favored the adoption of a resolution calling a convention to amend the Constitution, the avowed object HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 185 being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in the House lacked one vote of the number neces- sary to carry the resolution bj' the constitutional two-thirds majority. What followed has alwa3's been regarded as a blot upon the record of the Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who had been awarded the seat from Pike County at the beginning of the session after a contest brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- seated after the adoption of a i-esolutiou to reconsider the vote by which he had been several ■weeks before declared elected. Shaw having thus been seated, the resolution was carried by the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, although previously regarded as a pro-slavery man, had voted with the minority when the resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph of the friends of the convention was celebrated by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous procession by torchlight and liquor." (See Slavery and Slave' Lau-s.) The session adjourned Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. Fourth General Assembly. This body held two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 1834, by proclamation of the Executive, some three weeks before the date for the regular session, in order to correct a defect in the law relative to counting the returns for Presidential Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- bard presided in the Senate. Having amended the law concerning the election returns for Presi- dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the election of two United States Senators — one to fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- ning March 4, 183.5. John McLean was chosen for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was provided that the bench of the Supreme Court should consist of four Judges, and that semi- annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1835, but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the body in special session on Jan. 3, 1836, to enact a new apportionment law under the census of 1835. A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1836. One of the important acts of the regular session of 1835 was the adoption of the first free-school law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of the State. This Legislature was in session a total of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were during the first session and twenty-seven during the second. Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 1836, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in the Senate and John McLean in the House. At the request of the Governor an investigation into the management of the bank at Edwardsville was had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its officers. The circuit judgeships created by the pi-eceding Legislature were abrogated and their incumbents legislated out of office. The State was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See Judicial Department.) This General Assembly also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed by the preceding Legislature, presented a well digested report on the revision of the laws, which was adopted without material alteration. One of the important measures enacted at this session was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the funds for its erection being obtained by the sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued seventy-eight days. Sixth General Assembly convened, Deo. 1. 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, later in the session, was elected United States Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also appointed or elected. The most important legis- lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary governmental expenses; providing for a return to the viva voce method of voting; creating a fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- missioners to determine upon the route of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lauds and com- mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four daj's. Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. The newlj'-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the Senate being made up of his political adversaries. 186 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. experienced no little difficulty in securing the confirmation of his nominees. Two United States Senators were elected; Elias K. Kane being chosen to succeed himself and John M. Robinson to serve tlie unexpired term of John McLean, deceased. The United States census of 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- gress instead of one. and this General Assembly passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. Tlie number of State Senators was increased to twenty-six, and of members of the lower house to tifty-tive. The criminal code was amended by the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- tentiary as a penaltj' in lieu of the stocks and public flogging. This Legislature also authorized the borrowing of $100,000 to redeem the notes of the State Bank wliich were to mature the follow- ing j'ear. The A.ssembly adjourned, Feb. 16. 1831, the session having lasted sevent5'-three days. Eighth Gener.\l Assembly. The session began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having been elected a Representative in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions being applicable to towns and public libraries. It also incorporated several railroad companies, — one line from Lake Micliigan to the Illinois River (projected as a substitute for the canal), one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the State, running through Springfield. Other char- ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- porators generally failed to organize under them. A notable incident in connection with this session was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first and last trial of this character in the State's his- tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with four Senators excused from voting), the House attempted to remove him by address, but in this the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, as also a law relating to the "right of way" foi- "public roads, canals, or other public works.'' The length of the session was ninety days. Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1. 1831. and lasted to Feb. 13, 183.5. Lieutenant-Governor Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- sition. On Dec. 20. John M. Robinson was re- elected L'nited States Senator Abraham Lincoln was among the new members, but took no con- spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The principal public laws passed at this session were: Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal and the apix)intraent of a Board of Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; incorporating tlie Bank of the State of Illinois; and authorizing a loan of .§12,000 by Cook County, at 10 per cent interest per annum from the county school fund, for the erection of a court house in that county. The second session of this Assembly convened. Dec. 7, 1855, adjourning. Jan. 18, 1830. A new canal act was passed, enlarging the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith of the State for the repayment of monej- bor- rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- tionuient law was also passed providing for the election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, deceased. The length of the first session was seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three days— total, 118. Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs controlled the Senate by a large majority, and elected William H. Davidson, of White County, President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See Jenkins. Alejrander M.) James Semple was re-elected Speaker of the House, which was fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature was remarkable for the number of its members who afterwards attained National prominence. Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides these, the rolls of this Assembly included the names of a future Governor, six future United States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for legislative discussion and action were the system of internal improvements and the removal of the State capital. (See Internal Improvement Polici/ and State Capitals.) The friends of Springfield finally etlected such a combination that that city was selected as the seat of the State government, while the Internal Improvement Act was passed over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second session of tliis Legislature met on the call of the HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 187 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 23. An act legalizing the suspension of State banks was adopted, but the recommendation of tlie Gov- ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement legislation was ignored. The length of the first session was ninetj'-two da3-s and of the second thirteen — total 105. Eleventh General Assembly. Tliis body held both a regular and a special session. The former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4, 1839. The Wliigs were in a majority in both houses, and controlled the organization of the Senate. In the House, however, tlieir candidate for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- priated for the "improvement of water-ways and the construction of railroads, ' ' all efforts to put an end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on account of internal improvements meeting with defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was established, and the further issuance of bank notes of a smaller denomination than 85 was prohibited. By this time the State debt had increased to over §13,000,000, and both the people and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A crisis appeared imminent, and tlie Governor, on Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special session to consider the situation. (This was the first session ever held at Sprmgfield; and, the new State House not being completed, the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court found accommo- dation in tliree of the principal church edifices.) The struggle for a change of State policy at this session was long and hard fought, no heed being given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- ment system. Provision was made for the calling in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of the old Board of Public Works, which vi-as legis- lated out of office. The special session adjourned Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety- two days, of the special, fifty -seven — total, 149. Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. It first convened, by executive proclamation, Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- ment of interest on the public debt. In reference to this matter the following enactments were made: Authorizing the liypothecation of §300,000 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to be sold in tlie open market and the proceeds applied toward discharging all amounts due on interest account for whicli no other provision was made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the §100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of 6100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, sine die. on Dec. 5, and tlie regular session began two days later. The Senate was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of tlie House. The most vital issue was the propri- ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of the State Bank, with its branches, and here party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- tions which had suspended specie payments, and in securing for those institutions the privilege of issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- tive veto, and in face of tlie defection of some of its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the special session and eighty-five during the regular. Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of forty -one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. Lieut.-Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been acting Governor and United States Senator, as Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, were among the new members. The existing situation seemed fraught with peril. The State debt was nearly §14,000,000; immigration had been checked : the State and Shawneetown banks had gone down and their currency was not worth fifty cents on the dollar ; Auditor's warrants were worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State Bank (in which the State had been a large share- holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 188 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tlie surrender of State bonds in exchange for a like amount of bank stock owned by tbe State. Tlie same conditional release was granted to tlie bank at Shawneetowu. The net result was a reduction of the State debt by about §3,000,000. The Governor was authorized to negotiate a loan of §1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- missioner" and, in that capacity, was emiiowered (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public auction. Provision was also made for the re and of three and one-half mills thereafter. Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was set apart to pay the interest on the State debt and one and one-half mills for the same purpose from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever thereafter." Fifteenth Gener.\l Assembly convened Dec. 7, 1846. The farewell message of (Jovernor Ford and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- mentary vote of the AVhigs being given to Stephen T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus Edwards. State officers were elected as follows: Auditor. Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State. A new school law was enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines was authorized; the University of Chicago was incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville established ; the sale of the North- ern Cross Railroad was authorized ; District Courts were established ; and provision was made for refunding the State debt. The A.s.sembly adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of eighty-five days. Sixteenth General Assembly. Tliis was the first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being limited by the Constitution to si.\ weeks. Zadoc Ca.sey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After endorsing the policy of the administration in reference to the Mexican War and thanking the soldiers, the Assemblj- proceeded to the election of United States Senator to succeed Sidney Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, the other caucus candidates being Breese and McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor convened the Legislature in special se.ssion on Oct. 32. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside of the p;»ss;ige of a general law authorizing the incorporation of railroads, little general legishi- tion was enacted. The s|>ecial session adjourned Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three days; special, seventeen — total sixty. Seventeenth Gener.\l Assembly convened Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of session forty -three days. Sidney Breese (ex- Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 189 characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not all of which was well considered. By joint reso- lution of both houses the endorsement of the Wilmot proviso at the previous session was rescinded. The first homestead exemption act was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart being prohibited. Township organization was authorized and what was virtually free-banking was .sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also passed at this session, the measure being drafted by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d — seventeen days. The most important general legislation of the special session was the reappor- tionment of the State into nine Congressional Districts. This Legislature was in session a total of sixty days. Eighteenth General Assembly. The first (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of twenty Democrats and five Whigs; the House, of fifty-nine Democrats, si.xteen Whigs and one "Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds in the lower house. Governor Matteson was inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, tlie majority being "private acts. " The prohibitory temperance legislation of the preceding General Assembly was repealed and the license system re enacted. This body also passed the famous "black laws" designed to prevent the immigration of free negroes into the State. The sum of 818,000 was appropriated for the erection and furnishing of an executive mansion; the State Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated toward reducing the State debt. A special session was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned March 4. The most important measures adopted were : a legislative re-apportiohuient. an act pro- viding for the election of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four — total, sixty-seven. Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1, 18.55, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected Speaker of the House. The political complexion of the Legislature was much mixed, among the members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while the entire strength of the opposition was forty- one. A United States Senator was to be chosen to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of free-.soil had a clear majority of four on joint ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty- five ; Shields, forty -one ; scattering, thirteen ; present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on the sixtli and seventh ballots, but again declined. Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot to forty-two, but having dropped on the next ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, which was the limit of his .strength. On the ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own request, his support going, on the next ballot, to Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one member not voting. Trumbull, having received a majority, was elected. Five members had voted for him from the start. These were Sena- tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- coln, but they explained that they had been instructed by their constituents to vote only for an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- sequently prominent leaders in the Republican party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- plishing a political revolution, this Legislature proceeded to adopt several measures more or less radical in their tendency. One of these was the Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- tion by vote of the people at an election held in the following June. A new common school law was enacted, and railroads were required to fence their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 190 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- stitution, but tliis was defeated at the polls. Twentieth Gener.\l Assembly convened Jan. 5, 18.57, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A Republican State administration, with Governor Bissell at its head, had ju.st been elected, but the Lefiislature was Democratic in both branches. Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate. and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of the House. Among the prominent members were Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of Johnson; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon; John A. Logan, of Jackson ; William R. Morrison, of Jlonroe; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook; Joseph Gilles- pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelbj-. Among tlie important measures enacted by this General Assembly were the following: Acts establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending the banking law ; providing for the general incor- poration of railroads; providing for the building of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of session, forty-six days. Twenty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 3, IS.'iO, and was in se.ening of the session, showing a total reduction in the State debt during his term of §4,743,821. Governor John 51. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The most important acts passed by this Legislature were the following: Calling the Constitutional Convention of 1809; ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; granting well behaved convicts a reduction in their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula- tion of freiglits and fares on railroads; estab- lishing the Southern Normal University; pro- viding for the erection of the Nortliern Insane Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," especially arfecting the interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a great deal of time during this session, and though finally passed over the Governor's veto, was repealed in 1873. Tliis session was inter- rnpted by a recess which extended from March 12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem- bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, having lieen in actual session .seventy-four days. Twenty-seventh General Assembly had four sessions, one regular, two special and one adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1H71, and adjourned on April 17. having lasted 104 days, when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 Representatives. The Republicans again con- trolled both houses, electing WiUiam M. Smith, Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presitied in the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the House held its sessions in a new church edifice erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner ( Democrat ) by a vote, on joint VxiUot. of 131 to 89. This was the first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption of the Con.stitution of 1870, and its time was mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- ing laws required by the changes in the organic law of the .State. The first special session opened on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- ing thirty days. It was convene, 1871. and came to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147 days. It was entirely devoted to considering and adopting legislation germane to the new Consti- tution. The total length of all sessions of this General Assembly was 293 days. Twesty-eiohth General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty -one Sena- tors and 1.53 Representatives; the upper house standing thirty-tliree Republicans to eighteen Democrats, ami the lower, eighty-six Republicans to sixty seven Democrats. Tlie Senate chose John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, and Shelby M. CuUoni was elected Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesbj^ was inaugurated Jan. 13, but. eight days later, was elected to the United States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 193 : appropriation of §1,000, 000 was made for carrying on the work on the new capitol and various otlier acts of a public character passed, the most impor- tant being an amendment of the railroad law of the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision of the Laws to complete a report. The work was duly completed and nearly all the titles reported by the Commissioners were adopted at the adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days — total 203. Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- rality in both houses, they were defeated in an effort to secure their organization through a fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- pore of tlie Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, and the session, as a whole, was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State. Little legislation of vital importance (outside of regular appropriation bills) was • enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 15, having been in session 100 days. Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The Democrats and Independents in the Senate united in securing control of that body, although the House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La • Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of tlie lower, house. The inauguration of State officers took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. CuUom becoming ■ Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieuteuant-Gov- ■ ernor. This was one of the most exciting years in American political history Both of the domi- nant parties claimed to have elected the President, i and the respective votes in the Electoral College were so close as to excite grave apprehension in many minds. It was also the year for the choice of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the attention of the entire country was directed toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John A, Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- fourth ballot the name of General Logan was withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going sover to David Davis, who, although an original Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenx (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate Courts were establislied and new judicial districts created; the original jurisdiction of county courts was enlarged; better safeguards were thrown about miners ; measures looking at once to tlie supervision and protection of railroads were passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to the police administration of the State and of municipalities. The length of the session was 143 days. Thirty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and William A. James of Lake County was chosen Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of McLean County (afterwards Governor), was cliosen President pro tempore of the Senate. John A. Logan was elected United States Senator on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to Gen. Jolm C. Black. Varioua laws of public importance were enacted by this Legislature, among them being one creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the reorganization of the militia; an act for the regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the pardoning power, and various laws looking toward the supervision and control of railways. The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly adjourned, sine die. May 31, 1879./ Thirty second General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell of Cook County being elected President pro tem- pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- tine legislation, the most important measures enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle; regulating the sale of firearms; providing more stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, drink or medicine; regulating the practice of pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue and school laws ; and requiring annual statements from official custodians of public moneys. The Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been ]ri4 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in session 146 days, but was called together again in special session by the Governor on March 23, 1882, to pass new Legislative and Congressional Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration of other subjects. The special session lasted forty-four days, adjourning May 5 — both sessions occupj-ing a total of 190 days. Thirty-third General Assejlbly convened Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the majority in both houses. William J. Campbell was re-elected President pro tempore of the Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- ary Democratic vote was given to Tliomas M. Shaw in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the House. Governor Cullom, the Repviblican caucus nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory School Law" were passed at this session, the other acts being of ordinary character. The Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in session 168 days. Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a majority of one, there being twenty-six members of that party, twenty-four Demociats and one greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of Cook County, was for the third time chosen President pro tempore. The House stood .seventy- six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — calling himself an "Independent." Tlie contest for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate and placed him in the chair, with Haines" a.ssist- ance, filling the minor offices with their own men. After the inauguration of Governor Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was tlie elec- tion of a United States Senator. The balloting proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- ceived 103 votes to ninety -six for Lambert Tree and five scattering. Three members— one Republican and two Democrats — had died since the opening of the session ; and it was through the election of a Republican in place of one of the deceased Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in electing their candidate. Tlie session w;vs a stormy one tliroughout. the SjK^aker being, much of the time, at odds with the House, and an unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. Charges of bribery against certain members were preferred and investigated, but no definite result was reached. Among the important measures passed by this Legislature were the following : A joint resolution providing for submission of an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- tract hibor in penal institutions; providing by resolution for the ap]x>intment of a non-jiartisan Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- quently located at Quincy : creating a Live-Stock Commission and appropriating $531,712 for the completion of the State House. The Assembly adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session of 171 days. Thirty'-fifth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majoritj- of twelve in the Senate and three in the House. For President pro tempore of the Senate, August W. Berggren was chosen; for Sjjeaker of the House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt County. The death of General Logan, which had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an- nounced by Governor Oglesby and. on Jan. 18, Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as United States Senator. William R. Morrison and Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. Some of the most important laws passed bj- this General Assembly were the following: Amend ing the law relating to the spread of contagious diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to prohibit book-making and pool-selling: regulat- ing trust companies; making the Trustees of the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually creating a new State banking system was also passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. Other acts, having more particular reference to Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making cities and counties responsible for three- fourths of the damage resulting from mobs and riots; the Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- sion law, and an act for the suppression of bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 15, 1887. having continued 162 days. Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 7. 1889, in its first (or regrular) ses.>iion. the Republicans being largely in the majority. The Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey County, President pro tempore, and the House HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 195 Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see Matthews, Asa C), and resigned the Speakership on the following day. He was succeeded by James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. CuUom was re-elected to the United States Senate on January 22, the Democrats again voting for ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- age District Law," designed for the benefit of the city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an asylum for insane criminals was established at Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; more stringent legislation was enacted relative to the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- pulsory education law was passed, and the em- ployment on public works of aliens who had not declared their intention of becoming citizens was prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A special session was convened by Governor Fifer on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker of the House. The special session concluded Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas- ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park Commissioners to grant the use of the public parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects of such Exposition; a joint resolution providing for the submission to the people of a Constitu- tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago the power (provided a majority of the C]Ualified voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not exceeding §5,000,000, the same to bear interest and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the use and for the betiefit of the Exposition. (See also World's Columbian Exposition. ) The total length of the two sessions was 150 days. Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being elected President pro tem. The Democrats had control in the House and elected Clayton E. Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most exciting feature of the session was the election of a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power being held by three "Independent" members of the House, who had been elected as represent- atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer of the Democrats. For a time the Independents stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally, on March 11, securing his election on the 154th ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- hcans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- ing the Independents to their support, but without effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 became laws, the most important being: The Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- ing and loan associations; prohibiting the employ- ment of children under thirteen at manual labor; fixing the legal rate of intere.st at seven per cent ; proliibiting the "truck system" of paying em- ployes, and granting the right of suff'rage to women in the election of school officers. An amendment of the State Constitution permitting the submission of two Constitutional Amend- ments to the people at the same time; was sub- mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the election of 1893. The session covered a period of 157 days. Thirty-eighth General Assembly*. This body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were in the ascendency in both houses, having a majority of seven in the Senate and of three in the lower house. Josepli R. Gill, the Lieutenant- Governor, was ex-ofticio President of the Senate, and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook County was again chosen Speaker of the House. The inauguration of the new State officers took place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This Legislature was in session 104 days, adjourning June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a general character was enacted. New Congres- sional and Legislative apportionments were passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- two districts; an Insurance Department was created; a naval militia was established; the scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged and the compulsory education law was amended. Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 196 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. closed June 14, following. The political com- plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Acts were passed making appropriations for improve- ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- pital for the Insane (SlOO.OOU); appropriating 1100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; $65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; §50,- 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; $25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home — all being new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §05, 000 to mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- eral Assembly at $1,000 eacli for each regular session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, authorized provision for the retirement and pensioning of teaoliers in public schools, and authorized tlie adoption of civil service rules for cities. The special session convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on June '^5, 1895, took a recess. June 28 to July 9, re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- tion, no laws were passed except one providing additional necessary revenue for State purposes and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. The regular session continued 157 days and the special twenty-nine — total 186. Fortieth Geser.a.l Assembly met in regular session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, sine die, June 4. The Republicans liad a major- ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- eight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot of fifty votes. Botli liouses were promptly organ- ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen Speiiker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County. P*resideut pro tem. of the Sen- ate. Governor Tanner and the otiier Republican State officers were formally inaugurated on Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason (Repul)lican) was chosen United States Senator to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. Altgeld (Democrat). Among tlie principal laws enacted at this se.ssion were the following: An act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and conditions for the conveyance of the same; empowering the Commissioners who were ap- pointed at the previous session to ascertain and mark the ix>sit ions occupied by Ilhnois Volunteers in the battles of Chickamaug-a, Lookout Moun- tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain- ing appropriations in their hands for the erection of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing tlie appointment of a similar Commission to ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois troops in the battle of Shiloh; to reimburse the University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming tlie liability of the State for "the endowment fund of the University, amounting to §4.J6,712.91. and for so much in addition as may be received in future from tlie s;ile of lands"; authorizing the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in the conveyance and registration of land titles by vote of the people in any county ; tlie consolida- tion of the three Sujireme Court Districts of the State into one and locating the Court at Spring- field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and prescribing the manner of applying for pardons and comniutatious. An act of this session, which produced much agitation and led to a great deal of discussion in the pre.ss and elsewhere, was the street railroad law empowering the City Council, or other corporate authority of any city, to grant franchises to street railway companies extending to fifty years. This act was repealed by the General As.senibly of 1899 before anj- street rail- way corporation had secured a franchise under it. A special session was called by Governor Tanner to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming five topics for legislative action. The session continued to Feb. '24, 1898, only two of the meas- ures named by the Governor in his call being affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- ing primary elections of delegates to nominating conventions, and (2) a new revenue laxv regulat- ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. One provision of the latter law limits the valuation of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth its cash value. The length of the regular session was 1,50 days, and that of the special session eighty days — total, 230 days. (iEXESEO, a city in Henry County, about two miles soutli of the Green River. It is on the Chi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 197 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements con- stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a higli school, a col- legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), 3,182; (1900), 3,356. GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox River, and the county -seat of Kane County ; 35 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, completed in 1893 at a cost of $250,000, and numerous handsome churches and school build- ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders has been located here. There is an ex- cellent water-power, operating six manufac- tories, including extensive glucose works. The town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas and electric light plant, and two weekly news- papers. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446. GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent, and Chi. & N.W. Railroads, 59 miles west of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry; has two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two newspapers. Population (1890), 634; (1900), 1,140. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological structure of Illinois embraces a representation, more or less complete, of the whole paleonic series of formations, from the calciferous group of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a limited area in the extreme southern end of the State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- spreading these formations are beds of more recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, varying in thickness from ten to more than two hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- gists. Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading may be noted three distinct groups ; the Calcifer- ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The former outcrops only at a single locality, in La Salle County, extending about two miles along the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of the rock below the surface has not been ascer- tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as a building stone, though some of the upper strata in Lee County have been utilized for caps and sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying from four inches to two feet in thickness. The aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in the northern portion of the State, to sixty or seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in fossils, including a large Lituites and several specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The middle division of the Trenton group consists of light gray, compact limestones in the southern and western parts of the State, and of light blue, thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- tions. The upper division is the well-known Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from crystallization or by some disturbing force from beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to a lower order of marine animal than the coral are found in this rock, as are also marine shells, corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 198 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing material, some of the roi-k being susceptible of a high polish and making a handsn hav- ing been washed away. Devomax System. — This system is represented in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous beds of New York. To these the late Professor Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, although with some hesitancy, the black shale formation of Illinois. Although these comprise an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their exposure is limited to a few i.solated outcroppings along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is only found in the extreme southern end of the State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and thin-tedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather compact in texture, and of buff or light gray to nearly white colors. When decomposed by atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, resembling common chalk in appearance. Some of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros- ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in Union County. Some of the stone is l)luish-gray, or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving a high polish, and making an elegant and durable building stone. The Onondaga group comprises some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and strijied silicious shales. The structure of the rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, also variegated in color. The rock strata are about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a coarse, granular structure, which renders the stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group has not been found north of Jackson County. Large quantities of characteristic fossils alK>und. The rocks coin|x5sing the Hamilton group are the most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian .sy.stem, and the outcrops can be identified only by their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone l>eing sepa- rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey ami Calhoun Counties the group is only six to ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- ary in stnu'ture and is utilized for building pur- poses and in tlie manufacture of quicklime. Fossils are nimierous, among them being a few fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. The black shale probably attains its maximum development in Union County, where it ranges from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its lower portion is a fine, bla<'k. laminated slate, sometimes closely resembling the bituminous HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 199 shales associated with the coal seams, which cir- cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of much time and money. The bituminous portion of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites are abundant in the argillaceous portion of tlie group, whicli does not extend north of tlie coun- ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- visible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder- hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its greatest development is in the soutliern portion of the State, where it lias a tliickness of 1,400 or 1,.500 feet. It thins out to the nortliward so rapidly that, in tlie vicinit}' of tlie Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, it is only 300 feet tliick, while it wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- hook group is variable in its lithological charac- ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, passing locally into calcareous shales or impure limestone. The entire formation is mainly a mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- stone, on the other hand, is composed almost entirely of the fossilized remains of organic beings, with barely enough sedimentary material to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline in structure. The Keokuk group immediately succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, with no well defined line of demarcation, the chief points of difference between tlie two being in color and in tlie character of fossils found. At the upper part of this group is found a bed of calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, dolomite and iron pj-rites. In Jersey and Monroe Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of this formation. The St. Louis group is partly a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray limestone, and partly concretionary, as around Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of receiving a high polish, being used as a black marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found here and there, wliich furnish a good stone for foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock is ti'aversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying galena and zinc blonde. The Cliester group is only found in tlie southern part of the State, tliinning out from a tliickness of eight hundred feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, wliich locally replace each other. A few species of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- naceous shales and sandstones of tliis group, tlie earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt from the southern part of Hardin County to the southern line of St. Clair County, passing around the southwest border of the coal field. Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes the Conglomerate, or "'Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the southern portion of the State its greatest thick- ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- glomerate"' designates a thick bed of sandstone that lies at the base of the coal measures, and appears to have resulted from the culmination of the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- times nearly white, but more frequently stained red or brown by the ferruginous matter which it contains, and is frequently composed in part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size of a pea to several inches in diameter. When highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements the sand into a hard crust on the surface of the rock, which successfully resists the de- nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the stream along which are its outcrops. Its thicloiess varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten feet to the mile. The formation is made up of sandstone, shales, tliin beds of limestone, coal, and its associated fire clays. The thickness of the workable beds is from six to twenty-four inches in the upper measures, and from two to five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, on %vhich the coal seams usuallj' rest, probably represent the ancient soil on which grew the trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 200 HISTORICAL EA'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. When pure, these clays are vahiable for the manufacture of fire brick, tile and common pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which resulted in the production of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in the coal measures. Terti.\ry System. — This system is represented only in the southern end of the State, where cer- tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- glomerate are found, which appear to mark the northern boundary of the great Tertiarj- forma- tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and silicious woods are found in the formation. Quaternary System.— This system embraces all the superficial material, including sands, clay, gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- mations in all portions of the State. It gives origin to the soil from which the agricultural wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- named occupies the lowest position in the series, and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a good state of preservation. Next above lie the drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- ments of rocks, manj- of which have been washed down from the northern shores of the great lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations are probablj- due to the combined influence of water currents and moving ice. The suljsoil over a large part of the northern and central portions of the State is composed of fine brown clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- vey, Vol. I.) accounts for the origin of this clay and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- ing it to the growth and decomposition of a peculiar vegetation The Loess is a fine mechan- ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in some body of fresh water. It consists of inarlj- sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of primeval man are also discovered. The term alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits forming the bottom lands of the rivers and smaller streams. They consist of irregularly stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- (luently found in alternate layers, and contain more or less organic matter from decomposed animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and most productive farming lands in the State. GEOKUETOWN,a village of Vermilion County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Riiilway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a bank, telegnipli and express office and a news- paper. Population (1890). 602; (1900), 988. GERMAN EV.AXJELICAL SCHOOL, located at Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1852 ; has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of Sll.fiOO. <;ERMANTOWN,a village of Vermilion County, and suburb of Danville; is the center of a coal- mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890), 1,178; (1900), 1,782. (jEST, ^Villlain H., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. When but four years old his parents removed to Rock Island, where he has since resided. He graduated from Williams College in 1800, was admitted to the bar in 1802. and has always been actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the Eleventh Illinois District, and was re elected in 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. Cable, Democrat. GIBAl'LT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to have been born at New Madrid in what is now Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth century; was Vicar-General at Kaska-skia, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at Cahokia, St. (ienevieve and adjacent points, at the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark important aid in conciliating the French citizens of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- ance to the new government. He even advanced means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- ture, he does not appear to have received any recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt impressively upon the value of Father (Jibault's services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the United States are indebted more to Father Gibault for the accession of the States comprised HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 201 in what was the original Northwest Territory than to any other man." The date and place of his death are unknown. OIBSOX CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- ated on tlie Lake Erie & Western Railroad. 34 miles east of Bloomington, and at the intersec- tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield Division of the Illinois Central. The principal mechanical industries are iron works, canning works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and an academy. A college is projected. Popula- tion (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,0!5-t; (1903, est.), 3,165. OILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson County, 111., Feb. 17, 1863. In 1868 his father settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still makes his home. His academic education was received at the school of the Christian Brothers, in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- pendent," which paper he conducted and edited up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 1893, to "97. GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873. GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was born in New York City, August 32, 1809, of Irish parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over two months. In 1837 he went to the lead mines at Galena, remaining until 1839. In 1831, at the invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, serving one term, and was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the Whig members of the Legislature for United States Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican State Convention at Decatur, at which elements were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- ville, Jan. 7, 1885. GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819; spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis, finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County, where an uncle of the same name resided. Here he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious investments, finally acquired a large body of choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably successful. In his later years he was President of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large family, one of his daughters being the wife of the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj . GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind., graduating in 1852, and the same year became an instructor in the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he became Principal of the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville, remaining there until 1893, when he resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was President of the Association for the Promotion of Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, where he has since been living in retirement. GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher, who belonged to one of the pioneer families in the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- ject of this sketch was educated in the common schools and at McKendree College, but did not graduate from the latter. In his early life he followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 202 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cultivated portions of llie American Bottom, a few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to Alton, where he siient the remainder of his life. He became a member of the State Board of Agri- culture in l«t)6, serving eight years as Superin- tendent and later as its President; was also a Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five years, and for a time President of tlie Board. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of tlie Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving a wound from a pistol-sliot in consequence of whicli he died, April 0, following. The identity of his a.ss;iilaiit was never discovered, and the crime coiise(iuuntly went unpunished. GILMAX, a city in Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles .south by west from Chicago and 208 miles nortlieast of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the richest corn districts of the State and has large stock-raising and fruitgrowing interests. It has an opera house, a public library, an extensive nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, two banks and two weekh- newspapers. Arte- sian well water is obtained by lioring from 90 to 200 feet. Population (1890), 1,112; (1900). 1,441. (ilLMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, III, June 22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the firm of Oilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 1837; was educated in St. Louis and New York, began business as a banker in 1857, but. in 1870, removed to Cambridge, Ma.ss., and connected himself with "The Riverside Press." 5Ir. Oilman was one of the i>rime movers in what is known as "The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal collegiate advantages for women, and has written much for the periodical press, besides publishing a number of volumes in the line of history and English literature. GILMAN, CLIXTON en favorably regarded for a place on the Supreme Bench. GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- cated in the high-school at .\urora in that State. In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at Galena for his father, and, although not then a lawyer, he managed the ease so successfully that he was asked to take charge of two others. This determined the l>ent of his mind towards the la«-, to the study of which he turned his attention under the preceptorship of the late Judge The- ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after being admitted to the bar in 1840. he formed a partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 203 lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- teenth General A.ssembly, but, on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the founders of tlie Republican party and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served as Presidential Elector at the time of General Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the following year was appointed United States Dis- trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 18T5. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Cullom a memiter of the Board of Railway and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards became President, serving six years. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 10, 1892. (iOBFREY, a village of Madison County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early settler wlio was chiefly instrumental in founding that institution. Population (1890), 228. GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Slass., Dec. 4, 1794; at nine years of age he ran away from home and went to sea, his first voyage being to Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a part of the next three years in the naval service, also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting to some §200,000 in silver) across the country on pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by brigands, with which that country was then infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he was again successful, and. in 1832, came north, locating near Alton, 111., the next j-ear engaging in the warehou.se and commission business as the partner of Winthrop S. Oilman, under the name of Godfrey & Oilman. It was in the warehouse of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy. Elijah P.) Soon after establishing liimself at Alton, Captain God- frey made a donation of land and money for the erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village 4jf 8 he was elected President of the United States an n s > o o o o c 3 w O »T3 S ft 3 5 55 CI 'Ji O O < u 5 a < a, Z ►J o (J Z w p z o Q o s s HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 207 terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being received every wliere with the highest honors. In 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount McGregor. N. Y., July 33, 1885. His chief literary work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), which was very extensively sold. GRAPE CREEK, a surburban raining village in Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion River and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six miles south of Danville. The chief industry is coal mining, which is extensively carried on. Population (1890). 778; (1900), 610 GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After receiving a mercantile training in the counting house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to Canada, entering the employ of another luicle at Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- ship with David MoRae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered that commander material financial assistance, becoming personallj' responsible for the supplies needed by the penniless American army. When the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory became a part of the United States, it was from the balcony of his house that the first American flag was unfiurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 30,000 acres of land near the present site of Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at St. Louis, April 21, 1817. GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be stated with certainty. After some years spent in Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors fo the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding AUouez as Superior two years later, and being made Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias— his most numer- ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and Missouris. It is said to have been largely through his influence that the Illinois were induced to settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually led, by one of their medicine men. It is said that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as to time and place, but all agree that it resulted from the wound above mentioned. Some of hii biographers assert that he died at sea; others that he returned from France, yet suffering from the Indian poison, to Louisiana in Februarj', 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a course at Oberlin College, devoting especial attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile supporting liimself by manual labor. In 1865 he began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, received his first patent ; devised a method of transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a year later accomplishing the same with eight messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a repeater, enunciator and tj'pe-writing telegraph. From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and Chicago, but has since been electrician of the Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing by telegraph the handwriting of the sender of a telegi-am — attracted great interest at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and "Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony." GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from the Farlners' (now Belmont) College in 1850, read law and began secular editorial work in 1852, being connected, in the next fourteen j'ears, with "The TiflSn Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" and "Newark American." Then, after .several years spent in general publishing busine.ss in Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has since conducted. The success of the paper imder his management affords the best evidence of his practical good sense. He holds the degree of Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. GRAYVILLE, a city situated on the border of White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered :2u8 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. region and is an important liard-vrood market. Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories and creamery. The city has an electric light and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and two weekly papers. Population 09'"J). 1.9-18. GRAyWlLE a M.\TT00> railroad, (See J'eoria, Decatur d- Evansi-illc Raihcay.) GREATHOt'SE, Lucien, soldier, was born at Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington. and studied law ; enli.sted as a private at the beginning of the War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of 'Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the Army of tlie Tennessee; was killed in battle neiir Atlanta, Oa., June 21, 1864. GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and '49). (See Illinois Central Railroad.) GREAT WESTERX RAILROAD (2). (See Wabash Railway.) GREEX RIVER, rises in Lee County, and, .after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- ward through Henry County, and enters Rock River al><)ut 10 miles east by south from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. GREEX, William H., State Senator and Judge, ■was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8. 1830. In 1847 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, and, for three years following, taught school, at the same time reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 18r)2 and began practice at Mount Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, and to Cairo in 1863. In 18.^8 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was elected to the State Senate for four years. In December, ISG.'j, he was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of his term in 1867. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1800, "64, '68, '80, '84 and "88, be.sides being for many years a member of the State Central Committee of that party, and also, for four terms, a member of the State Board of Education, of which he has been for several years the P*resident. He is at present (1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at Cairo. GREEXE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk and at others setting tyi)e in a printing office. After spending some time in Western New York, in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- ville, Ind.. with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he taught and studied law with Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar at .Springfield, on the motion of Abraliam Lin- coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton; later served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- ship with Jlilton Hay and David T. Littler, under the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later becoming tlie head of the firm of Greene & Humphrey. From the date of his removal to Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- able in all his dealings, he commanded respect wherever he was known. GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. The younger Greene was an intimate friend and fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, imder ■whom he held an appointment in Utah for some years. He dieil at Tallula, Menard County, in 1894. GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Quincy, CarroUton & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles east of CarroUton and 55 miles north of St. Louis; is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region. The city has several churches, public schools, a seminary, electric light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly paper. It is an important shipping point for cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. Population (1890). 1.131; (1900), 1,085. GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and separately organized in 1821 ; has an area of 544 square miles; jxtpulation (1900), 23,402; named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being among the principal. Building stone and clay HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. J09 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- ing settlers were David Stockton and James Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others (among them Gen. Jacob Fr}-) followed soon afterward. The Indians were numerous and aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the monuments of the Government surveys, erected some j-ears before. Immigration of the whites, however, was rapid, and it was not long before the nucleus of a village was established at Car- roUton, where General Fry erected the first house and made the first coffin needed in the settle- ment. This town, the county-seat and most important place in the county, was laid oflF by Thomas Carlin in 1831. Other flourishing towns are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodliouse (an important railroad center) with a population of 3,360. GREEJJUP, village of Cumberland County, at intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom factory, five churches, public library and good schools. Population (1890), 858; (1900), 1,085. GREENTIEW, a village in Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Springfield and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven churches, and a graded and high school. Popu- lation (1890), 1,106; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1,245. GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of Big Slioal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- sively in the surrounding country, and there are extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The leading manufacturing product is in the line of wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a coeducational institution) ; has several banks and three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 1,868; (1900), 3,504. GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- ville, after liis victory over the savages at the battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in which a number of tribes united The lands con- veyed within the present limits of the State of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; another, twelve miles square, tiear the mouth of the Illinois River; another, six miles square, around the old fort at Peoria; the post of Fort Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, and "the lands at all other places in the posses- sion of the French people and other white set- tlers among them, the Indian title to which has been thus extinguished. " On tlie other hand, the United States relinquished all claim to all other Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis- sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash consideration paid by the Government was §210,000. GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first paper established in Will Count3'. From 1842 to 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after which he served for a time as United States Dis- trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- tutional Convention of that year, and served as Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former year. In the Democratic State Convention of 1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the nomination for Governor, though finally defeated by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential Elector for that year, and, in 1853, vras appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died in 1868. Returning to California he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec. 23, 1868. GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., July 6. 1833; graduated from Union Col- lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the study of law, studied theology and entered the Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the East he came West, becoming Principal of a classical school at Detroit. His ability as an educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- tion in 1863. In 1854. he assisted in founding "The Michigan Journal of Education," of which he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 210 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later was called to that of the newly founded University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he remained until IHSO. He was United States Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, Illinois State Comniissiouer to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in the educational department of the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876. From 1882 to '85 he was a meml>er of the United States Civil Service Com- mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Madison University (Hamilton. N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superinten>ELL, JuUns S., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, of New England parents, who were of French descent. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1866, and, two j-ears later, was admitted to the bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent position at the bar; was elected City Attornej- in 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he was elected State's Attorney for Cook Comity, in which capacity he successfully conducted some of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in tlie hi.story of Illinois. Among these may be mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the conviction of a number of Cook County Coirmiis- sioners for accepting bribes in 1885. and the con- viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, June 8, 1898. GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, was born in Germany. Feb. 11, 1840; having lost his father by death at 13. came to the United States two years later, spent a year in Chicago scliools. learned the trade of a tinsmith and clerked in a store until August, 1862. when he enlisted in the Eighty -Second Illinois Volunteers (the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par- ticipated in some of the most important battles of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg. Lookout Mountain. Re.saca and others. At Dallas, ( ia. . he had his right leg badly shattered by a bullet-wound above tlie knee, four successive ani])utations being found necessjiry in order 'to save his life. Having been discharged from the service in February, 1865, he took a course in a commercial college, became deputy clerk of the Police Court, served three terms as Collector of the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and. in 18.'<4, w;is elected State Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- ness, being President, for several years, of the Commercial Rank of Chicago. GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her- kimer County. N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with his father to Illinois in 1844. was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 213 entered the service of the Government, and, a year later, was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under command of General Stager, assigned to the Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, taking control of military telegraphs in that Department with headquarters at New Orleans, remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For the next two years he occupied various positions in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed in subsequent years by two additional volumes, besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General Assemblj' from Sangamon Countj', and, in 1884, was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge Gross became its first Secretarj-, serving until 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94. GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, born in Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852; was educated in the local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass., and settled down to practice in his native town, in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District before he was 25 years old, but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two years later, being thrown by a reapportionment into the sanie district with William JlcKinley, he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat in Congress to which he was elected. He re- moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in December, 1892, was appointed by President Harrison Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the youngest incumbents upon the bench of the United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides proving himself in harmony with the progressive spirit of the time on questions of national and international interest. GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 square miles and a population (1900) of 24,186. The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. Building stone is abundant (particularly near Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, although there are several manufacturing estab- lishments. The first white settler of whom any record has been preserved, was William Marquis, who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was organized out of a part of La Salle, and named after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris was chosen the county-seat and has so re- mained. Its present population is 3, 653. Another prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- itants. GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he was pastor of a cliurch at Norwich, Conn., in 1865-68. of the New England Cliurcli, of Chicago, and, 1868-72. President of Knox College at Gales- burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, N. Y., remaining until 1878, when he was elected Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- tion activelj- until 1891, and then, as Professor Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was a member of the Corporation of Yale College and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. and LL.D. GURLET, TVilllam F. E., State Geologist, was born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated in the public schools of that city and Cornell Universit}', N. Y. ; served as city engineer of Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. Joshua Lindahl. 214 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the Mexican War, was bom at Owensburg, Ky., November, 1797; in earlj- life removed to Mis- souri, where he was employed in the stock and produce trade with New Orleans. Having married in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 111., where he kept a tavern for a number of years, and was also engaged some thirty years in mercantile business. It is said that he w;is unable to read until taught after marriage by his wife, who appears to liave been a woman of intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was elected Representative in the Fourth General Assembly and, in 1834, to tlie State Senate, serv- ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a supporter of the internal improvement scheme. In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, wivs one of his warm personal friends. He served in the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- teers— Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained the title of Colonel. He received the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal State Convention of the Democratic party in December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account of charges connected with his administration of the Land Office at Di.\on, Colonel Hacker also declined, and a new ticket was put in the field headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made the overland journey to California, but returning with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, where he held the position of Surveyor of the Port for three years, when he was removed by President Buchanan on account of his friend.ship for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 to '50, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator Douglas, and, in 1856,. as Assistant Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives in Washington. In 1S5T he returned to Jonesboro and spent the remainder of his life in practical retirement, dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 18, 1878. HADLET, William F. L,, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born near Collinsville, III., June 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- tion in the common schools and at ilcKendree College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he graduated from the Law Department of the UniTersity of Michigan, and established him- self in the practice of his profession at Kdwarilsville. He was elected to the State Sen- ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four years, and was nominated for a second term, but declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- lican National Convention of 1888. and, in 1895, was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- gre.ss to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. Iladley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but was prevented by protracted illness from making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, long a prominent business man of Edwards- ville. and since his retirement from Congress, has devoted his attention to his profession and the banking business. HAHXEMAXN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- jjital located in Chicago. It was first opened with twenty beds, in November, 1870. in a block of wooden buildings, the use of which was given rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical College, and the hospital was placed on the list of public charities. It also received a donation of SIO.OOO from the Relief ami Aid Society, besides numerous private benefactions. In April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, the name of the institution was changed to the Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it has since been known. In 1893 the corner stone of a new hospital was laid and the building com- pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all the improved appliances and facilities for the care and protection of the sick. It has also about si.xly private rooms for paying patients. HAH\EMAN>' MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were secured over a drug-store, and the first college term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- strators, etc. In 1866 07 the institution moved into larger quarters and. in 1870, the corner-stone of a new college building was laid. Tlie six suc- ceeding years were marked by internal dis.sen- sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to establish a rival school. Tlie faculty was cur- tailed in numbers and re-orgauized. In August, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 215 1892, the cornerstone of a second building was laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the new structure occupying the site of the old, but being larger, better arranged and better equipped. Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and ■co-education of the sexes has ever since continued :an established feature of the institution. For more than thirtj'-five years a free dispensary has been in operation in connection with the college. HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., IMay 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for the next eleven years, was employed in various pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner i(1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, jserving two terms. He also served as Delegate from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the i State Senate from the First District, serving in the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- blies. At the session of 1877 he received si-icty- nine votes for the seat in the United States ; Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the old Chicago West Division Railway and President ■of the Savings Institute. During his later years he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician .and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., April 21, 1822; came to Illinois in boj-hood, locat- ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to Lake County, where he resided until his death. His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- sional, was self-acquired. lie began to occupy -and cultivate a farm for himself befoi'e attaining his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- kegan ; in 1S60 opened an office in Chicago, still, however, making his home at Waukegan. In 1855 he published a comijilatiou of the Illinois township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He made similar compilations of the townsliip laws ■of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his career as a politician both checkered and unique. Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- ganization upon the formation of the Republican part)', and was elected by the latter to the Legis- lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and "62. In 1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- ent, "and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and '88, receiving the aupport, however, of the Demo- crats in a District normally Republican. He served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and '85, the party strengtli in each of these Assemblies being so equally divided that he either held, or was able to control, the balance of power. He was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions were the cause of much severe criticism, being regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions over which he presided were among the stormiest in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 25, 1889. HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some years spent as a clerk in a country store at Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- ical department of Yale College, later serving as a home missionary, in Georgia; came to Illinois in 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct enabled him to exert a powerful influence over the drunken aborigines who constituted a large and menacing class of the population of what was tlien a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church in Springfield, continuing that connection until 1865. From that time until his death, his life was largely devoted to missionary work among the extremely poor and tlie pariahs of society. Among these he wielded a large influence and always commanded genuine respect from all denominations. His forte was love rather than argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. HALE, (Dr.) Edniu 31., physician, was born in Newport, tr. H., in 1.929, commenced the study of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 he labored in the interest of a representation of homeopathv in the University of Slichigau. Wlien this was finally accomplished, he was offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- quence of having been elected to the same position in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his return, severed his connection with the Hahne- mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- cago Homeopathic College, wliere he remained 216 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of several volumes held in high esteem by members of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- tion for professional skill and benevolence of character. He was a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and an honorary memlier of various home and foreign associations. Died, in Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. HALL, (Col.) Cyrus, soldier, was bom in Fay- ette County, 111., August 29, 1S-.32— the son of a pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of its admission as a, State. He served as Second Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, and, in 18GU, removed to .Slielbyville to engage in hotel-keei)ing. The Civil War coming on, he raised the first company for the war in Shelby County, which was attached to the Fourteenth Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment); was promptly promoted from Captain to Major and finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to command of tlio regiment. The Fourteenth Regiment having been finally con.solidated with the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the command of the One Hundred and Forty-fovirth Illinois, which ho resigned in JIarch, 1804, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious service in the field, in March, 180.5, and nmstered out Sept. 10, 1805. Returning to Slielbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten years and until his deatli, Sept. 6, 1ST8. HALL, James, legislator, jurist, State Treasurer and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and spending some time with Com. Step'lien Decatur in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court in 182.5. He was legislated out of office two years later and resumed private practice, making liis home at Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois Intelligencer." The same .year (1827) he was elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1808. He con- ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the first periodical published in Illinois. Among his published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of the Border," "Notes on the Western States," "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came to Illinois in 1840 ancl began business as a mer- chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1802 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- turned to duty after partial recovery, but was finally compelled to retire oh account of disabil- ity. Returning home he resumed business, but retired in 1878; was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1880 and to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected to tlie latter in 1892, making ton years of continuous service. HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk brancli of the Wabash Railway. Its position at the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant water power for manufat-turing purposes. An iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high school, and an apiary. The surrounding country is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium is located here. Population (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,344. HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather, Thomas M. Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to jMonroe County, 111., wliere the father of the sub- ject of this sketcli was born. The latter (Elder Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- ceived Ids literary education at home and with a classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1803 began the study of medicine, and tlie following year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, and, for the next five yeiirs. was engaged in gen- eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- tion before an Army Examining Board, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Ix>uis; Fort Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- General as successor to Gen. Jolin M. WiMidworth HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 317 and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the South, a few years later, rendered efficient service in checking the spread of the disease by taking charge of tlie camp of refugees from Jacksonville and otlier stricken points. Resigning the position of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro- fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides holding other allied positions ; was also editor of "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the Medical Department of the United States Army, in 1897 was ajjpointed Superintendent for the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, «but died, Dec. 34, 1898. HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he began life working on a farm. Later, he followed the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- pin Counties, finally locating, in 1861, in Iroquois County, which has since been his home. After filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and "79), also, in 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Representatives, being one of the "103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- orable Senatorial contest of 1885; was re-elected in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 1890 and '98. HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17j he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- ated in 1868. For a j'ear he taught school at Henry, and later became Professor of Languages at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming- ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Shelby M. CuUom. On Feb. 6, 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed Governor CuUom, who had been chosen United States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi- tioner at the Chicago bar. HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, was born near Danville, Ky., August 31, 1799; studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro, Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed cashier of the newly established Branch State Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds having appointed him the first Probate Judge of Cook County. At the same time he also held the offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the Chicago school section being made under his administration. He was a Colonel of State militia and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, Dec. 36. 1860. HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- tary of the Treasury — was born in New York City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17), at West Point ; came west and located at an early day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly (1834-26); in 1837 removed to the Lead Mine region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some twent}' years later, a monument was erected to his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward to meet General La Fayette on his way from New Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- nois in 1825. HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 — named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county- seat. The surface of the county is rolling and the fertile soil well watered and drained by numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern •218 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. boundary. Ck)al crops out at various points in the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton County was a liense forest, and timber is still abundant and sawmills numerous. Amon},' the hard woods found are black and white oak, black walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the principal crops, although considerable fruit is cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for whom a water course was named), in ISl."); Adam Crouch, the BiggerstatTs and T Stelle, in 1818, and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. The most important town is McLeansboro, whose population in 1^011 was l,3.").'i. H.\MMOM), Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June -1, 1804, spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., where he became Principal of the Whitesboro Seminary (in which he was partially educated), and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua ; in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held various offices, including member of the Legisla- ture and Auditor; in 18.')2 completed the con- struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up his residence in that city. In IS.Jo he became Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. Returning from Europe in 186!», he accepted the Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, but was compelled to resign by failing health, later becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, He was Treasurer of the Chicago Ralief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational); also President, for several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- less. Died, April 15. 1884. HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, M miles west-northwest from Chicago, There are brick and tile works, a large canning factory, pickle factory, and machine shop; dairy and stock interests are large. The place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), G96; (1900), TOO. H.XNCOCk COrXTT, on the western border of the Stiite, lK)undH9. and entered the service as brevet Second Lieutenant of the Tlurd Artillery. a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. Being assigned to the command of volunteer troops, he passed through various grades until May, 1804, when he was brevetted Colonel of "Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North River, Va., became Brig-adier-Genenil of Volun- teers, July 2, 1864. was brevetted Brigadier- General of the regular army in March. IHe."), for service during the war, and was finally mus- tered out of the volunteer service in January. 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- ever, imtil December 15, 1870, when he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. — Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female Seminary in that place ; was married about 1854 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor R. H. Walworth of New' York). Her husband became an autlior of considerable repute, chiefly in the line of liction. but was assassinated in 1873 by a son who was ac(iuitted of the charge of murder on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and has given much attention, of latej'ears, to literary pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. Hardin and History of the Hardin Familj-," besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous poems and essays. She served for several years as a member of the Board of Education, and was for six years principal of a young ladies' school at Saratogji Springs, N. Y. HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast border of the State, and bounded on the east and south by the Ohio River. It has an areton, Middlesex County. Conn., Feb. 10. 1807; was educated chiefly at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to Illinois, resuming practice ami managing several farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 from Warren Countj', and of the lower branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly ( 1848 .">0). Between 1850 and l^iGO lie was engaged in railroad enterprises. In 186J lie enlisted as a private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and. in less than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected in 1866. He did much for the development of the western part of the State in the construction of railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy ) Iieing one of the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune of about §2.000,000. and, before his death, en- 4, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur- lington, where he secured a controlling interest in "The Hawkeye," which he brought to a point of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city imder President Grant, and. in 1881, became First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 1884. he was appointed successor to the latter, serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- tration, being the youngest man who ever held a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 removed to Chicago, where he l>ecame one of the proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening Mail": retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- chasing the plant of "The National Republican" in Washington, commenced the publication of "The Washington Post," with which he was con- nected until his death. April 30, 1894. H.ATAXA, the county-seat of Mason County, an incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge plants. A number of manufactories are located HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 225 here. The city has .several churches, three pub- lic schools and three newspapers. Population <1890), 2,525; (19U0), 3,268^ HAVANA, RAMOUL & EASTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, and taught in various institutions in Massachu- setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry as a member of the New York Conference ; five years later accepted a professorship in Michigan University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in that time serving two terms in the State Senate and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great versatility and power as an orator, wrote much for the periodical press and published several volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on rhetoric. HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a meager country-school education, at the age of 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- tion six or seven years, after which he spent three years in a more liberal course of study in a private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he removed to Chicago. After several years spent in manufacturing and real-estate business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for the promotion of popular education. For ten years following 1853, he was officially connected with the Chicago Board of Education, being for four years its President. The comptroUership of the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. During the war he was a zealous supporter of the Union cause. In October. 1861, he was appointed by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States for the Department of the Northwest, serving in this capacity during a part of President Johnson's administration. In 1866 he was attacked with congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of that year. HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to Carroll County. 111., in boyhood, where he attended tlie common schools and later graduated from Eu- reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next promoted to a Captaincy and. finallj-, brevetted Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before the expiration of his term, his successor being Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen at a special election to fill the vacancy. HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and Firsi Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born ii Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residin.'j in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock; County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. From 1856 to 1860 he was .State's Attorney oi' Rook Island County. In 1861 he entered the Union army as Captain, but was so severely wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was obliged to quit the .service. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was appointed by President Hayes First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, when he resigned. During the last six years of his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North- western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May 24, 1895. HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer- sitj', 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his father, in the meantime, having become a resi- dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- camp, also serving for some time under General 226 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hunter andGilmore, witli the rank of Major and Adjutant-(jeueral. After President Lincoln's assassination he served as Secretary of Legation at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d"Affaires at Vienna; was also editor for a time of "The Illi- nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." Colonel Hay"s more important literary works include "Castilian Days," "Pike County Ballads," and the ten-volume "History of the Life and Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1870 he settled at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The New York Tribune," made Washington his home. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- bassador to England, where, by his tact, good judgment and sound distTetion manifested as a diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- complished foreign representatives America has produced. His promotion to the pcsition of Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- American War', in September, 1898, followed naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he had won as a diplomatist, and was universally approved throughout the np.tion. HAY, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 16 yejirs of age, when he learned the printer's trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won considerable local prominence in his profession, being for eight years State's Attorney for the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed with his father's family to Springfield, 111., in 1832; in 1838 became a student in the law oftice of Stuart & Lincoln ; was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which ended by the retirement of the latter from prac tice in 1861. Others who were associated with him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. Greene and D. T. Littler. In l.'^CiO he wa.s elected a Delegate to the State Con.stitutional Convention and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue and member of the Judiciary Committee, was prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. Again, as a member of the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General As.sembly (1873-74), he assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the new order of things under the new Constitution. The estimate in which he was held by his associ- ates is shown in the fact that he was a member of the Joint Committee of five appwinted by the Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the State, which was especially complimented for the manner in wliich it performed its work by concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man w:vs more frequently consulted by State execu- tives on questions of great delicacj- and public importance, during the last thirty years of his life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the active prosecution of his profession, devoting his time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, Sept. 1.5, 1893. HAY'ES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was born at Gran by. Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 111., where the first twenty years of his life were spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- listed in the Union army, being commissioned successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris Herald." a weekly periodical issued at Morris, Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia which renominated Grant, and represented his district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- lican" at Jo'iet. 111., but retired somej'ears since. HAY'ES, Samuel Siiowdon, lawyer and politi- cian, was born at Nashville. Tenn., Dec. 25. 18'20; settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in the drug business for two years; then began the study of law and was admitted to practice in 1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, stumping the southern counties for the Demo- cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of the State Legislature, being re-elected in "48. In 1847 he raised a company for ser\-ice in the Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from the seat of government, its muster rolls were not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 237 received until the quota of the State had been filled. The same j-ear he was chosen a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention for White County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector. About 18.52 he removed to Chi- cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and (1862-6.5) City Comptroller. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- tion, particularly in its attitude on the question of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- lar assemblies, were of a very high order. HAYMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic outbreak whicli occurred iu Chicago on the evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been addressed by orators who sought to inflame the worst passions of their hearers. The excitement (previously more or less under restraint) culmi- nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed by the widening of West Randolph Street for an open-air produce-market. An immense concourse assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- matory speeches were made from a cart, which was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- ing the earlier pai't of the meeting the Mayor (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the police, who, under command of Inspector Jolin Bonfield, had ordered the dLspersal of the crowd and were endeavoring .to enforce the command. Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- ing in the street. The majority of the crowd fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests followed during the night and the succeeding morning, and search was made in the office of the principal Anarchistic organ, which re.sulted in the discovery of considerable evidence of an incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook County found indictments for murder against eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were convicted after a trial extending over several months, both the State and the defense being represented by some of the ablest counsel at the Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was given twenty years" imprisonment. The death sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov- ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti- tiously obtained; the remaining four (August Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair attracted wide attention, not only throughout the United States but in other countries also. HAYNIE, Isham Nicolas, soldier and Adju- tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn. , Nov. 18, 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received but little education at school, but worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, and was licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was elected to the Legislature from Marion County. He graduated from the Kentucky Law Scliool in 1853 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, which he had assisted iu organizing. He partici- pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Sliiloh, and was severely wounded at tlie latter. In 1862 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865. was appointed by Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in ofl^ce, at Springfield, Novemlier, 1868. HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; incorpo- rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in 1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's trade and came west early in life; in 1806 was studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 228 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at Kaskaskia and afterwanis at Jonesboro, in Union County; in 18-23 went to Buffalo, N. Y., but returned west in 1«27, arriving where Clii- cago now stands on July 4; in 18-'8 was living inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago River, where he opened a small farm at a place which went by the name of "Heacock's Point."' In 1831 lie obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, had a law office in the village of Chicago. He took a prominent part in the organization of Cook County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost it in the crasli of 1837. He was disabled by par- alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. — Hciiben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, was member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, from Cook County. HEALTH, BO.VRl) OF, a bureau of the State Government, created by act of Maj- ~'>, 1877. It consists of seven members, named by the Gov- ernor, who liold office for seven years. It is charged with "general supervision of the inter- ests connected with the health and life of tlie citizens of the State." All matters pertaining to quarantine fall within its purview, and in this respect it is invested with a power which, while discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same standard holds good, although to a far less ex- tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also has a modified control over medical practitioners, under the terms of the statute popularly known as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its powers thereunder, it lias kept out or expelled from the State an army of irregular practition- ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- ard of professional qualilication. HEALY, (ieorsre r. A., artist, was born in Boston. July \'>. 18(l.s. and early manifested a predilection for art, in which he was encouraged by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned some money bj- his art, he went to Europe to study, spending two years in Paris and a like period in London. In 18.5.') he came to Chicago, contemi)Iating a stay of three weeks, but re- mained until 1867. During this time he is said to have painted .57.5 i)ortraits, many of them being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago and of the State. Many of his picture.s, depositeii in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent cliiefly in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he painted the portraits of a large number of royal personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, as also, in this country, the jwrtraits of Presidents and other distinguished persons. One of his his- torical pictures was "Webster Replying to Hayne," in which 1.50 figures are introduced. A few j-ears before his death, Mr. Healy donated a large numter of his pictures to the Newterry Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 24, 1894. HEATOX, William Weed, lawyer and jurist, was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., April 18, 1814. After completing his academic studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, but soon began tha study of law, and, in 1838, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., wliere he resided until his death. In 1861 lie was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, and occupied a seat upon the bench, through repeated re-elections, until liis death, which occurred Dec. 20, 1877, while .serving as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his native country as a lawyer and jxilitician ; was a member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was forced, with many of liis compatriots, to find a refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled as a farmer at Suinmerfield, in St. Clair County, III. He took a deep interest in politics and, being earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined the Republican party, and took an active part in the campaigns of 18.56 and '60. In 1861 lie was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the *< command of the Eighty -.secoiul. He was a brave soldier, and actively participated in the battles of Mis.sionarv Ridge and. Chancellorsville In 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, ISSl. HEDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- rated in 187.5 anil conducted under the auspices of the Methodist IC|)iscopal Church, at Abingdon, Knox County. 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The bi-anehes taught include the sciences, the cUissics, music, fine arts, oratory and jireparatorj- courses. The institution has funds and endowment amounting to $55,000, and property valued at $1.58.000. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 229 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and first Maj'or of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of tlie Revolution. In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and final!}' to St. Louis, where he joined another brother (Edward), with wliom he soon began the study of law. Having been atlmitted to the bar in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- lature. In 1829 Jlr. Hempstead located at Galena, 111., which continued to be his home for the re- mainder of his life, and where he was one of the earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- moters of the old Chicago & Galena L^nion Rail- road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern) , serving upon the first Board of Directors; was elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in the early days of the Civil War, was appointed by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- stead), an older brother of the preceding, already mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding various po.sitions at Vincennes. Indiana Territory, under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at St Louis and became the first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an accident, August 10, 1817.— Stephen (Hemp- stead), another member of this historic family, was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to "54. Died, Feb. 16. 1883. HEXDERSOJf, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, was born at Brownsville, Tenn. , Nov. 19, 1824: came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a farm, but received an academic education. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- missioners" Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, Clerk of the County Court of the same count}', serving in that capacity for four years. Mean- while he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a member of the lower house of the Legislature, and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, being brevetted Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a Republican Presidential Elector for the State at- large in 1868, and. in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- tinuously imtil March, 1895. His home is at Princeton. HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky. , Nov. 16, 1798. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled in Tennessee, where he held many positions of public trust, including that of State Senator. In 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. The first settlements were made about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk War, but revived after the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi. The county was set off from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- bered. Population (1900). 10,836 HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, two grain elevators, three churches, a graded school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping point for produce by the river. The Hennepin Canal, now in process of construction from the Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, leaves tlie Illinois about two miles above Hennepin. Population (1880). 623; (1890), 574; (1900), .523. HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640. After several years of clerical service in Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of Lake Michigan, early in the following year (1680), La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 230 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. side of the Illinois River, a little below the present site of Peoria, which afterwards received the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February. 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La Salle, with two companions, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his part}' was captured by the Sioux and carried to the villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, but finally rescued. During his captivity he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he published a work describing La Salle's first expedition and his own explorations. Although egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work was a valuable contribution to historj-. Because of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- nary volume, in wliich he set forth claims as a discoverer which have been wholly discredited. His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country Larger than Europe." It was a compilation describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi. His three works have been trans- lated into twenty-four different languages. He died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. HENNEPIN CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis- sippi Canal.) HENRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on the west bank of the Illinois River and on the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of Peoria. There is a combination railroad and wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at this point. The city is a thriving commercial center, among its industries being grain eleva- tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has two national banks, eight churches and two newspapers. Population (1880), 1,728; (1890) 1..^12; (UHIO) 1,037. HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 18'22, locating at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day and attended school at night: engaged in mer- chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and was soon after elected Sheriff; .served in tlie Win- nebago AVar (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, finally being placed in command of a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, bis success in both winning for him great popularity. His exposures brought on disease of the lungs, and. going South, he died at New Orleans. March 4, 1834. HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties of Northern Illinois, near the western border of the State, having an area of 830 square miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who located in 183.5 on what afterwards became the town of Colona. During the two years following several colonies from the eastern States settled at different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. The act creating it was passed in 1825, though organization was not completed until 1837. The first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- (lueut county-seats have been Richmond (1837); Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 33,338; (1900), 40.049. HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile business ; served eight years in the Slate Senate (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- ner of Abraham Lincoln. HERNDON, Uilliam H., lawyer, was born at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois College in 1836, but remained only one j'ear on account of bis father's hostility to the supposed abolition influences prevailing at that institution ; spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- tinuing until the election of the latter to the Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote the advancement of his distinguished partner. The offices lie held were tliose of City Attorney, Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume edition by the Messrs. Appleton. New Y'ork. Died, near Springfield. March 18. 1891. HERRINGTGN, Aiiirustus .M., lawyer and iK)li- tiiian, was born at or near Meadville. Pa., in 1833; HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 when ten years of age was brought by his father to Chicago, the family removing two years later (1835) to Geneva. Kane Countj% where the elder Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- nence as a Democratic politician, serving as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 185G, and as a delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1860. "64. '68, "76 and "80. and was almost mvariably a member of the State Conven- tions of his party during the same period. He also served for many years as Solicitor of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- neva. Kane Count}'. August 14. 1883. — James (Herrington) . brother of the preceding, was born in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to Chicago in 1833, but. two years later, was taken by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 he was apprenticed to the printing business on the old "Chicago Democrat"" (John Wentworth. publisher), remaining until 1848. when he returned to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being also connected for a year or two with a local paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- maining in ofiice eight years; also served three terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving continuously in the lower branch of the General Assembly from 1873 to 1886. He was also a mem- ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. Died. July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., father of the two preceding, was a Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for the District embracing the counties of Kane, McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was born at Copenhagen. Denmark, in 1847; gradu- ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, and after pursuing the study of medicine for two years, emigrated to this countrj' in 1869. After various experiences in selling sewing-machines, as bank-clerk, and as a farm-liand, in 1876 Mr. Hertz was emploj^ed in the Recorder's office of Cook County; in 1878 was record- writer in the Criminal Court Clerk's office ; in 1884 was elected Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- urer, lie was defeated, but. in 1896, again a candidate for the same office, was elected b)' a majorit}' of 11.5,000, serving until 1899. He is now a resident of Chicago. HESI\G, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Prussia in 1823 ; left an orphan at the age of 1.5. he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- nership, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 14. 1849. educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he returned to Chicago and began work upon "The Staats Zeitung. "' later becoming managing editor, and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later ho affiliated with the Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoraltj', being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on the street-railroads for the collection of mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. HETWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway. 10 miles soutli of Bloomington; has a bank, cliurches, gas wells, and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), .566; (1900), 683. HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at Bethel. Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7. 1824. his early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph. Vt. . at the age of 18 he began the studj' of law at Rutland — also fitting himself for college with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- mont University, graduating from the latter in 1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 232 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Duilinfcton and finally, iu the fall of 18"):{. removing to Chicago. Here he oi)ened a law office in connection with his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but early iu the following j-ear removed to Freejwrt, where he subsequenth' served as City Attorney, blaster in Chancery and President of the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 1860. lie became a member of the law firm of Cornell. .Jameson & Ilibbard. and still' later the head of the firm of Ilibbard. Kicb & Noble. In 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insuraiino Company. Died. Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stcplion U., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in .Tackson County. Ga., Feb. 22, 1H07— the .son of John Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. IHl.i. Leaving the roof of a stepfather at an early age, he found his vrny to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the cariienter's trade with an uncle : served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Mexican War (1840) he recruited a com- pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his professicin at Salem, Marion County. He promptly raised a company which became a part of tlie Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment saw active .service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including tlie battle of Shiloli, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but fouiul him- self compelled to accept an honorable liischarge, a few months later, on account of disiibility. Having finally recovered, he was restoreil to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In Octoljer. 1863, he w.^s placed in command at Paducah. Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after which he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1.200 killed and woun00; (I'JOO), 1,937. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Roclielle Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quiiicy Hailroad. 18 miles west of Aurora, in rich agricultural and dairj'ing region: has grain elevators, brick and tile works, water system and electric light plant. Pep. (1890), 490; (1900), .587. HIXRICHSEX, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1S74-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County ; then Avent into the newspaper busiiies-s, editing the Jack.son- ville "Evening Courier," until 188(5, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on ' 'The Courier. ' ' He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892. serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- ing 1894-96. In 1S96 Mr. Ilinrich.sen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but faileil to secure a renomination in 1898. HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- lington A: l^uinc}' Railroad, 17 miles west-.south- west of Cliicago. It has four cluirt^hes. a graded school, an academy, electric light plant, water- works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,.584; (1900). 2.578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Han-son, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Cliicago. In 1809 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergj-man, was born April 13, 1813. at Lebanon, X. Y., entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Jlount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' .service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1853 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the 'Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior .\gent. and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his hist position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates' Relief Association. He was also inlluential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, X. J., Nov. 12. 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to L'rbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son l)egan the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1801 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of .Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 335 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of tlie Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1838; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1832, entered into the forwarding and com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1833 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there; in 1862 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to lay out the park S3'stem of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and has given much of his attention to that business since. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When ha was three years old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d' Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1882. having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. Bj' eight successive re-elec- tions he has represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- ice. In that time he has taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enli.sted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Dailj' Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier, '" also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr, Hobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained until the clo.se of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prus.sia, in 1822, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 UISTOIJICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to tliB German press, and, in 18r)6, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with AVilliani II. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and witlidrew, giving place to John Wood of Quincy. In 1800 he was again nominated, and liaving in tlie meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1804 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. IIOG.VN, John, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 1803; brought in childluxxl to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned tlie trade of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preaclier, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, liaving retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two }-ears later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840. was made Pre.<;ident of the Boanl ; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, wliere he remained until 184.5. During the anti-slavery e.xcitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removeil to St. Louis, where he engaged in tlie wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with tlie Democratic party; in 18.57 he was appointed by President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1804 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to oflBciate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of Unusual eloquence anil ability. His death occurred, Feb. .'i. 1H'J2. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "History of Methodism." HO(iE, JosepJi P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1830, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and lie- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge wa.s a son-in-law of Thoniiis C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who held office until 1H48. HOLLISTrU, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, X. Y.. in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- fancy, but Ills father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester. X. Y., to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later lie removed to Grand Rapids and, in 185.5. to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omj' in Rush Medical College, and, in 18,56, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty j-ears. Clinical Profes.sor in the .same in.stitution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- urer. Other positions lipid by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical A.ssoci- ation and editor of its journal, President of the Young Men's Cliristian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church*work in connection with the Armour Mission, with whicli he has been associated for many years. HOME FOR JlYKMLi: OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). Tlie establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, wliich appropriated .?75.000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be e.\- pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Girls. ) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committeil thereto by any court of record u]K)n conviction of a misdemeanor, tlie term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the K O M O fO C w o M o w O W HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 237 Peace, however, may send giris for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnislied for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Cliampaign. It supports a carriage factory ; also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (18,S0), 924; (1890). 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation," In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of SI, 000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or lius- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 18G2 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 352. HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a luusician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent ; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finallj- locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his tlieater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of the Chicago it East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machine shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and one daily and three weekly newspapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. HOPKIXS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, III, August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained jirominence at the bar, and, in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1834. T!ie same year he was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census ami a member of the Committees on Ways and Jleans, and Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was strongly supported for tlie Republican nomina- tion for Governor. HOUtiHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning tlie printer's trade in the office of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1884, again %vent to New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the office of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. HOVEY, Charles Ednard, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 18.52, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 18.57 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers" Association (18.56), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to' brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, lie engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in 'Washing- ton, Nov. 17, 1897. HOWLAXD, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, hut, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served iis Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the .£neid adapted tu the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssej-. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOYNE, Philip A., la^vJ■er and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five j-ears; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. Hl'BB.VKD, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor. Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, chieflj' in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Cliicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction during the Black llawk and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and puV)lic-spiriteiI, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Dimcan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the camijaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 239 for the maintenance of tlie Union cause, and, for a year, lield a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as tlie "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1863 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, wlien he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1873 he became associated with the Chicago & North- western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) be still occupies. HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Rockford, III.. June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1873, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HU>'T, Daniel D., legislator, was born in Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous, service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- eral, was boru in Knox Count}', Ohio, in 1841 ; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt bad to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to tlie Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs— but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. HUNTERjAndrew J., was born in Greenca.stle, Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn liope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUXTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1822. and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, but, in 18.36, resigned liis com- niis.sion and engaged in business in Cliicago, Re-entering tlie service as Payma.ster in 1842, he was Chief Payma.ster of General Wool's command in tlie Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans. Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for AVashington in February, 1801, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of tlie Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1801, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Mana.ssas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run ; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining imtil March. 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the Soutli in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoke M n > o r HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1863, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869. was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 18T3. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHIJfS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government survej's in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSOXVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 583; (1900), 743. ILLINOIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages : The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between tlie Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generallj' with the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as l>elonging thereto OuioiN OF THE Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini. a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into Illini with the suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signifioation — a signification of wliich the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin; on the east by Lake Jlichigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Oliio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighlxirs of tlie "Dark anlislied a mission among tlie Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 167.'), when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father xVllouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, wliose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evitlence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams alxjut the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinit}'. and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. .30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land, .\fter going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durautaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Fatlier Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river wliich bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occupation.— As may be readily inferred frona the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Eocher ; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of "New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 17.")3. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the verj' heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparativelj' small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars. ) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law"s company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres. ) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves; and under it, in 1721, Phihp F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Companj' was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by tlie crown. (See Freiie/i Governors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discover}'; but they found the P'reuch under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territorj- be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and JIaumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, wliich was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Nej-on de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands of tlie British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in .-Vmerica by the treaty of 17G3, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four himdred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same j-ear, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country. " This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on theMaumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Cliartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 -what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel. Chevalier de Roclieblave. The last had been an officer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by tlie British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1.600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770', at about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paiucourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are .about forty private houses and as many families. " Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant. one Corporal and twenty men. ' ' Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were ■watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. CoL. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the .same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for tliree months' service, and Governor Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected'in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, wliile his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault— the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although tlie place was afterward captured by a Britisli force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and §.50.000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col George Rogers. ) Under Govekxmext of Viuoini.\. — Seldom in the history of the worhl have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterjjrise and valor and by material aiii furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all tlie country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-ofiicio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskiaand Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil oflioers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." — but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that tliey liad little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort JIanchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of tliese results, an expedition, 7.50 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early partof May, lisfl, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Ix)uis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a ha.stj' retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain tlie "Country of the Illinois'' or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions A(;.