Review Biadratn: v' CHARLES R McKENNV' miiiiiniiiiiwiiii 1 1 —,——■.. i».....«.....»«..i LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap Copyright No Shelf..L"B..\5 67 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA humphrey's Review Diagrams. AN OUTLINE OF U. S. History, Civil Government, Geography, Grammar, Reading, Orthography, Theory and Art of Teaching, Arithmetic and Physiology. FOURTH EDI'TION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. BY CHARLES R. McKENNY, A. M„ PRESIDENT CENTRAL STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. MT. PLEASANT, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY LYON. BEECHER, KYMER & PALMER CO. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. V 4/ Copyrighted i88j, 1888 and i8pp, by JAMES IV. HUMPHREY. TWO COPIES HECEIVED. SECOND COPY, Press of ^f. Seymour S|« & muir a Printing I Company I ®ranb Rapibs I lTlict)igan PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. Believing that tabulated outlines of the various branches taught in the common schools would be of service to teachers in the rural schools of Michigan, Honorable J. W. Humphrey, a practical schoolmaster, published in 1883 his Review Diagrams. The edition was soon exhausted. A second and third edition followed. The demand in- creased. The little booklet had sales in several states be- sides Michigan. It has been three years since the last copy of the third edition was sold. The calls for the book have been so constant and num- erous during the past two years that Mr. Humphrey has felt induced to issue another edition, and being toO closely engaged by other interests, he asked my assistance. All the outlines have been revised and enlarged, to bring them up to the best scholarship of to-day!. It is hoped by the authors that this edition will prove as helpful as the previous ones. CHARLES R. MCKENNY. Central State Normal School, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. \li SUGGESTIONS. The object of this book is twofold, to furnish an outline for REVIEW and to offer BLACKBOARD WORK to the young teacher. Events standing alone are of little educational value. In the ** Diagrams," subjects are grouped together, thus aiding the memory by helping the intelligence. They are intended to be suggestive rather than complete. ^^ j^% 5^w g^W ^W ^W ^W g^W g^% g^w 9\ UNITED STATES HISTORY. PERIODS— Prehistoric, before 1000. Discovery and exploration, 1000-1607. Colonization, 1607-1*763. The Revolution, 1763-1783. ^ The Confederation, 1783-1789. Struggle between State Rights and National Author- ity, 1789-1865. Later Development, 1865-1900. PREHISTORIC AMERICA— Inhabitants. Civilization, North, South. Origin. Rerpains of their civilization. DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATIONS, 1000-1607— Northmen. English. Dutch. Spanish. French. NORTHMEN— Leif Ericson, 1000. SPANISH— Motives leading to exploration. Columbus, 1492, 1494, 1498, 1502. Americus Vespucius, about 1497. Vasco Nunez de Balboa, 1513. Ponce de Leon, 1513-1521 (first attempt at settle- ment). Cortez, 1519-1521. Lucas Vasquez de Ayelon, 1526 (second attempt at settlement). Francisco Vasquez Coronado, 1540-42. Hernando De Soto, 1539. Melendez, 1565. UNITED STATES HISTORY. ENGLISH- The Cabots, 1498. Gilbert, 1583. Frobisher, 1576. Raleigh, 1585-6-7. Drake, 1579. Gosnold, 1602. FRENCH— Verrazano, 1524. Champlain, 1603-8-9. Cartier, 1534-41. De Monts, 1604. The Hugenots, 1555-65. La Salle, 1682. DUTCH— Henry Hudson, 1609. TERRITORIAL CLAIMS, BASED ON DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. Spain. England. France. Netherlands. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. SPANISH— St. Augustine, 1565. Santa Fe, 1582. ENGLISH- Jamestown, 1607. Plymouth, 1620. FRENCH— Port Royal, 1605. Quebec, 1608. DUTCH— New York, 1623. SWEDES— On the Delaware, 1638. OUTLINE HISTORIES OF COLONIES. VIRGINIA— 1607-1715 London Company, Jamestown, 1607; Smith; Slaves, 1619; House of Burgesses, 1619; Royal Colony, Bacon's Rebellion, Industries, Local Government, Servants. UlSriTED STATES HISTORY. 7 MASSACHUSETTS— 1620-1644 Plymouth Company, Puritans in England, Pilgrims in Holland, Mayflower, Mayflower Compact; Ply- mouth, 1620; Miles Standish, William Bradford, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Distinctions between Puritans and Pilgrims, Development of Political Freedom (Town-meeting, Representation, Voting by Ballot, Two Houses in the Legislature), Industries, Social Distinctions, Character of Settlers, Religious Difficulties, Witchcraft, Harvard College. CONNECTICUT— 1635-1664 Settlement from Massachusetts, Drafted their own Charter, Charter from the Crown, Yale University. RHODE ISLAND— 1636-1663 Roger Williams, Settlement of Providence and New- port, Religious Toleration, Charter. NEW HAMPSHIRE— 1627-1677 Settlement from older Colonies, Land Grants. NEW YORK— 1626-1691 Settlement by Dutch for Trade, Peter Stuyvesant, Taken by England, Jacob Leislar, Social Conditions, Patrons, Free Schools, Government. NEW JERSEY— 1664-1738 Swedes, Dutch, English, Liberal Government, Quakers as Proprietors, East and West Jersey, Pres- byterian Influence. PENNSYLVANIA— 1681-1718 William Penn, Effort to Establish a Liberal but Firm Government, Philadelphia, Treaty with the Indians, Boundary Disputes, People quarrel with Proprietors. DELAWARE— 1682 Swedes, Purchased by Penn, Becomes Separate Colony. UNITED STATES HISTORY. H <. ^^ 2 W 3 Z S |J o wHg « >a ^ Fi O « 0) en o u ; ) « ^ rt O >^ Bf? H "o o > o E O D v-< o -a d U 92 ■a u T) B^ o ffi° O >, CB • 2 a o o t^ n IS few Z Ufe w O! 000 to M C0 5D -^ .-> T-l 1-. -i^ ■" J3 ■a 5> a a c p Ai E T3 CJ — >c CO C *-< i_i >< ffi CO m (1) J; & e •a :s Z Z % u « 1 UNITED STATES JT! STORY. 9 THE CAROLINAS— 1663-1729 John Locke and the Charter, Failure of System of Holding Land, John Archdale, Separation of Col- onies, 1729; Industries, Character of Settlers. MARYLAND— 1632-1716 Lord Baltimore, Catholics, Religious Toleration, Re- ligious Troubles, Clayborne. GEORGIA— 1732 James Oglethorpe, Efforts for the Suppression of Slavery and Use of Rum, The Wesleys, Royal Colony. UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND, 1643-1684. Massachusetts. New Haven. Plymouth. Connecticut. FIRST UNION OF COLONIES. PURPOSE— .Protection against Indians, Dutch and betterment of trade. Massachusetts overbearing, colonies jealous of local rights ; came to an end in 1684. KING PHILIP'S WAR— 1675-1676 Cause : Indian jealousy. Fought in New England. Twelve towns destroyed by Indians. One thousand Indians killed at South Kingston, R. I. Result : Indians crushed. Colonies show their spirit by refusing to ask England for aid, not wishing to be under obliga- tions to the home government. 10 UNITED STATES HISTORY. THE FIRST THREE INTER-COLONIAL WARS« KING WILLIAM'S WAR— 1689-1697 Cause: War of Palatinate between England and France. Events : Indian massacres. Frontenac shatters the Iroquois in New York. Hannah Dustin. 