\ixst Fokt St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia. who, marching across the countrj-, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- turing Fort St. Joseph about where I^ Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph Eiver, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, witli some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) War. " In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1783, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- versy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1781, by a Delegate from a slave State — Tliomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia— though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) Northwest Territory Organized. — Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Sj-miues, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor returned east. In no.'j. Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia. as tlie county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as coimty-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat iiuestion, at least in part, grew the order of 179.'> organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, b}' a force of Inilians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Countrj-. (See Wayne. (Gen.) Anthony.) First Territoui.\l Legislation.— In 1798. the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with tlie provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair Covmty and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr. , son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories.— By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Nortliwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). Jlay 13, William Henry Harrison, who had \>een the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General AVayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in po.ssession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Oreenville, Treaty of .) During the year 1803. the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana anti West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 18tl4. an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying nortli of the thirty-tliird parallel of latitude and west of tlie Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. This in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, AVyoming and 5Ion- tana. This arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but, the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held, Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the ".second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 180.5, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad- rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 180.5, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At tliis point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Caliokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinitj' of Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1788, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- ri.son, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelpliia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 1.54 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names. ) The government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden— the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War— but by hiiu declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then ap|«iinted. An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecuniseli, the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. AVilliani Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Paissell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about Xew Madrid, 5Io., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earfliriuake of JSll.) W.\K OF 1812.— During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Ileald, coumianding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of tlie public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and diviile the stores among them, with the conditions subsecjuently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he i>roceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses" "History of Illinois:" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terras of friendship with the whites. appeared before Captain Heald and informed liim plainly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy." In the meai\time the Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing that it wjus re.>iolved to march out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To eacli soldier was distributed twenty-five ro\mds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next occurred in this disa.strous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country rendered it necessary for us to take the lieach. with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three hundred yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I ininiep of the bank, when the action commenced: after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort AVayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew olf the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did nf)t follow me but assembled in a bod}- on top of the bank, and after soiue consultation among themselves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he reipiested me to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments" consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to comply with this re(|uest, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming numbers"? It was evident with over half their mnnl>er dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be ho|ieless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women and twelve children, were killed. .Vmong the slain were Captain Wells. Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Captain Wells, wlien j-oung, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (WelLs) was familiar with all the niles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian charai'ter. and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald). by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slighte.st chance for life: we must part to meet no more in this world. Goeaker of the first House. The other State officers elected at the first ses- sion were Elijali C. Berry, -Vuditor; John Thomas, Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 259 the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. Tliomas were elected United States Senators, the former drawing tlie short term and serving one year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- edge, left the State in a few months and was succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers, United States Senators, and Judiciary.) Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- ant feature of his character : "At one time there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A number of his neighbors called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them know whether he could supply them or not, but told them to come to his store on a certain da}', when he would inform them. They came at the time appointed, and were seated. Menard passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got money?' Some said they had and some that they had not, but would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had money he directed to range themselves on one side of the room and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked very much dis- tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in his brusque way, and said, 'You men wlio got de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble-hearted and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." {See Menard, Pierre.) Eemoval of the Capital to Vandalia. — At the second session of the General As.sembly, five Commissioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capital. What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 1820, the entire archives of the State were re- moved to the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- wards became United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals.) During the session of the Second General Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank at Vandalia, with branches at Shawueetown, Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the first Representative in Con- gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, tliough he served only about two years, dying in 1830. (See State Bank.) Introduction of the Slavery Question. — The second State election, which occurred in August, 1832, proved the beginning of a turbu- lent period through the introduction of some exciting questions into State politics. There were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field ; Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme Court, supported by the friends of Governor Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same court, supported by the friends of Governor Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Virginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- tion being in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of the slavery question and exerted his influence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- prised his slaves by announcing that they were free. The scene, as described by himself, was most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took them with him to his destination, where he eventually gave each head of a family ICO acres of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Register of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by President Mon- roe, before leaving Virginia. The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois Country" from the time Renault brought 500 360 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia. one hun- dred years before. Although the Constitution declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminating it. In fact, while this language was construed, 80 long as it remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legisUition authorizing the admission of slaves from without, it was not regarded as inimical to tlie institution as it already existed; and, as the population came largely from the slave States, there had been a rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips. 2.443 for Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Governor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, Efhvard; also Cook. Dtiiiiel Pope. ) The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- lature, which met Dec. 2, 1822. The House organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge. Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary of State; Elijah C. Berry. Auditor; Abner Field, Treasurer, and James Tumey. Attorney -General. Lockwood had served nearly two j-ears previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake.) The slavery question came up in the Legisla- ture on the reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending tliat steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- stitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to revise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the session, being one of those voting in the negative. The next day, without further investigation, the majority proceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen two and a half months previ- ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though, in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published in the State. "The Edwardsville Spectator." edited by Hooper Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on both sides of the question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia. the organ of Senator Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at Edwardsville. under direction of Judge Tlieophi- lus W. Smith. Emanuel J. West and Judge Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States Senator), favored the Convention. The latter paper was established for the especial purpose of supporting the Convention scheme and was promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- ure. (See 2\'eicsj}apers, Early.) Among other supporters of tlie Convention proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean. Richard M. Young. Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, of the Supreme Court, and many more ; while among the leading champions of the opposition, were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of freedom on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the salary of his entire term (S4.000). as well as his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- ernor Edwards ( then in the Senate) was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. The election was held August 2. 1824. resulting in 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote (11.612). the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 261 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. (See Slavery and Slave Laws. ) At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for President was divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- oral College failing to elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, •when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of $3,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- lature having passed an act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- formed a service to the State which has scarcely yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward.) A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, to usurp the position after the Governor's return. The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by the Supreme Court. An interesting event of the year 1825, was the visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. {See La Fayette, Visit of .) The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the following j^ear at a cost of $12,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia contributed §5,000. Edwards' Administration. — The State elec- tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he had filled during nearly the whole of the exist- ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the first United States Senators, and re-elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, by appointment of President Monroe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period of retirement to private Ufe for the first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of the State for endorsement, with the result stated. His administration was unevent- ful except for the "Winnebago War," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished inhis manners, courtly and precise in his address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave State and his long connec- tion with the executive office. His early educa- tion had been under the direction of the celebrated William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship existed. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter publislied his papers at Spring- field and Galena. At the expiration of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his home at Belleville, where, after making an un- successful campaign for Congress in 1833, in which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, Ninian.) William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- ments used against Kinney in this campaign was that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of three members who voted against the Illinois & Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the canal) would make an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken towards the erection of a State peni- tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 262 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Commissioners having charge of its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. Governor Reynolds— Black Hawk War. — The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Reynolds for Governor over AVilliam Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,0.j1, while Zadoc Case}', the candidate on the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Reynolds, John.) The most important event of Reynolds' admin- istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called out during this war to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, tlie final result being the driving of KiO Indians west of tlie Mis- sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to give the details of this complicated struggle, which was protracted through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in that, except the suri)rise and defeat of Stillman's command. Beardstown was the base of opera- tions in each of these campaigns, and tliat city has probably never witnessed such scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued through Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin without being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the center of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region surrounding it. (See Black Hawk War.) Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of the whites, it was remarkable for the number of those connected with it wliose names afterwards became famous in the historj' of the State and the Nation. Among them were two wl\o after- wards became Presidents of the United States — Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraliam Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army and afterwards head of the Southern Confederacy: three subsequent Gov- ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards United States Senator; .John T. Stuart, Lincoln's law preceptor and partner, and later a Member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J, Hardin; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col. John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Frj-; Henry Dodge and others. Under the census of 1830, Illinois became entitled to three Representatives in Congress in.stead of one, by whom it had been represented from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to tlie Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- Governorship, and was succeeded by AVilliam L. D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. (See Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc, and Representatives in Congress.) Within two weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), Governor Reynolds followed the example of his associate in office by resigning the Governorsliip to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or Southern) District, which had been rendered vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the incumbent in office, in July previous. This opened the way for a new promotion of acting Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office for the l)rief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds. John, anil Slade, Charles.) Ewing probably held a greater variety of offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assemblj-, he more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and President of tlie Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors; was United States Senator from 183,5 to 1837; still later became Clerk of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in that office three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or ten different offices, including the high- est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- son.) Duncan's AD&nNisTKATiON. — Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Represent- ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, Augxist, 1834, over four competitors— William HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 263 Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Josejih.) His administration was made memorable by the large number of distinguished men who either entered public life at this period or gained additional prominence by their connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862 ; Orville H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards; Dr. Jolin Logan, father of Gen. John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many more. During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- ests of the State. The estimated cost of the various works undertaken, was over $11,000,000, and though little of substantial value was real- ized, yet, in 1853, the debt (principal and inter- est) thereby incurred (including that of the canal), aggregated nearly 517,000,000. The col- lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of specie payments by the banks all over the country, which followed soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- ment Policy; also State Debt.) Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act was passed removing the State capital to Spring- field, and an appropriation of 850,000 was made to erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In securing the passage of these acts, tlie famous "Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the Senate ; and Abraham Lin- coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- tives from Sangamon County — played a leading part. The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for which liis administration had no direct responsibility; to- wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1837, had been employed upon various papers, the last being "The St. Louis Observer. " The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where the first number of "The Alton Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of the material had been destroyed by a mob. On the night of August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, when a third press having been procured, it was taken from the warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, maintained liis right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclusion; "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained about the building the next day, but when night came all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building, when two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost instantly. He was buried the following daj' without an inquest. Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building were tried for riot and acquitted — the former probably on account of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because tliey were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the latter, having been captured by Comanche Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; also Alton Riots.) Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. — Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, who was chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 264 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. (SeeCarlin,{Goi:)Tho7uas; Anderson. Sthtsuii H.) Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time we find the names of Orville H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, J«8se K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- quent history of the State. This was the last Legislature that as.sembled at Vanilalia, Spring- field becoming the cai)ital, July 4, 1839. The corner-stone of tlie first State capitol at Spring- field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated cost was §130,000, but $240,000 was expended upon it before its com- pletion. An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Tliird District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- cils for the first time. FiELD-JIcCi.KiiX.vND CONTEST. — An exciting event connected with Carlin's administration was the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secretary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination bj* the Gov- ernor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment of the Legislature, JlcClernand attempted to obtain possession of the office l>y writ of cjuo warranto. The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the ca.se in his favor, but this ilecision was overruled by the Supreme Court. A special session having been called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan Cotmty, was nominated and con- firmed Secretary of State, but held the position only a few months, when he resigned to accept a place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by Lyman TrumbviU. Si'PRF.ME Court Revolutionized. — Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehension of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political control of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterwards Governor, has characterized this step as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- tionary measure, which could never have suc- ceeded except in times of great party excite- ment." The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1810, was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such popular assem- blage had ever been seen in the State before. It is estimated that 20.000 people — nearly five per cent of the entire population of the State — were present, including a large delegation from Chi- cago who marched overland, under command of the late Maj -Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices so popular in that memorable campaign. Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- nation. Ford was elected by more than 8.000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford. Thomas: Snyder, Adam TI'., and Moore. John.) Emb.\rrassino Questions. — The failure of the State and tlie Shawneetown banks, near the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- tion of business depression that was felt all over the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- tration, the State debt was estimated at §1-5. ().57,- iliiO — within about one million of the highest point it ever reached — while the total population was a little over half a million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a source of embarrassment. This people, after liaving been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased rapiilly in numbers, and. by the arrogant course of their leaders and their odious doctrines — especially with reference to "celestial marriage." and their a.s.sumptions of authority — aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communities not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 265 of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by the Legislature, of certain charters and special privileges. Various chai'ges were made against the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- ernor called out the militia of the neighboring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum and three others, were induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their per- sons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about the building. A con- siderable portion of tlie militia had disbanded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to the prisoners. On June 37 a band of 150 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among those set to guard it. In the assault which followed both of the Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated with contempt by those whom he had called upon to preserve the peace. In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and the following spring tlie pilgrim- age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- man conducted the negotiations which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another consideraVjle l)ody entered the service of the Government to obtain safe con- duct and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mormons during their stay at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest' purposes, and this episode has left a stigma upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith. Joseph.) Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain directions have not been questioned, his administration was not a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from liis own party. (See Ford, Tliomas.) Mexican War. — A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of Ford's administra- tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished with alacritj', and many more men offered their services than could be accepted. Tlie names of their respective commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and the Nation. Hardin was of an lionorable Kentucky family ; he had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legislature and in Con- gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- tion in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised in the State "for the war"' during the next year, led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 wounded, 13 dying of their wounds. Their loss in killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number of wounded onlj' exceeded by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Among other lUinoisans who participated in this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, received the "baptism of fire" which prei)ared them to win distinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross, Isham N. Haynie. Theophilus Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham. Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post. Nathaniel Niles. W. R. Morri- son, and others. (See Mexican War.) French's Admisistration-Massac Rebellion. —Except for the Mexican War, which was still in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain portions of the State— especially bv a band of self- 266 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties — the administration of Augustus C. French, which began witli the close of the year 184G, was a quiet one. French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36.77,) for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 5,113 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- cratic candidate. At the ses.sion of the Legisla- ture wliich followed. Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate as successor to James Semple. New Contention Movement. — Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the depression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactorj". The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 184G it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total vote of 81.3,52. The State then contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate population of 002,150. The assessed valuation of projierty one year later was §92.200.493, while the State debt was §10,601,795 — or more than eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of the property of the State. C0NSTITUTI0N.\L CONVENTION OF 1847. —The election of memljers of a State Convention to form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades of the opposition. The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- manent President, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three months, adjourning August 31. The Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati- fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was adopted by 49,000 votes for. to 20,883 against it: and another, pro- viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for. to 30.586 against. The Constitution went into effect April 1, 1848. (See Consfitutioyis; also Cotistitutional Convention of W4~-) The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied to the payment of the State in- debtedness, was the means of restoring the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration of free persons of color, tliough in accordance with the spirit of the times, brought upon the State much opprobrimn and was repudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression following the wild legislation of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- visions in the new Constitution, some of which were afterward found to be serious errors open- ing tlie way for grave abuses. Among these was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. Tlie salaries of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being §1,500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir- cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer. §800 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting the right of suffrage to white male citizens above tlie age of 21 years, which excluded (except as to residents of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) a class of unnaturalized foreigners wlio had exercised the privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- tion of 1818; providing for the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular vote; proliibitiiig the .State from incurring in- debtedness in excess of .?.50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the credit of the State in aid of any individual association or cor- poration; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- ber in every fourth year, instead of the firs^- Monday in August, as had been the rule under the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers w.-vs fixed at four j-ears, except that of State Treasurer, which was made two j-ears, and the Governor alone was made ineligible to immediate re-election. The number of members of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 267 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of in- crease when the population should exceed 1,000,000. As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the form then most popular in the Southern States — especially with reference to the large number of officers made appointive by the Gov- ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new Constitution was, in some of its features, more in harmony with those of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- land sentiment. This was especially the case with reference to the section providing for a sys- tem of townsliip organization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority of the voters of each county. Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitution, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) for the election of State ofl^cers in August ; (2) an election of Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in November. At the first of these. Governor French, whose first term had been cut short two years by the adoption of the new Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically without opposition, the vote against him being divided between Pierre Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his own successor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adoption of the Constitution, lie served in the gubernatorial oflSce sis years. The other State officers elected, were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- Govei'nor ; Horace S. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own successors. At the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, who received .56,300 votes, to 53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and l.'),774 for Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in the history of the State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a minority of 12,521, while having a plurality over the Whig candidate of 3.2.53. The only noteworthy results in the election of Con- gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which probably accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them politically. Tlie other five Congressmen elected from the State at the same time — including John Wentworth, then chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to the Supieme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern — all Democrats. A leading event of this session was the election of a United States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- Clernand, then a member of Congress, were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. After a bitter contest. Shields was declared the choice of his party and was finally elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, however. On presentation of his credentials, after a heated controversy in Congress and out of it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- cessor in very intemperate language, he was declared ineligible on the ground that, being of foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship required by the Constitution after naturalization had not elapsed previous to his election. In October, following, the Legislature was called together in special session, and. Shields' disabil- ity having now been removed by the expiration of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, though not without a renewal of the bitter con- test of the regular session. Another noteworthy event of this special session was the adoption of a joint resolution favoring the principles of the "Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded at the next regular session, on tlie ground that the points at issue had been settled in the Compro- mise measm-es of 1850, it indicated the drift of sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the spread of the institution of slavery, and this was still more strongly emphasized by the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Illinois Central Railro.\d. — Two important measures which passed the General Assembly at the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, and the act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- ing this great tlioroughfare has been claimed for William .Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 111., as early as 1835, although a special charter 268 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS for a road over a part of this line had been passed by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central Railroad, awards the credit of originating this enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, in the Legislature of 1833, of which he was a member, and Speaker of the House at the time. He afterwards became President of the first lUi- nois Central Railroad Company, organized under an act passed at the session of 1830, which pro- vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur- render by the road of its charter. The first step toward legislation in Congress on this subject was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese. of a bill in March. 1843; but it was not until 18.")0 that the measure took the form of a direct grant of lands to the State, finally passing tlie Senate in May, and the House in September, following. The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- pose of aiding in the construction of a line of railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on each side of said railroad, aggregating 2.595,000 acres, the length of the main line and branches exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad Companj- passed tlie Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. The companj' was thereupon promptly oiganized with a number of New York capitali.sts at its head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- wold anil (louverneur Morris, and the grant was placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, under the pledge of the Company to build the road bj- July 4, 1854, and to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into the State Treiisury perpetually. A large propor- tion of the line was constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the richest and most populous portions of the State. The fund already received by theState from the road exceeds the amoimt of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement scheme of 1837. {See Illinois Central Railroad.) Election of 1853.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- crat) was elected Governor at the November election, in 1852, receiving 80.645 votes to 04,405 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, Free Soil. The other State officers elected, were Ciustavus Koerner, Lieutenant- Governor: Alexander Starne, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor: ami John Moore, Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Jlorris, Charles A. Betts and Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new members of the House chosen at this election as a Representative from Jackson Count}': while Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District Judge fur the Northern District of Illinois, and late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the Behriug Seii Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Representative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- ber of Congress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; Kiiowlfon. Dexfer A. ; Knemer, Gustarus: Starne, Alcxandi'r: Moore, John; Morrison, Jame.i L. D.; Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A.; Blodgett Henry IT'.) Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of Matteson's administration, amounting to $10,724,177, of which §7,259,822 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a new and pros- I)erous period, and, in the next four years, the debt was reduced by the sum of §4,504,840, leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, §12,834,144. The three State institutions at Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- cessful operation several years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- agement seriously interfered with their prosperity and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired their usefulness. Kansas-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat- teson's administration a period of ix)litical ex- citement began, caused by the introduction in the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Although this belongs rather to National history, tlie prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- man who had won applaxise three or four years before, by the service he had performed in secur- ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law, May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was in progress, during the first week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 269 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- cratic leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, though they afterwards reversed their position under partisan pressure and became supporters of the measure. The first State Convention of the opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth General Assembly, which met in January, fol- lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first Republican United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on the tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large majority of the opposition to the Demo- cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the original supporters of Trumbull would not cast their votes for himself, he generously insisted that his friends should support his rival, thus determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) Decatur Editorial Convention.— On Feb. 22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organization. The main busi- ness of this convention consisted in the adoption of a series of resolutions defining the position of their authors on National questions — especially with reference to the institution of slavery — and appointing a State Convention to be held at Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- tral Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, which was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln. O. H. Browning, Ricliard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin- coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one of the delegates appointed to the National Con- vention, held at Philadelphia on the ITth of June. The candidates put in nomination for State offices were : William H. Bissell for Governor ; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Democratic ticket was composed of William A. Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State ; S. K. Casey, Auditor ; John Moore, Treas- urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Tlie American organization also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities ranging from 3,031 to 20,213— the latter being the majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- urer, whose name was on both the Republican and American tickets. (See Aiiti- Nebraska Editorial Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 1S56. ) Administration of Governor Bissell. — AVith the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the Republican party entered upon the control of the State Government, which was maintained with- out interruption until the close of the administra- tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 — a period of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa- bility Bissell's inauguration took i^lace in the executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was immediately made the object of virulent personal abuse in the House, being charged with perjury in taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. To this, the reijly was made that the offense charged took place outside of the State and be- yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. (See Bissell. William H.) While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's administration, the most important events of this period related rather to general than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- \ ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he announced the doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- not stand." This was followed during the next 270 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. few months by the series of memorable debates between tliose two great champions of their respective parties — Lincohi and Douglas — which attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. (See Lincoln ayid Douglas Debates.) About the middle of Bissell's term (Februarj-. 1859), came the discovery of what lias since been known as tlie celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud."' This consisted in tlie fraudulent funding in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had been issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subse<)uently redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- gally funded to have been .$223,182, and that the bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnitj- bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized S2:i8,000 out of S25.'),000 then due. Further investigation proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- gating .Sl6.').346, which the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment against him. (See Canal Scrip Fra ud. ) An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- tration to secure the refunding (at par and in violation of an existing law) of one hundred and fourteen 81,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis- ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for which the State had received an insignificant consideration. The error was discovered when new bonds for the principal had been issued, but the process was immediately stopped and the new bonds surrendered — the claimants being limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- ume. (See Macalistcr d- Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- ful, although the State continued to prosper under it as it had not done since the "internal improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im- posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the time of his election Governor Bissell was an invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, from which he never recovered. He died in office, March 18, 1860, a little over two months after having entered upon the last year of his term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. (See Bissell, William H.; also ^yood. John.) Political C.^mp.ugn of 1860. — The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- ment throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the State in which the convention which nominated him met. The Republican State Convention, held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor, 'William Butler for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excitement, it was also memorable for the large nmnber of National and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Convention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the tliird ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- passed in the history of National Conventions, of wliich so many have been held in the "conven- tion city" of the Noi-thwest. The campaign was wliat might have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, tliough receiving consider- ably less tlian one-half the popular vote, had a plurality over his highest competitor of nearly half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he received 172.161 votes to 160,21.5 for Douglas, his leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood : Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- Democrat), 1-59. 2.53; Hope (Breckinridge Demo- crat), 2.049; Stuart (American), 1,626. Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell, and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones. Robert H. McCIellan, J. Young Scammon. William H. Brown, Lawrence Weldon. N. M. Broadwell. and John Scholfield, in tlie House. Shelby M. Cul- lom, who had entered the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this and was chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic candidate. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 271 Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- taneously with the accession of the new State Government, and before the inauguration of the President at Washington, began that series of startling events which ultimately culminated in the attempted secession of eleven States of the Union — the first acts in the great drama of war which occupied the attention of the world for the next four j-ears. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- tion held at Wasliington, were appointed from Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- field on his departme for Washington, in that simple, touching speech which has taken a place beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg speech, as an American classic. The events which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed all over the country, are matters of National his- tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State militia for three months' service, and one week later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the Secretary of War for the occupation of that place. The offer of military organizations pro- ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, fifty companies had been tendered, while the public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- cipal cities were offering to supply the State with money to arm and equip the hastily organized troops. Following in order the six regiments which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, those called out for the three months" service in 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to twelve, and were commanded by the following officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See War of the Rebellion.) Among the many who visited the State Capitol in the early months of war to offer their services to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, one of the most modest and unassuming was a gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a Captain in the regular army and had seen service in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension on that account, but after days of patient wait- ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen requiring the services of an officer of military experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an experiment and from necessity than from convic- tion of any peculiar fitness for the position. Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) which, from previous bad management, had manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of the war, the organizer of final victory over the Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies of the Union and twice elected President of the United States, started upon that career which won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See Grant, Ulysses S.) The responses of Illinois, under the leadership of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, to the repeated calls for volunteers through the four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- nois troops took part in nearly every important battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth. Nashville, Stone River and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege of Vicksburg, at AUatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav- ing answered every call upon her for troops without a draft. Tlie whole number of enlist- ments from the State under the various calls from 1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre- gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to population was 15.1 per cent, which was only exceeded by the District of Columbia (which had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 272 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Nevada, each of whicli liad a mucli larger proportion of adult male population. The whole number of regimental organizations, according to the returns in the Adjutant General's office, was l.'il regiments of infantry (numbered con- secutively from the Si.xth to the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially reported by the War Department, were 34,834 (13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and Lieut-Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz.: Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. Ilurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R, J. Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier- Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. (See sketches of these officers under their respec- tive names.) Among the long list of regimental officers who fell upon the field or died from wounds, ai)pear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of the Nineteenth; Col. Thomas V. Williams of the Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the Twenty-seventh— all killed at Stone River; Col. John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut. -Col. Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at Chickas;iw Bayou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross, of the Thirty-second, at Shiloli; Col. John A. Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Ilatchie; Col. Wil- liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besidea Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col. Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas .Vpplington, Col. John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, JIaj. Wm. H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more on other battle-fieliis. (Biographical sketches of many of these officers will be found under the proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It would be a grateful task to record here the names of a host of others, who, after acquitting them- selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the plaudits of a grateful people, were this within the design and so<>i)e of the present work. One of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with the Seventh under command of Col. Edward Prince. Constitutional Coxvextiox of 1862. —An incident of a different character was the calling of a convention to revise the State Constitu- tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A majority of this body was composed of those opposed to the war policy of the Government, and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of the State administration and the General Gov- ernment was soon manifested, which was resented by the executive and many of the soldiers in the field. The convention adjourned March 24, and its work was submitted to vote of the people, June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in the field, who were permitted, as a matter of policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically unanimous in opposition to it. De.\th of Douglas. — A few days before this election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of the State of its most sagacious and patriotic adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A.) Legislature of 1863. — Another political inci- dent of this period grew out of the session of the General Assembly of 1863. This body having been elected on the tide of the political revulsion which followed the issuance of President Lin- coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, was Democratic in both branches. One of its first acts was the election of William A. Richard- son United States Senator, in place of O. H. Browning, who liad been ap[>ointed by Governor Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to cripple the State and General Governments in the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the subject of the war, which the friends of the Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac- ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but owing to the death of a member on the majority side, they failed to pass the Senate. These denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- tation of negroes into the State;" accused the General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- verting the Constitution" and attempting to establish a "consolidated military despotism;" niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 273 charged that the war had been "diverted from its first avowed object to that of subjugation and the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of the authors that its "further prosecution .... cannot result in the restoration of the Union .... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and closed by appointing six Commissioners (who were named) to confer with Congress, with a view to the holding of a National Convention to adjust the differences between the States. These measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, so that little legislation was accomplished — not even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. Legislature Prokogued.— At this juncture, the two Houses having disagreed as to the date of adjournment. Governor Yates exercised the constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, which he did in a message on June 10, declaring them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- tional term. The Republicans accepted the result and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in the House and a minority in the Senate continued ill session for some days, without being able to transact any business except the filing of an empty protest, when they adjourned to the first T.Iouday of January, 1864. The excitement pro- duced by this affair, in the Legislature and throughout the State, was intense ; but the action of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme Court and the adjourned session was never held. The failure of the Legislature to make provision for the expenses of the State Government and the relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the State which was never wanting when needed' during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third General Asscmbhj.) Peace Conventions.— Largely attended "peace conventions" were held during this year, at Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. An immense Union mass-meeting was also held at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed by distinguished speakers, including both Re- publicans and War-Democrats. An important incident of this meeting was the reading of the letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, in a characteristically logical manner. Political Campaign op 1864.— The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military events. Among the former was the nomination of George B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- vention held at Chicago, August 39, on a platform declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention fqr the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the respective State tickets, were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic candidate for Governor. Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months rumors bad been rife concerning a conspiracy of rebels from the South and yieir sympathizers in the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- ber election, but the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a military court before whom a number of the arrested parties were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, calling itself "American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas ConsjJiraey.) At the Noverriber election Illinois gave a major- ity for Lincoln of 30,7.56, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33,67.5, with a proportionate major- ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote in the electoral college was213, to31 for McClellan. Legislature op 1865.— The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of the Legis- lature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- tor, in place of William A. Richardson, %vho had been elected two j'ears before to the seat formerly lield by Douglas. This was the last public posi- tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- ernor." During his oflicial term no more popular public servant ever occujiied the executive chair — a fact demonstrated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the United States Senate. His personal and political integrit}' was never questioned by his most bitter political opponents, while tho.so who had known 274 niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. him longest and most intimately, trusted liim most implicitly. The service which he performed in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers for the defense of the Union can never be over- estimated. (See Yates. Richard.) OoLESBY"s Admisistr.\tion. — Governor Ogles- by and the other State officers were inaugu- rated Jan. IT, 1865. Entering upon its duties with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the new administration was confronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- fied with the war from its beginning, was one of the first lUinoisans promoted to the rank of Major-General, was personally popular and enjoj'ed the confidence and respect of tlie people of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the Circuit bench to accept that of Adjutant-General, which he held during the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This Legislature was the first among those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- ing slavery, wliich it did in both Houses, on the evening of Feb. 1, 1865 — the same day the resolu- tion had been finally acted on by Congress and received the sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which had disgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- ing a record as creditable in tlie disposal of busi- ne.ss as that of its jiredecessor had been discredit- able. (.See Otjleshi/. Richard J.) Ass.\ssiNATioN OF LixcoLX. — The war was now rapidly approaching a successful termination. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful festivities through all the loyal States, but nowhere with more entlmsiasm than in Illinois, the home of the two great leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the evening of April 14, 1865. in Ford's Theater, Washington. The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom hung over every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal States were draped with the insignia of a univer- sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, patriotic women who had given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. The Fuxer.\l. — Then came the sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from Washington to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thousands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator. The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has already been dwelt upon as full}- as the scope of this work will permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of the men of the State was grandly supplemented by the equally patriotic service of its women in "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in .sanitary organizations for tlie purpose of contributing to the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giving them generous receptions on their return to their homes. The work done by these organizations, and by indi- vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the brightest pages in the historj- of the war. Election of 1866. — The administration of Gov- ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- ous. The cliief political events of 1866 were the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered Congress, from wliich he had retired in 18(>1 to enter the Union army. His majority was un- precedented, reaching 55.987. The Legislature of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United States Senate for a third term, his chief com])eti- tor in the Kepublican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- lature. Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con- vention of 1868. held at Peoria. May 6, nominated the following ticket: For Governor. John M. Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 275 Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor, Charles E. Lippinoott. State Treasurer, Erastus N. Bates; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell. John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as candidate for Governor, with William H. Van Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention was held at Chicago, May 31, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- President. They were opposed by Horatio Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- President. The result in November was the election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois was 51,150. Of course the Republican State ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight Republicans to twenty seven Democrats in the House. Palmer's AdmIiVistration. — Governor Palm- er's administration began auspiciously, at a time when the passions aroused by the war were sub- siding and the State was recovering its normal prosperity. (See Palmer, John M.) Leading events of the next four years were the adoption of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. The first steps in legislation looking to the con- trol of railroads were taken at the session of 1869, and although a stringent law on the subject passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, and, although superseded by the Constitution of 1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the subject. The cele- brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the title of the State to certain lands included in what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re-enacted over his veto. This act was finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and after many years of litigation, the rights claimed under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany have been recently declared void by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to "citizens of the United States .... on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each House, on March 5. The first step toward the erection of a new State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an appropriation of S-150,000, at the session of 1867, the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A second appropriation of S650,00U was made at the session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to $3,500,000, but an act passed by the Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation of §531,712 for completing and furnishing the building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building and its furniture exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) The State Convention for framing a new Con- stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1869. It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected as "Independents" and co-operated with the Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- cock was elected President. The Convention terminated its labors. May 13, 1870 ■, the Constitu- tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- ing feature of the latter was the general restric- tion upon special legislation and the enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for under general laws. It laid the basis of our present railroad and warehouse laws; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people; prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- scribers to the stock of any railroad or private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required tlie enactment of laws for the protection of miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- tion against the re-election of a Governor as his own immediate successor was removed, but placed upon tlie office of State Treasurer. The Legisla- ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 153 Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- sentatives being chosen from each district. (See Constitutional Convention of 1S69-70; also Con- stitution of 1S70.) At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Legislature of 1871.— The Twenty -seventh General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 276 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. spent more time in legislation than any other in the history of the State — a fact to be accounted for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten- sive revision of the laws required in consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions and an adjourned ses.sion, cover- ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature adopted the system of "State control"' in the management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special message. General Logan having been elected United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position of Congressinan-at-large at a special election held Oct. 4. Chicago Fire of 1871.— The calamitous fire at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and the Nation, but of the civilized world. The area burned over, including streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. The loss of life is estimated at 2.50, and of prop- erty at Si 87, 927. 000. Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special session to act upon the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- cluded from alTording direct aid, the plan was adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, amounting to ;<2,9.55,340. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led to some controversj' between Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of Chicago and the inilitarj' authorities, including President Grant, on the other; but the general verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between civil and military authority may not have been observed, the service rendered by the military, in a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire of 1S71 under title Chicago.) Political C.vmp.vion of 1872.— The political campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con- fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied with the administration of President Grant, a number of the State officers (including Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- licans of the State, joined in what was called the "Lilieral Republican" movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for OConor. The plurality for Oglesby. for Governor, was 40,090. Governor Oglesbj'"s second administration was of brief duration. Within a week after his in- auguration he was nominated bj- a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by the party whose candidates he had defeated at three previous elections. (.See Oglesby. Ricluird J. ) Lieutenant-Governor Beveritlge thus became Governor,* filling out the unexpired term of liis chief. His administration was high-minded, clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, Joltn L.) Republican Reverse of 1874. —The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was elected by a pluralitj- of nearly 3.5,000, by a com- bination of the opposition. S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same time elected State Superintend- ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After a protracted contest, E. M. Haines — wlio had been a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was elected Speaker of the Hou.se over Shelby M. Cul- lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-ofticio Lieutenant-Governor. The session whicli fol- lowed — especially in the House — was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State, coming to a termination, April 15, after having enacted very few laws of any im- portance. (See Twenty-ninih General Assembly. ) Camp.ucix of 1876. — Slielby M. Cullom was the candidate of the Republican party for Governor in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading tlie National ticket. The excitement which attended the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the two Presidential candidates — Ha3-es and Tilden — and the determination of the result through the medium of an Electoral Commission, are fresh in the memory of the present gener- ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for President was 19,631. but owing to tlie combina- tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for a z w o s O I O S o > o o ?3 ^ }•.'. TIB ^1 (- BOARD OF TRADK BIILDING, CHICAGO. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 277 CuUom was reduced to 6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu- tenant-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorney- General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- petitor, had a smaller majority than CuUom. The new State House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans had a majority in the House, the Independents held the "balance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. After a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1802. His election to the United States Senate by the Demo- crats and Independents led to his retirement from the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- cumstance which, in the opinion of many, may have had an important bearing upon the decision of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, and more frequently acted with the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported Blaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 1884. (See Davis, David. ) Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad centers of the State and throughout the country generally. The newl}' -organized National Guard was called out and rendered efficient service in restoring order. Governor Cullom's action in the premises was prompt, and has been generally commended as eminently wise and discreet. Election op 1878.— Four sets of candidates were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 — Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- hibition. The Republicans were successful, Gen. John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities averaging about 35,000. The same party also elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assem- bly. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu- ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker of the House at this session. (See Smith. John Corson; Slade, James P.; also Thirty- first General Assembly. ) Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle made by the friends of General Grant to secure his nomination for the Presidency for a third term. The Republican State Convention, begin- ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of General Grant by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nuUii'ied, however, by the action of the National Conven- tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement for Sec- retary of State ; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor ; Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, and James McCartney for Attorney-General. (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; Rutz, Edward, -And. McCartney , James.) Ex-Sena- tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- sons for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive majorities in both branches of the Legislature. No startling events occurred during Governor Cullom's second term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population and prosperity, and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped out." Election op 1882.— At the election of 1882, Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second term, over -Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the General Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 278 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. House. In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at this session, Governor Cullom was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. Jolin M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov- ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See Cullom, Shelby 31.; JImnilton, John M.; ColUnx. Loren C, and Raab, Henry.) The "Harper High License Law," enacted by the Thirty-third General Assembly (lf<83), has become one of the permanent features of the Illi- nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, and lias been more or less closely copied in other States. PouTiCAL Camp.ugn OF 1884. — In 1884, Gen. R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. The Republican National Convention was again held ill Chicago, meeting June 3. 1SS4; Gen. Jolin A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- licans for President, and was p>it in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. Tlie choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Arthur. Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- tion. At the election in November the Republican party met its first reverse on tlie National battle- field since 18.56, Grover Clevelanil and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being elected President and Vice-President by the nar- row margin of less tlian 1,200 votes in the State of New York. Tlie result was in doubt for sev- eral days, and the excitement throughout tlie country was scarcely less intense than it had been in the close election of 18T(i. The Green- back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in Illinois, polling a ti)tal of nearly 'JU.OOO votes. The plurality in the State for Blaine was 2.j,118. The Republican State officers elected were Richard J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten- ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State ; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor ; Jacob Gross, State Treasurer; and George Hunt. Attorney- General— receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were elected for a second time, while ( Jross and Hunt were chosen for fii'st terms. (See fJro.'.-.s-. Jacob, and Hunt, George. ) Chicago Election- Frauds. — An incident of this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin. one of its alleged perije- trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four years for perjury growing out of the inve.stiga- tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was found in the close vote in the Legislature for United States Senator — Senator Logan being a candidate for re-election, while the Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were rendered vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of the Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative a Republican. The special election for Senator re.sulted in filling the vacancy with a new member of the same political faith as his predecessor; but l)Oth vacancies in the House were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- lican member in place of a Democrat in the House was brought about by the election of Captain William H. Weaver Representative from the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, Democrat. This was accomplished by what is called a "still hunt" on the part of the Repub- licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- sation not only of the session, but of special elec- tions generally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic. This gave the Republicans a majority in each House, and the re-election of Logan followed, though not until two months had l)een consumed in the contest. (See Loijiiii. .hihii A.) OOLESBYS Third Term. — The only disturbing events during Governor Oglesby "s third term were strikes among the quarryinen at Joliet and Lemont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November of the same year. In each case troops were called out and order finally restored, but not until sev- eral persons had been killed in the two former, and Vjoth strikers and employers had lost heavily in the iiiterrnption of bu.sine.ss. At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec- tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 279 tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See Tanner, John R.; Edwards, Richard.) In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which met Januarj-, 1887, the Republicans liad a major- ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was elected to the United States Senate in place of Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Fanvell, Charles B.) FiFER Elected Governor. — The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and ExGov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See Fifer, Joseph W.) Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the field The Republican National •Convention was again held in Chicago, June 20-2.5, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. Gresham. (See Gresham, )Valter Q.) Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November elec- tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican Electors a plurality of 23, 104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,. 547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac X. Pearson, Secre- tary of State ; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor ; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; Pear- son, Isaac N.; Pavey, Charles W; and Becker, Cha7-les.) The Republicans secured twenty-six majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- lature of 1889 were the reelection of Senator Cullom to the United States Senate, practically w'thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and the enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session held in July, 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation looking to the holding of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) Republican Defe.\t of 1890. — The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats were able, with the aid of two members belonging to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer United States Senator, as successor to C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March 11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) andonefor A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M.) Elections of 1892.— At the elections of 1892 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first defeat on both State and National issues since 1856. The Democratic State Convention was held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor; WilUam H. Hiarichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- eral, with Jolin C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for Trustees of the Universitj' of Illinois. The can- didates on the Republican ticket were : For Gov- ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear- son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen- eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi- nated to succeed themselves. The Republican National Convention held its session at Minneapo- lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for re-election, while that of the Democrats met in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. Stevenson, of Bloomingtou, 111., as his running- mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and People's Party also Iiad complete National and State tickets in the field. The State campaign was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak- ing an especially bitter contest upon some features of the compulsory school law, and gaining many votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. The result in the State showed a plurality for Cleveland of '26,993 votes out of a total 873,646— the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld (Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,6.59; Link (Pro.), 25,6'28;Barnet (Peo.), 20. 108— plurality for Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 280 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. est given to any Republican candidate on either the National or the State ticket, leading that of President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the Democratic State ticket with the single exception of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in Congress from the State chosen at this time, eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, including among the latter the two Congressmen from the State-at-large. The Thirt.v-eighth Gen- eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- ans in the House. The administration of Governor Fifer — the last in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- ernors — closed with the financial and industrial interests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of deVjt with an ample surplus in its treasury. Fifer was the fir.st private .soldier of the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, though the result of the next two elections have shown that he was not to be the last — both of his successors belonging to the same class. Governor Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the State to be elected Governor, though the State has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign birth, viz.: Pierre Menard, a French Canadian; John iluore, an Englishman, and Gu.stavus Koerner and Francis -V. IIotTiiian. both Germans. Al^TGEi.D's Admixistr.vtiox. — The Thirty- eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each House. (.See Thirty-eighth General Aasembly.) The inauguration of the State officers occurred on Januarj- 10. The most important events con- nected with Governor .\ltgeld"s administration were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both of these have been treated in detail under their proper heads. (See ]Vtirl(l's Columbian E.rponi- tioti. and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the night of Jan. 3, 189,5, of a portion, of the buildings connected with the Southern Hospital for the Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of nearl}' §200,000, and subjecting the inmates and officers of the institution to great risk and no small amount of suffering, although no lives were lost. The Thirty-ninth General .\.s,sembly, which met a few days after the fire, made an appropri- ation of SI" 1,970 for the restoration of the build- ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- urer of the University of Illinois, which came to light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, involved the State in heavy loss (the exact amount of which is not even yet fully known), and operated unfortunately for the credit of the retiring administration, in view of the adoption of a policy which made the Governor mqre directly responsible for the management of the State in- stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- cessors. The Governor's course in connection with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised in some quarters, especially as it brouRht him in opposition to the policy of the National adminis- tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa- thizing with the strikers at a time when they were regarded its acting in open violation of law. Electio.v of 1894.— The election of 1894 showed as surprising a reaction against the Democratic party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite direction. The two State offices to be vacated this }-ear — State Treasurer and State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — were filled by the elec- tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. The i)lurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty-two Repre- sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as elected were Republicans, and these two were unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats in the Senate, and eighty -eiKht Repub- licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. One of tlie most important acts of the Thirty- ninth General As.sembly, at the following session, was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa- tion of members of the General Assembly at 81,000 for each regular session, with five dollars per day and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This Legislature also passed acts making appropriations for the erection of buildings for the use of the State Fair, which had l>een permanently located at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad- ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at Wilmington. Pekm.\next Location of the St.\te Fair. — In consequence of the absorption of public atten- tion — especially among the indu-strial and manu- facturing classes — by the World's Columbian Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was i;^ k^9 '^m 'T /3s^^ w ^^^^^I^H ^ J \^ L r i?: 1:^1 = ^li^ ra 1 « l^^3 I 1 1 Si r 1 . \^^ " ^ m K ■ . ■' -^ 1^ [™ t^ L '11 1 1 i 1 i — i4lf =! ^;s, ^!a •^ (r-- I ^ i. SM;;^7!rs^i I ^. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 281 omitted for the first time since the Civil War. The initial steps were taken by the Board at its annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that year, looking to the permanent location of the Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- cago, in October following, formal specifications were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met in securing the prize. These were sent to cities intending to compete for the location as the basis of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses were received from the cities of Bloomington, Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual meeting in January, 1894, with the result that, on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was accepted and the Fair permanently located at that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to ten divided between five other points. The Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair Grounds immediately north of the city — besides a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San- gamon County Board of Supervisors for the erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- butions increased the estimated value of the donations from Sangamon County (including the land) to §139,800, not including the pledge of the city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- sides an agreement on the part of the electric light company to furnish light for two years free of charge. The construction of buildings was begun the same year, and the first Fair held on the site in September following. Additional buildings have been erected and other improve- ments introduced each year, until the grounds are now regarded as among the best equipped for exhibition purposes in the United States. In the meantime, the increasing success of the Fair from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture in the matter of location. Campaign op 1896. — The political campaign of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety and character of the issues involved and the number of party candidates in the field. As usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties were the chief factors in the contest, although there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, which tended to the introduction of new issues and the organization of parties on new lines. The Republicans took the lead in organizing for the canvass, holding their State Convention at Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo- crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor; James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James S. McCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the Democracy for State officers embraced John P. Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- retary of State, Finis E. Downing: Auditor, Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. The National Republican Convention met at St. Louis on June 16, and, after a three days" session, put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for Vice-President; while their Demo- cratic opponents, following a policy which had been maintained almost continuously by one or the other party since 1860, set in motion its party machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con- vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first time in the history of the nation, a native of Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine, for the second place on the ticket. The main issues, as enunciated in the platforms of the respective parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by the prominence given to the tariff and monetary questions in each. This was the natural result of the business dejiression which had prevailed since 1893. While the Republican platform adhered to the traditional position of the party on the tariff issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the gold standard as the basis of the monetary system of the country, that of the Democracy took a new departure by declaring unreservedly for the "free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;"' and this be- came the leading issue of the campaign. The fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, wlio had been favored by the Populists as a candidate for Vice President, and was afterwards formally nominated by a convention of that party, with Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- cago Convention, led to much friction between the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. At the same time a very considerable body — in influence and political prestige, if not in numbers — in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party, refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver ■282 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. section on the monetary question, and, adopting the name of "Gold Democrats,'' put in nomination a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, tlie Pro- hibitionists, Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party and "Middleof-the-Road"" (or "straight-out"' ) Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the field, making a total of seven sets of candidates api>ealing for the votes of the people on issues assumed to be of National importance. The fact that the two grejvt parties— Democratic and Republican — established their principal head- quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in Chicago, had the effect to make that city and the State of Illinois the center of political activ- ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos- ing character were held by both parties. At the November election the Republicans carried the day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141.517 for their national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, while the leading candidates on the State ticket received the following pluralities: John R. Tan- ner (for Governor), 113,381; Nortlicott (for Lieu- tenant-Governor), 13T,3.54: Rose (for Secretary of State), 136,611; McCuIlough (for Auditor). 138,- 013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for Attorney -General), 13'>,6,50. The Republicans also elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to three Democrats and two People's Party men. The total vote ca.st, in this campaign, forthe "Gold Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100. Gov. Tanner's Administr.^tion — The Fortieth General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of eighty-eight Republicans to si.xty-three Demo- crats and two Pt)pulists in the House, and thirty- nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally gained one member in each house by contests. Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers in the subordinate positions. Tlie inauguration of the newly elected State officers took i>lace on the 11th, the inaugural address of (iovernor Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main- taining the issues indorsed by the people at the late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason, of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full Republican strength (12.5 votes) in the two Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Assembly. ) Among the principal measures enacted by the Fortieth General A.ssembly at its regular session were: The "Torrens Land Title Sy.stem," regu- lating the conveyance and registration of land titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the tliree Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen Street-Railroad I^aw, empowering City Councils and other corporate authorities of cities to grant street railway franchises for a period of fifty years. On l)e<^. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in special session under a call of the Governor, nam- ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug- gested. Of these only two were acted upon affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner of conducting the election of delegates to nomi- nating jjolitical conventions, and a new revenue law regulating the assessment and collection of ta.xes. The main feature of the latter act is the re(iuirement that property shall l)e entered upon the books of the asses.sor at its cash value, subject to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth of this amount. Tiip; Si>.\NisH- American War.— The most not- able event in the history of Illinois during the year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and tlie part Illinois played in it. In this contest lUiuoisans manifested the same eagerness to serve their country as did their fathers and fel- low citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third of a century ago. The first call for volunteers was responded to with alacrity by the men com- jmsing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi- ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men — being mustered in between May 7 and Maj- 21. Although only one of these — the First, under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago — saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the South stood ready to respond to the demand for their service in the field. Under the .second call for troops two other regiments — the Eighth and the Ninth — were organized and the former (com- po.sed of A fro- Americans officered by men of their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of engineers from Company E of the Second United States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were among the first to see service in Cuba, while many lUinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve were assigned to duty on United States war vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 283 naval engagements in Cuban waters. Tlie Third Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. The several regiments on their return for muster- out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi- ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments were organized and stood ready to respond to the call of the Government for their services had the emergency required. (See ll'ar, The Spanish American.) Labor Disturbances. — The principal labor disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- ner's administration, occurred during the coal- miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to introduce colored laborers from the South to operate these mines led to violence between the adherents of the "Miners' Union'' and the mine- owners and operators, and their employes, at these points, dirring which it was necessary to call out the National Guard, and a number of lives were sacrificed on both sides. A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, 111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of which a large proportion of the city was flooded, many homes and business houses wrecked or greatly injured, and much other property de- stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most part of women and children who, being surprised in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was promptly furnished by the State Government in the form of tents to shelter the survivors and rations to feed them ; and contributions of money and provisions from the citizens of the State, col- lected by relief organizations during the next two or three months, were needed to moderate the suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.) CAMPAIGN OF 1898. — The political campaign of 1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted on the same general issues as that of 1890, al- though the gradual return of business prosperity had greatly modified the intensity of interest with which some of the economic questions of the preceding campaign had been regarded. The only State officers to he elected were a State- Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and three State University Trustees — the total vote cast for the former being 878,623 against 1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former, Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for jM. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,193 divided between three other candidates; while Alfred Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 33,- 190 votes cast for three others. The Republican candidates for University Trustees were, of course, elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their representation in Congress, though electing thir- teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty- sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic opponents, who were practically consolidated in this campaign with the Populi.sts. Forty-first General Assembly. — The Forty- first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, with one exception (that of 187.5), the shortest regular session in the liistory of the State Gov- ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 1870. The House of Representatives consisted of eighty- one Republicans to seventy-one Democrats and one Prohibitionist ; and the Senate, of thirty- four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one Populist — giving a Republican majority on joint ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills which passed both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- tant were the following: Amending the State Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the general powers of the Board ; creating the office of State Architect at a salary of S3, 000 per annum, to furnish plans and specifications for public buildings and supervise the construction and care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation of the territory of cities under township organi- zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- sional townships, into one township ; empowering each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a private secretary at a salary of .?2,000 per annum, to be paid by the State; amending tlie State Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish- ment and maintenance of parental or truant schools; and empowering the State to establish Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an amendment of the State Constitution is to be voted upon by the electors at any general elec- tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said copies published and posted at the places of voting for the information of voters. One of the most important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 284 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. railway Franchise Law of the previous session, the provisions of whicli. empowering City Coun- cils to grant street-railway franchises extending over a period of lifty jears. had been severely criticised by a portion of the press and excited intense hostility, especially in some of the larger cities of the State. Although in force nearly two years, not a single corporation had succeeded in obtaining a franchise under it. A Retrospect and a Look ixto The Future. — The history of Illinois has been traced concisely and in outline from the earliest period to the present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, for a century it continued the hunting ground of savages and the home of wild animals conmion to the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. The region brought under the influence of civili- zation, such as then existed, comprised a small area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized counties of the present day. Thirteen yeare of nominal British control( 1765-78) saw little change, except the exodus of a part of the old French population, who preferred Spanish to British rule. The period of devoloiiment began with the occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- ernment of the settlements northwest of the Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 13,.500,000. In 1880 the population of the State equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in the Union in this respect in 18.")(), in 1800 it had advanced to third rank. AVith its unsurpassed fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, there is little risk in predicting that the next forty years will see it advanced to second, if not first rank, in both wealth and i)0]>ulation. But if the development of Illinois on material lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A long list of these might be mentioned, but two names from the ranks of lUinoisans have been, by common consent, assigned a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress upon the history of the Nation than any others since the days of Washington, These are, Ulysses S. Grant, the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms and ('oii(|ueror of the Rebellion, anil Abraham Lincoln, the (Jreat Emancipator, the Preserver of the Republic, and its Martyred President. CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. Important Events in lUinots History. 1673.— Jollet ftnd Marquetto renrti Illinois from Green Bay by way of thu Upper Mississippi himI Illinois Rivers. 1G74-5. — Maniuette niakf.s a .secoiitl visit to Illinois uiid spends the wlnieron the present site of (,'hlcago. 1680. — La Salle and Tonty rtesreiid the Jlliimis to Peoria Lake. 1681.- Toiity iM?«ins the eret-tion of Fort St. Louis un "Starved Rock" in Lu Salle County. IGSi.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers to the nionlh of the laiier, and take jHibfiesslon erniaiient French settlement in Illinois and Mis- sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokla. 1700.— Kaakaskia Indians remove from the Upper IIUdois and locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. French settlement established here the same year becomes the town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois. 1718.— The tirst Fort Chartres. erected near Kaskaskia. 1718. - Fort St. Louis, on the UpiM-r Illinois, burned by Indians. 17M. — Fort C'hartres rebuilt and streipntheneil. ITtio. The lUiiiiils (-ountry surrendered by the French to the British under the treatv of 17i;:{ 1778.— I July A> Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe- dition orgitiilred under authority of Gov. Patrick Henry of Virginia, arrives at KaskH.okia. The occupation of Illinois bv the ,\tnerican troops follows. 1778— Illinois County created by Act of the VirRlpla House of iJelegtttes. for the goverument of the selllemeiiis north- west of the Ohio River. 1787.- Congres.s adi>pts the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the Northwest Territory, embracing the present Stales of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Ulchlgnn and Wisconsin. 1788.— General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- west Territory. 1790.— St Clair County organized. 1795.— Randolph County organized. 1800.— Northwest Territory divided Into Ohio and Indiana Ter- ritories. Illinois being embraced In the latter. 1809.— Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and NlnlaD Kdvvards appointed Governor 1818.— .Dec. :<> Illinois admittwl as a Stale. IHio. -State capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 1.S22- 24. -Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State. IHi5.-i .April :(U) General La Fayelte visits Kaskaskia. 1832.— Black Hawk War. 18:{y.— ( July I > Spritiglield becomes the third capital of the State under nil Act of the 1.^-gisIature passed m 1»37. 1818.— The second Constitution adopted. isiiu.— Abraham Lincoln is electeJan. I) Lincoln issues bis linal Proclamation of EmaD- cipation. 18G4.— Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. ltH(,i._i April I4i .\hraham Lincoln assasslimted In Washington. 18fi5.— I Mav 4i Prcsiilent Liiieiiln'fl funeral in Springlleld. J8ta.— The'War of Ilie Uebellion ends. I8(!8.— Gen. U. s. Grunt elected to the Presidency. 1870.- The tliird Slate Constitution adopted. POPULATION OF ILLINOIS At Each Decennial Ccn»\is from 1810 to 1900, 1810 (23) 12.282 1860 (41 I.ni.95l 18»U (241 5,1.162 1870 (4 t 2.5;«.81U ISW (20) 157.445 \Mi ,4t .'*,077.s71 1S40 (H> 476,183 !H!W (3) 3 K2*;,;«l 1850 (1I> 851,470 1900(3) (,821.550 Note.— Figures In parenthesis Indicate the rank of the Slate fo order of population. ILLINOIS CITIES Having a Poimlation of io,ooo and Over {1900), Name. Population. Chicago 1,698,755 Peoria Sti.luo Quincv 36.252 UpringHeld ^.IS» Rockford 31,051 Jollet 29,353 East St. Louis 29,655 Aurora 24.147 BIcKimington 23.286 Elgin 22,4:« I)ecatur 20.754 Rock Island 19,498 Evaiiston 19,259 Name. Population. Galesburg 18.607 Belleville Mullne .... i;.-isi .... 17,248 .... lli.SM jHcksonviUe .... 1.5.078 Strentor KHi)kake« Freeport .... 14,079 .... 13.595 1.1258 12.5«S Ottawa La SuUe .... 10,588 10,4M HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 285 INDEX. This index relates exclusively to matter embraced in the article under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history will be found treated at length, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. Altgeld, John P., administration as Gov- ernor. 27y-80; defeated for re-election, 1^1. Anderson. Stinson H..2t)4. Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, 25R. Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a conventiou scheme, 260. Baker, Cot. E. D., 263; orator at laying the corner-stone of State capitol, 2ii4. Batemaii, Nevvtun, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 270.274,275. Beveridge, John L.. Congressman and Lieutenant-Governor; becomes Governor by resignation of Governor Ogle3by,27ti. Birkbeck. Morris, 2C0. Bissell, William H.. Colonel in Mexican War. 265; Governor, 269; death, 27u. Black Hawk War. 262. Blodgett. Henry W.,Free Soil member of the LeKJsIature, 268. Blooniington Convention (1856), 269. Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. Bond, Shadrach. 255; Delegate iu Congress, 257; first Governor, 258. Breese. Sidney, 259. Browne. Thomas C, 260. Browning. Orville H., in Bloomington Convention, 269; U. S. Senator. 27:^. Cahokia, first French settlement at, 252. Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. Canal Scrip Fraud, 270. Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 26:*. Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress: re- signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. Charlevoix visits Illinois, 247 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance of in estimation of early explorers, 247. Chicago election frauds, 278. Chicago, fire of 1871,276. Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago was named, 24S. dark, C^ol. George Rogers, expedition to IlUnois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251. Coles, Edward, emancipates his slaves; candidate for Governor, 259; his election, 260; persecuted by his enemies. 261. Constitutional Convention of 1818, 258. Constitutional Conventiun of 1847,266. Constitutional Convention of 1862,272. Constitutional Convention of 1870, 2(5. Cook, Daniel P.. 255; Attorney-General, 258: elected to Congress. 260-61. Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against Indians at Peoria. 257. Cullom.SheU)y M., Speaker of General As- sembly, 27u; elected Governor. 27ii; ft'ii- tures of his administration; re-elected, 277; elected to U. S. Senate. 278. Davis. David. United States Senator. 277. Douglas, Stephen A., 263; Justice Supreme Court, 2ti4, U. S. Senator, 266; debates with Lincoln, 268-70; re-elected U.S. Sen- ator. 270; death, 272. Duncan, Joseph. Governor; character of his administration, 262-63. Early towns, 258. Earthquake of 1811.256. Edwards, Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- tory, 255. elected U. S. Senator, 259; elected Governor; administration and death, 261. Ewing, William L. D., becomes acting Governor; occupant of many offices, 263. Explorers, earl V French, 244-5. Farwell. Churles B..279. Field-MoCltjrijand contest. 264. Fifer, Joseph W., elected Governor, 279. Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial House of Representatives, 257. Ford, Thnmiis, Governor; embarrassing questions of his administration, 264. Fort Chartres, surrendered to British, 250. Fort Dearborn ma.ssacre, 256-57. Fort Gage burned, 251. Fort Massac, startingpoint on the Ohio of Clark's expedition, 251. Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and burned by Indians, 247. Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Commissioner for Illinois in 1775, 251. French, Augustus C Governor, 265-7. French aud ludian War, 250. French occuoation ; settlement about Kas- kaskia and Cahokia. 249. French villages, population of in 1765,251. Gibault. Pierre. 2ii2. Grant. Ulysses S., arrival at Springfield; Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Voluu- teers, 271; elected President, 275. Gresham, Walter Q,, supported by Illinois Republicans for the Presidency, 279. Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor, 277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278. Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. Hardin, John J., 263; elected to Congress, 264; killed at Buena Vista, 265. Harrison. William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory, 254. Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for Illinois Country; assists in planning Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlcto Gov- ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio River Illinois, its rank in order of admission into the Union, area and population, 241; In- dian origin of the name; boundaries and area; geographical locatioti; navigable streams, 242; topography, fauna and flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con- test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- ana ill 1721, 249; surrendered to the British iu 1765, 251 ; undpr government of Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territory, 254; Territorial Government organized; Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 255; admitted as a State. 258 Illinois & Michigan Canal, 261. Illinois Central Railroad. 267-68, "Illinois Country," boundaries defined by Captain Pittman. 241; Patrick Henry, first American Governor, 252, Illinois County organized by Virginia House of Delegates, 252. Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- rial ofiBcers, 255. Indiatia Territory organized. 254; first Territorial Legislature elected. 255. Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. Internal hiiprovement scheme, 263. Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, visits Illinois in 1673, 24o. Kane. Elias Kent, 258. Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268. Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 248. Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- tion against Kaskaskia. 251. Labor disturbances. 270,280,283. La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261. La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth uf St. Joseph; disasterof Fort Creve-Coeur; erection of Fort St. Louis, 246. Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the General Assembly, 263; elected to Con- gress, 266 ; unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of 1856; '• House-divided-agaiust-itself " speech, 269; elected President, 270: departure for Washington, 271; elected for a second term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274. Lincoln- Douglas debates, 270. Lockwood, Samuel D., Attorney-General; Secretary of State; opponent of pro- slavery convention scheme, 260. Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union soldier, 272; Congressman-at-Iarge, 274-76; elected United .States Senator. 276; Re- publican nominee for Vice-President; third election as Senator, 278 "Long Nine, "263. Louisiana united with Illinois. 254. Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263. Macalister andStebbins bonds. 270. Marquette. Father Jacques (see Joliet); his mission among the Kaskaskias, 248. Mason, William E., U. S. Senator, 282. McLean, John, Speaker; first Representa- tiveinCongress: U.S Senator: death, 265. Menard, Pierre, 255; President of Terri- torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant- Governor. 258; anecdote of, 259. Mexican War, 265. Morgan, Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- kaskia in 1776. 251. Mormon War, 264-65. New Design Settlement, 255. New France, 244. 249. Nicolet. Jean. French explorer, 244-5. Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; first Territorial Legislature; separated into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254. Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- tion; chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third election to governorship, 278. Ordinance of 1787, 253. •' Paincourt " (early name for St Louis) settled by French from Illinois, 251. Palmer. John M., member of Peace Con- ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of his administration, ■^75; uiisucceesfnl Democratic candidate for Governor; elected U. S. Senator, 279; candidate for President, 282. Peace Conference of 1861,271. Peace conventions of 1863,273. Perrot, Nicholas, explorer, 245. Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- ries of the '■Illinois Country." 241. Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois Ter- ritory, 255; Delegate in Congress: serv- ice in fixing northern boundary, 258. Prairies, origin of, 243. Randolph County organized. 254. Renault, Philip F., first importer of Afri- can slaves to Illinois. 249. Republican State Convention of 1856,269. Reynolds, John, elected Governor: resigns to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of IlUnoig House of Representatives. 268. Richardson, William A., candidate for Governor, 270; U.S. Senator, 272. Rocheblave, Chevalier de, laat British Commandant in Illinois. 251; sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. Shawneetown Bank, 257. Sliawneetown flood, 283. Shields. Gen, James, 263; elected U. S. Sen- ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 230. spanish-.\merican War. 281. Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- tion of new State capitol at, authorizeu, 275: state Bank, 259, St. Clair. Arthur, first Governor of North- west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254. St. Clair County organized, 254. .state debt reaches its maximum, 268. State Fair permanently located, 281. Streams and navigation. 242. Supreme C'ourt revolutionized, 264. Tanner. John R., state Treasurer, 278; elected Governor, 281-2. Thomas, Jesse B.. 255; President of Con- stitutional Convention of 1818, 258; elected United States Senator, 259. Todd. Col. John. County-Lieutenant of Illi- nois County, 2.52. T'jnty. Henry de(see La Salle). Treaty with Indians near Alton. 257. Trumbull. Lyman. Secretary of State, 264; elected United States Senator, 269-70; Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. Vandalia. the second State capital, 259. War of 1812, 2.56; expeditions to Peoria Lake, 257. War of the Rebellion; some prominent Illinois actors; nuihher of troops fur- nished by Illinois; important battles par- ticipated in, 271 72; some officers who fell;, Grierson raid. 272. Warren, Hooper, editor Edwards ville Spectator, 260. Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 254. Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 264. Wilmot Proviso, action of lUiuoii Legisla- ture upon, 267. Wood, John, Lieutenant-Governor, fills Bis^ell's unexpired term. 270. Yates. Richard, at Bloomington Conven- tion of 1856, 269; Governor, 270; prorogues Legislatureof 1863; elected United States Senator, 273. 286 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments of an education in two winters' schooling, and began his business career by purchasing 100 head of yearling cattle upon which, after herding them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- tucky, he realized a profit of nearly §3,000. In 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- lin, " on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the present town of Boonville, in IMil made a horse- back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating at Springfield, which had just been selected bj' a board of Commissioners as the temixjrary county -seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. Louis and opened the first store in the new town. Two years later (1823), in conjunction with Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, he entered a section of land comprised within the present area of the city of Springfield, which later became the permanent county-seat and finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 182G, was elected State Senator, served as Major in the Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he sold his store to John Williams, who had been his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American House," which afterwards became the temporary stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous statesmen. He invested largely in valuable farming lands, and. at his death, left a large estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR IXCIRABLE 1>- SANE,an institution founded under an act of the General Assembly, pa,ssed at the se.s.sion of 1895, making an appropriation of .$65,000 for the pur- chase of a site and the erection of buildings with capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. The institution was located by the Trustees at Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later these were found to be located on ground wliich had been undermined in excavating for coal, and their removal to a dilTerent location was under- taken in 1898. The in.stitution is intended to relieve the other hospitals for the In.saue by the reception of patients deemed incurable. ILLINOIS AM) MICHKiAN CANAL, a water- way connecting Lake Jlichigan with the Illinois River, and forming a connecting link in the water-route between the St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- lowing tlie valley to the mouth of tlie Kankakee (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on the Illinois. Between these points the canal lias four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions from the waters of the Fox River at the latter ]X)int. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it has five feeders whose aggregate length is twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The difference in level between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of ve.ssels, there are seventeen locks, ranging from three and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock- port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are large basins, three of which supply power to fac- tories. To increase the water supply, rendered necessary by the high summit level, pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, having two thirty-eight ft>ot independent wheels, each capa- ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute. These pumping works were erected in 1848, at a cost of $15,000, and were in almost con- tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that these machines might be utilized for the benefit of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- ing its place to be filled by pure water from tlie lake. This pumping, liowever, cost a large sum, and to obviate this exjiense §2,9.55,340 was ex- pended by Chicago in deepening tlie canal be- tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the south division of the city might be carried through the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was returned to the City by the State after the great fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carrj'- ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage Canal.) In connection with the canal three locks and dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about sixty miles below Henry; and another at La Grange. The object of these works (the first HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 28r two being practically an extension of the canal) is to furnish slack-water navigation through- out the year. The cost of that at Henry (§400,000) was defrayed by direct appropriation from the State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cosjt 6-110,831, of which amount the United States Governnient paid §63.360. The General Government also con- structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated fimds for the building of another at Kampsville Landing, with a view to making the river thor- oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial results expected from these vi^orks have not been realized and their demolition is advocated. History. — The early missionaries and fur- traders first directed attention to the nearness of the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. The project of the construction of a canal was made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in connection with the Erie and other canal enter- prises. In 1823 Congress granted the right of way across the public lands "for the route of a canal connecting the Illinois River with the south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres of land to aid in its construction, which was to be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles long, and the original estimates of cost varied between $639,000 and §716,000. Later surveys and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000. In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was created and surveys were made looking to the construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in depth. Work was begun in Jime of that year; was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, when a canal loan of §1,000,000 was negotiated. The channel was opened for navigation in April, 1848, by which time the total outlay had reached §6,170,336. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its entire indebtedness on account of the canal and the latter reverted to the State. The total cost up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- cago^ was §9,513,831, while the sum returned to the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., amoimted to §8,819,731. In 1883 an offer was made to cede the canal to the United States upon condition that it should be enlarged and ex- tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, but has been declined. ILLIIVOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected navigable water-way in course of construction (1899) by the General Government, designed to connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi River. Its object is to furnish a continuous navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. The Route. —The canal, at its eastern end, leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths miles above the city of Hennepin, where the river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- ing the Bureau Creek valley, tlie route passes over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River and the IMississippi to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence by slack-water dowa Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti- mated length of the main channel between its eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles — the distance having been reduced by changes in the route after the first survey. To this is to be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity of Shelfield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water for the main canal on its highest level. The length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as its dimensions are the same as those of the main channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route to tliat extent. History. — The subject of such a work began to be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary surveys began to be made by Government engi- neers that j'ear. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, were submitted to Congress in accordance with tlie river and harbor act of August, 1888. This report became tho basis of an appropriation in the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for carrying the work into practical execution. Actual work was begun on the western end of the canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted as continuously as the appropriations made by Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 288 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. Engineers in charge of tlie work, for tlie fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four and one-half miles), with three locks, three swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- ings, was completed and that portion of the canal opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the- early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation and masonry on the eastern section was practi- cally completed, the feeder line under contract, and five out of the eighteen bridges required to be constructed in place; and it was estimated that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts and aqueducts, will be completed within two years, at the farthest, by 1902. Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main line is seventy-five miles, of which twent}--eight miles (the e;istern section) is east of tlie junction of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western section) west of that point — making, with the twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to reach an altitude of 190 feet; while the descent of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the Mississippi on the western end is accomplished through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen feet each. The width of the canal, at the water surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. The locks are one hundreoints and the Mississippi, the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width and depth of channel, will be an indispensable necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will be made to secure action in this direction by the Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another expedient likely to receive strong support will be, to induce the General Government to accept the tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by the enlargement of the latter through its whole length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago Drainage Canal — furnish a national water- way between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. ILLIXOIS BAXD, THE, an association consist- ing of seven young men, then students in Yale College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the promotion of Cliristian education in the West, especially in Illinois. It was composed of Tlieron Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, Elisha Jenney, William Kirb}-, Julian M. Sturte- vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- nois at an early day, and one of the first results of their elTorts was the founding of Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, witli whicli all became associated as members of the first Board of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the close of their lives, wliile most of them were con- nected with the institution for a considerable period, either as members of the faculty or finan- cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi- dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or professor fifty -six years. (See Baldwin. Theron; Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian M.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 289 ILLIXOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo- ration controlling the principal line of railroad extending through the entire length of the State from north to south, besides numerous side branches acquired by lease during the past few years. The main lines are made up of three gen- eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles are in Illinois. Besides tliis the company con- trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large jiumber of lateral branches which are operated by the company, making the total mileage officially reported up to June 30, 1898. 3,130.21 miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad is not only one of the lines earliest projected in the history of the State, but has been most inti- mately connected with its development. The project of a road starting from the mouth of the Ohio and extending northward through the State is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a charter granted by the Legislature in January, 1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point near the southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this act, although an organization was effected, with Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. The Company surrendered its charter the next year and the work was undertaken by the State, under the internal improvement act of 1837, and considerable money expended without complet- ing any portion of the line. The State having abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway Company" under what came to be known as tho "Holbrook charter," to be organized under tho auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Compan3-, the line to connect the termini named in the charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money was expended under this charter, but the scheme again failed of completion, and the act was repealed in 1845, A charter under the same name, w-ith some modification as to organization, was renewed in 1849. — In January, 1850, Senator Douglas introduced a bill in the United States Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of alternate sections of land along the line of a proposed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in the northwest corner of the State, with a branch to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in Jlay of the same year and the House in September, and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company as it exists to- day. Previous to the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City & Canal Company had been induced to execute a full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was followed in February, 1851, by the act of the Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under specified conditions) the grant of lands received from the General Government. This grant covered alternate sections within six miles of the line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands were not vacant ) , to be placed on lands within fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, (about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con- veyed to Trustees as security for the performance of the work. An engineering party, organized at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the prelim- inary survey of the Chicago branch, and before the end of the year the whole line was surveyed and staked out The first contract for grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that portion between Chicago and Kensington (then known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened for traffic. May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan Central, which had been in course of construction from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other sections, some of them in June, and the last on Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1853, the section from La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- pleted and opened for business, a temporary bridge being constructed over the Illinois near La Salle, and cars hauled to t)ie top of the bluff with chains and cable by means of a stationary engine. In July, 1854, the Cliicago Division was put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed Jan. 8, 1855. and the line from La Salle to Duluth (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 13, 1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (FINANCI.A.L St.\tement.) The share capital of the road was originally fixed at §17.000,000, but previous to 1869 it had been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 to $29,000,000. The present capitalization (1898) is §163.352,593, of which §52,500,000 is in stock, §.52,680,925 in bonds, and §51,367,000 in miscel- laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 390 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Illinois, as shoTrnby a report made in 1889, was S:i.'J.110.(jUSl. Hy the teriu.s of its charter the corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 1855, when the first payment of S29.751..'j9 was made, up to and including Oct. 31, 189H, aggregated §17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), amounted to ■'5334.527.01. The largest payment in the history of the road was that of October, 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to $450,170.34. The net income of the main line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898. was §12.299.021. and the total expenditures within the State .?12,831. 161. —(Leased Lines) The first addition to the Illinois Central System was made in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque to Sioux Falls. Iowa. Since then it has extended its Iowa connections, by the construction of new lines and the acquisition or extension of others. The most important addition to the line outside of the State of Illinois was an arrangement efifected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- roads — with which it previously had tratlic con- nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and the Southern Divisions of the system, by means of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap was filled in and the through line opened to traffic in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi Central roads were consolidated under the title of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago I{ailroad, but the new corporation defaulted on its interest in 1876. The Illinois Central, whidi was the owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- ent lines wliich went to make up tlie New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, tlien acquired ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro- ceert Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad (which see), opened for traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad Conipanj- in January, 1889: (5) The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington under the charters of the Kankakee & Western and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883: and (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which see under its old name). Other Illinois branch lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ; the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, and tlie St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- vated track. The total length of these Illinois branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main lines making the total mileage of the company within the State 1,624.22 miles. For .several years up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis from EfTingliam. but this is now secured by way of the Springfield Division and the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve- land, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Between June 30, 1897 and April 30. 1,898. branch lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 291 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near its moutli, at a cost of §3.000,000. for the purpose of connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions of the Illinois Central System, and one of the most stupendous structures of its kind in the world, belongs wholly to tlie Illinois Central Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to graduate a collegiate class in the history of the State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college which would give the youth of the State the opportunity of acquiring a higher education. Some of the most influential factors in this move- ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, the outline of a plan for such an institution was drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions for the organization of a stock-company to carry the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- ment of female education, at least until a separate institution could be furnished — which, if not a forerunner of the co-educational system now so much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- lishment of th^ Jacksonville Female Seminary, which soon followed the founding of the college. A few months after these preliminary steps were taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication with a group of young men at Yale College (see "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- tional and missionary work in the West, and out of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards effected, grew Illinois College. The organization of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally consummated in February, 1839, and before the close of the year a fund of $10,000 for the purpose of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of education in the East, a beginning had been made in the erection of buildings on the present site of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- ber of the same j'ear, the work of instruction of a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry Ward — already then well known as a leader in the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- come identified with the new enterprise and assumed the position of its first President. Such was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- ence in education, that it was not until 183.') that the friends of the institution were able to secure a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- bus bill" including three other institutions, but with restrictions as to the amount of real estate that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- tion of theological departments, both of which were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- leges.) The same year the college graduated its first class, consisting of two members — Richard Yates, afterwards War Governor and United States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as was this first output of alumni, it was politically and morally strong. In 1843 a medical department was established, but it was abandoned five years later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 188,1 — his connection with the institution cover- ing a period of fifty -six years. Others who have occupied the position of President include Rufus C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. Tanner, 1882-93; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- est and influential friends of the institution, besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of Chicago), all of whom were members of tlie early Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to maintain a preparatory department for many years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established and provided with a separate building for this purpose. The standard of admission to the col- lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping abreast, iu this respect, of other American col- leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 1.5 members and an endowment of some Sl.50,000, with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- umes and property valued at $360,000. Degrees are conferred in both classical and scientific 292 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. courses in the college proper. The list of alumni embraces some 750 names, including many who have been prominent in State and National affairs. ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the first civil organization of tlie territory nortlnvest of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. Tliis was done by act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October of the same year, which, among other things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Oliio, shall be included in a distinct county which shall be called Illinois County ; and the Governor of this commonwealth, with tlie advice of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant or Commandantin-chief of the county during pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oatli of office accord- ing to the form of their own religion. And all civil otlices to which the inhabitants have been accu.stomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- spective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by .said County-Lieutenant.'' -As the Commonwealth of Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's coiii|uest, then claimed jurisdiction over tlie entire region west of tlie Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, Illinois County nominally embraced the territory comprised within the limits of tlie present States of Oliio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, though the settlements were limited to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois County were subsequently organized the follow- ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, after his assumption of the duties of Governor, following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, viz. : Namk Codnty-Skat DATKor Oboan-ization Wa.thlnKton llamlltou Knox Bandulph Marietta Cincinnati SCaliokla Prairie till Roclier KH,skaskUi Post St. Vinceniiea Kaskaskia July 27. 1788 Jan. 4. I7»0 April 27, 1790 June 20. 1790 Oct. 5. 1795 ■Washington, originally comprising the State of Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton County embracing the west, with Cincinnati (originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort Washington) a.s the county seat. St. Clair, the third county organized out of this territory, at first had virtually three county -seats, but divi- sions and jealousies among the people and officials in reference to the place of deposit for the records, resulted in the issue, live years later, of an order creating the new county of Randolph, the second in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and Randolph) constituting the two counties into which it was divided at the date of organization of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois County as the original of all the counties in the five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair County inherited the title as to the State of Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair, Arthur, and Todd. (Col) John.) ILLINOIS F.VRMERS' R.VILROAD. (See J(ick.'.V R.VILRO.Vn. (See Iiidiaiiii. Decatur d- M'esfirn Railirai/.) ILLINOIS k SOUTHE.VSTERN RAILRO.\D. (See Baltimore ewas. Kaskas- kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 1803 — ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 295 mies, and Shawnees : First Treaty of Vincennes. August 13, 1803— ceded 8, 911, 850 acres for .$12, 000; negotiated by Governor Harrison witii the Caho- kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchaganiies . First Treaty of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,520 acres in consideration of $22,234; negotiated by Gov- ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 1805— ceded 2, 676, 1.50 acres for S4, 100 ; negotiated by Governor Harrison %vith the Piankesliaws : Second Treaty of Fort Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 2,900,000 acres; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- wares, Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and "VVeas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 ■ — ceded 188,240 acres for .527,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Kickajjoos: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Aug.. 24, 1816— ceded 1,418,400 acres in consideration of .$12,000; negotiated by Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— ceded 6,863,280 acres for §6,400; negotiated by Governor Edwards and A. Cliouteau with the Illinois and Peorias; Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for §33,000; nego- tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for 823,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of §189,795; negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with the Pottawatomies: Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Jan. 2, 1880— ceded 4,160,000 acres for 8390,601; negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1882— ceded 1,536,000 acres for 8460,348; negotiated with the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 — by it the Pottawato- mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- ation of 8400, 121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for 87,624,289; Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, negotiated 1829 and '32— by which the Winne- bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for 85,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 1882 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 acres in consideration of 8155.780. (See also Greenville, Ti'eaty of.) INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins: Illinois Indians; Kaskaskias; Kickapoos; Miatnis; Oiifa- gamies; Piankeshaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria * Eastei-n Railroad. ) INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- WAT. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It extends from Decatur almost due east to the Indiana State line, and has a single track of standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard design and well maintained. Tlie amount of capital stock outstanding (1898) is 81,824,000, or 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983, T)ie total earnings and income in Illinois, 8240,850. (His- tory.) The first organization of this road em- braced two companies — tlie Indiana & Illinois and the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois Central Raih-oad Company. In 1875 the latter was sold under foreclosure and organized as the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway Company, at which time the section from Decatur to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1883 it was leased to tlie Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the property, after being operated by trustees, was sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in July, 1895, iinder the present name (Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company). In December, 1895, the entire capital stock was purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway Company, and tlie line is now operated as a part of that system. INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to tlie Indiana State Line. The total length of the line is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, the line is o^vued by the Wabasli Company, but this company pays rental for trackage facilities. About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb. 296 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A i«)liey of perniiinenb improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- tal stock (June 30, 1898) was §3,597.800; bonded debt, Sl.800,000; total capitalization. S5,.'517,T39; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, §418,967; total expenditures in the State, §303,- 344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 27, 1881, and organized by the con.solidation of three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 1882, and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1883. INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Rail- u-aij. ) INDIANA k ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana. Decatur li- U'exfcrn Railway.) INDIANA i ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (.See iit. Lomx, Indianapolis cfc Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- road; also Peoria d' Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- FIELD R.VILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western R(iilw(u/. ) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur d- Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See St. Louis, Alton d- Terre Haute Railroad.) INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a State Institution designed to furnish the means of employment to dependent blind persons of both sexes, established under authorit}' of an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 1894, and, in December. 1897, had 6'i inm.ites, of whom 13 were females. The Fortieth General Assembly appropriated .$13,900 for repairs, appli- ances, library, etc., and §8,000 per annum for ordinary expenses INdiERSOLL, Ehon C, Congressman, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- pleted his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar; removing this time to Illi- nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Stateat-large, but defeated by J. C. Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex- pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- sentative in the Thirty -eighth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth. Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 4. 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. IngersoU, and was, for some years, associated with him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. Died, in Washington. May 31. 1879. INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- dier, was born at Dresden. Oneida County, N. Y., August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, removed to the West in 1843. and Robert's boy- hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at Shawiieetown, in partnership with liis brother Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, which had been mustered in in December, 1861, and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General of the State under the new law enacted that year. As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which added greatl}' to his fame include "The Dream of the Union Soldier,'' delivered at a Soldiers' Reunion at Indianapolis, hLs eulogy at his brother Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some twenty j'ears he was the most popular stmnp orator in the West, and his services in political campaigns were in constant request throughout the Union. To the country at large, in his later years, he was known as an uncompromising assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and pen. Among his best-known publications are "The Gods" (Washington. 1878); "Ghosts" (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Pros© Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's home for some twenty years, in the later part of his life, was in the city of New York. Died, suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 297 IXGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 1838; received his early education in Ohio and, in 1856, came to Ilhnois, graduating with first honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 18G1. The following year he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- ing been discharged for disability, his place was filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at Ilillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the super- intendency of the public schools at Greenville, Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- nated as the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving a plurality at the November election of 123,593 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. INTERNAL IMPROYEMEM POLICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the people voiced at many public gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- road which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce immigration and materially aid in the development of the State's latent resources. The plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownership and management of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the grovind that such enterprises might be more successfully under- taken and conducted by individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for many j'ears. The total amount appropriated by the act was 610,200,000, of which §400,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways ; §250, - 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western Mail Route"; §9,850,000 to the construction of railroads, and §200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads or other improvements within their borders. In addition, the sale of §1,000,000 worth of canal lands and the issuance of §500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, §500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and nearly §6,500,000 quickly added to the State debt. The system was soon demon- strated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the "improvements" already made being sold to private parties at a heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for many years, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly §17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; Eleventh General Assembly.) INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Mississippi River ; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar con- ditions. Probably the best account of early floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been pre- served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of the State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were produced. Governor Reynolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel. The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs — some of the people of Cahokia being driven to St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish soil. The most remarkable flood of the present century occurred in Jlay and June, 1844, as the result of extraordinarj' rains preceded by heavy winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 298 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. Some of the villages affected by this flood— as Cahokia, Pmirie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have never fully recovered from the disaster. Another considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was inferior to those of 1784 and 1.844. A notable flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy than in the previous year^the difference being due to the fact that the larger portion of the flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its effects being most noticeable below the moutli of that stream. Again, in 18C8, a flood did con- siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 1880 and again in 1898. Although not so high as some of those previously named, the loss was pro- portionately greater owing to the larger area of improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and railroads, and in the destruction of other classes of propert}'. — Floods in the Ohio River have been frecpient and very disastrous, especially in the upper portions of that stream — usually resulting from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early spring. With one exception, the highest flood in the Ohio, during the present century, was that of February, 1832, wlien the water at Cincinnati reached an altitude of si.\ty-four feet three inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 1863— fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- eight feet seven inches. The highest point reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 18.84— the re- corded height being three-quarters of an inch in excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller area of cultivated lands and other improvements in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller than on the Slississippi, altliough Cairo has suf- fered from both streams. The most serious dis- asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred houses, all but twenty -eight were flooded to the second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen feet in the main street. A levee, which had been constructed for the protection of the city at great expen.se, was almost entirely destroyed, and an appropriation of §60,000 was made by the Legis- lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much suffering wa.s cau.sed among the people driven from their homes and deprived of the means of subsistence, and it was found necessarj' to send them tents from Springfield and supplies of food by the State Government and by private contri- butions from the various cities of the State. The inundation continued for some two or three weeks. — .Some destructive floods have occurred in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice- gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the waters of that stream across '*the divide" into Mud I-ake, and thence, bj' way of the South Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged the region between the two rivers. AMion the superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves and other points along the banks for the winter. A contemporaneous history of tlie event saj-s that there were scattered along the streamat tlietime. four steamers, si.x propellers, two sloops, twent}"- four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Tho.se in the upjier part of the stream, teing hemmed in by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets gave way in succession before the immense ma.ss, addling, as it moved along, to the general wreck by falling spars, crushed keeLs and crashing bridge timbers. "Opposite Kiuzie wliarf, " .sjiys the record, "the river was choked with sailing- craft of every description, piled together in inex- tricable confusion." While those vessels near the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with comparatively little damage, a large numl>er of those higher up the stream were caught in the gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. The loss to the city, from the destruction of bridges, was estimated at §20.000, and to vessels at §88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck of bridges compelled a return to the primitive system of ferries or extemporized bridges made HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 29y of boats, to furnish means of communication between the several divisions of the city — a con- dition of affairs which lasted for several months. — Floods about the same time did considerable damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, which were memorable flood years on these in- terior streams. On the former, the village of Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in serious damage to bridges and other property in the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive inundations of the bottom lands along that stream in 1859 and subsequent years. — In Febru- ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- age, but was less destructive than that of the earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- tially constructed. — One of the most extensive floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi River during the latter part of the month of April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was estimated at many millions of dollars, and many lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water reached a height of nineteen feet four inches above low-watermark on April 24, and, atQuincy, nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, at points between these two cities, was from ten to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At Alton the height reached by the water was twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the strength of the levees protecting the American Bottom, the farmers in tliat region suffered less than on some previous years. IPAVA,a town in Fulton County, on one of the branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ' Railroad, 10 miles west-soutliwest of Lewistown, and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. Tlie county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- rounding country. Other industries are the manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly newspaper are also located here. Population (1880). 675; (1890), 667; (1900), 749. IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the entire output. Since then four additional fur- naces have been completed, but no figures are at hand to show the increase in production. During the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal pig is not made in Illinois. IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See n'abash. Chester & Western Railrodd.) IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square miles; population (1900), 38,014. In 1830 two pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the other at Milford. Among those taking up homes at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja- min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and Parker, besides the Cox, Jloore and Stanley families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- milion and organized in 1833, — named from the Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies did not remove west of the Mississippi until 1830-37, but were always friendly. The seat of government was first located at Montgomery, whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally to Watseka. The county is well timbered and the soil underlaid by both coal and building stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the manufacture of crockery is also found. The Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat- seka (2,017), and Milford (9.57). IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- mink), rises in Western Indiana and runs westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- ward through Iroquois and part of Kankakee 300 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Counties, entering the Kankakee River some live miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearlj- 120 miles long. IRVIXti, a village in Montgomery County, on the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 54 miles ea.st-nortliea.st of Alton, and 17 miles east by north of Litchfield ; has five rhurches, flouring and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 630; (1900), 675. ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1836; educated at Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was admitted to the l)ar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Ishani was a Representative in the Twentj'-fourth General Assembly (1864-60) and, in 1881, his name was prominently considered for a position on the Supreme bench of the United States. He is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- coln & Beale, which has had the management of some of the most important cases coming before the Chicago courts. JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended on the maternal .side from Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; received his education at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- ing the latter at the close of his junior year to enter the army, and taking part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, a part of the time being on the stall of Maj.-Gen. John Newton, anil, later, with Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago Bar Association, and (by appointment of the Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. Under the will of the late John Crerar he became an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 33,871. It lies in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- sissippi River forming its principal western boundary. The bottom lands along the river are wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State crops out at various points, varying in depth from a few inches to four or live hundred feet below the surface. Valuable timber and good building stone are found and there are numerous saline springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin ; 1818, the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- astrous fire in 1843. the government was removed to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. The principal towns (with their respective popu- lation, as shown bj- the United States Census of 1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan County, and an important railroad center ; popu- lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson. The first court house was erected in 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- ernor"' of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- portant State institutions, notably the Central Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — besides private educational institutions, including Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- lege (Jlethodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, a Business College and others. The city has several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- paper establishments, each publishing daily and weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the most attractive and interesting cities of the .State, noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky and other Southern States predominated in its early settlement, the location there of Illinois College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, about 1830. brought to it many settlers of New England birth, so that it early came to be INSTITUTION FOR FOIl DEAF AND DUMB, JACKSONVILLE. Main Building and Girls' Cottage. INSTITUTION FOR THI-: BLIND, JACKSONVILLE. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 301 regarded as more distinctively New England in the character of its population than any other town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1000), 15,078. JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an institution for the education of young ladies, at Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. The initial steps for its organization were taken in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois College. It may be said to have been an offshoot of the latter, these two constituting the originals of that remarkable group of educational and State Institutions which now exist in that city. Instruction began to be given in the Academy in May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah C. Crocker, and, in 183.5, it was formally incorpo- rated by act of the Legislature, being the first educational institution to receive a charter from that body; though Illinois, McKendree and Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later period of the same session. Among its founders appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all of whom, except the last, were prominently identified with the early history of Illinois Col- lege. The list of the alumnae embraces over five hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts are attached to the Academy, all being under the management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.JI. JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILW.VY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail- way ) JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- ville & St. Louis Railwai/.) JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- road, and constructed from Jacksonville to Waver ly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jackison ville. Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the hands of a new company under the title of the Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as follows; to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles — total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between Centralia and Driver's (I614 miles) was con- structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and operated under lease by the successor to that line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. The .same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- ern obtained control of the Litchfield, CarroUton & Western Railroad, fi'om Litchfield to Columbi- ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed in the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- ent title. (.See Chicago, Peoria <£• St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 80, 1897) was .$1,500,000; funded debt, §2,300,000— total, $3,800,000. JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- dolph Count}', now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- quently the family took up its residence at Helt's Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, in 1834, became a minister of the Slethodist Epis- copal Church, remaining in active ministerial w-ork until 1871, after which he accepted a super- annuated relation. During his connection with the church in Illinois he served as station preacher or Presiding Elder at the following points : Rock Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River (1837) ; Paris (1838, '42 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ; Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton (1844 and '45); Sparta District (184.5-47) ; Lebanon District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850) ; Bloom- ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson- ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- dist church at Normal. He was twice married. His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 30;$ HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children, Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- netic laboratory in the National Observatory at Wiisliington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor in the State Normal School at St. Cloud. Minn., and George F. is instructor in tlie Cambridge Preparatory Schdol of Chicago. JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, III., the fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches api)ear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated in the Model Department of the Illinois State Normal School at Rloomington (Normal), from which he graduated in June, 1873. and entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, he was appointed Recorder on the United States Lake Survey, where he continued during one season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to Eurojie in August, 187.j, entering the L'niversity of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. On his return to tlie United States he was elected Principal of the Public High School in Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State Normal School at Blooniington as Professor of Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High School Department in connection with the Model School. Resigning this position at Christmas time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted a position in the L^niversity of Pennsylvania as Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- ber, 1883, wliere he remained for over thirteen years. While hero he was, for a time. Secretary of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- struction in tliis Deiiartment. He was also Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, the first .attempt to organize a college course in the field of commerce and industry. During this time he officiated as editor of "The Political Economy' and Public Law Series"' i.ssued by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning his position in the LTniversity of Pennsylvania on Feb. 1, 1S9(), he accepted that of Professor of Pub- lic Administration and Director of the L'niversity Extension Division in the University of Chicago, where he has since continued. Professor James has been identified with the progress of economic studies in the United States since the early eighties. He was one of the organizers and one of the first Vice-Presidents of the American Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he founded the American Academy of Political and Social Science with headijuarters at Philadelphia, became its first President, and has continued such to the present time. He was also, for some years, editor of its publications. The Academy has now become the largest -Vssociation in the world devoted to the cultivation of economic and social subjects. He was one of the originators of, and one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's Cyclopivdia of Political Science"; was also the pioneer in the movement to introduce into the United States the scheme of public in.struction known as University E.xtension; was the first President of the American Society for the Exten- sion of L'niversity Teaching, under whose auspices the first effective extension work was done in this country, and has been Director of the Extension Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- ary, 1896. He has been especially iilentitied with the development of liigher commercial education in the United States. From his position as Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy he has affected the course of instruc- tion in this Department in a most marked way. He was invited by the American Bankers' Association, in the year 1893, to make a careful study of the subject of Commercial Education in Europe, and his report to this association on the Education of Business Men in Europe, republished by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, has become a standard authority on this subject. Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar to the Wharton .School of Finance and Economy have been established under the title of College of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- versities of California and Chicago, and Colutnbia University. He has been identified with the progress of colle:;e education in general, espe- cially in its relation to secondary and elementary education, and was one of the early .advocates of the establishment of departments of education in our colleges and universities, the policy of which is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- tions. He was, for a time, .State Examiner of High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The Illinois .School Journ.al." long one of the most influential educational periodicals in the State, now changed in name to ".School and Home." He has been especially active in the establish- ment of public kindergartens in different cities, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 303 and has been repeatedly offered the headship of important institutions, among them being the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, and the University of Cincinnati. He has served as Vice-President of the National Municipal League; of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- tees of the Illinois State Historical Library ; is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the National Council of Education, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of the National Teachers' Association on college entrance requirements; is a member of various patriotic and historical societies, including the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the Colonial Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot Society. He is the author of more than one hun- dred papers and monographs on various economic, educational, legal and administrative sulijects. Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- lach of the University of Halle. JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt. , Jan. 25, 1834; graduated from the University of Vermont in 1846. After several j-ears spent in teaching, he began the study of law, and graduated from the Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. Coming west the same year he located at Free- port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 185G. In 1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. During a portion of this period he acted as lec- turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, and as editor of "The American Law Register." His literary labors were unceasing, his most notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- ventions; their History, Power and Modes of Proceeding." He was also a fine classical scholar, speaking and reading German, Frencli, Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested in charitable and reformator}' work. Died, sud- denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. Clair County, was born in France, received a liberal education and, on account of the disturbed condition there in the latter part of the last cen- tury, left his native country about 1790. After spending some time at Baltimore and New Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and became a permanent settler there. He early be- came a Major of militia and engaged in trade with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and the niinois River in his trading expeditions, and, on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of life from hostile savages. He acquired a large property, especially in lands, built mills and erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses in that part of the country. He also served as Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large landed fortune from his father, and was an enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. Clair County during the last generation. He served as Representative from St. Clair County in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and always his firm friend and admirer. At the organization of the Twenty-second General Assembly (1857), he received the support of the Republican members for Speaker of the House in opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced thereby from affluence to poverty. President Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which took him to the Black Hills region, where he died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at the age of 73 years. JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20, 160. It was organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- der township organization in 1860. The first Board of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- nolds, W Richards and George Mattingley. The Embarras River crosses the county. The general surface is level, although gently undulating in some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a small way; but the people are principally inter- ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 1,428. JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was born in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served as Surgeon in the War of 1812. and came to Illinois in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 304 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. His oldest daughter (J alia Maria) became the wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at Springfield, iu 1807.— I>r. William (Jayne), son of the preceding, was Iwrn in .Springfield, 111., Oct. 8, 182G; educated by private tutors and at Illinois College, being a member of the class of 1847, later receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was elected State .Senator for Sangamon County, and, the following year, was appointed by President Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, later serving as Delegate in Congress from that Territory. In 1809 he was appointed Pension Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi- dent of the First National Bank, Springfield. JEFFERSO.V COUNTY, a south-central county, cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in 1819, when it was separately organized, being named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 580 square miles, and its population (1900), 28,133. The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa- ries, flows through the county in a southerly direc- tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities are advantageous. The surface is level and the soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet thick) cro.sses the middle of the county. It has been quarried and found well adapted to building purposes. The county possesses an abundance of ruiming water, much of which is slightly im- pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure underlies the entire county, but the seam is scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. The chief indu.stry is agriculture, though lumber is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, the county-seat, w;is incorporated asacity in 1870. Its population in 1890 was 3,2.33. It has several manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate Court for the Southern Judicial District of the State. JEFFERT, Edward Turner, Railway President and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 1843, his father being an engineer in tlia British navy ; about 1850 came with his widowed mother to AVheeling, Va , and, in 18.'j6, to Chicago, where he secured employment as oflice-boy in the machinery department of tlie Illinois Central Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice and, passing through various grades of the me- chanical department.in May, 1877, became General Superintendent of the Road, and. in 1885, General Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew from the Illinois Central and, for several ye;irs p.ast, has been President and General Manager of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- ous and successful in the history of American railroads. JEXKIXS, .\lesander M., Lieutenant-Governor (1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson County, where he was engaged in trade. Later he studied law and became eminent in his pro- fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins was elected Representative in the .Seventh General Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during his second term as Sjieaker of the House, and took part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President of the first Illinois Central Railroad Comp.iny, which was chartered that year. The charter of the road was surrendered in 1837, when the Stales had in contemplation the policj' of building a system of roads at its own cost For a time he was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Edn-ardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the State Constitutional Convention of that year Other positions held by him included that of Jus tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit, to which he was elected iu 18.59, and re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13, 1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John .\. Logan, who read law with him after his return from the Mexican War. JEXXEY, William Lc Baron, engineer and architect, Ixjrn at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip around the world, and, after a year spent in the Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et 5Ianu- factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an .Vid on the staff of General Grant, being transferred the next year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom he remained three years, participating in many of the most important battles of the war in the West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 305 of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter. In 1S68 he located in Chicago, and has since given his attention almost solely to architecture, the result being seen in some of Chicago's most noteworthy buildings. JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the middle division of the State, bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square miles. There were a few settlers in the county as early as 1816-17 Jerseyville, the county-seat, was platted in 1884, a majority of the early resi- dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from, New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the character of the soil, is especially adapted to fruit- growing and stock-raising. The census of 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,613 and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had a population of 927. The last mentioned town is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a number of men. JERSEYVILLE, a city and county-seat of Jer- sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles north of St. Louis, Mo. Tlie city is in an agri cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine cliurches, a graded public school, besides a sep- arate school for colored children, a convent, library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian wells, and three papers. Population (1890), 3,207; (1900), 3,517; (1903, est), 4,117. JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north- west corner of the State ; has an area of 663 square miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 1820. About the same time came several Ameri- can families ; a trading post was established, and the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining privileges were granted upon a royalty of one- sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected the same year. Immigration increased rapidly and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- lation of 150, and a post-ofEce was established with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, then the State capital. In 1837 county organiza- tion was effected, the county being named in honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original tract, however, has been subdivided until it now constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an active part in both the Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were placed on the market by the Government, and quickly taken by corporations and individuals. The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly in the east) well suited to the cultivation of grain. The county is well wooded and well watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given to the county-seat (originallj', as has been said, Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. Its early growth was extraordinary, but later (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 population and was incorporated ; in 1870 it had about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne are associated with its history. Other important towns in the county are Warren (population 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, was born in Whiteside County, 111. , Jlay 23, 1844. educated in the common scliools and at the Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years later, began practice. He has served upon the Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside County; in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- lector of Internal Revenue for his District during the first Cleveland administration, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888. JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Pres- byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila- delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 30C HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- oric in McCormick Tlieological Seminary. In 1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. He was Moderator of. the Presbyterian General Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of tlie Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. Besides many periodical articles, he has published several volumes on religious subjects. JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, was born near Buffalo, X Y., Oct. 6, 1822; at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, by teaching in the winter and attending an academy in the summer, prepared for college, entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 18.52, and the same year becoming Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and, the year following, associate editor of "The Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For three years he was a member of the faculty of Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the founders of a new medical school, which has now become a part of Northwestern University. During the Civil "War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ; later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He was also attending physician of Cook County Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His connections with local. State and National .Soci- eties an4organizatinns (medical, scientific, social and otherwise) wero very numerous. He trav- eled extensively, both in this country and in Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- ditions, and making further attainments in medi- cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- versity. During his later years. Dr. Johnson was engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, Feb. 20. 1891. JOHXSOX COUXTY, lies in the southern por- tion of the State, and is one of the smallest counties, having an area of only 340 stjuare miles, and a population (1900) of 15,667— named for CoL Richard M. Jolinson. Its organization dates back to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of water shed) extends from east to west, the waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in small quantities. Weak copperas springs are numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised for liome consumption and fruit-culture receives some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with a population, in 1890. of 828. JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- seiiuently engaged in merchandising, but proving unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, serving first as County Commissioner and then as County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session of 1844-45. and. in 1846, elected Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following year he was made Paymaster in the United States Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission appointed to investigate claims ag;iinst the State for the construction of the Illinois & Michitran Canal, and, in 18.54, was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Third Division, being elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- tions held by him included those of Deputy United States Marshal under the administration of Presi- dent Polk. Commissioner to superintend the con- struction of the Supreme Court BuiKiing at Mount Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was al.so elected Representative again in 1866. The later years of his life were spent as President of the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- vember, 1891, in his 92d year. JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- ated in the Des Plaines River Valley. 36 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the intersecting |X)int of five lines of railway. A good quality of calcareoiLs building stone underlies the entire region, and :s exten- r h- ( O > W W -J « z > O HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 sively quarrieJ. fJ ravel, sand, and clay are also easily obtained in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 4o5 establishments, having §15,452,196 capital, employing 6,523 hands, paj'ing §3.957,529 wages and 817,891,836 for ra,w material, turning out an annual product valued at 827,765,104. The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water power. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools. Government postoffice building, two public libraries, and two public hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 23,254, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353. JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAT. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railivay.) JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important serviv;e began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox Eiver within the present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal hydrographer and given the island of Anticosti, he never revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jeal- ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 00-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet & Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- ized and paid in is §100,000. The company's general offices are in Chicago. JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is 8300, 000, and its funded debt, §80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amormt of capital invested (1895) to 81,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, .889,017; total expenditures, 862,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, ?,nd re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiarj-, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve years of that period being its chair- man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but has found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. JOXES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary' 308 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1 790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes. being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a member of the first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessivel}- at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place accjuiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in 5Iis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion which framed the first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 10,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it.— Rice (Jones), son of the pre- ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory — which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^ which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and. in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 184.') — the }"ear of its annexation to the L'nited States. — George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of Jolin Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing symi>athy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley -Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office. General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age. JOXES, Miohae'j early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birtli, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General A.ssemblies, and also as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter pa.ssions. a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards. JOXES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut. Ashtabula County. Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a store in his native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in Slarch following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation of an ample fortune. JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemout, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his boyhood and early manhood in New York State, ultimatel}' locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1832 and in "33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of §50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which he was a Trustee and, for some time, President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk in Government offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a j'ear or two, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years been a Trustee of the University of Chicago. -Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune''; was for many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JONESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory a,nd a bank. There are also four churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. Population (1900), 1,130. JOSLTN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in SIcHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Wood- stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of Master in Chancery for JIcHenrj' County. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- bom Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there. May 28, 1834. JOURNALISM. {See Newspapers, Early.) JUDD, Norman Duel, lawyer, legislator. For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of t)ie State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented tliis country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied liim on his memorable journej' from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 18T0 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUI)D, S. Corning', lawyer and politician, born in Ononwer of the State in one Supreme Court, and sucli inferior courts as tlie Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. Tliis arrangement continued until 183.5, when the State w.is divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial clianges occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act pas-sed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the' Supreme Court, making nine in all ; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved ujwn the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the s;xmc time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the juciiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial ofl[icers being made elective by the l)eoi)le. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of tlie Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, liowever, if it saw fit, provide for the election of ail three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large ; but this power was never eier- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. The Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of which four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at §5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty -one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, except in Cook County, where they are §7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and tlie Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook County; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra conipensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District everj- j'ear, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County.— The judicial system of Cook County is diff'erent from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1819 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- land, who, having come to the United States at an early day, remained some years m Maryland, when, in 1786, he started west, spending two years near Louisville, Kj'., finally arriving at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1793 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of JIadisoa 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County, where he died in 1807.— Samuel (Judy), son of the preceding, born Augiist 19, 1773, was brought b}- hi.s father to Illinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political alTairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Sladison County he became one of the first County Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a bodj- of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison Count}' in the Second Territorial Council (1814-1.5). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), elde.st son of Samuel, was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was bom, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison County in the Eighteenth General jVssembly (18.'i2-r)4). Ilis death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JUDY, James William, soldier, was bom in Clark County, Ky., 5Iay 8, 1822— liis ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on a farm and. in 1852, removed to Menard Coimty, 111., where he has since resided. In August, 1802, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was cho.sen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corps under command of that brilliant soldier, Gen. \Vm. T. Sherman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 18G3, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Jliss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of Ills family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thoroughbred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past thirty years. , sold more thorough bred cattle than any other man living — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874. and so remained continu- ously imtil 189C — except two years — also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894. and the improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 185G, an old-line AVhig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- lican : and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. K.VX.VX, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Essex County, X. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 111. , and engaged in farming. During the Civil "War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), ,551; (1900), 588. KAXE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various j-ears from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- ating in 1812, read hwv in New York, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit imder the Territorial Government. Before the close of the s;ime j-ear he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was a|)ix)inted by Gov- ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of the year to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and reelected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835). having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by liis constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. KA>'E COUNTY, one of the wealthie.st and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1900) of 7?, 792; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the county from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were o-emoved west of the Mississippi. A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was efl'ected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil War record of the county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles.) KANGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. KA>'K.\KEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The East- ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are four papers, four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electric car lines, and Government postoffice building. Popu- lation (1890). 9,025; (1900), 13,595. KANKAKEE COUXTY, a wealthy and popu- lous county in the northeast section of the State, having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing §5,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 2.5,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154. KANKAKEE RIVER, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroqviois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of $10,000, bonded debt of $650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching §557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,639. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former, (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road. ) KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 ; (1890), 1.037; (1900), 1,049. K.\SKASKI.A, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, first occupied in 1700. It passed into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- itants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land office there. I'or many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down 314 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to 1819, when the seat of government was re- moved to Vandiilia. Originally situated on the west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had been swept away by the encroachments of the latter stream, so that all that is ieft of the princi- pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply its name. K.VSKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were finally removed, with their b-ethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct. KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign County, and (lows southwest through the coun- ties of Douglas. Coles, Moultrie, Sliell)y, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly ;iOl) miles long, and flows through a fertile, undulating country, wliich forms part of the great coal field of the State. KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- c.ated at homo and in the district scliools; spent 18.i0-.")4 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 18G0 he assisted in establish- ing the firm of Keith. Faxon & Co., now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- politan National Hank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. — Elbridare G. (Keith), banker, brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., July IG, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy; came to Chicago in 18.">T, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 18G.") becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen Pre.sident of the Metropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literarj', political and social clubs ; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition of l.HiV,'-9:!. KEITHSBL'K<;, a town in Mercer County on the Mississippi Kiver, at the intersection of the Chicago. Burlington <.t Quincy and the Iowa Cen- tral Railways; 100 miles west-north we.st of Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- ping, manufacture of pearl buttons ami oilers; has one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,.56G; (1903, est.), 2,000. KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman and educator, was horn at Clinton (then Whites- town), N. Y., in February, lt<03 graduated at Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after which he served for some yeiirs , William Pitt, was born at Orwell, Vt.. Dec. 8, l.'<31, removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law at Peoria, w.^u; Admitted to the bar in 18.')4, and began practice in Fulton County. He W.1S a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in l^'.'iG and 18G0. being elected the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of Nebraska in 1861, be resigned to accept the colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- ing health caused his retirement from the army I.— Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFayette was feted in 1S25. 3- — First Illinois State House, 1818. 4. — Interior of Room (1893) where LaFayette banquet was held. 5.— Pierre Menard Mansion. 6.— House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). r.— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.— View on Principal Street (1891). 3 —Gen. John Edgar's Mouse (1891 ). 4.— House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5.—" Chenu Mansion " where LaFayette was enter- tained, as it appeared in 1S98. 6. — Old State House (1900). HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 315 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in both Louisiana and National politics, serving as United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 1876, during the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was elected a second time to the United States Senate by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. "While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. Kellogg has spent much of his time of late j'ears in Washington City. KEND.\LL COUNTY, a northeastern county, with an area of 330 square miles and a population (1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. The Fox River (running southwestwardly through the county), with its tributaries, affords ample drainage and considerable water power; the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally Testing with the former. Among the pioneers may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- ward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Sniitli, the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. Morgan. KEXDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied law and be,gan practice at Monroe, in that State, a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- tinued practice for a short time. Then, having abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- ical Seminar}' at Rochester, N. Y. , in 1861 he became pastor of the North Baptist Church in Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, 111. KEXJfEY, a village and railway station in Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central .and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads. 36 miles Jiortheast of Springfield. The town has two banks and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900), 584. KENT, (Rev.) Aratiis, pioneer and Congrega- tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it." In less than two years he had a Sunday-school with ten teacliers and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- lished a day-scliool, winch he conducted himself. In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian Church of Galena, of wliich he remained pastor until 1848, wlien he became Agent of the Home Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watcliful Fox"*), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendsliip for the whites, althougli tliis was not infrequently attributed to a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender himself to the United States autliorities, he was formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- kuk was formally recognized as tlie principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- vation on tlie Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845. when he removed to Kansas, where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison,' supposedly administered by some partisan of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk War. ) KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Washington County, Md. , But, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and as.sociated with other learned and social organizations. He was also a member of the original Real Estate 316 HISTORICAL EMCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- dent. KEWAXEE, a rity in Henry County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and two daily jiapers. It has extensive manufactories employing four to five thou.sand hands, the out- put including tubing and .soil-|)ipe, boilers, pumps and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, etc. Population (1890), 4,.5G9; (1900), 8,;W2; (1903, est.), 10,000. KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1T92; spent his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- cational advantages as could be secured by a few months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie y fur- nishing means for the erection of "Willard Ilall ' in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. lIlCK.\POOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- nology is closely related to that of the Jlascou- tins. The French orthography of the word was various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous," "Kick-a-i)oux," "Kickabou," and "Quick-a pons." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," according to dialect. From 1603, when the tribe was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, hostile to the French, although they proved efficient allies of the latter during the French and Indian War. Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which reference was made to the treaties executed at Vincennes (180.J and 1809). Nearly a century Ijefore, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Chicago (1712 1.5). At the time of the Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the valleys of the Waliash, Enibarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they fought bravely at the battle of Tiiipecanoe, their chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As compared with other tribes, they were industri- ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence many of them drifted to the southwest, join- ing roving, plundering bands. In language, manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less clo.sely connected. KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and. at the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public affairs, and naturalh' eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and '44), and, in 184(>, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to California, but, after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 18G0. while leading a charge. KIM)ERHOOK, a village and railway station in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. Populntion (1890), 473; (1900), 370. KlXii, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison, Ind., in 182.5 — the son of a pioneer settler who was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary there, which afterwards became the "Presby- terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, '' HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 317 now the MoCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Jlr. King began the study of law with an uncle at iladison. and the following year was admitted to the bar. In 1853 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next few 3'ears, in the organization of the Republican party. Removing to Chicago in ISoG, he soon became prominent iu his profession there, and, in 1800, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later, in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- ing a fondness for literature, Sir. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of sporting experiences with a part}' of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Waj'faring in the Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 1893. KI\G, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 33, 1817; gradu- ated from Union College in 184G, studied law at Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he held a number of important positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twentj- seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necessary by the destruction of the records iu the Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 6, 1893. KIJfGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, Tazewell Count}-, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1863, enlisted in the Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing three years without the loss of a day — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- master, Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company, Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being his only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- American War. His career in connection with the industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KISKADE (or Kiniead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1833, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General Assembly by James Bird. Although a Tennesseeau by birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-conventionists to pernrit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held tlie position for many years. He died iu 1846. KIJfMUSDY, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 239 miles south of Chicago and 34 miles northeast of Centralia, Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring mills and brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establisliments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,321. KINXEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois from 1836 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- tional advantages, he was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, becoming its President. Died in 1843,— William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in tlie Nineteenth General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, dying in office the followini:; year. KI>'ZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotcliman named McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix '"Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" — an orthograph}' recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and liis mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. AVhen ten years old he left home and, for three j-ears, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 180-1 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he estaldished other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Jlrs. John 11. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "WauBun," etc. (N. Y. 18.50.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828. — John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the miissacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 1810, Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of tlie American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub-Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In l.S4.'< lie was appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in the army liy President Lincoln, which office he held until his death, which occurred on a railroHil train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1805. KIRltY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, wiis born in Putnam County, 111.. Oct. 28. 1S34— the son of Rev. William Kirby. one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873. was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican ; was Rcpre.sentative in the General Assembly from Morgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee of the Central Ho.spital for the Insane and. for a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. KIRK, (Gen.) Ednard >'., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and. after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted : but. after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of tliis sketch as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay Ijetween life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1802, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning liim to command at Louisville. In Xoveniber following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last days of December, 1863. he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by liis death, July 21. 180;i. KIRKL.VND, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1850, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1801 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantrj* (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-Johu Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwliile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in tlie battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining property near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced his first novel, and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune." His works — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — Include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885); "The MoVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. John Moses, the work of editing a two- volume "History of Chicago," pub- lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 29, 189-t.— Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago in 1867 and, five j-ears later, established a select school for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's "History of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the hands of the publishers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1802 ; located at Springfield, 111. , at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that viciuitj' ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared— presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they had been placed. KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once known as "Young America," situated about six miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- ping point and in an agricultural region. The town has two banks, five churches, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900). 1,008. KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and nortliwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago Count}', about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELl, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, stmlied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of liis time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1809. — Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 29, 1820; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sit)' and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced practice at Olney ; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the office ten years ; was a menrber of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of the line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Company. Later he removed to (ialesliurg, where he died, Nov. 11, 187U.— Edward (Kitchell). another son, was lx)rn at Palestine, 111 , Dec. 21, 1S29; was educated at Uillsboro Academy until 184G, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies; in 1852 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law oflBce: in 18.">4 returned to Illinois, locating at Ohiey. Ricliland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward. a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1850, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 18G2 lie assisted in organizing the Xinetyeighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, wliicli, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkliouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1S63; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 180.5, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 18GG, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- liff KitchoU. was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort 5Iadison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date be had edited "The Montgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until di-afted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870. was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KMCKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia Comity, X. Y., Sept. 26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KMGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi-mili- tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus H. Rivthbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois. May 4, 1869, by the organization of ■'Welcome Lodge, Xo. 1," in the city of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate niembersliip of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twentj'-nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1. 1894. amounted to $418,151.77. K>'OWLT0N', Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield. Herkimer County, X. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and j-outh on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying his own way; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at FreeiX)rt, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realized large profits. He HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 321 ■was also prominently connected with the Galena ■ & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 1853 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became extensively interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, wliere he ■ engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1870. KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, -Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, ■was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111., ■where he continued in practice for twenty-three years. During the greater part of that time he was associated ■with Hon. John W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer tliroughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in ■\vhich he took part during liis residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1853 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in tlie next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, ■was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higlier education of the youtli of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It ■was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to $300,000 and its buildings are valued at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 square miles and a population (1900) of 43,613. It ■was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1825, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erected tlie first court house, constructed of logs, two stories in iieiglit, at a cost of S192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- ishes. Tlie present county-seat (1899) is Gales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard University, founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville. and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- lington et Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, with seven heads of departments. It has electric lighting and street-car service, good water-works, banks, numerous churches, three public schools, and is the seat of .St. Mary's school for girls, and St. Alban's. for boys. Population (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,857. KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He ■was a law- yer by profession, and emigi-ated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1843 he was elected to the General Assembly, and three years later was appointed to the bench of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- coln made him Minister to Spain, a post wliich he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to the Legislature a second time. The 322 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of the first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. He is the author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second edition, Xew York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the County Court under Judge Bradwell's administration. During the sessions of the Twenty-seventh General A.ssembly (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after wliich he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, Judge of the United States District Court for.the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grosscup, who had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 12 j-ears of age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending the public schools some tliree years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for whom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with which he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in tlie business portions of tlie city. In 1891 , after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe Mr. Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- Herald," as the successor of the late James W. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times"' and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, Mr. Kohlsaafs liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post.'" His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KROME, WlUiam Henry, lawyer, bom of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., Julj- 1, 1842; in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison County, 111. , where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a year or two, he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law department of Michigan Universitj', gradu- ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Krome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of Edwardsville (1878), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Schollield, deceased. He is also President of the Madison County State Bank. KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was born in Germany and came to St. Clair County, 111., in 1861. B^rly in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. Later, General Kueflfner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. KUYKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, III., March 3, 1815; was self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1843 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acount of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years in Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud." Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TKOUBLES. 1. The Railroad Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, beginning at Pittsbui-g in July, spread over the entire country, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the troubles was the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, excited men formed themselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not only defying the law, but even contending in arms against the military sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. The State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent tlie Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at tliat point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut.-Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor Cullom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was the chief railroad center of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the, most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising. He received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largely composed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels. 2. The Strike op 1894. — This was an uprising whicli originated in Chicago and was incited by a comparatively young labor organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to have been suffered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on May 11, and, on June 23, the American Railway Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- road comjjanies hauling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June 2'>) looking toward mutual protectif)ii. protesting against the proposed boycott, and aflirmiug their re.solution to adliere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary not\vithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to be done bj- inexperienced hands under police or militarj- protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of large crowds of law-defj-ing hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight was burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost within sight of tlieir destina- tion, and sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily accepted l)y the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon tlie Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property- (notably the Sub- treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested the State Executive to place a force of State militia at bis control for the protection of propertj' and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. N. G. , at once received orders to report to the municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed exeniplarj- firmness under most trying circum- stances, dispersing jeering and threatening crowds bj' physical force or bayonet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restored. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more consenative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of the State), and the courts were left to deal with the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The officers, however, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obej'ed the restraining order of the Federal court, and sentenced to terms in the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was convicted on two charges and given a sentence of six months on eacli, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George \V. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will County jail at Joliet. LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in Tompkins County, X.Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature; was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91 ; also served for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on tlie Illinois River, and on the Dwiglit and Lacon branch of the Cliicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has water works, an excellent telephone system, good drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There are seven churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; (1890), 1,649; (1900), 1,601. LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An event of profound interest in the history of Illi- nois, during the year 182.5, was the visit to the State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 1824, the General Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an address inviting him to visit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles' letter and the address of the General Assembly were answered with an acceptance by La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County, as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearing General La Faj^ette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a reception awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. The presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house of William Morrison. Sr., a member of the cele- brated family of that name, and one of the lead- ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those participating in the reception ceremonies, who were then, or afterwards became, prominent factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, a future United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles accompanj-ing the party and returning with it to Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was given and an address of welcome delivered by Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few hours later General La Fayette left on his way up the Ohio. LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINGTON & MISSIS- SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie <& Western Railroad. ) LAFLIX, Matthew, manufacturer, was born at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1803 •, in his youth was clerk for a time in the store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., which proving a failure, he again engaged in powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- cago, where he finally established a factory — his firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- tion chieflj' to that business after 1849, with great success, not only in Chicago but else- where, having done much for the develop- ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring House"' — also being one of the original stock- holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. Laflin wa,s a zealous supporter of the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union, and, before his death, made a donation of 675,- 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of Sciences, whicli was erected in the western part of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The streets are broad and shaded and there are many hand.some residences. The village is lighted by electricitj-, and has public water-works, seven churches, a high school and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969. L.\ HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe has two banks, five churches, a graded and a high school, a seminary, and two newspapers. Population (1880), 9.58; (1890), 1,113; (190U), 1,591. 326 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast corner of the State, having an area of 490 square miles, anil ,i ]H)i)ulation (1900) of 34,504. It was cut off from McIIenry County and separately organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region the following year. The first County Commission- ers (E. E. Hunter, William Brown and E. C. Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now Waukegan. The county derives its name from the fact that some forty small lakes are found within its limits. The surface is undulating and about equally divided between sand, prairie and second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are several maufactiuiiig establishments, and the Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago business men. LAKE ERIE ic MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie & ]]'istern RailniKd.) LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. Of the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire length of this line, only llS.Gare within Illinois. This portion extends from the junction of the Peoria & Pekin L'nion Railway, on the east side of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- ana State line. It is a single-track road of standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound steel rails, and lightlj' ballasted. The total capital of the road (1898)— including §23,680,000 capital stock, S10.87.'),000 bonded debt and a float- ing debt of $1,479,809— was §36.034,809, or §.50,- 708 per mile. The total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898 were S.')59,743, and the total expenditures for the same period, §457,713. — (History.) The main line of the Illinois Division of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired by consolidation, in ISSO, of the Lafayette, Bloom- ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus formed wascon.«olidated, without change of name, with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- waj', 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is the seat of Lake Forest University; has four schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric light .system, electric car line, water system, fire department and hospital. Population (1890), 1,203; (1900), 2,215; (1904, est.), 2,800. LAKE FOREST UMVERSITY, an institution of learning comi)rising six distinct schools, viz. : Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago College of Law. The three first named are located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The college charter was granted in 18.j7, but the institution was not opened until nineteen years later, and the professional schools, which were originally independent, were not associated until 1887. In 1894 there were 310 undergraduates at Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- ing the same year there were in attendance at the professional schools, 1,557 students, making a total enrollment in the University of 1,873. While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- spectivel}'. Lake Forest College is co-educational and organized upon the elective plan, liaving seventeen departments, a certain number of studies being required for graduation, and work upon a major subject being required for three years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five acres. LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying wholly within the United States. It lies between the parallels of 41' 35' and 46 North latitude, its length being about 335 miles. Its width varies from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearlj- 6(X) feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern boimd- ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, and these mainly in its northern part, the largest being some fifteen miles long. The principal rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 327 Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, Grand and St. Josepli. Chicago, Milwaukee, Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its banks. LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo, N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, with various branches of leased and proprietary lines located in the States of Michigan, New York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 863. 15 are owned by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois. The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, were 8453,946, and the expenditures for the same period, S360,971. — (History.) The company was formed in 18G9, from the consolidation of the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the Cleveland, Paiuesville & Ashtabula, and the Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- dation. LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 12 years of age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile business with Thomas Mather, who had come to Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- lished a store at Chester and shipped the first barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- packing extensively; also established an iron foundry, which continued in operation until a few years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a thorough education and, after her marriage in 1852 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin- cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to New York and gave her after life to literary work, from 1883 until her death being editor of "The Magazine of American History," besides furnish- ing numerous papers on liistorical and other sub- jects ; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one of her most important works being a "History of New York City," in two volumes. She was a member of nearly thirty historical and other learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. LAMBOBN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- ney-General; born in Washington County, Ky., and educated at Transylvania University; was Attorney-General of the State by appointment of Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at tliat time being a resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a degree that his name was mixed up with a num- ber of official scandals. Separated from his family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- liall, Greene County. LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the Mendota-Fulton branch of tlie Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- dota; in rich farming and stock-raising region; has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 516; (1900), 576. LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 1828; received a common school education and was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111., subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln — the partnership being in existence as early as 1852. In 1859 lie removed to Bloomington, and, in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal- ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, he was chosen by Sir. Lincoln to accompany him to Washington, making the perilous night jour- ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company. Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- pointment of Marshal of the District of Columbia, and, in the first weeks of the new administration, made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure accurate information as to the situation there. In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, remaining in the field to December, when he returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal at Washington, but was absent from Washington on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865. Resigning his office after this event, he entered into partnership for the practice of law with the late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some years later he published the first volume of a pro- posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. William H. Herndon, but the second volume was never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 328 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. burg, W. Va., not far from liis birthplace, May 7, 18'J3. Colonel Liiniou married a daughter of Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of Mount Carroll The surrounding country is largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark has two elevators and is an important shipping- point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- tional and one State), eight churches, a graded and high school, and a weekly newspai)er. Popu- lation (1880), 1,198: (1890), 1,"295; (1900), 1,306. LANDES, Silas Z., e.x-Congressman, was born in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1843. In early youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 1864. In 1873 lie was elected State's Attorney for Wabash County, was re-elected in 187C, and again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- nois District in Congress from 188.5 to 1889, being elected on the Democratic ticket. LANDRIGAX, John, farmer and legislator, was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and brought to America at one year of age, his parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After completing his education in the seminary there, he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. Coming to Illinois in 18.')8, he purchased a farm near Albion, Edwards Count}', where he has since resided. He has been twice elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, a member of the State Agricultural Society — for four years of that time being President of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- dent. L.VNE, Albert (irannis, educator, was born in Cook County, 111., Jlarch 15, 1841, and educated in the public schools, graduating with the first class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He immediately entered upon the business of teach- ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- intendent of Schools for Cook County. After three years' service as cashier of a bank, lie was elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 1877, and regularly every four years thereafter until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Su])erintend- ent of Scliools for the city of Chicago, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- tendent Ilowland — a iX)sition which he continued to fill until tlie appointment of E. B. Andrews, Superintendent, when he became First Assistant Superintendent. LA>'E, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Cleveland. Oluo, March 27, 1842, and became a resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- ing an academic education he studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for three successive terms, but was defeated by Frederick Reniann (Republican) in 1894, and again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Remann. LANPHIEIt, Charles H., journalist, wais bom at Alexandria, Va., April 14. 1820; from 4 years of age lived in Washington City: in 1836 entered the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was removed to Springfield, and Walters, having enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until IHoS. Mr. Lan- phier continued the publication of the paper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates; was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of his party. LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at Beverly, Mass., in 1830; attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Ltiwell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was a student eing the seat of McKendree College, founded in 1828. Population (1890), 1.08fi; (1900), 1.812. LEE COUXTY, one of the third tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line; named for Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionarj' fame : area, 740 square miles; population (1900), 29.894. It was cut olf from Ogle County, and separately organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across the Rock River. In 1830, John Dixon, of New York, purchased Ogee's interest for SI. 800. Set- tlement and progress were greatly retarded by the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set in in 1838. The first court house was built in 1840. and the same year the United States Land Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, Colo., John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in 1859. and. in 1900. had a population of 7,917. LEGISL.VTIVE APPOKTIOMENT. (See Apportionment , Legislative.) LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.) LELAN'U, a village of La Salle County, on the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincj- Railway, 29 miles southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634. LEL.4.ND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was born at Dennysville, Me., August 28. 1812, and admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mas.s., in 1834. In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, to Oregon Ogle County, where he practiced for four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 18.52. he was elected to tlie Circuit Court bench to fill the unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who had resigned. In 18fi6 Governor Oglesby ap- pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by popular vote in 1867, and reelected in 1873. being as.signed to the Appellate Court of the Second District in 1877. He was prominently identified with the genesis of the Republican party, whose tenets lie zealously championed. He was al.', .IaIIU>^l, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier in the War of the Revolution, being present at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ; in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at tlie village of New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the head of one of the most prominent and influential families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have been the first person admitted to the Baptist Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming a minister of that denomination. Of a family of eight children, four of his sons became ministers. Mr. Lemen"s prominence was indicated by the fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with offers of large rewards for his influence in found- ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- western Empire, but tlie proposals were indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. Died, at Waterloo. Jan. 8, 1822.— Robert (Lemen), oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. Clair County. He held a commission as magis- trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal for Illinois under the admini.stration of John Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, August 24, I860.— Rev. Joseph (Lemen), the second son, was born in Berkeley County, ■Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a daughter of Rev. William Kinnej', who after- wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the northern part of St. Clair County, and for many years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist church, which had been founded in 1809 on the principle of opposition to human slavery. His death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. — Rev. James (Leiiien), Jr., the third son, was born in Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united with the Baptist Church and became a minister — assSting in the ordination of his father, \vhose sketch stands at the head of this article. He served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies. He also preached extensively in Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in the organization of many churches, althougli his labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen was the second child of American parents bom in Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died, Feb. 8, 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son, born in Monroe County. 111., in 1791; served as a soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 333 County, in 1857.— Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, 1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- quoin, July 11, 1867.— Rev. Moses (Lemen), the sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; became a Baptist minister early in life, served as Representative in the Sixth General Assembly (1828-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. LEMOXT, a city in Cook County. 25 miles southwest of Chicago, on tlie Des Plaines River and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is extensively quarried here, constituting the chief industry. Owing to the number of industrial enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary home of a large number of workmen. The city has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two papers, five public and four private schools, one business college, aluminum and concrete works. Population of the township (1890), 5,539; (1900), 4,441. LE MOYNE, John V., ex-Congressman, was born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed to Chicago, where he continued a permanent resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was a candidate for Congress on the I.,iberal Repub- lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- well. Republican. In 1874 he was again a candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed the election, and a contest ensued which was decided by the House in favor of 5Ir. Le Moyne. LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a farming and dairying district, but has some manufactures, the making of caskets being the principal industry in this line. There are six churches, two banks, and two newspapers. Pop- ulation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1.252. LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President, was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for several years as clerk in the office of the State Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was private secretary of Governor Cullom during his first term. For several years he has been Presi- dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, ■with headquarters at Peoria. LEROT, a city in McLean County, 15 miles southwest of Bloomington ; has two banks, sev- eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. Two weekly papers are published there. Popu- lation (1880), 1.068; (1890), 1.2.58; (1900), 1,629. LEVERETT, Washington and Warren, edu- cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm; in 1827 began a preparatory course of study under an elder brotlier at Roxbury, Mass., entered Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, spent the following winter in South Carolina, afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and in study in Newton Theological Seminar}', while Washington served as tutor two years in his Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- ington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, graduating there in 1836. The same year he accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleflf College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the fall of 1837, and. after teaching for a few months at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the preparatory department, subsequently being advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, when he retired in the same year with his brother. After resigning he established himself in the book business, which was continued until his deatli, Nov. 8, 1873. Washington, the surviving brother, continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- tion. Died, Dec. 13. 1889. LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- tains departments in law. the classics, prepara- tory studies and manual training, and owns property valued at 81,600,000, with funds and endowment amounting to $1,100,000. No report is made of the number of pupils. LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. When six years old he accompanied his parents to Knox County, 111., where he attended the public schools, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he %vas elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub- 334 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lican candidate for Congress from the old Nintli District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re- election from the same district (then the Tenth), but was defeated bj- Nicholas E. AVorthington, his Democratic opponent. LEWISTOWX, the county-seat of Fulton County, located on two lines of railway, fifty miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, duplex-scales and evener factories, six churches and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition; also excellent public schools. Population (1880), 1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504, LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. The surrounding region is agricultural and .stock- raising, and the town lias a flourishing trade in horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- tured here, and the town has two banks, five churches, a high school and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,187; (1900). 1,415. LIBERTYVILLE, a village of Lake County, on the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region is agricultural. The town has some manufac- tures, two banks and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), .l.")0; (1900), 864. LIBRARIES. (STATISTICAL.)— A report of the Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries in the United States," presents some approximate statistics of libraries in the several States, based upon the reports of librarians, so far as they could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out from the Bureau of Education in Washington. As sliown by tlie statistical tables embodied in this rejwrt, there were 348 libraries in Illinois reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con- taining less than 1.000 volumes. The remaining 214 were divided into the following classes: Containing 300.000 and less than .lOO.OOO volumes 1 100,000 '• " 300,000 •• 2 50,000 " " 100,000 " 1 25,000 " " 50,000 " 5 " 10,000 " " 25,000 " 27 5,000 " " 10,000 " 34 1,000 " " 5,000 " 144 A general classification of libraries of 1.000 volumes and over, as to character, divides them into. General, 91 ; School, 36; College, 42; College Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State. 2; Asy- lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian A.ssociation, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical. 3; Soci- ety. 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social. 1 each. The total number of volumes belonging to the class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — making a grand total of 1,889,572 volumes. The library Itelonging to the largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University of Cliicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 180,000 pamplilets, while the Chicago Public Library and tlie Newberry Library belong to the second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes and 35,6.54 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam- phlets.) As to sources of support or method of adminis- tration, 42 of the class reporting 1.000 volumes and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- priations by State, County or City; 20, from endowment funds ; 54, from membership fees and dues; 16. from book-rents; 26, from donations, leaving 53 to be supported from sources not stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this subject is $787,262; the aggregate endowment of 17 of thiscla,ss is $2,283,197. and the value of buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at §2,981.- 575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 %-olumes and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 are both circulating and reference. The free public libraries in the State containing 3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. The following list includes those of this class con- taining 10,000 volumes and over: Cliicago, Public Library . . (1896) 217.065 Peoria, " " 57,604 Springfield, " " 2.8,639 Rockfoid. " " 28,000 Quincv. " " and Reading Room 19.400 Galesburg " " 18,469 Elgin, Gail Borden Public Librarv . . 17.000 Bloomington, Withers •' " ' . . . 16.068 Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515 Decatur. " " " ... 14,766 Belleville. • •< " _ _ 14511 Aurora, " " ... 14,350 Rock Island, " " ... 12,634 Joliet. " " ... 22.325 The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference library) — established in the City of Chicago in 1894. on the basis of a bequest of the late John Crerar, estimated as amoimting to fully $3,000.- 000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having, in the four years of its history, acquired over 40.000 volumes. With its princely endowment. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 335 it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class in the United States, as it is one of the most modern and carefully selected. The Newberrj' and Chicago Historical Society Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy beginning has been made in building up a State Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to the indilf erence of the Legislature and the meager support it has received, the State which was, for nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most important events in the development of the Mis- sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished anything worthy of its name in collecting and preserving the records of its own history. In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois State Library, which dates from the admission of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest library in the State is that of the McCormick Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred in another State. The early State College Li- braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt- leff College, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College, at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases, however, these are simply the dates of the estab- lishment of the institution, or the period at which instruction began to be given in the school which finally developed into the college. The school library is constantly becoming a more important factor in the liberal education of the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the State Teachers' Association some ten years ago, but still in the experimental stage, and the sj-s- tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge the range of popular reading and bring the public library, in some of its various forms, within the reach of a larger class. The Free Public Library Law of Ill&ois. — The following history and analysis of the Free Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, Librarian of the Peoria Public Library : The Library Law passed by the Legislature of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- brary Law placed on the statute book of any State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp- shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, had taken steps in this direction, with three or four brief sections of laws, permissive in their character rather than directive, but lacking the vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that they provided no sufficiently specific working method — no sailing directions — for starting and administering such free public libraries. They seem to have had no influence on subsequent library legislation, while, to quote the language of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this regard, is probably the reason why it has been so widely copied in other States." By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the head of her sister States in encouraging the spread of general intelligence among the people; but it is also a record to be equally proud of, that, within less than five years after her admission to the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses- sion of her Third General Assembly — a general Act was pas.sed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, entitled : "An act to incorporate such persons as may associate for the purpose of procuring and erecting public libraries in this State," with the following preamble- "Whereas, a disposition for improvement In useful knowledce lias manifested itself in various parts of this State, by associating for procurint^ and erei-ting jniblic libraries; and.wliereas.it is of tlir utmost importance to the public that the sources of iiifonnatiori should be multi- plied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro- moted: Seel. Be it enacted," etc. Then follow ten sections, covering five and a half pages of the published laws of that session, giving explicit directions as to the organizing and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act are, of course, subscription libraries, the only kind known at that time, free public libraries supported by taxation not having come into vogue in that early day. It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free public library, how to manage it when started and how to provide it with the necessary funds. It furnished a full and minute set of sailing directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover, was not loaded down with useless limitations. With a few exceptions — notably the Boston Public Library, working under a special charter, and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor Library — all public libraries in those days were subscription libraries, like the great Slercantile Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, with dues of from S3 to §10 from each member per year. With dues at §4 a year, our Peoria Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 286 members in any one year. Compai-e this with our present public membership of 6,500, and it will be seen that some kind of a free public library law was needed. That was the conclu- sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried every expedient for years, in the way of lecture courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, seemed to be the rule with all subscription libraries. They did not reach the masses who needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- 33« HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son ; the necessary cost of annual dues stood in the way; the women and young people who wanted something to read, who thirsted for knowledge, and who are the principal iiatrons of the free public library to-day, did not hold the family purse-strings; while the men, who did hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care for books. It was my experience, derived as a Director in the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a small, struggling subscription library, that sug- gested the need of a State law authorizing cities and towns to tax themselves for the support of puVjlic libraries, as they already did for tlu> sup- port of public schools. When, in ISTO, I submitted the plan to some of my friends, thej' pronounced it (Quixotic — the people would never consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I replied, that, until sometime in the '50"s, we had no free public schools in this State. 1 then drew up the form of a law, substantially as it now stands; and, after submitting it to Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- brary; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it in the hands of my friend. Mr. Samuel Caldwell, in December, 1870. who took it with liim to Siiringfield. promising to do what he could to get it thriiugh the Legislature, of wliich he was a meml)er from Peoriii. The l)ill was introduced by Mr. Caldwell, March -':!. 1S71, as House bill No. 5(i;!. and as House bill No. 563 it finally received the Governor's signature and became a law, March 7, 1873. The essential features of our Illinois law are: /. The jxjwer of inifiatire in stavtiixj a free pulilic library lies in the Citi/ Council, and not in an appeal to the voters of the city at a general election. It is a weak point in the English public libra- ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or voters of a city, and, in several London and pro- vincial districts, the proposed law has been repeatedly voted down by the very jieople it was most calculated to beneiSt, from fear of a little extra taxation. //. The amount of tax to be levied is permissive, not mandatory. We can tru.^t to tlie public spirit of our city authorities, supported by an intelligent public sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain fixed percentage of the city's total as.sessment, might invite extravagance, as it has in several instances where a mandatory law is in force. ///. The Library Board has crclitsive control of library ajipropriations. This is to be interpreted that Public Library Boards are separate and distinct departments of the city administration; and experience has shown that they are as capable and honest in handling money as School Boards or City Council.s. IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to serve for three years. V. The member.eople of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the one means civilization, the other, barbarism. Give a man the taste for good books and the means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of making him a better, happier man and a wi.ser citizen. You place him in contact with tlie best society in every period of history ; you set before him nobler examples to imitate and siifer paths to follow. We have no way of foretelling how many and how great benefits will accrue to society and the State, in the future, from the comparatively modern introduction of the free public library into our educational system; but when some youthful Abraliam Lincoln, poring over iEsop's Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United States History, by the flickering light of a pine- knot in a log-cabin, rises at lengtli to l)e the hope and bulwark of a nation, then we learn wliat tlie world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- eral .spread of intelligence through our free schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies our only hope that our free American institutions shall not decay and perish from the earth. " Knowledco Is the only Rood, lenorance the only ovll." " Let knowledue crow from more to more. " LIEUTEXAM-GOTERXORS OF ILLINOIS. The ofl!ice of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by the people at the same time with that of Gov- ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- Governors of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union to the present time (1899), with the date and length of each incum- bent's term; Pierre Menard. 1818-22; Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; William H. Davidson (as President of the Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Andei-son, 183.1-42; John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells. 1846-49; William McMurtry. 1849.53; Gustavus Koerner, 18,j3-."i7; John Wood. 18.57-60 : Thomas A. Mar- shall (as President of the Senate)! Jan. 7-14. 1861 ; Francis A. Hoffman. 1861-6.5; William Bross, 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 337 Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as President of the Senate), 1873-75; Archibald A. Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77; Andrew Shunian, 1877-81 ; John M. Hamilton, 1881-83; "William J. Campbell (as President of the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893-97; William A. Northcott, 1897 — . LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- vania in its output of limestone, the United States Census Report for 1890 giving the number of quarries as 104, and the total value of the product as 63,190,604. In the value of stone used for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any other State, the greater proportion of the output in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small percentage being used for flux, and still less for bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and represent a capital of $3,316,616, in the latter par- ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The quarries are found in various parts of the State, but the most productive and most valufable are in the northern section. LINCOLX, an incorporated city, and county- seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- sions of the Illinois Central Raih-oad; is 38 miles northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among the products being flour, brick and drain tile. The city has water-works, fire department, gas and electric lighting plant, telephone system, machine shops, eigliteeu churches, good schools, tln-ee national banks, a public library, electric street railways, and several newspapers. Besides possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu- tion, founded in 1865) The Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. Population (1890), 6,735; (1900), 8,963; (1903, est.), 13,000. LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his grandfather having .emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early occupations of the future President were varied. He served at difl'erent times as farm-laborer, flat- boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, lawyer. State legislator. Congressman and Presi- dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk War, and was chosen Captain of his company; was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature the same year, but elected two years later. About this time he turned his attention to the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. By successive re-elections he served in the House until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 he was an applicant to President William Henry Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the General Land Ofiice, the appointment going to Justin Butterfield. His next official position was that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- ing candidate for the United States Senate in opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, but failed of election, Lj-man Trumbull being chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the organization of the 'Republican party at Bloom- ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by the Republican State Convention for the United States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate with Senator Douglas on party issues, during which they delivered speeclies at seven difl'erent cities of the State. Although he again failed to secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- acter of the legislative apportionment then in force, which gave a majority of the Senators and Representatives to a Democratic minority of the voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the subject of slavery attracted the attention of the whole country, and prepared the way for the future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the nominee of the Republican part)' for the Presi- dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- ably his candidacy was aided by internal dissensions in the Democratic party. His election and his inauguration (on Starch 4, 1861) were 338 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a pretext for secession, and he met the issue with promptitude and firmness, temjiered with kindness and moderation towards the se- cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history of the whole country during its most dramatic period. Next to his success in restoring the authority of the Government over the whole Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act of his administration. And yet to this act, which has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages and in all lands, the world over, is due his death at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in Washington City, April in, 1865, as the result of an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the evening previous— his death occurring one week after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of the Union, was assured. A period of National mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor of a National funeral, his remains being tinally laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His profound sympathy with every class of sufferers during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in giving direction to public sentiment at home and in dealing with international questions abroad; his courage in preparing the way for the removal of slavery — the bone of contention between the warring sections — have given him a place in the affections of the people beside that of Wasliington himself, and won for him the respect and admi- ration of all civilized nations. LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawjer, member of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools and at Harvard University, graduating from the latter in 1864. During the last few months of the Civil War, he served on the staff of General Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war he studied law and, on liis admission to the bar, settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to England by appointment of President Harrison, gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. Thi3 was the last public office held by him. After the death of George M. Pullman he became Acting President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, later being formally elected to that office, which (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has been frequently mentioned in connection with the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but its use has not Ijeen encouraged by him. LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBA'TE, a name popularly given to a series of joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- las, held at different points in the State during the summer and autumn of 1858, while both were candidates for the position of United States Sena- tor. The places and dates of holding these discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jonesboro, Sept. 15; at Charleston. Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense audiences gathered to hear these debates, which have become famous in the political history of the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted in the history of any State. It resulted in the securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate; but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog- atories of Lincoln led to the alienation of his Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- cratic party in 1800, and the defeat of his Presi- dential a.spirations, with the placing of Mr. Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a sagacious political leader, and his final election to the Presidency. LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven instructors and. for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils — ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine arts and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds and endowment amounting to §60,000, with property valued at .$50,000. LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County. Ky. (ten miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), March -30, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), but resigned before the close of the session to accept the office of Attorney-General, which he held less than a year and a half, when he resigned that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 339 Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with some elements of eloquence which gave him a wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston, S. C, and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wiote a series of articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, June 5, 1876. LINEtrAR, David T., legislator, was born in Ohio, Feb. 13, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, III., in 1858, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. LIPPINCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1825; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medi- cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he went to California, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Company K, and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- nent President of the Republican State Conven- tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the grounds of the institu- tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass County, 111. , the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- ler, a prominent physician widely known in that section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving until her death. May 31, 1895. The respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her death, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- field. LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818 ; the same year established himself in mer- cantile business at Milton, then a place of soine importance near Alton. This place proving unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwards- ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- sition to the sclieme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purcha.sed from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- ential factor in building ujj that denomination in Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. LiqUOR LAWS. In the early history of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, col- lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 340 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, would do away with tlie indiscriminate sale of liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet tlie expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 1853, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- ors, whicli was rejected at the polls. Since that date a general license sj-stem has prevailed, except in certain towns and cities where prohibitory ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- erning tlie traffic, therefore, have been widely variant in ditTprent localities. The Legislature, however, has always possessed the same constitu- tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strj'chnine, or other poisons. In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license (juestion from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, heatled by Jliss Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting of licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed the House in its favor, and Miss Willard spoke to the Senate on. the same lines. The nieiisure was defeated in the House by a vote of fifty five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 1881 the same l)ill was introduced anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally termed the "High License Law," by the provi- sions of w^hich a minimum license of S500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoliolic drinks, and §150 for malt liquors, with the authority on the part of municipalities to impose a still higher rate by onlinauce. This measure was made largely a partisjin issue, tlie Repub- licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- crats almost solidlj- opposing it. The bill was promptly signed by (lovernor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local sui«>rvision. The criminal code of the State contains the customary provisions -respecting the .sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the munici])al ordinances, or alwolutely nullified by the indifference or studied neglect of the local ofBcials. LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois Central, with three other short-line railways, 43 miles soutli of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flour- ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments also includes foundry and machine shop prod- ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, and has a Holly water-works ..sy.stem, a public library and public parks, two banks, twelve churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursu- line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. Population (1800), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903, est ). 7,000. LITCHFIELD, C.VRROLLTOX A: WESTERX RAILRO.VI), a lino which extends from Colum- biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, HI., ."il.S miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- nection with tlie Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in Noveml)er, 1893, the Litch- field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by w-liom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville LITTLE, (icorge, merchant and banker, was bom in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which lie prosecuted sixty years. In 18G5 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of liusine.ss amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1S90. LITTLE VERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver- milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the AValxish in Vermilion County. Ind. LITTLE W.VBASH RIVER, rises in Effingham and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the Wabiish River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 341 LITTLER, DaTld T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 7, 1836 ; was educated in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, 111., where he worked at. the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 1868, removing to Springfield tlie same year, where lie entered into partnership with the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1881. In 1883 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- ing in the latter body four j'ears. In both Houses Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. LIVERMORE, Mary Asliton, reformer and phi- lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821 ; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, wlio held pastorates at various places in Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1863 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; also took a prominent part in the great North- western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of late years she has labored and lectured exten- sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- perance, besides being the author of several volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (ISC')). Her home is in Boston. LIVINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1.026 square miles: population (1900), 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county- seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and §3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1800 was 2,784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liijuor habit. LOCKPOKT, a village in Will County, laid out in 1837 and incorporated in 18.53; situated 33 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- tural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper and strawboaril. It has ten churches, a jjublio and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas plant, electric car lines, and one weeklj- paper. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal are located here. Population (1890), 2,449; (1900), 3,659. LOCKWOOI), Samuel Drake, jurist, was born at Pouudridge, "Westchester County, N. Y., August 2, 1789, left fatherless at the age of ten, after a few months at a private scliool in New Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across tlie country from Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, when President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also appointed agent of tlie First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme Court, his service extending until the adoption 342 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In I80I he was made State Trustee of the Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held until his death. He was always an uncompromising antagonist of slaverj- and a leading supporter of Governor Coles in opposition to tlie plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal and political integrity was recognized by all parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was ^ citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as one of its Trvistees, and was also influential in securing several of the State charitable institu- tions there. His later years were spent at Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th year of his age. LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- tural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (ISSD), 035; (1890), 598; (1900), 668. LOIJAS, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name ; was educated at Auburn Academj- and served as Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- pital at Leavenwortli, Kan. In 1873 he was appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publi- cations and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Chicago. LOCwAN, John, ])hysician and soldier, was born in Hannllon County, Oliio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, his family settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- nee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk War he settled in Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine. engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At the beginning of the war he raised a company for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota being already full, it was not accepted. He was finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequently he had command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United States Marshal for tlie Southern District of Illinois, ser%-ing until 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at CarUn- ville. Originallj- a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, August 24, 1885, LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and states- man, was born at old Brownsville, the original county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Young Logan volunteered as a private in the Jlexican War, bat was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards became Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- cute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership with his uncle, Alexander 51. Jenk- ins; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- ing Attornej- in the interim. He was chosen a Presidential FJector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the special session of Congress in 1861, he left his seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- tarj' career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1806 he was elected as a Republican to Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 343 gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of the President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 1886. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago. LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- mon County, one year later opening an office at Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- bly ; also served as a member of the Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- ington. Soon afterward he retired to private life. As an advocate his ability was widely recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part of the State, and having an area of about 620 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or moderately undulating prairie, with some high ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- mining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and the county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a part of De Witt County. It was named in honor of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but. in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, and, later, to Lincohi, which is the present capi- tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680. LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways. Population (1880), 378; (1890). 515; (1900), 590. LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at Galesburg under control of the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- tory, collegiate and theological departments. The collegiate department includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged course of three years for young women, who con- stitute nearly half the number of students. The University has an endowment of §200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of 6100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- ult}' of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 .students. LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the tovi'n has two banks and a weekly newspaper; fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 528. LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teaching some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814. as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- ferred to the Tojiographical Engineers with the brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society and the author of the 344 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first original treatise on railroad building ever published in this country, under the title of "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where he died, Sept. 4, 1804. Though retired from active service in June, 1863, he continued in the discharge of important duties up to his death. LOXGEXECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was born in Crawford County. 111., June 12, 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the war. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for .some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Mr. Mills" successor, Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter to the bencli, in 1880, Mr. Longenecker succeeded to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing in that position until 1892. While in this office he conducted a large number of important crimi- nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being tlie trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a prosecutor in criminal cases. LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hul>l)ell, clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., Jlay •i\. 177.'); prepared for college in the common schools and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, finallj' graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 1799 — having supported himself during a con- siderable part of his educational course by manual labor and teaching. He sub.seciuentlj- studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, served as pastor of a Congregational church at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of young men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- vard College and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism underwent a change, resulting in his uniting himself with tlie Baptist Church. Com- ing to Illinois soon after, lie spent some time at Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and. in 1832, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col- lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist Seminary, of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to secure the charter of the college in which the seminary was merged. His name stood first on the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. The latter years of his life were spent among his books in literarj- and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias Loomis — an eminent mathematician and natural- ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and other .scientific text-l)Ook.s, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He lield professorships in various institutions at different times, the last being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was bom in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent- age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father by death at twelve years of age. he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- ing business; was afterwards an employe on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of Mayor Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water department. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 votes. LOl'ISVILLE, tlie county-seat of Clay County; situated on the Little Wabasli River and on the Springfield Divi.sion of the Baltimore it Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of Flora; has a courthouse, three churche.s. a high school, a savings bank and two weekly news- papers. Population (IK«i») 6;i7;(1900) 646. LOriSVILLE, EVANSVILLE & >EW AL- BA\Y RAILROAD. (See Loiiisi-ille, Evansville tO .S7. Loiii.i (Consolidated) Railroad.) LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 miles are operated in Illinois. It cresses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the AVabash River. Within Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 345 (1898) was $18,236,246, of which .$4,247,909 was in stock and 810,568,350 in bonds. — (History.) The original corporation was organized in both Indi- ana and Illinois in 1.869, and the Illinois section of ihe line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- nois — those in the latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet — the new organization assuming the present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a corporation operating an extensive system of railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash River, in White County (133.64 miles), with branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), and frona McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles)^total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- sion, though virtually owned by the operating line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- ence is merel}- nominal. The latter company acquired title to the property after foreclosure in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were .SI, 052,789, and the total expendi- tures (including $47,198 taxes) were 8657,125. LOnSVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville A' St. Louis Railway. ) LOVEJOT, Elijah Parish, minister and anti- slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Jlaine, Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, came west and taught school in St. Louis in 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned slave-holding. Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three times within twelve months his plant was de- stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- tect it from destruction in the warehouse where it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, having assembled about the building, sent one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes later. His death did much to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his death was made the text for many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- sition to an institution which employed moboc- racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free discussion. (See Alton Riots.) LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman, was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being the son of a clergyman of small means, he was thrown upon his own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal there, and whose assassination by a pro-slaveiy mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy induced him to devote his life to a crusade against slavery. Having previously begun the study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- try and officiated for several years as pastor of a Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator. Upon his election to the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congregation presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for three successive terms. As an orator he had few equals in the State, while his courage in the support of his principles was indomitable. In the campaigns of 1856, '58 and '60 he rendered valuable service to the Republican party, as he ;346 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. did later in upholding the cause of the Union in Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1864. LOVINGTON, a village of Moultrie County, on the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the "Vandalia Line and the BenientA Altamont Division of the Wabash Railway. 23 miles southeast of Decatur. The town has two banks, a newspaper, water- works, electric lights, telephones and volunteer fire department. Pop. (1»'J0). 767; (1900;, 815. LL'DLAM, (I>r.) Keuben, i)hy.sician and author, was born at Camden, X. J.. Oct. 11, 1S31. the son of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam. an eminent phy- sician who, in his later years, became a resident of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, N. J., at sixteen years of age entered uix>n the study of medicine with his father, followed by a coarse of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having removed to Chicago the following year, he soon after began an investigation of the homojopathic system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such prominence that, in 1859, he was apix)inted Pro- fes.sor of Physiology and Pathologj' in the newly established Hahnemann Medical College in the city of Chicago, with which he continued to be connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he had, as early as 1854, taken a ixjsition as one of the editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'" later being editorially a.s.sociated with "The North American Journal of HonnBopathy," published in New York City, and "The United States Medical and Surgical Journal"' of Chicago. He also served as President of numerous medical associ- ations, and, in 1877, was ap|X)inted by Governor CuUom a member of the State Board of Health, serving, by two subsequent reaiipointments, for a period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors as a lecturer and practitioner, Dr. Ludlam was ■one of the most i)rolific authors on professional lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous monographs on special topics, having produced a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Sledi- cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is recognized as a valuable text-lwok, and has passed through seven or eight editions. A few years after his first connection with the Hahne- mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecolog}% and, on the death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen President of the institution. Died suddenly fronx !ieart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann Medical College, April 29, 1899. Ll'XDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- entage: at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, Va., whei'e he first g-ained a practical knowledge of the institution of slavery; later carried on business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O. , where, in 1815, be organized an anti-slavery association under the name of the "Union Humane Society,'" also contributing anti-slavery articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub- lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the i.ssue of ■ "The GeniiLs of Universal Emancipation," a monthly, wliich he soon removed to Jonesbor- ough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1834, when it became a weeklj-. Mr. Lundy's trend towards colonization is shown in the fact that he made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a view to promoting the colonization of emanci- pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 1828. he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd Garrison, who became a convert to his views and a firm ally. The following winter he was as- saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly killed; soon after removed his paper to Washing- ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the name of "The National Enquirer,"" being finally merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 1838 his propertj' was burned by the pro-slavery mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, but the design was frustrated by his early death, wliich occurred August 22, 1839. The paper, however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was re- moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, Zchiua.) LUXT, Orringrton, capitalist and philanthro- pist, was Ixirn in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged ia the grain commission business, becoming a mem- ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. Later, he became interested in real estate oper- ations, fire and life insurance and in railway enterprises, being one of the earlj- promoters of the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 347 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took an active part in municipal affairs, and, during the War, was an efficient member of the "War Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- ety" after the fire of 18T1, and his generous bene- factions to the Young Men's Christian Association and feeble churches, his most efficient service was rendered to the cause of education as repre- sented in the Northwestern University, of which he was a Trustee from its organization, and much of the time an executive officer. To his noble benefaction the institution owes its splendid library building, erected some years ago at a cost of §100,000. In the future history of Chi- cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of J. Yovmg Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. Died, at his home in Evanston, April .5, 1897. LUSK, John T,, pioneer, was born in South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, took its name from this family. In 180.5 the sub- ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., and settled near Edwardsville. During the War of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its growth, he moved into the town and erected a house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and containing three rooms, which became the first hotel in the town and a place of considerable historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, Dec. 22, 18.57. LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi- nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small Catechism in instruction of the young, in the practice of infant baptism and confirmation at an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg Confession. Services are conducted, in various sections of the country, in not less than twelve different languages. The number of Lutheran ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches over which they preside recognize allegiance to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- nated synods, as follows : The Northern, South- ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of tlie Synodical Conference; the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the foreign element in this denomination, reference may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the English language. Of the remainder, thirty- seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. (See also Religious Denominat ions. LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; (1890), 732; (1900), 951 MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the name given to a class of State indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. Macalister & Stebbius, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of .$1,000 each, payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister & Stebbins advanced to the State 8261,. 560. 83. This was done with the understanding that the firm would make further advances sufficient to increase tlie aggregate to forty per cent of the face value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addi- tion to these, there were deposited with the same firm, within the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to §109,215.44 — making the aggregate of State securities in their hands $913,- 215.44, upon which the State had received only the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts having been made by the holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hypothecated by Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, the matter became the sub- ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- pal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due, conditioned ui^on the sur- render, by them, of the original bonds and other 348 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evidences of indebtedness received by them in 18-11. This the actual holders refused to accept, and brought the case before the Supreme Court in an eflfort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, tlie executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- ernment, they had no authority over his official acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds, to the amount of $114,000, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Representations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable e.xcept on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- mately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the presentation, for payment, of the portion (>i the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- feiture, and this was finally done. MACK, Alnnzo AV., legislator, was born at More- town, Vt., in 1822; at 10 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich., later began the study of medi- cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 18-14. Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected Representative, and, in 18G0 and 'G4, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- lican," in May, 1865, and was its business mana- ger the first year of its publication, but ilisagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel JIack then resumed the practice of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. M.\CKI\.VW, the first county-.seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southea.st of Peoria. The district is agri- cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), ,545; (190(»). 859. M.IC MILLAN, Thomas C, Clerk of United States District Court, was born at Stranraer. Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the High School and spent some time in the Chicago University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-70, represented that paper with (ieneral Crook in the campaign against the Sioux After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Librarj', besides eight years in the General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896. :Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the Unite1, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominently connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." MANX, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County in 18G7; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- cago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park and, after the annexation of that municipality to the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporarj- Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 20,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- didate for re-election, and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County and General Attorney of the South Park Com- missioners of the city of Chicago. MAXX, Orriu L., lawyer and soldier, was bom in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arlxjr, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith traile, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, two years later, become President of the North- western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing his studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching; in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln ; earlj- in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois- Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx" l.whidi having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen Major. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in tlie first battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant -Colonel, Major Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and (iregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and being assigned to the command of Gen B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35L Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded, necessitating a stay of several months in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered out in December, 1865. After the war he engaged in the real estate and loan business, but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held by him have been : Represent- ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and Sheriff (1880 82). General Mann was injured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly- sis. MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of County- Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying there, Jan. 8, 1869. MANNINCt, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, completing his education at Middlebury College, Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Knoxville, Jul3- 4, 1862. MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- stock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 627; (1900), 932. MACjUON, a village of Knox County, on the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- burg. The region is agricultural. The town has banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475. MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesley an University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass. , where he remained until 1862, meanwhile making numerous trips for geologic investigation One of these was made in 1849, overland, to Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- puted questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 he was called to the professorship of Natural History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with his other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 19, 1899. MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a pecuUar depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- times discharges through the same channel into the Mississippi. Its general course is north and south. — Cat-Tnil Slough, a similar depression, runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis- tance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Maredosia above low water in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi. MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835, incorjjorated as a town in 1857 and, as a city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 352 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trie lights, has six churches, good schools and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ; (1890), 1, 445; (1900), 2,005. MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of St. Louis. Several of its earlie.st settlers were sea captains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu- lation (1880) 774; (1890), 037; (1900). 060. M.VRION, the county-.seat of Williamson County. 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads; in agricultural and coal region; has cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed brick factory, six churches, a graded school, and three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510. MARION COUNTY, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 580 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash Rivers. The bottom lailds have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper coal measures. Sandstone and building .sand are also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, but Centralia is the largest and most important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. MAKISS.V, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and a magazine. Population (1890). 876; (1900). 1.086. MAROA, a city in Macon ('ounty. on the Illi- nois Centrnl Railroad. 13 miles north of Decatur and^Sl miles south of Bloomington. The city has three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- tory, water-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded school. Population (1880). 870: (1890), 1,104; (1900), 1,213. MARCJl'ETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17. and, twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at Quebec. For eighteen months be devoted him- self chieflj' to the study of Indian dialects, and, in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- tudes, he went to Mackinac, and. in that vicinity, founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a rude church. In 1073 he accompanied Juliet on his voyage of discoverj- down the Mississippi, the two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- tember, 1073, after leaving the Illinois and stop- ping for some time among the Indians near "Starved Rock," lie returned to Green Bay much broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In December he reached the present site of Chicago, where he was compelled to lialt because of exh.austion. On March 29, 1075, he resumed his journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- gably and making many converts, failing health compelled him to start on his return to Macki- nac. Before tlie voyage was completed he died, Maj' 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which long l)ore his name — but is not the present Mar- quette River— on the eastern shore of Lake Slichi- gan. Ilis remains were subsequently removed to Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to explain the lake tides, and modern science has not improved his theory. .MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Lsland & Pacific Railroad. Ex- cellent water [wwer is furnished by a dam across the river. The city has several factories, among the leading products lieing flour, paper and agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to support three elevators. There are three papers (ecially complimented in letters by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird. Mitchell. Davis and others. He was invited to enter the regular army at the close of the war. but pre- ferred to return to private life, and resumed his former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon after becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which he has since become the chief. In the various mutations through wliicli this extensive firm has gone, (ieiieral McChirg has been a lead- ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands at the liead of the most extensive publishing firm west (if New York. MfCOXNEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange Coimty, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years flat-boating, trading and hunting in the West, during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, III., but wlien the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During tlie Black Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a memlier of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of tlie construction of the railroad lietween Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in the State, and tlie only one con- structed during the "internal improvement"' era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 185.J was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from the Black Hawk War. lie was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1804, was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860. he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of ISO.'j, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Liidlum (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 11, 1826. studied law and graduated at Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Cajitain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 17, 1863 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America," hav- ing special reference to the labors of the earlj' Roman Catholic missionaries. McCONNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1824, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His fatlier (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before the War of 1813, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County. 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, wliere he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander, Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, the morning jirecediug the night of his assassination. During the latter part of his service. General McConnell was on duty in Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms in Sangamon County, but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. McCO>'NELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding, was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in tlie office of Stuart, Edwards & Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, soon after establisliing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was asso- ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he vvas elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the deatli of Judge W. K. McAllister, serving imtil 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private prac- tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at the trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in which he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- porations. McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15. 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first fiuislied machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in the heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad history. The business grew on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," wliich he already owned, a few months later sold the consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1873, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred, May 18, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 362 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon the agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable value. Mccormick theological seminary, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 18.'>9 tlie late Cyrus H. JlcCormick donated §100,- 000 to tlie school, and it was removed to Chicago, where it was opened in September, witli a cla.s3 of fifteen students. Since then nearly .?300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous donations to tlie same end made bj- others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- fessors. Tlie course of instruction covers three annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic tlieology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rlietoric and pastoral theology, churcli government and the sacra- ments. New Testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missions, and liomiletics. The faculty consists of eight profes.sors, one adjunct professor, and one instructor in elocution and vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are enrolk'il, including po.st-graduates. McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 2.'"). 1832; received his academic education at Marshall Col- lege, Mercersburg, Pa., graduating in the class of 1852. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 18.'j3. Here lie con- ducted a private school for two j-ears, when, in IS.j.'i, he began the .study of law in the office of Planning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar in 18.j7. Soon after entering upon his law studies he was elected School Con'imissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terms (185.5-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precep- tor, Julius Manning, who died, Julj- 4, 1802. In 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- elected in 1879, serving until 1885, Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the .\ppellate Court for the Third Appellate District. On retiring from the bench. Judge McCulloch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch, which is still maintained. Politically, Judge McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of questions arising during the .Spanish-American War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- ber of tlie Board of Directors of the McCormick Theological Seminary at Chicago. McClLLOlGH, James Skilcs, .\uditor of Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 18.54 came with his f.'ither to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 1SG2, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Sevent.v-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next three years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and. near the close of the war, in the operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 1805, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near 5Iobile, his left arm was torn to pieces bj- a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July, 1805. Returning home he spent a year in school at Urbana. after which he was a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111., for two years. He then (1868) entered the office of the County Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, serving by .successive re-elections until 1890. The latter year he received tlie nomination of the Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opixisition. McDAXXOLI), John J., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was iKjrn in Brown County, 111., August 29, 1851, ac(iuired his early education in the com- mon schools of his native county and in a private school; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In IS.'^S he was made Master in Chanceiy, in 1880, elected County Judge, and re-elected in 1890. resigning his seat in October, 1802, to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congre.ss. After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. McDannold removed to Chicago, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. o o r. w m g z > > o o o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 MeDOXOUfiH COUNTY, organized under an act passed, Jan. 25, 1836, and attached, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler Count)- until 1830. Its present area is 580 square miles — named in honor of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of whicli William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame liouse on the site of the present city of Macomb. Tlie first sermon, preached bj' a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement by Kev. John Logan, a Baptist. Amorig the early officers were John Huston, Coimty Treasurer; William Southward, Slieriff; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and tliere are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; (1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412. McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem. Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four .years (1843-47) ; then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 1853, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and eflfective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelpliia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 1854 he was ofl'ered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with tliat institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jackisonville, a private institution for tlie treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before tlie courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at tlie trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be insane. McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from tliat County in the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eightli and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. McGA\X, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and. for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- tlurd. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election by a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation having shown his defeat, he 364 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- petitor without a contest. He h.is large business interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric Une. McHEXRT, a village in MfHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago oc North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. McHEXRY, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809. locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1833, serving in the latter as JIajor of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth den- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (183.")), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. SIcHenrj' County — organ- ized by act of the Legislature, pa.ssod at a second session during the winter of 183.')-36 — was named in his honor McllENRY COl'XTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 624 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is %vell watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying. Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara grcjups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have l>een foimd at various depths in the drift deposits; in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in slouglis covering several thoustmds of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Jlarengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 24.908; (1890), 26,114; (1000), 29,759. McIXTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1S49, went to California. Returning in 18.52, he bought back "The True Democrai," which he e'ULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, w;is born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a yovmg man. On May 3, 1801, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1805, rising, successively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General McNulta has l)ecn prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1890 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of his mo.st important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway and other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1S84 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. .McPHERSOX, Simeon J., clergj-man, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y.. Jan. 19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 367 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent tliree years (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Cliicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was born in Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, after which he at once began practice. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 1853 he was appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 186T, '7.3, '79, and '85, but died a few months after his last election. McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1831, was elected the first Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for thi-ee years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at Wasliington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. McTICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin- cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1883, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the l^rofession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago. March 7, 1896. McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; %vas brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfleld (Pike County) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade with his father, the management of which devolved uj)Ou him a few years later. In the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a 82,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the mean- time, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land-owners in Living- ston County. Mr. MoWilliams is one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also been a liberal contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of tlie church, and has served for many years as a Trus- J68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics lie is a zealous Republican, and has repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that party, including the BUwmington Convention of 1850, and was a candidate for Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in is84. He has made several ex- tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. MFXH.VXICSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 430; (1'JOO), 476. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine j'ears of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to prejjaring for college, but his family having suffered from a lire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to basiness; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, ami began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he cauglit the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-pre.ss. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial cliarge, emi)loving liis brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton AVliig." wliicli he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "Tlie Forest Citj'" was consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- Soil pajier under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kans;is- Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, IS.jS, and, before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had .begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican.'' During the winter of 18.>t-53 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," whicli resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 18.5.5. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles. who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the jKjsition of managing editor, and, on the retirement of lir. Ray, in 1863. became editor-in- chief until 1806, when he gave place to Horace Wliite, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous sujiporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1809 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, repre.senting a principle to which he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- culties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Librars' was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," resuming control of the paper. Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and influence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio. Te.\as, hoping to receive relief in that HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 369 mild climate from a chronic disease which had been troubling him for years, but died in that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- ing reached his TCtli birthday. The conspicuous features of his character were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, which led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- ous to his death, facts were developed going to show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President Garfield, tlie position of Postmaster-General, which was declined, when he was tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 1889. MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. S, 1835; in 18.5.'), came to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Oliio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "Tlie Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' service in Barker's Dragoons (a sliort-time organization), in Septem- ber, 1861, he joined the Eightli Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. Tlie regi- ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the hmgs, dying at Frederick City, July 16, 1803. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead imtil 1823, wlien he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where lie built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., July 7, 186.5. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Nortli- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 3,.592. MEMBRE, Zenobiiis, French missionary, was born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at Fort Creve-Cueur with Henry de Tonty ; descended tlie Mississippi with La Salle in 1682 ; returned to France and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle und Tonty.) MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, lie was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years. Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties witli the Indians, of whose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected tlie first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, wliich he Iiad endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncoUectable accounts from poor people, to whom lie had sold goods througli pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Louis. MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical center of tlie State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard. Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 IIISTOIUCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and its population, under the last census. 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MESDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy; has a bank and a newspaper; is sur- rounded by a farming and .stock-raising district. Population (1880), (i.J2; (1890) G40: (1900), 62T. ME>D()TA, a city in La Salle County founded in is.",:j, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three graded and two high schools, and a public li- brary Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, plow works and a brewery. The city has tliree banks and four weekly newspapers. Tlie sur- rounding country is agricultural and the city has considerable local trade. Population (1890), 3, .542; (1900), 3.736. MERCER COIXTY, a western county, with an area of 5.55 square miles and a population (1900) of 20,945— named for Cien. Hugh Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and along this river the earliest American settlements were made. William Dennison. a Pennsylvanian, settled in New Boston Township in 1S28. and, before the expiration of a half dozen years, tlie Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- cer County was separated from Warren, and specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation of cereals. A good quality of building stone is found at various points. Aledo is the county- seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced in 1845. MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and the lirst permanent hospital in the State — char- tered in 184T or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken toward organization until 1850, when, with a scanty fund scarcely exceeding 5150, twelve beds were secured and placed on one floor of a board- ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters oC Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name to Mercy Hospital. Three or four j-ears later, a removal was made to a building previouslj- occu- pied as an orplian asj-lum. Being the only pub- lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and improvements have been, and are still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing and all tlie domestic and financial affairs of the institution. The present medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, besides three internes, or resident practitioners. MERED0SI4,a town in Morgan County, on the ea.st bank of the Illinois River and on the Wabash Railway, some .58 miles west of Spring field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and hunting resort It was tlie first Illinois River point to be connected with the State capital by railroad in ISIW. Population (1890), 621 ; (1900), 700. 3IERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- tor anil farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, where he now resides — when not officially em- ])lo3'ed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He was educated at Wesleyan Universitj', Blooming- ton, and at McKendree College; entered the Unit)n army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- teenth Illinois Infantrj-, and serving to the close of the war. During the Civil War period he was one of the founders of the "Union League of America," which proved so influential a factor in sustaining the war policy of the Government. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 371 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- triotic and of incorruptible integi-ity, he has won the respect and confidence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, Sept. 16, 1825, entered the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 186-1, as a travel- ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- dist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (1886). MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James T. Brady as a partner. In 1811 he removed to St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established "The Salem Advocate"; served as Assistant Sec- retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 1863, and as Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878.— Thomas E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 1834; at six years of age was brought by his father to Illinois, where he attended the common schools and later learned the trade of carriage- painting. Subsequently he read law, and was admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1863. In 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower house of the General Assembly from the Salem District, and was re-elected to the same body in 1870, '74, "76, "86 and "88. He also served two terms in the Senate (1878-'86), making an almost continuous service in the General Assembly of eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- ber of State conventions of his party, and stands as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Gen. Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from this State, graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-General. He re-entered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Jlilitary Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- penter and mill- Wright ; removed to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1803, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe County. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under William Rector, surveying much of the land in St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, assisting in determining the northern boundary of the State. He also served for a time as a teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary; in 1831 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in set- ting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 372 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County under the new Territorial Government; was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to the Convention of 1818, which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. MET.VMOR.V, a town of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 mil^s east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, two newspapers, schools and a park. Population (1880) 828; (1900). 7.'")8. Metainora was the county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in Guernsey Countj', Ohio, August 6, 1828; educated at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year lie went to Appleton, Wis., but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville. and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards- ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of four years ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more than twenty-five years. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the most numerous Protestant church organiza- tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Rev. Benjamin Yyung took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803. and, in 1804, this mis- sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership exceeding 10,000. The first Slethodist service in Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse AValker, in 1826. The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15.000 mem- bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearlj- 2.000 churches, 937 ministers, and 151,000 members — the total number of Metho- dists in the United States, by the same census, being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 1890 (including parsonages) approached §111,000,- 000. and the total contributions were estimated at §2.073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- western Christian Advocate." with a circulation of .some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominat ions.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site of olile it Ohio Railroad. 14 miles south- southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1.172. MILW.VIKEE & ST. PAIL R.MLWAY. (See Cliicitgi). MihrnuK-i'e ct St. Paul Jiailiraj/.) MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1835; from 1834 to '51 he lived in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with Gen- eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 he was apixjinted, by Auditor Dulx)is, chief clerk in the Au'M). 664; (I'JOIl). 746. MIXONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinitj'. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,316; (HlOO). 2,.i46. MIXORITT REPRESEXTATIOX, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly — except as to private coqiorations, which may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the api«)rtionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- lative Apportionment}, the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- tor and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of "minority representation" (or "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "each quaUfied voter may cast as man\' votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he sliall see fit." (State Constitution, .\rt. IT. sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 379 votes for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among three candidates (giving one to each); but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- ity representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be tlie simplest and most easy of application. MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at an early day, and entered upon the practice of law; served as Representative in tlie Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris- tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the '"Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Bet%veen these two bodies of ecclesi- astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry ; the former having been earlier in the field, but hav- ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers AUouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- ges, Binueteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Slembre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Alloncz, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father De\ille. Another early Catholic mis- sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- tory. That body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or legal, and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis Meurin— was allowed to retm-n to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authorit)- of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They 380 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. perpetuated the records of early discoveries, reduced the langiuige, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- torj-," Wiusor"s "America," and Shea"s "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and wliich is fed l)y a stream having its source within one mile of the heail waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,1G0 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47' 10' north and Ion. 9r, 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which ix)int it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establisliing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile tlie river descenrn in Maryland in 1773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Trejisurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- nois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and served in a company of rangers during the War of 1812; was also the first Count v Treasurer of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 383 Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833. — James B. (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, ivas box-n in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- ents; in his early manhood he followed the business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and other points; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1812, and was commissioned Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of mounted rangers; also served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ; was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. James Moore, the iiioneer, was born in the old block-house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the first child born of American parents in Illinois; served as a "ranger" in the company of his brother, James B. ; occupied the oflSce of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second General Assembly, later filling various county oflSces for some twenty years. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair Count)', 111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- dree College in 1843. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three litei'ary insti- tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 ; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11, 1883. MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1843-46) ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the clo.se of his term, in 1842, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 18.50 he was elected to the same office, and con- tinued to discharge its duties imtil 1857, when he was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 1863. MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- ware in 1760 ; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., where he served two terms in the Legislature. He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled in St. Clair County, 111.— besides a family of fif- teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people — the object of his removal being to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- sions (1814-1.5). He was also Repre.sentative from St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third General Assemblies after the allmission of Illinois into the Union. In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- ous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — William (Moore) , his son, served as a Captain in the War of 1812, and al.so commanded a company in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth and Tenth Genei-al Assemblies; was a local preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- lege at the time of his death in 1849.— Risdon (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his term, being succeeded at the next session by Adam W. Snyder. MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified 384 HISTOHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS himself for the practice of law, located the fol- lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since been his home. In 1858 he was employed in defense of tlie late Father Chiniqiiy, who recently died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- ing appearance and great independence of char- acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has generally acted politically in co-operation with the Democratic party, though strongly anti- slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Literal Repulilican Convention at Cin- cinnati which nominated 5Ir. Greeley for the Presidency, and, in 1890, participated in the same way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the s;ime office, in the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- racy" a vigorous support. MORAX, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was born at Bridge]X)rt, Conn.. Oct. 7. 1839; receiveil his preliminarj- education in the di.strict schools of Wisconsin (to which State liis father's family had removed in 1846), and at an academy at Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 1859. meanwliile supporting himself by teaching. In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1885. At the e.xi)iration of his second term he resumed private practice. AVhile on the tench he at first hejird only common law cases, but later divided the business of the equity side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 1886. he was a.ssigned to the bench of the Appel- late Court, of which tribunal he wiis. for a year, Chief Justice. MOR(iAN, Janios Dady, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., Augu.st 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of age, went for a three years' trading voyage on the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the ves.sel was burned. Morgan escai^ed to South America, and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. In 1834 he removed to (Juincy. 111., and engaged in mercantile pur.suits; aided in raising the "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties (1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- teers ; in 1861 tecame Lieutenant-Colonel of the Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1863. After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- dent, for some time, of the Society of the Array of the Cumterland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. MORGAN COUNTY, a central" county of the State. lying west of Sangamon, and borilering on the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 35,006. The earliest American settlers were probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who located on 5Iauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- ent site of the citj- of Jacksonville in 1821. Immigrants tegan to arrive in large numters ateut 1822, and. Jan. 31, 1823 the county was organized, the first election teing held at the bouse of James G. Swinerton. six miles south- west of the present city of Jacksonville. 01m- stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this choice was only temporary. Two years later, Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so continued. (See Jacksotivillc.) Cass County was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was the most ])opulous county in the State. The county is nearly equally divided tetween woodland and prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois River on its western terder, there are several smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous coal underlies tlie eastern part of the county, and tliin veins crop out along the Illinois River blulTs. Sandstone has also been quarried. MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the Univei-sity of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- partment of the Divinity School connected with the same institution. Population (1880), 187; (1890), 1.027; (1900), 2,329. MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph Smith. Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County. N. Y., August 6. 1830, styling themselves the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Memtership in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith in the Trinity and in the Bible (ivs by them HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 385 interpreted). They believe, liowever, that the "Book of Mormon"— assumed to be of divine origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- rior to them. Among tlieir ordinances are baptism and the layiug-ou of hands, and, in their church organization, they recognize various orders — apostles, i^rophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of Israel, the i-eturn and rule of Christ in person, and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, though professedly not practiced under existing laws in the United States. The supreme power is vested in a President, who has authority in temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although there is less effort now than formerly, on the jiart of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple ; but, within seven 3'ears, their doctrines and prac- tices excited so much hostility that they «-ere forced to make another removal. Their next settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the hatred toward them became so intense as to result in open war. From Missouri they recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon obtained commercial importance, in two years becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in State politics, when there broke out a more bitter public enmity than the sect had j-et en- countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently assailed the prophet and threatened him with exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- struction of the printing office, and the editor promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, but he positively refused to appear before the Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter issued a second warrant, charging Smith with treason. This also was treated with contempt. The militia was called out to make the arrest, and the Mormons, who had formed a strong military organization, armed to defend their leader. After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a mob attacked the prison. Josepli Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, were wounded. Brigham Young (then an apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, after several months of intense popular excite- ment, in the following year led his followers across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in Utah. (See also Nauvoo,) There their history has not been free from charges of crime; but, whatever may be the character of the leaders, they have succeeded in building up a prosperous community in a region which they found a vir- tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- ence to polygamy, and by contact with other communities. {See Smith, Joseph.) MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. It is an extensive grain market, and the center of a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- able water-power here, and much manufacturing is done, including builders" hardware, plows, iron specialties, paper car- wheels, brick and tile, flour and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather. There are also a normal and scientific scliool, two national banks and three daily and weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; (1900). 4,273. MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer, born at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector. Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same office. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 380 inSTOUKJAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BreckenridRp to the Presidency, believing tliat civil war wimld result in either event. A shadow was thrown across his life, in 1H«4, by his arrest and trial for alleged comi)licity in a rebel plot to burn and piUage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his aciiuittal. Died, in Kentucky, Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in .spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery— a fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his acquittal of the charge of complicity with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being in communii:ation with the leading con- spirators ap|)ears to have been conclusive. (See Ciimp Ddtit/Iiix ('ouxj)inicy.) MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and wiis admitted to practice in 1874, when he loc-ated at Watseka, Iro(iuois County. In 18H4 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the IIou.se of Representatives from the Inxiuois Dis- trict, and lias .since been re-elected in 1888, '94, '96, being one of the most influential members of his party in that body. In 189li he was appointed by Oovernor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on his personal statT, hut resigned in 1890. MORKIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- man, was l)orn at Bethel, Clermont County, Ohio, Jan. •2'3, 181'.J: educated at Miami Univer- sity, admitted to the bar in 183."i, and the next year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and President of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1840-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- crat in 18.50, and again in 18,')8, but opposed the admission of Kansas iiiuler the Lecompton Con- stitution; in 1^08 supported (ieneral (irant — who had been his friend in boyhood — for President, and. in 1870. was ai)pointed a member of the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 29, 1879. MORRISON, a city, the county seat of White- side County, founded in IS.'iS; is a station on the Chicago it Northwestern Railroad, Vil miles west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-raising are the principal pursuit* in the surrounding region. The city hjis good water- works, sewerage, electric lighting and several manufactories, including carriage and refriger- ator works; also has numerous churches, a large graded school, a public library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (190(1), '2.308. MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren County. Ky.. in l.'^'iO; was edu- cated in the common schools and the Masonic Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 18.')1, locating at Jack.sonville, where he has become a leader of the bar and of the Republican pirty. which he a.ssisted to organize as a member of its first .State Convention at lUooniington, in 18.")G. He was also a delegate to the Repulilican National Convention of 1804, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1870, "78 and '82), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a public speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that body. Of late years, he has given his attention solely to the practice of his profession in Jacksonville. MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli- tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- kaskia. 111., April 12, 1810; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to tlie bar, practicing .at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General A.s.sembly from St. Clair County, in 1H44, and to the State Senate in 1848, and again in ■.")4. In 18.V2 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- lution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many yeiirs, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- gress to fill the vacani-y caused by the resigna- tion of Lyman Trumbull, wlio had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1800 he was a can- didate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but wasilefeated by James C. Allen. After that j-ear he tof)k no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was among the first to raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment (t'olonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena Vista, the Legislature pre.sented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 387 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. MORRISOX, William, pioneer merchant, came from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benefit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the Terri- tory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- kaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 18.37, and was buried in the ceme- tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, besides holding other local offices. He was the father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 1845. — James, another son, went to Wisconsin; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis? another son, settled at Covington, Washington County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 1851 ; then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 18.56. MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, Interstate Commerce Commissioner, was born, Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- cated at McKendree College ; served as a private in tlie Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 18.52 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Repre.sentative in the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854 ; was re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in ocganizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort Donelson in February following, where he was severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, wlien he resigned his commission, but was de- feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- ville District, after which he served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and imtil 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and promi- nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- mission for a period of five years; at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- son, for a full term of six j-ears, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office in 1898. MORRISONVILLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- norther, st of Litchfield Grain is extensively raised in the surrounding region, and MorrLson- ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point. It lias brick and tile works, electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890). 844; (.1900), 934; (1903, est.), 1,200. MORTOX, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; lias factories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. MORTOX, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Virginia. August 1, 1801; came to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General A.ssemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, Germany, Feb. 27. 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country ; in the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 388 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Louisiana University, under tlie ])receptorship of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he esiwused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an ofticer of the Twenty first Louisiana Kegiment. Coming north at the expi- ration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, 111., but, in IHbi), removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar, and where he has resided ever since. Although in sympathy with the general princi- ples of the Democratic party. Judge Moses is an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Repub- lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter,"' established in 1890, and which is devoted to the interests of business corporations. MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at Niagara Falls, Canada, Sei)t. 18, 1825; came to Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in ly.'ie, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of seventy- seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in companj" with Gov- ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few da3"S after the issue of the preliminary proc- lamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict, he resigned the position of private secretarj- to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties; served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Phila- ileli)hia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Ifailroad and WarehoiLse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1893. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most com- plete History of Illinois yet published, in two volumes, and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland. edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois." in the form of lectures or adilresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOl'LTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- man, w;is burn :U AVciihani. Ma.ss., Jan. 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After si)ending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845). where he .studied law, and was admitted to the bar. commencing pnic- tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assem- bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 18,59 to 1876. In l.'<64 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congre.ss for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and "82. During the pjist few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton has acted in cooperation with the Republican party. MOrLTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small count}- in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and jxipulatiou (by the cen.sus of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds" " of the Kickapoos. who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was elTected in 1843, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a port ion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies the county, but agriculture is the more important imhistry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was alx>ut 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here. MOUXn-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- sissippi Valley wiis once occupied by a [leople different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the lirst white explorers visited it. is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. The.se works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to tlie Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 389 jn others, and also varying greatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has been regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archaeolo- gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved myster}'. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Slississippi Valley, especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear to belong to tlie defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the AUeghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on tbose designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opi>osite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structui'e of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound,'' being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is al.so called "Monks' Mound, ' ' from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, wliile the survivors -returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds," and has been de- scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures"' and the "best representative of its class in North America." The late William McAdams, of Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- lowing description of this principal structui-e : "In the center of a great mass of mounds and earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. The top, which con- tains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, east and south, the structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- mates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied by the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- sels, and concludes that "a populous city once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monuments to great men." Accord- ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two mounds of considerable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Mcst of these are square, rang- ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 390 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the mounds are also a number of small lakes. evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the ilis-souri side of tlie river, on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group — and probably Tised for sacrificial purposes. The whole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, lias been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has unearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, w^hen explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists arc built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound."'— Another noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this grouj) — a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Jleroni, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given — induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor Engelman, in the part of the State Geological Survey devoted to JIassac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of "fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Missis- sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up the Ohio." In the reiwrt of Government survey by Dan \V. Beckwith, in 1834, mention is made of a verj' large mound on the Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the - remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this ease, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at ' a comparatively recent period. Rekited to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in numlier on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of the.se silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound Builders. — A verj' large and numerous grouj) of tliese monuments exists along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer Counties, chietly between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American' Antiquarian." a few years ago, estimated that there were 2. .500 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to 1.50 feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also numerous Ijurial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Cliilli- cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northea-stem part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; aii A. (JKAYVILLE RAILROAD. (See Ptorui. Decatur d- Eciinxvilli' liailtray.) MOWEA(|UA, a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Railroail, 16 miles south of Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising section; has coal mine, three banks and two newspapers. Population (IS'.M)), 84S; (I'JOU), 1,478, Ml'DD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 182i); his father ha\ ing clieil in \Ki-i, his mother removed to Pike County. 111., to free her children from the inllu- ence of slaver)-. In 1849, and apain in 18.50, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- tending into 18.01. In 18.54 he engaged in the commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 18.57; then removed to Cliicago, and. in 181)1. was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1800, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed succe.ssively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1«G2, le96; (1900), 468. NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. NEWEIiL, John, Railway President, v.^as born at We.st Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railr oad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of Genei-al Superin- tendent and Cliief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in Maj', 1883, and' continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Young.stown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profes- sion; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 396 niSTOKICAL ENX'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the Uniteil States Army, and was stationed at I'oit Winnebago, but retired from tlie service, in is;32, and returned to Galena. Wiien the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of whicli he had control until the close of the war. The difliculties of the posi- tion were increased by tlie appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but lie seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19. 1870. >'EWM.VS, a village of Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton it Dayton Railway. .")2 miles east of Decatur; iias a bank, a newspaper, can- ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and large trade in agricultural products and live- stock. Population (ISiiO), !)»0; (lildO), 1,1C6. NEWSP.\I'ERS, EAKLY. The fir.st newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- po.sed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory." established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue ajipearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 17flG it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territorj' (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1790. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe. in 1800. The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinoi.s) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, l)egiiming publication. July 4. 1804. It took the name of "The AVestern Sun and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun.'' having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- tory was "The Illinois Herald." but. owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, wlio was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838). and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia. at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, wlio was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of lUinoLs," has fixed the date of the first issue of this l)aper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — -it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." Tlie earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in e.xistence, is No. 3i of Vol. II. and bears date, April 18. 181 C. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuous!}' from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808. makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, altliough communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was mo.st intimate. an O w 5 CO > z « M f O o •J o O H a 2 ai O en o z OS ■n HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to tlie lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles X. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry \V. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he, by Dr. Loewy, in Jvme, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $882,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the j'ear 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- bago. NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty -six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than §200, 000, of which §160.000 was in real estate and §43,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of $984,- 000. and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over 81,600,000, but by 1877, the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the Auburn S3'stem," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract system"" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, ,was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at §2,121,308.86, of which SI, 644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria d~ Northern Raihvay.) NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution for the education of teachers of the common schools, authorized to be established by act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 for the erection of buildings and otlier improve- ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the erection of buildings commenced soon after — Isaac F. EUwood, of DeKalb, contributing §20,- 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the appropriations and contributions, in land and monej', aggregated §175,000. The school was expected to be ready for the reception of pupils in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will accommodate 1,000 students. NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name formerh' applied to that portion of the United States nortli and west of tlie Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. The claim of the Government to the land had been acquired partly through conquest, by the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark (which see), under the auspices of the State of "Virginia in 1778 ; partly through treaties with the Indians, and partly through cessions from those of the original States laying claim thereto. The first plan for the government of this vast region was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 404 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of ultimate passage. But three years later a broader scheme was evolved, and the famous Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, passed the Continental Congress. Tliis act has been sometimes termed "The American Magna Charta," because of its engrafting upon the organic law the principles of human freedom and equal rights. The plan for the establishment of a distinctive territorial civil government in a new Territory — the first of its kind in the new republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too much power was not granted to the residents. All the officers were appointive, and each official was required to be a land-owner. The elective francliise (but only for members of the General Assembly) could first be exercised only after the population had reached 5,000. Even then, every elector must own fifty acres of land, and every Representative, 200 acres. More lilieral ])rovisions, however, were subsequently incorporated by amendment, in 1809. The first civil government in the Northwest Territory was established by act of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization of all the country west of the Ohio under the name "Illinois County," of wliich the Governor was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- ant" or "Comniandant-in-Cliief. " The first "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge the duties for only a .short period, being killed in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the Illinois Country was almost without the semblance of an organized civil government, until 1788, when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first Governor of Northwest Territory, imder the Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- ana in 1800, when William Henrj- Harrison became the Governor of the latter, embracing all that portion of the original Northwest Territory except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's administration (1790) that part of the present State of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers on the west, and a line extending nortli from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the present county of Tazewell, on the east, was erected into a county under the name of St. Clair, with three county-seats, viz.: Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair County.) Between 1830 and 1834 the name Nortli- west Territory was applied to an unorganized region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, attached to Michigan Territory for governmental purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, 'Arthur; and Todd, John.) NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and collegiate departments, besides a theological school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less than one-third of the latter being females, though both sexes are adiuitted to the college on an equal footing. The institution owns property to the value of $207,000, including an endowment of $85,00U. XORTHWESTERN (iRA>D TRUNK RAIL- W.VY. (See <'liic(i(jo <£■ Grand Trunk Railway.) NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- seo. Henry County, lU., incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one female. NORTHWESTERN I NIVERSITY, an impor- tant educational institution, established at Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 019 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. It embraces the following departments, all of which confer degrees; A College of Liberal Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women exclusively) ; a Law School ; a School of Phar- macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- ferred, constitutes the theological department of the L'niversity. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the University is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- ate courses. The Medical School was formerly known as the Chicago Medical College, and its Law Department was originally the Union Col- lege of Law. both of which have been al)Sorbed by the L'niversity, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at $4,870,000, of which $1,100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endow- ment funds. Its income from fees paid bj' students in 1898 was $215,288, and total receipts from all sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 405 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry Wade Rogers is President. NORTHWESTERIV UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compul- sory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of the Lind University being unable to provide a building, one was erected by the faculty. In 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu- ation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- pital, was commenced. This was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern University. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since tliat date new laboi-atory and clinical build- ings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensarj- aflford resources for clinical instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro- fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 to 1870, but the experiment proved rejjugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- teen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed aft four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer, Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt. , April 35, 1813, and graduated! from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public office was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1853, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1863, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for tlie Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3, 1875, NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. NOYES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844. and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same j'ear, and installed pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 400 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten yc3ars, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston. 111., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evans- ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist,'' over the signature of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. Tlie liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only Ijy his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of liis life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in IS.iS, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. 0.\KLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo. St. Louis & AVestern Railroad, 1.5 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1«90), 9!)5;(l'J0(l), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Riilroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- road. The place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, banks and two local papers. Population (1880), 1.888; (1890), 4,771. OBERLT, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 18.53, began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of "The AVoos- ter (Ohio) Republican, ' ' completing it at Slemphis, Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 1857. He worked in various offices, including the AVooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 18G0. became part proprietor of "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his I'nion principles after tlie beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1805, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re established. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor CuUom the Democratic member of the R;iilroatl and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- phis (18GG); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1882-84). After retiring froiu the Railroad and Warehou.se Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The AVashington Post," "The Richmond (A'a.) State," "The Con- cord (N. H. ) People and Patriot" and "The AVash- ington Times." AAHiile engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. II., .\pril 15, 1890. ODD FELLOWS. "AA'estern Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- retary. AA'ildey Encampment. No. 1, was organ- ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291 members, and §25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges nuinliered 838, the membership .50.,544, with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $135,018.40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 was expended for relief. The Encampment branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations witli a membership of 6,813 and 8''3,S65. 25 revenue, of which 86,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Bebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423 Lodges, with 22,000 members and 843.215.65 revenue, of which §3,132.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the .several organizations (1895) was $144,972..59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd FeUoics' Orphans' Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHA>'S' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd FeUotrs), and dedicated August 19, 1893. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost §36,. 524. 76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at 88,000. ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880), 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. O'FALLOX, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. OGDEX, William Butler, capitalist and Rail way Pi-esident, born at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, and, in 1847. became its President. While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- structing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this con.soli- dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Company, of which he was elected Presiilent. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its President. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, among them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wis. , and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Semi- nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Societj-, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago d- Northwestern Railroad. ) OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was boru in Virginia in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of 0"Fallou, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected by his neiglibors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1831. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. — Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the AVar of 1813. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1833), and again in the Seventh (1830), In the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public office except that of Justice of the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 73 years. OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of counties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territory in 408 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk "War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River flows across the coimty from north- east to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its banks, but, generally sijeaking. the sur- face is xmdulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones abound. An e.xtensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Jlount Morris. OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham Coimty, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 j'ears; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 184.5 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- ment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in tlie siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a course of stuerformed his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiencj'. PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 2G miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731 ; (1890), 891; (ISriO). 1.020. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Rol)inson. and 3.5 miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1S90), 732; (1900), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, e.x-Congress- man and Public Printer, was l)orn at Mancliester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1S27; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and sert-ed two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 18.58 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in oflice until the acce.ssion of President Cleve- land in 1803, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Hureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinley in 1897. PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott County, Kj-. , Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and. four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of ^lacoujiin County, also served in the State Con.stitutioual Convention of 1847; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 18.52, and re-elected in 18.54, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting liis vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 18.55, but resigned his seat in 185G; was President of the first Rei)ublican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1839, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 18C1 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, a.ssuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Militarj- Department of Ken- tuck}-, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following j-ear he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsucce-ssful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint .^e.ssion of the Legislature. March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual .Vlliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His la.st years ■were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life." a few weeks before his death, which occurred at his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. PALMER, Potter, mercliant and capitalist, was born in Albiiiiy County. N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 18.52, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field. Leiter & C9. (now Marshall Field & Co.). from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which has since been immen.sely increa.sed by fortunate operations in real estate. Jlr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Hoiiore (Palmeri. wife of the preceding, is the daughter of II. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. Slie is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the Worlds Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. PAN A, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the Count}', and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 43 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. Population (1890), 5,077; (1000), 5,530. PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio Soufh- irestern Railroad.) PARIS, a handsome and flourisliing city, the county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four'' and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Cliicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and lias a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996; (1900), 6,105. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PARKS, Gavion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; went to New York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here he successively edited a paper, served as Master in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rocji Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville; was elected Representative in 1852, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856) ; the same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1873 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895. PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton, :March 31, 1875. PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 4.57; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to tlie Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the fact that he never fell out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun-shot iU niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received at Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of liis old comi^any, of which his father was First Lieuten- ant for six uiontlis and until forced to resign on account of impaired liealth. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, 18C5, he returned to the farm, where he remained until 18G9, in the meantin)e being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 18G6, and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he remainetl associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brotlier, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty -sixth and Thirty -seventh General Assem- blies, being frecjuently called upon to occupy tlie Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of which he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was a.ssociated with the late William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of tlie Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted by him with many important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 lie was again called to assume the secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that j-ear. From 1803 to ISO.'J he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1S9G became Assistant .Vdjulant- General of the Grand Armj- of the Republic for the Department of Illinois — a position which he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he has been re-appointed by succes- sive Department Commanders up to the present time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various public positions held bj' him, has given him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. PATOK.V, a village of Marion County, on the Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here; the surrounding country is agri- cultural Population (1S90), .")02; (1900), G40. P.VTTEKSO>, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Blount County. Tenn., Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later; at 18 had had only nine months" schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 18.50 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was .a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- ship in 1873, he was. for several years, Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., in 18.'i4, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbyterian General As.sembly (N. S. ) at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., Feb. 24, 1894. P.iVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State -Vuditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835; removed to Illinois in 18.59, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In Augu.st, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severelv wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville. Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "30G" who stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1883 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and electeer of the Board of Reference and Control. Of late years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several important building enterprises of a semi-public cliaraeter, which have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- change Building and others in which he is a leading .stockholder, and in tlie erection of which he hiis been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by President McKinley. the United States Commissioner to the International Expo- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 417 sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has followed his discharge of the duties of that position, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection. PECK, Georare R., railway attorney, born in Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his father's farm; at 16 became a covmtry school- teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from debt ; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, later becoming a Cajitain in the Tliirty- first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in "Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning liome at the close of the war, he began the study of law at Janesville, spending six j-ears there as a student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independ- ence, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Kansas District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 1893. In 1895 he resigned liis position with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago ; has also officiated as orator on a number of other important public occasions, always acquitting himself with distinction. PECK, John Slasoii, D.D., clergj'man and edu- cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, wliile prosecuting his studies and supporting himself by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Auienia, N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years he trav- eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finallj' locating at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, where, in 1820, he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teachers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton in 183.1, in securing tlie endowment of which Dr. Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted mvich time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- ical institution at Covington, Ky. , and, for two years following, wasCorre.sponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- ging industry and thorouglily upright in conduct, for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early history of the State, probably no man exerted a larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Tliou.gh giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to write much, not only for the various jiublications with which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the country at that time. He w;is an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 1852 he received the degree of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in New York, he came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- lowing year brought a stock of goods to the embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small backwoods hamlet — and, by trade and fortunate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of what afterwards became a large fortune. Ha died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufi'erer iiecuniarily . Three of his sons, Walter L. , Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among Chicago's most substantial citizens. PEKIX, a flom-ishing city, the county-seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- pations in the surrounding country, but the city itself is an important grain market with large 418 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. general shipping interests. It has several dis- tilleries, besides grain elevators, nialt-liouses, brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and a factory for corn proi)ulation of between 200 and 300, made up largely of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few- Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards; Michael Lii Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, who had been directeil, by Governor Edwards, to jiroceed uj) the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching ag;iinst Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- munication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibility. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, by waj' of excuse, that bis boats had been tired upon from the shore, at night, by Indians or others, wlio were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- gated by wine which tlio soldiers bail stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. This occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily established the fact that they were not hostile, were restored to their i>osses3ions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 419 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It bad one (if not two) block-bouses, witb magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 1818, and was soon afterwards burned bj' the Indians. Although a trading-post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1813, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here by John Hamlin, the company having already had, for five years, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaiues to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 183.5 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- orate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and flourishing scientific school affiliated with the University of Chicago, and richly en- dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- lic diocese of Peoria, is ei'ecting a handsome and costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a school for the higher education of young men. — At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- nois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the countr}-. It also has an extensive commerce witli Chicago, St. Louis and other important cities ; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of §15,073,567 and an estimated annual product of §55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New York district. Population (1870), 33,849; (1880), 29,359; (1890), 41, 024; (1900), .56,100. PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Green Baj' (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria County has been subdivided into thirty counties, among them being some of the largest and rich- est in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1835. His commission from Governor Coles was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until June 4, following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the first Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court, and served in that capacity until entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. Tlie first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1835, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election of officers took place in 1836. The first court house was a log cabin, and the first term of the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 420 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria Count}' is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city (which see) . The area of the county is 615 square miles, and its population (1880), 55,3.53; (1890). 70,378; (19C0), .88.008. PEORIA LAKE, an expatsion of the lUinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2^ miles broad at the widest part. PEORIA, ATLAXTA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Terre Haute <{• reoria Railroml.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVANSVILLE RAIL- WAY. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the conipanj', of which 273 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River — is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one- fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Junction it lias trackage privi leges over the line owned jointly by tlie Peoria. Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Ilauto & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between MiiUaiui Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. — (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1867, built in 18('i!)-71. and o|)crated the latter year, was leased to the Tt)ledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Cireat Southern; in Januarj-. 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and. in 1877. having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatut & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of tlie United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles of the line from Olney to Ne«-ton, were completed during the month of September of tliat year, and the entire line, from Grayville to Matt(X)n, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, which had already acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — cliartered, in 1809. as the Dan- ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 : in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The .s;ime year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold xinder foreclosure, in February, 188(5, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad ; wivs consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Riiilway. in 1893. and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into tht hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under tlieir management. PEORIA, PEKIX & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria ct .87. Loin'.s Rail- road of Illinois. ) PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in lengtli. ojierated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- pan}-. extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, III. It was incorporated, Feb. 12. 1853, com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity. April 14, 1854. tlie annual rental being §125,000, The par value of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is 51,500,000. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, pa3'able semi-annu- ally. (See Chicago, Mock Island & Pacific Railway. ) PEORIA & EASTERJf RAILROAD. Of this line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 350J2 miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being owned bj' the Company. That por- tion within this State extends east from Pekiu to the Indiana State line, in addition to which the Company has trackage facilities over the line of tlie Peoria & Pekiu Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly witli Kravel. The capital stock is 810,000,000. In 189.5 it had a bonded debt of 813,603,000 and a floating debt of 81,261,130, making a total cajjitalization of 824,864,130.— (History.) The original of this corporation was tlie Danville, Urbana, Bloonaing- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in Jul)', 1869, with the Indianapolis, Cra.wfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking tlie name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western — and was opened to Pekiu the same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as tlie Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. Tlie next change occurred in 1881, wlien it was consolidated witli an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Raikoad), again undergoing a slight cliange of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into finaucial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reor.ganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) PEORIA & HANNIBAL R.ULEOAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) PEORIA & PEKIN DNION RAILWAY. A line connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- field Railroads, between the two cities named in its title, giving it control of two lines, which are used by nearly all the railroads entering both cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, second tracks and sidings increasing the total to nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The total cost of construction was 54,350,987. Its total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ- ing 81,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of 82,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal amounts (eacli 2,500 sliares) by the Wabash, tlie Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and tlie Iowa Central Railways. PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (,See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of I-llinois.) PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank and a newspaper. Tlie surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003. PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the intersection of the Wabash, Chesapeake & West- ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population (1890), 360; (1900), 660. PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno visited the valley of tlie Fox River (of Wisconsin) and the country around the great lakes, at various times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which was attended bj- fifteen Frenchmen and repre- sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- ing region and "all the country southward to the sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, and, for several j-ears, was Commandant in the Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ- ings were not published until 1864, but have always been highly prized as authority. PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890), 705; (1900), 042. PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwe.st quarter of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Oliver H. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 422 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. although nat prairies occupy a considerable por- tion, intersijersed with '-post-oak flats." Limestone is found in tlie southern, and .sandstone in the northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at several points, easily mined, some of it being of a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some extent, and the chief agricultural output is wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a central position and a population of about 1,300. Duquoir is tlie largest city. Beaucoup Creek is the principal stream, and the county is crossed by several lines of railroad. TERU, a city iu La Salle County, at the head of navigation on tlie Illinois River, which is liere spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is connected by street cars with La .Salle, one mile distanl. which is tlie terminus of tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- mining region, is an important trade center, and hasseveral manufacturing estal.lisliments. includ- ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, foundries and machine shops. Hour and saw mills, clock factory, etc. Two national bank.s, with a combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru, and one daily and one weekly paper. Population (1870), 3,650; (1880), 4,682; (1890), 5,550, (1900) 6,863. '' PESOTUM, a village in Cliaiiipuign County, on the Illinois Central liailroad. 5 miles south of Tolono. Population (1890). 575. PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and the county-seat, on tlie Sangamon River, at the intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- ville. The town was surveyed and platted by Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the .seat of the "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches! The manufactures include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattre.s.ses, and canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,342, (1900), 2,807. PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist. wa.s born in Ma.ssaoliu.S(.tts, gia.luated at Brown Univer- sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his native State until 1837, when he set- tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. was elected to the bench of the Si.xteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 18.56. PHILLIPS, David L, journalist and politician was born where the town of Marion, Williamson County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to St. Clair County in cluldhood, his father settling near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church! and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro.' Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with his church, and he withdrew; then accepted a posi- tion as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being transferred to that of Land Agent for tlie South- ern section, in this capacity visiting dillerent parts of the State from one end of the main line to the other. About 18.54 lie became dissociated with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- zette, " a Democratic paper, which, during his con- nection with it (some two years), he made an earnest opponent of the ICansas-Nebragka Bill. At the Anti-Xebraska E.litorial Convention (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 18.56, lie was appointed a member of their State Central Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- ington in May following, where he served as ^ Ke-Pre.sident for his District, and was nomi- nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Southern District, being defeated by John A. Logan; was again in the State Convention of 18G0, and a delegate to the National Convention which iiomiuated Abraham Lincoln for President the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Marshal for the Southern District in 1861, and reappointed in 1865, but resigned after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining this relation until 1878, at intervals performing editorial service; also took a prominent part in organizing and equipping the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment IlUnois Volunteers (sometimes called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, was one of the committee of citizens sent to escort the remains of President Lincoln to Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati in 1872. but, in 1876. was ill line with his former party associates, and served iu that year as an unsuccessful candidate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 423 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo- sition to William M. Springer, early the following year receiving the appointment of Postmaster for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. PHILLIPS, tJeorge S., author, was born at Peterborough, England, in January, 1816; gradu- ated at Cambridge, and came to the United States, engaging in journalism. In 184.5 he returned to England, and, for a time, was editor of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over the nom dc jylume of "January Searle" for "The Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor of "Tlie New York Sun" for several years. His mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally Jj'ing at Morris- town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of travel and biography. PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., May 23, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and %vas admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was attached to the Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was successively advanced to tlie rank of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on account of disability, in August, 1864, but was brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the war. His military record was exceptionally brilliant He was wounded tliree times at Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- lantry and efficient service. At the termination of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Justice John SI. Scholfield, his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected to succeed himself. Judge Phillips' present term will expire in 1906. PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 1813; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 1823, when he resigned, being succeeded on the bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. In 1823 he was a candidate for Governor in the interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- ment of the State Constitj|tiou, but was defeated by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery partj-. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Lau-s.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. The date of his death is unknown. PIAXKKSHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their brethren, vmderwent many mutations of orthog- raphy, the tribe being referred to, A'ariously, as the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs, " tlie "Pi-an-gie-shaws," the "Pi-an-qui-shaws, " and the "Py-an-ke- shaws. " They were less numerous than the Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, their warriors numbered l.'iO. Subsequent to the dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- nois, having villages on the Vermilion and Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations toward the whites were friendly, the French traders having intermarried with women of the tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little difliculty in securing their allegiance to the new government which he proclaimed. In the san- guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), which marked Western history during the years immediately succeeding the Revolution, the Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- petrated upon peaceable colonists, liad so stirred the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for j^rotec- tion, and the President issued a special procla- mation in their behalf. After the cession of the last remnant of the Miami territory to the United States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- vation, and its last remnant finally found a home in Indian Territory. (See also 3Iiamis; Weas.) "PIASA BIRD," LEGEND OF THE. When the French explorers first descended the Upper Mississippi River, they found some remarkable figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 4ii HISTORICAL ENrYCLOPEDIA OF ILTJXOIS. above the site of the present city of Alton, which excited tlieir wonder and continued to attract interest long after the country was occupied bj- the whites. The account given of the discov- ery by Marquette, who descended the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at first, and upon wliich the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down be- tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. Green, red and black are the colors employed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in France would find it hard to do as well. Besides this, they are painted so high upon tlie rock that it is hard to get conveniently at tliem to paint them." As the Indians could give no account of the origin of these figures, but had their terror even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- quette himself, they are supiMjsed to lia\e been the work of some prehistoric race occupying the country long before the arrival of the aborigines whom Martpiette and his companions found in Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures were intended to represent a creature, part beast and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers of the inhabitants by swooping down upfin them from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is said to have olTered himself a victim for his people, and when the monster made its a])pear- ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, discharged their arrows at it, killing it just before it reached its prej'. In this manner the life of the chief was saved and his people were preserved from further depredations; and it was to commemorate tliis event that tlie figure of the bird was painted on the face of the clilT on whose summit the chief stood. This story, told in a paper by Mr. John Rus-sell, a pioneer author of Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this count rj- and in Europe, about the close of the first quarter of the present century, as the genuine "Legend of the Pia.sa Bird." It is said, however, that Mr. Rus,sell. who was a [xipular writer of fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics anil human remains are said, by the late Williann McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when pa.ssing the spot, were accustomed lo discliarge their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1!S40 to 1S4.'), but have since been entirely quarried away. PIATT COUXTV, organized in 1.S41. consist- ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its area is 4-10 square miles; population (1900), 17,706. The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose family the county was named, was tlie first Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River flows centrally through the county from north- east to southwest, and several lines of railroad afford transportation for its products. Its re- sources and the occupation of the people are almost wholly agricultural, the surface being level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and Bement (l.T.'ii). PICKETT, Tlioma>) Johnson, journalist, was born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family removed to Peoria; learned the printer's trade in the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and established "The Republican" (afterwards "The Trau.scriiit") ; was a memlier of the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 23, 18.J6, serving on the Committee on Resfilution.s, and being appointed on the State Central Com- mittee, which called the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- ing, and was there appointed a -delegate to the National Convention at Philadelphia, which nominated (ieneral Fremont for President. Later, he published pai>ers at Pekin and Kock Island, at the latter place being one of the first to name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency; was elected State Senator in 1S6(I, and. in 1862. com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois (100-days' men), and sen-ing at Camp Douglas during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky.. published a paper there called "The Feileral Union." was appointed Postmaster, and. later. Clerk of the United States District Court, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 425 was the Eepublican nominee for Congress, in that District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, he at different times conducted several papers in that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. Died, at Ashland. Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. PIERSON, David, pioneer banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., Julj- 9. 180G; at the age of 13 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- tled near CoUinsville, Madison County, 111., where the father having died, they removed to the vi- cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- ing, still later being engaged in the pork and grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, also engaged in milling, and, in 1803-63, erected a woolen factory, which was destroyeil by an incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on the organization of that party in 1856, served for a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and unswerving jiatriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal contributors to the establishment of the Langston School for the Education of Freed men at Holly Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at Carrollton, May 8, 1891.— Oman (Pierson), a son of the subject of this sketch, was a member of the Thirty-second General Assembly (1881) from Greene Count}-, and is present cashier of the Greene Count.y National Bank at Carrollton. PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born about 1798; served as an itinerant Methodist preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jerse)-- ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a candidate for the State Senate against Thomas Carlin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. Louis in 18."i8, and died there in 1874. PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western por- tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came about 1820, and. in 1821, the county was organ- ized, at first embracing all the country north and west of the Illinois River, including the present county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally organized abovit one fourth of the counties of the State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in sonie portions is hilly, and diversified with prai- ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals and hay are the staple products, while coal and Niagara limestone are found in abundance. Population (1890), 31,000; (ISOO), 31,595. PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, began farming in Livingston County. He began the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to the bar. commenced practice at Pontiac. He represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in. 1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot received from strikers on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting in his being permanently disabled physically, in consequence of which he declined a re-election to the bench in 1891. PINCKNEYVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Perry County, situated at the intersection of the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is carried on in the immediate vicinity, and fiour, carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among the manufactured pmdiicts. Pinckneyville has two banks — one of which is national — two weekly newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; (1900), 2,357. PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. L(»UIS R.^ILR(>AD, one of the Pennsyl- vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Compan}' is the outgrowth of a con- solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway with the Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the Jeffersonville. Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601; 12C, IIISTOKK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA UF ILLINOIS. funded debt. $48,433,000: floating debt, §2.214.703 —total capital S'JS. 000,584. — (History.) The Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- bracing the Illinois division of thi.s line, was made up of various corporations organized under tlie laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern li^vilway of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- dated line was lea.sed to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under the present name, in 1890. (See Penytsylvania Railroad.) I'lTTSm R(i, FOKT WAY.VE & (HIC.^CJO KAILROAI). (See Pittdmrg. Fort ]Vayi,c d- Chi- cayii Hailiray.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAY>E ic CHICAGO RAILWAY, the total length of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles arc within Illinois. It was operated b}' the Penn- sylvania Railroad Comjjany as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was §52,549,990; and the earnings in Illinois. §472.228. — (History.) The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 1869. (See l^i'misylvania Hailrnail.) PITTSFIELD, the county-seat of Pike County, situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of Quinoy, and about the same distance south of west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a hand.some court house and graded and high school buildings. The city has an electric light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a National and a State bank, nine churches, and four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1800), 2,295; (1900). 2.293. PLAIXFIELD, a village of Will County, on the Elgin. Joliet & Ea.stern Railroad and an interur- ban electric line. 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is in a dairying section; has a bank and one news- paper. Pop. (1890). 852; (190(1). 920. PL.VXO, a city in Kemlall County, situated near the Fo.x River, and on the Chicago. Purling- ton & Quincy Railroad. 14 miles west-southwest of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- cultural implements and bedsteads. The cit}- has banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; (1900). 1,634; (1903, e.st.), 2,250. PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad. 16 miles uortliwest of Spring- field; in rich farming region; lias coal-shaft, bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. Population (1890), 518; (1900). 575. PLEASANTS, George Washiugtoii, jurist, was born in Harrod.sburg. Ky.. Nov. 24, 1823; received a cla.s.sical education at Williams College. Mass., graduating in 1842 ; studied law in New York City, and was admitted to tlie bar at Rochester, N. Y.. in 1845, establishing himself in i)ractice at Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 1849, In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, and, after residing there two 3-ears, came to Illi- nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- tion which met at Springfield in January follow- ing, and, in 1807. was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re elections until June. 1897, retiring at the close of his fifth term— a record for length of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- tory of the State. The hist twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, liis reputation stands among the highest. PLUMB, Ralph, .soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in Chautawiua County, N. Y., March 29, 1810. After leaving school he became a mer- chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen yejirs. From New York he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the Union army as Captain aiul Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where he was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- mining and has lieen connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 427 represented the Eighth Ilhnois District in Con- gress, after which he retired to private life. PLTMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 miles northeast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich farming district; has two banks, electric lights, water- works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 854. POINTE DE SAIBLE, Je.in Baptiste, a negio and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described by his contemporaries as "well educated and handsome," though dissipated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chi- cago as early as 1794, his house being located on the north side near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago. POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- port and 12 miles north of Dixon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural implements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The city has banks, one weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. P0NTL4C, an Ottawa chief, born on the Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While jet a young man he became the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatoraies. He was always a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attached, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generallj- believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War, although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received, and thus was organized what is commonly spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finallj' a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all these points were massacred and innumerable outrages j^erpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-oi)eration and support in another raid against the British. Being refused aid or countenance, according to a story long popularly received, he returned to the vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last storj', that he caused a monument, which he had erected over the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' (See Starved Rock. ) POA'TIAC, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 428 IIISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of intersection of the Chicaffo & Alton, the Wabash and the Illinois Central Rai!roaJs. It is 33 miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four hanks and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily editions), numerous churclies and good soliools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among tlie principal establishments being flour- ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and candy factories and a foundry. The State Re- formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Pop. (1890), 3,784; (1800), 4,266. POOL, Orvnl, merchant and banker, was born in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, 111., Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Sliawneetown from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- way becoming his partners in 1846. In 18.'30 he retired from tlie dry goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gallatin County National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- dent. Died, June 30, 1871. POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was born at Salem, Ma.ss. , Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the clo.se of his sophomore year, was appointed a.ssistant librarian of his col- lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- umes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical Literature." A second and enlarged addition was published in 1853, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 18."i2 he was made Librarian of the Boston Slercantile Library, and, from 18.')0to 1809, had charge of the Boston Atlien;viim, then one of the largest li- braries in the United States, which he relintiuislied to engage in expert library work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finally bec-oming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1873, he as.sumed cliarge of the Chicago Public Library, tlien Iwing organized, and, in 1^87, became Librarian of the Newberry Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until his death, which occurred. March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the International Conference of Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice was much sought in relation to library architec- ture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on historical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North .American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl." and was later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He was Presiilent of tlie American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of otlier kindred a.s,sociations. POPE, .Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- ton, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, JIo. In 1808 he became a re.sident of Kaskaskia and, the next year, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained and {liscijjlined by study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely in.struniental in securing the passage of the act autliorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainlj' through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 42° 30' north, instead of the southern liend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, he was made United States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office he filled with dig- nity, impartiality and acceptabihty until his death, at tlie houKs of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 18.50. Pope County wjts named in his honor. — Gen. John (Pope), son of the preceding, was bom in Louis- ville, Ky.. March 16, 1822; graduated at the United States Military Academy. 1842, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topugraphiral Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the northeast boundary survej-, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- dition in ^linnesota. was in charge of topograph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (l.'!53-.")9). meanwhile experimenting on the feasibilitv of artc.«ia:i wplls on the "Staked HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 429 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- ous friend of Abraliam Lincoln in the political campaign of 18G0, and was court-martialed for criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of tlie (then) Secretary of War, Josei^h Holt. In 18G1 he was one of the officers detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Missouri, where he per- formed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victory over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1863 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foots, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular armj'. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support. Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government — although this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequejit service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida ( 1867-68) ; the Department of the Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern liorder of the State, and contains an area of about 360 square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county- seat was first located at Saudsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Beuoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners ; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- ney, and Samuel Omelveney. Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cypress timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and tliere. Mineral springs (with copperas as tlie chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited quantities, among the rocks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- lation (1890), 14,016; (1900), 13,585. PORT BYROX, a village of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- waukee it St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, academy, public scliools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown, tivelve miles below Port Byron. POKIER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- man, was born at Hadley, Ma.ss., iji 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1883 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Cliicago, with a member- shiji of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next live 3-eais were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in tlie service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1883, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1S93, at the age of 89 years. POSEY, (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part iu Lord Dunmore's expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time under the immediate command of Washington; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown ; also serveorn at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War lie enlisted, and w;vs commi.ssioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. He participated in many imjwrtant battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election until his death, which occurred in Washington. Jan. 6, 1895. POST, Truman Marfelliis, D.l)., clergyman, was born at Middlebury, Vt.. June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at 5Iiddlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Washington, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of History; then began the study of theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a short period each j-ear; also held the professorship of Ancient and Modern History in Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral years, Professor of Ecclesitistical Ilistorj' in Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble style of oratory caused him to bo much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his pnrity of life and refinement of charac- ter attracted to him all with whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and other religious publications, and, besides numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he was the author of a volume entitled "The SkeiJ- tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856). He resigned his pastorate in January-, 18S'-2, but continued to be a frequent sjieaker, either in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable portion of the time, President of the Board. POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially identical. This interchanging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. Tnese three tribes early .separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire, " and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Sliamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the ' 'Jesuit Relations, ' ' the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1G66) Father Allouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. The same Father described them as idolatrous and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued imbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Maumee. They fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce the British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1813 they actively supported the British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1832 and 1S33, and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of the Cliippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a ju-edi- lection for the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which he placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufiiciently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar jJOsition in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 432 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the study of geolog}-, which he fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the caflon of the Colorado Rirer than had ever before been attempted. Tliis led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topo.i^raphical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, whicli was appropriately i)laced under his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and. again in 1881, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington Citj-, where (1899) he still remains. In 188G Jfajor Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL. D. from Har- ■vard the same year. He is also a memlier of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his reports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the CfOvernment. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 182.5; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and ;185G-C1) was manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton. Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavalry division in the Army of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 18C4; after tlie war settled in West Vir- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. TRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough County, on the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Riiilroad. 