'Result : Treaty of Ryswick. Everything as be- fore. QUEEN ANN'S WAR— 1702-1713 Cause : War of Spanish Succession in Europe. Events : Massacre at Deerfield. English capture Nova Scotia. Result : Treaty of Utrecht. England holds Nova Scotia. KING GEORGE'S WAR— 1744 1748 Cause : Austrian Succession in Europe. Events : Capture of Louisburg. Result : Treaty of Aix la Chapelle. Louisburg given back to France for Madras in India. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, (See Table, page 11.) RESULT— Treaty of Paris. France cedes all territory east of Mississippi to England, west of Mississippi to Spain. Spain cedes Florida to England. officers. British. French. Montcalm, Dieskau. Wolf, Braddock, Washing- ton, Shirley, Johnson. The appointment of William Pitt as Prime Minister saved North America to the English. Pitt saw that the war might be made to decide the possession of North America and sent the best men and abundant money to the colonies. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 11 < u CO NO ID a o :» NO W ^ ^ ri < I— I Q l-H Q U Z 0^ < i T3 3 ft T3 u 3 S. ca ■6 0) u o z < H b: o 0. S n > o a o U i1 1) > J2 3 H S « a ca S ca -a ca a ca U u a u Z c a, u > H O a 'm O a m 3 a 3 Q T3 rt . 2 & cjH f— 1 v.. M z -2- 9 3 ca^ ca.!2 '^ cj 3 CS en < a 0) B (/) — 1 i -^ ^< S so S M i a a a W.2 WW W.^ OJ 12 UNITED STATES HISTORY. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Cause — Fundamental difference between England and the Colonies in ideas of government. I. Colonial Idea — {a) Charters granted by the King, not revocable ex- cept b}' the consent of the people. {h) Colonies were not, and could not be represented in Parliament, therefore. Parliament could not legislate for Colonies. II. English Idea — {a) Charter granted by King could be amended or revoked by King or Parliament. (U) Every member of Parliament represented every part of the British Empire, therefore, the Colonies were represented and Parliament could legislate for Colonies. Parlia?vIent endeavors to enforce its ideas in — Writs of Assistance, 1761; Navigation Acts, enforce- ment of, 1761-75; Stamp Act, 1765; Townshend Acts, 1767; Tax on Tea, 1770; Five Intolerable Acts, ,1774, viz: Boston Port Bill, Transportation Bill, Massachusetts Bill, Quartering Act, Quebec Act. Beginning of Organized Action on the part of the Colonies — I. Albany Congress and Franklin's plan of Union, 1754. II. Stamp Act Congress, 1765; Nine Colonies repre- sented, Issued Declaration of Rights, Petition to the King and to Parliament. III. First Continental Congress, 1774; Twelve Col- onies represented, Declaration of Rights ; Ad- dresses to King, English people, Canadians, Col- onists; Non-importation agreement. IV. Committees of correspondence, 1773 — to Revo- lution. Resistance in the Colonies — Boston Massacre; Destruction of Gaspee; Boston Tea-party; Gathering of military stores; Battles of Lexington and Concord; British besieged in Boston. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 18 Events — 1775 — Second Continental Congress. Washington made commander-in-chief. Organized Continental Army. Issued paper money. Bunker Hill; Ticonderoga. Disastrous expedition against Canada. 1776 — Boston evacuated; Colonies ask advice of Congress and are advised to establish State Governments. Declaration of Independence passed July 4th; No British soldiers on United States soil. British plan to attack the centre, capture New York and Hudson River, dividing New England from the rest; Colonies had no navy, would be help- less. New York Campaign; Washington's retreat across Newfjersey; Low spirits of Americans; Capture of Trenton; Newport captured by British. . 1777 — British plan; Howe to move up the Hudson from New York; Burgoyne to come down from Canada via Ticonderoga to meet Howe; St. Leger from Lake Ontario through central New York to meet the other two. Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga, is hindered in New York by Schuyler, loses men at Bennington; St. Leger's forces routed and scattered by Arnold's stratagem; Howe takes the advice of Charles Lee and moves on Philadelphia instead of up the Hudson to meet Burgoyne, is out-generaled by Washington, tries several times, forces Washing- ton' to a battle at Brandywine, defeats him, cap- tures Philadelphia but it is too late to turn north to help Burgoyne, who is defeated by Arnold and Morgan (Gates commajiding but not taking active part) at Saratoga, and surrenders Oct. 17, 1777. 177S — Valley Forge; Conway Cabal; French Alliance; Indian attacks, (Wyoming and Cherry Valleys); American Retaliation. 1779 — George Rogers Clark gets control of the North West Territory for the United States. 1780 —Arnold's treason; Lincoln surrenders Charleston; Gates defeated at Camden; Green given command in south; King's Mountain; Cowpens; Green draws Cornwallis out of extreme South through North Carolina. 14 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1781— Guilford Courthouse; Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. 1783 — Treaty of Peace, Paris. Finances in the Revolution — Great issue of irredeemable paper money; Gold borrowed from France and Holland; Money bor- rowed from citizens; Supplies seized and bills of credit given; Paper money was never redeemed; Bank of North America established. Navy weak and poorly equipped. John Paul Jones (Bonhomme Richard and Serapis). Results — American Independence. ARTICLES OF CONSTITUTION. Proposed 1777. Adopted 1781. Weaknesses — 1. Required unanimous consent of States to amend. 2. No chief executive. , 3. No supreme court. 4. Each state payed and controlled its represent- atives. 5. Congress could not control commerce. 6. Congress could not levy and collect taxes. Result — States passed commercial restrictions on each other; Anarchy and confusion in Massachusetts; Foreign states would not carry out their treaties with us; General government bankrupt; United States rapidly becoming thirteen Independent governments. ORDINANCE OF 1787. Constitutional Convention — Met at Philadelphia; Most representative men of states there; Three compromises made; Proposed to the people and adopted, 1788. The Federalist. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 15 CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD, 1789. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Yirgluia. 17S9 97. Vice-President — John Adams. First Cabinet — Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton; Sec- retary of War, Henry Knox; Attorney General, Edmund Randolph. Events — Organization of executive departments; Supreme Court; First ten amendments to the constitution proposed by Congress and adopted. Hamilton's Financial Schemes — 1. Pay debt in full, foreign and domestic. 2. Establish a United States bank. 3. Assume the state's debts. 4. Revenue tariff (protective). 