23 miles so\itlivvest from Galesburg and 17 miles nortbea.st of Macomb: has a carriage factory, flour n;ill, elevators, lumber and stock yards, a nursery, .a bank, four churches and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 812; (1900), 818. PR.VIRIE I)U POXT, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated liy water-power, in that section, having been erected bj' missionaries from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village contained fourteen families. In 18-U it was inundated and nearly destroyed. PR.VIRIE dn ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Monroe County, which began to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chart res), and by 1722 had grown to te a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French villages in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common field and commons. 5Iany of the houses were picturesque cottages built of limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; j'et, near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff, maj' be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the Jesuits during the days of French occupation. PRENTICE, William S,, Methodist Episcopal clergj-man, was born in St. Clair County. 111., in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin- ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — tlie latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860. and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the end of his lifp. During the latter part of his life his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was born at Belleville. Wood County. Va., Nov. 23, 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- ant of a company sent against the Mormons at Xiiuvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Mexican War. In 1800 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle «jf .Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28. 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 433 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- dence is at Bethany, Jlo., wliere he served as Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. {See Elections.) PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presb3'terian Church " Rush Med- ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site (see Rush Medical College), and through generous subscriptions, a well-planned building was erected, callable of accommodating about 250 patients. A corridor connects the college and hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and surgeons. PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- terian society in Illinois was organized bj' Rev. James McGready, of Kentuckj', in 1810, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbj'terians, liad visited the State in 1814. as representatives of the Massa- chusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no society. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were estaljlislied in 1819 — one at Shoal Creek, Bond Count}-, and the other at Edwardsville. In lS2o there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen Bliss, John Bricli and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later there were 80 churches, with a menabersliip of 2,500 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as sliown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter 3'ear there were 405 ministers and 52,945 members. Tlie Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical coui-t of the denomination in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of the denomination is "The Interior," founded by C3rus H. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was born near Lexington, Ky., came to Sladison Count}', 111. , in 1808 ; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then ojiened a store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from Madison County to the Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of j-ears. In 1825 he i-emoved to Adams County and laid out an addi- tion to tlie city of Quincy; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 183G, while engaged on a Government contract for the re- moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. —George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwards- ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, ■('Mliere he was engaged in mercantile busi- ness with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawj-er, was born in Frankhn County, Ga., Sept. 21, ISOO; in early childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu- ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- nois (1842). Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRINCE, David, physician and surgeon, was born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the academy there ; began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New- York, finishing at the Ohio iledical College, Cin- cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 434 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. half, with the celebrated surgeon. Dr. Muzzj-. In 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established himself in practice there, devoting special atten- tion to surgery, in whidi lie liad already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil "War he served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and. on the capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarily surrendered himself that he might attend the captives of his command in Libby Prison. After the close of the war he was employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- mis.sion. in writing a medical history of the war. He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- gate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copen- hagen Congress of 1X84 — at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris. aii PRIXCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, oc the Atchiscm, Ti)peka & Santa Fe and the Rock Islaiul & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- tural region. Population (1890), 041; (1900), 73^ PROPIIETSTOWX, a town in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch of the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy Railroiid. 45 miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu- factures, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 094; (190(1). 1,143. PROPORTIONAL REPRESEXTATIOX. (See Miiioriti/ Heprescntdtidn. ) PRof ESTAXT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi- lee CoUege. (See Hiase, Rev. Philander.) The State at present is organized under the provincial HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 435 system, the prorince comprising the dioceses of Chicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head (1898) is the Et. Rev. WilUani E. McLaren, Bishop of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of the church in Illinois is not great, although between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member- ship of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 9,842 communicants. The United States Census of 1890 showed the following figures: Parishes, 197; clergymen, 150, membership, 18,609. Total contributions (1890) for general church and mis- sion work, §373,798. The chief educational insti- tution of the denomination in the West is the Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See also Religious Denominations.) PRYOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of the Revolution, who emigi'ated to Kentucky about 1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the son located where Golconda, Pope County, now stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a boatman, which he pursued some forty years. At this time he held a commission as a "Falls Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended the Ohio River from New Orleans. During bis long service no accident happened to any steamer for which he was responsible, although the Mis- sissippi then bristled witli snags. He owned and commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, no lives were lost. The salient features of his character were a boundless benevolence mani- fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- played not only in the face of dangers met in his career as a boatman, but in his encounters with robbers who then infested portions of Southern UUnois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot and popular commander not excelled by any of his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope County, Oct. 5, 1851, leaving one daughter, now Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, 111. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- ENTS OF. (See SnperintendeiUs of Public Instruction.) PUGH, Isaac C, soldier, was born in Christian County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County, where the subject of this sketch resided until his death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk War of 1832 ; then, with the rank of Captain and Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- dier-General in August, 1864, when his regiment was consoUdated with the Fifty-third. He took part with his regiment in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter. In the year of his retirement from the army (1864) he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, the fol- lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon County, serving four years. PUtJH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, 111., finally locating at Springfield in 1823, and being the second lawyer to establish himself in practice in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. Pugh is described bj' his contemporaries as a man of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit. PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern county and one of the smallest in the State, bordering on the Ohio River and having an area of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who had aided the Americans during the Revolution. The soil is generally rich, and the svu'face varied with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat and was conceded a population, by tlie census of 1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of the carboniferous formation extends under the soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of iron have been found and sulphur and copperas springs abound. Pl'LLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of the South Division) of the city of Chicago, 13.8 miles south of the initial station of the IlUnois 436 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com- panj' began the erection of buildings here in 1880. and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family settled in the future manufacturing city. AVithin the next few years, it became the center of tlio largest manufacturing establishments in the countr}', including the Pullman Car Works, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive steel forging works, emi)loying thousands of mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- ing cars, l)esides ordinary passenger coaches and freight cars, were manufactured here every year, not only for use on the railroads of the United States, but for foreign countries as well. The town was named for the late George M. Pullman, the founder of the car-works, and was regarded as a model city, made up of comfortable Iiomes erected b}' the Palace Car Company for tlie use of its employes. It was well supplied with school- houses, and churches, and a public library was established there and opened to the public in 1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- cago in 1890. Pl'LL.M.VK, George Mortimer, founder of the Pullman Palace Car Compiiny, was born at Broc- ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu- cational advantages in Iiis boyhood and, at fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the cabinet-making business at Albion. His father, who was a house-buiMer and house-mover, hav- ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- ing secured a contract for raising a number of buihlings along the Erie Canal, made necessary by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this way acquired some capital and experience which was most valuable to him in after years. Com- ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising the grade of the streets in the business portion of the cit}' had been in progress for a year or two, lie found a new field for the exercise of his inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- formations in a number of the principal business blocks in that part of the city. As earlj- as 1858, Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to devising some means for increasing the comforts of niglit-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton Road. From 1800 to 18G3 lie spent in Colorado devoting his engineering skill to mining; but returning to Chicago the latter year, entered upon his great work of developing the idea of the sleeping-car into practical reality. The first car was completed and received the name of the "Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the funeral train which took the remains of Abraham Lincoln to Springfield, 111., after his assassination in April, 1805. Tlie development of the "Pull- man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- ing up of the great industrial town which bears his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- cago, constituted a work of gradual development ivhich resulted in some of the most remarkable achievements in the histprj' of the nineteentli century, both in a business sense and in promot- ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub- lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of workingmen. He lived to see the results of his inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use upon the principal railroads of the United States and introduced upon a number of important lines in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with a number of other enterprises more or less closely related to the transportation business, but the Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with wliicli he was most closely connected, and by which he will be longest I'emembered. He was also associated with some of the leading educa- tional and benevolent enterprises about the city of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal manner during his life and in his will. His death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at his liome in Cliicago, Oct. 19, 1897. PURPLE, Xorinan H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., settled at Peoria, 111., in 1830, and the following j-ear was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced the greater ]>ortion of the State east of Peoria. In 18-14 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Justice of the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., who liaii resigned. As required by law, he at the same time served as Circuit Judge, his district embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and his home being at Quincy. After the adojition of the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, made a compilation of the general laws, gener- ally known to the legiil profession as the "Purple Statute.s. " He subsequently undertook to com- pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to "03, and was engaged on this work when overtaken by death, at Chicago.' Aug 9, 1803. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 437 and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- nent at tlie Chicago bar. PUTERBAUGH, Sabin D., judge and author, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834: at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- well County, 111; settled in Pekin in 1853, where he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. Resigning his commission in 1862, he took up his residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice and began the preparation of his first legal work — "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. IngersoU, which continued until 1867, when Mr. Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- vate practice and pursue his work as an author. His first work, having alread}' run through three editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan- cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1893. Leslie D. (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the State, both as to area and population, containing only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. It lies near the center of the north half of the State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen of Chicago. The county was created by act of the Legislature in 1835, although a local govern- ment was not organized until some years later. Since that date, Bureau, Marshall and Stark Counties have been erected therefrom. It is crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The surface is moderately undulating and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- seat. QUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois, and the county-seat of Adams County. It was founded in 1822— the late Gov. John Wood erect- ing the first log-cabin there— and was incorporated in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti- ful in the State, the principal part of the city being built on a limestone bluff having an elevation of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi for a long distance. Its location is 113 miles west of Springfield and 364 miles southwest of Chi- cago. Besides being a principal shipping point for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the converging point of several important railway lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as well as north and south, connections. At the present time (1904) several important lines, or extensions of railroads already constructed, are in contemplation, which, when completed, will add largely to the commercial importance of the city. The city is regularh' laid out, the streets inter- secting each other at right angles, and being lighted with gas and electricity. Water is obtained from the Mississippi. There are several electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a wagon bridge has been added within the past two years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant public buildings, including a handsome county court-house, a Government building for the use of the Post-office and the United States District Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located here, embracing a large group of cot- tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, besides hospital and administration buildings for the use of the officers. The city has more than thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public and two college), with excellent schools and other educational advantages. Among the higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are two or three national banks, a State bank with a capital of $300,000, beside two private banks, four or five daily papers, with several weekly and one or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a shipping point by river and i-ailroad have made it one of the most important manufacturing cen- ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, having an aggregate capital of §6, 187,845, employ- ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual product valued at 810,160,492. The cost of material used was §5.597,990, and the wages paid §3,383,571. The number of different industries reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- tories, agTicultural implement works, cigar and 438 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27,268; (1890), 31,494; (I'JOO). 36,2.52. QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See Chicago. BitiliiKjtim ~, he l)ecanie a teacher in the pub- lic schools ; in 1873 was made Superintendent of schools for that citj', and, in 1882, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination in 1886; was nominated a second time in l.SHO. and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Iiiglis in 1894. In the administration of his office. Pro- fessor Raab showed a comnieiulable freedom from partisanship. After retiring from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed a position in connection witli the public schools of Belleville. RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French traveler and trader, who is said to have reached the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the West in 16.")8-.j9. The period of his explorations extended from Hi.W to 1684. of which he prepared a narrative which was published by the Prince Society of Boston in 188."). under the title of "Radisson"s Voyage.s." He and his brother-in- law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See Clionort. Medard.) RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed by the executive (by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate), under authority of an act ap- proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution anil laws in relation to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The following is a summary of its powers and duties: To e.stablish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- table to shipper and carrier alike; to recpiire yearly reports from railroads and warehou.ses; to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles; to hear and decide all manner of complaints relative to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- tem, to be approved by the Commission ; to enforce pro|>er rules for the inspection an d > ?3 W X o w !C C 2 O o H O z i ij w o o Q -J3 Oi o HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 439 RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing railroad sj'stein of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement whicli swept over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate sy.stem. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville to Jlount Carmel, from Bloomington to Pilack- inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely unfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid tiie foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- field, was the only one so far completed as to be in operation. It was sold, in 18-17, to Nicholas H. Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the higliest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash system. The first I'oad to be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in the State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found under appropriate lieadings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in tlie extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 100 square miles of territory and 35 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one of the 103 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except tliree — Callioun, Hardin and Pope. Tlie entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1896, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was §3,669.164,143— equal to 867,556 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four to ten per cent on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid aggregating 835,331,753. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated §77,508,537, while the total expenditure within the State was §71,463,367. Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning revenue) carried during tlie year, was 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the first special charter was granted for the con- struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — • after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 — 293 special charters for tlie construction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important indi- vidual lines see each road under its corporate name. ) RALSTON, Virgil Toungr, editor and soldier, was born. July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- ticed for a time; also resided some time in Cali- fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "Tlie Quincy Wliig, " and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. RAMSAY, Riifus N., State Treasurer, was born on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKeudree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- versity ; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890. He served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and- tvpo terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the General As.sembly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and tlie Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 13 miles north of Vandalia; the district is agricultural; lias one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. RANDOLPH COUNTY, Ues in the southwest section of the State, and borders on the Missis- sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second county organ- 440 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ized in tlie territorj- which now constitutes the State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- nois historj-, Kandolph County has been a pivotal point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, which subsequently became tlie center of French influence in the Mississippi VaUey. In 1722 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It wa-s in Randolph County tliat Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition for the .seizure of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadracli Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) ■with his uncle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- ernor. (See Bond, Shadracli; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- erable area. Chester, the county -seat, a city of 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The county is crossed bj' several railroad lines, and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- ulation (1800), 2.5,049; (1900), 28,001. RA>'SOM,((Jen.) Thomas Ednard GreenHeltl, soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Gallowaj- & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April. 18(11, he organized a company, which having been incor- porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, wliere he was severely wounded and won deserved pro- motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Sliiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while leading liis regiment, remained in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago. Oct. 29, 1804, having previously received the brevet rank of Major-General. General Ransom was con- fessedlj' one of the most brilliant officers contrib- uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their coni- manils. R.VNTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at tlie junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a national bank, seven churches, opera house, graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many handsome re.'iidences. Pop. (1900), 1,207. R.\SLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born in Fi-ance, in 16.')8; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1G91 or "92, was sent to the Illi- nois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki language in three volumes, which is now pre- served in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was grejit, and his use of it, during the French and Indian War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12. 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- wock by a force of EngUsh soldiers from Fort Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the next day by the Indians. In 183:!. the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- ory on the spot where he fell. RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- many in 1828; entered journalism and came to America in 18.51, being employed on German papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 accejited the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung," which he continued to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 441 fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 24, 1891. While employed on papers in this country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to both State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and, in 1869, received from President Grant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but, during the later years of his life, cooperated with the Democratic • party. RATJCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828. and graduated in medicine at the Universitj' of Penn- sj-lvania, in 1849. The following year he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. lie was an active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, and, in 18.51, prepared and publislied a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botanj' of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1800 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the same position in 18.59 in the Cliicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- izers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's healtli service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. Tlie latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- tinued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of tlie Mississipiji, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the domain of sanitary science and preventive med- icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra- mural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Epidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi- cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America," and a series of reports as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, Pa., Marcli 24, 1894. RAIIM. (lien.) Green Berry, soldier and author, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111. , Dec. 3, 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities rendering him olmoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in tlie "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 1866 General Raum became President of the jiro- jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise of which he had been an active promoter. He was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South- ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- ing one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago the last two years just mentioned. From August 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Ramn served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- ton, in that time having superintended the col- lection of §800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of 830,000,000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the close of President Harrison's administration, when he removed to Chicago and again engaged in practice. During tlie various political cam- paigns of the past thirtj' years, his services have been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the interest of the Republican party. Besides his official reports, he is author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles. 442 HISTORICAL EKCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. RAl'M, John, pioneer and earlj- legislator, was born in Humnielstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and died at Golconda, 111., March U, 1869. Having received a liberal education in his native State, the subject of this sketch settled at Shawneetown. 111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope County, in 1826. He had previously .served three years in the War of 1S12, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantry, and. while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had resigned. The following 3'ear he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the same year, holding both offices for many years, and retaining the County Clerkship up to his death, a period of thirty-five j-ears. He was married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the ■volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil "War. RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier. Secretary of "War, was born at East Cialena, Feb. 13, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- burner. The son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Mount Mon-is Academy, began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 18.j4, and at once began practice. In 18.j7 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on tlie Doug- las electoral ticket in \>^G0. At the outbreak of the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, coercive measures, and it is siiid that it was partly through his influence that Cieneral Grant early tendered his services to the Government. He sen'ed on the staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade imtil the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 186.^, a Major-General. His long service on the staff of General (iiant indicates the estimation in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on the assumption of the Presidency by General Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre- tary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold uixm his constitution, and he sur- vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 1869. RAY, Charles 11., journalist, was born at Nor- wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 12, 1821; came west in 1843, studied medicine and began practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, 111., also being iissociated, for a time, with the publication of a temjxirance paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at the session of the Legislature of 185.5, served as Secretarj' of the Senate, also acting as corre- spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few months later became as.sociated with Joseph Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and his articles exerted a wide iulluence during the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which he was an influential factor. He was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb- raska editors held at Decatur. Feb. 22, 1856, and served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- lutions. (See AntiXebraska Editorial Coin-tn- tioii.) At the State Republican Convention held at Bloomington. in May following, he was api)ointed a niembi^r of the State Centi-al Com- mittee for that year; was al.so Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1857 to I8OI. In November, 1863, he severed his connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- cially dis.i.strous. In 1865 he returneil to the pai)er as an editorial writer, remaining only for a .short time. In 1868 he a.ssumed the management of "The Chicago Evening Post."' with which he remained identified until his death. Sept. 23, 1870. RAY, Lyman IJeecher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt., August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 18.52, and luis since been engaged in mercantile business in this State. After filling several local offices he was elected to represent (irundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Asseml>ly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and lieing one of the recognized party leaders on the floor. In 1888. he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring in 1893. His lK)nie is at Morris. Grundy County. RAY', William H., Congressman, was lxirn in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1812; grew to manhood in his native State, receiving a limited HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 443 education; in 1834 removed to Rushville, 111., engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as a banker ; was a member of the first State Board of Equalization (1867-09), and, in 1872, was elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 1881. RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 50 miles southwest of Decatur; has electric lights, some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown in the surrounding country. Population <1880), 543; (1890). 841; (1900), 90(3. RATMOXD, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman and educator, was born in New York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- monde""), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the Methodi.st Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- pj'ing pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- wards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 1895, when he resigned. For some three j-ears of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. REAVIS, Log:an Uriah, journalist, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., March 20, 1831; in 1855 entered theofHce of "The Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest in the paper and continued its publication under the name of "The Central Illinoian," until 1857, when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1860, when he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and the publication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace Greeley," another of General Harney, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25, 1889. RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, wlio has left the most detailed account of them in his "Pioneer Hi.story of Illinois," they consisted of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Jlis- souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. — Steplien, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. — Nelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Jlississippi, in which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again disj^layed the cour- age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians and, though severely wounded, was carried away by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem- ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three years.— Thomas, one of the younger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- sas, where they became prominent, one of their 444 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. descendants serving as Governor of that State durinj; the Civil War period. RED Bl'D, acity in Randolph County, on the Mobile iV Ohio Riiilroad, some 37 miles south- southeast of St. Lxjuis, and 21 miles south of Belle- ville: has a carriage factory and two flouring mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five churches, a graded school and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169. REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; gradu- ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in that institution and as Principal of a High School at Chillicothe. In 18.54 he came to Blooni- ington. 111., and. as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that cit3"; also has served continuoush-, for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days" emergency regi- ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out. with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & Missi.ssippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois Central), and w;vs aLso one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan L'niversity. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 1891 — iluring the latter part of his incumbency being upon the A]>pellate bench. REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was rejireil on a farm; later became a teaclier and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; in 1894 he was nominated by the Rei)ublicans of the Eleventh District f6r Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the "St.ate Reform School," which was created bj' act of the Legislature of 1S67, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, which was incre;\sed to 324 in 1890. The results, while moderately successful, were not altogether satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a scale adequate Jo accomplish what was desired, and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 j-ears. The law establishing the present reforma- tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- tences, and a release uix)n parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those l>etween the ages of 10 and 16. and (2) those between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be of the same partj-, their term of office to be for ten years. The course of treat- ment is educational (intellectually, morally and industrially), schools being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impressed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and became fugitives, 6 were returned to the Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in employment and regularly reporting. Among the industries carried on are painting and glaz- ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the Reformatorj- contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, which can be employed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average num- ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- ous offenses known to the criminal coile. with the exception of homicide. The number of inmates, at the teginning of the year 1895, was 812. An institution of a similar character, for the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was established under an act of the Legislature pa.ssed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile Female Offenders.) RELKJIOIS DENOMIXATIOXS. The State constitution contains the familiar guarantj- of absolute freedom of conscience. The chief denominations ha\*e grown in like ratio with the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 445 population, as may be seen from figures given below. The earliest Cliristian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested the sincerity of their convictions (in many instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized; and. sliortly after the cession of Illinois b}- France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence upon the red men, although the Frencli, who remained in the ceded territory, continued to adliere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) One of the first Protestant sects to hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the American Bottom in 1796. (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see MeViodist Ejnscopal Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed liim in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. (As to inceptioh and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Baj}- tists.) In 181-1 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years later (1816), the First Presbj'terian Church was organized at Sliaron, by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians. ) The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the "30's. Four churches were organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of the denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership. The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. (See Disciples of Christ.) The Protestant Episco- palians obtained tlieir first foothold in Illinois, in 1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri Synod, only four use tlie English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutlierans.) There are twenty-six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- cording to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 3,655 members, 35 churches; Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 churches, 73 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 143 churches, 153 ministers; Cumberland Pre.sbyterians, 11.804 members. 198 churches, 149 ministers; Metliodist Episcopal (South) 3,937 members, 34 churches, 33 minis- ters: Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- ans), 663 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 330 members, 2 churches, 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churclies, 106 ministers; Reformed Church in United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 3,200 members, 34 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed Episcopalians, 3,150 members, 13 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day Baptists, 330 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; Univer.salists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 ministers; Unitarians, 1,335 members, 19 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers; United Pre.sbyterians, 11,350 mem- bers, 303 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan Methodists, 1,100 membei-s, 16 churches. 33 min- isters. (See various Churches under their proper names; also Roman Catholic Church.) REND, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commissioned officer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern HiU, 446 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Antietam, Fredericksburg and Cljancellorsville. After the war he came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Xorthwestern freight depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several years lie held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation. REPRESEMATIYES IX CONGRESS. Tlio following table |)resents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and lenclh of termor terms of service of llliuuis Kepreseutatives in tlie lower House of Congress, from the ori;anizatioa of Ithuols as a Territory down to the present time; (U, Democrat; \V, Whig; K, Republican: U-B, Greenback; T, ropulist). Name. Residekck. DiST. Term. Reuarks. Kaakaakla Kdwardsville Kaskaskia Shawneetown Kaskaskla Jackson* Morgan Cos Jacksonville Sprlnglield Belleville Territory Territory Territory State State lal-2-H Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Benjamin Stephenson Nathaniel Pupe John McLean 18I4-l(i ... i8it;-is I8i8-iy 1819-27 Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and "29. Joseph Duncan 1827-13 Third Elected Governor: resigned. To succeed Duncan. Died; term completed by Reynolds. William L. May.D Third First First 18*4-39 1833-34 1834-37 Belleville Belleville Mt. Vernon Belleville First 1839-43 Zadoc Casey. D Second First Tdird Eighth First 1833H3 Adam W. Snvder D 1837-39 1839-43 1843-49 John A. McClernand, IJ .. Shawneetown Second Sixth Third 1843-51 I859-G2 Resigned, Dec. , '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapi>. Orlando B. FUkliu. D . Third Fourth Second 1851-53 John W'entworlh 1) 1853-55 Chicago First 18ti5-ti7 Stephen A. Douglas, D Fifth 1843-47 El'dU.8.Sen..Apr..'47;suc.byVV.A.RIchardaou Res'd.Aug., '56; term illled by Jacob C. Davis. Rushvllle andQulncy Fifth 1847-56 Sixth Joseph P. Hoye, D... Sixth , Seventh Seventh Sixth 184.1-45 1845-4*! l?y<»-51 Resigned, Dec.. '46; succeeded by John Henry. Edward D. IJiiker, W Gale:.a Seventh Sixth Feb. to Mar., 1847. 1847-49 Served Baker^ unexpired term. Freeport Seventh First Wllhani 11. Biss*Mt. D Belleville Belleville Marshall 1849-53 WilUain 11. Bissell.D Eighth 18o.1-.S.^ l^niolhv 11. YouMK D Third Seventh Sixth 1849-51.. Peiershurg Petersburg Marion Marion Belvidere Galena 1849-51 Thomas L. llnrris, D 1855-58 .. . Died, Nov. 24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Uodges. Willi.s Alien, D Willis vVllen.D Ninth 1853-55 .. . Richards. Malotiev. I> Thoui|Mon Campbell, D Richard Vales. \V Sixth Seventh Sixth Richard Yates. W Jacksonville I8A.1-55 K. B. Washhurne, R 1853-63 K. B. Washburue, R Oaleua Third I8fi3-69... 185.1-57 ( Reslgnd. March 9, '69 to accept French mia- l sion: term lilted by U. a Burchard. J&sseO. Norton, R, Joliet Third SiXlll Jesse O. Norton, R Juliet 184Mt-f>5 . Knoxvilie Kourlh Seventh State-at-large . IS53-57 Palestine 1853-57 1863-65 1855-57 Fifth 1856-57 To nil unexpired term of Richardson. Chosen V . S. S.Mittior; reslgiic. Philip B. Foul Bloomington , IhirteeiitU . . 'Carlyle ; Sixteenth — Chester* j Eighteenth.. Mt. Veriion.'.' |.! Nineteenth.. Chicago jFlrst Chicago [Second Chicago jThird Rockford I Fourth Morris Seventh Lewis ton Ninth Warsaw iTenth Chicago First State-at-large. Second . . First Ninth Thirteenth Fifth Tenth Fourth Fifth Seventh Fifteenth Seventeenth... Ninth Twelfth Seventeenth.., Eighteenth — State-at-Iarge Fifteenth Seventeenth .. Fourth Sixth Seventh Eighth Tenth Twelfth Eighteenth.... Twenty-first . Thirteentii — First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth Fourth Sixth Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth... State-at-large First Third Thirti Fifth Sixth Tenth Chicago Chicago Belvidere Peru Lacon Canton Rushville Jerseyville Jersey vine Bloomington Tuscola and Danville. Danville Danville Danville Salem Carbondale Chicago Chicago Princeton AGeneseo. Princeton La Salle Peoria Rushville Pittsfield Pittsfleld Springfield Springfield. First, Second Fourth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Eleventh Thirteenth... Fourteenth ... Fifteenth Fifteenth Twelfth Si.xteenth Eighteenth... Second Third Sixth Seventh Seventh Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Twelfth Thirteenth. .. 1883-85... 1859-63... 18113-65.., 1871-73.. 1873-75 . . 1859-63.. 1859-62.. 1869-71.. 1861-63.. 1863-65.. 1862-63.. 1863-65.. 1861-63.. 1863-65.. 1803-65.. 1864-71... 1863-65.. 1873-79.. 1885-87.. 1863-69... 1863-65... 1873-83.. 1883-87... 1865-67... 1881-83... 1883-85... 1865-69... 1865-71... 1805-69... 1865-71... 1865-67.. 1865-69... 1887-89... 1897-99... 1865-67... 1867-71... 1807-71 . . 1867-69... J-73.., 1873-79... 1869-73... 1873-75.., 1869-73.. .__ 1-73.. 1869-73.. 1869-73.. 1871-73... 1871-73... 1873-76.., 1881-83.. 1871-73.. 1871-73., 1871-73.. 1873-74., 1874-77.., 1873-75.. , 1873-77.., 1873-75.., 1873-81.., 187.3-75.. 1873-75.. 1873-75.. 1877-79.. 1873-75.. 1873-83.. 1883-91 . 1893-95.. 1895 1873-75.. 1873-75.. 1875-79. 1876-77. 1875-83. 1883-95. 1875-77. 1876-77.. 1875-77.. 1875-77.. 1889-93. 1875-83. 1383-95. 1875-77=. 1879-81. William A, J Sparks. D, William Hartzell.D .. William B. Anderson, D William AUlrich, R Carter H Harrison. D .. Lorenz Brentano, R William Lathrop. R. . .. Philip C Hayes. R Thomas A Boyd. R Benjamin F Marsh, R. . 1875-83.. 1875-79. 1875-77., 1877-83., 1877-79.. 1877-79.. 1877-79.. 1S77-81 . 1877-81 . 1877-83.. Served Logan's unexpired term. Served McClernand's unexpired term. Res'd, Apr. '62; term filled by W. J. Allen. Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; term filled by John L. Beveridge. 1864-'65 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term . Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. Filled unexpired term of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, '76, seat awarded to J. "V". Le Moyne. Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Died Dec, '74; succeeded by B. G. Caulfield. From 1.S74-75 served out Rice's term. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 448 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Xame. Residence. Bt^lijuniln F. Maptli, H Warauw BriiJiiriilN F. MurKti. K Thomiw K.Tipton. R R. W. ToiviislicMnl. 1) Ooorff© R. Davis. R OeorBe R. Duvis, K llirain Barln-r. R John C. SlH-Twiii, R R. M. A. lliiwk.R JameH \V..sinKieuni. D... A. P. Fonytlie. (i. B JolinIL Tliuniaa, R John R. TJionias. R William fulli-ii,R Wllliiiin Cullpn.R I^ewis K. Pay.ion,R Ij4'\viM K. Pav.soil. R John H. Lewis. R Dielrlch C. Smith. R R. W. Dunham, R John F. I'inerty. R <«i'orep K. Adams. R RtMilifii K11w(mk]. R llDlicrtR. Ultt.R Hol)i>rt R, Hltt. R N. K. Worthlngtun, 1> William II. Neece. D James M. Ri^RS, 1) Jonathan H. Rowell.R... Prank l..awl*'r. V James H. Ward. V Alnert J. Hopkins. R Alhcrt J. Huiikins.R Ralph Plumh, R SI I a.s Ci. I..aii Chicago Robert A. Cliilds. R Hinsdale Hamilton K. Wheeler. R... Kankakee John J. .McUannold. D Mt. Sterling .. Benjamin F. Funk. R i Bloomington.. William L<»rimer, R IChicago Hugh R. Belknap. R jChicago Charles W, Woodman, R. .!chicago Geo. K. White. R 'Chicago Kdward 1-). Cooke. R IChlcago George R Foss, R Chicago George W. Prince,R ,Galesburg Walter Reeves. R Streator Vespiuilan Warner, R Clinton J. V.eaker of the House. He entered tlie Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to became a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Re])resentative in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COrXTY, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and biis an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early jiioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Tliaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1823, and services were conducted by William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about wliere the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- . growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900). 10,391. RIDfiE FAR5I,a villageof Vermillion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Cliicago & St. Louis and tlie Toledo, 8t. Louis & Western Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Lnuis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and two papers. Pop. (1900). 9:S ; (1904), 1.300. "RIDGELV, a manufacturing and mining sub- urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive rolling mill is located there, and there are several coal-.shafts in the vicinity. Population(lyOO), 1,169. RIDGELT, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. IT, 183G; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later has affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- field Iron Company, of whicli he has been Presi- dent for many years ; has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of Illinois College. RIDGtELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis to assume a clerksliip in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it weut into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross. Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system, extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 81, 1888, valued at over 82,000,000. RIHGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Sliawneeto'vn : has a bank and one newsjiaper. Pop. (1S90\ ,523; (1900), 839; (1903, est), 1,000. RIDiJU'AY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, ISOG. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a j'ear's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Soutliern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Sliawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to every State and National Convention of liis l)arty from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 lie was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he wa.s a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal Universitj- at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIG(iS, James M., ex-Congressman, was bom in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and again in 1884, lie was the successful Democratic canditlate for Congress in the Twelftli Illinois District. RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where lie continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. RI>'AKKR, ,Iil. RIVERTOX, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6;4 miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1880), 705; (1890), 1,137, (1900), 1.511; (1903, est), about e. 000. RITES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's OfBce in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "Tlie Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 18G4. ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 36 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Population (1880), 355; (1890). 831; (1900). 966. ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was born in Bath, Maine, in 1819 ; came to Cook County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- hood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- ness until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to dut}' as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary afl'airs vmtil the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- can outrages on the Rio Grande border; was sub- sequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1833; received his primary education in that country, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third councils of tlie Reformed Churches, held at Edin- burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to Englisli, Ameri- can, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the West- minster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the county -seat of Crawford County, 35 miles north- west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of Paris, 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region The city has water-works, electric lights, two banks and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about '2,000. 454 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ROBIXSOX, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 18.J8. was elected to Congre.ss as a Democrat, as he was again in 1860, "02, "70 and '72. In 18C4 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBIXSOX, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was literally educated and became a lawyer by ijrofession. In early life be settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Through his association with the State militia he earned the title of "General." In 1830 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but faileil of election by the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to a seat uixjn the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of the same year, within three months after his elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, (Juilington & yuincy Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles soulli of Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. It is in a rich agricultural and .'^tock raising region, rendering Rochelle an important sliip ping ptiint. Among its industrial establish- ments are water works, electric lights, a flouring mill and silk underwear factory The citv has throe biink.'^, live churches and three newspnpers. Pop (ISfl.i) 1.7.S9; (1900), 2,073; (1903). 2.r)l)ll. ROCnrSTEIJ, a village and early settlement in Sanf;:unon Count)', laid out in 1819; in rich ngncnltiiral district, on the Baltimore A: Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 7,'i miles soutlieast of Springfield; has a bank, two churches, onescliool, and a newspaper. Population (190l)) 365 ROCK F.VLLS, a city in Whiteside County, on Rock Riveraud the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroail; has excellent water-power, a good public school system with a high school, hanks and a weekly newsptvper. Agricultural imple- ments, barbell wire, furnitiiie. flour and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rod- River at this point. Pop. (inno). '7. 176. ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county-seat of Winnebago County ; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Jlilwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highwaj' bridges. Water is provided from live artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- gressive. The assessed valuation of projierty, in 1893, was 50,531.235. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are ahundant and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed §7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing e.stablishments. which employed 5,223 persons and turned out an annual product valued at §H.yy8,- 904. The [)riucii)al industries are the maiuifac- ture of agricultural implements and furniture, though watches, silver-plated ware, pajier, flour and grape sugar are among the other products. Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorix)rated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches taught include tlie classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6.150 volumes, funds and en- dowment aggregating §50.880 and property valued at $240,880, of which §1.50,000 is real estate. ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River, 183 miles west by south from Chicago ; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of tlie Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Missis- sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Molina. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- strong during the Black Hawk War, anil was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- gion of nuich picturesque scenery and has exten- sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- niS'J'OrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Pop. (1890). 13,634; (1900), 19,493. ROCK ISLAXD COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Missis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- ments were made near Port Byron bj' John and' Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak ; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hatck, and Black Haivk War.) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 183.5, Rook Island (then called Stejihenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr. , the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the county, though there are several other imjiortant points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), .55,249, ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it a, total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles. — (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same j'ear, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at §450,000. — (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was §2,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is 81,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to §2,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford. Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beaut}' and fertility. ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, and local paper. Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to '53 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal," still 456 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. later eiliting the newly estaljlislied "Constitu- tionalist"" for a few months. During a part of this period lie was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, wliich was immediately followed by the passage of tlie act establishing tlie State Geological Department. A majority of l)Oth liouses joined in a request for his appointment as State (ieolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grouner Region agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900). 1.014. ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton County, III, July 18, 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College. Jackson- ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; the following ye;ir enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteers for the Mexican War, liecame First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 459 eral Taylor. After the war he served six years as Probate Ju(ige. lu May, 1861, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel of the Seventeentli Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Missouri and Kentucky; was commis- sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was appointed bj- President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Repub- lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- date for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted his attention largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- farm in Iowa. In his later years was President of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. KOSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at Monson, Hampden County, Mass. , April 24, 1792 ; removed with his father's family, in 1S0.5, to Pittsfleld, Mass., where he remained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twent3'-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through tlie War of 1813-14, and participating in the battle of Sack- ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- pany consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- ing the headwaters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, crossing the State, reached Uijper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the usual privations incident to life in a new country, not excepting sickness and death of some of their number. At the next session of the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- lished, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 182.3, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1834 to 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfleld. During this period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- ously or successively, the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time as President pro tem. of the last- named body. While in the General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- zen of that place, which he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- dent the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable propertj' ; was liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chfcago & Ea.steru Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, water-works, tile and brick-works, two lianks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (IflflO), 1,43.3. ROUNDS, Sterlina: Parker, public printer, was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 27, 1828; about 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- osha, Wis. , and, in 184.5, was foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 18.51. Here he finally establislied a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Washington, serving until 188"). wlien lie removed to Omaha, Neb., and wa.s identified with '"The Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 17. 1887. ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County about the time of the removal of the State capital to Vandalia. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed to office there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsbot-o. For a number of years in the early liistory of the county, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Countj' Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public. Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same office in 1861, and again, in 186.5, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and .sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro. March 4, 1873. ROl'TT, John L., soldier and Governor, was born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated jn the com- mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as .Sheriff of McLean County; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- ington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively, United States Marslial for the Southern District of Illinois. Second As.sistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. He has been extensively and successfully identi- fied with miniuK enterprises in Colorado. ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of the Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home is at Bloomington. ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- wall, England, in 1830, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel: was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, esjiecially distinguishing lumself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth Di.strict by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago. July 13, 1887. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1843. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term ojjened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between §3,000 and §4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of S15.000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was §70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing $,54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 461 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards. Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University. The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- ance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three col- lege terms being compulsory. RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not tlie present Beardstown in Cass County), -where it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- ton, in lienor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Four iieriodicals (one daily) are published here. Population (1880), 1,662; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,293. RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- ation he taught for a short time in Georgia ; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" on the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in ''The St. Charles Mis- .sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularitj- and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shui'tleff College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey County — to wliich he afterwards continued to be a contribu- tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was also, for several years. Principal of tlie Spring Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a his- tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1862 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale. RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see MuUigan, James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post." and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purchase of "Tlie Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- icle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, 462 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- nois, settling at Edwardsville, and fiually at Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1800, a member of the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. In September, 18G2, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg— also leading in the attack on Arkansiis Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 186-1, one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General. — Reuben C. (Rutherford), brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y. , Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New Hampshire; received a degree in law when quite young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other Stiites after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-oi)eration with Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensivelj' throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congres.s, for the establi.sliment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States. The establish- ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy. where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was later associated with the State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Department, in which he remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- General. In 1880, General Rutherford removed to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. — iieorge V. (Rutherford), another brother, was born at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the State of nUnois, at Springfield, under exGov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General (iovern- ment in Washington, retiring after the war with the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872. when he engaged in manufacturing business at North- ampton, Ma.ss., but finally removed to California for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. Helena, Cal., August 28, 1872. RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on tlie Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, schixjl, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. (1890), 509; (1900). 893; (1903). 1,093. RUTLEDUE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, .-Vrmy Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va., June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 13 years and, at 21. became a memter of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and west- ern parts of tlie State — aLso acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- teers. Returning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 w;is Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge w;i,s one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. RUTZ, Edward, State Treiisurer, was born in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5. 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California in 1857, and, early in 1801, enlisted in the Third United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1804, and taking part in every battle in wliich his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and wa-s elected County Surveyor, served three consecu- tive terms as County Treasurer, atul was elected Suite Trea.surer three time.s— 1872, "76 and "80. About 1892 he removed to California, where he now resides. RT.iX, Edward (i., early editor and jurist, born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar and was. for a time, associated in practice with Ilugli T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan iissumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he conducted for over a year, and which is remem- bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 463 aroused the hostility of some members of the Cliicago bar by his ruliugs ujion the bench. About 1843 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), and was connected with a number of celebrated trials before the courts of that State, including the Barstow- Bash ford case, which ended with Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was api^ointed Chief Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, was an intense opponent of the war policy of the Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, he appears to have been a man of much learning and recognized legal ability. RTAX, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in childhood; was educated for the priesthood in Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro- fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, Ky. In 1878 ho removed to Illinois, attaching himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop of the see of Alton, the prior inciimbent (Bishop Baltes) having died in 1886. SACS AXD FOXES, two confederated Indian tribes, who were among the most warlike and powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- ing "those of red earth." The French called them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their sjjelling of the name given them by other tribes, the mean- ing of which was "Foxes," and which was bestowed upon them because their totem (or armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. They seem to have been driven westward from the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of Niagara and Slackinac, to the region around Green Baj*, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, •on what is now known as the Sac River, near Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the authenticity of this claim, historical authorities differ wideh". Subsequent to 1670 the history of the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their characteristics, location and habits are described at some length by Father AUouez, who visited them in 1666-07. He says that they were numer- ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That they were cordially detested by their neighbors is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly to the French, who attached to themselves other tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 1718, however, they were virtually in possession of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- tinsand Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the Illinois River. They abstained from taking part in the border wars that marked the close of the Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed the country as far we.st as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and as far north as Prairie du Cliien. They offered to co-operate with the United States Government in the W^ar of 1812, but this offer was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government divided the nation into two bands, removing both to reservations in the farther West. One was located on the Osage River and the other on the south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- vations, there is little doubt, many of them have silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, the net and the spear of the himter. A few }-ears ago a part of these confederated tribes were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 419; (1903, "est.), 550. 464 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- western, tlie Chicago & Eastern Ilhnois and tlie Illinois .Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. Louis, and IG miles northeast of Centralia; in agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of fruit. The city has tlour-mills, two hanks and three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493; (1900), 1.C42. SAlJXE COrXTY, a southeastern county, organized in l.St7, having an area of 380 square miles. It derives its name from the salt springs which are found in everj- part of the county. The northern portion is rolling and yields an abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes excellent farming lands. In some localities a good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. In the southern half of the county are the Eagle Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of some 450 to ."iOO feet above the level of the Mis- sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- sas. The highest laud in the county is 864 feet above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid out in 18.59. Population of the county (1880), 1.5,040; (1890), 19,342; (1900), 21,085. SALIXE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- fluence of twu branches, both of wliich flow through portions of Saline Countj-, uniting in Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- ton County and runs nearly south, while the South Fork drains part of Williamson County, and runs east through Saline. The river (which is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below Shawneetown. SALT MAXUFACTURE. There is evidence going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin •C!ountj% were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- ants in the making of salt, long before the advent of white settlers. There have been discovered, at various points, what appear to be the remains of evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay and pounded shells, varj-ing in diameter from three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en- couraging the manufacture of sjilt from these springs. Congress granted to Illinois the use of 30 square miles, the fee still remaining in the United States. These lands were leased by the State to private parties, but the income derived from them was comparatively small and • fre- quently difficult of collection. The workmen were mostly sLives from Kentucky and Tennes- see, who are especially referred to in .\rticle VI., Section 2. of the Constitution of 1818. The salt made brought S.5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while many purchasers came hundreds of miles on horseback and carried it away on pack animals. In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the General Assembh' having decided to erect a peni- tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply tlie proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature might by law direct." The sale was made, one- half of the proceeds set apart for the building of the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of the State. The manufacture of salt was carried on, however — for a time by lessees and subse- quentlj- by owners — until 1873, about which time it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased to be profitable on account of competition with other districts possessing superior facilities. Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County about 1824. The manufactiu-e has been success- fully carried on in recent years, from the product of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. SAXDOVAL, a village of Marion County, at the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The town has coal mines and some manufactures, with banks and one newspaper. Population (1H80V .504; (1S90), 834; (1900), 1,258. S.VXDSTOXE. The quantity of sandstone quar- ried in lUiunis is com]>aratively insignificant, its value Ixung less than one-fifth of one per cent of the value of the output of the entire country. In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list of States producing this mineral, the total value HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 465 of the stone quarried being but $17,896, repre- senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi-om ten quar- ries, which emplo3-ed fort}' -six hands, and had an aggregate capital invested of §49,400. SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- porated in 1878, on the Chicago, Burhngton & Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 3,516; (1900), 2,530; (1903), 2,865. SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, organized under act of June 30, 1831. from parts of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing the present counties of Sangamon, Ca.ss, Menard, Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduced in area somewhat, four years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits by the setting apart of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving tliere in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Dreunan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection of that place as the tem])orary seat of justice in 1831. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population began to flow in rapidlj'. Remnants of the Potta- watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organi- zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being composed of Wil- liam Drennan, Zaohariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United States Land Office was established at Springfield in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the first sale of lands taking place the same year. The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous coal, which is mined in large quantities. The chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the county is 800 square miles. Population (1880), 53,894; (1890), 61,195; (I'JOO), 71,593. SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of the North and South Forks, of which the former is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork rises in the northern part of Champaign County, whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, thence westward through Sangamon Covmty, forming the north boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 340 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork flows through Christian County, and joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of Springfield. In the early history of the State the Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, and its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1833, when he was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 1833 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the ''Talisman," ascended the river to a point near Springfield. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much difficulty in getting out of the river that the experiment was never repeated. SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County, N. Y., where his father became a contractor on the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as "the boy contract- or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock excavation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rock River improvement scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Galena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the Western Division, for a time, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the firm of Sanger, Camp & Co. , contractors for the construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon Vkhich he 466 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was employed for several years. Other works with wliich lie was connected were the North Missouri Railroad and the construction of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. as member of the firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of convict lalx)r. In 1863 Mr. Sanger received from Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to staff duty in Kentucky anil Tennessee. After the war he became largely interested in stone quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, Cal., March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health.— James Yoiin^ (Sanger), brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time in a large mercantile establisluiieut at Pittsburg, Pa., later being associated with his father and elder brother in contracts on tlie Erie Canal and similar works in Pennsylvania. Ohio and Indi- ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- lished a large supply store, and engaged in bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a later period, in connection with his father and his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently connected with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal — the aipieduct at Ottawa and the locks at Peru being constructed by them. About 18.50 the Construction Companj-, of which he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading members, undertook the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern) R;iilroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., and were prominently identified with other rail- road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and California. Died, Julj- 8, 18(i7. when consum- mating arrangements for the performance of a large contract on the Union Pacific Rjiilroad. SAXITARY COMMISSION. (See nUuoi.i San- itary Com mission. ) SAMTARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See Chieai/o Drainage Canal.) SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born in Canada about 1780: received an education from the Jesviits at Detroit, and was able to speak and write Englisli and French, besides several Indian dialects; was a friend of Tecum- seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a devoted friend of the whites. He took up his residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern- ment, in consideration of his services, built for him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, which he occupied until his departure with his tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by the Government to Sauganiish, Shabona and other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,240 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Sept. 28, 1841. SAVAGE, George S. F., D.l)., clergyman, was torn at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; was ordained a home missionary the same year and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 111., for four years being corresponding editor of '"The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational Herald." For ten years he was in the service of the American Tract Society, and. during the Civil War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western Secretary of the Congregational Publishing Society, remaining two years, after which he be- came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- logical Seminar}'. He has also been a Director of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit College since 1850, and. for several ye;irs, editor and publisher of "The Congregational Review." SAYA>'XA,a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- lington i\: Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shippiiig-jioint and con- tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public library, churches, two graded schools, township high school, and two daily and weekly news- papers. Pop. (1800), 3,097; (1900), 3,335. SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie tfe Western Railroad, 26 miles east of Bloomington; district agricultural; county fairs held here; the town hiis two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890). 851; (1900). 879. SCATES, Walter Keniiett, jurist and soldier, was born at Soutii Boston, Ilalifa.x County. Va., Jan. 18, 1808: was taken in infancy to Hopkins- ville, K}'., where he resided until 1831. ha\-ing meanwhile lejxrned the printer's trade at Njish- ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he removed to Frankfort. Franklin County, HI., HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 467 where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- ment, but resigned at the close of the same year to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- vention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 18.54, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a IMajor's commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was made. Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Chicago, whicli position he filled until July 1, 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, during the same period, being ex-officio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evauston, Oct. 26, 1886. SCAMMOX, Jonathan Young, lawyer and banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 1812; after graduating at Waterville (now Colbj-) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 remov- ing to Chicago, where he spent tlie remainder of his life. After a year spent as deputy in tlie office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- utes, he was appointed attorney for tlie State Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Court, whicli office lie held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- ated with several prominent law5'ers, his first legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- lent character, his most important financial venture was in connection witli the Chicago 5!arine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- ducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive. public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan; was also promi- nently identified with the founding of the Chi- cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- nomical Society — being the first President of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of 830,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most power- ful telescope which had at that time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory at his own expense. He was the pioneer of Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a staunclx Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- cago American," a paper designed to advance the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency; and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- chief. He was one of the first to encourage the adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Halxnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in botli for many years. As a member of the Gen- eral Assembly he secured the passage of many important measures, among them being legisla- tion looking toward the bettering of tlie currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, March 17, 1890. SCARBITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison County. His sons afterward became influential in business and Methodist church circles. Died, Dec, 12, 1847. SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the uniformity of surface which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges, but which is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a nmuber of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- tains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 468 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tower in Jackson County, tlirougli the northern part of Union, ami through portions of William- son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial ix)int in tlie western part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of the Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediatel}' on the river bank, formed by some isolated hills about three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi, About half a mile from the lower end of tliis hill, with a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the "Devirs Bake Oven." The main cliaiu of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about live miles from the river, and ri.ses to a lieight of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio EailroatI, in the northern part of Union Count)-, with an elevation above tide- water of 98.J feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in the northeastern part of Pope County — the elevatiiin at that i)oint (iis ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some striking scenerj- in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as well as some distance up the latter stream — though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generally monotonous or only gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few otlier points, where bluffs rise to a considerable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rock rises to a perpendicular heiglit of about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock," an isolated ridge of rock alx)ut two miles long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois River occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by tlieir iLssoci- ation with early history. Deer Park, on tlie Ver- milion River — some two miles from where it empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 150 feet in diameter at tlie base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall iwurs from the cliffs into a little lake at tlie bot- tom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Juliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosine in ICilS. and ha.s been variously known as Mon jolly, Mont Jolie, Mount Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 1,300 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion that, originally, it was an island in the river, which, at a remote period, swept down the valley of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were accustomed to hold their councils at its ba.se. — The scenery along Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturesiiue beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a lamlmark well known to tourists and river men ever since the Upper Jlississippi began to be navigated. Towering above the surrounding bluffs, it re;iches an alti- tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- ea-sterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are verj- strik- ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the sy.stem already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis- consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- tral R;iilroad at .Scale-s" Mound Station, and, 1,2.57 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. SCHAl'MBEIUv, a village in Schauraberg Township, Cook County. Population, 573. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 469 SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. Being sentenced to death for his participation in tlie attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to America in 1849, going from Nev\^ York to Cleve- land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- nection with his brother, he establislied a German daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- ence, especially among persons of German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 1863, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this office he engaged in banking, subsequentlj' becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, whicli he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a number of years as a member of the Repub- lican State Central Committee. SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ; graduated from the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- vice and served two years in Florida, after wliich he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned to duty and was appointed mustering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1863), command of the Army of the Frontier in South- west Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and cooperation with Sher- man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina— his army having been transferred for this piupose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that country ; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- net he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department com- mands until 1886, when, on the deatli of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boy- hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac- tice at ^Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he returned to his professional career and succeeded in build- ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for tlie Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on tlie bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor. 470 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive scliool-liouses of Illinois were built of logs, anil were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not uuf requentlj" answered the purpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-lK)u.se, as such, w;ts to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimnej', usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. S.^metimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most jjrinii- tive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escai)ing through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the wind- ward side, and shifted fiom side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- ports starting from "eaves poles." Tlie space between the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking." and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light : and, as glass could not always be procured, niin and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over this space a Ixiard, attached to the outer wall by leather hinges, was sometimes susi>euded to keep out the storms. The placing of a gliiss window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- narily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of claj-, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school- houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually matle of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fa.stened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward the pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. When a pupil was writing he faced the walL When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the teaclier (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin," of water, witli a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and unc:outh as these structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained tliat primary training which formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Education.) SCHUYLER COUXTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 430 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and, auiong the etirliest pioneers, were Calvin Uobart, William 11. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 1S2.), the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thoniiis McKee and Samuel Hor- ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county-seat, .selected a site in the eastern part of the county alnjut one mile west of tlie present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held, Jutlge John York Sawyer presid- ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris JIc- Cartney, Sheriff. Tliis location, however, proving unsatisfactorj-, new Commissioners were ap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 471 pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected the present site of the city of Rushville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and tlie region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by tlie Illinois River and numerous creeks. Population (1890), 16,013;' (1900), 16,129. SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1873, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen,'' June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of manj- of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,2.51 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 188.5, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the au-spices of "The New York Times," later making a voyage of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia; also published several volumes relating to his re- searches, under the titles. "Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and wliere he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- culture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in AVashington. His first news- paper venture was the publication of a .weekly newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointlj' with his father he started "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American New.spaper Publishers' Association, of tlie Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press — the latter being an organization for the collec- tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Can- ada. He was also conspicuously connected with the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1898 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 189.5 lie purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, April 14, 1895. SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- trict schools was supplemented bj- private tuition, and his early education was the best that tlie comparatively new country afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- tinued to be his home for nearly fiftj' years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, waselected County Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 18G7. In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen .Justice of the Supreme Court 472 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. for a term of nine years; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. Shortly before liis death Judge Scott publi.slied a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and real-estate operator, was born at Le.xington, Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several j'ears looking after his father's landed interests in Oliio, when lie canie to Illinois and invested largely in lands for liini- self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa in 1856; lived in Springfield in 18T0-72, wlien he removed to Bloomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining ;is its head until his death; was also the founder of "The BUwmington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and e.x-Congressman. was born in Jackson Townsliip, Effingham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school edu- cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later. to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- cation was "The Effingham Democrat," wliicli he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- cal. Before removing to Bloomington ho filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 lie was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and lias an area of 248 stjuare miles. The region was origi- nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of Edwardsville, July 30, 181!!. Six months later (in January. 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen. John Scott and Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adan^ Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- more, Jes.se Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civi- lization few and remote. Settlers took their com to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a de.sperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut off from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and niunerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900). 10,4-55. SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near Cape (iirardeau. Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in "The Chicago Tribune," whidi had been estab- lislied during the previous year. In 1852 he withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- tion with William Rross (afterwards Lieuten- ant-Governor), established "The Dailj- Demo- cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Cliicago. serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hojies of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism. SCRO(;(iS. Goorife, journalist, was born at Wilmington, Clintim. County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, wlio came to Champaign County, 111., in 1S51, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 473 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became au apprentice in his father's printing office, continuing until 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty -fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Ma jor and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- tant of the Sixtieth lUinois. He participated in the battles of Perry ville, Cbiekamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865, when he resigned; then entered the Uni- versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union," of which he finallj' became sole propri- etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow- ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assemblj', but, before the close of the session (1879), received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg. Germany. He was com- pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 18S0. SEATOXVILLE, a village in Hall Township, Bureau County. Population (1900^, 909. SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-23; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-33; David BlackweU, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate); George Forquer, 1825-28 ; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull. 184143; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57 ; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon Tyndale. 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; M^iUiam H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a terra of four 3'ears. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re organized under the name of "Sons of Liberty." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring mvieh more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander, " "secretary of state," and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, under a ' ' deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided into military districts, under "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation svirpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft ; to aid and protect deserters ; to disseminate treasonable literature ; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 474 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in 186.>. (See Camp Douglas Conspiract/. ) SELBY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio. July 20, 1825; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but. at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, wliere he Sj)ent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior j-ear to assume the editorship of '"The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained until tlie fall of 1858, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anti-Xcbratiica Editorial Convention.) Tliis body apjwinted the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomiugtou Convention of May 29, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal iScrip Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was eng;iged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falselj- charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmity he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, .some of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that bodj- — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of te.stimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 18G2, he became a&sociate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 1805. The next six montlis were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in tlie Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on, "The Repub- lican." In May, 1808, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in Jainiary, 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed b\' President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1880. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal." but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former positioo as editor. . In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, wliere he has been employed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five j"ears, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November. 1805, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy. by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent; after learning the tanner's trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing to Jlissouri four years later, where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, he began practice at Edwardsville. hut later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1832, "34 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but served onh- until the following j-ear. and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada. South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- wards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRolierts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private niSTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which lie owned a large estate on the Mississippi bhiffs, where he died. Dec. 30, ISGG. SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1804, began the studj' of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis. , but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinlej', a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the military branch of the service at Camp Chicka- mauga and in the Santiago campaign. SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844 ; in April, 1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the fir.st call for troops issued by President Lincoln; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to tlie Seventy -second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, bj' a piece of shell which broke his leg. His re,giment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it returned with only 333, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the j-ear 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish-American War, but, before the Com- mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip," which develaped into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. SEYMOUR, Oeorge Franklin, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5, 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 47G HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and major orders at the liands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained ])riest in 1855. For several years he w;is engaged in mis- sionary work. Dm"ing this period lie was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bisliop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church. N. Y., June 11. 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan-Anglican Council (London. 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of his cliurcli in Ids diocese. SHABBOXA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. Population (1890), 502; (1900), 587. SHABONA (or Shabbona). an Ottawa Cliief. was born near the JIaumee Hiver, in Ohio, about 1775. and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Hatiganash) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the countrj'. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their Britisli allies, soon after submitted to the United States tlirough General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 18;i'2. an', James W.j journalist, was born in Baltimore. Md., spent his early life, after reaching manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings of tlie Illinois State Constitvitioual Convention at Springfield. Through the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 18.14. to accept the editorshiji of "The Young America" newspaper at Chicago, which was soon after changed to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a Buchanau-Breckenridge organ, he established a new paper called "Tlie Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In Jlay, 186.5, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which he retained until his death, June 17, 1883. SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bvireau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valu- able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890). 993; (1900), 1,265. SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 776 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county •was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and Nortli Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the county, and father of the first white child born within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with tlie tails dangling at the backs, and lie was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. Tlie Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very heart of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900). 32,126. SHELBYVILLE, the county-.seat and an incor- porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- sively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and four weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded scliools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,162; (1900), 3,.546. SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. SHELDOX, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of tlie Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897. SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 18.59; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 he became a lecturer on Jlodern English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Chicago Universit}' and, 478 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, X. Y., of which he was President until his deiith, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader." "Character Read- ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George Eliot" were among the volumes i-ssued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHEKXAX, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, ■was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia; for two years served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was chosen Maj-or, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was esiiecially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman) brother of the ]>receding and early Chicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt.. at the age of twenty he came west, fir.st to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a drj'-goods store there the next spring. With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until IS.'iS, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one half the entire transactions in pork in the city passing through Lis hands. Next lie engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in the marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15. 1898. SHERM.W, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June is, 1S32 — his family being distantly related to Roger Slierman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gjn. \V. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Cliicago. awaiting exchange. During tliis period he commenced reading law and, hav ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Cliicago University in 1864 In 18T6 he wius electeil Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following 3'ear appointed Master in Chancery of the Uniteil States District Court, a position wliich he still occupies He has repeatedly been called upon to deliver addres.ses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen and began the practice of law at Kaskiiskia in 1833. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836. and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 184."), was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846. he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Jlexican War gaining the brevet of Jlajor-General at Cerro-Gordo, where lie was .severely wounded. He was again wounded at Cliapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Jlinnesota, and, in 18.'i8, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (18(il) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender liis .services to the Governmnet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction until March. 1863. when the effect of luMiiyrous wounds cau.sed liini to resign. He sub- sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected L^nited States Senator to fill out the unex pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office— serving only six week.s, but being the only man in the history of the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 479 ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the Cliicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 390. SHIPMAN, George E., M.D,, physician and philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 1820 ; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., but, in 1846, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, law3'er and philan- thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 18.j1 ; taught two j-ears in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained teii years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the estaljlisliment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board ; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago, March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William P., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomiugton, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Slissouri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson, Mo. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned earlv in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D.. conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University. SHOUP, (Jeorge L., United States Senator, was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836, came to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile anil mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Deo. 13, 1898. SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he was reared b}- an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y. .working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours — a small weekly paper called "The Auburniau." At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two. in editing and publisli- ing "The Cajmga Chief," a temparance journal. 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In lf*."il he entereil namilton College, but, before the completion of liis junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of '"The Syracuse Dailj' Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Clii- cago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-cliief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 18G.5 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiarj- at Joliet, resigning tlie office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Cliicago, May 5, 1800. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHl'MWAY, Dorice D^Tight, merchant, was born at WiUianisburg, 'Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813. descended from French Huguenot ancestrj-; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and to Jlontgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree. an earlj- resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville, but retired in 18.')8, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was cliosen Representative in the General Assembly, .served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870.— Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Jlontgomery County, 111., June, 1842; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in liis father's store at Taylorville; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile busine.ss; was Repre.sentative in the Twenty- eighth Genei-al Assembly and Senator in the Thirty sixth and Tliirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone busine.ss. SHIRTLKFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 183.5, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and JIcKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This l>ecame the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was imited with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- lefT") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always lieen domi- nated bj- Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and Jolin Ru.s.sell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college §10,000. and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over $126,000, in addition to §12.j,000 worth of real and personal jiroperty. About 25.5 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- cago Division of the Waba.sh Railway, 105 miles south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890). 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Westfield. Mass., in 181S; learned the trade of a wliip maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Xauvoo, Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 1S.50, and re-elected in 18.52. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and. in 1855. was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died. June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light jilant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. SIDNEY, a village of Champjiign County, on the main lineof the Waba.sh Railway, at the junc- tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a bank anil a newspaper. Po|)uIation. (1900), 564. SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the joiirney from Golconda to Philadelpliia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Jledical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1808. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair C'oimty, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard County, but finally removed to Morgan. SlJfGER, Horace JI., capitahst, was born in -Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of tlie First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va.) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "Mor- mon War" ; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1883 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Jlissouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, ;3ame to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he reuroved to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tyler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially iu securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 18.53. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aiiled the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading cliarities of the city. Among the great bvisiness enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of which he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving son was killed in tlie trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKINNER, Otis Ainswortli, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 482 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1831 and 1S57; then came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- bard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 18G1. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore. Haver- hill, Ma.s.s., and Boston. SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- mon War" he .served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 be was elected to tlie lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a sliort time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- ties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 1858, two months before the e.\piration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was tlie first President of the Carthage & Quiucy Kailroad. now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826. was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his way home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vinoennes, Ind., July 11. 1834. SLADE, James P., ex-State Suiwrintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837. and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the BelleviUe schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in office some ten j-ears; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but. for the past few years, has been Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. SLAVERY ACilTATIOX OF 1823-24. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generallj' professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the L^nited States. Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and lilierties" of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, wliile pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and cu.stoms. now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty. " A conservative construction of tliis clause was, that wliile it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the con.stitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincenues, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for the repeal— or. at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807,' a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 j'ears of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 3.5, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The efl'ect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to sa}-, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a sla^e State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eigliteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes for such convention and 6,640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810, was 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1823 — in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Vau- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the out.set, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were. George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- janlin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County, Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- quer, Col. Thomas JIather. Thomas Ford. Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also, Coles, Edward; Warren.Hooper; Brown, William H.; Churchill, George; LipinncoU, Tliomas,- and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in IH.jO. ".W, and ''>(>. serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of tlie first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 18.07, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 18.j7 lie was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 18C1, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. lb, 1H87. SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1860. After graduation he sjtent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Slioreham, Vt. . coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to tlie bar in 1868. Tlie next twenty-tive years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corjw- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles (iilnian, physician, was born at Exeter, N. II., Jan. 4, ISiS, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 18.'>1. After two years spent, as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Cl\icago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return l)eing invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also l)ecomiiig consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Cliildreus Hosi)ital, as well as in the Pre.sbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occujiy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10. 1894. SMITH, DaYid Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, V^a., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and Iiegan practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of .slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his i)artner at tlie time of his deatli on the battle-field of Bueua Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a (piarter of a cen- tury, but never lield anj- political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for tlie Union. Died, at Anoka. Minn., July 13. 186.j. where he hud gone to accompany an invalid son. — Thomas ^Villiam (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfricslaiul, Hanover, April 4. 1840. in boyhood caifie to the United States, and. since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severelj- wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirtj-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service asCaptiiin of Company C of that regiment. His bu.sine.ss is that of Ixiuker and manufacturer, besides which he has hail con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue §1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a 5Ir. Webster as partner. lie was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money ; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, 5Ir. Smith sold out tlie com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue §3,000,000 in currency. The notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at §10,000,000. though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkhani (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I. , and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, (ieorg'e W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriovish' wounded and captured. After four days" confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the oflScial report. At Kenesaw Mountain (Jime 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept, 16, 1898. SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 486 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law Department of tlie Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year lie was admitted to the har in Illinois, and has since practiced at Murphyslwro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has been contiuuouslj' re-elected, now (1899) serving his sixth consecutive term as Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in JelTerson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 18G1 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in ISfii; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg. and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier General in August, 1803, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Array Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "Slarch to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and resigned in 18(i(), liaving declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army; about 18(i!l was ai)pointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 187G. Cieneral Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. SMITH, (iiistavns Adolphns, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In Decemlwr, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Siiringtield. where he resided some six years. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a lai'ge business with the Soutli, but losing hejivily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the tiring on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Carthage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in tlie campaign in Arkiinsas and in tiie battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supix>sed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to rai.se an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to tlie field. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct," but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 186-t he took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 186.'), was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigneil to court- martial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirtj'-fiftli), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, lie engage{)eared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brotlier Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons: Nauvoo.) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1819, educated at Xew Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of jiastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Ba])- tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- rnytL he was associafli for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he a.ssisted in organizing three Bai)tist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable [jeriod ; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in ISGi), attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. -I, 1890. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta. Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began reading law anil was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, retaining the siime position in the reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 185G Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1870. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawj-er, was born at Petersborough, X. H., June 12, 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and wiis stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Jhison and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton. Dec. 20. I.SOT. SMITH, Samuel Ijsle, lawyer, was born in Philadeli)hia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed sujx'rior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law- School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1830 he came to Illinois, to look after some landed interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philad(>li)liia. an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, X. Y. . May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at .\lbion, in that State, in 1851; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell. botli of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1.S85, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 489 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6. 1898. SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 180o, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was im- peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppre.ssive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with i^rivately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. SMITH, William Henry, journalist, Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he, was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarter!;, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1S93, when he retired. Jlr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, III. , where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a merchant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was reelected in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor CuUom a nienil>er of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 2,'j, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was boni at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 22, IHIiO: graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and. at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 18.53, having among his classmates, at the latter, Generals McPlierson, Scholield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graliani in engineer service on the lakes; a year later took charge of a select school in Buflfalo; in lMr)7 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Vi)lunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shilohand Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of imjjaired health. During the war General Smitii rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been emi>loyed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planneil several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville. Population. 303; (IKOO), 314 S>" APP, Henry, Congressman, bom in Livings- ton Count}-, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old. and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occu])ied a seat in that iKjdy until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 18'J."). SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and iieing admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, liut wiis defeated by his Re|)ublican opponent in ls92. SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was b1.3. SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, located at Albion, Edwards County, incorjwrated in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- paratory studies and business education. Its property is valued at Sl6,.'>00. SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 18G9. The original site com- prised 290 acres and cost a little more than §22. 000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- zens of the county. The construction of build- ings wiis begun in 1809, but it was not until JLirch, 1875, that tlie north wing (the first com- pleted) was read}- for occupancy. Other jxirtions were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- cliased 160 additional acres in 1883. The fii-st cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly -SOSJ.OOO. In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt; the patients being, meanwhile, careil for in temixirary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30. 1894, was estimated at .5738.580. and, of property of all sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent wanl, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put u]) and general im- provements made. A second fire on tlie night of Jan. 3. 1895, destroyed a large jiart of tlie main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of •$175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. Tlie institution has capacitj' for about 7.')0 patients. < Z o > O H < 05 O w < c« O Z J J b. O a a M 3 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 493 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNITER. SITY, established in 1S69, and located, after comi>etitive bidding, at Carbondale. which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of 8329,000, but which later depreciated, throvigh shrinkage, to §75,000. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was §365,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- arj-, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend- ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the southern half of the State, with represent- atives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, of wliom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiarj-. (See Northern Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appropriation was of §200,000, and §300,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which ai'e constructed upon approved modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH GROTE, a village of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 730. SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens," Bradford Count}% Pa., April 15, 1833; early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Jlenominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practicallj' alone, he has carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever since. In 1881 lie was ajjpointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received fi'om President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in pa3'ment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associ- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDIMt, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 494 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. administration has been characterized by both energy and success. He has devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and ha.s brought about tlie founding of many new settlements in tlie far "West. He was also largelj- instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. H3 is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPAJiISH INVASION OF HJ-INOIS. In the month of June, ITT'J, soon after the declaration of war lietween Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mis.sis.sippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to bo dispatclied from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo do Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to cooperate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out ami captured Baton Rouge, Fort JIancliac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of wliat liad been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to sujiport the expedition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated jioints of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. (ienevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was i)laced in charge of the expedition, wliich nmnbered some 7."iO men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. Tlie British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readine.ss to co-operate with the Spani.sh, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the exi)edition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty -eight — the last being the esti- mate of Capt. Sinclair in his oflicial report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 3.'j0 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroj-lng many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- pri.sal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokian.s, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter e.xix^dition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Jo.seph, at the heiid of Lake Michigan, which liad been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenio Pourre. and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British Hag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded iis of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a fe%v days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conque.st'' was seriousl}- urged by the Spanish ministrj- as giving that country a right to the territorj- trav- ersed. This claim was supported by France l)efore the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Slessrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPARKS, (Capt.) David 1!., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 1823; in 1836, removed with liis parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In IS.'iO he made the overland trip to California, returning the next j-ear by the Isthmus of Panama. In 18.w he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin Coimty, but. in 1860, made a third tiip across the iilains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Doughis for President, the siime year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when tlie advocates of secession began to develop their jjolicy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for .500.000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run. and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr). serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fouglit battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became a.ssociated with his former j)artner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 189.5 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter mouths. Later, lie passed through McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed bj" President Pierce in 1853, re- maining until 185G, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 lie was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. His home is at Carl3-le. SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. (See Ceiitralia & Chester Railroad.) SPEED, Joslina Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, K3'., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, %vliere he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during the war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866, wlien he resigned on account of disagi-eement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence southwest through Knox, and to the south . and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., wliere he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, whicli, in 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- nois State University, now known as Concordia Seminar}'. Later, he served for a time as Super- intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- cessive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Cliaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for non- combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 406 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (l890-'92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R.. at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 1884, to liis death, which occurred at Spriiifilield, Oct. 21, 1802. SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- man, Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind., May ^0, 1836. In 18i8 lie removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public liigh school at Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, wlien he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating there in 1858. The following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan Coimty, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1802. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, anil, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-tliird Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recog- nized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the head of many important com- mittees when tliat jjarty was in the ascendancy, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- nation for S|>t'aker, in 1893. In 1894 lie was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, Ijut was defeated bj- liis Repub- lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 President Cleveland appointed him United States District Judge for Indian Territory. SPRINGFIELD, tlie State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon Count}-, situated five miles soutli of tlie Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- zation of wliich had been authorized bj- act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lanils took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the siime time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but the change was not popularlj- accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incoqw- rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incoqxjrated, mider the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of tlie Legislature, passed at tlie session of 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891; AVcst Springfield. Jan. 4, 1S98; and .South Springfield and the village of Laurel. April 5, 1898. These additions give -10 tlie i)resent city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,743. and, in 1890. 24.9ti3, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population by census (1900). 34,1.59. Besides the State Hou.se, the city has a handsome L^nited States Government Building for United States Court and iK>st-offiee purjxj.ses, a county courthouse (the former State caiiitol), a city hall and (.State) Executive Mansion. Springfield was tlie home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donateil to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many iniixirtant industries, notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the F.iir Grounds' north of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published liere, besides various other puMications, Pop. (1900), 34 159. spri\(;fifi.i), kffingham & south. E.VSTERX R.VILROAI). (.See SM-ohia, /»(/iliysicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 499 ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Cliieago & Alton Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, work begun in 1852, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1852, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from lUinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & lUinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guariiuteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which the main line is now operated. The proi^erties officially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). All these have been lessed, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL- ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102. 1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails.— (His- tory. ) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Raih-oad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization under the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were §318,815, operating expen.se.s, §373,270; total capitalization, §4,853,526, of which, §1,500,000 was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis. Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were §65.583 and tlie expenditures §69.112. Its capital stock was §740,900; bonded debt, §978.000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to §1,816,736. ST. LOUS, JACKSONVILLE i CHICAGO RAILKOAI). (See Chicdqn & Alton Riiilnidtl.) ST, LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE k SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Cliicayu c£- .S7. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOnS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Loiiisi-ille, Evansrille & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a coqx)- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the Xortli and South Railways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Jlis- sissippi. The line e.xtends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis.— (History.) This road has been made up of tliree sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, anil opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1HS7. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 18S9, and reorganized, in 1800. as the St. Louis & Peoria Uaihoad. The St. Louis & Eiist- em, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893; the following year, bought tlie St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1H90, as successor to tlie St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (.50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, which was subseiiuently le;ised to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property p;vssed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the proiHM-ty reverted to the proprietary Companj-. which took possession, Jan. 1, 1890. The St. Louis & Southeastern then Ixiught the line outright, and it was inci)r]>orated as apart of the new organization under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, tlie St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO R.VILHO.VD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Ha ilroiid. ) ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a Une running from Pinckneyville, IlL, via Murphys- boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the les.see of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 miles — total, 50.5 miles The track is of standard gauge and laid with 56 and GO-pound steel rails. The company was organized in August, 1886, to succeed to the pro|)erty of the St. Louis Coal Rail- road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec. 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- mum guarantee of §32,000, which is sufficient to i)ay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. During the year 1896 this line passed under lease from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road Company, into the hands of the Illinois Central Railroad Cumiiany. ST, LOUIS. SPRINGFIELD k TINCENNTIS RAILKOAU t'O.MP.VNY, a corporation organized in July, 1^99, to take over the projjerty of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern I{iiilways — the former extending from Vin- cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, Jul}- 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the several lines see Baltimore <£■ Ohio Southwestern Railu-a;/.) ST. LOUIS, VANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. This line extends from Ea.st St. Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianaix)lis Railroad Company is the lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- tal stock, in 1898, was §3.924,058, the bonded debt, §4.496,000. and the floating debt. .§218.4.80.— (His- tory ) The St. Louis. Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad was chartered in 1865. opened in 1870 and leased to the Terre Haute & IndianapoUs HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 501 Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis Railroad. ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 131.6 miles, with a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie, 9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid luainlj' with steel rails. — (History.) The origi- nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 186.5, and the road opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of by a new company under its present name, Feb. 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the Mobile & Ohio Railroad Companj' for forty-five years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division of that line, giving it a connection with St. Louis. (See Mobile opulation of this village, in 1680, according to Fatiier Membre. was some seven or eight thou- sand. Both Iji Vantum and Fort St. Ix)uis were repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The Illinois were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but the French, for the time being, successfully defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was abanular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History of La Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- fusion after the settlement by the whites, and are still fouml mingled plentifully with the soil." (See La Scille, Robert Cavelier; Tonty; Fort St. Louis.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 503 STARNE, Alexander, Secretary of State and State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., Nov. 21, 1813; iu the spring of 1836 removed to Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike County, where he opened a general store. From 1830 to '42 he served as Commissioner of Pike Count}', and, in the latter year, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 1844. Having, in the meanwhile, disposed of his store at Griggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for four years, when it was made elective. In 18.53 he was elected Secretary of State, when he removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville at the expiration of his term in 1857, to assume the Presidency of the old Hannibal and Naples Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system). He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and the same year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon again removed to Sjaringfield, where he resided until his death, being, with his sons, extensively engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again in 1873, he was elected State Senator from San- gamon County. He died at Springfield, March 31, 1886. STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- lation, having for its object the establisliment of a bank within the territory which now consti- tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- town, with branches at Edwardsville and Kas- kaskia. ■' In the Second General Assembly of the State (1830) an act was passed, over the Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- ing a State Bank at VandaUa vs-ith branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter- ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems to have been well managed; but the official conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis ■of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826, was made the subject of a legislative investiga- tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of the losses finally sustained in winding up its affairs — that of the General Government amount- ing to 854,000. Grave charges wei-e made in this connection against men who were then, or afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, including one Justice of the Supreme Court and -one (still later) a United States Senator. The experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later (1831), it was found necessary for the State to incur a debt of SlOO.OOO to redeem the outstand- ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the popular demand for an increase in the "circu- lating medium, " the State continued its experi- ment of becoming a stockholder in banks managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find it, in 1835. legislating in the same direction for the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" at Springfield, with branches at other points as might be required, not to exceed six in number. One of these branches was established at Van- dalia and another at Cliicago, furnishing the first banking institution of the latter city. Two j'ears later, when the State was entering upon its scheme of internal improvement, laws were enacted increasing the capital stock of these banks to 84.000,000 in the aggregate. Following the example of siniilar institutions elsewhere, they suspended specie payments a few months later, but were protected by "stay laws"' and other devices until 1843, when tlie internal improvement scheme having been finally aban- doned, they fell in general collapse. The State ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks were put in course of liquidation, though it required several years to complete the work. STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1813. At that time there were but five counties in the State — St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided that the seat of government should remain at Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, to petition Congress for a grant of not more than four sections of land, on which should be erected a town, which should remain the seat of govern- ment for twenty years. The petition was duly presented and granted ; and, in accordance with the power granted by the Constitution, a Board of five Commissioners selected the site of the present city of Vandalia, then a point in the wilderne.ss twenty miles north of any settle- ment. But so great was the faith of speculators in the future of the proposed city, that town lots were soon selling at 8100 to 8780 each. The Com- missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain tvro-story frame building — scarcely more than a commodious shanty — to which the State offices were removed in December, 1830. Tliis building 504 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was burned. Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure erected in its place. Later, when tlie question of a second removal of the capital began to be agi- tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk of erecting a new, brick State House, costing $16,000. Of this amount §6,000 was reimbursed by the Governor from the contingent fund, and the balance (-510,000) was appropriated in 1837, when the seat of government was removed to Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- ing the principal vote at the time of the removal to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, Peoria. Alton and Illiopolis — Springfield receiv- ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law removing the capital ai)pr(ipiiated .S.jO.OOO from the State Treasury, provided that a like amount should be raised by private subscription and guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres of land should be donated as a site. Two State Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first cost of the present one (including furni.shing) having been a little in excess of §4,000,000. Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the Legislature from Sanganion County at the time, was an intluential factor in securing the removal of the capital to Springfield. STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois for a generation, and, for a part of that period, seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- taken the aggregate debt of the State was less than .§400.000 — accumulated within the preceding six years. Two years later (18;iS) it had increased to over §6,500,000, while the total valuation of real and personal property, for the purposes of taxation, was less than §60,000.000. and the aggre- gate receipts of the State treiisury, for the same year, amounted to less than §ir)0,000. At the same time, the disbursements, for the support of the State Government alone, had grown to more than twice the receipts. This disp.-irity continued until the declining credit of the State forced upon the managers of public affairs an involuntary economy, when the means could no longer be secured for more lavish expenditures. The first bonds issued at the inception of the internal improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked in the markets of New York and London at a dis- count, in some cases falling into the hands of brokers who failed before completing their con- tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, the time chosen to carry it into effect was most unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more complete. Of the various works undertaken by the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal brought a return, all the others resulting in more or less complete loss. The internal improvement scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until State bonds exceeding §13,000,000 had been issued. For two years longer the State struggled with its embarrassments, increased by the failure of the State Bank in February. 1><42, and, by that of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few months later, with the proceeds of more than two and a half millions of the State's bonds in their possession. Thus left without credit, or means even of paying the accruing interest, there were those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries and general expenditures, with restrictions upon the Legislature in reference to incurring in- debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax"' gave assurance to its creditors that its debts would be paid. While the growth of the State, in wealth and population, had previously been checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite of its burdens — its increase in population, be- tween 18.j0 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 — when the internal improvement scheme was abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, §15,- 637,9.50: 1844, §14,633,969; 1846, §16,389,817; 1848. §16,661.795. It reached its maximum in 1853 — the first j-ear of Governor Matteson"s administra- tion — when it was officially reported at §10,724,- 177. At this time the work of extinguishment began, and was prosecuted under successive administrations, except during the war, when the vast expense incurred in sending troops to the field caused an increase. During Governor Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted to over §3.000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had been reduced to §281.0.59.11. and. V)efore the close of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except a balance of §18. .500 in bonds, which, having Iieen called in years previously and never presented for n 3* o o r ■s o w z o > 2t < 3 J > .-O S B 3 c ►4 < a 2 O n < O < m o z o ►J OS u X D O 3 n S 3 c HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 505 payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See Macaliitter and Stehhins Bondn.) STATE (iUARDIANS FOR GIRLS, a bureau organized for the care of female juvenile delin- quents, by act of June 3, 1893. The Board consists of seven members, nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than two of the members may reside in the same Con- gressional District and, of the seven members, four must be women. (See also Home for Female Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six years. STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its construction was begun under an act passed by the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- field. A provision of the State Constitution of 1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in excess of §3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing of the building, without previous approval of such additional expenditure by the people. This amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- tional appropriation of §531,712, which having been approved by popular vote at the general election of 1886, the expenditure was made and the capitol completed during the following year, thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- nishing to a little in excess of §4,000,000. The building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and classic in its style of architecture ; its extreme dimensions (including porticoes), from north Jto south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, while the porticoes, which are spacious and lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished columns of gray granite. The three stories of the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, with two turrets and a central dome of stately dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern springing from the dome, is 364 feet. STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu tion for the education of teachers, organized under an act of the General Assembly, passed Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of organization in the hands of a board of fifteen persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County; Simeon Wright of Lee ; Daniel Wilkins of Mo- Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John Gillespie of Jasper ; George Bunsen of St. Clair,- Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel Moseley and William Wells of Cook ; Albert R. Shannon of White; and the Superintendent oi. Public Instruction, ex-oflicio. The object of the Universit}', as defined in the organizing law, is to qualify teachers for the public schools of the State, and the course of instruction to be given embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches which pertain to a common-school education ; in the elements of the natural sciences, including agricultural chemistrj-, animal and vegetable physiology; in the fundamental laws of the United States and of the State of Illinois in regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and such other studies as the Board of Education may, from time to time, prescribe." Various cities competed for the location of the institution, Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as equivalent to §141,725. The corner-stone was laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been suflficiently advanced to permit of its being used, and the first commencement exercises were held on June 29 of the latter year. Three years earlier, the academic department had been organ- ized under tlie charge of Charles E. Hovey. The first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far from §200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to two pupils from each county, and to three from each Senatorial District. The departments are : Grammar school, liigli school, normal department and model school, all of which are overcrowded. The whole number of students in attendance on the Institution during the school year, 1897-98, was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal department and 306 in the practice school depart- ment, including representatives from 86 coun- ties of the State, with a few pupils from other States on the payment of tuition. The teaching faculty (including the President and Librarian) for the same year, was made up of twenty-six members — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. The expenditures for the year 1897 98 aggregated §47,626.92, against §66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly §22,000 of tlie amount expended during the latter year was on account of the construction of a gymnasium building. STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal property belonging to the State as follows : Pub- lic lands, §328,000; buildings, §22,164,000; mis- 506 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cellaneous property, §2,050,000— total, §25,142,000. The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield (donated), .§40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, §168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois (donated by the General Government). §41.000, in Minnesota (similarly donated), §79,000. Tlie buildings comjirise those connected with the charitable, penal and educational institutions of the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the miscellaneous property. §120,000 represents the equipment of the Illinois National Guard ; §l,9.")!t,- 000 the value of the movable i)roperty of public buildings; §550,000 the endowment fund of the University of Illinois; and §21,000 the movable property of the Illinois & Jlichigan Canal. The figures given relative to the value of the public buildings include only tlie first appropriations for their erection. Considerable sums have since been expended upon some of them in repairs, enlargements and imi)rovements. STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer of Illinois during the Territorial period was John Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and became the first incumbent under the State Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote of the two Houses of the (Jeneral Assembly: bj- the Constitution of 1848, tliis ofKcer was made elective b\- the people for the same period, with- out limitations as to number of terms; under the Constitution of 1870. the manner of election and duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years from expiration of the term for which he may have been chosen. The following is a list of the State Treasurers, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: John Thomas, lSls-19; RoV)ert K. McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823 27; James Hall, 1827 31; John Dement, 1831-30; Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. "Whiteside, 1837-41; Milton Carpenter. 1841-48; John Moore, 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 1859-63; Alexander .Starne, 1863-65; James H. Beveridge, 180.5-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; Era.stus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1S73-75; Thomas S. Ridgway. 1875-77: Edward Rutz, 1877-79; John C, Smith. 187981; Edward Rutz. 1881-83, John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; RufiLS N. Ramsay, 1893-95; Henry Wullf, 1895-97; Ileniy L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 1X99- . STAl'XTON, a village in the southeast corner of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 30 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles southwest of Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the iuihistries of the surrounding region. Staunton has two banks, eight churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,3.58; (1890), 2,209; (1900), 2,786 STEEL PRODUCTIOX. In the manufacture of steel, Illinois has long ranked as tlie second State in the Union in the amount of its output, and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 1880 there were but six steel works in tlie State; in 1890 these had increased to fourteen; and the I)roduction of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2.000 pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. Of the 3,837,0.39 tons of Be.s.semer steel ingots, or direct castings, produced in the L'nited States in 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, nearly all the steel produced in the State being made by that process. From the tonnage of ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 pounds of steel rails. — more than 30 per cent of the aggregate for the entire country. This fact is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in the nianufactiu-e of Bes.semer steel rails, since 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have converted their steel into forms other than rails, experience having proved their production to an}- considerable extent, during the past few years, unprofitable except in works favorably located for obtaining cheap raw material, or operated under the latest and most approved methods of manufacture. Open-hearth .steel is no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. For purposes requiring special grades of steel the product of the crucible process will be always in demand, but the high cost of manufacture prevents it, in a majority of instances, from successfully competing in price with the other processes mentioned, STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 1S09, and was appointed the first Sheriff of Randolph County Viy Governor Edwards under the Territorial Government: afterwanis .served HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 507 as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 1812 ; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from Congress, became Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville — Col. James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, was a soldier during the Black Ilawk War, after- wards became a prominent politician in the north- western part of the State, served as Register of the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received the Democratic nomination for Governor, but withdrew before the election. STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, physician and soldier, was born in Wayne County, 111., Oct. 30, 1823, and accompanied his parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the family settled. His early educational advantages were meager, and he did not study his profession (medicine) until after reaching his majoritj', graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 18.50. He began practice at Petersburg, but, in April, 1863, was mustered into the volunteer army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry. After a little over two years service he was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was engaged in the drug business there. In 186.5 he resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, and always willing to give his own services and orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders in the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic (which see), in connection with which he is most widely known ; but his services in its cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the recognition which they deserved, nor did the organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. He finally returned with his family to Peters- burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111.. August 30, 1871. STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern county, with an area of .560 square miles. The soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- •culture and stock-raising are among the chief industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit the locality, and the county was organized, ten years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the first cabin within the present limits of what was called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a more pretentious dwelling and became the first permanent settler. Later came William Wad- dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, the Goddards, and others whose names are linked with the county's early history. The first house in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- zation was effected in 1837. the total poll being eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- son Martin, who is said to have taught a school of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933. STERLING, a flourishing city on the north bank of Rock River, in Whiteside County, 109 miles west of Chicago, 29 miles east of Clinton, Iowa, and .52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. It has ample railway facilities, furnished by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library, Government po.stoffice building, three banks, electric street and interurban car lines, electric and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine water-power, and is an important manufacturing center, its works turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- ture, burial caskets, piunps, sash, doors, etc. It also has the .Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries and macliine shops. The river here flows through charming scenery. Pop. (1890), 5,834; (1900), 6,309. STEVENS, Bradford A., ex-Congressman, was born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. During the six years following, he devoted him- self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New York Cit}'. In 1843 he removed to Bureau County, 111., where he became a merchant and farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and. in 1870, was elected to Con- gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth District. STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex-Vice-President of the United States, was born in Christian County, Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111., where the family settled; was educated at the Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858 and began practice at Metamora, Woodford County, 508 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where he was Master in Chancery. 1861-65, and State's Attorney, 1S65 69. In 1864 he was candi- date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, where he has since resided. In 1874, and again in 1876. he was an unsuccessful candidate of his party for Congre.ss, but was elected as a Green- back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 and 1882. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to West Point. During the first administration of President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First A.ssist- ant Postmaster General; was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 1.893, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since retiring from office he has resumed his residence at Bloomington. STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- wards resided, being engaged in farming and the manufacture of agricultural implements at Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated by Shelby M. Culhjni. In 1890 the Democrats of the Eighth Illinois DLstrict elected him to Con- gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was defeated b^- his Republican opponent, Robert A. Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and. In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at his home at Piano, August 26, 1890. STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of the Wabash, 12 miles .southeast of Shelby ville: is in a grain .and lumber region; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677. STICKNEV, William H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 1831, and. in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a resident of Shawneetown ; was elected State's Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the southern and southeastern part of the State; for a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois Advertiser," published at Shawneetown. In 1846 Jlr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook Count}', serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- ninth Assembly. He also held the office of Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, became Prosecuting .\ttorney. a member of the Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol- dier at the Ijeginning of the war, went to the field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, and, after six weeks" confinement in Libby prison, e.xchanged and returned to dutj*; was promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious service. After the war he practiced his profes- sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. Died, Jan. 18, 1895. STILLMAN, Stephen, first State Senator from Sangamon Count}'. 111. , was a native of Massachu- setts who came, with his widowed mother, to Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near Williamsville, where he became the first Post- master in the first jwstoffice in the State north of the Sangiimon River. In 1822. Mr. .Stillman was elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon County, serving four years, and. at his first .session, being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- where between 1835 and 1840. STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago. Mil- waukee it St. Paul Railways; site of first battle Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop., 47.5. STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near Mount Bethel, Somerset County. N. J., Oct. 31, 1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at Hempstead. L. I., in 1717. at the age of 122 years. The family removed to New Jersey in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and various members of the family were prominent in HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 the ^ttlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both soldiers of the New Jersey line during tlie Revo- lutionary War — with the last named of whom he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) been intimately associated in the ijurchase and settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his son-in-law, Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair County, 111. , settling near Union Grove. Later, he removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton County. He left a large family, several members of which became prominent pioneers in the movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native land, serving through the campaign of Sclileswig- Holsteiu (1848) ; came to the United States soon after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion of Illinois Light Artillery, Anally becoming Chief of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When the latter became commander of the Fifteenth Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the head of the artillery brigade; in February, 18G5, was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out in January, 1860. After the war he went South, and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. He was an inventor and patented various im- provements in steam engines and boilers; was also Superintendent of Public Buildings at Charleston, S. C, under President Harrison. Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- bury College; became a member of the Spring- field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been adopted bj' the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- western part of the State, removed to Galena, but was legislated out of office, when he left the State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, N. J. STOXE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, and later acted as overseer of laborers on the Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- lation in real estate in that early day, a few months later entered upon the grocery and pro- vision trade, which he afterwards extended to grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real estate, in which he was remarkably successful, leaving a large fortune at his death, which occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. STOXE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- hood on a farm. After acquiring a common school education, he prepared for college at Lei- cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown University, graduating in the class of 1839. He then spent three years at the Theological Insti- tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the next year, entered upon evangelical work in Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. Stone came to Chicago and established "The Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- day under the name of "The Standard," and has become the leading Baptist organ in the West. After six years of editorial work, he took up evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor and criminal classes. During the Civil War he conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, Soldiers" Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was associated in the conduct and promotion of many educational and charitable institutions. He did much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, and, during the latter years of his life, was attached to the Immanuel Baptist Church, which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 1890. STO?eing tliere associated with Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 he became a citizen of Chicago, wliere he was one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Societj', and a liberal patron of many enterprises of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 4, 1876. STONE FORT, a village in tlie counties of Saline and William.son. It is situated on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 57 miles northeast of Cairo. Population (1900), 479. STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news- paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec. 19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade at 12, and. before he was 19, was part owner of a Democratic paper called "The Herald," publislied at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In January, 1861, he became the principal owner of "The Chicago Times." tlien the leading Democratic organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be regarded as the organ of the anti-war party throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, was suppressed by a military order issued by General Burnside, whic;h was subsequently revoked by President Lincoln. Tlie net result was an increase in "The Times" " notoriety and circulation. Other charges, of an eciually grave nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- acter as a family newspaper, etc., were repeatedly made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, appeared as the editor of "The Times," then destitute of ix)litical ties. About 1876 his health began to decline. Medical aid failed to afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was Iflaced in the hands of a conservator. On the 27th of the following October (1884), he died at his home in Chicago. STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was bom at Hillsdale, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., August 12, 1835; began the study of law with his father, later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in 1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years (1857-59) in New York City, the latter year 're- moving to Chicago, where he attained great prominence as an advocate at the b;vr. as well as an orator on other occasions. Politically a Republican, he took an active part in Presidential campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, '78, and "80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a nnister of epigram and reiiartee, many of his speeches are quoted with relish and ajjpreciation by those who were his contemjioraries at the Chicago bar. Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. STRAWX, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 1800; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to demonstrate the ix)ssibilities of Illinois as a live- stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- gality and honesty. At his death — which occurred August 23, 1865 — he left an estate estimated in value at about §1,000,000, acquired by industry and business enterprise. He wiis a zealous L^nionist during the war, at one time contributing .?10,(HM| to the Christian Commission. STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle Count}-, 93 miles southwest of Chicago; situated on the Vermilion River and a central point for five railroads. It is surroimdeil by a rich agri- cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams (two of which are worked) and by shale and various clay proilucts of value, adapted to the manufacture of fire and buil class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- dent, Mr. Sturtevant as.sunied the chair of Jlathe- matics. Natural Pliilo.sophy and Astronomy, wliich he retained until 1844. when, by the retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the offices of President and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term time, and, as financial agent during vacations, in tlie interest of the institution of which he had been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, when he resigned the Presidency, giving his attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. In 1886 he retired from the institution entirelj', liaving given to its service fiftj--six years of his life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- tive addresses at a number of points in England. He w.is a frequent contributor to the weekly religious and jjeriodical press, and was the author of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) — a text-book on political economy, and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" (1879), besides frequently occupying the i)ulpits of local and distant churches — having been early ordained a Congregational minister. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. Died, in Jacksonville. Feb. 11, ]88(i.— Julian M. (Sturtevant). Jr., son of the preceding, was burn at JacksonviUe, IlL. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 513 lege in the preparatory department of Illinois College and graduated from the college (proper) in 185-t. After leaving college he served as teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one year, then spent a j'ear as tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of theology at Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He has since been engaged in pastoral work in New York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-T3) ; Den- ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- cago. He was also editor of "The Cougrega- tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an honored member of the Knox College Board. He received the degree of D.D. from Illinois College, in 1879. SUBLETTE, a station and viUage on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, in Lee Coimty, 8 miles northwest of Meudota. Population, (1900), 306. SUFFRAOE, in general, the right or privilege •of voting. The qualifications of electors (or voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), except as to school officers, which are prescribed by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who were electors at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- ralized male citizens of the United States, of the age of 31 years or over, who have been residents of the State one year, of the county ninety days, and of the district (or precinct) in which they offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 1891, women, of 31 years of age and upwards, are entitled to vote for school officers, and are also eligible to such offices under the same conditions, as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See Elections; Australian Ballot.) SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie County. 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- ing region; contains two State banks and four weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; ,(1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est.), 3,100. SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated at the Waterford Model School and in Dublin ; came to tlie United States in 1863, and, after teaching for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in teaching and on a visit to his native land, he began work as a reporter on New York papers, later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at different times, holding the position of city edi- tor, managing editor and correspondent. He was also a Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and appointed United States Consul to the Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 1893. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. SULLIVAXT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio University and Centre College, Ky., and— after being engaged in the improvement of an immense tract of land inherited from liis father near his birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, to the raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111 , where he began farming on a larger scale than before. The enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 29, 1879. SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 37 miles east of St. Louis ; was the home of Gen. Fred. Hecker. Population (1900), 360. SUMNEB, a city of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Railroad, 19 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,268. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- TION. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by act of the Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its duties previous to that time, from 1845, having been discharged by the Secretary of State as Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list of the incumbents from the date of the formal 614 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creation of the office down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each Niniau AV. Edwards (by apixjintnient of the Governor), 1851-57; William H. Powell (by election). 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; John P. Brooks, 1803-05; Newton Bateman, 1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Kaab, 1883-87; Richard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel M. luglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred Baylis, 1899—. Previous to 1870 the tenure of the oflSce was two 3'ears, but, by the Constitution adopted that year, it was extended to four years, the elections occurring on the even years between those for Governor and other State officers except State Treasurer. SrPRE.ME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The following is a list of Jastices of the Supreme Court of Illinois who have held office since the organization of the State Government, with the period of their respective incumbencies: Joseph Phillips, 1818-33 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 1818 48 (terni expired on adoption of new Con- stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips'), 1822-25; Wil- liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 (resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- gust 1, 1843 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 1841, to Dec. 19, 1842 (resigned)— also (by re-elec- tions), 1857-78 (died in ortice) ; Walter B. Scates, 1841-47 (resigned) — also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 (resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-42 (resigned); John D. Caton (vice Ford) August, 1843, to March, 1843— also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- tions). May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned) ; James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 10, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice Smith), 1843-47 (resigned); John M. Robinson (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1813 (died in office); Jesse B. Thomiis, Jr.. (vice Douglas), 1843-45 (resigned)— also (vice Young), 1847-48; James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned) ; Norman H. Purple (vice Tliomas), 1843-48 (retired under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner (vice Shields), 184.5-48 (retired by Constitution); "William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 185.5-58 (resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beck with (by ap- pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1804-73; Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. Scott (two terms), 1870-88 ; Benjamin R. Sheldon (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice McAllister), 1875-85 (died) ; David J. Baker (.ai)- pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shoi)e, 1885-94, Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). The Supreme Court, as at present constituted (1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and "91 ; James H. Cartwright (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- elected. 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice Dickey), elected, 1885, "88 and '97. The terms of Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cart«Tight and Magruder expire in 1906; that of Justice Carter on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the Constitution of 1818, the JiLstices of the Supreme Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of individual members of the Supreme Court under their [iroper names.) SUKVEVS, EARLY GOVERXMENT. The first Uniteil States law passed on the subject of Gov- ernment surveys was dated. May 20, 1785. After reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of pensions anil to be donated for school purijoses, it provided for the division of the remaining pub- lic lands among the original thirteen Stiites. This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- gular system of survej^s which, with but little modificatiiin, has remained in force ever since. Briefiy outlined, the system is as follows: Town- ships, six miles square, are laid ort from jjrincipal bases, each township containing thirty -six sec- tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, the numeration to commence at the upper right hand corner of the township. The first principal meridian (84" 51' west of Greenwich), coincided HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 515 with the line dividing Indiana and Oliio. The second (1' 37' farther west) had direct relation to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89" 10' 30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90° 29' 56" west) governed tlie remainder of Illinois sur- veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." (See Hutchins, Thomas.) SWEET, ((Jen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 24, 1883 ; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to the State Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, assisted in the organization of the Twenty-first and Twenty -second regiments, being elected Colonel of the former ; and with it taking part in the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- see, In 18C3 he was assigned to command at Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- acy.) The service which he rendered in the defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of inestimable value to the country. After the war, General Sweet located at Lombard, near Chicago, was aijjjointed Pension Agent at Chi- cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal Revenue, and, in 1873, became Deputy Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. (Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's daughter. SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Department Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 1857 ; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War in the Eiglith Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom Church, Va., in June, 1864, was shot through both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of them. After the war he held several oiBces of trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- iuj^on and Deputj' Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield District ; in 1887 was elected Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, March 23, 1896. SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near Turner, Maine, August 11, 1835; was educated at Waterville College (now Colby University), but left before graduation ; read law in Portland, and, while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before completing his term of enlistment. He soon after came to Bloomington, III., where he became the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for a number of years. He early became active in State politics, was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, and, in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- large. In 1863 he received the Republican nomination for Congress in his District, but was defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- cially in the management of criminal cases. In 1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for President, but later returned to the Republican party, and, in the National Republican Conven- tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. Died, June 8, 1889. SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- kee Count}-, where, between the ages of 12 and 18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 years of age, he enlisted as a private in tlie Forty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 1863, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the battle of Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth, in May, 1862, he had liis right arm torn from its socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his retirement from the army. Returning home, after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson Barracks and Quincy, 111., he received his final discharge. Dec. 21, 1862. spent a year in school, also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- mercial College in Chicago, and having learned to write with his left hand, taught for a time in Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton. 516 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 111. The latter year he entered upon the duties of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- signed to take the i>osition of State Auditor, to which he was elected a second time in 1884. In all these positions Mr. Swigert l)a.s proveil him- self an upright, capable and high-minded pulilic oflBcial. Of late years his residence has been in Chicago. SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit orator, was born of (jerman ancestry, at Cincin- nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his father dying about this time), the family resided for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the same State. In 1H'>'2, having graduated from the Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the position of Professor of Languages in his .\lma Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen years. His first jiastorate was in connection with the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church edifice was destroj-ed in the great Chicago fire, but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- nation, on charges of heresy. He was aciiiiitted by the trial court, but, before the api>eal taken by the i)rosecution could be heard, he personally withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- pendent religious organization known as the "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor to numerous magazines, as well as tlie author of several volumes. Among his best known books are "Motives of Life." "Truths for To-day," and "Club Es,siiys." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. SYCAMOUE, the count3--seat of De Kalb County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & Xorth- western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, dairying and stock-Vaising. The city itself con- tains several factories, the principal products ■being agricultural implements, flour, insulated wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and carriages and wagons. There are also works for canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has high-pressure water-works. There are eleven churches, three graded public schools and a young ladies" seminary. Population (1880), 3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900). 3,653. T.VFT, Lurado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood, Peoria County, 111., April 29, 1860; at an early age evinced a predilection for sculpture and Ijegan modeling; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied sculpture in the famoiLS Ecole des Beaux Arts until 188.-). The following year he settled in Clii cago, finally becoming as.sociated with the Chi- cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- ing on tlie World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born in Rome, X. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit to Cliicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he worked at farming until 18.50. Then, having followed the occupation of a miner for some time, in California, with some success, he united with Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- ing most of his life. He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, on the Beard of County CommLs-sioners, as a member of the Police Board, and was one of the founders of tlie First National Bank, antl President, for several years, of the Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- spirited, he contributed freely to works of charity. Died, June 5, 1878. TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1835, in companj- with his eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- tended tour through the West, finally selecting a location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River and the Pecatonica, where tlie town of Rockton now stands — there being only two white families, at that time, within the present limits of Winne- bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought his family to this point, with his sons took up a considerable body of Government land and erected two mills, to which customers came from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott took part in the organization of the first Congre- gjitional Church in that section of the State. A zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 5ir Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 1844, continuing to act witli tliat party until the organization of the Republican party in 1856; was deeply interested in tlie War for the Union, but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. — Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, .806; was taken to Rome, N. Y., by his father in nfancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged in mercantile business with liis brother in Che- mung County ; in 1835 accompanied liis father in a tour througli the West, finally locating at Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, he was elected one of the first County Commis- sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving four years. He also held various local offices. Died, Sept. 30, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, when he engaged in business at Booneville and, still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois and joined his father at Rockton, finally becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- facturing, having become, in 1854, with his brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny reaper and mower. He was an original anti- slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate for Congress, but became a zealous Republican and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he employed as an attorney in the famous suit of McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some five years. Tliougli too old for active service in tlie field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily hired a substitute to take liis place. Mr. Talcott was one of the original incorporators and Trus- tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — Sylvester (Talcott), tliird son of William Talcott, born at Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged in mercantile business in Chemung County ; in 1837 removed, with other members of tlie familj-, to Winnebago- County, 111., where he joined his father in the entry of Government lands and the erection of mills, as already detailed. He became one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- bago County, also served as Supervisor for a number of years and, although a fanner, became interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. He also followed tlie example of his brother, just named, in furnishing a substitute for the War of the Rebellion, though too old for service himself. Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter (Talcott), foul-th son of William Talcott, was born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with his father to Winnebago County, 111. , in 1835, and ■ was connected with his father and brothers in busi- ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwiglit Lewis (Tal- cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, born in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864, as a soldier in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- ing, near Memjjhis, and later took part in many of the important battles of that year in Missis- sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at CampbellsviUe, Tenn., he was taken to Anderson- ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when he was released, arriving at home a helpless skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas- sination. Jlr. Talcott subsequently settled in Muscatine County, Iowa. TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- mining, and stock-growing region; has a local bank and new.spaper. Pop. (1890), 445 ; (1900), 639. TAMARO.i, a village in Perry County, situated at the junction of the Illinois Central with the Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a large public school, five churches and two flour- ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853. TAMAROA & MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester , 1880. T.VX.VTIOX, in its legal sense, the mode of raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes are the support of the State and local govern- ments, the promotion of the public good by fostering education and works of public improve- ment, the protection of society by the preser- vation of order and the punishment of crime, and the sujiport of the helpless and destitute. In practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, tlie raising of revenue is required to be done "by levying a tax by valuation, so that every per.son and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, her or its property — such value to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be elected or appointed in such manner jis the Gen- eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." (State Constitution, 1870— Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) The person selected under the law to make this valuation is the Assessor of the count}' or tlie township (in counties under township organiza- tion), and he is required to make a return to the County Board at its July meeting each year — the latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- payers and adjust inequalities when found to exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 519 include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and the buildings or other improvements erected thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- ert}', all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, royalties, etc. Property used for scliool, church or cemetery purjjoses, as well as public buildings and other property belonging to the State and General Government, municipalities, jiublic charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, all property subject to taxation is required to be assessed at its cash valuation ; but. in reality, the valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of twent3--five to thirtj^-three per cent of its esti- mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, the valuation is often much lower than this, while verj' large amounts escape assessment altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the special session of the Fortieth General Assembly (1898), requires the A.ssessor to make a return of all property subject to taxation in his district, at its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review fixes a tax ou the basis of twenty per cent of such cash valuation. An abstract of the property assessment of each county goes before the State Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- izing valuations between counties, but the Board has no power to modify the assessments of indi- vidual tax-payers. (See State Bocud of Equali- zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix the valuation for purposes of taxation of the capital stock or franchises of companies (except certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- corporated under the State laws, together with the "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter between counties in which the}' lie. — The Consti tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- frage, between the ages of 31 and 60 years, but the Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, though it authorizes the extension of the "objects and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the principle contained in the first section of the Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., being local and in the form of benefits, cannot 1)1' said to come under the head of general tax- ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived from fines and penalties, which are forms of l>unishment for specific offenses, and go to the benefit of certain specified funds. TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been in active business all his life as contractor, builder and merchant, and, for some time, a member of the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1884, and represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. TAYLOR, Benjamin Frnnklin, journalist, poet and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal." Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His letters from the field during the Rebellion, as war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," won for him even a greater popularity, -and were complimented by translation into more than one Eurojiean language. After the war, he gave his attention more unreservedly to literature, his principal works appearing after that date. His publications in book form, including both prose and poetry, comprise the following: "Attractions of Language" (1845); "January and June" (18.53); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates" — pictures of California life — (1881) ; "Dulce Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings," a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the publishers at his death. Feb. 27. 1887. Among his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of the River." "The London Times" complimented Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- smith of America." T.\Y'LOR, Edmund Dick, ea,rly Indian-trader and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va., Oct. 18. 1803— 'the son of a commissary in the army of the Revolution, under General Greene, and a cousin of General (later. President) Zachary Taylor; left his native State in his youth and. at an early day, came to Springfield, 111., where he 520 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. opened an Indian-trading post and general store; was elected from Sangamon County to the lower branch of the Sevent)i General Assembly (1830) and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated. In 1834 lie was elected to the State Senate and, at tlie next session of the Legislature, was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who secured the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. He resigned before the close of his term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- cago. Here he became one of the promoters of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), serving as one of the Commissioners to secure subscriptions of stock, and was also active in advocating tlie construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by which he was known dm-ing most of his life, was acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel Taylor became one of the Trustees of tlie Chicago branch of the State Bank, and was later identified with various banking enterprises, as also a some- what extensive operator in real estate. An active Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb raska bill in 18.'54, and advocated the election of General Bissell to the governorship in 18.56. In 1800 he was again in line with his party in sup- port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- ment .still later, as shown by his participation in the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- field, of June 17, 1863. In tlie latter years of his life he became extensively interested in coal lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, for a considerable time, served as President of the Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his home, during a part of this period, being at Mendota. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 4, 1891. T.VYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its point of intersection with the Springfield Divi.sion of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine churches and five graded and township high schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. Pop. (1890), 2.839: (1900), 4,248. TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on the Illinois River; was first settled in 1823 and organized in 1827; has an area of 650 square miles — was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers and traversed by several lines of railway. The surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and rich, but, requiring drainage, especiall}- on the river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an agricultural county. The cereals are extensively cultivated; wool is al.so clipped, and there are dairy interests of .some importance. Distilling is extensively conducted at Pekin. tlie county-seat, which is also the seat of other meclianical indus- tries. iSee also Pekin.) Population of the county (1880). 29.666; (1890), 29,556; (1900). 33,221. TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago phy.sician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and, in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he liad a contract for carrying the United States mail from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, and tlie following year undertook a similar con- tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold these out three j-ears later, he devoted his atten- tion to the practice of liis profes.sion, though interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. Temple was instrumental in erecting the first house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary station at Wolf Point), for public religious worship in Chicago, and, although himself a Bajitist, it was used in common by Protestant denominations. He was a member of the first Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, though he later became a convert to homeopatiiy, and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, dying there. Feb. 24. 1877. TEM'RE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) TKUHE HAUTE, ALTOX & ST, LOUIS RAILI{<».\I). (See St. Louis. Alton ct Terre Haute lioiliotiil.) TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See St. Lonin. Alton ct Terrc Haute Railroad.) TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- RO.\I), a corporation oi>erating no line of its own within the State, but the lessee and operator of the following lines (which see): St. Louis. Vandalia & Terre Haute, l.'>8.3 miles; Terre Haute & Peoria. 145.12 miles; Ea-st St. Louis & Carondelet, 12.74 miles— total length of leased HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- mond, completed a line between the points named in the title, in 1852, and tool? its present name in 1860. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock in 1893. TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from Terre Haute, Ind., to Peoria, 111., 145.12 miles, with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are steel. (History.) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in 1874 ; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (3) the Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- road. In 1886 the Illinois Midland was sold under foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is operated as a part of the "Vandalia System." The capital stock (1898) was §3,764,300; funded debt, §2,230,000,— total capital invested, §6,227,- 481. TETJTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 4 miles east of Effingham ; was originalh- settled by a colony of Germans fronr Cincinnati. Popu- lation (1900), 498. THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at Middlebury College, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and re-elected in 1880, being chosen .Speaker of the House during his latter term. In 1888 he was elected State Senator from the Sixth District, serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 1897, General Thomas was appointed United States Appraiser in connection with the Cu.stoni House in Chicago. THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, in 1803 ; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature and, later, represented the Territory as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, as Delegate from ,St. Clair County, presided over the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on the admission of tlie State, became one of the first United States Senat(?rs — Governor Edwards being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub- sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where he died by suicide. May 4, 1853. — Jesse Burgess (Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania University, and, being admitted to the bar, located at Edwardsville. 111. He first appeared in connection with public affairs as Secretary of the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832 ; in 1834 was elected Representative in the Genera'l Assembly from Madison Count3^ but, in Febru- ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, serving only one year. He afterwards held the position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- las, and was afterwards elected to the same office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. During a part of his professional career he was the partner of David Prickett and William L. May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, where he died, Feb. 21, 1850.— Jesse B. (Thomas) third, clergyman and son of the last named ; born at Edwardsville, 111.. July 29, 1832; educated at Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) Theological Seminary ; practiced law for a time in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- try, serving churches at Waukegan, 111. , Brook- lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He 522 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA UE ILLINOIS. then became pastor of the Michijjan Avenue Baj)- tist Cliurch, in Chicago, reuiaiuing until 18T4, when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 ho became Professor of Biblic'al IIi.story in tlie Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he has since resided. He is the author of several volumes, and, in 1800, received the degree of D.D. from the old University of Chicago. THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- panied his parents to St. Clair County. 111., where the familj- located in what was then called the Alexander settlement, near the present site of Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm (although he had not enough money to buy a horse) and married. Six years later he bought and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, riipidly accumulated • real property, until he became one of the most extensive owners of farm- ing land in St. Clair County. In early life lie was fond of military exercise, holding various offices in local organizations and serving as a Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1S24 he was one of the leaders of the party opjrosed to tlie amendment of the State Constitution to sanction slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- Nebnuska bill in 18.-)4. and a firm supporter of the Republican party from the date of its formation. He was elected to the lower lioiLso of the General Assembly in 1838, "02, "04, "72 and "74: and to the State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in the O.'ith year of his age. THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11. 1840, He served in the Union Army during the War of the Reliel- lion, rising from the ranks to a cajitaincy. After his return home he studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1809. From 1872 to 1S7(> be was State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repro sented his District in Congre.ss. In 1897, Mr. Thomas was appointed by President JIcKinley an additional United States District Judge for Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, in that Territory. THOMAS. William, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudijuentary edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sherilf), and afterwards of the County Clerk; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, III, where he taught school, served as a private in the Winne- bago War (1827). and at the session of 1828-29. reported the proceedings of the General Assem- bh- for "The Vandalia Intelligencer" ; wjisState's Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan County ; served as Quartermaster and Commis- .sary in the flack Hawk War (1831-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and I\e])resentative in 1840-48 and 18,")0-,")2. when he was especially influ- ential in the legislation which resiilteil in estab- lishing the institutions for tlic Doaf and Dumb and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane (the first in the State) at Jacksonville— .serving, for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- tion with many enterprises of a local character, including the establishment of the Illinois Female College, to which, although without children of his own, he was a liberal contributor. During the first year of the war he was a member of the Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 1889, THOItXTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in BcHirlioii County. Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a Virginia family. After the usual jirimary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Mis.souri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen. William F. Thornton, at Sholbyville, 111., was iiidiiied to establish himself in i)ractice tliere. lie served as a member of llie State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 an'TY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youth, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations %vith them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage alUes by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and the simimits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground; the central por- 526 HISTOiaCAL E^"CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ticn of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, anil, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep valleys, eroded bj' the action of streams. The surface generally slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, wliich cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea- level, though the altitude of Jlouut Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the south consi.sts of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,2.57 feet above sea-level, while the higliest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County — l.OK) feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 2'J8.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jaek.son County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985: high- est point in Cook County (Harrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden). 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone. 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill). 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are: Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 598; Gales- burg. 755; Joliet. 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 831. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timljer is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- logical Forniutions). more than compensates for the want of pine forests, whose .soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure suflicient ilrainage. TOKREXS L.VXD TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to. and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unneces.s;iry obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Aastralia. New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first p;issed by the Twenty- ninth General As.sembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved. May 1, 1897. It is far more elalx> rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the .system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opi)osition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, which tribunal finally upheld the law. —The Torrens system sub.stitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more elaborate deeds and mortgiiges in use for centuries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land legis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below; Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either §.50,000 or $200,- 000, according to the pojiulation of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to an}- court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such apijlication must be in writ- ing, signed and verified bj- oath, and must con- form, in matters of siJecification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Immediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Any person inter- ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication. pas.ses upon all questions of title and incumbrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. ■ The period last mentioned may be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form of which is prescribed by the act, naaking such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence of the owner's hani-writing, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's ofiice. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. That official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as uijon the corresponding entry in his books of record. "W^hen land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested by the County Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund for the reimbiu'sement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens sj-stem is, chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old S3'stem ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only .53. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and chea|5ly, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULON, the county-seat of Stark County, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miies north- northwe.st of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly papers. Population (1S80), 967; (1890), 94.5; (1900), 1,0.57. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. TOWNSHEXD. Richard W., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 1862, and where he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Uaiiiilton County, and, from 1868 to 1872. Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. From 1L64 to 1875 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888. but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 1866-70; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high rei)Utation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the liorse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Sin-ings. Miss., March 20, 1893. TRE.VSl'RERS. (See Slitic Treasiirem.) TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richlield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111., traveling most of the way on foot. Here lie formed a partnership with (Jeorge Forquer, who had held tlie offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-fJeneral. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Cliief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office imtil March, 1853, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. {See Greenville, Treaty of: Indian Treaties.) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressraan, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 185-'). Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1873, when lie resigned. The three following yeai-s he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 lie was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, but was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring the Uussian mission upon him in Sejjtember, 1888. On March 3. 1889, he resigned this jwst and returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (although not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all liis influence on the side of humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him tlie distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the AVorld's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory aci|uired from .Spain. TR EMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six churches, a public school and one new.spaper Pop. (1890). 1.384 ; (1900). 1.706; (1904), about 2,000. TROY, a village of Madi.son County, on the Teire Haute A- Indianajxilis railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. TRl'ITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb. 12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in 1863, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived as au appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, b}- his appointment b}' Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed bj- Governor Ford. March 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), waselected a JiLstice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1852, but resigned in 18o3 on account of impaired health. A year later (18.54) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the successor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 1855. which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the history of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and the period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was always found in sympatliy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 he joined in the "'Liberal Repubhcan" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that citj', June 25, 1896. TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the mill-stone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two horses, which furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky. , March 4, 1827, of English extraction and descended from the earlj- settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Uarvie, Judge Gary and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which tlie City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. TrXMCLIFKE, Damon ii., Uiwyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 1829 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on tlie bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinknpy H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his tirst iiniCessioiiiil preceptors. TURCHIX, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign; particii^ted in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imi)erial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 18G1 he was conmiissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, ■was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attaolied to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radoni, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to the press, writing usually on miUtary or scientific subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago. 1888). TURNER (now WEST CHIC.VCE>>ES RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis d- Kansas City Railroad.) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jack.son County, 111., Nov. 10. 1841. After pa.s.sing through the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vick.s- burg, and. after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Liglit Artillery, with wliieh he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, ISe.";, he took up the stud3- of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the army, and was a'I)er(;round railroad," the. a historj' of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern .States, from forty to seventy years ago. known by the somewhat mys- . terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the terra luis been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark. "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "undergi-ound railroad." the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increa.sed facility with which the work w.is performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It niqj^ be defined as the figurative appellation for a sjjontaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his return. An}* person who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him to be such, was subject to a fine of §500 for each offense. — In 1850, fifty-seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed SI, 000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery ; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a wliite man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. In.stead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1T93 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors — unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce- ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting within his constitutional and legal riglits. The slave was his property in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technically, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the other hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- iousl}- devout and pillars of the church — became bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And wliy'? Because they saw in him a man, with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than any Legislature, State or National, could enact. Tliey denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most ]ia,it, the "Uuderground Rail- road" operators and promoters were plain, obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some whose uanies are coaspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginsou and Th(?<)dore Parker of Massachusetts: Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of Xew York: Joslma R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Love joy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- tution." Levi Coffin, who hud the rei>utatiou of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road" — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on the line in North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 182(). Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 1819, though the evidence of this may not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, stiition agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the personal recollection of individual ojjerators for a history of their transactions. Each station on the road was the hou.se of a "friend" and it is significant, in this connection, that in every settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- vania, and then on towards New York or directly to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it offered the shortest route through free soil to Canada, it was traversed bj- more lines than any other State, although Indiana wjis pretty thoroughly "grid ironed" by roads to freedom. In all, however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with i)roduce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related that once, in Ohio, a numlier of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a funeral procession. Occasional!}- the train ran on foot, for convenience of sidetracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loc-o- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers who, in case the operator, conductor t)r station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either hiui or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, Thaddeus Stevens, Cliarles Sumner, William IL Seward, Rutherford B. Ilayes. Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, wlule. taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealtli, like Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law — or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" — the time has already come when there is a disposition to look upon the actors as. in a certain sense, heroes, and tlieir deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material rehiting to the history of this movement has been furnislied in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State University : and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of history bearing on this subject — especially as tlie })rincii)al actors are fast passing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Siebert 's book is a map purporting to give the ])rincipal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness of personal names given, has been questioned by some best informed on the subject. As might be expected from its geographical position tetween two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- souri — on the one hand, and the lakes 'offering a highwaj- to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed that Illinois would he an attract- ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activity of the system in this State was between 1840 and 1861 — the latter being the year when the pro-slavery party in the South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the Union, took the business out of the hands of the secret agents of the "Underground Railroad." and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- HISTUIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 535 ham Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- well County, in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the note, given to the person who claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the Proclamation of Emancipation which finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, should have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight — ^especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. This was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Nashville and CentraUa, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a community of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of JerseyviUe, Waverly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentunent. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos- tility among the mass of the community to any- thing savoring of abolitionism, became the theater of great activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especially after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, both of whom had rendered them.selves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionary work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while three young men who had been ■connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on the testimony of a negro, although a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Stejahen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and the judgment against him was finally con- firmed b}' the Supreme Court after his death, in 1852, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Uudergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those alreadj' referred to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well ; Jletamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting point of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- litionists. Cairo also became an imj^ortaut transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that the fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks.fiUed with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says: "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrj-ing wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen wa.s an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom ■were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 18.59, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a teclmi- cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards widely known through the northern i)art of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook. J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larued. Joseijh T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) iind his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with a.ssisting in the escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago. gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states that, after protracted litigation, iluring which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar .and costs— the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, lielped many fugitives .afterwards." It did not always hajipen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following: Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, tlie stairway and the .adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where the officers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to liinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect tliat the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commi.ssioner. as the story goes, being in- clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large cojiper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re-arrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi (■ago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chau:icey Carter as among his active allies at Jack.sonville. with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Rjindolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other prt'DERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began practice in 1840. The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70. and, in 1870, was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1873. Died, Sept. 23, 1875. UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in January, 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 538 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- tant beiuK the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- culture, altliough manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is e.vteusively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and Anna important shipjjing stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 31,.529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Galhitin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into tlie State, at Jones- boro. and tliis region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public allairs. Pop. (UlOO), 22,010. IM0>' LEA(;rE OF AMERICA, a .secret polit- ical and patriotic order which had its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Retellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 18G2, consisting of eleven members, as follows: Jolm AV. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. CuUom (father of Senator CuUom), Alexander Small, Bev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennes.see, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what .similar order whicli had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It .sol- emnlj' pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of the.se United States again.st all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances, " even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"'; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of trust in the town, county. State and General Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (.5) to obej- all laws, rules or regulations of any Council to which the taker of the oath might l>e attached. The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, tlie taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle." a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Kuiglits" and "Sons of Liberty. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three montlis later, tlie organization had e.xtended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 2oth of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — ami a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general oflicers were chosen: Grand President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago); Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell: Grand Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald — A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County; J. K. "Warren, of Macon; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, ^vith Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, wliich materi- alh' changed the phraseology and removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, Avhich were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14. 1863, witli only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the or< O S o « .- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the State who may desire them. — The fir.st name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 188.5, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — three being elected every two years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1S94, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of stxidents has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 58.3; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075; 1.582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,. 589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,3.50 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed vpith an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGAMZED COUNTIES.- In addition to the 103 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General As.semblj-, at diilerent times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all— the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, i.nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855)— from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857)— from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland— compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Jlichi- gan County (1837)— from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843)— from the south jiart of Vermil- ion; Oka%v County (1841) — comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851)— from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- torj' as proposed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln County out o, parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicu failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of MadLson County, situated on the Chicago tfe Alton Railroad, about ij miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of ShurtleflE College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1.803; (1900), 2,373. UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury. Mass., Oct. 25, 18:!4; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 54^ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal." In 1803, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Cliicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war corresfxindent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, wliich he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for .sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of tlie "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Ma.v MuUer (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). rRB.4N.\, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. Tlie mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located liere. The city has water-works, gas and electric liglit plants, electric car-lines (local and inteiurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900). 5,728. I'SREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Xatchez), Miss., May 16, 1827; was educated at Xatchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1840, wlien he enlisteil as a private in Comjjany C, Fourtli Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861. when lie enlisted in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was apiwinted Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endoi-sers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a lino of policy in opposition to tlie further extension of slavery, and. wlipn that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1S56. he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent i>art in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Aiiti-yvbraska Editorial Convention.) After returning from the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspajier work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and ag-aiu under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. K., and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 20, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1800), 1,150. VAX ARX.\M, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lest his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Slarshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criniinal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing tlie One Hundred and Twenty-seventli Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was comjielled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were sjjent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. VANDAI.IA, the principal city and county-seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles nortli of Centralia, 63 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia anil Terre Haute Railroads. It was tlie capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of government lieing removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a I HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900). 2 665, VANDEVEEB, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 1816 ; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1842 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacitj' serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 12, 1894. VAN HORXE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843; began his career as a telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858-72), later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1872-79). He next .served as General- Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. VASSEUR, Jfoel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by waj' of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embr-aced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseui- re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was nained, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "'Merchants" Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, streetcar line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900). 2,450. VENICE & CAEOJiDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Ei'cntiville <& St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.) VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1826, when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston. Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensivelj', especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. VF-RMILIOX RIVER, a tributary of tlie Illi- nois; rises in Foril and the northern part of McLeiiii County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois Kiver nearly opjxjsite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the "Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danv-Jle in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vennilion County, Ind. The main stream i.s about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearlj' 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Riiilroiid, 34 miles north of Beardstown; has a carriage manu- factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to tlie depth of 'i (iOO feet Pop. (1900), 1,195. VERS.VII/LES, a town of Brown County, on the W.ibash liaihvay. 48 miles east of Quincj": is in a timber and agric-ultural district; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 6'J4. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 36 :niles north-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churclies, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 494; (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217. VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Moudovi, Sanlinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occu])ation of Kaskaskia l)y Col. George Rogers Clark in 177s. he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed l'lark"s destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of $20,000. This, followed by the confi.scation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to exti-eine penury. II, W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on liis little homestead near Vincennes. in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pen.sed during his life for his s;icrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was attempted, after his deatli, by the United States Government, for the benefit of hLs heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., Marcli 22, 183.5. VILLA RIDGE, a village of PuL-uski County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of Cairo. Population, 500. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at t^uebec-, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brotlier-in law, although some historians .say that he was the latter"s nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701. and had a long and varied experience as an Indian lighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 172('>. under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then tlie French Governor of Illi- nois) in an exi)edition against the Chicka.saws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Fatlier Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette; French Oovemors of nihioift.) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago it -Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 21 miles .south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has live churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop (1900). 2,280; (school censusl903),3,651. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Sjiring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad. 15 miles north of Jack.sonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the lieart of a ricli agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 545 high school, and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 1,602; (1900). l.GOO. VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- den, We.stphalia (Germauy), iu 1839, tlie son of a Government Secretary iu the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 18.56, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a three months' regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. Returning from the army, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in tlie Twenty-seventli General Assembly, in which he bore a leading jjart iu framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as showu by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice iu the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens," which has been published in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidency a second time. YOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass. , and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, iu 185.5, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron — the "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1808-69, and again in 1871-72, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Cliicago, several soldiers' monmuents in different parts of the country, the statuarj' for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. VOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard, 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. -^ (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), §1,- 2.'-.0,000; bonded indebtedness, §690,000; total capitalization, $2,028,.5T3. WABASH COl'MY, situated in the southeast corner of the State; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, and the first court house built at Centerville, in May, 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county -seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash Eiver drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawtisli Creeks. The surface is imdulating witli a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville. Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 11,866; (1000), 12,.5S3. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive raih-oad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincy and Altamout, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being tlie property of the company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. The company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (0.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, anil over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy.— (His- tory.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal imi)roveiiient" scheme adopted in 1^.37, and embraces the only section of road completed imder that scheme — that between the Illinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begim by the State, Jlay 11, 1837, the first rail laid. May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville. Jan. 1. 1840, and to Springfield, Jlay 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power," but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for $21,100 toN. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of Springfield, and bj' them transferred to New York c^ipitalists, who organized tlie Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Com])any, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western RaUroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opjwsite Meredosia. was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Claj-- ton to Keokuk), was united, Julj' 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Blufls to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railw.ay Company. (5) In 1808 the company, its it tlien existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of tlie Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Log-.vnsport to Detroit. — In Noveml)er, 1879, the Wabash. St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but. not having been constructed in 1881. the Wabjish, St. Louis & Pacific purcha.sed what wiis known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, uniting with the main line at Bemeut, and (by way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was operating the following additional leased lines: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomingtou (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent line between Cliicago and Detroit by what is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the payment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were $4,402,621, and the expenses §4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock of So2,000,000 and bonds to the amount of S81,- 534,000. WABASH KIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37° 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789. and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a tveekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond Countj', 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & IlHnois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cyrns, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111. , in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergj-man, was born in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a comitry store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gTadu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 548 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion"" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminarj-. He was author of several volumes, one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran through .several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Ilindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, III., March G, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H,, Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating fi-om the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next j'ear, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, whicli had been organized in Micliigan, became attorneys for the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was a.ssociated with this com- pany, eitlier as General Solic'itor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingliam County, Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair Count}'. In 1807 lie held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, ho transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Brandies of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of tlie Fox River mis- sion, bis residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Plnkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chieflj- passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store; in 1834 lie came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 be removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emj- and the study of law with his uncle, Cj-rus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rusliville. In 18.53 he was elected Judge of tlie Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been ai)poiiited, by Governor Bissell. to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, "67, and again from June, 1874, to June, "75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, Gt'orge Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Cliillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Du(iuoin, 111. lie was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and. from 1864 to "68, served as State"s Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of tlie Third Circuit, and re-elected in "79, ".85 and '91, much of tlie time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Ducjuoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; w;is born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancj' to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 j-ears of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, wliere he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of j-ears. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its officers being minLsters. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and w-as allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 31, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originallj' a Whig, he became a Rei^ublican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death, Cliaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry LamI), lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young AVallace attended the Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 1845; in 1846 enlisted as a jirivate in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participtiugin the battle of Buena Vista (w)iere his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), then became partner of his father-in-law. Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruar3^ 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenu., April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored. —Martin E. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111. , with )iis father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69); County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, has been one of the Justices of the Peace of tlie city of Chicago. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton brancli of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Mendota ; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict ; lias two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty -one spies, of which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 UISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Steplienson, Colonel Russell serving as secoud to tlie conimauder-incliief, other mem- bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. Mc-Laughlin. On Oct. 18, 1813, Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 3,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily slain by Edwards' part}-. Hopkins had orders to di.sperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the lieadwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Rus.sell. About the same time Capl. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- boreil and [irotected by the French citizens of Peoria, lie burned the greater part of tlie village, and capturing the population, carried tlieiii down the river, putting them on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwliile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an e.xpedi- tioti, led by Major (afterwards President) Z.acliary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, su]>ported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe. Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from wliicli point he was subse(|uently compelled to retreat. The .same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burneil Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 34, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes mitil tlie year following. WAR OF THF REBELLION. M tlie outbreak of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Rich.ard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincobrs lir.st call for troops (April 1.5. IStil). the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigneanies from St. Clair. JIadison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties: was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jack.son (Tenn. ), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence. Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, March 15, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 180."). Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1801, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Slorgan in command. It was engaged at Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, ilissionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, Chattahoochie. Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered Qut of service, July 4, 186.5. at Louisville, and received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1805, at Chicago. Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- field and mustered into service. April 30, 1861. for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' service. It was engaged at Fort DoneLson, Shiloh. Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh. was its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865; paid off and discharged at Springfield. i Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1801; was engaged at Columbus. Fort Donelson. Shiloli, Corinth, Lay's Ferry. Rome Cross Koads, Dallas, Kenesaw, Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob. Decatur, Ezra Church. Atlanta. Allatoona and Goldslniro. On Jan. 16, 1864. the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered, out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, and received final i)ay and discliarge, at Spring- field, July 18. Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments- organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- ment Bill"; was mustered into service on May "24,, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel: was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield. June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two months. Fol-rteenth Infantry. One of the regiments raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment in each Congressional District in the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years, Jlaj' 25, 1861, under command of John 51. Palmer as its first Colonel; w;is engaged at Shiloh, Corinth. Jleta- mora. Vicksburg. Jack.son. Fort Beauregard and Meridian; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864, the major part of the battalion was captured b^' General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1805 the battalion organization was discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment Wiis mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., Sept. 10, 1865; and arrived at S|)ringfield. 111., Sept. 22, 2805, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1.980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4.490 miles, traveled by rail. 2,330 mile.s, and. l)y river. 4.490 miles — making an aggregate of 11.070 miles. Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freejwrt, and mus- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55» tered into service, May 34. 1861. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, AUatoona and Bentonville. In March, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge — having served four years and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 3,403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten- Regi- ment Act,"' May 34, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 186.5, after a term of service of four years and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received its final pay and discharge papers. Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Peoria. III., on May 34, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. In May, 1864. the term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for paj' and discharge. Those men and oflScers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. Eighteenth Inf.\ntry. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mvistered into the service on May 38, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three years. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 186.5, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, lU., for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the United States service for three years, June 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis" Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864. at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits received during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 350. Twentieth Infantry. Organized, May 14, 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered into the service for a term of thi-ee years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc. : Fredericktown (Mo. ), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After marching through the Carolinas, the regiment was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Chicago, on July 24. Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under the "Ten Regiment Bill,"' from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon. and mustered into service for three years, June 28, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville. Mur- freesboro. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, Dec. 16. 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at Belleville, and mustered into service, for three years, at Casey ville. 111., June 25, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. Twenty-third Infantry. The organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the opening of hostilities at Sumter. Tlie formal muster of the reKiment. under tlie command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made. June in. 1^>G1, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on "West Polk Street. It wa.s early ordered to North- em Jli.ssouri, and was doing garrison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the garrison, to tlie forces under the rebel General Price, and was paroleil. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862. it was detailed to guard ijrisoners at Camp Douglas. Tliereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap. Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- cliester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill. Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In Augu.st, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantrj-." The regiment w;is thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was autliorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulliijati, James A.) Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies — to- wit; the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' service, in June. 1861, and niu.stered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro. Chiekamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and otlier engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, wluch had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade. First Divi- sion, Fourteentli Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler. August 1. 1865. Twenty Fii'Tii Infantry. Organized from the counties of Kankakee. Iroquois, Ford. Vermil- ion. Doughis, Coles. Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Loui.s. August 4. 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chiekamauga, Missionaiy Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battlo of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1,864. During its three years' service the regi- ment traveleil 4.962 miles, of which 3.252 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. TwEXTY-siXTii IxF.\NTRY. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- ton;" "Siege of Corinth;"' "luka;"' "Corinth — 3d and 4th, 1862;"' "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;'' "Savannah;"" "Columbia," and " Benton ville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment having marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. Twenty-seventh Inf.\ntry. First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the aildition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville. Murfreesboro, Chieka- mauga, Jlissionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from dut}', August 25, 1S64. wliile at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, were consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of companies from Pike. Fulton, Schuyler. Mason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of SliiU)h and Metamora. the siege of Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From June, 1864. to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and wiis mustered out at Brownsville, in tliat State. March 15. 1866. having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield. May 13. 1866. Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield. August 19. 1801, an2. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Xorthern Mi.s.si.s.sippi and against Vicks- burg. in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills. Fort de Rus-sey. Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura. Yellow Bayou. Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely. Kene.saw Mountain, Chattahoochie River. Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9.960 miles. It w;is transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, Augu.st 2.5, 1865. Ninety-sixth Ixf.octry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862. and mus- tered into .service, as a regiment. Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill. Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville. Chickamauga, AVauhatchie, Lookout Jlountain, Buzzard's Roost. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Ciuup Ground, Peach Tree Creek, .\tlanta. Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station. Frank- lin and Niishville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1805. NiXETY'-SEVEXTH IxF.\XTRY. Organized in August and September, 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16; participated in the battles of Chicka.saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post. Port Gibson, Champion HilLs, Black River, Vicksburg. Jackson and 5Iobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and jiroceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. NiXETY-ElGHTii IxFAXTRY. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville. Farmington and Selnia, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out. June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferi'ed to tlie Sixty first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield. June 30. and received liual payment and discharge, July 7, 186.5. NiXETY-xiXTH IXF.VXTRY. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville. Magnolia Hills. Raymond. Champion Hills. Black River. Vicksburg. Jackson. Fort Esperanza, Cirand Coteau. Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire. 62: miles traveled. 5.900; men killed in battle. 38; men died of wounds and disease. 149; men discharged for disability. 127; men deserted, 35; officers .killed in battle. 3; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 3; officers resigned, 26. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 1865, and jjaid off and discharged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1863, and mustered in,. August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville ; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 3, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New HojDe Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Deo. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs. Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo. , and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Sjiringfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14. received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 3, 1862. It took part in the Grierson i-aid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 31, and received final discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 I'ecruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C. , June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca. Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; also took part in the "March to the Sea" and tlie campaign in the Carolinas, including tne siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C"' was captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Si^ringfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four comiianies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C. , reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 38, 1863 ; took part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the I'eduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865. and received final discharge at Chicago. August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 564 IirSTOlJIfAL ENCYCLOPEDIA fiE TLLIXOIS. engaged at Stone Rirer. WooJImry, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In May, 18G3, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Mi.s.sionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington. D. C, June 5, 186.J, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enli-sted men whose term of service liad not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 18G2. The regiment aided in tlie capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kene.saw, Atlanta and Joncsboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentouville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7. 180.^, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 'J7, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 wiis on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 1862; participated in the campaign in Ea.st Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia. Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It w;is mustered t)ut at GoldslK)ro. N. C, June 20, 1865, and finally discliarged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. ■ One Hundred and TiiiRXEEXTn Infantry-. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20. 1865. and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price tlirough Mis.souri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the ca]>ture of Mobile. It was mvi.stered out at Vicksburg. August 3. 1865, receiving final payment and discliarge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered' to tlie front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga. Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge. Tunnel Hill. Res;ica and in all tlie principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discliarge, June 23, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numlx?ring !t80 officers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Cliickasaw Bayou, Arkan.'^is Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge. Mi.ssionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Keuesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and .Seventeenth Infantry-. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in. Sept. 19, 18G2; jjarticijiated in the Meridian camjjaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Rus.sey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, liaving traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were inarched. One Hundred and Eiohteentii Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862: was engaged at Chicka- .saw BlulTs. .\rkans;vs Post. Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson ( La. ), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted. May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the ilate of the mu.ster-in, the regiment num- bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marclied, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September. 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10; was engaged in the Red River cam- ])aign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try'. (The organization of this regiment was not completed. ) One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakel}-, and was mustered out, July 15, 186.5, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try*. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4,100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty -seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty'-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service; Sept. 3, 1862 ; par- ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- mauga. Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Jlountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "Mai-ch to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 186.5. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in tlie battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 17, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, wlien, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and tlirough Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- ca'-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOl'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. One Hundred and Thirty-first Infan- try. Organized in September, 1SG2, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with S15 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1803, it was consolidated with the Twentj--nintli Infantrj-. and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hindred and Thirty-second Ixfan- TKY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from Juue 1, 1SC4. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chiciigo, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 18G4. One Hundred and TniRTY-TmRD Intan- TRY. Organizeil at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days. May 31, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1804, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Inf.\n- TKY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was a.ssigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mastered out of service, Oct. 23, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty'-fifth Infan- try. Mustered in for 100-days" service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1804, having a strength of 852 men. It was chiefly engageil, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1804. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Inf.vn- TRY. Enlisted about the first of Jlay, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia. 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal ser\-ice was garrison duty, witli occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. -Vt the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- charged eight days later One Hundred and Thirty-seven-th Infan- try'. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. "Was ou duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. Onte Hundred and Thirty eighth Inf.^n- TRY Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 21, 1804, for 100 days; was lu-isigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Mis.souri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14. 1864. One Hundred -vnd Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1804; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It wiis mastered out at Peoria, Oct. 2.5, 1S04, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred and Fouetieth Infantry. Organized as a lOO-daj-s" regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs,and in garrison duty ut Memphis. After the term of enlistment liad expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of General Price through Missouri ; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after serving about five months One Hundred and Forty-first Ixfajj- TRY. Mustered into service as a 100-days" regi- ment, at Elgin. June 10, 1804 — strength, 842 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1804; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-second Inf.»j«- TRY. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 Jays, June 18. 1864. It wiis ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1804, the men having voluntarilj- serred one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty--third Infan- try". Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1804, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison dut}', and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 26. 1864. One Hundred and Forty-foihith Infan- try'. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment ; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1805. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Inf.vn- TRY. Mustered info service at Springfield, June 9, 1864; .strength, 880 men. It departed for the field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. One Hundred and Forty'-sixth Inf.v>'- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1865. One Hundred aa'd Forty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison dut}', in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 23, 1866, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn; arrived at'Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry'. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final paj'ment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at tlie suiTender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. One Hundred and Fifty-second Infaj^- TRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year ; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-third Inf.\n- TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. IS, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 22 ; was paid oft and dis- cliarged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty'-sixth Infan- try. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its histoiy, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of seven companies. A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Slissouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry'. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This nmuber was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major jjart of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the S68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 22, 18G.5, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 180G. Third Cav.vlry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company officers and enlisted men, imder the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 18G1; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge. Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. Tlie remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. o, 18C4. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, CampbelLs- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 180.), engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest Tlie regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 180.1. ForuTH Cav.vlry. Mustered into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Sbiloh; in the siege of Corintli, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1H04. By order of the War Depart- ment, of .Tune 18, 180."), the members of the regiment wliose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861 ; took part in the Jleridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other ix)ints. On Jan. 1, 1804, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 186.1, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissi])pi and Louisiana, tlie siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Mo.scow (Tenn), We.st Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1804; wiis mustered out at .Seliiia, Ala., Nov. 5, ISO.'i, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle); in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.)., and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non- veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 186.5 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, isar,. Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1801. The regi- ment w;vs ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Hill, Malvern IliU, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, .Soutli Mountain, Antietam. Fredericks- burg, Sulpliur Springs, AVarrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, AN'illiams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Che.ster Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 186.'>, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mastered in, November 30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wjatt, .Saulshury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc. Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville. Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter pail of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 'i'>, 1861; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La), Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 18G4,_a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, the non-veterans accompanying General Banks in Iiis Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 186.'), the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1,80.5, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Ele\-esth Cavalry. Robert G. IngersoU of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalrj-, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, v^ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was first under tire at Shiloh. It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863 ; tlie non- veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cav.\lry. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1862, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Fom'th Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba. Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13. 1865. Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap. in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, Jul}' 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Foi't Dohelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion,, the two conipanies named thenceforth being known as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- ous skirnrishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November aud December, 1805, at Leaven- worth, Elan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who liaJ previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of tliis regi- ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 18«1, but not mustered into tlie three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Sliiloh, ■Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Xa.shville, and mustered out July 3. 18G.5, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1801. en- gaged at Belmont. Fort Donelson. Shiloh. in the siege of Corinth and at La (irange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chicka.saw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Batterj' A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 2, IHO.i. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 18G1 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 2S, ISO."), at Cliicago. Batter}' E was organized at Camp Douglas aud mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861; was engaged et Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1804. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 2.5, 1802. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 180.5. Battery G was organizeil at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1801 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1805. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1.^02; i)arti('ipated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg. and in the Atlanta campaign, the '"March to the Sea," and through the Caroliuas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1802; wiis engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1804, and was mustered out, July 20, 1805. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and iuustered in, Jan. 9. 1802. participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- man ider at Chicago in July. Biittery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1802, for three years. It .served through the Chickaraauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took pdrt in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1804, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consi-sted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service. May '23, 1801 ; .served in Mis.souri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Batter)- D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E w;is organized at St. Louis, Mo., in Augu.st. 1801, and mustered into service. August 20. at that jioint. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in. Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out. July 27, 1865. at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- ceraljer, 1801, and mustered in. Dec. 31, 1801; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield. July 29, 1805. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and niu.stered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10. in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perry ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Jlountain, Mis.sionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31. 1803; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vioksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1863; participated in the ad- vance on Corinth, tlie battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blouutsville and RogersviUe, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1863, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 5,368 miles and traveled by rail 1,331 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 39, 1803, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksbui'g, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss. ) ; also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three years, August 31, 1863, numbering 199 men and oflScers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Stubges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Jlr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered into service. May 0, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as bodj'- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A portion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 35, 1863. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions and misrule wliich had cliaracter- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were tlie injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along tlie South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population liad been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large arm}' to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, throvigh negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island ; but all suggestions in this direction liad either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which found expression in iiietisures proposed in Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados,"' coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the letter — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24. 1S98. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following ilay, and w;is anchored at a point designated by the S|)aiii.'5h commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destro}-ed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outriglit by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized worlil, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetr!fted against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on JIarch 9, of an appropriation placing §.50,000,000 in the liands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were: An order, under date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations; the departure, on April 9, of Consul-fleneral Fitzhugh Lee from Havana ; April 19. the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the Presiilent to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an iiltiniatum in accordance with this act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- ton; April 23, the issue of a call by the President for 125,000 voluuters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following; May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey "s squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Wiishington, of the ternis on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms bj' Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol; September 9. the aijpointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain ; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the i)eace treaty, including the recognition bj- Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sirt News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington, Kj'., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front"— remained until Sept. 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disiippoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Si)ringfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1.213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Reglment Illixois Yoluxteer Ix- F.\XTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren. Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Ya. ; July 5 the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General 3Iiles" exiiedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 2"), and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on Septemlier 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 2.5, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Ixf.\xtry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalions of this regiment reixirted at Spring, field. .April 27. with 33 officers and 7Co enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57 » mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. MarciLs Kavanagh, May 18, 1898 ; on May 28 started for Camji Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,200 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield imder the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being comijosed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll sliowing 1,19.5 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Blooinington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by wa}- of New York; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to dut}', but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The majqr part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,326 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James E. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,09.5 men and 46 officers. From Augusta tlie several companies returned to their resjiective home stations. Tlie Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in at Springfield. May 21. 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Slieridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,1.58 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 8* men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 30. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanioo on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua- yama on the 12th. News of peace having bepn received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where- it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Nav.\l Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the ser%dce. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnisliing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. Jolm McNulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a bod}', taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eighty-eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these being promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HLSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachineiit of over 200 left Chicago May ~, under the c-oriiinanJ of Lieut. Com. John JI. Ilawley, followed .soon after \>y the reniaimler of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 207, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Molina, o8 from Quincy, and 63 from Alton — making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, wlio enlisted for service in the navy during the war, wliich raised the whole number for tlie State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from tliat of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key AVest, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fift}--two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Sijuadron. Tliey saw serv- ice in nearly every department from tlie position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47; the Harvard with 2't; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; ^Vilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one eacli. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera"s fleet off Santiago, as also in netvrly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most e.xposed. They were mustered out at different times, iis they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization umler the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with heacUiuarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Cliicago. W.VRl), James H., ex-Congressman, was horn in Cliicago. Nov. 30, 1853. iiiid educiited in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1S73. Three yesirs later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession m his native city. In 1S70 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WI.VXKBAGO I.NDIAXS, a tribe of the Da- cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern lUinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the Frencli alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes becau.se they had come from the western ocean — the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of tlie Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the Litter, who surpassed them in imm- bers rather tlian in bravery. Tlie invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- iioiis.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. AVhile, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet. '' General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Cliion brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See IViiuiebago ^\'ar.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely becau.se of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying ejist of the Slississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many sliiftings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebrivska, where tlieir industry, thrift and peaceable e of Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- hahs. " and were sjxjken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chipjiewas and Potta- watomies. The AVeas were, at one time, brave and warlike; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58i constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. Tliis they ultimately sold, and, under the leader-ship of Baptiste Peoria, united witli their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the lUi-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Mia III is: Pia nkesli a ws. ) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1803, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, 111., about 1838 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1843 to "46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and "48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two j'ears later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile Inisiness. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of liis age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1T95; served as a soldier in the War of 1813, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards. Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 33, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three j^ears. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 ; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862. WEBSTEB, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a .time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being rained by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the lUi • nois & Michigan Canal, and. the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865. but, resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where lie spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1873 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 682 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, jVssistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1873, was apixjinted Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 12, 187G. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jes-saniiiie County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1828, educated at Traiisjlvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847. and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1804 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and "85. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, AVashiugton, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academj- and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the s;une State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harri.son, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852.53, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 18G1 he resigned his seat in the LegisLiture to accept tlie position of United States District .attorney for tlie Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 18G0 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of tlie United States Court of Claims at Washington — a jwsition which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Jlr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which e.xtended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that da}-, especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed to- meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. WELLS, .Vlbert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock. Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood his familj- removed to New Jersej-, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank. N. J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the -Senate, where, by reelection in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to tlie Fortieth General Assem- blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a Ikiv of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted him, giving liim his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manluKid. He was highly esteemed by tlie tribe as a warrior, and. in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally liimself with tlie whites. Leaving the Miamis. he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a l)ody-guard to the non- combatants on their proiK)sed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his duskv warriors behind HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 583 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn. , Feb. 27, 1813 ; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andover and Newburyport, and. finally. Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies ; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,0.53; (1900), 1,486. WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was born at ■ Sandwich, N. H. , March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat, ' ' which had been estabhshed by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became projjrietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 18G4. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movenaent, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesbm'g, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving niae j'ears. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in which she held the position of President ; was also Pi-esident, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IIVSAIVE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22, 1895. Tlie Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of 810(1.000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 584 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at $40,000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and live and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago. Burlington & Quinoy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for HOO patients. WESTERN .MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison Countj-, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1H9T-98, with property valued at .570,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besiili's prei>aratory and business cour,ses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and rejwrted 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 1.1 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 4.")1; (IHOO), 602. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1881? througli the munificence of Dr. Toluian Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a scliool for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, -which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. Protes- tant Episcopal Bisho]) of the Dioce.se of Illinois. WESTl'I ELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston; seat of Westlield College; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 miles northeast of Albion; has .1 bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Di^-. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago. Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before her. WHEATOX, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, "'-l miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water-v.crks plant (costing .SOO.OOO) and has a public library valued at §75.000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see) Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900). 2,345. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton. Du Page County, and imder Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tereil under its present name in 1860. Its early e.xistence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having 854,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating §136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen profes-sors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, miisii- and classical literat\iro, WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D.,clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov, 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary. Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republic;in"' and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61); was United States Con- sul at Geneva. Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 585 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature"' (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in tlie State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1893 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WHEELINdc, a town on tlie northern border of Cook Count}', on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. AVHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of ]\Iajor, in 1815 was ajipointed military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where lie died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included in Hull's sm-render at Detroit in 1812. After liis exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh JIassachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the W^ilder- ness imtil the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own accoimt, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 18.53 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an intere.st in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, Jnllus, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily .serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability. 58G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in March, lyG.>, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 12, 1890. WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State, and bounded on tlie east by the Wabash River; was organized in 181C, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, liighly pixjductive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal imlustrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county -seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880). 2.3,087; (1890). 2.1.00.1; (1900), 2-5,380. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 6.1 miles north of St. Louis and 2-1 miles south-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power sy.stem nurseries and fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded .school, two banks and three newspapers— one daily. Pop- ulation (1M9(»), 1,901; (19IIII), 2.0;W. WHITEHOrSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New Y'ork until 18.11, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 18.52. In 1867, by invitation of tlie Archbislxip of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churcluuan and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Cliicago. August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COr>'TY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River; created by act of the Legislature pas-sed in 183G, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River cro.sses the county and furnishes abundant water jwwer for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrajjping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interest.s. besides saw and planing mill.s. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereaLs are e.vtensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison. Sterling. Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880).. 30.88.5; (I8;)0), 30 8.54: (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the pre.sent limits of Jlonrce County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and wa.s active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 181.1. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William 11. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that covmty in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1.837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duehi. ) niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twentj'-sixth General Assembly (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1863 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fiftli Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no pxiblic office, but was a member of the Repviblican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City. May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike Count}', and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an vuiusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died. Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111. , where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawj-er, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in tlie office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,4.50 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 32, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia. 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1830-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-38). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111., 588 IIISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. and, in 1S44, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University. Galesburg, in Ib.jT, lie began reading law witli Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. lie was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, liefore commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter lie opened an ofSce at Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He sen-ed two terms in the Legislature (18G3-6T) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Tliird Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (CoL) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Sniithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 18il. came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enli.sted for the Mexican War. as a member of tlie Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chieflj' in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 18.53; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the liardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjimction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Asliley, with which he was connected until 1860. when he removed to Makanda. Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disableil by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately ai>pi)inted Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until 5Iay, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served iw Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candiilate for Count}' Judge of Jackson Count}-, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda. Jack- son County, where he died. March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in .Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war corre.spondent of "The New York Time&" In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto, " and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism." published sliortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIX, Jacob Vi'., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 13 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scbolfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872. be was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Ajipellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for tlie profession of the law, and, after a course of study under Judge William Tliomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 589 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1838, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of eacli of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which oocm^red, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1T78; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 181.5, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from tliat county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first as Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh. Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, fleshy, of jovial di.sposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County." Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUNTY, a northeastern couuty, em- bracing 8.50 square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1839, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sao Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the countj'-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880), .53.433; (1890). 63,007; (1900), 74,764. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Churcliville, N. Y., Sept. 38, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 1863, accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 slie was Professor of Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was always an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify herself with tlie Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Correspondnig Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary slie organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard was a prolific and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 590 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in Xew York, Feb. 18, ISKS. WILLARI), Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, . Vt.. Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant ot Maj. Simon Willard. one of the founders of Concord, Mass.. and prominent in "King Philip's War," and of his son. Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old South Church. Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch was taken in liis infancy to Boston, and. in 1831, to CarroUton, 111., where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1830 he entered tlie freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew tlie following year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Sujienntendent of Public Instruction and President of Ivnox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quinc}-, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign pajjer ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed toCollinsville, 111., remaining until 18.57, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (180-) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventli Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the fii-st attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by a:n attack of paralj-sis, in February, 1863, he was comi)elled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the office of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, wliere he remained until tlie close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois — a position which he had held from 18.">0 to 1802 —remaining under his second appoint- ment from 186.1 to "69. The next j'ear he served as Sui)erintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meimtinie, Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," acou- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he w;is Grand Secre- tarj' of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 and "82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical Chart,"' covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has bad a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Ttailnxid.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarsliip; con.scientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jjirist, was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law. and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828. coming to Quincy. 111., the following year. He was elected to the General As.sembly three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861. L'uited States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy. Sei)t. 21, 18G3 — His son, John 11., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abrnhani Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS. Erastns Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem. N. Y.. May 22, 1821. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law. he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 office he filled until 1863. when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. After re-election in 18T0 he became Chief Justice, and, at the same time, lieard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the party ticket. After liis retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was born in White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity, at Bloomington, and, in 187G, from the Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer mercliant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found employment as clerk in tlie store of Major Elijali lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 23, continuing it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of tlie intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martj'red President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career — being one of the founders, and, for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Raihoad, and the Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, and an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 1865 to his death. May 29, 1890. WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1855. After taking a course in the Albany Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later forming a partnership with Gea. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the death of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; also assisted in organizing the Western Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library." With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of tlie Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent ; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 — his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, bom Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa. , his grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- ton in the same State, where in boyhood he worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in tlie winter until 692 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Ui' ILLINUI.-?. he readied the age of 17 j-ears. when he entered Washington College, remaining for more tlian a year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 went to Kentucky, where lie pursued the busine.ss of a teacher for four years. Then he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same time pro.secuting liis law studies, but left at the close of his junior year, when, having been licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, the loan of a law library, wliich he afterwards purchased; served for two years as State's Attor- ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where he spent the remainder of his life in tlie practice of his profe-ssiou. Mucli of his time was devoted to practice as a raihoad attorney, espe- cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Rjiilroads, in which he acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- long Democrat and. in 1808, was the unsuccessful candidate of liis party for Attorney-General of the State. The last three years of his life he had been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 15, 1899. WIIiLIAMS, Saniiifl, Bank President, was born in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1S20; came to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1843, removed to Iroquois County, where lie held vari- ous local offices, including that of County Judge, to which he was elected in 18G1. During his later years lie had been President of the Watseka Citizens' Bank. Died, June Hi, 1896, >VILLIAMS()X, Rollin Samuel, legislator and jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In two years he had become a skillful operator, and, as such, was eiii]iloyecl in various offices in New England and New York. In 1857 he came to Chicago seeking employment and, through tlie fortunate correction of an error on the jiart of the receiver of a message, secured the position of operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook County. Here he read law during his leisure time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was admitted to the bar. The same year he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, and. in 1887, was chosen a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- gust 10, 1889. WILLIAMSOX COUNTY, in the southern part of the State, originally set off from Franklin and organized in 1839. The county is well watered. the principal streams being the Big Muddy and the Soutli Fork of the Saline. Tlie surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The region w;is originally well covered with forests. AU tlie cereals ^as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 22.226; (1900), 27,796. WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- ty, on Chicago it Alton Railroad, 12 miles north of Springlield : has a bank, elevator. 3 churches, a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900). 573. WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought to Gallatin County, lU., in 1834, and settled at Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope County in 1856. removed to Metropolis in 1859, and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission busine.ss. He entered the service as Quarter- master of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers in 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of injuries, in 1863; was elected Representative i" the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving until 1S93. WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles north of Chicago, on the Cliicago & Northwestern Railroad, a handsome suburb of Cliicago on the shore of Lake Michigan; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2.300. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded .school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows" Home. Popu- lation (1890), 1,576; (1900). 1,420. WILSON', Charles Lush, journalist, was Irarn in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L.. having assumed charge of '"The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor of "The Chicago American"), in 1844. Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was appointed Secretary of the American Legation at London, serving witli the late Minister Charles Francis Adams, until 1864, when lie resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three years later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex., in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publislier of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with his brother John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe. " and, a few years later, a story of travel under the title, "Short Ea vei- lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. — John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "The Chicago Joiu'nal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 1888. WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838, and the same j^eav came to Chicago, whither his father's family had preceded him in 1835. After reading law for two j'ears, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an office at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, and re-elected for a full terra in 1855, and again in '61. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resimied his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of whicli tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James tJrant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, and, when only a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Pouglikeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavaliy, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 1803, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to tlie stafi' of the Commander of the Department of tlie Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. Wlien General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New York. He is best known as an author, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck''; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends'', and " Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. " WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 5fJ4 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during tlie Civil War, and as Solicitor of tlie United States Tre.isury during the "whiskj- ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being a.ssigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Roj-al expedition until March, IHOi; was afterwards attached to the Department of the South, being ju'esent at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in Novemlier, 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1803, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Mi.ssionarj- Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of tlie Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1804, under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he .so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 18C5, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1806, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was apjxiinted, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the autlior of "China; Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hamjishire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 182-1 — the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern anc^ the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 18.53-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1808. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was lK)rn in White- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he w;is retained as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in W;ishington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, removed to Athens (now in Menard County). 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon Coimty. known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the removal of tlie State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, wiis aiipointed PaynicUster by Lincoln, serving at AVashington, St. Louis, and. after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County. 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Su.siiuehanna County. Pa., Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art. then studied law and was admitted to the liar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich., where he served as Probate Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 595 and State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a teiTor to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence. Mich., Dec. 23, 1883. WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in Loudoim County, Va. , April 27, 1794 ; studied law with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the earlj' part of the century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to IlUnois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home during the remainder of liis life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held office only about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1843 — a period of over twenty-nine j-ears, and, with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in the history of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound and discriminating." WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded ift 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important .shipping- point, having three grain elevators, two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court house, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; (1900), 1,711. WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- east of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 768; a890). 888; (1900), 866. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 9, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was oomi^elled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for bravery on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report strongly advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison Association, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 590 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, wliicli he now holds. He is the author c'f "Crime and Reformation" (1895); of a voluminous series of reports; also of numer- our. ])amplilets and brochures, among which may- be mentioned "Tlie Count}' Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane ID the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" (1888). WIXES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. "Wines), was born in Bo.ston, M;uss.. Oct. 10, 1848, received his jinmary education at Willi.s- ton Academ}', East Ilamnton, Mass., after which lie entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law deiKirtment of Columbia College. N. Y., graduating in 1871, being admitted to the bar the siime year anil commencing practice in New York City. In 187!) became to Springlield. HI., and was, for a time, identilied witli the bar of that city. Later, he removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged in literary and journalistic work. WI>XEBA«0 COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin State line ; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 552 sijuare miles. The county is draineil by the Rock and Peeatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, tlie quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and bulT limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the eiist, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see Jioch-ford.) Population (1880), 30,.5O5; (1890), 39.f«S; (lliOU), Al.sio WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm w:is intense. Tlie meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. I5e.sides the infantry, Atkin.son had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of tlie di-sturbiince was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Cliippewiis, who were (by treat}) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galena, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort SuelUng, which had anchored near Prairie du Cliien and opjiosite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken sijuaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors a.ssembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first p;issed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces [irevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief. Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves iis hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Reil Bird, liowever, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of suiierior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For irinjifbagro /j?rfm»i., John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798— his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had'served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of tlie ujiper house of the .Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in mn9 on the siiiiie ticket with Governor Bissell. and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H.) lie was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1801. In February of that year he was appointed one of the live Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1><(H. he wiis commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He was literal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincj- erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriate!}' dedicated. July 4. lH8:i. WOODFORD COr>TY, situated a little north of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area. 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal fieUl of the State. Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Miuonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, jiotatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHl'LL, a village of Henry County, on Keithsburg branch Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 1.") miles west of Galva; has a bank; electric lights, water works, brick and tile woiks, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was l«>rn in AaUmrg, Denmark. March 11, 1844; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the L'nited States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and. after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some jeais later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1890. Died, in Elgin .\sylum for the liis;ine. March IS, 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville. Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike County, but subsequentlj- residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his lionie from 1849 to '."iS; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri until 1801, when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. CuUom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted bj- Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from whicli he went to the field as Adjutant of tlie Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters." After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "March to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguished liiniself, as also in the talking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1807 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- lic; also Ste])henson. Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows: hbanquarters department of illinois Grand Ahmy of the Republic. SPKINGFIELD, ILL.. APRIL 1, 186fi. General Orders ' No. 1. \ The following named officers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordingly: Colonel Jules C. Webber. A.D.C. and Chief of Staff. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert M. Woods. Adjutant-General. Captain John A. Lightfoot. Assistant Adjutant-General. Cap'ain John S. Phelps. Aid-de-Camp. By order of B. F. Stephensou, Department Commander. Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. Major Woods afterwards organized the various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished the money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, but is now engaged in financial business in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the former place. WOODSOX, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was boru in Je.s.samine County, Ky., May 18, 1806; was educated in private schools and at Transylvania University, and read law with his father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at CarroUton, Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, eight churches, four banks, three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory is located here ; the town is also the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 1,683; (1900), 2,502. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching three }'ears, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged in various other branches of business at different times, including the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reappointments, for twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- cratic members of that bodj' who voted for the ratification of the Emanciimtion Amendment of the National Constitution. He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 600 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 19, INOI. WORUEN, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, J^uisville & St. Louis Railways. 33 miles northeast of St. Louis. Population (IHilOi, .522; (lilOO), ol4 WORLD'S COLrMBIAX EXPOSITION. An exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chit;ago, between May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 188.5, in a resolution adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6. 1888, the first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in ".securing the location of an international celebration at Chi-, (•ago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Jlayor Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the bodj' thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of the Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were instructed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, was the first President of tlie corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. Tn addition to these bodies, certain powers were Tested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the city of Chicago. Sirs. Potter Palmer was cho.sen Presiilent of the latter. Tliis Board was particu- larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exjwsition. and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as the "Midway Plais;ince, ■■ which was surrendered to "conces- sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- booths thereon. The total area of the site was ()33 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- ing those erected bj- States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments — was about 200 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand totaL Forty -seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of theii" own buildings and other expenses connected with official represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty -six nations. The L'nited States Government erected its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides §2,500,000 toward the general co.st of the Exjwsi- tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments aggregated about $0,500,000, and those by the States and Territories, $0,120,000— that of Illinois being §800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31. 1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- tion, constniction, operating and jwstExposition expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, whicli would swell the aggregate cost to nejirly §45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed §5.608,200 toward the cajiital stock of the Exjjosi- tion Comiwny. and the municipality, §5,000,000, which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See Thirty-sLrth General Axuemhly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, w!us, when chosen, a marshy flat, cros.sed by low sand ridges, iijion which stood occasional clumps (if stunted scrub oaks. Before tlie gates of the great fair were opened to the public, the entire areii had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape giirden- er's art hid lieen called into play to produce South MAP OF THE GROUNDS OF THE yjOjKhyS pOJ.UM;^IAJ^ EXj'OpjION AT Jackson Park showing the General Arrangement of Buildings and Grouuds 1893. I f- ■r. c S X r. O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 601 varied and striking effects. But the task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Jlining, Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestry buildings, and the !Music Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of 81,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1893, the quadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequentl}-, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that day, preceded by a monster procession and followed b}- elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night. May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of admissions fi-om that date to Oct. 31, was 37,530,400— the largest for any single da}- being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151,168.75, of which §10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500.000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exijosition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. Tlie Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the days of tlae first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15.000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors previously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1843, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and, after coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As St.ate Geologist he published seven volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. These reports, which are as comprehensive as they are voluminous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this country and Europe. In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History Musemn were established. Professor Worthen being placed in charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. -WORTHIXGTOX, Xicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa. . studied Law at Morgan- town, 'Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer: was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1873, and a mem- 602 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from ISU'J to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 188G he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Pliilij) Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1801, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that yejir at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, wlio oi>ened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the fir.st school building in Chicago; in 1840 e.stabli.shed ""The Prairie Planner," which he con- ducted for many years in the interest of pojiular education and progre.ssive agriculture. In l!S.")2 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, '"Chicago; Pa.st, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago. Sept. 20. 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 18.54; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented pluralit}' of 133.427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago. Rock Islan, he wa-s employed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a mes.senger and route agent of the L^nited States Express Coniiiany. In 1872 he e.stablished him- self in business in Quincy, 111., in wliich he provevl very succe.ssful. Here he became prom- inent in local Grand Army circles, aneing retained in ofBce by a Republican administration more than a rear after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 607 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1893, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted — • which indicated his views on the financial ques- tions involved in the campaign of that year. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 185.5. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large land- holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriflfi while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, was box-n within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the War of 1813, was married in Bourbon Count3s Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionarj' War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda. which became the county-seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raura ; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, wlio was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. OALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- seller and a railway promoter, was born at E.xeter, N. H., March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston; came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in that city, which, in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Department, retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 he was as.sociated with W m. B. Ogden and John B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in conjunction with these gentlemen, became responsible for the means to purchase the charter and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in the construction of the branch road from Turner Junction to Aurora, became President of the line and ex- tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of the Chicago, Burlington &. Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of the State Government, serving until his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Nortliwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived there the remainder of his life. His early life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about the sources of the Mississippi. During the War of 1813 he was able to furnisli Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- master at Caliokia for a number of jears, and was Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of which he is a member having been connected witli the construction of a number of large build- ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884, being elected to the oflSce of Major, which he retained until January, 1893, when he was appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff of General Wheeler. A year later he was com 608 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position wiiich he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to serve in the Spanish- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at the head of his regiment ejirly in May. The regiment was almost immetliately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for tlie city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, tlien stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havana. In the latter part of March he returned with his regiment to Augusta, tia.. where it was mustered out, April 20. 1899, one year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moulton resumed liis business as a contractor. SHERMAN', Lawrence Y., legislator and Speiiker of the Forty-first General ^Vssembly, was born in Miami County, Oliio, Nov. 6, 18.')8; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, liis parents settling at Industry, McDonough County. When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he grew to manhood, received his education in the common schools and in the law department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb. McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team uix)n the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in poUtics, was elected County Judge in 188(1, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. TunniclilTe and D. G. Tunnicliffe, ex- Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assemblj-, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; waa nominated and elected in 189fi, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the Forty-first General Assemblj-, was noniinuted by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of the Forty-second in 1901. VIXYARl), Philip, early legislator, was bom in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an early day, and settled in Pope County, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General .V.ssemblies. He married Mi.ss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as Slieriff of Pope County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- conda, iu lHQ'i, SUPPLEMENT NO. II. BLACK H.VWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under tlie name of "The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the wliites and Indians, as well as the most far reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1813-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his " British father." Tlie outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United .States Government, No- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the nortli, Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi on the west, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than §2,. 500 in goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 i)er an- num in perpetuitj-. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it had originally been entered into by their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 609 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, during wliicli they had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxication, it liad been repeatedly reaf- firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially in 1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lauds ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the early part of the last centur}', it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians untler the treaty of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, their lodges 'ijurned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting fi-om these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1.828, to demand of the General Government the exjjul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Faruham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, tlie Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and then- annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophefs Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were Imrried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, commanding the military district, thought the regulars suflSciently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the 2.'Jth of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2,. 500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- CIO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30. a new treaty was entered into by which he bound himself and his j)eople to remain west of the Mississi|)i)i unless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavj- expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Games, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 000 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present city of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona. a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had tlie effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle. Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify (Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a re€ N 3' HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. CHAPTER I. JO DAVIESS COUNTY IN TRANSITION. ORIGINALLY PART OF NEW FRANCE, IT PASSE.S INTO THE HANDS OF GRE.iT BRITAIN, AND IS CEDED TO THE UNITED STATES — VIRGINIA CLAIM TO THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY — ORDINANCE OF 1787 — JO DAVIESS COUNTY ORGANIZED 1827 — NAMED IN HONOR OF COL. JOSEPH HAMILTON DAVIESS, A HERO OF TIPPECANOE ORIGINAL BOUNDARIES — SKETCH OF COLONEL DAVIESS — PRESENT BOUND- ARIES ESTABLISHED IN 1836. The territory of which Jo Daviess forms a part was formerly claimed by France. Follow- ing the battle on the Plains of Abraham, near Quebec, on the 13th of September, 1759. be- tween the French commanded by Montcalm and the English under Wolfe, and as a consequence of that battle. Jo Daviess County, which was then unnamed, passed to the control of the British Commonwealth. At the close of the Revolutionary War, by the treaty of 1783, it was ceded to the United States and, as a result of Col. George Rogers Clark's conquest of Illi- nois in 1778. was claimed by Virginia. The General Assembly of Virginia on the 20th of October, 1783, passed an act authorizing the delegates of that State to convey to the United States, in Congress assembled, all the 6ig — I right of the State of Virginia to the territory northwest of Ohio river. Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy. Arthur Lee and James Monroe, having been appointed dele- gates for the Commonwealth of Virginia in the Congress of the United States, on the 1st day of March, 1784, in the name, and for and on behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia, con- veyed, transferred, assigned and made over unto the United States in Congress, then assem- bled, and for the benefit of said States — Vir- ginia inclusive — all right, title and claim, as well of the soil and of jurisdiction which the said Commonwealth of Virginia had to the ter- ritory or tract of country situate, lying and being to the northwest of the river Ohio. On July 13, 1787, Congress, sitting under the Articles of Confederation, passed an act for the government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio, which is commonly known as the Ordinance of 1787. Article 5 of said Act provided that not less than three, nor more than five States should be formed in said Territory; that the western State in said Territory should be bounded by the Mississippi River, the Ohio and the Wabash Rivers, a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincennes, due north to the Territorial line between the United States and Canada, and by said Territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi River. This included the whole of Illinois, all but a small portion of Wisconsin, a part of Michigan and a part of Minnesota. It will be observed that no name was given to said Territory by said ordinance. It was expressly provided by said ordinance that Congress should have authority to form 620 HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. one or two States in that part of said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. On the 3d day of February, 1809. Congress passed an act with reference to said Western Territory, which provided as follows: that from and after the first day of March next, all that part of Indiana Territory which lies west of the Wabash River and a direct line drawn from said Wabash River and Post Vincennes due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate Territory and be called Illinois. On the 18th of April. 1818, Congress passed an act enabling the people of Illinois to form a State government. The first Constitution of Illinois was adopted August 26. 1818, and Illinois became a State on the 3d day of December, 1818. On the 17th of February, 1827, is the first mention made, in the law, with reference to Jo Daviess County being a separate and distinct corporation. On that day a law was passed by the Legislature of Illinois. Section 1 of which provided as follows: "All Ihat tract or country lying within the following boundaries, to-wit: Beginning on the northwest corner of the State, thence down the Mississippi River to the north- ern line of the Military Tract: thence east with said line to the Illinois River; thence north to the northern boundary line of this State; thence west with said boundary line to the place of beginning, shall constitute a county; and, to perpetuate the memory of Col. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who fell in the battle of Tip- pecanoe gallantly charging upon the enemy at the head of his corps, the said county shall be called Jo Daviess." It is a little difficult to locate the first territorial boundaries of the county from the above description, as there does not exist any authentic map of the Mili- tary Tract — or at least any authentic map which is of record. A tracing of a map is on file in the General Land Office showing the area in Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, in which, by act of Congress of May 6, 1812, all military lands were to be located; but said map has no certification of authenticity, save a pencil note by the Surveyor General, that the map was received at the General Land Office November 11, 1817, and there is no evi- dence In the Land Office that the northern boundary in said map has ever been surveyed or established. The tracing of the map above referred to extends to and includes Township l.'i. Ranges 1 to 6 West, inclusive. -■Assuming this as the northern boundary of the Military Tract, the first boundary of Jo Daviess County would commence at the north- west corner of the State on the State line be- tween Illinois and Wisconsin above the city of East Dubuque, thence down the Mississippi River to the southwest corner of what is now Rock Island County: thence east, striking the Illinois River at La Salle; thence north, strik- ing the State line north of Rockton in the County of Winnebago. There would be included in said territory all of what is now Rock Island County, the north- ern portion of Henry County, the northern por- tion of Bureau County, a portion of La Salle County, the greater part of Lee County, all of Whiteside County, all of Carroll County, the greater portion of Ogle County, all of Stephen- son County, the greater portion of Winnebago County and all of Jo Daviess County as now formed. Through the courtesy of Thomas Mc- Neil, druggist, of the City of Galena. I have been shown a map now in his possession, which was published in 1830. in which the boundaries of Jo Daviess County are given as embracing all that part of Illinois lying north and west of Rock River. The northern boundary of Jo Daviess County, as shown by this map, very nearly coincides with the boundary as estab- lished by act of the Legislature of Illinois, as above set forth. Before passing to the next act of the Legis- lature bearing upon the territorial boundary of Illinois, it may be well to give a short sketch of Colonel Daviess, after whom the county was named. He was born in Bedford County, Va.. March 4. 1774, but moved with his parents to Lincoln County, Ky., in 1779. He was given an excellent classical education, was admitted to the bar in 1795. and located in Danville, that State, where he entered upon a remarkably brilliant career and soon attained a high position at the bar. It is said that he had many eccentricities; that, instead of riding the circuit as other lawyers did. he would shoulder his rifle and range the woods from town to town, usually appearing in court in hunting costume. In 1799. by rea- son of his acting as second in a duel in which one of the principals was killed, he fled to avoid HISTOiRY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 621 prosecution, and for some time was a fugitive from justice; t)ut tiiat, liearing that tiis prin- cipal had been arrested, he returned, appeared in court as his counsel and secured his acquit- tal. It is claimed that he was the first West- ern lawyer that ever argued a ease in the United States Supreme Court ; that he appeared before that tribunal in a hunting costume and gained his suit. He married a sister of Chief Justice Marshall and became United States At- torney for Kentucky, in which capacity, in 1806, he moved for an order requiring Aaron Burr to appear and answer to a charge of levying war against a nation with which the United States was at peace. Burr appeared in court with Henry Clay as his cotinsel and boldly courted investigation. Witnesses could not be procured to sustain the charge; and such was the mag- netic influence of Burr and the rising popular- ity of Henry Clay, that this act almost destroyed the popularity of Daviess. In 1811 he joined the army of Gen. William Henry Harrison as Major of Kentucky Volun- tary Dragoons, and served in the campaign against the Northwestern Indians. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, seeing that an exposed angle of Gen. Harrison's lines was likely to give way before a determined assault, he led a cavalry charge against the savages at that point. The charge was completely successful, but Daviess fell shot through the breast. Aside from being a fine scholar, an able lawyer and a gallant soldier, he was also an author, and published a work entitled: "A View of the President's Conduct concerning the Con- spiracy of 1806." It is supposed that he was of Welsh descent, but of this little is known. The Legislature of the State of Illinois, on the 16th day of January, 1836, passed an act the third section of which reads as follows: "All that tract of country within the following line and boundaries, to-wit: Beginning at a point on the Mississippi River where the northern boundary line of Township twenty-two strikes said river; running thence east along said line to the dividing line between Ranges 3, 7 and 8 of the Fourth Principal Meridian; thence north along said boundary line to the northern bound- ary of this State; thence west with said line to the Mississippi River; thence down the Mis- sissippi River to the place of beginning, shall constitute Jo Daviess County." The boundary of Jo Daviess, as thus established, would take in the whole of Carroll County, a part of Ogle County, the west half of Stephenson and the whole of Jo Daviess County, as now formed. Afterwards several legislative enactments were passed creating Carroll, Stephenson and Ogle Counties, which confined Jo Daviess County to its present limits, and which may be properly described as follows: Commencing at the extreme northwest boundary of the State at the northwest corner of fractional Section 17, Range 2 West; thence south along the Mis- sissippi River to the south boundary of Section 31, Township 26 North, Range 2 East; thence east to the southeast corner of Section 33, Town- ship 26 North, Range 5 East; thence north to the State line between Illinois and Wisconsin; thence west to the place of beginning. The general boundaries of this area may be de- scribed as follows: On the south by Carroll County, on the east by Stephenson County, on the north by Wisconsin and on the west by the Mississippi River. CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. .SURFACE AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES — PRINCIPAL STREAMS — SOIL AKU ITS PRODUCTS — SCENERY — MINERAL WEALTH. The physical characteristics of Jo Daviess County are peculiar and, in some respects, . rather remarkable. The land generally is roll- ing and, as a rule, there is not a great quan- tity of what is known as prairie land. The general dip of the county is toward the south and west, generally terminating in a high bluff along the banks of the Mississippi River. It contains within its borders the highest point in the State of Illinois. Many of the hills of the county are conical in form and one of them, called "Pilot Knob," has been a mark for pilots on the Mississippi River ever since that stream has been navigated along the borders of the county. Many of its hills or mounds are capped with Dolomitic Niagara Limestone. Under this lies the green and blue shale and limestone of the Cincinnati Group, but the great bed-rock of the county is the Galena Limestone. 622 HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. The principal streams in the county are the Ualena River. Smallpox Creek, the Sinsinawa River. Plum River, Apple River (the latter, with its branches, being the longest river in the county). Big Rush Creeic, and Little and Big Menominee. Nearly all of these streams flow in a .southwesterly direction and water nearly the entire county. The Sinsinawa River flows through portions of Vinegar Hill, the Menominee through the west part of Rawlins and West Galena Town.s. The Galena River flows through Council Hill. Vinegar Hill, along the east portion of the Town of Rawlins, and divides East and West Galena. The SmalliM5x flows through Guilford. East Galena and Rice. Apple River, with its branches (one of which is called Mill Creek, another Hells Branch, others Clear Creek, Wolf Creek, Coon Creek and Welch Creek), waters the Towns of Scales' Mound, Apple River, Guilford, Thompson, War- ren, Rush, Nora, Woodbine. Elizabeth and Han- over. Big Rush Creek, with its branches, waters Stockton, Rush, Woodbine and Derinda. Plum River, with its branches, waters Stock- ton, Ward's Grove, Pleasant Valley and Berre- man. So that every township within the county has some stream, either rising within its bor ders or passing through it, which leads directly to the Mississippi River, generally flowing into that stream in a southwesterly direction. Many of these streams — namely, the Sinsinawa. Galena River. Smallpox and Apple River— were formerly navigable for a considerable distance from their mouths. The soil of .lo Daviess County is generally a black loam, and there is no kind of grain or fruit that can be grown in this latitude which the county cannot produce. A large percentage of the timber of the county is oak, although other varieties exist to a considerable extent ; but these are now being rapidly cut off for fuel and railroad ties. and. unless such destruction ceases, it will not be many years before .lo Daviess County will he almost void of timber. It has been noted that, for several years past, timber that has been left standing has. for some cause, ceased to live; but what that cause is has not, as yet, been fully determined. Some attribute it to a small insect, while others claim it is due to a lack of moisture in the soil: but. whatever the cause, steps should be taken to prevent its further ravages and thus protect the timber from entire destruction. The Town- ship of Menominee was formerly heavily wooded, with few farms within its borders; now the timber, excepting along the bluffs, has been almost entirely destroyed and the land is used for agricultural purposes. And what is said of Menominee is true of every other town in the county. .Jo Daviess County also abounds in mines, of which we shall speak more in detail later on. and it is claimed that lead ore, to a greater or less extent, has been found in every town in the county. The county is peculiarly adapted to the rais- ing of all kinds of stock, as both upland and meadow grass can be found in every town in the county. For agricultural purposes and mineral wealth Jo Daviess County has not its superior in the State. The county has never been thoroughly examined by geologists, but there seems now to be an awakening to its vast resources, and there is reason to believe it will soon take its posi- tion as one of the wealthiest counties in the Stale, Nature has been lavish of her gifts to the county: some of the most beautiful scenery along the banks of the Mississippi is to be found within its borders; untold wealth lies beneath its surface, while its soil will produce in abun- I.\XS AS WORKERS OF THE MIXES — (iAI.EXA RIVER FIRST KXOWX AS MIXE RIVER — EARLY TRADER.S AXn MIXE OPERATORS — FIR.«iT PERMANENT SETTLEMENT OX SITE OF GALENA. It is not known, and cannot definitely be ascertained, who were the first occupants of the territory within the bounds of what is now ,To -Daviess County. HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 623 It is more than probable that what is now known as Galena River was discovered by the French trader Pierre Le Sueur, who is said to have visited the mines long before any perma- nent settlement was made. That lead-mines existed near the site of the present city of Galena prior to 1810 is fairly well established; but they were worked by the Indians and the product of the mines were used only for the purpose of making bullets. It is also probable that traders and trappers made annual visits to the mines near Galena prior to 1820. There is on file with the Secretary of State at Spring- field an old map. published in 1820, wherein Galena River is named "Mine River;" but just how it came to be called Mine River is not definitely known, and it is more than probable that many people visited the mines who left no record of their visit. The late John Lor- rain in his life-time published a short history of Jo Daviess County, in which he says that, "in 1820, one Jesse Shull and Samuel Muir opened a trading-post near the present site of the city of Galena, which was then called Jan- uary's Point, and by this name was known to the early settlers. The supposition is that, prior to this time, one Thomas H. January, a Penn- sylvanian, had a log smelting-furnace some- where within the limits of Galena, but just where it was it is now impossible to ascertain." It is probable, also, that Julian Dubuque, after whom the city of Dubuque, Iowa, was named, visited the mihes of Galena prior to 1820. It is reasonably certain that the first set- tlement in the county was made on the banks of Galena River and was occasioned by the mines, but where the first location was is not known and cannot be definitely ascertained. An old copy of the "Gazetteer of Illinois and Mis- souri," published in 1822, speaks of a small stream twenty miles below Dubuque's mine and about seventy above Rock River, as emptying into the Mississippi, the bank of which stream and the hills are filled with lead-ore of the best quality; and that three miles below the mines is a trader's village, consisting of ten or twelve cabins, and that, at this point, the ore is smelted and sent by boats to New Orleans. It is prob- able that the trader's village above spoken of was afterwards known as Portage, which is near the junction of the Illinois Central Railroad with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago Great Western, in Section 35, Town 28, Range 1 West, and being in West Galena. It is claimed that Col. George Davenport, agent of the American Fur Company trading with the Sacs and Foxes, occupied a trading-post at Port- age, but just how long he remained there is not known. It is also claimed that the post was afterwards occupied in 1821 by Amos Farrar of the firm of Davenport, Farrar & Farnam, agents of the American Fur Company, but this does not rest upon any recorded evidence. Little atten- tion was at first paid to its agriculture, the mines being the attraction and, like all mining camps, few left any record of their location there. In the years 1822 and '23, emigrants of a more permanent character began to flock to the mines. Among them were a Dr. Samuel C. Muir, Thomas H. January, Amos Farrar, Jesse W. Shull, Francois Barthillier, A. P. Van Matre, D. G. Bates, John Connell, John Ray, James Johnson and others. It is claimed that a Mrs, Adney was the first white woman who came to the mines and located in Galena. In 1824 Lieut, Martin Thomas was appointed Superintendent of the mines on the Upper Mississippi, and authorized to grant leases and permits to smelt- ers and miners, and to farmers, provided they did not interfere with mining interests. It is claimed that the first white child born in Jo Daviess County was James Smith Hunt, who was born on the 9th day of October, 1824. There is a fairly well authenticated tradition — though not sufficient to amount to a certainty — that a white man married an Indian woman, built a log cabin and did some farming near the mouth of the Sinsiniwa River In Jo Daviess County, in the year 1810: but just who he was or where he came from it is impossible to ascer- tain. Tradition also has it that his squaw-wife informed him that her tribe had determined to kill him, and warned him to fiee; but that he refused to heed the warning and was massacred, and that his bones lie buried somewhere near the mouth of the Sinsiniwa River. From the best information obtainable, it would appear that the first permanent settle- ment made in Jo Daviess County was upon Lots 10, 11 and 12 in Block 5. east side of Galena River — which lots are directly south of the Chicago & Northwestern depot and directly west of the passenger depot of the Illinois Central Railroad — and that the person making such permanent location was Francois Barthillier (which has been corrupted into "Bouthillier"), and that a street running from 624 HISTORY OF JO D.WIESS COUXTY. said lots up past the residence of General Grant was named after him. It seems probable that he made such location about the year 1819. He was an Indian trader, and. a year or so after- wards, moved further north. It was not for some years after this that Jo Daviess County began to have permanent settlers in any great numbers. Space will not permit me to give in detail the names of all the settlers who became permanent inhabitants after the year 1S20. and no complete list of the same is obtainable. CHAPTER IV. MINING HISTORY. THE LEAD MIXES ATTK.\CT FIRST SETTLERS — l.E StEVR, A FRENCH TRADER, SEES THE MIXES IX 1700 MIXIXd REGION IX THE CROZAT (iRANT — .10 DAVIESS THEN PART OF LOflSlAXA — "BUCK IIIXE" the first DISCOVERED OTHER MI.XINti EXTERI'RISES — OtTTPl'TOFTHE MIXES FROM 1821 TO 1853 — AVERAGE PRICES OF LEAD ORE — SMELTIXO METHODS DESCRIBED DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC MINIXO A STORY ABOfT THE ORIGIN OF ILLINOIS AND MISSOIRI XICKXAMES. There is no question but that the early set- tlement of -To Daviess County was caused by its mines. Just when those mines were first discov- ered is shrouded in mystery, although it is cer- tain that a Frenchman by the name of I^eSueur saw the mines as early as the month of August, 1700. He was on a trading expedition to the Indians in what is now the State of Minnesota and, in his report of that expedition, he says he discov- ered a small river entering the Mississippi on the right side and describes it as "a river run- ning from the north, but it turns to the north- east. On the right of said river, seven leagues from the Mississippi River, is a lead mine," and he named the small river, thus discovered by him, the "River of the Mines." This river was, beyond doubt, what is now known as Galena River. The writer has exam- ined a map of the State of Illinois which was published in 1820, and Galena River is named on said map as the "River of Mines." The geography of the country was then but little known. In 1712 Louis XIV. of France granted in perpetuity to one Anthony Crozat and his heirs, all the property of the lead mine coun- try of Louisiana, which was then supposed to include the mines of what is now included within the bounds of Jo Daviess County. The best evidence obtainable points to the fact that the mine known in early history as "The Buck Mine," located on Section 8 in West Galena, on lands now owned by the Hughlett estate, was the first discovered, and is doubtless the one seen by LeSueur. It has been worked more or less up to the present time. From a short historical account of the lead mines of the Northwest, published by the New England & Galena Mining Company, other early mines near Galena are mentioned as follows: The Harris Leads; Tomlin & Burrichter; The Tomlin: The Doe; The Krengle Mine; The Gaff- ner Range; The Hog Range; The Graves; Com- stock and Rosemeyer; Wallo & Quick; Sanders & Co.; Molitore; Crumbacker; Evans & Adams; A. C. Davis; Armbruster & Co.; Ottawa Dig- gings; Drum, Rare & Co.; Benninger & Co.; P. Smith & Co.; Hostetter & Co.; Dueer & Co,; Alleniiorf & Co.; Tom Evans; Bolton; Stephen Marsden; The AUenrath; The Egan ; The J. E. Conislock; Britten & Wilkins; The Cady Range; The Roberts Range; The William Rich- ards Range; The Wilcox & Co. Range. All these, with many others of lesser note, were within a short distance of the present limits of the City of Galena, and were all good producing mines. In addition to the above there were valuable mines located in the Township of Vinegar Hill, Council Hill. Rice and Elizabeth — the latter, however, being a later discovery than those first named. At a still later date valuable mines were discovered in the Township of Rice, better known as the Black Jack Mine and the New California Diggings, and these have been worked more or less continuously up to the present time. It is rather remarkable that, up to within recent years, all of the mines in Jo Daviess County were worked for lead ore exclu- sively. The vast quantities of zinc ore, which seems to underlie all lead ore in Jo Daviess County, was considered a worthless ore — a de- spised material — and, as the miners used to express it, "it burned the mineral out." It is to be regretted that no accurate account of the output of the lead ore from said mines has been preserved, and any statement of such HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 625 output would be largely speculative; but it can be said with truth that the product has been very large. Prof. Whitney, who is perhaps the best authority on the lead-mining region, states that, from 1853 to 1859, the out-put of lead-ore from the mines of Jo Daviess County was thirty mil- lion pounds. The late Henry Green in 1875 stated that, up to that time, the out-put of the Elizabeth mines, alone, had been at least seventy-five million pounds. The late H. H. Houghton, in his work, en- titled, "The Marsden Mines" (now known as the Black-Jack Mines), states that the out-put of the mines of Vinegar Hill has now reached the enormous sum of one hundred million pounds. A writer from Galena, whose name I have not been able to ascertain, in Harper's publication for the month of May. 1866, states that the value of the lead ore, produced by the mines of Jo Daviess County up to that time, was $40,- 000,000. I give the following statement of the product of the mines in and about Galena per year, commencing with the year 1821 and closing with the year 1857. These figures are taken from reports made to the General Government and from records kept in the City of Galena by the various smelters during these years, and were given me by Mr. M. L. Johnson, of this city, through wliose courtesy I am allowed to re-produce them: Year. Pounds. Year. Pounds. 1821 to 1823 335,130 1841 32,071,410 1824 175,220 1842 31,353,680 1825 664,530 1843 39.148.270 1826 958,842 1844 43,728,040 1827 5,182,180 1845 54,494,850 1828 11,105,810 1846 51,268,219 1829 13,343,150 1847 54,085,920 1830 8.323.998 1848 47,737,830 1831 6,381,783 1849 44,025,380 1832 4,281,876 1850 38,801,230 1833 7,941,792 1851 33,188.050 1834 7.971,579 1852 28,603.960 1835 11,083,100 1853 29.806,980 1836 13,422,500 1854 29,653,190 1837 15,355,200 1855 30,125.550 1838 14,032,550 1856 30,495.780 1839 25,044,950 1857 34,183,250 1840 22,249,150 It will be seen from the above that, from the year 1821 up lo and including the year 1857, the out-put of the mines in lead-ore alone amounted to the enormous sum of over 820,- 000,000 pounds, and the value of the same has been estimated to be over $30,000,000. Since the latter date no account of the out-put of the mines has been kept that is at all reliable, but the out-put did not materially decrease until the close of the War of the Rebellion. I also subjoin herewith the average price of lead ore of the Galena mines from 1853 to 1868, both inclusive, for which I am indebted to the admir- able work of the Hon. James Shaw, now one of our Circuit Judges, on the Geology of Jo Daviess County. The price given is the price per thou- sand pounds during each year, and is as fol- lows: Year. Per 1.000. Year. Per 1,000. 1853 $37 1861 $28 1854 38 1862 40 1855 32 1863 55 1856 35 1864 75 1857 34 1865 65 1858 29 1866 60 1859 30 1867 60 1860 32 1868 55 In the above table the average price of lead- ore only is given. During the early history of the mines, ore was sold as low as $8 per thousand: and it is on record that a thousand pounds of mineral has been exchanged for a barrel of flour. In one instance, at least, five thousand pounds were given for a barrel of flour. The highest price per thousand that has been Icnown to have been paid was $110, which was during the War of the Rebellion — and this price was paid only for a short time. Since the year 1878 the aver- age price of lead-ore per thousand has not exceeded $30, and it is doubtful if it has equaled that figure. It is now (1902) $22 per thousand. The ore is found in veins and flat sheets, the horizontal veins being known to geologists as gash veins. It is found at various depths from the surface as far down as explorations have been made. The principal veins run east and west, and are known in the mines as "Easts and Wests;" other veins run north and south, and are known in the mines as "Norths and Souths." The north and south veins generally cross the east and west ranges at right angles. Besides these there are what are known as "quarterings," which usually cross the east and west crevices diagonally. Some of these quar- 626 HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. terings, so-called, run from the northeast to the southwest, and some from the southeast to the northwest: these are locally called either "ten o'clocks" or "four o'clocks." according to the direction they assume. There are also smaller crevices, which usually cross the east and west ranges in various directions; these are locally called "swithers," though just why they are so called we have not been able to ascertain. The ore found in the crevices that run east and west is generally known as "cog mineral;" that found in the veins running north and south is generally of a sheet forma- tion. It is a remarkable fact that no ore is found in any of the crevices without the same having been crossed by some other crevice, and the local expression is, "you will not find lead- ore until you strike a crossing," Just why this is so is not known. The first work done in the mines was, beyond doubt, performed by the squaws, and their method of extracting the ore from the ground where it was found attached to the rock, was to build great fires and. when the rock had been sufficiently heated, throw water upon it, thus causing it to crack and enable it to be more easily worked. It may be added that the method of working the mines is still rather primitive. The Indians reduced the ore by piling up wood, putting the ore thereon and setting the wood on fire, thus melting the ore. Many such places, called "Indian furnaces," may still be found in the county. When the white miners first came they re- duced the ore in much the same manner, only more skilfully, and their furnaces were called "log furnaces." Afterwards the Drummond fur- nace was introduced, also the cupola and the blast furnace — the latter being nothing more than the old "Scotch Hearth," a full descrip- tion of which is subjoined, taken from .Judge Shaw's geological work of ,To Daviess County. The hearth consists of a box of cast-iron, two feet square, one foot high, open at top, with the sides and bottom two inches thick. To the top of the front edge is affixed a sloping shelf, or hearth, called the work-stone, used for spreading the materials of the "charge" upon, as occasionally becomes necessary during smelt- ing, and also for the excess of molten lead to fiow down. For the latter purpose a groove, one-half an inch deep and an inch wide, runs diagonally across the work-stone. A ledge, one inch in thickness and height, surrounds the work-stone on all sides except that towards the sole of the furnace. The hearth slopes from behind forward, and immediately below the front edge of it is placed the receptacle or "melting pot," An inch from the bottom, in the posterior side of the box, is a hole two inches in diameter, through which the current or "blast" of air is blown from the bellows. The furnace is built under an immense chimney thirty to thirty-five feet high and ten feel wide at its base. Behind the base of the chimney is the bellows, which is propelled by a water- wheel, the tuyere, or point of the bellows, enter- ing at the hole in the back of the box. The fuel, which consists of light wood. coke, and charcoal, is thrown in against the tuyere and kindled, and the ore is placed upon the fuel to the top of the box. The blast of air in the rear keeps the fire burning, and, as the reservoir, or box, is filled with molten lead, the excess flows down the grooved hearth into the "melting pot," under which a gentle fire is kept, and the lead is ladled from it into the molds as is conve- nient. Before adding a new "charge," the blast is turned off. the "charge" already in is turned for- ward upon the work-stone, more fuel is cast in, and the "charge" is thrown l)ack with the addi- tion of fresh ore upon the wood. The combus- tion of the sulphur in the ore produces a large amount of the heat required for smelling. The furnace is thus kept in operation sixteen hours out of the twenty-four. The ore is of different degrees of purity, but I he purest galena does not yield, on an average, over 65 i)er cent of lead from the first process of smelting. The gray slag is very valuable, though the lead procured from it is harder than that of the first smelting. There is left about 75.000 of gray slag from each 1,000,000 pounds of ore. The slag furnace is erected under the same roof with the Scotch Hearth, and has a chimney of its own a few feet from that of the hearth, and the "blast" is secured from the same water-power by an additional blast-pipe driven by the same wheel. It consists of a much larger reservoir, built of limestone cemented and lined with clay, with a cast-iron door in front heavily barred with iron. It will burn out so as to require repairs in about three months. Open at the top. the slag and fuel are thrown in promiscuously. I'nder the iron door is an escape, and below it is the "slag-pot." This is an oblong iron basin about a foot in depth, with one- HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 627 third of its length partitioned o£E to receive the lead, which sinks as it escapes, while the slag, being lighter, {lows in a flame-colored stream forward and falls into a reservoir that is partly filled with water, which cools the slag as it is plunged therein. As the reservoir fills, a work- man shovels the scoriae into a hand-barrow and wheels it off. This scoriae is black slag and worthless, the lead having now been entirely extracted. The smelter now and then throws a shovel-full of gray slag into the furnace, which casts up beautiful parti-colored flames, while the strong sulphurous odor, the red-hot stream of slag, with the vapor arising from the tub wherein the hissing slag is plunged, the sooty smelters and the hot air of the furnace room, suggest a thought of the infernal regions. Outside, the wealth of "pigs" — not in the least porcine — gives one a sort of covetous desire, that, if indulged in, we are taught leads directly to said regions. The Scotch Hearth requires less fuel than any other furnace. It "blows out" in from six to twelve hours, while the Drummond furnace may be kept in operation night and day. The Scotch Hearth, or blast furnace, is still the one most commonly used in the lead mines. None of these furnaces were able to get all of the lead out of the ore. The father of the writer owned and operated a blast furnace on the Sinsinawa from 1S52 until 1875, and during part of that time the writer kept his father's books, and the highest percentage that he ever knew to be made in his father's furnace was 74 per cent, and his father's furnace was prob- ably an average. It is doubtful if the average percentage of lead extracted from the ore by any of the furnaces that were ever operated in Jo Daviess County would exceed sixty-eight, although it is known that a much greater per- centage of lead exists in the ore. and it is prob- able that, if all the lead that exists in the ore could he saved, the average would reach eighty- five per cent. From an old Directory of Galena, published in 1848 by E. S. Seymour, I gather that, when the Directory was published, there were twenty-four smelting furnaces within the county of Jo Daviess, but 1 am unable to give the location of all. It may not be amiss in this connection to state that, in the early history of the mines, Illinoisans ran up the Mississippi River in boats in the spring, worked in the mines during the warm weather, and returned to their homes for the winter. This was supposed to be after the manner of a certain kind of fish, and for this reason they were called "suckers" by Missouri- ans. Very soon, however, many miners from Missouri came to seek their fortune in the new El Dorado. A boat-load of these, landing at the wharf in Galena, a resident miner sang, "Hello! Missouri has taken a puke." Ever after that Illinoisans were called "Suckers," while Mis- sourians were called "Pukes" — names by which they will be called by the vulgar for some time to come. It is also a remarkable fact, when you take into consideration that ore has been discovered in every one of the twenty-three townships in the county, what a small portion of the county has been explored for ore — or "prospected, " as the mining term is. As compared with what is unexplored the explored portion is very insig- nificant. It can be stated with certainty that, if all the mines in the county were placed side by side, they would not cover more than a sec- tion of land, or six hundred and forty acres; and some idea can be gathered from this, to justify the assertion that untold quantities of ore still lie under the surface of Jo Daviess County. It can be stated with certainty, that, so tar, little or nothing has been done more than surface mining. It is also a little remarkable that the zinc ore (called by the miners, "dry-bone" and "black- jack"), which, in the earliest history of the county, was a despised material, is now being sought for more than lead ore — the reason being that, while not as valuable as the lead ore, the output, prospectively, is much greater, and companies are being formed to develop the zinc mines. A Wisconsin Company is now operating a zinc mine on the lands of Oldenburg in Section 1, about three miles from the City of Galena, which bids fair to be a mine of great value. The company is operating the mine with a view of reaching deposits much lower than have heretofore been developed, and the prospects are that the enterprise will be richly rewarded. At the California Mines in Rice Township. Har- ris & Co.. of Chicago, are developing a mine which promises large returns, in both lead and zinc ore. Within the City of Galena, Wm. Waters has been working a mine for the past two or three years, and has been rewarded with good returns in the shape of zinc ore. It is claimed that 628 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. his mine, which runs entirely through the cor- porate limits of the City of Galena from west to east, is a true "Fisher vein." His mine has been worked down to the water-level only, but has been worked at that level for a distance of over half a mile. The product has been largely zinc ore. although the mine also pro- duces some lead ore, and it is claimed with a strong probability of truth, that far greater deposits exist in those mines below the water level than have yet been developed. Mr. Waters claims that he can walk on ore at the water-level for a distance of over six hundred feet. The mines in Elizabeth Township seem to have taken on a new lease of life, but they as yet produce only lead ore. although many believe — and with good ground for such belief — that, at a lower depth under the lead ore, exists a still greater deposit of zinc ore. We shall treat of the mines of that township more at length when we speoifirally speak of the township. As before stated, so far the mines of the county have been w'orked only to a limited extent; and in no sense have they been worked to any great depth, as no mine of which the writer has any knowledge has been worked to the depth of two hundred feet. The most of the ore has been taken from a depth of less than one hundred feet from the surface. It can be safely asserted that, nowhere in the United States are there mines which offer a fairer return for capital invested, than the mines of Jo Daviess County. Thus far mining in Jo Daviess County has been prosecuted by men with limited means, and in no instance has any mine been devel- oped to any great depth. In the judgment of those whose opinion is of value, with a larger use of capital and more adequate machinery, the mines of Jo Daviess County would be found to be practically inex- haustible. Besides lead and zinc, iron ore to a consider- able extent has been found in the township of Derinda. and traces of copper have also been discovered. In one locality the writer has personally picked up specimens of quartz, and has seen "black sand." such as is found in the placer gold mines in the West, washed out of the ground, although he saw no gold. Mixed with the ores in the county is an ele- ment called sulphur, but which is really a Sul- phide. Until recently it had no commercial yalue, but now it is worth six dollars per ton, and is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Arsenic is also found mixed with the ores; but as yet has no market value. In fact, no effort has been made to save it. CHAPTER \". OFFICIAL HISTORY. KKPKKSK.\T.\TIVF..S IX COXCBESS — JO OAVIESS COfXTV IX ST.\TE COXSTITUTIOXAL COXVEX- TIOXS — REPRESEXTATIOX IX THE GEXEBAL AS- SE.MBLY. As already set forth. Jo Daviess County was not a separate and distinct corporation until the year 1827; so that those who represented the Territory in Congress only represented the territory of Jo Daviess County in a general way. Shadrach Bond was the first Delegate to Con- gress from Illinois Territory, serving in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Congresses. He took his seat at the second session of the Twelfth Congress, December 3. 1812, and served until Oct. 3. 1814. when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys. Benjamin Stephenson succeeded Bond and took his seat at the third session of the Thir- teenth Congress, Nov. 14, 1814, and served dur- ing the third session of the Thirteenth and first session of the Fourteenth Congresses, when he also was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys, April 29. 1816. Nathaniel Pope was elected the successor of Benjamin Stephenson, and entered Congress at the second session of the I'ourteenlh Congress, Dec. 2, 1816, and served during that session and the first session of the Fifteenth Congress, he being the Delegate at the time of the admission of the Territory as a State. It must he remembered that these were only Territorial Delegates, and had only the power of making speeches in Congress; they had no vote. John McLean was the first Representative in Congress from the State, taking his seat at the second session of the Fifteenth Congress. He was succeeded by Daniel P. Cook in the Six- HISTORY OiF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 629 teenth Congress, which met in December, 1819, and he continued to represent the State during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Congresses, a period of nearly nine years, from December, 1818, until March, 1827. Joseph Duncan succeeded Daniel P. Cook, taking his seat at the first session of the Twen- tieth Congress, in 1827, and represented the State in the Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twen- ty-second Congresses, covering the period from 1827 to 1833. A new apportionment was had under the cen- sus of 1830, and the State having been divided into three Districts, Jo Daviess County fell Into the Third. Joseph Duncan was again elected to the Twenty-third Congress, but having been elected Governor before the close of his term, resigned his seat in Congress and was suc- ceeded by William L. May, of Springfield, who filled out the unexpired term, afterwards being elected to the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Congresses and serving until 1839. May was succeeded by John T. Stuart, of Springfield, who served in the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses (1839-43). Under the apportionment of 1843, following the census of 1840, Illinois was divided into seven districts. Jo Daviess being assigned to the Sixth, and for the first time the county was represented by one of its own citizens, Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, of Galena, who repre- sented the District by re-election in the Twenty- eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses (1843-47). In 1847 to 1849, Thomas J. Turner, of Free- port, represented Jo Daviess County in the Thir- tieth Congress, the county being still a part of the Sixth District. In the Thirty-first Congress (1849-51). the Sixth District was represented by Edward D. Baker, of Galena. In the Thirty-second Congress (1851-53), the Sixth District was represented by Thompson Campbell, also of Galena. Under the re-apportionment based upon the census of 1850, Illinois was given nine Con- gressmen. Jo Daviess County was then placed in the First Congressional District, and was represented by E. B. Washburne from 1853 to 1863, when a new apportionment was made whereby Illinois was given fourteen Congress- men, of whom thirteen were elected from regu- larly organized districts and one from the State-at-large. Under this apportionment Jo Daviess County was placed in the Third Con- gressional District, represented by E. B. Wash- burne until the Forty-first Congress (1869), when, having been appointed Secretary of State by President Grant, he resigned and Horatio C. Burchard, of Freeport, was elected Congress- man in his place, taking his seat Dec. 6, 1869. Mr. Burchard. by re-election in 1870. repre- sented the Third District, which included Jo Daviess County, in the Forty-second Congress (1871-73). Another congressional apportionment was made in 1873, when Jo Daviess County was placed in the Fifth District and. in the Forty- third, Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses (1873-79), it continued to be represented by Mr. Burchard under this apportionment. In the Forty-sixth Congress (1879-81), the Fifth District, including Jo Daviess County, was represented by R. M. A. Hawk, of Mt. Car- roll, who was re-elected to the Forty-seventh Congress to serve from 1881 to 1883, but died while in office, when Robert R. Hitt (the pres- ent incumbent) was elected his successor. In 1883 another congressional apportionment was had, when Illinois was given twenty Con- gressmen and Jo Daviess County placed in the Sixth District, with Robert R. Hitt as its Con- gressman, who has continued to serve Jo Daviess County in that capacity up to the pres- ent time. 1904. Two apportionments have been made since that of 1883— the first in June, 1893, under the census of 1890. and the second May 13, 1901. under the census of 1900. Under the first of these the State was divided Into 22 Congressional Districts, with Jo Daviess County in the Ninth; and under the second (now in force) there are Districts. Jo Daviess being in the Thirteenth. As already indicated, however, there has been no change during this period in the representation of the county in Congress. It will thus be seen that the Congressional Districts in which Jo Daviess County has been placed, have been represented by men who have had more than local reputation. Some of them can fairly be claimed by Jo Daviess County, of whom we shall speak more at length in the chapter devoted to a short history of the many citizens of Jo Daviess County who became men of national reputation. Deleo.\tes to Co'stitutioxal Conventions. — Jo Daviess County, since its organization, has played its part in the formation of the various Constitutional Conventions which have been 630 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. held during that period. In the Convention of 1847 it was represented by Thompson Camp- bell (of whom a brief sketch has been given elsewhere), 0. C. Pratt and William B. Green, all of whom exerted a marked influence in the convention. In the Constitutional Convention of 1862 Jo Daviess County was represented by Wellington Weigley. one of the most brilliant advocates of the Galena Bar. At that time the nation was torn by civil strife, so that careful deliberation was almost out of the question, and the result of the convention was so distasteful to Mr. Weigley, that he took the stump and earnestly advocated that the work of the con- vention be rejected by the people, which was done. Mr. Weigley is still living, residing with his daughter in Chicago at the age of nearly 90 years. In the convention of 1869-70. William Gary, an attorney then in practice in Galena, represented the county, the result of which con- vention was the present Constitution of the State. Sk.NATORS and RFl'lttSKNTA 1 IVK.S I.N TIIK GkN- EKAL Assembly. — The following named persons have directly represented .lo Daviess County in the State Legislature since the organization of the State. The list is believed to be correct and the services rendered in the order named: Several of the persons mentioned below, namely: Wallace A. Little. Henry Green. R. H. McClellan and .1. C. McKenzie. L. P. Sanger. G. W. Harrison. Jas. W. Stephenson. A. G. S. Wight and H. H. Gear were State Senators. Wallace A. Little. R. H. McClellan. Henry Green and .1. C. McKenzie served in the House before becoming Senators. The list is as near complete as the records show: Benjamin Mills. .1. R. .lones. Jas. W. Stephenson. R. H. McClellan. Elijah Charles. Henry Green. A. G. S. Wight, Jno. D. Piatt, S. M. Bartlett. William Gary, James Craig, A. M. Jones. G. W. Harrison, Forest Turner, Germanicus Kent. Hiram Tyrell. Thos. Drummond, C. S. Burt. Hiram W. Thornton, .Joseph Moore. Jno. McDonald, Julius A. Hammond, Cyrus .Mdrich, D. A. Sheffield, Abner Eads. G. W. PepooB. L. P. Sanger. .lames Carr. H. H. Gear, George AV. Curtiss, C. B. Denio, Henry Frentress, B. B. Howard. J. C. McKenzie. Wallace A. Little, James Berryman, H. S. Townsend, M. H. Cleary, J. C. McKenzie is the present State Senator (1903). CHAPTER \1. JUDICIARY AND THE BAR. EARLY COIRTS — JUSTICES OF THE PEACE HOLD FIR.ST CIRCIIT (OIRTS — ADVE.NT OF THE REGU- LAR CIRCUIT JUDGES — RICHARD M. VOU.NG, STE- PHEN T. LOGAX AND THOMAS FORD NOTED EARLY .lUDGES — JUSTICE THOMAS C. BROWNE. OF THE STATE SUPREME COURT. PRESIDES IN GALENA ClHCl IT — THOMP.SON CAMPBELl-'S WITTICISM — .70 DAVIESS COUNTY BAR COUNTY AND PROBATE .lU.STICES' COURTS LIST OF JUDICIAL OFFICERS. It is exceedingly difficult to get accurate information with reference to the early courts of Jo Daviess County. The raining interests overshadowed all others, and before the organ- ization of the county many disputes were set- tled by arbitration, of which no record has been preserved. When the county was first organ- ized in 1827. Galena was named as the county seat. The territory comprised in the first bounds of the county was so vast — and the county-seat being placed in the northwest cor- ner of this territory — it was not until several years elapsed before anything like system could be maintained. The county at first was made a part of the First Judicial Circuit and the first term of the Circuit Court ever held in the county was held in June. 1828. by three Justices of the Peace, although a County Commissioner's Court was held in Galena on the 18th of June, 1827. The names of the Justices who held the first term of the Circuit Court were John Con- nolly. Hugh R. Coulter and Abner Field. Another session of the court was held in Octo- ber. 1828. at which five Justices presided. These Justices sat as Circuit Judges and must have been impressed with their official dignity, as the record discloses that several attorneys were fined for contempt of court, and the fines were probably just, as the lawyers unquestionably had a profound contempt for the legal ability of the Justices of the Peace before whom they were then compelled to practice. In May. 1829, HISTO^RY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 631 the Hon. Richard M. Young presided as Cir- cuit Judge and, in 1835, was succeeded by Stephen T. Logan, who was, in his day, one of the most profound lawyers. Logan was suc- ceeded by Thomas Ford in 1836, who was fol- lowed by Daniel Stone. Stone was legislated out of office with the other Circuit Judges in 1841, and Judge Thomas C. Browne, of the Su- preme Court, was assigned to duty on the Ga- lena Circuit. The administration of the office of Circuit Judge by Judge Browne does not appear to have been a marked success, as many of the attorneys seemed to feel that he favored a lawyer at the bar who was his son- in-law. The late M. Y. Johnson told the writer of a witticism that Thompson Campbell got off at the expense of Judge Browne, which I will relate — not vouching for its truth, however. It seems that Judge Browne, while attempting to cross Galena River, accidentally fell into the stream and came near being drowned. He was relating the circumstance in the presence of Campbell, describing the narrow escape he had had. Campbell retorted: "Judge, you were in no danger. Corruption always floats." Judge Browne continued to preside as Cir- cuit Judge until the adoption of the Constitu- tion of 184S, when he was succeeded by Benja- min R. Sheldon, who held the position of Cir- cuit Judge until elevated to the Supreme Bench in 1870. He was succeeded by the Hon. William Brown, of Rockford, who was a far different man from Judge Thomas C. Browne, with whom he has sometimes been confounded. It can be said with truth that the bar of Jo Daviess County has included some of the ablest and most eloquent attorneys that Illinois or any other State can boast. Space will not per- mit me to name all of the attorneys who prac- ticed at its bar. Among them were John Tur- ney, William Smith, James M. Strode, Benja- min Mills, Thomas Ford, Jesse B. Thomas, Thomas Hoyne. Thomas Drummond, Charles S. Hempstead, Joseph P. Hoge. Samuel M. Wil- son, E. B. Washburn. John M. Douglass, E. D. Baker and Thompson Campbell. These may all be said to have been the more prominent among the early members of the bar of .lo Daviess County, and many of them rose to great promi- nence in other fields. Among them all, Thomp- son Campbell was probably the most brilliant, witty and eloquent, and it is said of him that, in the trial of a criminal case, he was probably the most eloquent man at that time in the State of Illinois. Jo Daviess County has always held its position as having among its members of the bar those who were leading lawyers of the State. At a later period Wellington Weigley, Robert H. McClellan, Madison Y. Johnson and David Sheean have been among the leading lawyers in Northern Illinois. David Sheean, at this writing (1903), is still in active practice and recognized as one of the leading lawyers of the State. CoixTV CiJUKT. — Thus far I have spoken only of the Circuit Court. Jo Daviess County also has a County Court which seems to have been somewhat of a development. In 1845 the Legis- lature of Illinois passed an act which may be said to have consolidated all prior acts relating to County Commissioners, which act provided that there should remain in each county of the State, and be established in each county here- after created, a court of record to be composed of three Commissioners, which court should be styled "The County Commissioner's Court," which Commissioners should be elected by the people. Said court should have a seal and a clerk, and said court was to have jurisdiction in all matters and things concerning the county revenue, and had power to issue all kinds of writs, attachments for contempt, etc. Prior to this act several acts of the Legislature had been passed with reference to County Commission- ers' Courts, the first of which was passed on the 22d of March, 1819, Ijefore Jo Daviess County was organized. An appeal from said County Commissioners' Court was allowed to the Cir- cuit Court. On March 4, 1837, an act was passed by the Legislature of Illinois providing for the elec- tion of Probate Justices of the Peace, and on March 3, 1845, all former acts were amended and a law passed establishing in each county of the State a Court of Probate, to be composed of one officer to be styled a Probate Justice of the Peace. Said Probate Justice of the Peace was given all powers conferred by law on Jus- tices of the Peace, and was given further juris- diction in all cases of debt and assumpsit, ex- pressed or implied, where executors or admin- istrators should be parties to the extent of $1,000. He had power to administer oaths, to issue and grant letters of administration, let- ters testamentary, letters of guardianship, to take probate of wills, to receive and file inven- tories, and generally to do all acts necessary to settlement of estates. 632 HISTORY OF JO D.WTESS COUNTY. On the 12th of February. 1849. an act was passed by the Legislature of the State of Illi- nois establishing in each of the organized coun- ties of the State a Court of Record, to be styled the County Court of the proper county to be held by and consist of one Judge to be styled the County Judge of the proper county. The same act provided for the election of a Clerk of said County Court. The same act provided for the election of two Justices of the Peace, who should sit with the County Judge as mem- bers of the Court for the transaction ot county business only, and should have an equal vote with the County Judge on all questions, as the law puts it. "legally and properly before said court." Any two of the three Judges should constitute a quorum to do business. It is related that one of the witty members of the bar of Jo Daviess County, when that act was jiassed, said that "hereafter the County Court of Jo Daviess County would be composed of 100 Judges, there being one Judge and two ciphers on the bench." From these acts much confusion arose, and the records do not give us much information that is reliable. \Vm. C. Bostwick acted as County Judge from 1849 to 1853; before him Hugh S. Dickey presided. George M. Mitchell was elected County Judge in 1853 and Richard Seal. County Clerk. Mitchell was followed as County Judge by John D. Piatt, who held the office until 1861. when Matthew Marvin was elected, he holding the office until 1869, when Richard Seal became County Judge. The pay of the County Judge was $2.50 per day for every day he held court; and this remained the law until the adoption of our present Constitu- tion in 1870. when by that instrument the Board of Supervisors were required to fix the compensation of the County Judge. It may not be improper, in passing, to say that, by the action of the Board of Supervisors, the office of County Judge is not as remunerative as it was thirty years ago — strange as such a statement may be — because prior to 1870, the County Judge was almost continually being allowed compen- sation for extra service. In 1828, in the month of July, Auburn Field was elected Judge of Pro- bate for the County. He died in June, 1830, and was succeeded by John Turney. who held the office until 1837. when Elijah Charles was elected Judge of Probate. It is uncertain just how long he held the office. CHAPTER \ II. TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. DATE OK OUOAXIZATIO.N A.\U EARLY TOW.NSUIPS — PRESENT OROANIZATIO.N OF TWE.NTV-TUKEE TOWNSHIPS OaiGIX OF TOWNSHU' XAMES. On February 17, 1851, an act was passed by the State Legislature providing that, at any general election that may be held in the sev- eral counties of the State, the qualified voters in any county might vote for or against town- ship organization, and the County Court, on petition of fifty legal voters of said county, should cause the question to be submitted to the legal voters ot the county. If the returns showed a majority in favor of township organi- zation, then the County Court should appoint three commissioners, residents of the county, who should divide the county into towns or townships, making as many towns as there are townships, according to government survey, and the towns should be named in accordance with the expressed wish of the inhabitants of the town; and if there should not be a degree of unanimily as lo the name, the commissioners might designate the name. The requisite num- ber of voters having petitioned the County Court, that tribunal called an election to be held in the month of November, 1852, to deter- mine whether or not Jo Daviess County should adopt township organization. The vote being in the affirmative, the County Court, at its December term. 1852, appointed Charles R. Bennet, George N. Townsend and David T. Barr as commissioners to divide the county of Jo Daviess into towns. At the February term of said Court in 1853 the commissioners made a report of their work and divided the county into seventeen towns, which were named as follows: Nora. West Galena, Courlland, Elizabeth, Rush, Jefferson, Thompson, Stockton, Scales, Ward's Grove, Mann, Pleasant Valley, Menominee, Derinda. Guilford. Hanover. East Galena, HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 633 Afterwards the Town of Menominee was divided and a new township created called Dun- leith. West Galena was also divided at a later period, a new town being created called Raw- lins. East Galena was also afterwards divided and a new town created called Washington, which name was afterwards changed to Rice. The Town of Thompson was also divided after- wards, and a new town created called Apple River. Pleasant Valley was also divided and a new town created called Berreman. The Town of Scales was also divided and a new town created called Council Hill and the name Scales was changed to Scales Mound. By vote of the .people the name of the town of Mann was changed to Vinegar Hill, that of Courtland to Warren and the name Jefferson to Woodbine; so that, at the present writing (1903), Jo Daviess County contains twenty-three towns whose names are as follows; Nora, Elizabeth, Warren, Woodbine, Rush, Stockton. Thompson, Ward's Grove, Scales Mound, Pleasant Valley, Council Hill, Berreman, Vinegar Hill, Derinda, Menominee, Hanover, Dunleith. Rice. Guilford. Rawlins. East Galena. Apple River. West Galena, Township Nomenclature. — When East Ga- lena was divided and a new township formed out of its territory, the latter received the name Washington after the first President, but this was afterward changed to Rice, in honor of Henry A. Rice, who settled in the township in 1821, and who. died there in 1874. East and West Galena were so named because of the lead ore found within their boundaries. The Township of Mann was named after Har- vey Mann, an early settler of the township, who was Chairman of the first Board of Super- visors that ever assembled in Jo Daviess County; but afterwards, by vote of the people, the name of the town was changed from Mann to Vinegar Hill, after a village, of that name in Ireland. The Township of Rawlins was named after General John A. Rawlins, formerly chief of Grant's staff. Guilford was uamed by General John A. Rawlins, its honored son. The Town of Scales Mound was first named Scales, in honor of an early settler within its borders, but was afterwards changed to Scales Mound — the same having reference to one of the highest points of land in the State of Illinois. Council Hill was so named because, before it was organized into a separate town, there had been a council held with Indian tribes within Its borders; and tradition has it that Black Hawk addressed his followers from the bluff just south of Lupton Station on the Illinois Central, The Town of Thompson was named after one of its early settlers by the name of Thompson. When it was first organized into a town, there was a large stream running through it upon the banks of which grew a large number of crab-apple trees, from which the stream took the name of Apple River; and when the town was formed, it took its name from this river. The Township of Menominee was named after the tribe of Menominee Indians. This name was suggested by James Finley, its first Supervisor. Pleasant Valley was so named because it is practically a valley with fine scenery, and is, as its name implies, a "pleasant valley." It is said that the Town of Berreman was given its name by one A. Mahony. a resident of the township, and that he named it after a friend of his then living in Tennessee. Derinda was named after a lady residing in the township at the time the town was organized. Stockton was so named by its inhabitants at the time the town was organized. Its name is said to have been suggested by Alanson Par- ker, who described it as a beautiful stock country. Ward's Grove is said to have been named in honor of Bernard Ward, who was its first set- tler, and who owned a fine grove of timber sit- uated within its borders. The first name of the present Town of War- ren was Courtland. which name was suggested by Mr. A. L. Brink to Charles Cole, who was present at the meeting of the Commissioners when the different towns were first named. The first postoffice in the Township of Court- land was named Warren by Alexander Burnett, and was named after Burnett's native place, which was Warren, Ohio. Afterwards, at the request of a majority of the people of Court- land, it was changed to Warren. The Township of Elizabeth was named in honor of Mrs. Elizabeth Winters, who kept the first hotel within the bounds of the township. Such was her popularity among the people of 634 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. the township that, when they were called upon to give it a name, they named it Elizabeth in her honor. It is probable that the name of the Town- ship of Woodbine has a botanical derivation. There is a plant called the woodbine, the botani- cal name of which is cissus, which is found wild in woods and thickets and is a vigorous plant supporting itself firmly on trees by means of its radiating tendrils, and il is more than probable thai the town of Woodbine was given its name because of this plant. It is not certain just why the Town of Nora was so called. It is supposed to have been so named by some of the officials of the Illinois Central Railroad, probably after a daughter of one of them. The Town of Rush was named after two streams called Little and Big Rush Creek, which both start in said town, and they are supiwsed to have derived their names because of their rapid flowage. In the early 'forties, what is now the Village of Hanover was called Wapello, and t^iere was a postoffice at that place with .1. W. White as postmaster. There was also a postoffice callet". Wapello in Iowa, and much confusion arose iii the distribution of mail matter and. at the suggestion of Mr. White, the name of the Jo Daviess County postoffice was changed from Waiiello to Hanover, and when the town was formed it took the name of Hanover from the postoffice. It will thus be seen that the Town of Hanover owes its name to J. W. White, who still lives within its borders and who is one of its most honored citizens. nunleith is said to have derived its name from some town in Scotland. CHAPTER \ III. TOWNSHIP HISTORY. K.^ST AND WKST U.VLENA TOW.\.SHIPS — EARLY .SET- TLERS — GALENA FIRST CALLED "LA POIXTE" — THE LEAD MI.NES ATTRACT IMMI0H.\T10X — FIRST PLAT AND FIRST DEED POSTOFFICE ESTAm.ISIIED, 1826 — FIRST XEWSPAPER.S— BLACK II.WVK WAR PERIOD .\FRICAX .SLAVERY- - OALENA AS COUNTY SEAT— WARREN TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE. In the foregoing pages I have refrained from naming some of the earlier settlers of the county in order that I might do so in a gen- eral review of the townships in the county. Neither have I mentioned all the various cities and villages of the county for the same rea- son. The Townships of East and West Galena are so situated, geograpliically, that a short sketch of the one necessarily is a short sketch of the other, because the city of Galena is formed out of portions of each township. There is no question that the mines near the city of Galena were the cause of the earliest settlement of the county, and for years Galena was practically isolated from the remainder of the State, the nearest settlement in the east being Chicago and the nearest inhabited point on the south being Peoria. Among the earlier settlers of Galena was Jesse W. Shull, and the village of Shullsburg, Wis., takes its name from him. We also find the name of Dr. Samuel C. Muir, A. P. Van Matre, David G. Bates, and Thomas H. Jan- uary. Afterwards came Dr. Newhall, Dr. Phil- leo, James Jones, James G. Soulard, Captain D. S. Harris, Robert Bonson (grandfather of the author), and many others whose names the writer has been unable to ascertain. Galena was first called by the early French explorers "La Pointe." which literally means "The Point." and it is probable that it was so called because of what is known as Shot Tower Hill, which makes the divide between what is now called Hughlett's Branch and Fever River, the earliest mines being discovered on Hugh- lett's Branch. As is the custom in all Western towns, there was quite a large collection of houses in Galena before the city became incor- porated: in fact, it seems to have been the practice for the early settlers to build their houses without any regard to city formation. In 1823 the tide of immigration set toward the mines, and in August of that year. Lieutenant Martin Thomas was appointed to act on behalf of the Government in granting leases, collect- ing rents and generally superintending the mines, as at that time they were located upon government property. The tide of immigra- tion increased until 1827, when the mines became overrun with newly arrived emigrants and speculators, and in that year. Lieutenant Thomas, who had by that time been promoted to a captaincy, in company with James Craig, made the first survey of the city of Galena, HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 635 notes of which do not appear of record, but still exist in the office of the Surveyor-Gen- eral in the City of Washington. Permits were granted to Individuals to oc- cupy and improve lots as they had been laid out by Captain Thomas and Mr. Craig, conditioned that they be surrendered to the Government upon thirty days' notice. The first permit was granted June 22, 1827, and these permits were the only title the citizens had to their lots or improvements up to 1838. In Feb- ruary, 1829, an act was passed by Congress authorizing the Surveyor-General to lay off on Green River (as Galena River was then called) a town embracing 640 acres, and to sell lots at auction, reserving to actual settlers a pre- emption right to purchase their lots at $10 to |25 per acre. This act was not complied with, and another act was passed in July, 1836, and three Commissioners — Samuel Leach, John Turney and Daniel Wann — were authorized to perform the duties previously assigned to the Surveyor-General. These Commissioners were to constitute a Board to determine all claims and grant certificates of pre-emption to be filed at the Land Office, and upon payment to the Receiver of the amount found to be due, he was required to grant certificates, as in other sales of public lands. Unclaimed lots were to be offered to the highest bidder and the proceeds, after deducting all expenses, were to be paid into the hands of the County Commissioners of Jo Daviess County, to be expended by them in the erection of public buildings and the con- struction of suitable wharves in the town ol Galena. The first plat of Galena, which appears of record in the Recorder's office of Jo Daviess County, was made by Charles R. Bennet. and is to be found in "Book F," page 65, of the Records of Jo Daviess County. The first deed to any lot in the city of Galena is a quit-claim deed, bearing date June 3, 1828. made by Will- iam Troy to James H. and Ezekiel Lockwood, for the consideration of $400. This deed is recorded in "Book A." of the Records of Jo Daviess County, on page 1, and the description of the lot conveyed is as follows: "A piece or parcel of land, being a village lot in Galena, bounded on the east by the Triangular Street, and on the west, north and south by a lot claimed by the said Lockwood: the same being originally a part of said lot. and having thereon a dwelling house twenty-six by twenty-five feet." It is a little difficult, from the above description, accurately to locate the above- named lot, for the reason that there is no street in the city of Galena— and never was, so far as 1 have been able to ascertain — known by the name of "Triangular Street;" but it was prob- ably meant for Diagonal Street, and the lot of ground was probably Lot 57, Diagonal Street, upon which is located the brick building lately belonging to the Duverry estate and now occu- pied by Fred Burgdorf as a feed store. A postoffice was established in Galena in 1826 and Ezekiel Lockwood appointed Post- master. There was but one mail in two weeks, the same being conveyed to and from Vandalia. As Galena grew it began to put on metropolitan airs, and from the first of July, 1847, it was announced that the eastern mail would arrive every evening except Monday, and depart every morning except Sunday; that all mails closed precisely at 8 o'clock P. M.; that office hours on Sunday would be from 7:30 to 8:30 o'clock A. M., and from half-past 12 to half-past 1 P. M. The time-table from Galena for passen- gers east was announced as follows: "A daily line of four-horse post-coaches leaves Galena for Chicago at 3 o'clock A. M., and goes through in forty hours." The city of Galena was incorporated on the 7th of January. 1835. The first newspaper pub- lished in Galena was issued on the 4th day of July. 1828. It was called "The Miners' Jour- nal/' and edited by James Jones. In 1832 Jones sold out to Dr. Philleo, who changed the name of the paper to "The Galenian." "The Galenian" having died out in 1834, a newspaper called "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser" was started; and, although it has changed its name, it is still published under the name of "The Galena Gazette," has never missed an issue for sixty-nine years and is now more vigorous than when it was started. The city of Galena did not suffer directly dur- ing the Black Hawk war, although a fort or block-house was erected within its borders, being located on the southeast corner of Bench and Perry Streets, while a lookout was estab- lished on the hill immediately west of the fort, on Lot 8, in Block 1. A magazine for the stor- ing of war materials was located on Magazine Street, between Bench and Spring Streets. As this location is more than a quarter of a mile from where the fort was situated, it is difficult to tell why the two were located so far apart. 636 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. That African slavery once existed in Galena is beyond question. In Book A, page 54, of the Records of Jo Daviess County, we find that, on the 11th day of November, 1829, one Charles D. St. Vrain, John Campbell, Alexander Scott and William H. Rule entered into an agreement according to which a black girl named Matilda figured as part consideration of a contract be- tween said parties; and also in Book A, on page 120, we find that J. \V. Stephenson, on the 6th day of October, 1830, by bill of sale, for the sum of $300, transferred to John H. Rountree a negro girl nineteen years of age, named Maria, together with a boy aged eighteen months named Felix. I have been unable to trace any of those negroes, and do not know what became of them, although the boy named Felix would not now be a very old man; but I do know that John H. Rountree, now dead, to whom he was conveyed, earnestly desired that slavery should be destroyed. The smallness of the price paid for those two negroes is probably due to the fact that, by the terms of the bill of sale, the woman was to be free when she became twenty- eight years of age. and her son when he reached the age of twenty-one years. It is also a matter of history that one of Galena's early settlers, named Samuel Hugh- lett, inherited a large number of slaves from his father, who had a plantation in Kentucky, and that he brousht these shive.s to Galena and gave all of them their freedom. There was liv- ing in Galena about that lime a free negro by the name of Brooks, who had located there with his wife and seven children. While work- ing on a steamboat he was kidnapped and taken to Missouri and, as is supposed, his kidnappers attempted to sell him as their slave. The inci- dent created intense excitement in Galena and several of her prominent citizens went to Mis- souri in his interest and with a view to securing the punishment of his captors; but, for some reason which has never been explained, they could get no trace of Brooks, and the supposi- tion was that his captors became so hard- pressed that they murdered him. At all events. he was never heard of afterwards. The inci- dent created sls much excitement in the city of Galena as the capture of Burns by the United States Marines did in Boston. It is worthy of remark that both Democrats and Whigs (the Republican party not having been organized at that time) condemned the capture of Brooks, and the incident did much toward shaping pub- lic opinion in and about Galena in opposition to African slavery. Galena always has been, is now, and prob- ably always will be, the county-seat of Jo Daviess County; and, as a city, in historical importance is second to none in the West. I have heretofore called attention to the fact that she furnished the first volunteer in the Northwest to aid in the suppression of the Rebellion. I have also called attention to the fact as to the number of great men she has furnished to the nation. These facts, therefore, need not be recounted here; and while the city has decreased in population somewhat from what it was in former years, it does not take a prophet to foretell that it will, in the near future, resume its old-time position as the center of the mining district in the northwestern por- tion of the State. The history of Galena is the history of the townships of East and West Galena, and also of the township of Rawlins, which was formerly a part of the Township of West Galena. The Township of Hanover was among the earliest stttleii townsiiiijs in ilie county. Among its early settlers were James Craig, Nathan B. Craig. John Armstrong, Charles Ames, Daniel Fowler, Samuel Jamieson and Archer and Thomas Drummond. James Craig was prob- ably the first man who handled mail in that township. Running through the town is a stream called Apple River, and upon this river in said township was located what was called Craig's mill, and it was here that James Craig handled the mail, although I have not been able to find that he was a regularly appointed Postmaster at that place. There is a record that James W. White was Postmaster in 1847. Located within the Township of Hanover is the Village of Hanover. It was formerly called Wapello, after an Indian chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and by this name it was incorporated February 12, 1849. The name was afterwards changed to Hanover, and this was the second incorporated city or village within the county. It is now an active, energetic, thriving busi- ness place, and its people are among the most cultured and intelligent in the county. The first settler in the Township of Warren was unquestionably Alexander Burnett. He built himself a log house very near the center of what is now the village of Warren. After him came Freeman Tisdel, Kingsley Old and family and a Mr. Newville. Mr. Burnett kept HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 637 the first hotel in the village, and as near his house what was known as the "Sucker Trail" and another road crossed each other, hia place was known for years as "Burnett's Cor- ners." The first postofllce was established at the house of Mr. Tisdel in 1S47. Owing to the fertility of the soil and the development of the mines not far from the "Corners," Warren began to develop very rapidly and many enter- prising men, such as A. L. Brink, John D. Piatt, B. T. Sandoe, Manly Rogers, C. A. Smith, Thomas E. Champion, John Tear, George W. Pepoon and others settled within her borders. On February 24, 1859, the village of Warren was incorporated, and from that time until now it has had a steady, healthy growth, so that at present it ranks as one of the most enterprising villages in Northern Illinois. It has never had what, in western parlance, could be called a "boom," but whatever advance it has made it has retained. Its citizens are enterprising, wide-awake and constantly on the lookout for that which would improve their village. It owns its own waterworks, is well lighted, and has secured manufacturing plants which have been profitable from the start. It has an acad- emy and one of the best high schools in the State, and altogether is a delightful village in which to dwell. CHAPTER IX. TOWNSHIP HISTORY. (Continued.) THE RIRAL TOWNSHIPS OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY EARLV SETTLERS AND LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS — APPLE RIVER AND SCALES MOUND HISTORIC LOCALITIES — PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES — EAST DUBUQUE. ELIZAllETITTOWN, HANOVER AND ."i^TOCXTON. The Township of Apple River had for its first settlers Daniel Robbins, Melzer Robbins, William Colvin and later came the Maynards and Levitts, also Lot L. Dimmick. William Hud- son and Samuel Warner. The village of Apple River was incorporated on the 18th day of July, 1876, and was the fourth of the cities and villages to become incorporated in Jo Daviess County. Where the village of Apple River now stands was originally called "Bean's Mound," being named after a man who had a black- smith shop situated near what was then called the Big Woods. The village of Apple River is an enterprising place and is keeping up with the spirit of the age. As already noted, Scales Mound Township received its name from Samuel Scales, and among the first settlers of the township were Messrs. Napper, Conley, Maupin and Woods. The village of Scales Mound was incorporated June 9, 1877, being the fifth of the cities or villages in the county to become incorporated. Within the borders of the township are valu- able mines. The first postoflSce ever estab- lished within the bounds of the township was called Baltimore, and Fleming C. Maupin was the first postmaster. The inhabitants of the Township of Scales Mound are an intelligent, thrifty and prosperous people, and, on an aver- age, are among the wealthiest citizens of the county. It is a little diificult to ascertain who were the first settlers of the Township of Dunleith, as that township borders upon the Mississippi River and it is possible that many, while seek- ing locations near the lead mines, may have settled within its borders. It contains some lead mines, but they are not very extensive. It is probable, however, that many miners have prospected there. The first permanent settler of which we have any record was Eleazer Frentress, who settled on a claim south of East Dubuque, and the land is still owned by his descendants. The city of Bast Dubuque, which is within the borders of the township, is a place of considerable importance and bids fair to become more so in the not distant fu- ture. It owns its own light plant and water- works and has the second best public school building in the county. The Township of Elizabeth has long been a township of great importance in the county. Its early settlers were attracted thereto by the mines. Jefferson Clark, John McDonald. John D. Winters and Clark Stone were among the earliest settlers. Afterwards came Benjamin Clark. Within its bounds was a fort which was attacked by the Indians during the Black Hawk War, but the Indians were repulsed. The village of Elizabeth is within the town- ship. For years it was an inland village, but since the Chicago Great Western Railroad has passed through its borders, it has become a 638 HISTORY OF JO D.WIKSS COUNTY. plate of great importance and is constantly improving. Near the village of Elizabeth was one of the best mines ever discovered in the county, which was called the 'Wishon Mine." Here were turned out vast quantities of lead ore. It had not been operated tor the past thirty years until during the year 1903. when a company called the Wishon Mining Company, with a capital of $1,000,000, leased the mine and contemplate searching for a lower run of ore. Elizabeth has been of importance in a political sense. It has furnished to the State at least three State Senators, namely: W. A. Little, Henry Green and John C. McKenzie, one of whom (John C. McKenzie) was acting Governor of the State. In 1847 there were within the bounds of Elizabeth Township, two postofflces — one at Elizabeth, with William Boutwell as postmaster, and one at Weston, with Otis C. Bennet as postmaster. The Township of Nora is the northeastern township of the county, and for fertility of soil is unsurpassed by any township in the State. Its first settler was George B. Stanch- field, although it has been claimed by some that one Garret Garner was the first settler. Afterwards came Samuel and Tilman H. Dob- ler and Asher Miner. The village of Nora is located within its borders and is on the line of the Illinois Central Railroad. It was laid out by George B. Stanchfield and John C. Gardner, the latter being then County Surveyor. It was incorporated May 7, 1883. It is quite probable that the early settlers of the Township of Stockton were attracted to that part of the county by its lead mines, as the county was pretty thoroughly prospected for such mines, and quite a quantity of lead ore has been raised within its borders. Henry Rice, John Hayes. John Wilkins. Elanson and Ben- jamin Parker, William Stainer and Asahel Morse were among its earliest settlers. George L. Dow, Chester Parker and the Johnsons came at a later date. In the southeast part of the township, near where the lead mines were, Mr. Morse planted a village which was called Morseville. but it never became incorporated. For a time it was a very busy, thriving place, and was a point of considerable importance. Ijater the Chicago Great Western Railroad Company built its lines through the northern portion of this township, and a village was laid out in Sections 11 and 12 called Stockton. It became incorporated on the 15th of April. 