5. Lay an excise tax. Whiskey Insurrection. Cotton gin by Eli Whitne}^, 1794. Rise of Political Parties — Federalists, led by Hamilton; Principles, broad con- struction of constitution, large powers of Congress and limited powders of the states. Democratic-Republicans, led by Jefferson; Drin- ciples, strict construction, large pov\^ers of the state and only those powers expressly stated in the constitution allowed Congress. Trouble with France, Citizen Genet; Jay's treaty; Wash- ington's farewell address. States Admitted — Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee, 1796. JOHN ADAMS, Massachusetts. 1797-1801. Vice-President — Thomas Jefferson. Secretaries of State — Timothy Pickering and John Marshall. 16 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Important Events — Trouble with France, X. Y. Z. affair- Feeling against France made Federalists strong, tried to crush Democratic-Republicans by Alien and Sedition Laws, but provoked a reaction against themselves as shown in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, and in the next election which went Democratic-Republican; Treaty with France; Capitol moved to Washington; John Marshall made Chief Justice; 11th amendment goes into effect. THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia, 1801-1809. Vice-Presidents — Aaron Burr; George Clinton. Secretary of State — James Madison. Important Events — Louisana Purchase, 1803; Lewis and Clark expedition; War with the Barbary States, 1801-1804; Internal improvements; War between England and France and their impositions on American commerce, viz : English Orders in Council and impressment of American seamen; French-Berlin and Milan Decrees; Embargo; Ohio admitted, 1802; Fulton invented the steam- boat. Note. — The Democratic-Republican party had come into power as strict constructionists, but in purchasing Louisana and laying the Embargo they bad far exceeded the Federalists in exercis- ing the implied powers of Congress. They are not broad construction from principle, however, as yet, but use these larger powers of Congress because they consider it expedient to do so. JAMES MADISOX, Virginia. 1809-1817. Vice-Presidents — George Clinton; Elbridge Gerry. Secretaries of State — Robert Smith and James Monroe. Important Events — -Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh vs. Harrison. War of 1812 — 1812-1814— 2>^ Years. Causes — 1. Impressment of American seamen. 2. Violation of Neutral Rights on the American Coast by English ships. 3. Orders in Council. 4. Inciting the Indians against the United States. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 17 Events — Surrender of Detroit, Hull; Invasion of Canada via Niagara River, failure; Burning of Toronto, Dear- born, 1813; Perry's victory on Lake Erie; Battle of the Thames; The Creek War, Georgia and Alabama; Chippewa; Lundy's Lane; Fort Erie; Plattsburg; United States coast from Maine to Florida blockaded by English ships; Capture of Washington, 1814; Bombardment of Fort Mc- Henry; Hartford convention; Battle of New Orleans. (After treaty had been signed). Naval Battles — The President and Little Belt; Constitution and Guerriere; Frolic and Wasp; Chesepeake and Shannon. Peace ob' Ghent — Everything left as before the war. The navy had gained great glory for the United States, and gave us greater prestige in Europe than ever before. The war also freed us from all European entanglements. Also produced great national enthusiasm. War with Algiers, 1815. Charter of a National Bank, 1816 — The charter of the old National Bank expired in 1811, and the Democratic-Republican party, true to its strict construction principles, refused to re- charter it. In 1816, being in debt, the finances of the country in a deplorable condition and being fired with great enthusiasm for the nation, as a whole, on account of the successes of the war, (naval successes and New Orleans,) the party became broad construction from principle as shown by the re-charter of the National Bank, by the high protective tariff of 1816, and the bill for internal improvements, the last passed by Con- • gress but vetoed by Madison. JAMES MONROE, Virginia. 1817-1825. "Vice-President — D. D. Tompkins. Secretary of State — John Q. Adams. 18 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Important Events —Political conditions; Democratic- Republican part)'^ by adopting broad construction principles has absorbed the Federalist party. Consequently there is but one political party, which now calls itself "Republican"; Monroe's administration is hence called, "The Era of Good Feeling." Practically, it was not an era of good feeling, because the party was divided into factions; each' faction having its leader with his ^ personal following, hostile to every other division. Cession of Florida, ^5,000,000; Missouri comprom- ise, 1820; Internal Improvement Bill passed by Congress, vetoed by Monroe; Erie Canal; Spanish American Republics; Monroe doctrine; New issues;, National internal improvements; Protective tariff. "Scrub race for the Presidency," so called because it was a personal contest and not a contest over national issues. No election, goes to the House of Representatives. John Q. Adams elected. JOHN Q. ADAMS, Massachusetts. 1825 1829. Vice-President — John C. Calhoun. Secretary of State — Henry Clay. Important Events — Adams advocated internal improve- ments; Effort for Pan-American Congress; The Creeks move from Georgia, west of the Mis- sissippi; Anti-Masonic party; Death of Adams and Jefferson; Protective Tariff of 1828, called the "Tariff of Abominations." Political Conditions — Internal improvements and protective tariff divide the Republican party into two divisions. Jackson and VanBuren leading one division, which comes to be called the Democratic party; Clay and Webster leading the other division which called itself at first, "National Republican," and finally "Whig." ANDREW JACKSON, Tennessee. 1829-1837. Vice-Presidents — John C. Calhoun and Martin VanBuren. Secretaries of State — Martin VanBuren, Edward Liv- ingston, Louis McLane and John Forsyth. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 19 Important Events — A revolution in politics; Jackson a self-made man, a man of the people taking the place of the aristocratic leaders and trained poli- ticians who had hitherto conducted the affairs of the Government. "The Spoils-System;" "The Kitchen Cabinet;" Re- fusal to charter United States Bank; Removal of deposits; Nullification, 1832; Compromise tariff, 1833; Cherokees removed from Georgia; Black Hawk war; Seminole war. Period of Great ' Industrial Development — Successful application of steam to locomotives; Great development of steamboat navigation; Reaper in- vented; Use of anthracite coal; Friction matches; Gas for lighting purposes; Screw propeller for steamboats; Asylums for the blind, insane and deaf. Period of Great Literary Advancement — Whittier, Emerson, Poe, Holmes, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Prescott, Bancroft. Moral and Social Reforms — Temperance movement, John B. Gough; Rise of the Abolitionists, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips. Financial Panic — The removal of deposits; The placing of the United States money in the "Pet Banks," causing specu- lation, and the distribution to the states of the surplus money in the United States treasury, causing the states to undertake enterprises which they could not pay for, brought. on the panic of 183Y. States Admitted — Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 183*7. MARTIN YANBUREN, New York. 1837-1841. Vice-President — Richard M. Johnson. Secretary of State — John Forsyth. Important Events — Panic of 1837 cripples VanBuren's administration; States repudiate debts; Establish- ment of the sub-treasury; Trouble with the Abolitionists; Murder of Lovejoy; Invention of vulcanized rubber by Chas. Goodyear; The election of Whig candidates — Harrison and Tyler; Whigs advocate no platform except opposition to the Democrats. 20 UNITED STATES HISTORY. WILLIAM H. HARRISON, Ohio. 1841-1 month. Vice-President — John Tjder. Secretary of State — Daniel Webster. JOHN TYLER, Virginia. 1841-1845-3 years and 11 months. Secretaries of State — -Daniel Webster and four others. Important Events — Tyler, the first accidental President, elected on Whig ticket, but on principle an anti- Jackson Democrat, vetoes a bill to re-establish United States Bank; The treaty with England, called the Ashburton Treaty, 1842; Four points: Settlement of the North-west boundary; Extradi- tion between the United States and Canada; Both nations agree to join in stopping the slave trade with Africa; Webster declares that American sailors would be protected by their flag. Dorr war; Trouble with the Mormons; Free Soil party; Texas annexed, 1845. States Admitted — Florida, 1845. Inventions — Telegraph, Samuel F. B. Morse. The use of anaesthetics instituted. JAMES K. POLK, Tennessee. 1845 1849. Vice-President — George M. Dallas. Secretary of State -James Buchanan. Important Events — Polk elected by the Democrats; War with Mexico, 1845-1848, cause, dispute over Texan boundary. Events : 1. Movement from the north under Taylor, successful; Battles of Mont- erey and Buena Vista. 2. General Scott against the city of Mexico, successful; Capture of Vera Cruz; Surrender of the city of Mexico. 3. General Kearney against New Mexico and Arizona, suc- cessful. 4. Conquest of California, combined naval and land expeditions, Fremont, successful. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848. Terms: Mexico gives up California, Utah, Nev/ Mexico, Arizona; Rio Grande established as the southern boundary of Texas. UNITED STATES HISTORY. ^ 21'' United States pays Mexico $15,000,000. The war was forced by the southern element anxious for more slave territory, very unpopular in the north. Re-establishment of the sub-treasury; Acquisition of Oregon by the settlement of the north-west boundary (49th parallel); Tariff lowered; Gold in California; Wilmot proviso; Election of Taylor and Fillmore by the Whigg. States Admitted — Wisconsin, 1S43; Iowa, 1846. Inventions — Sewing machine, Elias Howe. ZACHARY TAYLOR, Louisana. 1849—1 year and four months. Vice-President — Millard Fillmore. Secretary of State — John M. Clayton. Important Events — California applies for admission as a free state; Compromise of 1850; Admission of California, 1850. ,^ MILLARD FILLMORE, New York. 1850-1853-2 years and 8 months. Secretaries of State — Daniel Webster and Edward Everett. Important Events — Fugitive slave law; Reduction of postage; Department of Interior organized, 1849. FRANKLIN PIERCE, New Hampshire. 1853 1857 Vice-President — William R. King, Secretary of State — William R. Marcy. Important Events — Pierce elected by the Democrats; World's Fair held at New York; Japan opened to American commerce; Uncle Tom's Cabin; Kansas and Nebraska bill, (Squatter sovereignty) ; Ameri- can party, (Know-nothing party); Gadsden pur- chase, $10,000,000; Ostend manifesto; Trouble in Kansas over slavery; Republican party organized on the platform that slavery should be kept out of the territories; Democrats elect Buchanan presi- dent. 22 UNITED STATES HISTORY. JAMES BUCHANAN, Pennsylraiiia. 1857 1861. Vice-President — J. C. Breckenridge. Secretaries of State — Lewis Cass, Jeremiah S. Black. Important Events — Dred Scott decision; Tirouble with the Mormons; Panic of 1857; Atlantic cable laid, 1858; John Brown at Harper's Ferry, 1859; Dis- . covery of oil in Pennsylvania; Discovery of gold and silver in Colorado and Nevada; Election of 1860 (four parties); Their platforms: — Northern Democrats, Squatter sovereignty; Southern Demo- crats, all territories must be open to slavery; Republican, slavery must be kept out of the territories. Constitutional Union party dodged the slavery issue; Republicans elected Lincoln; South Carolina secedes, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisana, Texas; Southern Confederacy organized. States Admitted — Minnesota, 1858; Oregon, 1859; Kan- sas, 1861. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Illinois. 1861 1865 -4 years and 1 month. Vice-Presidents — Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson. Secretary of State — William H. Seward. Secretary of Treasury — Salmon P. Chase and others. Secretary of War — Edwin M. Stanton. Secretary of Navy — Gideon Wells. Important Events — Civil War, 1861-1865. Cause — Secession of the Southern States. War was fought to settle questions of States' rights. The slavery issue was what brought it about. Events — 1861 — Fort Sumpter, April 16th; Secession com- pleted — Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee; The call for volunteers; Baltimore mob; The blockade begun; Battle of Bull-Run; Trent affair; Army of the Potomac organized under McClellan. UNITED STATES HISTORY. , 23 1862 — Union plans. Hold the Potomac and take Richmond; Complete the blockade; Open Mis- sissippi; Movements in the "v^est; Grant at Forts Henry and Donelson; Battle of Shiloh; Capture of Island No. 10; Western Tennessee in the hands of the North; Monitor and Merrimac; Capture of New Orleans (Farragut); The Peninsular cam- paign — the army of the Potomac defeated; Lee moves north; Second battle of Bull-Run; Lee invades the north, met by McClellan at Antietam, retreats south; McClellan removed; Army of the Potomac under Burnside fights the battle of Fredricksburg, north defeated; Murfreesboro, de- feat for the South; Eastern Tennessee in the hands of the North. 1863 — Emancipation proclamation. The army of the Potomac under Hooker; Battle of Chancellors- ville; Lee invades the North; Army of the Potomac under Meade meets Lee at Gettysburg — Lee de- feated; Vicksburg surrenders to Grant; Battle of Chickamauga; Morgan's raid. 1864 — Atlanta captured; Sherman goes from Atlanta to Savannah; Grant at the head of the northern armies; movement on Richmond; Early's Raid; Battle of the Wilderness; Cold Harbor; Peters- burg; Mobile captured; The Alabama destroyed by the Kearsarge. 