1890, and from the day it was first platted, it has continued to grow until, today, it Is one of the most important villages in the county. Its people are intelligent and progressive. It has the finest and best equipped public school build- ing in the county. It owns its water plant and. from the hill where the standpipe is lo- cated, is one of the finest views in the State. It is fast becoming a great shipping point for stock. The Township of Council Hill is said to have been quite a resort for the Indian tribes, and there are various legends as to councils — or, as tho early settlers called them, "powwows" — having been held there. Its earliest settler was probably John Batty, who, it is claimed, built the first blast furnace for the reduction of lead ore that was ever built in America. Patrick Hogan and Ezekiel Lockwood, Simon Alderson. Mr. Branton and Richard Arthur came later. There are within the township two villages, neither of which has ever been incorporated, one being called Council Hill and the other Council Hill Station on the line of the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter place, however, is now called Lupton in honor of one of her prominent citizens. There is consider- able business done at both villages and vast quantities of lead ore have been taken from the mines in this township. The Township of Vinegar Hill was first set- tled because of its mines; in fact, farming was little thought of by the early settlers until the sober second-thought of its early settlers began to assert itself. One of the earliest mines in the county was worked in this township and was known as the "Old Cave Range." It is very difficult to ascertain who were its first settlers, but it is very probable that John Fur- long and Harvey Mann were among the first to settle in the township, although Jacob Doxey, George Todu and Thomas AUinson were early residents of the township. Richard Spensley. the father of the writer, settled in the township in 1852. and operated a lead fur- nace in the western portion. He had. however, reached Galena in 1839. There are no villages or cities within the township. Its mining in- terests seem now (1903) to be taking on a new lease of life. The Township of Menominee has a history peculiar to itself. At first it was mostly cov- ered with heavy timber. Its surface is rolling and. for a number of years, the land was HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 639 thought to be of little value except for its mines and its timber. Gradually, however, as time passed, it began to be settled up by a thrifty class of Germans who grubbed out the timber and have made valuable and productive farms. Its population is now almost entirely German. Politically it is called by Republicans the "Black Belt," as nine out of every ten of its voters vote the Democratic ticket. There is not an incorporated city or village within its borders, and no plat of any village therein has ever been made. Among its earlier settlers were Joseph Shipton. Nathaniel Laird, Thomas Prowse and Joseph Finley. The latter was at first Supervisor of the Township, but later joined the Mormon church and went west. The Township of Rice, like the Township of Dunleith, borders upon the Mississippi. Its land is rolling and, in some parts, is heavily timbered. Its earlier settlers were Messrs. Rice, Lane, Schurl and Robinson, although Nicholas Peschang and others located in the township at an early day. Its mines, both of zinc and lead ore, have been very productive, and Just now two large corporations are seek- ing to further develop the same with every prospect of success. The California Diggings, located in this township, have been the oc- casion of much litigation. Owing to the hills being high and steep, the Government did not make a very acurate survey of the township; hence there was what was commonly called a "lost forty," upon which a valuable lead mine was discovered, the right to which was only settled by the Supreme Court of the State. The principal glory of the Township of Guil- ford lies in the fact that it produced a Major- General in the War of the Rebellion, and also a Secretary of War in the person of John A. Rawlins, who was early known as the "coal boy." Its earliest settlers were Elliot T. Isbell, James D. Rawlins (father of General Rawlins), William Avery, Joh^ W. Taylor and Samuel Hathaway. The first postoffice ever established in the township was at the house of William Avery, and was called Avery. This postoffice was established in 1S50 and is still in existence with the same name. Mr. Avery's home was on thg direct road between Elizabeth and Ga- lena. Mining has been prosecuted to a consid- erable extent in the township, but not with as good results as in some other townships of the county. There are no cities or villages within its borders. What now constitutes the Township of Thompson was formerly known as Indian Grove, and the last council of Indians ever held in the county is said to have taken place in this township. It is named after C. C. Thompson, one of its earliest settlers. Thomp- son's Mill was, for years, a landmark in the county. There are no incorporated cities or villages within the township, but there is an unincorporated village called Schapville within its borders, in which considerable business is done. The Township of Pleasant Valley is. as its name implies, a pleasant valley. Plum River extends through the township, and the soil of the township — especially in the valley — is very productive. But little mineral has been found in the township and but little prospecting has been done. Among the earliest settlers were Thomas Deeds, Eli Thomas, G. Miller and Darius Myers. The Troxells were also early settlers there. George Edwards, Watkins Wil- liams (father of County Clerk Williams), came later. There is a record to the effect that a postoffice existed in Pleasant Valley in 1847, with Thomas Deeds as postmaster, but just when this office was first established I have not been able to ascertain. There are no organized cities or villages within the township, although there is a place called Moville within its bor- ders, at which considerable business is trans- acted. The people of this township are well- to-do. energetic and thrifty. The Township of Ward's Grove is one of the small townships of the county, and takes its name, as heretofore stated, from Bernard Ward, its first settler, while James Blair. Samuel Tyrrell, Joseph Moore and William Graves set- tled in the township very soon after Mr. Ward located there. Very little effort has been made to discover ore in this township, although traces have been found in various places. There are no incorporated villages within the town- ship, although a portion of Morseville was laid out on its western border. Its soil is very pro- ductive and it contains as good land as there is in the county. The Township of Berreman, also, one of the smaller townships, is situated in the south- east corner of the county. It was formerly well supplied with timber. But little mineral has been discovered within its borders, and but little effort has been made in that direction. There are no villages within the township. Its 640 HISTORY OF 10 D.W'IESS COUXTV. first settler was D. Tiffany, and his descendants still own the land upon which he first located. S. B. Gates, J. Parkinson and Isaac Parkinson were also early settlers. The first postoffice established in this township was located at a place called Willow, and the first postmaster was I. W. Parkinson. The township of Ber- reman was intensely loyal during the War of the Rebellion, and furnished as many sol- diers for the I'nion Army, in proportion to its population as any other towuship in the county. The Township of Derinda derives its name, as has heretofore been noted, from a woman. The first settlement was made in the township about the year 1836 and, among the first settlers— if not the very first— were the Olivers, the Hermans and the Hendershots. It is claimed that one Robert Campbell was the first individual to own land within the township. Mier the persons just named came Robert Mc- Grath. The face of the country is rather hilly and rocky, but is quite well timbered. Farming is the principal business of the inhabitants. There are some signs of mineral deposits in the township. Considerable iron ore has been found, and an attempt has been made to develop an iron ore mine. The township has no rail- road facilities, however, and, so far. the ore has not been found in suflicient quantities to prove profitable. There are a large number of Germans within the township, and it was first proposed to call the township New Ger- many, but the proposition failed. There are no organized cities or villages within the town- ship but there are two places— one called Der- inda Centre and one Massbach— at which con- siderable business is transacted. Its inhab- itants are a well-to-do, law-abiding people. Woodbine Township is very near the geo- graphical center of the county. Owing to the fact that the village of Elizabeth joins the township near the center of its west boundary, and that the mines in and about the village attracted its first settlers, it is a little difficult to separat'> the history of the two townships. It is probable that two men named .lames Flack and John D. Winters were its first set- tlers. The land of the township is generally rich and well watered, and there was formerly an abundance of timber. The Chicago Great Western Railroad now runs through it near the central portions, and the village of Wood- bine, which is an energetic, thriving place, has been established, but has not been incorporat- ed. The inhabitants of the township are among the best people of the county and are a loyal, industrious and law-abiding class of citizens. The Township of Rush has probably had as much influence in shaping the destiny of the county as any other township outside the Township of West Galena. Immigration began to flow in quite rapidly in the year 1828, when a large number of energetic, thrifty people were attracted toward it — much more so than to many other townships in the county — among them being George N.. Ira L. and Halstead S. Townsend. The Townsends were fine speci- mens of physical manhood and could trace their lineage back to noble ancestry. They were of English descent, their ancestors having emi- grated to America at an early day. Eber Town- send of this family was a soldier in the Revo- lutionary War and was wounded and captured by the Indians. Halstead S. Townsend rose to considerable prominence and represented the county in the State Legislature two terms — 1859 and 1871. Later there came to the town- ship such men as Asher Miller, Ira Bowker, Seth Post and Ellas Stanton, the descendants of many of whom still reside in the town- ship. In early times there was a race-track within the township, where people from all parts of the country came annually to attend the races and. for several years, there were large annual gatherings. The population have always been intensely loyal, and during the War of the Rebellion the township sent 125 men of its best blood into the Union Army. In politics it has always been almost as strong- ly Republican as the township of Menominee has been Democratic. The first postoffice with- in the township was established at Millville in 1S47. with Hiram Ames as postmaster. CHAPTER X. RELIGIOrS AND CHURCH HISTORY. -SOME C.-VTHOLIC MI.SSIO.NAIIY BKI.IEVEI) TO HAVE HELD THE KIHST KELKIIOIS SERVICE IN JO DAVIESS COfNTY — EAHl.Y PROTE.STANT MI.NIS- TER.S — .lOIIN" DEW A.Nl) ARATIS KENT — DATE OF VAKlOfS CIIfRCH OROAMZATIONS. It is rather strange that a people who call themselves Christian should, in their mad HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 641 search for wealth, forget, for a time at least, the obligations they owe to Deity. There is little evidence that is reliable to show when the first religious services were held within the county. Willie there is no direct evidence to prove it, it is not improbable that the first relig- ious service ever held in the county was held by a Roman Catholic priest. There is evidence which establishes the fact that the ministers of that denomination, as missionaries, traveled all over the Northwest before the beginning of the nineteenth century, and it is hardly possi- ble that they would have overlooked the mines in Jo Daviess County, and the Indian tribes which were known to be located in the country round about Galena. It is unfortunate that, so far as my researches have extended, I have been unable to find any record that is reliable of such early religious services, although, as I have said, it is hardly possible that the lead mines of Galena, which were producing ore prior to ISIO, would have escaped the notice of such missionaries. In a pamphlet entitled, "Some Notes by the Rev. Samuel J. Yundt, Referring to Persons, Dates and Changes in Their Relation to Grace Church Parish, Galena, Illinois," I find the fol- lowing: "In 1821, Galena, Illinois, was a port of entry of all steamboats on the Mississippi which passed the mouth of Fever River. In that year a young man traveling north on the 'Father of Waters.' came into Galena in order that the boat might receive and discharge passengers and freight, and where, under the law, the boat must be registered. The name of this young man, and that of the boat upon which he journeyed, has been forgotten. The fact that he was a layman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, assembled on Sunday the scattered members of that body, held a public religious service and, while so doing, used the Book of Common Prayer, is maintained by trustworthy tradition. Witnesses of and par- ticipators in that service related certain cir- cumstances connected with the service to Mr. Frederick Stahl, who came to Galena about 1829. Mr. Stahl, many years afterwards, im- parted much of his information to the rector." It is claimed also that a minister, who was on his way east from the Selkirk settlement, conducted religious services in Galena in 1826, but I have been unable to ascertain the name of such preacher, to what denomination he belonged, or where such services were held. It is also claimed that religious services were held in Galena in 1827 by lay-readers of the Protestant Episcopal Church, but I have been unable to properly authenticate the same. The question as to who was the first regularly ap- pointed minister in the county is a matter of some dispute, the contention lying between the Methodists and the Presbyterians. It is certain, however, that the first regularly ap- pointed preachers to Jo Daviess County, from any denomination, were John Dew of the Methodist Church and Aratus Kent of the Presbyterian Church, and they were appointed to charges in Galena in April, 1829. Although it is claimed that Mr. Dew was in Galena the year previous, yet I find no record to sustain such claim. John Dew was a Virginian, but began his ministerial labors as a member of an Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There is no record that I have been able to find as to where he went on leaving Galena, and, so far as the writer has been able to as- certain, he sleeps in an unknown grave. Aratus Kent commenced his labors in Galena with great zeal. Through his efforts the First Presbyterian Church, as it now exists, was built. He was one of the incorporators of Be- loit College and of Rockford Seminary. His influence will be felt fot- ages yet to come. His remains lie in the old cemetery in the City of Galena, but his grave, I regret to say, is sadly neglected. The first authentic record of the Roman Catholic service being held in Galena fixes the date in 1827, when mass was said by Rev. Steven Vincent Baden. The first church edifice in the county was erected by the Methodists in the City of Galena In the year 1834. The second church erected was built by the Presbyterians in Galena in the year 1837. A Roman Catholic church was also erected in 1837. A Primitive Methodist church was organized in Galena in the summer of 1847. The first Associate Presbyterian Church was organized in October, 1845. The Second Presby- terian Church in Galena was organized in Sep- tember, 1845, and a building was erected on the corner of Bench and Green Streets in that year. The South Presbyterian Church was organized January 1, 1846, and a building was erected the same year. A Protestant Episcopal Church was organized in Galena in the year 1835 and the title Grace Church chosen. The First Congrega- tional Church was organized here in June, 1846. 642 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. Tne Colored Union Baptist Church was organ- ized in April. 1842. and the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the fall of 1843. The relig- ious spirit spread so that, to-day. there is scarcely a township in the county without one or more places of religious worship. LlIAr'TER XI. SCHOOLS. UOV. REYNOLDS" ST.VTE.ME.NT OF tOXDITIOX.S I.N 1829 — .MRS. SARAH RKED\s AWOfNT OF EARLY .SCHOOLS GALE.NA ACADF.MT AXI) OTHER HKiHFR IXSTITUTIO.NS — ST.\TLSTI!<'< i,i:i.i.\\. r.nd the ailvancemtnt of the interests of the State. Mr. McClellan died July 23. I'.IOS. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FELT (deceased), born at Plattsburg, N. V.. Jan 3. 1821, son of Samuel Webster and Lydia (Wheeler) Felt, both natives of Temple, N. H.. the former born Sept. 21. 1777. The paternal grandparents of Mr. Felt were Aaron and Tabitha ( I'pton ) Fell, the former born at Lynn. Mass.. Sept. 1. 1712. and the latter at Temple. N. H., and his Kieai-grandparents, Aaron Felt, born at Casco Bay, Me., and Mary (Wyatt) Felt, born at Lynn, Mass. Mr. Felt was educated in his native town of Plattsburg, N. Y., and on Sept. 11. 1854. married Ann E. Piatt, also a native of Plattsburg. and they had children named: Zophaniah Charles. Benjamin Franklin, Anna E. and Mary B. In religious belief he was a Presbyterian and politically a Republican. Mr. Felt died at Galena, Illinois. July 31. 1899. Dur- ing his life he was one of Galena's most pub- lic-spirited citizens. The splendid Public Li- brary was a gift to the city from his gen- erous hand, and in all works of public and pri- vate benevolence, he was always in the front HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 655 rank, assisting in all those measures which tended to the betterment of the city and the elevation of mankind. It can truly be said of him. that "the good he did lives after him." DAVID SHEEAN, lawyer. Galena. 111., was born in Boston, Mass.. .July 3, 1S33, the son of James and Mary (Lorden) Sheean. both natives of County Cork. Ireland, and at three years of age was brought by his parents from Boston to Galena, where the family located. His grand- parents on the maternal side were Jeremiah and Johanna Lorden, also of County Cork. Ire- land, and his ancestors on both side were na- tives of Ireland for an indeanite period. After acquiring his education in the common and pri- vate schools and a local academy in Jo Daviess County. Mr. Sheean went to California in 18.51. where he spent four and a half years mining. Then returning to Galena, he began the study of law and, after his admission to the bar, entered into partnership with John A. Rawlins, who became Chief of Staff under Gen. Grant during the Civil War, and later Secretary of War. From 1862 to 1867, he practiced alone, but the latter year formed a partnership with bis brother, T. J. Sheean, and in 1893, his nephew, G. M. Sheean. was admitted to the firm. Mr. Sheean was elected City Attornej in 1859, serving several years; for one term (1864-65) was Mayor of Galena; has also served as President and Director of the Galena Public Library and of Greenwood Cemetery for several years. Sept. 21, 1876, he was married to Miss Cora L. Spare, who was educated in Ga- lena, and died April 5, 1895, leaving no chil- U.Win SIIKIiAN. dren. Politically Mr. Sheean is a Sound-Money Democrat, and has been a member of the Iro- quois Club. Chicago, but not connected with any secret organization. As a lawyer he has been connected with a number of important cases in the State courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. JAMES SIMPSON BAUME. Judge Appellate Court, Third District, residence Galena, 111., was born in the city of Chicago, April 13, 1857. the son of James and Marie A. (Haw- kins) Baume, the former a native of England and the latter of Pennsylvania; finished his education In Northwestern University, Evan- ston. 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1879, after which he began practice at Galena. In 1897 ho was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Circuit: in 1903 he was as- signed to duty on the Appellate bench for the 656 HISTORY OF JO D.W'IESS COUNTY. Third District. .Judge Baume was married in 1S83 to Lizzie Bergh. wlio died in 1889. leaving two children: Marie Antoinette, born in 1884, .1 \>ii':.s s. II \ I >ii:. and Henry Berirh, liorn in 1887. In 1892 he married his second wife. Kanny G. Estey. and they have one daughter. Ruth Estey. horn in 1894. Judge Baume is a Republican in poli- tics, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and fraternallv associated with the Ma- sonic Ordor. THOMAS FOSTER, President Merchants Na- tional Bank. Galena 111., was born at Carlisle. I'enn.. Oct. 17. 1817. the son of Crawford and V>lizabeth (Pattison) foster, the former a na- tive of Carlisle, and the latter of Mount Rock, Penn. His paternal grandparents, Thomas Fos- ter and wife I the latter born a Crawford), and his grandfather on the maternal side, named Pattison. were all born in Ireland. Mr. Foster was educated in his nai've town of Carlisle, find at seventeen years of age (1834) began his business life as 'lerk at the Washington Fur- nace, Tenn. In 1838 he visited Northern Illi- nois, making the trip from his Tennessee home on horseback; in 1840 removed from Tennes- see to St. Louis, Mo., whence three years later he came to Galena. III., which has been his home ever since. For seventy years he has lived on the borders of the Mississippi River. February 27, 1845. he was married to Mary Campbell, bom and educated at Albany, N. Y., but who lived only six months after marriage. On August 31. 1848. he married Cynthia Torode, a native of Pittsburg, Penn.. and educated at St, Louis, Mo. His third marriage, June 23, 1861, was with Mary Lisa Hempstead, born and educated in St. Louis. The children by the sec- ond marriage were: Annie H., Thomas A. and George T., and those by the third marriage; Mary .M., .\ugusta II., Grace P., William H.. .lessie M. and Alfred T. From early manhood a member of the Presbyterian Church, Mr. Fos- ter has been for sixty-one years an active elder in that denomination. I'olitically be is a Demo- crat. WALTER FORD, cashier Galena National Bank. Galena. III., was born in London. Eng- land. April 21, 1834, was educated in his native city, and for many years has been identified with the banking business successively as clerk, teller and cashier. November 27, 1857. he was married at Galena. III., to Anna G. Seal, who was educated in that city, and they have two children: Mary M. and Bertha B. .Mr. Ford is HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 657 KH F. a member of the Episcopal Church, politically a Republican and fraternally associated with the Masonic Order. MAJOR GEORGE SMITH AVERY, merchant and Postmaster. Galena, 111 . was born in Jo Daviess County, 111., April 16, 1835, the son of William and Phobe (Reed) Avery, the former born in Chenango County, N. Y., August 15, 1807, and the latter in Middletown, Delaware County, N. Y. His maternal grandparents were Aaron and Sally (Golt) Reed, who were natives, respectively, of Pittstown, Rensselaer County, N. Y., and Towanda. Bradford County, Penn. On the paternal side Major Avery is a descend- ant of Capt. James Avery, who was one of the founders of the Avery family in America, born in England about 1620, came to America with his father, Christopher Avery, and lived at Glou- cester, Mass. Abraham Avery, a grandson of James Avery, was a blacksmith by trade, be- came a line officer under Gen. Washington, and many of his family and near relatives were sol- diers in the Revolutionary War. A number of them were killed in the battle of Groton Heights, defending New London, Conn., against the attack of Benedict Arnold. This Abraham Avery, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born at Stonington, Conn., May 20, 1754, married Mary Packer, and their son, Elias Packer Avery, born at Guilford, Vt., Au- gust 16, 1781, married Sally Covill, born in New York in 1783. Elias Packer Avery and William Avery, the grandfather and father of Major Avery, were pioneer settlers in Northwestern Illinois, and were both soldiers in the Black Hawk War of 1832. George Smith Avery grew up on a farm in Jo Daviess County, was edu- cated in the common schools and at Mt. Morris Seminary, and, in April, 1861, enlisted for three months' service in Company F, Twelfth Illinois \ olunteer Infantry, the first company organ- ized in Jo Daviess County, going to the front with the rank of First Sergeant. In September gkok(;e s. avkky. of the same year he enlisted in Company I, Third Missouri Cavalry for three years' service, was soon after elected First Lieutenant; in July, 1862, was promoted to the rank of Cap- tain and. in September, 1864, to that of Major of the regiment. He was honorably discharged at the muster-out of his command in March, 1865, alter a service of over three years in the West- ern Army, participating in all the campaigns and engagements of the Seventh Army Corps. After the close of the war he engaged in farming, which he continued until 1876. when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Jo Daviess 658 HISTORY OF 10 DA\li:SS COLXTY. County, serving continuously in that capacity twelve years. He has also served as President of the Board of Education lor the city of Ga- lena, and. at the present lime (1904) is Post- master of the city. On .lune 7. 1863. Major Avery was married to Elizabeth Little, born in Oneida County, N. Y., and educated at Mt. Morris and Aurora Seminaries, 111., and they have the following named children: William Cuyler, George Wynne. A,2;nes Rae. Elizabeth Florence, Alexandra and Marie lone. In reli- Kious faith Major Avery is a Methodist, and in political relations a Republican; is also a mem- ber of the Grand Army of the Republic (in which he is Past Commander of his Post), and of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Com- mandery of the State of Illinois. RICHARD SPEXSLRY, one of the pioneers of the leadniining region, was born in York- shire, England. May lf<. ISO.t, and on April 24. 1S24, he was united in marriage with Alice Bonson, a native of the same place. Twelve children were born to this union, six boys and six girls, eleven of whom reached maturity and live still survive, namely: Hon. James Spens- ley, of Mineral Point, Wis.: R. M. Spensley, Clerk of the Circuit Court of .lo Daviess County, 111.; Alice A. Bailey, of Black Hawk. Colo.; Ellen Gray, wife of John J. Gray, and Judge William Spensley of Galena. Mr. Spensley re- ceived such an education as the schools of Yorkshire then afforded, which was but meager. His early life was spent in the lead and coal mines of his native county, and for several years he held the responsible position of banks- man in the famous Barnsley cosl mines in that county. Being impressed with the better oppor- lunitie" offered for a man in his condition in the I'nited States, in the year 1839, with his wife and family, then consisting of six chil- dren, he emigrated to this country, crossing the ocean in a sailing-vessel which was six weeks on the way. Landing in New York he went by canal to Buffalo, thence across the lakes to Chicago and from thence by team to Dubuque, Iowa. Mr. Spensley himself walking the entire distance from Chicago to Dubuque. He erected a log cabin near the city of Dubuque, in which he and his family lived for many years enduring all the hardships and privations incident 10 a pioneer life. By industry and fru- gality, he accumulated what would now be con- sidered a pittance, but al that time was consid- ered a fair sum of money, and in 1852 pur- chased what was then known as the Blair lead smelting furnace on the Sinsinawa River in the township of Vinogar Hill, .lo Daviess County, 111., about five miles north of Galena, and removed there with his family. Here he prose- cuted the lead-mining and smelting business with marked success until advancing years admonished him to cease active business, when he sold out to his sons and. with his wife, moved to the city of Galena, to spend their declining years. His wile died Aug. 24. 1887, in the eighty-second year of her age. Mr. Spens- ley was a man of splendid physique, standing over six feet, straight as an arrow and weigh- ing about 240 pounds. He was a man of great force of character, of deep religious convic- tions, never knowingly wronged a human being and always possessed the entire confidence of his neighbors and the business community. Early in life he united wiui the Methodist Epis- copal Church, and retained his membership in this church to the end of his life. In politics he was originally a Whig, and when that party disappeared he united with the Republican party and. up to the date of his death, advo- cated its principles. He never sought political preferment, although there were few offices within the gift of his neighbors that he could HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY 659 not have had for the asking. Knowing the benefits of an education, the common schools always had his ardent support. Born under a monarchy, he yet believed in the right of man to govern himself, and while he loved the land of his birth much, he loved the land of his adoption more. He detested the institution of slavery. On the 24th of November, 1892, with- out a struggle or a pain, "he was gathered to his fathers" in the eighty-eighth year of his age. It can truthfully be said of him, that he went to his grave in full age, like a shock of corn fully ripe in its season. WILLIAM SPENSLEY was born in Dubuque County, Iowa. His parents were English, hav- ing emigrated to the United States in 1829. He was reared to manliood in the township of Vinegar Hill, .Jo Daviess Ccnnly. 111., where. A\lLLI.V.n Sl'Ii-NSI.KY. during the winter months he attended the com- mon school and, in the summer worked for his father who was engaged in the smelting busi- ness. P'or two terms he attended Platteville Academy, located at Platteville, Wis., but did not graduate. In the year 1864 he began the study of law in the office of the late E. A. Small, then a leading lawyer in the city of Galena, was admitted to the bar on the 27th of Janu- ary, 1866, and at once opened an office in Ga- lena. On June 4, 1868. he was united in mar- riage with Mary J. Low. Six children were born to this union, four of whom survive, namely: Jsssie E., Harriet A., William R. and Mary E. In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Jo Daviess County, 111., serving in that posi tion four years, but declined a re-election and has ever since devoted himself to his profes- sion. In politics he has always been a Republi- can and, in 1888, was a delegate to the Repub- lican National Convention at Chicago, which nominated Benjamin Harrison for President. In religious matters he has always cast his lot with the Methodist Episcopal Church. CAPT. WILLIAM VINCENT. Collector Port of Entry and farmer. Galena, Jo Daviess County, 111., born in Cornwall, England, Jan. 19, 1826, son of Henry and Sarah (Vincent) Vincent, also natives of Cornwall. Captain Vincent was educated in his native country and came to America in 1837, locating in East Galena, Jo Daviess County, 111. On December 29, 1847, he was married to Eliza Beay, a native of Cornwall, England, and they are the parents of five children: Milton, Emily, Minnie, Annie and William, Jr. In political relations the Cap- tain is a Republican, and in religious convic- tions a Methodist. 66o HISTORY OF JO DAVIP:SS COLXTV JOHN ROSS, banker. Galena, 111., was born in South Shields. County Durham. England. Dec. 9. 1815. the son of John and Ann ( Bran- son) Ross, the former a native of Rothshire. Scotland, and the latter of County Durham. .lOIIN IIOSS. England. Mr. Ross' maternal grandfather was Launcelot Branson, also born in Durham. Eng- land. The subject of this sketch received his education in the schools of his native county. October 31. 18.57. he was married to Phebe Cor- with. who was born in Flatlsburg. N. Y., and was there educated, and they have had four children: Henry. John S.. Isabella G. and Phebe L. Mr. Ross has been President of the Galena National Bank since 1889 — a period of fifteen ye^rs. In politics he is a Republican and in religious belief a Presbyterian. THOMAS J. SHEEAN. Attorneyat-law. Ga- lena, III., was born in Guilford Township, Jo Daviess County. Dec. Vi. 1838. the son of James and Mary ( Lorden) Sheean. and was educated in the common schools, at Sinsinawa College. State of Wisconsin, and Rock River Seminary, Mt. Morris. 111. Deceml)er 25. 1865. he was married to Frances Delahunt. who was born in Ireland and educated in the common schools of Jo Daviess County, and the names of their ■riKni \s .1. siiioK \N. children are; James M.. Mary S. U.. Clara K., Henry D. and Frank T. Politically Mr. Sheean is a Democrat. JOHN C. BOEVERS. States-Attorney. Jo Daviess County, born in Petersburg. Menard County. 111.. Nov. 22. 1866. the son of Frederick C. and Caroline Boevers. both natives of Ger- many who came to this country in their youth. The father was a carpenter by trade, and after (oming to this country followed that occupation and farming. The subject of this sketch at- tended the common and preparatory schools, and then, after being engaged in teaching one year, took a four years' course in the German- English College, now located at Charles City, Iowa, from which he graduated in 1888 with the degree of B. S.. after which he entered the Law Department of the Michigan University, gradu- ating there in 1891 with the degree of LL. B. During the same year he came to Galena, where he began the practice of law. which he has con- tinued to the present time. Mr. Boevers. while in geneial practice, during his career at the bar has represented one side or the other in many cases in the Jo Daviess Circuit Court, besides being retained in connection with many important cases in the Iowa and Wisconsin courts. At the present time he is serving his HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 66i second term as States-Attorney for Jo Daviess County, and has been renominated for a third term; is also Attorney for the Galena National Bank and the Galena Axle Grease Company, of that city. On Sept. 23, 1898, he was married to Jessie A. Crooks, who was born in Galena, May 15, 1872, the daughter of Jesse Grant and Martha (Clark) Crooks, the father a native of Kentucky and the mother of Galena. Mrs. Racine, Wis., and on Feb. 8, 1876, was married to Emma E. Childs, born at Preeport, 111., who was educated at Sinsinawa College, and they had two children: John G. and Clarence C. Mrs. Schmohl died in September. 1SS9. and on J. <■. BOKVEHS. Boevers received her education in the Galena public schools, graduating from the high school of that city in 1892. They have two children: Helen Marie and Charles John Boevers. Mr. Boevers is a member of the South Presbyterian Church, Galena; a 32d degree Mason, belonging to the Preeport Consistory, Freeport; the Galena Commandery, Jo Daviess Chapter, and the Miners' Lodge, all of Galena, and a Knight of Pythias. JOHN GEORGE SCHMOHL. hotel proprietor. Galena, 111., was born in the city in which he now resides, August 4, 1854, the son of J. G. and Lena ( Brucklacker) Schmohl, the former born at Metzinger, Wurtemberg, Germany, and the latter at Reutlingen, Wurtemberg, Ger- many, his grandparents being of the same name and having the same birthplace as his parents. Mr. Schmohl was educated at Racine College, .I<»H\ (;. StHJIOHL. August 1.5, 1897, he was married to his second wife. Bertha E. Prince, born at Worcester, Mass., Sept. 15. 1869. By his second wife Mr. Schmohl has had three children born to him: Stuart P., born in 1898; Hazel E., born in 1899; and Robert, born in 1900 — all born in Galena. Mr. Schmohl is a Presbyterian in religious faith and politically a member of the Demo- cratic party. WILLIAM THEOPHILi;S HODSON, lawyer. Galena, 111., was born at Council Hill, Jo Dav- iess County, Feb. 21. 1852, the son of Mark and Elizabeth (Coates) Hodgson, both born in Yorkshire, England. Both the paternal and maternal branches of the family were English, the name of the former branch being spelled "Hodgson." By common consent, however, the "g" has been dropped from the family name by members of a later period. William T. Hod- son was educated in the common schools, Mt. Morris Seminary and Michigan University. Graduating from the law department of the 662 HISTORY OF lO DAVIESS COUXTY latter in 1877 he was at once admitted to the bar, and established himself in practice at Galena, 111., which he has continued to the present time. In 1887 he was elected County Judge, by successive re-ele;tions serving until \\ . •!•. II«»I)S<»\ li»03 (sixteen years), when he declined a re- nomination, preferring to devote his attention exclusively to his profession. He has also served the city of Galena as Alderman, City Attorney and as a member of the Board of Education. Mr. Hodson is a model public ofli- cer, careful, accurate and especially competent. On July 17. 187S. he was married al Ajiple River to Addle E. Rivenberg. who was born at ShuUs- burgh. Wis., and received her academic edu- cation at the Slate Normal School, Platteville, Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Hodson have two children: Effie May and Charles M. In his church rela- tions Mr. Hodson is a Methodist, politically a Republican and fraternally associated with the Knights of Pythias. WILLIAM S. HICKS, farmer and stock- buyer, Warren Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Cornwall. England, Jan. 1, 1833, and came with his jiarents to Jo Daviess County. 111., when ten years of age. They reached Galena by boat and drove overland to the old homestead, which is located two miles south of Warren and has since remained in possession of the family. In 18.52 Mr. Hicks went to California, and dug the first shade trees planted in Sacramento City. In 1856 he re- turned to Jo Daviess County, and the following year made the journey to England, where he spent some twelve months. In 1878 he removed to his present farm, where he has since been engaged in agricultural pursuits and buying stock, being at the present time one of the most extensive land owners in the county. In 1861 he married Miss Rosetta Tear, daughter of the late John Tear, and of this union seven children have been born — five sons and two daughters: Aratus W., Lucy R. Baldwin, Pres- ton T., Edith. Byron W. and David J. Of this family of children. Aratus W. is a mechanical engineer, and his wife. Sophie, is a daughter A\ . S. Hl< KS. of Ralph Dawson of Warren: Lucy R. married L. A. Baldwin, of Warren: Preston T. is con- nected with the "Warren Sentinel-Leader;" Edith is at home: Byron W. is a civil en- gineer, and Assistant Chief Engineer of the Wisconsin & Michigan Railroad: David I., farmer. Mrs. Hicks" father. John Tear, was a native of the Isle of Man. and when ten years old was brought to this country by his parents. HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 663 Her mother, Betsy (Brakeman) Tear, was a native of Lake County, Ohio. Mr, and Mrs. Tear settled in Jo Daviess County in the fall of 1851. PRESTON THOMAS HICKS, civil engineer and publisher. Warren, 111., born in Nora Town- ship, Jo Daviess County, June 1, 1871, son of William S. and Rosetta (Tear) Hicks, and grandson of Thomas and Martha ( Solomon ) Hicks, both his father and his paternal grand- parents being natives of Cornwall, England. John Tear, his grandfather, on the maternal side, was born on the Isle of Man and his mother and maternal grandmother were natives of Painesville. Ohio. Preston T. Hicks received his preparatory education in the Jo Daviess County schools, graduating from the Warren High School in 18S7, after which he took a four-years' course in civil engineering in the University of Illinois at Urbana, completing his course in 1894. He now owns a half-interest in the "Warren Sentinel-Leader," is a director in the Warren Independent Steel Company, and President of the Babel Lead Mining Company; is also interested in the Warren Gas Plant, the Academy, the Elliott Manufacturing Company and other enterprises. In 1895 he engineered and promoted the Warren water-works, which marked the beginning of the city's progress. Mr. Hicks is a member of the Baptist Church, a Republican in politics and fraternally allied with the Royal Arch Masons and the Knights of Pythias. RICHARD ALLANSON, retired farmer and stock-dealer, Stockton, 111., was born in Albany. N. Y., Nov. 18, 1834. the son of Arthur and Alice (Stringer) Allanson. Arthur AUanson was born in Yorkshire, England. June 29, 1800, and came to Montreal, Canada, in 1822, while his wife, Alice Stringer, was born at the same place, July 12, 1804, and came to Montreal in 1818. They were married at Sherinton, N. Y.. Sept. 25, 1822, and came to Illinois on April 1, 1861. Mr. Allanson was a farmer and stock- dealer by occupation, and died at Elgin. III.. July 25, 1864, while his wife survived until Feb. 20, 1889, dying at the same place. Richard Allanson first engaged in the live-stock busi- ness when seventeen years of age. and has fol- lowed that occupation continuously for the last forty years, and in connection with that enter- prise, conducts his 260-acre farm in Berreman Township. On August 30, 1863, he married Sal- lie Dadswell, who was born at Sussex, England, in 1843, and came to the United States in 1858. To Mr. and Mrs. Allanson nine children have been born, six of whom survive, viz.: Mary Ann, who married Jesse Miller: Richard, Jr., who married Eliza Polhill; Fred, who married Mabel Lawfer: Amy J., who married John Werkheiser; Maggie, and Edwin— those de- ceased are Henry Arthur, Sally and Elice. JOHN APPEL. farmer and stock-dealer. Rush Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Germany, Jan. 18. 1851. the son of John and Dorothy (Hofner) Appel. both of whom are now deceased. In 1875 the subject of this sketch came to Jo Daviess County, where he married Dorothea Miller, and they have four children, Ben, Eldora, Wesley and Willie. Mr. Appel owns 375 acres of land in Section 19. Rush Township, and is very extensively engaged in farming and stock-raising. In early life he served as a soldier In the German Army, and was engaged to work for Jo Markes. ANDREW G. ARTMAN, farmer. Woodbine Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in the township where he now resides, in 1875, a son of Joseph J., and a grandson of Joseph Artman, a native of Prussia, Germany, who came to America in 1851, and located in Woodbine Township, Jo Daviess County. Joseph J. Art- man, the father, was born in Germany in 1847, and resided with his parents in Woodbine Township, where he grew to manhood. When his father died he still remained on the old homestead, where he died in 1899. He was married to Josephine Banworth. and they had the following family of children: Charles, Ann (now Sister Oswin). Henry, Andrew G.. Rev. Anton and Mary. Andrew G. Artman was educated in the public schools of Woodbine Township, the Galena schools, and completed his educational training in the agricultural department of the University of Wisconsin. In 1899 he was married to Mary Powers, daugh- ter of James and Mary (McPhillips) Powers, of Elizabeth Township, Jo Daviess County, and they have two children. Alma and Clara. Mr. Artman makes a specialty of breeding short- horn cattle and Poland-China hogs. Since 1900 he has been president of the Elizabeth Butter and Cheese Company. 664 J11SJ"(JKV OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. RICHARD S. HARNETT. President Wishon Mining Company. Elizahpih. 111., is a native of New .Jersey. This corporation was organized by hfm in 1902. under the laws of South Dakota, with a capital stock of Jl.OdO.noO fully paid up and nonassessable. It has a perpetual lease of two hundred acres of valuable mineral land near Elizabeth. III., and. since acquiring the lease, has sunk a shaft 180 feet deep. 5x8 feet, set with 8x8 inch timljers. flagged with Iwo-inch pine. In sinking the shaft several tour-inch sheets of mineral were struck, pitch- ing north into a second opening. The original vein is 150 feet wide, and half a mile long. Thorough equipment has been installed at the mines, consisting of one lOO-horse power boiler, one 80-horse power boiler, two Cameron sink- ing-pumps with a capacity of l,20ii gallons per minute, one air compressor, one steam holster of 3.000 pounds capacity, and an electric light plant of 250 lights, each of Hj-candle power. From the properties controlled by this com- pany more than 30.000.0OO pounds of lead have been taken out of the dry, assaying more tl\an 82%' per cent. The State Geologist's report states that lead and zinc will be found for a depth of 500 feel. The management of the company is efficient. William Burns, the super- intendent, has had many years' experience as a miner. The officers of the company are: R. S. Barnett, President: \V. Jackson. Vice-Presi- dent: L. Meynick. Secretary; A. H. Gere. Treas- urer. The directors are: R. S. Barnett. L. Meynick. \V. .Jackson. A. H. Gere. Edward Junk. John Spellacy. John Burkhard. F. L. Duplesses and J. Fred Sheehy — all competent business men of Chicago. The offices of the company are at Elizabeth. 111., and at 802 West Sixty-third Street, Chicago. JOHN P. BEALL. farmer. Apple River Town- ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Holmes County. Ohio, in 1S35. son of Josiah Heall. a native of Virginia who moved to Ful- ton County. 111., when John P. was but two years old. and from the latter place removed to Galena in 1847. where he died in 1861. His widow, also a native of Virginia, survived him one year, and died in Galena. Tne subject of this sketch came to Apple River in 1882. He married Jennie P. Weston, a native of Scot- land, who came with her parents to this country when she was seven years old. and lived with them in Cincinnati and St. Louis before com- ing to Galena. Her parents died at the latter place. Mr. and Mrs. Beall have had the fol- lowing children: Hugh J., who is living in Nebraska: Weston P.. who married Miss May Barry, of Apple River, and is a resident of Waukegan, HI.: Minnie E.. a nurse residing in Peoria, III.; Celeuah. deceased wife of George Dimmick. of Monticello, Wis.: John W.. a resi- dent of Nora. 111.; .lean, Caroline, wife of Jesse Winans. of Gratiot. Wis.; Nonie. Robert E. and Harry. .M.-VTIHEW BEATON, dry-goods merchant. Galena, 111., was born in the city where he now resides. Feb 19, 1816, the son of Donald and Elizabeth (Dwen) Beaton, the former born at Ix)chabar, Invernesshire, Highlands of Scotland, and the latter in Baltimore, Md. The Beaton family had been for generations identified with I he old Scottish town of Lochabar. The grand- father of the subject of this sketch. Angus Bea- ton, married Sarah McPherson. while the great- grandfather, also named Angus, married Sarah Gillis — all born at I.ochabar. On the maternal side, the grandfather. Matthew Dwen. was a native of Parish of Athy, County Kildare, Ire- land, and 'lis wife, Ann Caton. of Baltimore. Md. Matthew Beaton received his education in the Galena schools and, on July 16, 1868, mar- HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 665 ried Sarah A. Brehany. born in Galena. They have had the following named children: Irene. Catherine. Sarah, Donald. Mary. Eleanor and Matthew. Mr. Beaton's religious affiliations are with the Catholic church, politically he is a Republican and fraternally a Knight of Colum- bus. BERT BELL, liveryman. Warren, 111., born at Warren. 111.. June 12, 1877, the son of Thomas and Lavina Bell, the former born in England and the latter in Illinois. Mr. Bell's grand- father, Richard Bell, was also a native of Eng- land. Bert Bell was educated in Iowa; his re- ligious affiliations are with the Methodist church, politically he is a Republican and fra- ternally associated with the Stars of Equity. EDWARD M. BENCH, physician and sur- geon. Galena. 111., was born in the city where he now resides. May 18, 1872, and graduated from the Northwestern University (Department of Medicine), Chicago, in 1898. serving as an interne in the Cook County Hospital for the fol- lowing two years. He began the practice of his profession Feb. 1. 190ii. THOMAS T. BIRKBECK. farmer and mine operator, Council Hill Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in Millbrig, Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1837. His father, Samuel Birk- beck, who was a native of England, after com- ing to the United States spent some time in Pennsylvania, and located at Millbrig, Vinegar Hill Township, in 1837. The following year he removed to the farm adjoining where Thomas T. Birkbeck now lives, and there died in 1881. Mr. Birkbeck. the subject of this sketch, was elected Supervisor in 1903, and has been Com- missioner of Highways for five years. For a number of years he has served on the School Board. His wife. Elizabeth, was a daughter of Benjamin Lethleam. of Council Hill. To them have been born six children: Samuel. who is a physician at Gratiot. Wis.; Camilla, the wife of Thomas Graham, of Vinegar Hill; Sarah, who is living at the paternal home; Benjamin, Principal of the high school at Lady- smith, Wis.; Thomas A., living at home, and Ella, the wife of George Graham, of Vinegar Hill. HIRAM 0. BLAIR, farmer, Ward's Grove Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in the township where he now resides. May 15, 1875, the son of William and Nancy M. (Tyr- rell) Blair, natives of Illinois and Vermont respectively. James Blair, grandfather of Hiram O., was one of the earliest settlers in Wards Grove Township, and resided on Sec- tion 32, where hi.s son, William Blair, also located and owned 350 acres of land, but later sold his estate to his sons — Hiram O. and Wil- liam — and purchased property at Kent, Stephen- son County. Hiram 0. Blair was married at ^pple River, 111., July 27, 1892, to Florence Werkheiser, daughter of George and Alice (Zel- lars) Werkheiser, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to Jo Daviess County at an early day and settled in Wards Grove Township. To Mr. and Mrs. Blair two children — Ethel and Glenn — have been born. Mr. Blair, in partnership with Ills brother William, owns and conducts the old Blair homestead in Section 32. William Blair married Alma Werkheiser. a sister of Mrs. Hiram Blair, and they have one child. Vertal. L. F. BOURQUIN. insurance agent. Apple River. 111., was born at Diesse. Switzerland, Nov. 6. 1862. and came to this country in 1880. making his first location at Galena, 111., but from 1881 to 1892, was engaged in farming in Warren Township, Jo Daviess County. In the latter year he moved to Apple River, where, in insurance matters, he is agent for the New York Life Company, and has won special hon- ors for work in this connection. Since 1903 Mr. Bourquin has been Deputy County Sheriff of Jo Daviess County; is also manager of the Grand Opera House at Apple River. PATRICK BOYLE, farmer. Stockton Town- ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Ire- land, in 1822. In 1843 Mr. Boyle came to the United States, locating in Galena, 111., in 1844, but shortly afterwards returned to Philadel- phia, where he remained for seven years, re- turning at the expiration of that period to Galena, purchasing a farm in that vicinity in 1852. On September 1, 1861, he enlisted in what was known as Fremont's Batavia Rangers, but shortly afterwards was transferred to St. Louis, Mo., to Company G. Third Missouri Cavalry with which he served three and a half years and was mustered out of the service Nov. 11, 1864. During his military service Mr. Boyle received a severe wound in the right arm. Re- turning to Jo Daviess County after the close of 666 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. the war, he purchased 200 acres of land in Sec- tion 18, Stockton Township, where he has since resided. He married Emma Berkman, who was born in Jo Daviess County, the daughter of Fred Berkman, and they have two children, Owen and Rose. Mr. and Mrs. Boyle are mem- bers of the Catholic Church. ANDREW BRACKEN, railroad man, born in Watertown. County Westmeath, Ireland, March 10, 1822, the son of Thomas and Ann (Hughes) Bracken, and grandson of .lohn and .Julia (Murry) Bracken, also natives of Ireland, the WDiii'.w iiii \< ixi;>. father born in Watertown anil the grandfather in the central part of Ireland. The grand- father on the maternal side. Christian Hughes, was also a native of Ireland. .Andrew Bracken married Mary McNaniara. who was born in Ire- land. March 17. 1S3B, and educated in her native country. Mr. Bracken came to America in 1852, and has spent most of his time in Illinois, chiefly in ,Io Daviess County. The living chil- dren of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Bracken are: Robert. William. Teressa. .lulia and .Andrew. The following are deceased: Mrs. Ellen (Bracken) Gunn. -Mrs. Mary (Bracken) Gilles- pie. Elizabeth. Thomas. Stephen, .lohn P.. James and Ann. Mrs. Bracken died in 1880. In church affiliations Mr. Bracken is a Catholic, anil In his pol'tir-al relations a Democrat. JULIA M. BRACKEN, sculptor, born at Apple River. Jo Daviess County, 111., June 10. 1871, the daughter of Andrew and Mary (McNamara) Bracken, both natives of Ireland, the former born at Watertown. County Westmeath. and the latter in Dublin. Her paternal grandpa- rents were Thomas and Ann (Hughes) Bracken, and her great-grandparents John and Julia (Murry) Bracken, while her grand- parents on the maternal side were Hugh and Julia McNamara — all natives of Ireland, the last born near Dublin. Miss Bracken came to Galena. HI., with her parents in 1876; in 1887 began her art studies in the Art Institute, Chi- cago, and between 1887 and 1892 assisted Lorado Taft in his studio, later assisting in the decorations for the Worlds Columbian Expo- sition. She also executed a number of inde- pendent commissions. She is now engaged as a sculptor with a studio at No. 19 Studio Build- ing, Chicago. In 1898 she took the first sculp- tor prize offered in Chicago, and during the last year has executed a statue of James Monroe for the St. Louis Exposition. Miss Bracken is a communicant of the Catholic Church, and is identified with several or,ganizations associated with art work, including the Cosmopolitan Art Club, the Western Society of Artists, the Chi- '•ago Society of Artists, the Municipal Art League of Chicago and the Industrial Art League. Chicago — in the last three organiza- tions holding the position of Director. Miss Bracken was first encouraged to study art by Alice B. Stahl, of Galena. 111., whose helpful sympathy in her work she gratefully acknowl- edges. A. L. BREED, farmer and stock-raiser. Rush Township, Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Stockton Township. Jo Daviess County. Nov. 4. IStil. son of Charles A. and Catherine (Smith) Breed, natives of Otsego County. N. Y.. the former being born in February, 1829. At a very early day Obadiah Breed, grandfather of the subect of this sketch, came to Jo Daviess County. 111., where he secured large tracts of land, and owned what is now called Breed's Hill. The father. Charles A. Breed, settled in lo Daviess County in 1854. and purchased a farm in Section 3. Stockton Township. Mr. and Mrs. Charles .A. Breed have retired from HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 667 the farm, and now live in Warren, 111. A. L. Breed was married in 18S4 to Herma Gardner, who was born in Albany. N. Y., August 9. 1865, daughter of George and Abigail (Van Dusen) Gardner, and was brought to Stephenson County, III., the same year of her birth. Her parents are still living and reside at Nora. 111. Mr. and Mrs. Breed are the parents of three children: George R., Eunice C. and Lola A. March 1, 1904, Mr. Breed sold his farm of 1011/2 acres in Section 36, Rush Township, for $110 per acre, and March 4th bought another farm of 196% acres, known as the J. P. Shaw estate, in Nora Township, where he now resides. PHILIP BRICKNER, farmer, Thompson Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in Ger- many, Dec. 7, 1842, a son of Jacob and Rachel Brickner, both of whom were born in the Fatherland. While in his native country the subject of this sketch served in the Prussian army, and was twice wounded. After complet- ing his term of military service he came to the United States and settled in Jo Daviess County, 111., where, nine years later, he purchased a farm of 200 acres in Thompson Township. Here he has served several terms as School Director, and is a member of the Lutheran Church. His wife, who was Elsie Smith before her mar- riage, was born in Switzerland. Seven children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Brickner. viz.: August, Philip, Ernest D., Henry C. Anna. Julia and Herbert T. JACKSON BRUSHONS. farmer and stock- breeder, Berreman Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in Northumberland County, Penn., Sept. 4. 1827, son of George and Julia Ann (Cole) Brushons. The father having died when Jackson was but six years of age, the mother was married to Peter Yohn, who brought the family to Jo Daviess County, III., where they settled on a farm in Berreman Township, after a residence of about one year at Morse- ville, Jo Daviess County. Here Jackson Brush- ons purchased a farm, and at the present time owns 438 acres. The subject of this sketch was first married to Mary Ann Bishop, daughter of Peter Bishop, one of the most successful farm- ers of Berreman Township, and of this union eleven children were born: George, Peter, Josiah, Catherine, Amelia, Ella, Julia, Emma, Jackson, Wallace and William. Mr. Brushons married for his second wife Catherine ( Brean) ,l-\fKS<»X III(I8HU\S. Broomgard, who. by her first marriage, had three children, viz.: Jane, who died when young, and Newton and Harrison, who are now living. To her marriage with Mr. Brushons eight children were born: Sylvester, Maud, Rodella, Daisy, Oliver. Mazy. Mabel, and Lydia Ann. Two children died in childhood. MRS. JACKSOX HRISHONS. 668 J11SJ(JRV OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. ALVAN F. BUCK.NAM. physician. Warren. III., is a native of Yarmoiitli, Maine, born Nov. 27, 1838. and was a student of Bowdoiu Col- lege, from which he twice sraduated. receiv- ing the degree of M. A. and that of M. D. in 1863. Dr. Bucknam enlisted in Company G. Twenty-fifth Regiment Maine Volunteer In- fantry, of which he became First Lieutenant, and at the e.xpiration of his term of enlistment \. I'. Ill < K N V^l. became Assistant Surgeon oi the Second Mas- sachusetts Cavalry. Remaining in the army until the close of the war, he was much of the time under the command of Gen. Sheridan, in the army of the Potomac and along the Shen- andoah Valley. After being mustered out he spent a year in the New York hospitals, after which he came west, locating at first at Nora. Jo Daviess County, and, after spending four years there, removed in IS'u to Warren, where he is now the oldest physician in the place. Dr. Bucknam has always been a Republican, and has been a member of the School Board for many years. His marriage occurred ,Iune 28. 1871. when Miss .lane, daughter of .Judge Ivory Quinby, of Monmouth, 111., became his wife. They have two living children, Mary Lizzie and Annabel HENRY L. BUNKER, farmer and stock- raiser. Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in Canada, in 185(1. the son of Thomas .Jefferson Bunker, a native of New Hampshire, who was twice married and reared a family of twenty-two children. Henry L. Bunker was four years old when his parents removed from Canada, and settled near Freeport. 111. For eighteen years he lived on one place near Wins- low. Stephenson County. 111., and from there removed to his present home in Nora in 1895. He married Almira Baird. daughter of William and Elizabeth (Woodle) Baird. of Monroe, Wis., and of this union seven children were born: Cora E., who died Oct. 30, 1903; Wil- liam Frank, married Elma Clark, of Lena. Stephenson County. 111., who died in 1898; Mary Edna, wife of Albert Schultz. of Nora; Charles E.: Nancy E.. who died Jan. 9. 1884; Arthur B. and Rachel P. FRANK JOSEPH BIRRICHTER. wholesale liquor dealer. Galena. 111., torn in the city where he now resides. Sept. 6, 1866, the son of John and Mary (Strothman) Burrichter. natives of Germany; was educated at Galena and St. Paul, Minn., and is engaged in the wholesale liquor trade as a proprietor of the firm of Bur- richter Brothers, the business having been es- tablished by his father in connection with .1 H. Hellman and 0. Sander, in 1844. The firm keep three salesmen on the road in Iowa. South Dakota. Minnesota. Wisconsin and Illinois. I'rank J. Burrichter is a Director of the Mer- chants' National Bank, of Galena. He was mar- ried May 20. i;tOO. at Burlington. Iowa, to Julia M. Wolf, a native ot that city, and they have had three children: F. Robert (deceased). Dor- othy and John Anton. Politically Mr. Bur- richter is a Democrat, and in religious faith a Roman Catholic. JEREMIAH CARROLL, farmer and stock- breeder. Pleasant Valley. Jo Daviess County, was born in Canada West. May lo. 1839. the son of John and Johanna ( Buckley l Carroll, natives of County Cork. Ireland. The father and mother lived for a time in Canada West, and then removed to Chicago, where they re- sided two years before locating in Pleasant Valley Township. Jo Daviess County, where the father secured government land in 1848. on v.hich he passed the remainder of his life. Jer- emiah Carroll was married in June. 1869, to HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 669 Mary Ann Sweeney, who was born in Cork, Ireland, and became by her marriage with Mr. Carroll the mother of nine children, two ol whom — John and Mary — are deceased. Those living are: William, Patrick, Edward, Jeremiah R., Thomas J.. Elizabeth G. and Mary Ellen. The parents ot Mrs. Carroll, Patrick and Ellen (Callahan) Sweeney, were both born in Ireland, and in 1S60 came to the United States, where the father was employed in Ihe construction of the Illinois Central Railroad. Jeremiah Car- roll now owns a farm of 220 acres in Section 23, Pleasant Valley Township, and he, with his family, belong to the Catholic Church. THOMAS F. CASSIDY, station agent Illinois Central Railroad Company, Apple River, 111., was born at Aurora, ill., in August, 1870, the son of Edward Cassidy, a native of Ireland. The father came to this country when a small boy, and made his home in Aurora, where he died in 1891, while his wife, who was also born in Ireland, is still living. The subject of this sketch was station agent for the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad Company, at Hills- dale. 111., from 1889 to 1S9G, and in the latter year entered the employ of the Alton Railroad, where he remained for about a year. In Feb- ruary, 1898, he entered the service of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and was located at Apple River, where he has since remained. His wife, who was Miss Carrie Flick before her marriage, is a daughter ot William Flick, who established the first bakery in Aurora. To Mr. and Mrs. Cassidy three children have been born. Thomas J.. George H. and Esta. HENRY B. CHETLAIN, farmer, Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County, was born Sept. 1, 1846, on the farm where he now lives, the son of Louis Chetlain. who was a native of Neuchatel, Switzerland, and one of the early settlers of this section of Jo Daviess County. Henry B. Chetlain received his education in the home schools, and followed farming ■jnl'l 1''"^''. when he engaged in the sale of agricultural im- plements, continuing in that busin"?"; i;nrq 1888. Sines the lattar year he has devoted his attention to the management of his farm. For thirty-seven years he has been intimately con- nected with the affairs of the Jo Daviess County Agricultural Society, and for eight years has served as Justice ot the Peace, half of this time being in Galena Township before the set- ting-off of Rawlins Township, and the other half in the new town. He was appointed Deputy Game Warden for Jo Daviess County on Au- gt'Kt 1, 1903. ALONZO CLOCK, farmer, Warren Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in Islip, Long Island, N, Y., and came to Warren Township with his mother in 1853, locating that year on the farm which has since been his home. Of his five brothers, three served in the Union AlAtWAt t I,Ot'K. army during the Civil War, H. C. and Henry A. enlisting from Iowa, and Charles L. from Warren, III. Alonzo Clock has been Township Supervisor for ten years, and School Director since 1865; has also served as School District Clerk since 1865. He married Rosana Lynch, daughter of Robert Lynch, of Painesville, Ohio, and of this union four sons and three daugh- ters have been born: Eugene, William. Frank, Edwin, Ella M., Ida and Alice. Of this family of children, Frank married Elizabeth Scace, of Gratiot, Wis., and Edwin married Elizabeth Mil- ler, of Warren, III. FRANK CLOCK, liveryman, Warren, 111., was liorn in the village where he now resides, in l>t93. He married Elizabeth Scace. of Gratiot, Wis., and of this union there is one child. Erwin Alonzo Clock. 670 HISTORY OF JO DAVIKSS COUNTY BRYAN H. CONNOR, farmer. Vinegar Hill Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in St. Louis, Mo., August 24, 1850, the son of John Connor and wife, both of whom were natives of Ireland, the former born in 1806. In 1823 Mr. Connor's father removed to London, Eng- land, where he remained until 1831, when he emigrated to the United States and in 1844. in company with his brother ( an uncle of the sub- ject of this sketch). Thomas Connor and fam- ily, came to Vinegar Hill Township, Jo Daviess County, remaining there until after the Gov- ernment land sale in 1847. The father then returned to St. Louis, leaving his brother Thomas aad family on the farm, and here Thomas and his wife died of cholera in 1850. On April 4, 1851, John Connor and family re- turned to the farm at Vinegar Hill, the sou Bryan H.. being then about seven months old. and this hns continued to bf the family home 10 the present time. The father died here April 19, 1879. Bryan H. Connor served as Town Clerk in 18S3-4. and held the office of Justice of the Peace eight years. In 1881 and in 1890, he was a member of 'he Jo Daviess County iioard of Supervisors, and a.nain in 1900 was appointed to fill an unexpired term in that body, being successively elected to the same position in 1901 and in 1903. ALFONSO CLEMENS CZIBl'LKA. physician and surgeon. Warren, 111., was Ijorn at Vienna, Austria, Sept. 27, 1806, son of Alfonso and Caroline (Kolbay) Czibulka, the former born at Vienna and the latter at Oratz. Austria. For an indefinite period Dr. Czibulka's ancestors have been of Austrian nationality, his paternal grandfather being Roman Czibulka of Vienna, and his maternal grandparents, F. and Marie Kolbay, natives of the same city. His grand- father on the father's side was a surgeon with the rank of Major in the Austrian army for thirty-eight years, while his father served as Lieutenant-Colonel in the Fourteenth Austrian Infantry from 1859 to 1892. The latter was a noted composer of light operas and piano music, his compositions amounting to some 300, and he was the recipient of a number of medals from the crowned heads of Europe. Dr. Czibulka came to America in 187t). and spent his early years in this country in the schools ot New York City and the State of Connei'ti- cut. In 18St) he began the study of medicine, three years later madiiaiiug from the med- ical department of the University of Vermont, after which he spent two years abroad, chiefly in Berlin and Vienna. On his return to the United States he began practice at H"reeport, 111., in partnership with Drs. Caldwell and Slealy. later removing to Warren. Jo Daviess County, where he enjoys a large practice. Since 1894 he has been connected with the Illinois National Guard as Assistant Surgeon of the Sixth Infantry, and four years ago was elected Coroner of Jo Daviess County. During the Spanish-American War he went to Springfield and was assigned to duty as Examining Surgeon for the Eighteenth Regiment United States .\rmy, examining recruits for that regiment at various points in the State. Dr. Czibulka was married Nov. 16, 1892, to Josephine S. Barton, who was born at Warren. III., and educated in the high school of that city, and they have one child. Marion Barton. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias: was appointed surgeon for the Illinois Central Railroad in place of Dr. Buchanan, who resigned May 31, TJ04; is also a member of the Association ot Military Surgeons United States Army, mem- Inr of State Medical Society and of the Jo Daviess County Medical Society. MARTIN J. DILLON, lawyer. Galena. 111., was born on a farm in Jo Daviess County. 111., March 29, 1872, and attended the local school, the German-English College, and Charles City College (Charles City, Iowa». Mr. Dillon read law with E. L. Bedford, at Galena, and attended the Law Department of the University of Mich- igan, from which he graduated in 1S94. being admitted to pra-tice before the Supreme Court of Michigan the same year, and in Illinois the year following. In 1897 he was chosen City Attorney for Galena, and has retained that office 10 the present time. Mr. Dillon is active in politics and is an enthusiastic Democrat. DANIEL W. DIMMICK. farmer. Apple River Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in 1840 in a log cabin on the same farm where he now resides and which has been his home dur- ing his whole life. His father. Lot L. Diramick. born in Knox Coun'y. Ohio, in 1807, was one of the pioneers of Jo Daviess County, coming to this part of Illinois and settling in Galena in 1825. He was here during the Black Hawk War. and in 1850 went to California, where he spent one year. His wife. Mary A. Mann, whom HISTORY OF TO DAVIESS COUNTY. 671 he married in Galena, April 10. 1831, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., June 20, 1809; in 1820 came west with her parents who lived about a year near Kaskaskia, 111., whence they removed to Waterloo. Monroe County, and finally to Galena in 1829. She was one of the thirty-six inmates of the Fort on what is now known as the Wiley Farm during the Black Hawk War. n. AV. UIMMK K. Three of her sons participated in the War of the Rebellion: Daniel W.. of the Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry; Harvey M., of the Forty-fifth Illinois, who died at Corinth. Miss.. from typhoid fever contracted in the army; and George W., of the Ninety-sixth Illinois, who was wounded and taken prisoner and, after being exchanged, died from disease contracted while in prison. Lot L. Dimmick died in 1863. his widow surviving until Feb. 3. 1876. Daniel W. Dimmick, the immediate subject of this sketch, enlisted in the Union army August 10, 1862, being mustered in at Rockford, Sept. 4. 1862, as a Corporal in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. This regiment was as- signed at first to the defense of Cincinnati, under command of Col. Thomas E. Champion, and did good service in repelling the rebel ad- vance under Bragg and Kirby Smith. With his regiment he took pan in the engagements at Fort Donelson (second battle). Spring Hill, Franklin. Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston. New Hope Church, the bat- tles in front of Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain (June 20 to 27), Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lcvejoy Station, Nashville, and many minor and less important engagements. Mr. Dimmick was on leave of absence in the fall of 1864, and when on his way back to the army returned from Nashville. Tenn.. to his home at Apple River to cast his vote for Abraham Lincoln at his second election. He participated in all the movements of his regiment and the Army of the Tennessee from Murfreesboro until the close of the war. excepting the battles of Chicka- raauga and Lookout Mountain, during which he was disabled by sickness. He was promoted Sergeant, and made a creditable record, and was honorably discharged at Chicago, June 30, 1865. His children are: George Irvine, who married Celena, daughter of John P. Beall, of Apple River: Mary, wife of James King, of Mon- ticello. Wis.; Frank, who is deceased; and Sarah A. and Lot S.. who are still living at home. Mr. Dimmick was one of the audience in the Iroquois Theatre. Chicago, at the time of the disaster of December 30, 1903, which resulted in the destruction of that building with the loss of several hundred lives, but fortunately escaped. ALBERT DITTMAR, farmer and Supervisor, Derinda Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Bavaria, Germany, April IS, 1847, the son of George and Margaretha (Grebner) Ditt- mar. He, with his parents, came to America in 1854 and the following year they located in Derinda Township, Jo Daviess County, 111. George Dittmar, the father, was born October 18, 1799, and died June 10, 1885, while his wife, who was born June 24, 1810, died March 12, 1865. They reared the following named chil- dren: George. Erhard (deceased), Adam, Al- bert and Barbara (deceased). Albert Dittmar, who was seven years old when he came to this country with his parents, was married in 1871 to Miss Anna M. Praeger. who died in 1877 leaving four children, namely: G. Walter, J. Bettie, M. Clara and L. Herman. The latter died in 1881. In 1879 Mr. Dittmar married his sec- ond wife. Miss Mary Wurster. who died in 1899 leaving four children: Otto (deceased). Lottie, Emma. William and Lydia. In political views Mr. Dittmar is a stanch Republican, and has 672 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. served as a member of the Republican County Central Committee at various times. Since his majority he has been entrusted with various township ofhces. having served as School Director six years, as Township Clerk four years, and as Township Treasurer ten years. In 1893 he was elected Township Supervisor, continuing to hold that position to the present time. He is a charter member of the Derinda Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and has Ijeen Secretary of the Derinda Creamery Company since its organization in 1S!^^I. Rl'DOLPH Dl'l TMAK. merchant. Massbach. .Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Derinda Township. Jo Daviess County. June 20. 1S74, the son of G'?orge and Dora ( Thain ) Dittmar. The father was born in Germany in 1836. and came to this country in 1854, locating in Derinda Township. The mother, Mrs. Dora (Thain) Dittmar, died in 1877, leaving four children, William A.. Fredoline. Rudolph and George F. Rudolph Dittmar was reared and educated in his native town, and for four years was engaged in leaching school. In 1896 he started a general store at Massi)ach, under the firm name of Held & Dittmar. Casper Held being senior partner. Mr. Dittmar married Miss Clara Thain. daughter of Nicholas and Dorothea (Fehler) Thain, of Derinda Township, Jo Daviess County, and they have one child, Ray- mond. Fraternally Mr. Dittmar is a member of the Knights of the Globe ajid the American Stars of Equity. In political views he is a Republican. SAMUEL DOBLER. farmer and stock-raiser. Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in Lycoming County, Penn,, Feb. Id, 1835, and came to Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1870. remov- ing to his present farm in 1892. His wife, who was Emma Poeth before her marriage, is a daughter of William Poeth, of Lewisburg, V'nion County. Penn.. and to them the follow- ing children have been born: Sadie, wife of George Stine. of Freeport: Herst. who married Lillie, daughter of Jacob Price, of Stephenson County; Bert, who married Elsie, daughter of Robert Wilson, of Nora; Elizabeth, wife of James Miller, of Stephenson County; Samuel, Jr., and Ira — the last two are living on the home farm. One child of Mr. and Mrs. Dobler died in infancy. WILLIAM H. DOXEY, farmer and miner, Vinegar Hill Township, Jo Daviess County, was iKjrn in Galena, 111., in 1847, the son of Jacob Doxey, who was born in Derbyshire, England, in 1803, and died in 1887. Jacob Doxey was the father of eight children: Hannah. Margaret. Alice. James. William H.. Thomas. Joseph and Hanford. Before coming to Galena the elder Doxey lived for a time in Pennsylvania. He cams to the lead mines at Galena. 111., in 184o, and purchased a farm in Vinegar Hill Township in 1847. which is still owned by his children. BENJAMIN E.\D1E. banker. Hanover. 111., was born in Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess. County. 111., in 1846, the son of John Eadie. a native of Glasgow. Scotland. The father. John EJadie, came to America in 1841. locating in Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., ivhere he was engaged in farming, but in 1850 went to California, where he remained a year and a half. The subject of this sketch was reared in his native township, and in 1871 went west, returning to Illinois in 1879, and located in Carroll County, III., where he resided until 1892. when he removed to Hanover Township, Jo Daviess County. In 1900 he bought a half interest in the Hanover I'nion Bank, of which he has since been cashier. WALTER S. EATON, attorney, Stockton, 111., was born at Pleasant Valley, Jo Daviess County, III., Oct. 22, 1872, the son of Daniel and Har- ! ift (House) Eaton, natives of Oswego County, N. Y. Daniel Eaton came with his parents to Jo Daviess County. 111., in 1844. and while still a young man made an overland trip to Califor- nia, where he remained for eighteen months and then returned to Jo Daviess County and located at Pleasant Valley. The elder Mr. Eaton died August 8, 18S0, but his wife still survives and is living at Elizabeth, 111. Walter S. Eaton graduated at Fulton, III., was admit ted to the bar in 1894. and began practicing his luofession at Stockton in 1894. On May 22, 1895. he married Rhoda Wilcox, who was born at Elizabeth. 111.. Nov. 5. 1S75. and they have two children. Donald M.. born .\pril 3.1S9G. and Harold R.. born Nov. 5. 1897. CHARLES EBY, Sr., retired, Elizabeth, III., was born in Baden, Germany, on the Rhine, in 1822, and civil strife in his native country caused him to rtee from the Fatherland in 1850. HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 673 He landed in New York with five dollars in his possession, and when he reached Philadelphia, had twelve and a half cents of this amount left In the home land he had learned the dyer's trade, and. on reaching America, immediately secured a situation to work at his trade for good wages, at which he presently won the R. A. M.: and Harden Lodge, Elizabeth. I. O. O. F.. at t'HAKl-KS KIM. reputation of an expert workman. In 185.5 he came to Jo Daviess County, 111., where he fol- lowed his trade until 1867, when he bought an interest in the Apple River Woolen Mills, be- coming sole owner of the establishment in 1877. which he conducted independently as a woolen mill for twenty years. In 1897 the machinery was taken out, alterations extensively made, and the building thoroughly refilled as a flour- ing mill. His son, Charles Eby, .Ir.. became a partner in the latter enterprise, and Mr. Eby retired from active business. In 1902 a half interest was sold to Lonie Winters, and the business is now conducted under the firm name of Eby & Winters. Mr. Eby was a Union sol- dier in 1865. being a member of Company I, Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and did service in Georgia, Tennessee and Texas: was mustered out in 1S66. Fraternally he is a member of David Hill Post, No. 532. G. A. R.: Lodge No. 36. A. F. & A. M.; Galena Chapter, GEORGE EDWARDS, retired farmer. Pleas- ant Valley. .Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Monmouthshire. England, son of William and Mary (Watkins) Edwards, both natives of Herefordshire, England, whose entire lives were passed in their native land. George Ed- wards came to the United States in 1856, land- ing at Philadelphia, and, in 1860. located in .To Daviess County, 111., where he purchased a farm in Section 9, Pleasant Valley Township, which by subsequent purchases he has in- creased to 475 acres. Mr. Edwards married Emily Buss, who was born in England. June 1(J. 1839. and in 1850 came to this country in company with her parents, who are now de- ceased. .lOHN FIDDICK. dry-goods merchant. Galena. 111., was born in Cornwall. England, Feb. 22. 1S26. the son of John and Anna Fiddick. both natives of Cornwall, as also were Thomas and Nancy FiddicI;, the grandparents of the sub- ject of this sketch. After receiving his educa- tion in the schools of his native county in Eng- land, in 1841 he came to the United States, arriving on July 13th of that year, and imme- diately coming to Galena, found employment as clerk with his uncle. William Fiddick, with whom he remained until 1851. He then went to California, where he spent two and a half years, after which, returning to Galena, in 1853, he became the partner of his former employer, William Fiddick. and has ever since been one of the leading dry-goods merchants of Galena. Mr. Fiddick was married in 1850 to Mary Bas- tian, who was also a native of Cornwall, Eng- land. In politics he is a Republican and in religious belief a Methodist. JOHN E. FURLONG, farmer and breeder of high-grade stock. Vinegar Hill Township. Jo Daviess County, was born Nov. 16. 1837. in a log house which is still standing on the farm where he is living at the present time. His father. John Furlong, a native of Ireland, came to the United States about 1835, and two years later located on ihe farm where John E. Fur- long was born. Seven children were born to the parents of the subject of this sketch, of whom he is the only survivor. He was eight years old when his father died, his mother 674 HISTORY OF JO D.W^IESS COUNTY. dying two years later. Mr. Furlong has been twice married; his first wife, who was Ellen Gray, daughter of Martin and Catherine Gray, became the motlier of one child, William. His second wife. Catherine Murray, daughter of Patrick and Mary Murray, was the mother of six children: Anna C, I.,awrence, William P., James E.. Mary C. and Agnes E. Mr. Furlong has served seven years as Township Supervisor. HERST C. GANN, editor of "The Warren Sentinel," Warren, 111., was born in Lycoming County, Penn., June 25, 1844, and was taken by his parents to Cedarville, 111., in 1853. After a brief stay there they came to Warren in Sep- tember, 1854. where the father of the subject of this sketch died soon after. When thirteen years of age Herst C. entered the office of the "Warren Independent" as an apprentice to the printing trade, with the object of aiding his widowed mother to care for her other children. With but brief exceptions Mr. Gann has worked as a printer all his life. In 1862 he worked about a year at his trade in Mineral Point. Wis., and then returning to Warren, 111., was em- ployed first in the Warren Independent printing office and then as clerk for a time in a store. In 1864 he purchased a half-inlerest in the "War- ren Independent." which he condu'^ted for about a year. Early in the sjiring of 1865 he leased his interest in the printing office and enlisted ir. Company M. Eleventh Illinois Volunteer C^avalry, the famous regiment commanded by Col./'Bob" Ingersoll, and was assigned to the Arjny of the Tennessee. For nearly a year he was stationed with his regiment near Mem- phis, and on guard duty along the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, doing duty also at the mouth of the Wolf River al)o\e Memphis and at White Station, and on detached service as patrol guard at La Grange. Tenn. Being finally honorably discharged and mustered out with his regiment, he returned to Warren and again became editor and publislier of the "Indepen- dent," in company with S. R. Smith. This part- nership continued until (he following spring, when Mr. Smith retired from the paper, being succeeded by J. W. Levered. Shortly after this new partnership was formed, the name of the paper was changed to "The Warren Sentinel." In 1868 Mr. Gann purchased the entire outfit, and continued in absolute control as sole pro- prietor until March, 1900. when the "Warren leader" was consolidated with "The Warren Sentinel" under the name 'Warren Sentinel- Leader." In 1901 the plant was incorporated under the state law as "The Sentinel-Leader Printing Company," and Mr. Gann was elected and is yet President of the company. In 1879 he was appointed Postmaster of Warren, a po- sition he held until the administration of President Cleveland, when he was removed un- der the pretext of "offensive partisanship." Mr. Gann has frequently served as a delegate to County, District and State Republican Con- ventions, and at different times was respect- ively secretary, treasurer and chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. For over thirty years he was Chairman of the Re- publican Senatorial Committee of his district, was a Committee Clerk in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly and also in the Legislature of 1901. Mr. Gann was married Nov. 5, 1868, to Miss Sadie E. Haynes, of Fulton, III. He is a Knight Templar Mason, a Knight of Pythias, and a member of numerous other orders. L'nder the administration of Governor Tanner he was a member of the State Insurance De- partment as an Examiner. In the fall of 1902 he resigned the office of Parole Commissioner of the Pontiac Reformatory for Northern Illi- nois, having been elected County Treasurer of Jo Daviess County as an acknowledgment of his unswerving fidelity to the Republican party and his support of the Republican ticket as a news- ;)aper man under any and all circumstances. Mr. Gann may almost be called the Nestor of the press of his Congressional District, having been continuously in the printing office since 1857 and continuously in the "editorial har- ness" since March, 1864, with the above two exceptions as noted. He was Commander of the Grand Army Post of Warren for three terms, and has frequently been and is now an Aide- oung lady born near ShuUsburg. Wis., but who had spent most of her life in Warren, 111. Mrs. (;iasgow is well educated, highly accomplished in music and art. has traveled extensively and they have a delightful home in Warren. Col- onel Glasgow is depcribed as a leader in busi- ness, political, civil and social circles, being a director in the State Bank of Warren, a Director and stock-holder in the Elliott Manu- facturing Company, besides having held the office of City Attorney, and being an extensive property owner. He is also a prominent mem- ber of the Masonic and Pythian fraternities, and a liberal contributor to churches, institutions and puUlK' charities. Popular and highly respected at home, he has a promising future. WILLIAM GOLDTHORP (deceased), farmer. Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in Horbury, Yorkshire. England. April 5. 1812. a son of .loseph and Elizabeth Goldthorp. He began working in a woolen factory when nine years old. tollowin.g that occupation until 1829. In the latter year he came to America, and remained in Philadelphia until 18,'i2, when he came to .lo Daviess County, 111., where he was engaged in mining in the vicinity of Galena and Mineral Point, Wis., until 1844. He then (1844) located on a farm in Elizabeth Town- ship, Jo Daviess County, where he remained until his death. Mr. Goldthorj) owned a quar- ter interest in the firm of Tait. Green & Co.. who operated a furnace until 1870. and was also a very extensive land owner. He assisted in the organization of the National Bank of Galena. In 1831 he was married to Ellen Ellis, and of \\ 11,1,1 \M <.th natives of New York State, who came to Jo Daviess County in 1845. Anson H. Nash began teaching when he was nineteen years of age. and then attended Humboldt College. Hum- boldt, Iowa, after which he learned the jeweler's trade at Elizabeth, which he followed on a small scale until 1877, when he enlarged his store and afterwards conducted a more extensive business until 1893, when he disposed of his store and retired from the trade. In 1888 he started the Elizabeth Exchange Bank, of which he was cashier until his death, which occurred March IS. 1903. In 1879 Mr. Nash was married to Miss Maggie J. Price, and he is survived by his widow and six children: Albert H.. Lois E. (cashier of A. H. iNASH. the Elizabeth Exchange Bank), Charles A., Clara A., Anna R. and Jessie I. Mr. Nash served as Village Trustee several terms and was also Treasurer of the School Board. K. A. NEWSOM (deceased), farmer and mine operator. Council Hill Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in England June 8, 1827, the son of Rev. John Newsom. who came to the United States in 1841. The father located in Edwards County. 111., where he preached six years, after which he removed to Jo Daviess County, 111., continuing in ministerial work until 1850, when he turned his attention to farming. K. A. Newsom accompanied his father to his home in Jo Daviess County in 1847. his mother having died in Albion, 111., in 1844. He began mining in 1848. and gave much of his life to that occupation, but in later years devoted his attention largely to farming. For five years he served as Supervisor, and for over twenty years was School Trustee. He was treas- urer of the Millbrig creamery from the time it was first established. Mr. Newsom married Martha, daughter of John and Mary (Matthews) 690 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY, Wilde of Dubuque, Iowa, and of their eight children, five are still living: John W., who conducts the homestead farm; Richard Grant, who resides in Carroll County; Mary, at home: Carrie, the wife of Prof. J. G. Leokley, of Free- port, and Martha A., the wife of William Pat- ton, of Stephenson County. K. A. N'ewsom died at his home. Milllirig. 111.. March 18. 1904. UAVID L. NORRIS. farmer and breeder of thoroughbred Short-horn cattle, Rawlins Town- ship, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born on the farm where he now resides in October, 1857. His father. Ralph S. Norris, born in Hartford County, Md.. Feb. 16. 1S17, settled in Galena. Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1837. and for a year was bookkeeper for the Galena branch of the State Bank of Illinois, and from 1838 to 1840 was in the employment of G. W. Fuller in the same capacity, afterwards establishing himself in the mining and smelting business, which he carried on until 1854. For fourteen years he was cotinty treasurer, served as Alderman in Galena from 1846 to 1852, later as a director of the Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad, and in 1864 he was elected cashier of the Ga- I'ena Bank. He was married Sept. 21, 1842, to Miss Phoebe Wood of Mobile, Ala., and to them eleven children were born, seven of whom attained maturity. Their children were: Wil- liam Edward, who served in the Civil War as a member of the Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and died while in service at Hunts- ville, Ala., when less than twenty-one years of age: Lucy, wife of Rev. Robert McLean; Charles L.. who married Miss Mary Bouton, and died when twenty-three years of age: Rebecca, wife of Augustus Bouton; David L., who man- ages the home farm for his mother; Phoebe, who died when twenty-one years old; John R.. who married Miss May Drake, and lives in Ash- land. Oregon: Mary E., who died when eleven years old, and three children who died In in- fancy. Mr. Ralph S. Norris died Sept. 6, 1885. David L. Norris. the subject of this sketch, mar- ried Helen C. Roberts of Galena. Oct. 22, 1891, and to them two children have been born: Ralph S. and Katherine R. Mr. Norris went to Wyoming in 1879 and spent about four years prospecting in the southern part of that State and the northern part of Colorado: was also in Leadville, Colo., eight months. Then going to Oregon he spent two years ranching in Kla- math County, returning to Galena after the death of his father in 1885. ORANGE H. OLMSTEAD, teamster. Plum River, Jo Daviess County. 111., was born at Boyle Branch. LaFayette County. Wis., the son of Jonathan Olmstead. a native of Buffalo. N. Y., who settled in Galena. III., in 1827. For a lime the subject of this sketch worked in the lead mines in Jo Daviess County, and then re- moved to Shullsburg. Wis., where he became the first sheriff of LaFayette County. He served in the Black Hawk War, and died in Willow Springs. Wis., in 1834. In 1836 his widow mar- ried for lier second husband, Asa Hutton. and they settled at Mor.seville. Jo Daviess County. 111., the whole vicinity at that lime being an un- broken wilderness. Mr. Hutton lived to see the farm brought under a thorough state of culti- vation and all the buildings erected. Orange H. Olmstead married Delilah Ensign, who was born at Mesopotamia. Ohio, and to them seven children have been born: William H.. Adie. Ed- ward. Cora. Frank E.. George L. and Burton E. During the Civil War Mr. Olmstead served as a Union soldier, as a member of Company G, Third Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, and in consequence of severe injuries incurred by be- ing thrown from a horse, was mustered out Nov. 12. 1864. EDWARD G. PAGE, farmer, .\pple River Township. Jo Daviess County, was born Feb. 9, 1847. on the same farm where his home is now located. His father, George A. Page, was born in Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 16, 1819, and came to Jo Daviess County in 1840, locating at Apple River at a time when there were not over a dozen families in the township. He was instrumental in having the first postoffice established in the township, and was appointed its first incumbent, a position he filled for many years. For eight years he served as Deputy County Surveyor, and was Justice of the Peace nine years; also served ten years as School Trustee. He took an active part in the organization of the county grange in his com- munity, and was also an active supporter of the old Greenback party. The stages then run- ning from Galena to Chicago put up at his place, continuing to do so until Frink & Walk- er, who operated the line, built the stage barn which is still standing opposite the Page farm. His wife, who was Ix)uisa Towne before her HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 691 marriage, was born in Windsor County. Vt., April .30. 1819. and was married to Mr. Page In Woodstock. Vt. July 23. 1841. Mr. and Mrs. George A. Page were the parents of four chil- dren: Lucius, who was born Sept. 7. 1843. and died Oct. 16, 1846; Edward G., whose name in- troduces this sketch; Frances L., the wife of Dr. C. H. Carey, of Darlington, Wis., and Pluma, who was born June 14, 18.57, and died in March. 1899. Mr. George A. Page died at Hot Springs. Ark., in 1890; his wife surviving him until 1899. Edward G. Page married Miss Tilly Schultz, daughter of William Schultz. of Rush Township. Jo Daviess County. They have four children: Louisa W., George W., Frances E.. and Addie M. For over thirty years Mr. Page has filled the position of School Trustee. THOMAS R. PARKIN, farmer. Apple River Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Yorkshire. England. Jan. 11, 1843, and in 1855 came to this country with his parents, who made their home at New Diggings, Wis., until 1857, when they came to Apple River and lo- cated on the farm which has since been the home of their son. whose name introduces this article. The iirst homestead building still stands on the farm. Thomas Parkin, the father, was a native of Yorkshire, England, and died in 1874; his wife was also born in Yorkshire and died in 1883. Mr. and Mrs. Parkin were the parents of ten children: Robert, who is now deceased; Mary Ann. Jane. Sarah, Elizabeth (deceased), Thomas R., Maggie. William. Grace (deceased) and one child who died in infancy. Of this family Mary Ann married George Everest, of London, and lives in South Dakota; Jane married George Groves, of Lon- don, and resides at home; Sarah married James Punton, of Hull. England, and has her home in Galena. Thomas R. Parkin entered the Union army as a member of Company B, One Hundred and Forty-second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. In 1890 Mr. Parkin built his present residence, which is regarded as one of the finest farm houses in the county, the original dwelling oc- cupied by his father and still standing on the farm, having been erected by John McElvey. the previous owner. In the early part of 1904 Mr. Parkin sold 200 acres of this farm, but still owns 231 acres, which is known as French Town. Mr. Parkin's present residence is in Apple River. He has been Overseer of High- ways one year, Assessor two terms, and Super- visor of Apple River Township since 1899. ISAAC W. PARKINSON, Postmaster, Stock- ton, 111., was born in Berreman Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., Jan. 23, 1845, the son of James and Christina (Hoy) Parkinson. James Parkinson, the father, was a native of Central Pennsylvania and came to Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1839, locating in what is now Berre- man Township, where he was engaged in farm- ing until his death at the age of seventy years; his wife died at the age of eighty-two. Mr. and Mrs. James Parkinson were the parents of twelve children — seven sons and five daughters. Isaac W. Parkinson was educated in his native town, and in 1863 ran away from home and enlisted in the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry. His parents brought him home, but shortly afterward he again enlisted as Sergeant in Company B, One Hundred and Forty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. After serving six months in Company B, he re-en- listed in Company G, Thirty-ninth Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, where he remained until the close of the war, being mustered out Dec. 16, 1865. Returning home from the war, he taught school for about three years, and then engaged in farming until 1891. when he moved to Stock- ton, and for a time was connected with the "Stockton Herald." In 1897 he was appointed Postmaster of Stockton, and was reappointed Jan. 29. 1899. and again reappointed Feb. 15, 1904. Mr. Parkinson married Miss Maggie McLeuehen. daughter of Rev. Harvey and Mar- garet (Crissnian) McLenehen. of Freeport, III., and to them seven children have been born — four sons and three daughters, viz.: Minnie A., Warden W.. Fannie, James W.. Frank M.. Celia M. and John A. Logan. Mr. Parkinson is con- nected with the Knights of Pythias, Knights of the Globe. Modern Woodmen and the J. A. Maltby Post. No. 520, G. A. R. In political views he is a Republican, and while a resident of Berreman Township served as Supervisor and Assessor several terms. EDWARD S. PATTERSON, liveryman, Stockton, 111., was born in Grant County, Wis., Jan. 20. 1850, the son of David B. and Cornelia (Sheffield) Patterson. The father was born in New York April 12, 1812, and died at the age of seventy-seven. He was engaged in traffic on the great lakes, and settled in Wisconsin in 692 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY 1837, being one of the very early farmers in the southwestern part of that State, where he passed his last years. Mrs. Cornelia (Shef- field) Patterson was born in Toledo. Ohio, in 1816. where she was married to Mr. Patterson. The subject of this sketch began teaming in Wisconsin, and spent several years in silver mining in Leadville. Colo. In 1896 he came to Stockton, where, at first, he was engaged in the hardware business, but having sold this enterprise opened a general store, which he afterward exchanged for a livery and sales stable, which he has since conducted in a very successful manner. Mr. Patterson married Nellie Harrison, daughter of George and Sarah (Blake) Harrison, natives of Washing- ton County, N. Y., and of this iinion there is one child. George F.. now a Universalist min- ister in charge of the church of that denom- ination at Morrison. 111. Fraternally Mr. Pat- terson is a Mason, and is affiliated with the Stockton Lodge. SAMUEL C. PEASLEE. cashier East Dubuque Savings Bank, East Dubuque. Jo Daviess County, III., was born at Sab\ila. Iowa, in 1862, son of Cornelius and Julietta Peaslee. and for thirty-four years has been a resident of Du- buque and of East Dubuque. With David B. Henderson, (he noted statesman and at one time Speaker of the National House of Repre- sentatives, and J. K. Deming, Mr. Peaslee organized the East Dubuque enterprise, which received its charter Nov. 30. 1891, having among its original stockholders Senator Wil- liam B. Allison. D. B. Henderson. George R. Burch, William L. Bradley. F. B. Daniels. H. N. Fentress. S. C. Peaslee. W. H. Day, and N. P. Mouton. W. H. Day has been president of the institution since its organization, and Mr. Peaslee its cashier. The first vice-president was N. P. Mouton. and he was succeeded by J. A. Meuser: .1. P. Kieffer is assistant cashier. A. C. PHILLIPS, physician and surgeon. Apple River. .To Daviess County. 111., was born .Time 14. IS.t". and obtained his medical train- ing in Keokuk Medical College. Keok\ik. Iowa, graduating from that institution in the class of 1880. In 1881 he located at Adel. Iowa, where he was engaged in the practice of medi- cine until 189-J, when he moved to Warren, III., but in 1896 located at .\pple River, where he has since conducteent two years in South America, and about the same length of time in California. In 1855 he came to Apple River. Jo Daviess County, and located on the farm now occupied by his son. William HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 693 T.. where he built the handsome stone house which is still the family residence. About eight years ago he retired from active farm life and settled in the village of Apple River. His first wife, Elizabeth Hayes, whom he mar- ried at Vinegar Hill. Sept. 10, 1848, was born in Ireland, and died in April, 1862, leaving five children: Mary C, Richard. William T.. Mar- garet and Ellen. The second Mrs. Thomas Pierce was Honora Shea of Rush Township, Jo Daviess County. They were married July 2G, 1S63, and she died Feb. 27, 1875. To this marriage were born Elizabeth. Annie F.. John F., Dennis L.. Sarah C. and one child who died in infancy. Thomas Pierce served one year as Assessor of Vinegar Hill, and five years as Supervisor of Apple River Township. CHARLES HENRY PORTER. Mayor. Galena. 111., was born at Galena. August 10. 1858. one of a family of seven brothers and one sister, children of Edwin and Mary Emily (Waddell) Porter, the father a native of Bridgeport. Conn., and the mother of Baltimore, Md., daughter of William Waddell, a linen merchant of that city. The Porters were descended from John Porter who came from England and settled in Con- recticut about 1637. Asahel Porter, great-grand- father of Charles Henry Porter of Galena, was born at Hadley, Mass., and married Lucy Kel- sey, and his son (grandfather of Charles H.), a native of the same place, married Kath- reen Hubbard. On the maternal side, the great-grandfather was James Waddell. who married Margaret Smith Spottswood. and the grandfather, William Waddell, born at Cam- bough. County of Armagh. Ireland, married Mary Agar Smith. Edwin Porter came to Galena at an early day and became a member of the dry goods firm of Porter, Spratt & Co. The son, and subject of this sketch, Charles H., was educated in Galena, but resided for a time in St. Louis, Mo,, after which he spent about four years in Kansas and the Southwest, when, returning to the home of his boyhood, on April 1, 1882, he accepted a position with the dry goods firm of J. & R. H. Fiddick, which he has retained ever since, at the present time being salesman and buyer in the silk and dress goods department with Mr, John Fiddick, senior member of the firm. In April. 1901, Mr. Por- ter was elected Alderman for the Fourth Ward of the city of Galena, and two years later <1903) was chosen Mayor by a large majority on a citizens' ticket, for a term of two years. Mr. Porter has been a member of the Knights of Pythias for the past twenty years, and for thirteen years has held the office of Keeper of the Records and Seals tor his local lodge; has also for the past twelve years been a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. In religious faith he is a Presbyterian and polit- ically a Republican. Mr. Porter is unmarried. CHARLES PRICE, livery stable proprietor, Apple River. Jo Daviess County, was born Jan. 24, 1868: was married June 8, 1899, to Miss Catherine Williams, daughter of J. F. Wil- liams, and they have one son, Herbert Clifford, WILLIAM HILL PUCKETT, retired farmer, Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in Fountain City, Wayne County. Ind., June 22, 1838, the son of Cyrus and Betsy (Thomas) Puckett, the former a native of North Caro- W. H. PICKETT. lina. On the paternal side Mr. Puckett is descended from Welsh ancestry, and on the maternal side is of Scottish blood. His paternal grandfather. Daniel Puckett. was born in Vir- ginia and married Celia Hill, a native of the same State, while his maternal grandparents, Benjamin and Ann ( Morman ) Thomas, were both natives of South Carolina. His parents came to Nora. Jo Daviess County. 111., in De- 694 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS CO^^T^■. cember. 1848, when the subject of this sketch was ten years old. There he worked upon the farm in the summer and attended the district school during the winter until he was of age, when he engaged in farming on his own account. This he continued until the fall of 1862, when he enlisted in Company I. Four- teenth Illinois Cavalry, was mustered in at Peoria as Second Sergeant, and participated among other battles in those of Knoxville. Cumberland Gap, Atlanta, in Stoneman's dis- astrous raid on Macon, Ga.. and later in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. He also took part in the capture of the celebrated guerrilla, John Morgan, in Ohio. In 1864 he was promoted to Second Lieutenant, and on -March 4, lS6o. was commissioned First Lievi- tenant, being mustered out at Pulaski, Tenn.. July 25, 1865. After the war he resumed farm- ing, but in his later years has been enjoying well-earned retirement from active business life. In 1870 he was elected Supervisor for his township, serving several terms by suc- cessive re-elections, and has also been Town Assessor several years. Mr. Puckett was mar- ried Oct. 28. 1862. at Nora, ,To Daviess County, to Miss Emerancy Crowell, and they have three children: Emeroy L., married Richard Berry- man, of Apple River; Nelson C, living in Wyoming, and Harry C, of Warren, 111. In politics he is a Republican. MOSES REES. attorneyal-law. Warren. Ill . was born on a farm two and a half miles north of Elizabeth. Jo Daviess County. 111., Or-t. 5. 1846, the son of John and Mary (Harris) Rees, natives of Wales, who came to Jo Daviess County in 1844, The subject of this sketch attended the public schools, meanwhile work- ing on the farm during the intervening sum- mer months. On Oct. 10. 1864. he enlisted in Company I. Ninety-Sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving in the I'nion army until Oct. n, 1865, and participating in the battle of Nashville (Dec. 15 and 16, 1864), besides a number of skirmishes, which, in a war of less magnitude, would have been termed battles. Returning home from the battle-field he first attended the Wisconsin Slate Normal School (Platteville. Wis.), and afterward taught school for seven years. On Oct. 1(1. 1871. he was married to Miss Mattio J. Brooks, daugh- ter of W. A. and Almira (Burr) Brooks, and of this union (here are six children — one son and five daughters — all of whom are now living, viz.: Earl B., I. Leone, Jessie I., Lottie P„ Josie Fern, and Mabel V. Mr. Rees was admitted to the bar in September, 1882, and has practiced his profession mostly in Galena and Warren, 111. At the present time he is a Trustee of the Warren Academy. JOHN RO.\CH. farmer and stock-raiser, Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, born in the South of Ireland in 1845. was brought to this country by his mother in 1854, his father, David Roach, having arrived in Warren, 111., the pre- vious year. About 1865 David Roach removed to Nora Township, where he engaged in farm- ing, and in 1869 moved to the farm now occu- pied by the subject of this sketch. The mother died in ISSO. and the father in 1886. Mr. John Roach is serving his second term as Road Com- missioner, and has been School Director since he was twenty-one years of age. His wife, Mrs. Mary Roach, was a daughter of Thomas Collins, and also a native of Ireland. Her parents came to this country in 1856, making their home in Warren. 111., where they followed a rural life. The father. Thomas Collins, died in ISSS and the mother in 1896. To the union of John and Mary Roach have been born fif- teen children, as follows: Margaret, Mary K.. HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUXTY 695 David, Anna, Julia, Katherine, Alice, Thomas. John, Edmund, Francis, Claire. Andrew, Marie and Marsella. Margaret is the wife of Frank Schwindel of Stockton, and is now living in Iowa; Anna married John Ball of Stockton, and also lives in Iowa; David married Miss Emma Weber of Chicago, is a physiciaji, and is now practicing medicine at Burlington; Mary E., David, Julia. Katherine, Alice and John are all graduates of the Warren High School, where Francis and Claire are now (1904) students. FRED ROBERTS, farmer, Apple River Town- ship, Jo Daviess County, was born on the farm where he now resides, Aug. 15. 1868, the son of Joseph Roberts, who was born in Cornwall. England, Aug. 29. 1821, and came to this coun- try at an early day. The father spent about three years working in the Lake Superior copper mines and at Shullsburgh, Wis., and then returned to England, where he married Miss Jane Gray. Coming to the United States a second time, he lived at Scales Mound, Jo Daviess County, for several years, and then moved to the farm in Apple River Township, on which he lived for forty years, and where his son Fred was born, and has since made his home. For a number of years the elder Roberts served as Supervisor, and also as School Trustee. In 1891 he bought a residence in Scales Mound, where he died Nov. 20. 1903. Fred Roberts was married May 28, 1889, to Miss Ida, daughter of Charles E. Roberts, of Elmira, Cal., and of this union four children have been born: Edna May, born April 11, 1S91; Lucille, born June 25. 1893; Meredith and Ralph E.. the two last named being deceased. JAMES ROOD, retired. Evanston. 111., born at Johnstown. Fulton County, N. Y.. April 1. 1820; in the spring of 1811 came to Galena, where he remained until 1866. when he located in Chi- cago, but in 1890 removed to Evanston, 111., where he has since resided. While a resident of Galena Mr. Rood was engaged in the whole- sale grocery business, as junior member of the firm of Stillman & Rood, but after coming to Chicago entered upon the pig iron and iron ore business, which he pursued until his retire- ment. A self-educated man. Mr. Rood has had a conspicuously successful business career. JOHN SCHAMBERGER. farmer and stock- raiser. Pleasant Valley. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Coburg. Germany. May 3, 1842, the son of John and Margaret (Lubyid) Scham- berger. both of whom were born in Germany, where they lived and died. The subject of this sketch served three years in the German army, and on Feb. 9. 1867. was married to Miss Mar- garet Kaeb. Mr. and Mrs. Schamberger came to the United States the same year they were married, and stopped for a time at Guilford. 111., where he learned the wagon maker's trade, which he followed for about two years, after which he bought a small farm of forty acres in Pleasant Valley, Jo Daviess County, which he has increased by later purchases until he now owns 170 acres of excellent land. Mr. Schamberger is a stockholder, and has been a director, in the Pleasant Valley Creamery Com- pany for six years. In 19(i2 he visited the old German home, where he has four sisters still living. In 1887 his home was burned and one child was lost in the fire, besides his household property and $500 in money. Mrs. Schamberger died in 1898. She was the mother of eight children: Andrew (deceased). Dora (deceased). John, Andrew, Peter. Lute, Elizabeth and Casper. WILLIAM SCHOPKE. manager of the Miller estate, Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County, HI., was born in Germany March 31. 1850, the son of Frederick Schopke, who was born in Germany in 181S, Frederick Schopke, the father, married Johanna Kuschke, and to them were born: Henry. Augusta (who married Wil- liam G. Miller) and William. The mother died in her fifty-sixth year, but the father still sur- vives and makes his home with his son William. William Schopke came to America in 1867. locating first in Carroll County, 111., from whence he removed to Texas in 1877. In 1883 he returned to Illinois, and the following year came to Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County, to take charge of the SOO-acre estate of William G. Miller, which he has since conducted. EDWARD J. SCHRECK. merchant. Elizabeth, 111., was born in Woodbine Township, Jo Da- viess County, 111.. May 12, 1878, son of Michael and Mary Schreck, who now reside in the vil- lage of Elizabeth. The subject of this sketch obtained his education in the schools of Eliza- beth and Woodbine, and in 1890 bought a half interest in the general store of Bray & Com- pany of Elizabeth, becoming sole owner of the 696 HISTORY OF JO 1)A\TESS COUNTY. enterprise in February. 1893, which he has since conducted. Fraternally he is a member of the Modern Woodmpn of America and the Knights of Colunil)iis. lie carries a good, up-to-date stock of goods in his establishment, and his store presents a bright and attractive appear- ance. BENJAMIN F. SIMMONS, farmer, Stockton Township. .lo Daviess County. 111., was born in Nora Township, ,Io Daviess County, 111.. May 22. 1S52, the son of .Jacob and Mary (Coppernolli Simmons. .lacob Simmons was born in Mont- gomery County, N. Y„ Aug. 25, 1816, and his wife, Mary Coppernoll, was born Sept. 27, 1814, a native of the same place. They made the trip from Montgomery County. N. Y., to .lo Daviess County with team and wagon in 1845, locating on Section 31, Nora Township, where he lived the remainder of his days, and ai the time of his death, March 22, ISSu, owned 500 acres of land. On ,Ianuary 26, 18S2, Ben- jamin F, Simmons married Delia ,Iuslus, who was born in Stockton, 111.. Oct. 21, 1860, Of this union there was six children, four of whom — Charles Justus, Arthur M., Florence A. and Carrie Irene — survive, and two — Alice and Ruby — are deceased. Mr. Simmons owns 35ii acres of land, of which 275 acres are within the in- corporated limits of Stockton. In politics he is an old line Democrat, and has served as Justice of the Peace and has been a member of the School Board for seven years. Socially he is a member of the Masonic Order, Plum River Lodge. No. 554. DO.MEK G. SMITH, M. D.. physician and sur- geon, Elizabeth, 111., was born in Central County, Penn., in 1866, and received his general educa- tional training at Spring Mills Academy, a noted institution of his native county. His pro- tessional studies were pursued at Jefferson Med- ical College, Philadelphia. He Ijegan medical practice in 1890, at Freiberg, Penn., where he remained until the fall of 1898, when he came west, and found a very desirable location at lOlizabeth, 111., where he has built up a good l.ractice and is regarded as a successful physi- cian. The Doctor belongs to Lodge No. 36, A. F. & A. M., and has taken the thirty-second de- gree in Masonry. He married Emma R. Hick- man of Center County, Penn. GENERAL JOHN CORSON SMITH, retired, was born in Philadelphia, Penn., Feb. 13, 1832, the son of Robert and Sarah (Harvey) Smith, who were natives of Carlisle, England. His grandfather. Robert Smith, Sr., and wife were HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 697 natives of Scotland, while his grandmother on the maternal side. Ruth Harvey, and grand- father, were born in Carlisle. England. John C. was educated in the common schools and at sixteen years of age was apprenticed to a carpen- ter and builder; when about twenty-two years old (1854) came to Chicago, where he worked at his trade for a time, when he removed to Galena, and there engaged in business as a contractor. In August. 1862. he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, but soon after received authority from Governor Yates to raise a company, of which he was chosen captain, and mustered into the Ninety-sixth Illinois. Sept. 6, 1862. He was soon elected Major and took part in a number of important battles in Western Kentucky and in Tennessee. Later, having been assigned to slaff duty, he served for a time with Generals Absalom Baird and James B. Steedman. taking part in the Tullahoma campaign and the bat- tles of Chickamauga. Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Having been promoted to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy after the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, who was killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 20. 1863, he rejoined his regiment and was assigned to the command of a demi-brigade, after which he took part in the advance to East Tennessee and the Atlanta campaign, and was severely wounded at Kene- saw Mountain. Later his regiment took part in the bloody battles of Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta. Franklin and Nashville, in the latter of which he participated. In February. 1865. he received the brevet rank of Colonel and in June follow- ing was brevetted Brigadier-General "for meri- torious services." After his retirement from the army. General Smith was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Galena District, and after the abolition of that office in 1872 removed to Chicago, where he has since resided. Other positions held by him in- clude member and secretary of the Illinois Commission to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia (1874-76); Chief Grain Inspector. Chicago; State Treasurer two terms (1879-81 and 1883-85); Lieutenant-Governor (1885-89), and delegate to the National Republican Con- ventions of 1872 and 1876. It was during his first term as State Treasurer that the office, be- ing unsecured, was robbed of $15,000, every dol- lar of which he made good out. of his own pocket, the State incurring no loss. March 24, 1856, General Smith was united in marriage in Galena. 111., to Charlotte A. Gallagher, born in Baltimore, Md.. and they have had five children: Robert A., Samuel H.. Frederick Parker (de- ceased), Ruth A. and John C, Jr. In religious views General Smith is a Methodist, and politi- cally an ardent Republican; is also a Past Grand Master of the Order of Odd-Fellows; is a prominent 33d degree Mason, having held the positions of Grand Master; Grand Minister of State of the Supreme Council. N. S. C; Grand Treasurer of Grand Council. R. & S. M.; Grand Commander. K. T.. and Grand Sovereign of Supreme Grand Chapter; Grand Cross of Con- stantine, U. S. A., besides being associated with the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. WILL ALDER SMITH, M. D., physician and surgeon. Galena. 111., was born in Utah, Dec. 7, 1872, the son of Alfred T. and Maria F. Smith and grandson of General John Eugene and Amy Annette Smith. His parents were na- tives, respectively of St. Louis, Mo., and Muncy, Penn. His grandparents on the maternal side were Edward D. and Elizabeth Kittoe — the for- mer born in Woolwich, England, and the latter in Lycoming County, Penn. Dr. Smith received his education in the Galena High School and the Northwestern University. In religious be- lief he is an Episcopalian, in political relations a Republican, and is fraternally associated with the Masonic Order, the Elks and Knights of Pythias. JOHN SPEER, retired farmer, of Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in County Monaghan., Ireland. July 20, 1828. and was brought to this country by his parents in 1833. Leaving his family in Philadelphia, the father, James Speer. came to Jo Daviess County. 111., in the fall of 1834. The following spring he sent for 'his family and located in Galena, where he lived until the fall of 1838. when he removed to Irish Hollow, Elizabeth Township. Jo Daviess County. On October 28. 1857. the subject of this sketch was married to Miss Mary Moore, born in Jo Daviess County, 111., in Jtily, 1838, daughter of Charles and Hannah (Rogers) Moore, and of this union the follow- ing named children were born: Josiah, Mary H.. Elizabeth J.. John M., Agnes I.. Margaret T. (deceased!. Charles A. and James, who died at the age of eight years. In political views Mr. Speer is a Republican, but he places the man before the party and votes for "the best 698 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY man for the place." regardless of party. In re- ligion Mr. Speer is one of the "old Scotch Presbyterians." and is a ruling elder in the Associate Presbyterian Church of Hanover. 111. JOHN M, SPEER. cashier of the "Bank of Apple River." Apple River. 111., was born in Hanover Township. .Jo Daviess County. 111.. July 11, 1871. son of John and Mary (Moore) Speer. and received his educational training in the public schools, in an academy at Hanover and the college at Burlington. Iowa. In 1S96 he came to Apple River. Jo Daviess County. III., and in company with his father organized the bank of Apple River, of which he is now cashier. In 1900 he married Miss Flora H. Adams, daughter of J. A. Adams, of Scales Mound. 111. WILLIAM ST.\CY. engaged in farming and mining. Council Hill Township. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Lafayette County. Wis., Oct. 17. 1846. For fifteen years he has been Justice of the Peace, for fourteen years a School Director, and was elected Township Treasurer in 1896. Since the starting of the Millbrig Creamery in 1894. he has been its sec- retary and niana.ger. GEORGE E. STEELE, farmer and stock- raiser. Hanover Township. Jo Daviess County. III., was born in the township where he now resides Oct. 24. 1856. the son of Cyrus and Susan (Gates) Steele, who settled in Hanover Town- ship in 1857. The subject of this sketch was married in 1880 to Sarah Watson and resides on the old homestead. He owns about 600 acres of land and is engaged in raising cattle, especially of the Hereford stock. Mr. Steele has a family of nine children: Harriet Ellen, wife of Michael Burke: Arthur E.. Fraftk L.. Henry E.. Elsie E.. Beriha I.. George A.. Mar- vin C. and Clement R. WALTER STICKNKV, dealer in grain. War ren. 111., was born in Canada, in 1840, and came to Jo Daviess County in January. 1869. where he opened a general store at Nora. He was the junior member of the firm of Rlcker & Stickney. but a year later disposed of his interest in the concern to Alonzo E. Holcomb. For two years he was enga.ged in farming and then returning to Nora, was in the grain busi- ness until 1880, when he located in Warren and there established himself in the grain and farm implement business. This business he carried on for eighteen years, and then selling out to Joseph Hicks, moved to Staceyville. Iowa, where he spent three years in the grain trade, and for two years was engaged in the same line at London. Minn. In 1903 he returned to Warren, where he is still devoting his time and attention to the grain business. His wife. Helen E.. is the daughter of John Cowan, of Nora. 111., and to them have been born the fol- lowing children: Irving E.. J. Harold. David A . H. Irma and Ida M. H. Irnia married G. M. Spensley. of Mineral Point. Wis., who died in 1902. ST. JOSEPH'S CATHOLIC CHTRCH AT APPLE RIVER.— The St. Josephs Catholic Church, at Apple River, was organized in 1858. The first settlement of this village dates back to 1832. The settlers of that period were so scattered that no religious services could be held until the nucleus of a village could be formed. This was done in 1854. Previous to that year mass was celebrated in private houses by visiting priests from Galena. New Dublin and Freeport. In 1858 Rev. Peter Corcoran was appointed the first permanent pastor of the new parish. The first house of worship was erected by him. a frame structure. 26x36 feet, being located on the property now used for a village park. This building was enlarged in 1872 by Rev. C. Schilling, who was succeeded by the Rev. P. T. McElhern. and he. in turn, by Rev. Joseph Kindeken and the Rev I' .Me Mahon. Rev. J. E. Shennahon was appointed pastor in 1881 and remained nine years, after which he was transferred tc St. Michael's at Galena. The present church edifice was moved to where it now stands in 1898 and was en- larged and remodeled by the present rector, the Rev. Thomas F. Leydon. who was appointed to this charge and its sub-mission. St. Ann's Church at Warren. May 9. 1895. St. Joseph's Church has about eighty families, and the Sun- day School an attendance of fifty children. Father Leydon has also remodeled St. Ann's Church at Warren, greatly enlarging it and sup- plying it with a thousand-pound McShane bell of very clear tone. This parish has about sixty-four families and a Sunday School attend- ance of some fifty ihildren. REV. THOMAS LEYDON was born in Chi- cago in 1850. and received his elementary educa- HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 699 tion in that city. When he was twelve years old he entered St. Mary's of the Lake Univer- sity, then standing on the site of the Cathedral of the Holy Name. The young student con- TH«»>IA»i K. I.EYDO>. eluded his studies at St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, Wis., where he was ordained to the priesthood. He Is a hard and successful worker, and his people love to follow where he leads. He has done much to build up the church by his sermons and lectures, and the people work with l.im in the utmost harmony. Success is the result. SAMUEL A. STUMP, farmer. Rice Township, Jo Daviess County, was born In Fulton County. Penn.. in 18.51, son of Ahram and Anna M. Stump. Samuel A. Stump lived in the East until 1881, when he came to Illinois and located near Decatur, removing two years later to Iowa, but in the fall of the same year made his home in Rice Township, Jo Daviess County, where he has since resided. His wife, who was Naoma Rebok before her marriage, died in No- vember, ISSO, leaving one child, Wilbur. Mr. Stump married for his second wife Miss Mary Rogers, and they have two children. Millie and Augustus. Mr. Stump has served seventeen years as a member of the School Board. TIMOTHY J. SULLIVAN, farmer and stock- raiser, Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, was born in the township where he now resides in 1858, and is a son of Patrick Sullivan, a native of Ireland, who came to this country about 1856, locating in Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, 111. Timothy J. Sullivan removed to his present farm in 1890. He married Julia Scanlon, daughter of Thomas Scanlon of Nora, and to them the following children have been l)orn: Frank, Charles, Louis and Nellie May. GEORGE BELL SWIFT, ex-Mayor of the city of Chicago, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 14, 1845, the son of Samuel W. and Eliza- beth (Bell) Swift, natives, respectively, of Phil- adelphia and Cranberry Hill, Penn. His grand- parents on the paternal side were Samuel Swift, born in Philadelphia, and Rebecca (Worrell) Swift, born in Pittsburg, Penn., his maternal grandparents being James A. Bell, born in Mer- cer, Penn., and Rebecca (Orwig) Bell, born in Huntington County, same State. While still in his infancy Mr. Swift's parents removed to Galena. 111., and from there in 1862 to Chicago, where the subject of this sketch received an excellent education in the old Skinner School, the West Chicago High School, and the Uni- versity of Chicago, graduating from these sev- eral institutions with high credit. After grad- uating from the University he engaged in bus- iness, and, since 1870, has been "Vice-President of the Frazer Lubricator Company; at the pres- ent time is also President of the George B. Swift Company, contractors and general build- ers. In 1876 Mr. Swift began to take an active interest in politics, has since served several terms in the City Council, and during the administration of Mayor Roche was appointed Commissioner of Public Works. In the fall of 1893. after the death of the elder Mayor Carter H. Harrison, he became Mayor ad interim of the city of Chicago, by choice of the City Council, and at the regular election in 1895 was chosen Mayor for the full term, being elected as the Republican candidate by a large majority over Prank Wenter, the Democratic nominee. By his previous experience in the City Council and his connection with the office of Commissioner of Public Works, he had acquired an intimate knowledge of municipal affairs, and it is gen- erally admitted that no man has ever entered upon the mayoralty better equipped for the duties of the office. He gave the city a most 700 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. excellent administration, introducing, among other things, improvements in the various departments which have resulted to the advan- tage of the city and in great saving to the tax -pa.vers. On account of his extensive busi- ness interests and the need of rest, he declined a nomination for a second term, which would have been cheerfully accorded him. Mr. Swift was married Nov. 12, 1868, to Miss Lucy L. Brown, daughter of Joseph E. Brown, who came to Chicago in 183.5, where Mrs. Swift was born and educated. Their children are: Brown F., Herbert B., George L.. Grace B.. Pearl. Eldred B.. and Edith L. Mr. Swift is a member of the Methodist Church, is fraternally associated with the Masonic order, the Knights of Pythias, the Royal Arcanum and the Royal League, and is a member of the Union League, the Illinois, the Hamilton and the Hyde Park Clubs. An ear- nest Republican, although not an office-holder, he exerts a strong influence in political affairs. MARGARET TEETER. Stockton Township. Lee County, 111., was born in Orange County. N. Y., May 25, 1821, the daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Kernochen) Shaw, who were ■also natives of the Empire State, but came of Irish ancestry. On March 11. 1841. Miss Shaw was married to Franklin Teeter, who was born in Tompkins County, N. Y.. July 12, 1819. In 1S48 Mr. and Mrs. Teeter came to Jo Daviess County, 111., settling first in Nora Township, but later purchased a farm in Section 6, Stock- ton Township, where he spent the remainder of his days. Mr. Teeter died July 24. 1894. his estate at that time comprising about 300 acres. Mr. and Mrs. Teeter were the parents of two children. Annamette and Jerome. Anna- met to married C. S. Foster, and they have two children. Helies and Emma. Jerome married Lou Bordways, and they have two children named Francis M. and Jerome Leroy. He has been director of the School Board for about twenty-five years. NICHOLAS THAIN, farmer, Derinda Town- ship. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born in Ba- varia. Germany, Aug. 11. 1841. son of Lawrence and Dorothea (Schueller) Thain. the former born in Batavia in 1809, and the latter, also a native of Bavaria, born in 1811. Lawrence Thain and his wife came to America in 1855 and settled in Derinda Township. Jo Daviess County, where they passed the remainder of their days, the former dying in 1884, and the latter in 1893. They reared the following named children: John, Margaret (Mrs. Strieker), Marg. Dorothea (Mrs. Treutlein), Nicholas, Dora (Mrs. Dittmar), Casper and Catherine (Mrs, Hammer). The subject of this sketch came to the L'niled Slates with his parents and here married Dorothea Fehler. daughter of John and Elizabeth (Schmidt) Fehler. of Derinda Township. Mr. and Mrs. Thain have a family of nine daughters, all of whom are married, viz.: Mrs. Emma Krug. Mrs. Lizzie Skene. Mrs. Annie Schubert. .Mrs. Dora Teich- ler. Mrs. Fannie Teichler, Mrs. Minnie Teichler, Mrs. Mary Streicher, Mrs. Clara Dittmar and Mrs. Caroline Albrecht. In political sentiment Mr. Thain is a Republican and has served two terms as Town Clerk, and Assessor one year. In 1865 he enlisted in Company H. Ninety-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was assigned to the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, a part of the Fourth Army Corps; was mustered out of the service at San Anlonio. Texas, in 1865. He is a member of the Savanna Post, G. A. R. WILLIAM C. TUCKER, farmer, Stockton Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born near the village of Union, Washington County, N. Y.. Dec. 9. 1823, the son of Nathan and Mercy (Clark) Tucker, natives of Rhode Island. Both of his parents died in Washington County. N. Y. In 1852 William C. Tucker came to Jo Daviess County, 111., locating in Section 1. Stockton Township, where he has since resided, and his holdings at the present time comprise 120 acres in Stockton and twenty acres in Rush Township. On August 29, 1S47, he married Elizabeth Schofield, who was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., in 1829. and of this union there were six children, viz.: Mary, Eliza. Helen (deceased), William H., I.«wis and Charles. Mrs. Tucker died in 1875. In political opinions Mr. Tucker is a Democrat and in religious belief a Universalist. F. S. TYRRELL, farmer and stock-raiser. Wards Grove Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., was born at Stockton, 111.. May 4, 1854, the son of Arthur and Eliza (Partridge) Tyrrell, natives of New Hampshire. Arthur Tyrrell came to Jo Daviess County in 1836 and settled in Wards Grove Township, where he look up land in Sections 17 and 20. He died in June, 1872. HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 701 but his wife still survives and resides in Bel- videre, 111. In 1878 F. S. Tyrrell removed to Kansas, where he was engaged in farming for nineteen years, and then (in 1897) returned to Jo Daviess County, 111., where he purchased the old Tyrrell homestead of 168 V^ acres, which he has since conducted. In 1881 he married Amelia Burns, who was born near Philadelphia, Penn.. Aug. 1, 1858, the daughter of Andrew and Elizabeth Burns, and of this union there are four children, viz.: Cora, Luella, Edith and Florence. Mr. Tyrrell has been a member of the Masonic order since 1875, belonging to the Plum River Lodge, No. 554, and is also a mem- ber of the A. O. U. W. in Kansas. GEORGE M. TYRRELL, physician and sur- geon. Scales Mound, .Jo Daviess County, 111.: born at Stockton. Jo Daviess County, 111., Nov. 11, 1862; graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, March 1, 1888, when he immediately began practice at Stock- ton, 111., continuing there nearly four years. In December, 1901, he removed to Clearwater, Neb., remaining about a year, when, in March, 1903, he returned to Jo Daviess County, 111., locating at Scales Mound, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. ANDREW UEHREN, farmer, Rawlins Town- ship, Jo Daviess County, was born in Germany. Dec. 11, 1831, the son of Christian and Sophia (Oberbeck) Uehren, and came to the United States in 1851. For a time he worked at the tailoring business in Galena, 111., but in 1854 entered the drug store of Mr. Newhall, as a clerk, and there remained for twenty-five years. In 1881 he located on the farm where he now resides, and has since been continuously engaged in farming. His wife, who was Sophie Casten before her marriage, was born in Ger- many and came to this country on the same ship with Mr. Uehren. They have had seven chil- dren, five of whom are now living, viz.: Henry, who lives in Aurora, 111.; Frank, a resident of Idaho: Elizabeth, wife of William Hartwick, now a resident of Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County: August, who lives on the home farm, and George, a veterinary surgeon at Atlantic, Iowa. Mr. Uehren stands well in his com- munity, served as Assessor for Rawlins Town- ship the first two years after it was set apart from Galena Township, and is one of the fore- most citizens of said township. H. S. VAN DERVORT, Postmaster, Warren, 111., was born in Jefferson County, Penn., in 1832. When the Civil War broke out. he enlisted in Company H. and, on the organiza- tion of his company, was appointed Corporal. At Chickamau.ga he was promoted Sergeant, and in the battle there on Sept. 20, 1863, was wounded in the right leg below the knee, the bullet lodging between the bones, so that it has never been removed. Mr. Van Dervort rejoined his company in May, 1864, and after- wards participated in all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, being again wounded at the battle of Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864, when a bullet which had passed through the head of Corporal Hamilton, of Company C, and one of the Color Guard, struck him on the left shoulder, and passing across his back just outside the spine, lodged under his right shoulder blade, whence it was removed eight months afterward, two months after his return home, with fragments of Corporal Hamilton's skull still adhering to it. Early in the spring of 1865 Mr. Van Dervort rejoined his company, being finally mustered out with his regiment. Since his discharge from the service, he has been one of the most active business men of Warren, where he is now serving his second term ar; Postmaster. His first wife, who was Elizabeth, daughter of German Senter, of Gratiot. Wis., died in 1863 while he was in tne army. Iiis second wife was a native of Canada, and his living children are: Frank, Jennie, Lou and Myrtle. Lou mar- ried T. Fay Wilcox, assistant cashier of the Warren State Bank; Jennie married Dr. F. J. Will of Eagle Grove, now of Des Moines, Iowa; Myrtle married Merton Jayne of Independence, Iowa. ORLANDO JOHN VICK, farmer and stock- raiser. Rush Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in the township where he now resides, Feb. 22, 1849, the son of Joseph and Jane t Sharp) Vick, natives of Gloucestershire, Eng- land. The father and mother came to the United States in 1842, and. after living in the Eastern States for about two years, removed to Jo Daviess County, 111., locating on a farm in Section 15. Rush Township, where the former died at the age of fifty-five years; his widow surviving until she reached the venerable age of ninety-one. In 1875 the subject of this sketch was married to Miss Mina Clay, daugh- ter of David and Matilda (Snyder) Clay, and 702 HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. of this union five children were born, viz.: Edith, who died at the age of six years; Bessie B., died aged fifteen years; George R., died when thirteen years of age; Jane M., wife of Alley Stock; and Lulu E., who is living at home. Mr. Vick owns a farm of 290 acres, and has served as Road Commissioner ten years; was Assistant Assessor two terms, and is in his second term as Town Clerk. Fraternally he is a member of the Court of Honor. JOSEPH VIPOND (deceased), born at Mill- brig. Jo Daviess County. 111.. Oct. 12, 1841. the son of William and Elizabeth Vipond. natives of Durham, England, and a grandson of Wil- liam Vipond. also of County Durham. England. His maternal grandparents were John and Eliiabeth Cousin, also natives of England. Mr. Vipond's parents came to the United States prior to 1841, and there the father died in January, 1870, while the mother. Mrs. Elizabeth Vipond, is still living, a resident of Galena. Joseph Vipond was educated . in the public schools and at Mt. Morris. 111., engaged in farm- ing and mining; was married in 1870, and had four children, of whom two — Louis and Willis — are living. In religious belief Mr. Vipond was a Methodist, and politically a Republican. He died April 1, liliil. WILLIS VIPOND. farmer. Scales Mound, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born July 17, 1876, the son of Joseph Vipond. (See sketch of Joseph Vipond.) Willis Vipond was married to Katie Simcox. daughter of S. C. Simcox, of Scales Mound, and they have one child. Andis, horn Dec. 22. 1903. CHARLES ALFRED WALTERS, editor and proprietor "Elizabeth News." was born in Fen- nimore Township. Grant County. Wis., Jan. 17. 1872, the son of John and Hannah (Grifliis) Walters. He was educated in the schools of his native county, and in 1896 bought the "Elizabeth News," a weekly publication, which he has since conducted on an independent basis. In political views Mr. Walters is a Republican, and for about six years has been a member of the Elizabeth School Board. Fra- ternally he is a member of Lodge No. 36, A. F. & A. M. Mr. Walters married Anna Hen- derson, a resident of Grant County. Wis. ANDREW J. WAND, farmer, W^oodbine Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Prussia. Germany, in 1825. the son of Joseph Wand and Anne Regiena G. C. (Iseke) Wand. Coming to this country in 1849. he worked as a blacksmith for about one year in St. Louis, Mo., and the year following located in Jo Daviess County, but returned to his native country in the fall of 1850. In 1851 he returned to America, locating in Woodbine Township. Jo Daviess County. 111., where he has since resided, and in 1854 purchased his present farm upon which he has since lived. In the latter year he was married to Mary Ann Wand, also a native of Prussia, and they reared a family of six children: Andrew, Ignatz, Harmon, Mary, Elizabeth, and Josephine. Of their children, Andrew married Rosana Hubercorn. and they have five children. Mary. Regina. Tracy. Joseph and Loraney; Ignatz married Miss Bertha Machannus. and their children are named Joseph, Bertha, August and Wilhelm; Harmon married Gertrude Dittmar, and they have two children, Gertrude and Mary Ann; Mary mar- ried Andrew Meyer, and their children are named Andrew. Tracy. Raymond and Lawrence; Elizabeth married Joseph Baker, and they have two children. Joseph and Clarence; Josephine married Frank Baker, and they have one child, Florence. Mr. and Mrs. Wand's children are all residents of Woodbine Township, Jo Daviess County, except Andrew, who resides at Gratiot, Wis. Mr. Wand has served on State and County juries, and has also been Assessor and Road Commissioner. CHARLES A. WATSON, farmer and cattle- breeder, Apple River Township. Jo Daviess County, was born in the township where he now resides, Jan. 4, 1860, the son of S. M. Wat- son, who was born in Susquehanna County, Penn., in 1826. The father came to Peoria. III., in 1844, and the following year located in Jo Daviess Ct)unty. He lived one year in New Diggings. Wis., and in 1854. settled in Apple River Township, where he died March 26. 1892. His wife. Mrs. Harriet (Jacobs) Watson, the mother of Charles A., was born in Franklin County. Ind., in 1836, and was brought by her parents to Galena, 111., when six years of age. The family lived in Galena several years, then moved to Elizabeth, where they spent four years, after which they again resumed their residence in Galena. Still later they removed to LaFayetto County, Wisconsin, where, in 1852, Harriet Jacobs was married to Mr. Wat- HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 703 son in a log house. Mrs. Watson's father died Dec. 15, 1901, her mother dying in 1867. The subject of this sketch has been twice mar- ried, his first wife being Mary A. Parkin, daugh- ter of Thomas H. and Ann (White) Parkin, of SbuUsburgh, Wis., whom he married in 1884. She died in 1893, leaving three children: Reuben A., Raymond C. and ArvlUa M. In 189(; Mr. Watson married for his second wife Louisa Hamman, of Thompson Township. Jo Daviess County, who died June 19, 1901. Mr. Watson went to California in 1881 and returned to Illi- nois in 1883, spending three months of the intervening time in Mexico. He was the prime factor in the organization of the Jo Daviess County Cattle Breeders' Association, organized Nov. 7. 1903, of which he is secretary. In 1S90 he built the handsome residence on his farm. ALBERT B. WHITE, president of the Han- over Woolen Manufacturing Company, Hanover, 111., was born in Hanover. Jo Daviess County, 111., in 1848, the son of James W. White, who has been actively connected with the Hanover Woolen Mills since its organization in 1864. Albert B. White was educated in Hanover and at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. In 1870 he became associated with the interests of the Hanover Woolen Manufacturing Com- pany, and In 1901 was elected its president. JAMES W. WHITE, manager and treasurer of the Hanover Manufacturing Company. Han- over, III., was born in Amherst. N. H.. in 1818. the son of Jonathan and Sarah B. ( Goss ) White. In 1837 he settled in Savanna, 111., removing to Jo Daviess County in 1842, and three years later bought the water-power and a considerable tract of land in Hanover, where he has since resided. In 1845 he built a flour- mill, which he operated until 1864, when the machinery was taken out and the mill con- verted into a woolen factory. Two sets of machinery were at first introduced, but the out- fit was later increased until eight sets are now operated. The goods made here have a national reputation for quality, and Mr. White has been general manager and treasurer of his company from the beginning, and has devoted his time and attention to its advancement. His first wife. Almlra Jenks, died leaving two children, Albert B. and Ella M. (Mrs. Coombes). His second union was with Harriet E. Fowler, by whom he has had four children, Florence W. JAMES AV. AVHITE. (Mrs. Howard), Ralph W.. Frank F. and Wil- liam J. JONATHAN WHITE, retired, Hanover. Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Lowell, Mass., Dec. 25, 1833, and in 1850 came to Jo Daviess County, 111., where he was connected with the Hanover Flouring Mill Company until 1893. In 1894 he was elected County Treasurer and served four years. On September 12, 1856, Mr. White married his first wife, Ellen H. Tregan- nown. who died Jan. 23, 1872, leaving three children: Mrs. Jennie (White) Cooper, Mrs. Carrie S. (White) Piatt, and Charles G. His .second marriage was with Awllda J. Llghtner. In 1863 Mr. White enlisted in Company D, Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was in the Seventeenth Army Corps, Army of the Tennessee, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and in the March to the Sea. He is a member and commander of John O'Duer Post, No. 399, G. A. R. In politics Mr. White is a Republican and has been Supervisor, and is now serving his second year as President of the Village Board. S. R. WHITE, farmer and stock-feeder, Galena Township, Jo Daviess County, was born at Hazel Green, Wis.. August 17. 1857, and removed to Galena Township in 1891, locating 704 HISTORY OF lO DAVIESS COUNTY. at first on the Henry Roberts farm, but chang- ing his residence the following year to the place where he now resides, commonly known as the James Roberts farm. Mr. While married Miss Carrie Tippert, daughter of William Tip- pert, and of this union the following children have been born: William G., who is a farmer at Elizabeth; Jesse L.: Clinton 0.. and Clara J. WILBl'R E. WHITE, merchant, Stockton, 111., was born at Lena, Stephenson County, 111., in 1862, the son of Miles and a grandson of William White, both natives of Three Mile Bay. N. y. William White, the grandfather, moved west with his family in 1839, and located in Ward's Grove Township, Jo Daviess County, 111. Miles White was born in 1839, and was reared in Ward's Grove Township, where he lived until the breaking out of the Civil War. when, in 1803, he enlisted in the Seventh Illi- nois Cavalry and served until the end of hostili- ties. Returning home after the close of the war, he engaged in the mercantile business at Lena, where he is still actively engaged in busi- ness. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools at Lena, and Eastman's Business College, Poughkeepsie. N. Y., graduat- ing from that institution in 1880, and in the same year entered his father's store, becoming a member of the firm in 1883. In 1891 he built the White block at Stockton, a brick struc- ture 60x100 feet and two stories in height, the entire floor space of the building being devoted to his mercantile business. Mr. White also own a 550-acre farm just east of Stockton, which he personally superintends. In politics he is a Republican, and has served as Alderman of the city since 1892; at the present time is President of the Village Board, having been elected to that position in May, 1903. In Masonry he has taken the Thirty-second degree and is also a member of the Knights of Pythias. AUGUST FRANCIS WILLIAM WIERICH, physician and surgeon. Galena, 111., was born in the city where he now resides, Nov. 17, 1843, the son of August and Therese (Heiman) Wie- rich. the former a native of Gettelde, Hanover, and the latter of Munster. Germany. Dr. Wie- rich was educated in .America and Germany, adopting the profession of medicine. In ch\irch relations he is a Presbyterian, politically is a Democrat and fraternally associated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. GEORGE W. WILEY (deceased), father of George E. Wiley, of Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was a native of Tennessee, born in 1809. and came to Jo Daviess County at an early day. where he carried on mining to some extent, although devoting his life chiefly to farming. He served as a volunteer in the Black Hawk war, and. at its close, in 1832, set- tled in Nora Township, which continued to be his home for the remainder of his life. He married Miss Ann Metts, who was born in 1818, and died in 1892. Mr. Wiley died in 1888. GEORGE E. WILEY, farmer, Nora Township. Jo Daviess County, was born on the farm where he now resides, and which has been his life-long home, with the exception of four years (from 1885 to 1889), in which he was engaged in farming in Kansas. The father. George W. Wiley, was born in Tennessee in 1809, and came to Nora Township just after the close of the Black Hawk War. he having served as a mounted volunteer in that conflict. For several years following 1828. George W. Wiley was engaged in mining, but farming was his principal occupation through life. He died in 1888. Ann (Metts) Wiley, the mother of the subject of this sketch, was born in 1818, and died in 1892. On February 26, 1885, George HISTORY OF JO DAVIESS COUNTY. 705 E. Wiley was married to Winifred Cheney, step- daughter ot Washington Usher, and they are the parents of seven children, four of whom — Glen, Robert, Harold and Dale — are now liv- ing, and three — Vye, Lauretta and Daisy — are deceased. In political views Mr. Wiley is a Republican and has served on the School Board since 1892. JOHN F. WILLIAMS, farmer and stock- raiser. Nora Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., was born in Woodbine, Jo Daviess County, July 17, 1848, the son of Daniel Williams, who was a native of Wales, and came to this country in 1S44, locating in Woodbine, and died on the old homestead in 1865. His wife, Fannie (Wil- liams) Williams, also a native of Wales, died in 1897. John F. Williams lived for thirty years in Thompson Township, Jo Daviess County, where he was long a member of the School Board. He married Mary A. Thomas, daughter of David A. and Elizabeth (Evans) Thomas, of Woodbine, and of this union were liorn David R., Earl J., Hugh D. and George H. On March 1, 1902, Mr. Williams moved to Nora Township, where he has since resided. JASPER C. WILLIAMS, County Clerk, Galena, 111., was born in Pleasant Valley, Jo Daviess County, 111., Dec. 30, 1861, and served eight years as a member of the Jo Daviess County Board of Supervisors. For three years he was Chairman of the Board, and was elected County Clerk on the Republican ticket in 1902. JOHN WINTER, farmer, Thompson Town- ship, Jo Daviess County, was born in Bavaria, Germany, August 15, 1840, the son of Henry and Elizabeth (Horch) Winter, who were also natives of the Fatherland. The father came to this country in 1840 and settled in Guilford Township, Jo Daviess County, where he fol- lowed the blacksmith's trade the remainder of his life, while the mother and son (John Win- ter) came across the ocean in October, 1841. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Winter were members of the Presbyterian Church, as is also their son John. The subject of this sketch wa,s reared to manhood under his mother's care and early bought a farm of 166 acres in Thompson Town- ship, Jo Daviess County. His first wife was Elizabeth Beat, and two of the five children born to them are now living: Anna, who mar- ried Tadis G. Jely, and Louisa, who married Daniel Bahr. Those deceased are George, who died when three weeks old; Caroline, died at the age of eight years, and Harmon, who died when six years old. Mr. Winter's second wife, who was Barbara G. Winter before her mar- riage, has borne him twelve children, three of whom are deceased. Those living are: Eliza- beth, Martin C, Maria, Mary, Lovina, John C, Katie R., Fred P. and Roy R. Matilda died when a year and a half old. Rose at the age of three weeks, and Joseph when six yeafs of age. MARTIN WISHON, retired, Elizabeth, 111., was born in Cumberland County, Ky., and while young removed with his parents to Illinois, settling near Jacksonville. In 1844 the subject of this sketch located in Elizabeth Township, Jo Daviess County, where he was engaged in farming until 1861, after which, for majiy years, he conducted lead mining and operated the celebrated Wishon Mine, which is located on his land, and the Wishon Mining Company, now having management of the mine, pays him a royalty. C. E. WRIGHT, physiciasn and surgeon. Scales Mound, Jo Daviess County, was born at Villa Nova, Ontario, Canada, Feb. 6, 1869, graduated at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, Chicago, in 1901, beginning the practice of his profession at his present location, Scales Mound, during the same year. Si^ ^^ \SSO sv %^^'' .0 . J o .0 f -> «V ..^^•. y ^^^^■ •A^^' ■n/. .X ■':'■ ..^ x^-^^^ ■xv^- .**^\ x<^ r. f^ ^<- a\'«' ^>^^•"^.. '^^,#' .s'^ "^-. tf s %.^^" •^/'♦^ .«.'•« -'b. 4, s •C-V ■u'-'\-A-" ^^ v^ ■ ,:^^-^ e*- ft ^^ t^ -i -^^ % <^'- * .^^ >' \ \ 4 u Tn" .0' L- c 0>' .\^-'^«l ,0- * «N> ^<^ .-.0' ^' ':^ ^N N^ ^°•n*. > ,0-^ v\ A^^ A^ ;^^'^::/'V"'"/^::-^■\'"'^>^co ^^ rS '.p '"^.-* '•^^ \ ■ <^'\. %.<^'' l\ ^/:>^^'/'^ x>^^ — ..-c. - f. N^^c. ■-o^- '^-.^^'' .%-% vV c " ■- '• * %. ^^^,^^'' -^ *■ .^^■-«.A/-«>'.^'"- .^0' -^ A*- •l'<=i. oH -< . 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