1865 — Lee surrenders, April 9th; Lincoln assassin- ated; Army disbands. Results — Union restored, slavery abolished. States' Rights question settled. ANDREW JOHNSON, Tennessee. 1865 1869— 3 years and 11 months. Secretary of State — Wm. H. Seward. Important Events — International ocean telegraph; Pro- visional government in the South; Thirteenth amendment; Freedmen's Bureau; Reconstruction Acts; Impeachment of the President; Department of Education; Amnesty proclamation; Fourteenth amendment; Alaska purchased, (^7,200,000.) States Admitted — Nebraska, 1867. ■24 UNITED STATES HISTORY. . ULYSSES S. GRANT, Illinois. 1869 1877. Vice-Presidents — Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson. Secretary of State — Hamilton Fish. Important Events — Expatriation; Pacific railroad; Recon- struction completed; Fifteenth amendment; Ku-Klux Klan; Chicago fire; Alabama claims, (^15,500,000); The Liberal Republicans; Panic of 18Y3; Weather Bureau; Salary grab; Whiskey frauds; Resumption Act, passed 1875, to take effect in 1879; Centennial Exhibition; Invention of the telephone. States Admitted — Colorado, 1876. Election of Hayes — dispute over election returns, commission appointed to decide disputes. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, Ohio. 1877-1881. Vice-President — Wm. A. Wheeler. Secretary of State — Wm. M. Evarts. Important Events — Silver Bill of 1878; Railroad strikes; Yellow fever epidemic; Resumption of specie payment. JAMES A. GARFIELD, Ohio. 1881—6 months and 15 days. Vice-President — Chester A. Arthur. Secretary of State — James G. Blaine. Important Events — Assassination of Garfield. CHESTER A. ARTHUR, New York. 1881 1885. Secretary of State — Fredrick T. Frelinghuysen. Important Events — The Anti-Polygamy Bill; Civil Ser- vice Act; Brooklyn bridge; Standard time; New Orleans cotton exposition; Cleveland elected by the Democrats. GROVER CLEVELAND, New York. 1885-1889. Vice-President — Thomas A. Hendricks. ..Secretary of State — Thomas F. Bayard. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 25 Important Events — Presidential Succession Act; The Electoral Count Act; Inter-State Commerce Act; Chinese exclusion; Anarchist riots in Chicago; Charleston earthquake, Mills Bill; Election of Harrison by the Republicans. BENJAMIN HARRISON, Indiana. 1889 1893 Vice-President — Levi P. Morton. Secretaries of State — James G. Blaine, John W. Foster. Important Events — Opening of Oklahoma; Johnstown flood; Pan-American Congress; McKinley Tariff; Reciprocity; Anti-Lottery Bill; Inter-State Com- merce; Sherman Silver Bill; World's Fair Bill; International copyright; Behring Sea fisheries; Ballot Reform (Australian ballot system), adopted by 37 states by 1892; Columbian exposition; Elec- tion of Cleveland. States Admitted — North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon- tana, Washington, 1889; Idaho, Wyoming, 1890. GEOVER CLEVELAND, New York. 1893-1897. Vice-President — Adlai E. Stevenson. Secretaries of State — Walter Q. Gresham, Richard Olney. Important Events — Behring Sea arbitration; Repeal of the Sherman Act; Panic of 1893; Revolution in Hawaii; Applies for annexation to the United States; Wilson Bill; Income Tax, (declared uncon- stitutional by the Supreme Court) ; Railroad strikes ; Coxey's army; Anti-Lottery Bill; Atlanta Exposi- tion; Wm. McKinley elected President; Venezu- elan boundary. States Admitted — Utah, 1896. WILLIAM Mckinley, omo. 1897-189 . Vice-President — Garret A. Hobart. Secretaries of State — John 'Sherman, William Day, John Hay. Important Events — Dingley Tariff Bill; Spanish-American War. 26 ■ UNITED STATES HISTORY. Cause — -Inability of Spain to establish order in Cuba;. Spanish cruelty, (Reconcentrado system.) Events — President's war message, April 11, 1898. Congress authorized President to make war, April 19. Blockade of Cuba declared, April 22. Dewey destroys Spanish Fleet at Manila, May 1, 1898. Cevera's P'leet shut in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, May 19. Oregon arrives at Key West from San Francisco, May 24. Hobson sinks the Merrimac, June 3, unsuccessful in blocking the harbor of Santiago. War Revenue Bill, June 13. Battle of El Caney, July 1. Destruction of Cevera's Fleet,. July 3. Surrender of Santiago, July 17. Porto Rico invaded, July 25. Manilla captured, August 16. Treaty signed by Commissioners, December 10,1898. "Terms — Spain relinquishes all sovereignty over Cuba; Cedes to the United States Porto Rico and other Spanish West Indies, also the Philippines. United States to pay Spain )g20,000,000. POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 1. The reason for the existence of political parties lies in human nature. Men are so constituted that they see the same thing differently. With the same object in view they will seek it by different ways. 2. Aristocracy vs. Democracy. From earliest times wherever this liberty has been allowed, political parties have existed. Greece and Rome had political parties, usually divided on the question of aristocratic or popular government. 3. In the American Colonies from earliest times two parties contended, one favoring aristocratic, and the other popular government. Bacon's Rebellion. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 27 4. Whigs and Tories. About 1700 these parties became a reflex of parties in England. The aristocratic was called Tory, the popular called Whig. The Revolution was the destruction of the Tory party. 5. Strong vs. Weak Central Government. On the question of what sort of government the United States should adopt, parties again formed. Some believed in a strong central government like England's. Some in strong state governments. The Articles of Confederation, based on the latter idea, proved a failure. In a convention called to amend the Articles of Confederation the strong-central-government party won and the constitution was drafted. 6. Federalists and Anti-Federalists. On the ques- tion of adoption of the constitution the people divided into two parties; Federalists favoring, Anti-Federalists oppos- ing. Madison, Jay, Hamilton, Washington and Franklin, leaders of Federalists; Henry and Samuel Adams, chief leaders of Anti-Federalists. The government set in motion by Federalists. 7. Loose vs. Strict Construction. Human language is ambiguous. There is the spirit and there is the letter of the law. It would be natural that the new constitution, which was a series of compromises, should be differently understood by men of opposing view. Article I, Section 8, and especially paragraph 18, has been the battle ground since the constitution was adopted. Anti-strong-central- government men interpreted it literally; hence called strict constructionists — Anti-Federalists. Strong— central-gov- ernment men interpreted it freely, hence called loose-con- structionists — Federalists. Assumption of state debts. United States Bank, Jay's Treaty, attitude toward England and France, were dividing questions. Wealth, culture and commercial interests were Feder- alist, strength in the north and east; Industrial classes Anti-Federal, strength in south and west. Federal leaders, Hamilton, J. Adams, Jay, Knox; Anti-Federal, Jefferson, Madison. 8. Democratic-Republicans, About 1789 the Anti- Federalists, to show their sympathy with the French Revolution, called themselves Democratic-Republicans, finally Republicans. 9. Fall of the Federalists. Alien and Sedition Laws. Adam's Administration, 1797-1801. Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. -28 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 10. Republicans in Power. Jefferson president, 1801- 1809. Violates strict construction principle by purchase of Louisiana and Embargo Act. 11. Madison President. Death of Federal party. The Hartford convention (1814). Republicans recharter United States Bank, thus adopting Federal principles. 12. Era of Good Feeling. Monroe president, 1817- 1824. Republicans favor national roads and canals and protective tariff — loose construction principles. 13. Rise of National Republican and Democratic Parties. Republicans divide into two wings — one loose construction, led by Clay and J. Q. Adams; the other strict construction; two rival leaders, Jackson and Crawford. 1824 Adams becomes president. His party called National Republicans. The Jackson men came to be called Demo- crats. So known to-day. 14. Anti-Masonic Party. 1826 Wm. Morgan case, Anti-Masonic spirit develops into a party. Held the first national convention 1832. All parties followed. Soon died. 15. Formation of an Abolition Party, opposed to slavery, 1833. Name changed to Liberty Party. Made presidential nomination in 1839. 16. Democrats IN Power. Jackson, 1829-1837. Oppose United States Bank. Oppose nullification. Specie circu- lar. Spoils system. Favor internal improvements. 1835, National Republicans change name to Whigs; Clay and Webster, leaders. 17. Van Buren, Democrat, sub-treasury system. 18. Whig Triumph. Harrison and Tyler, 1841-1845. Tyler vetoes United States Bank Bill. 19. From the time of the war with Mexico to the Civil war the slavery question became more and more the dividing line in politics. The Wilmot Proviso, 1846, aroused the question of slavery. 20. The Free Soil Party, 1848. Its principle: No more slave territory. Came into existence because neither Whigs nor Democrats would adopt the Wilmot Proviso; joined by the Liberty party. Compromise of 1850 quieted for a time the slavery discussion. 21. Anti-Nebraska Men — Republican party. The Kansas and Nebraska Bill repealing the Missouri Com- promise awakened the slavery question and destroyed the Whig party. Northern Whigs left their party and were UNITED STATES HISTORY. 29 called Anti-Nebraska men. Southern Whigs joined the Democratic party. By 1856 the Anti-Nebraska men took the name of Republicans. 22. Know-Nothings — American party, 1852. Origin of name. Principles: America for Americans; naturaliza- tion only after 21 years. Nominated presidential candi- date in 1856. 23. In 1856, Whigs, Democrats, American and Repub- lican parties made nominations. All anti-slavery senti- ment joined the Republicans. 24. 1857. The Dred Scott Decision divided the Democratic party, and drove the Whig party into the Republican. 25. 1860. Four parties made nominations: Northern Democrats — Squatter Sovereignty; strict con- struction. Southern Democrats — Pro-Slavery; strict construction. American — Dodging the slavery question. Republicans — No extension of slavery; loose construc- tion. 26. Since 1860 the Democratic and Republican parties have been chief opponents. From 1860-1872 the dividing questions were the war and reconstruction, then financial and the tariff question. 27. Liberal Republicans. 1870, Republican party in Missouri split, part calling themselves Liberals. 'Cause: Fear of too much exercise of Federal power in local matters. By 1872 a national party had formed, nominat- ing Horace Greely for president. Democratic party ratified Liberal platform and candidates. 28. 1876. Independent National party (Greenback). Principles: Opposition to specie resumption (1874). 29. 1880. Independent National party had taken the name of Greenback — Labor National. Principles': Gov- ernment control of money (anti-national banks), opposition to grant of land to railroads, and Chinese immigration. Democratic party, strict construction, revenue tariff; Republicans, protective tariff. 30. 1884. Republican, Democratic, National or People's (Greenback), and Prohibition parties in the field. Woman Suffrage and American Alliance parties also made nominations. No distinct issue divided the Democrats and Republicans and the campaign was one of personal abuse. 30 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 31. 1888. Nominations made by Democrat, Republican, Prohibition, Equal Rights, Union Labor, United Labor and American parties. The Greenback party had split. Principles not much changed from 1884. 32. 1892. Chief parties: Democrat, Republican, Pro- hibition and People's parties. 33. The opening of the mints to the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of one ounce of gold to sixteen of silver was the issue. Old party lines were broken. Republicans opposed silver and were aided in the election by "Gold Democrats." The Democratic and Populist parties united and favored silver, and were reinforced by "Silver Republicans." Several Union parties made nominations. The Republican ticket was elected. Authorities: "American Politics" — Alexander Johnston — Henry Holt & Co., New York. "History of Presidential Elections"— ^^roarrf 5/a«OToorf— Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York. OUTLINE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. Introduction into Virginia — 1619. Slavery in the Colonies — Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina. Colonial Anti-Slavery Societies. Slave trade. First Continental Congress — 17'74, agreed not to import slaves. Declaration of Independence — Jefferson had accused England of not allowing us to stop the importa- tion of slaves. Clause stricken out because the Southern Colonies were desirous of continuing the importation. Continental Congress (17*77), movement to do away with slavery. Northern States emancipate slaves (1780-1804). Effect of the Revolutionary War — Slavery becoming unpopular on account of the Revolutionary dis- cussion of "the rights of man." Virginia, Maryland and Deleware prohibit importa- tion of slaves. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 31 The Ordinance of 1787 — result of these same discus- sions. Compromises of the Constitution in regard to representation, direct taxes and the importation of slaves. Provision in the Constitution for the return of fugitive slaves. Fugitive slave laws passed by Congress, 1793. Missouri Compromise, 1820. Rise of the Abolitionists, 1831 — Garrison, Phillips, Whittier. ■ - "Gag Resolutions," 1836-1844. Nat Turner Insurrection. Annexation of Texas, 1845. Mexican War, 1846-1848. Wilmot Proviso, 1846. Free Soil party, 1848. Compromise of 1850. Squatter Sovereignty — Repeal of the Missouri Com- promise, 1854. Formation of the Republican party, 1856. Dred Scott Decision, 1857. Extension of slavery becomes a party issue. Election of Lincoln, 1860. Secession, 1860-1861. Emancipation proclamation, 1863, Thirteenth Amendment, 1865. STATES' RIGHTS AND SECESSION. Movements, North and South, against the Power of THE General Government — 1. Whiskey Rebellion — Western Pennsylvania. Threats of secession — United States laws disregarded for three years, 1791-1794. 2. Kentucky and Tennessee threaten secession if the United States does not gain control of the mouth of the Mississippi. 3. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions written by Madi- son and Jefferson, and adopted by the legislatures of the above named states, suggest "nullification." 32 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 4. Timothy Pickering, a leading New England Feder- alist, suggests that New England withdraw from the Union in 1803^, on account of the purchase of Louisana. 5. New England openly talks nullification and secession during the Embargo, 1807. 6. In a speech in the House of Representatives, Josiah Quincey of Massachusetts said (1811) that if Louisana were admitted as a state that it would be the right and duty of some of the states (meaning New England) "to prepare definitely for a separation — amicably if they can, violently if they must." 7. In the War of 1812 the New England States refuse the United States the aid of their state militia. Threaten secession. 8. Hartford Convention, 1814. Strongly States' Rights. Propose amendments to the constitution, implying seces- sion if they are not adopted. 9. Missouri Compromise, 1820, South threaten seces- sion. 10. Nullification, 1828-1832. Threats of secession. 11. 1843. John Q. Adams says that the annexation of Texas would result in and justify disunion. The South says; "Texas or disunion." 12. Secession of Southern states, 1860-1861. Note. —It is evident that up to the Civil War it was the custom of different sections of the country to interpret the Constitution according to their local interests. PROMINENT DATES IN UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1001 Leif Ericson discovered Vinland. 1492 Columbus discovered West Indies, Oct. 12. 1497 Cabots discover the coast of North America. 1498 Columbus discovered continent of South America; 3rd voyage. 1513 DeBalboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 1519-21 Cortez conquers Mexico. 1584 Cartier visits Canada. 1541 DeSoto discovered the Mississippi River. 1565 St. Augustine founded by Menendez. 1607 Jamestown founded. 1609 Hudson River discovered. 1620 Landing of the Pilgrims. 1636 Roger Williams settled in Rhode Island. 1643 Union of New England Colonies. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 33 1689-9'7 King William's War. 1754-63 French and Indian War. 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act. 1767 Parliament taxed tea, glass, lead, etc. 1774 First Continental Congress met in Phila., Sept, 5. 1775 Second Continental Congress met inPhila., May 10. 1776 Declaration of Independence was adopted, July 4. 1778 Treaty with France. 1783 Treaty of Paris. 1787 Adoption of the Constitution, by Convention. Ordinance of 1787. 1789 Washington inaugurated, April 30. 1795 Jay's Treaty. 1803 Louisana purchased. 1812 War declared against Great Britain, June 19. 1814 Hartford Convention. 1819' Florida purchased. 1820 Missouri compromise passed, March 3. 1823 Monroe Doctrine announced. 1832 Nullification in South Carolina. 1837 Michigan admitted into the Union, Jan. 26. 1845 Texas annexed. 1850 Omnibus Bill. 1857 Dred Scott decision. 1860 South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20. 1861-65 Civil War. 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued. 1867 Reconstruction. 1883 Civil Service Act. 1898-99 Spanish-American War. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. KINDS OF GOVERNMENT. Patriarchal. Theocratic. Monarchy — Absolute; Limited; Hereditary; Elective. Aristocracy. Democracy — Pure Democracy; Republic. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Constitution Ratified July 26, 1788. Departments — Executive; Legislative; Judicial. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. President. Term — Four years. Eligibility — Native-born citizen; Thirty-five years of age; Fourteen years a resident of the United States. How Elected — Electors; House of Representatives. Oath. Impeachment. Salary — ^50,000. Powers and Duties — Military: [a) Army and Navy; (i) Militia. Civil: (a) Cabinet; (<^) Reprieves; Pardons; (c) Treaties; (d) Appointments; (^, l^y'i, 33^, 25, 50, 62>^, S^^^, 125, SSSyi, etc. Practice much. Properties of Numbers — Numbers divisible by 2, 4, 8; 3, 6. 9; 5 and 10, n and 11. Why? Def. Integer, exact divisor, common divisor, greatest common divisor, prime number, composite number, even number, odd number, factors, multiple, common multiple, least common multiple. Cancellation— Use much. G. C. D. — Methods, (1) Inspection, (2) Factoring, (3) Continued Division. Illustrate last method by using lines of given length: ■ 4 ■ I ..4.8 Lay off Son 13, the rem. is 4, 8 ... 1 2 Now lay oflf 4 on 8. It is ex- • actly contained. Bring out why you do e^ery step. Take many exam- ples; use small numbers. After this take larger numbers. Pupils will see the reason for the steps taken. L. C. Multiple. — Inspection. (2) Factoring; (3) Find- ing G. C. D. , then dividing one of the numbers by this and multiply the quotient by the other number. Illustration, 14 and 21. Inspection, 42. Factoring— 14 = Vx 2; 21 = 3X7; L. C. M. =2X 3X 7 = 42. Method— (3) G. C. D. of 14 and 21 = 7; 14h-7 = 2; 21X2 = 42. Give much drill on the inssection method for it is the useful one. Cancellation. — Cancel whenever possible. Give many examples for cancellation purposes. FRACTIOJiS. 1. Develop the fractional concept. Methods (Ij Paper folding. (2) Line. HalTCS. Cut out paper circles and distribute them to each mem- ber of the class. Let each pupil fold his circle into halves. - l-~- ^+^ = 1- 1-L=i- l-l-l-=0 ■^~2'2^2 ^'2 2' -^2 2 ARITHMEriC. 85- Fourths. Let pupils fold circles into fourths. 4.1 3. 1,1 3|1 3 1 1 1 "4 •■ -of - — - • l— L — ] 2 4 ' 4 ■ 4 :^^j=2, etc. 4 4 ' Eighths. Let pupils fold circles into eights 14 3 6 1 9 n^d "4 ' 2 l.l^rl 1 1 r31 r 6 'S 8 • S '*' ^^^• Do not use symbols until pupils see the truth in the concrete. Centre their thoughts upon the circles. Go slowly in laying these foundations. This method can be used the first time fractions are presented. Line Method. To develop thirds, sixths and twelfths: Draw a line 12 units long. Divide it into thirds. Divide each third into two equal parts. Now divide each sixth into two equal parts. Develop the relations between |-'s, k'- 1 , 1 1 = 1 .3 _6 "3 ^"6 1 12 ^■12' 1 2 3 —6 1 ~T2' 1 1 2 6 ~r2 -— i— -• 1— Lnfl- i— Lnfi 3 6 12' 6 2 3 ' 12 2 6 " lof^=i< i^i-i^i-4 etc 4^3 12^ 3 • 12^12 • 12~*' ^'-^' In a similar way develop thirds and ninths. .9. i_ fl__l '9 ' 3 3 "~9 3 ° 3 ~9 • L-i-l — i-i-L — 1 • i_L— i_i— L S "Tq 9 'Q 9 ' 9 S 9 9 9 86 ARITHMETIC. 20 Fifths, Tenths, Twentieths. .20. 1_ "20' 5 -i • i "20' 5 5 "ri0~r20'~20 ' 20"' 20'~20' 5 ~l lO^lO ' 10~10~5 * 2 °^ 5 ~10' 2 "^ 10~20' 4 °^ 5 ~20» ^^^• Likewise develop the relations between -'s and 7-_'s. ^ 15 Likewise develop the relations between ^'s and j-^'s. Line method. — With older pupils this is a standard method. Bring out principles — To like denominators. To lowest terms. Mixed numbers to fractions. Complex fractions to simple ones. Addition — (1) Like denominators; (2) Unlike denomina- tors; (3) Mixed numbers. Subtraction — (1) Like denominators; (2) Unlike denom- inators; (3) Mixed numbers. Multiplication. — (1) Fraction by fraction. 30^-5 = 75 1 a r 4 » hence, 3-01 ^ ^fs' V5 .2X4. "3X5' Line Methods — 222 Require every pupil to prove many of these by both methods. Bring out the law of fractions. (This case includes all others) Why ? Do much work here. Lay a good foundation. Use can- cellation freely. Division — Method. (1) Inverse of multiplication. (2) Reduce to common denominator. ARITIIME TIC. 87 Illustration — 2r4 88.24 8.42 rj., r 3-of.5=r5; r5--r=5-; 15^5 =3-- Therefore, to divide one fraction by another, divide the numer- ator of the dividend by the numerator of the divisor, divide the denominator of the dividend by the denominator of the divisor. Example — 8 • 4 ~" ■ 8X3"~24' 24 * 4 ~6 (2) Common denominator — L _t_3_ _7 _^6 _7_ 8 • 4 ~"8 • 8 "~6 Both of these methods lead up to inverting divisor and then multiplying. Be sure to develop these fundamental truths. Every principle of fractions can be clearly brought out. Let pupils make up many examples; use fractions with small denominators. Secure three things: (1) Neatness; (2) Accuracy; (3) Facility. DECIMALS. The pupils are already familiar vv^ith the decimal sys- tem of notations with reference to integers, now they are to study an extension of this system: They know that 10 units make one ten, 10 tens make one hundred, etc. This same law is to hold as we proceed to the right, as — c b a a' b" c' a j b j a' j a b' j a" 111. 111. l=:i()ofb; l=foofc; l=ioofl; l=foof l,etc. Hence, we see the decimal law running through the entire series of digits. This is the teacher's idea of our nota- tion. To DEVELOP THIS WITH PUPILS, use the metre. 1 repre- sents the metre; .1 represents the decimetre; .01 repre- sents = centimetre, etc. Method (2). Take a cube 10 units on a side. Meth- od (3). Use ^1, 1 dime, 1 cent. The decimal point is used to locate units. Laws. — {\) Moving the decimal point one place to the right multiplies the number by 10. (2) Moving the deci- mal point one place to the left, divides the number by 10. (3) Annexing a cypher to a decimal does not change its value. IllustratioJi: 200. 20.0; 2.00; .200; .200; 2.00; 20.0; 200. 88 ARITHMETIC. r 4 40 4 Third law.— .4 = . 40 for _=_=-. Require pupils to be proficient in writing and reading decimals to millionths without numerating. Addition and subtraction present no difficulties. Multiplication — Method (1). 200X.1 = 20; 200X.01 = 2. Law {2) 24X.01=.24, Law (2). 24X .03 = 24X .01 X 3 = .72, Law 2. Method (2). 2.4X.01=|Xi^=;J^=.024. Law of pointing off. Develop these fundamentals with great care. Division — Method (1). Remove the decimal point from the divisor, as, . 2). 84 = 2)8. 4 | 4.2 ; .02)8.4 = 2)840 |_420. Principle — Multiplying dividend and divisor by the same numbers does not change the value of the quo- tient. Method (2). .84-.2=|^X^°=g=4.2. 10 Develop pointing off quotient. Pupils should be so drilled that they are as proficient in the use of decimals as in the use of integers. INTRODUCTION TO PERCENTA€IE. Percentage is simply an application of fractions and decimals. Pupils know how to find any fractional or decimal part of any number. Percent, is from the Latin percentum and means by the hundred. Hence we say 4% for .04; 5% for .05, etc. Give many examples to fully bring the change of names used. Reduction of fractions to decimals: — 1=.50; i = .25; | = ,75; ^=-12^; |=-3Vi-; |=.62L; H-8^^; H-34; l=-64; H-i4 i=.83i; 4=.08i; 4=.4l|; ^=-581; i=.20; , i=.40; |=.60; i=.80; i=.10; i=.30; I=.70; i=.90; i= .05; |,= .15; |,= .35; etc. ARITHMETIC. 89 Let pupils make out this list, then drill by using all of the different ones. This should be thoroughly done. Now we are ready for the problems of percentage. Give many mental examples — Rapid work. Treat the problems under three heads. (1) To find any percent, of any number. (2) To find what percent, one number is of another. (3) To find a number, given any percent, of it. 200 200 ( ) (1) ^ (2) _^^ (3) _:06' ( ) 12 12 Principles. (1) Given the factors to find the product, (2) Given the product and one factor to find the other factor. (3) Same principle as (2). Give much practice in these three problems. Give many off-hand exercises to class. Teach pupils to look for relations. Here is a good place to develop the reason and judgment. Now let percentage rest for a short time and take up Denominate Numbers. — Develop. Long measure.- — Do much measuring. Judge of distances. Make table of square measure. Make table cubic measure. Use blocks for cubic measure. Board foot — Get a board foot. Compute much here. All sizes of timbers. Avordupois Weight. — Use scales. Judge of weight of objects. Liquid Measure. Use actual measure. Dry Measure. Use actual measure. Time Table — Standard Time. Have a map. Surveyor's Table — Use measures to develop. Troy weight. Apothecaries' weight and liquid measure. Metric System. — Develop tables. Use metre, gram, and litre to do it. Money, coin, specie, currency, paper money. Reduction ascending and descend- ing — concrete and abstract numbers, simple and compound numbers. ;90 A RITHME TIC. Interest. — Teach one method, the six percent. Interest for 2 mo. =.01 of the prin. Int. for 6 days = .001 of the prin. Require pupils to give the proof of this. Give much drill to secure accuracy and speed. The legal rate for Michigan is 5%, but 6 or 7% may be collected by contract. Pupils write a promissory note — Interest, amount, good form of work. Annual Interest. — Look up special law of Michigan. Write notes. Compute. Steps in work. (1) Int. on prin. for time note runs. (2) Int. on each years' interest from time due to maturity of note. (3) Total interest. (4) Amount. Partial Payments. — Pupils write notes. Make endorse- ments. Compute interest. New principal. Give much practice. Give it an air of business. Bank Discount. — Write bank note, bank discount, pro- ceeds, holder, drawer, payee, indorser, face of note, maturity. Illustrate clearly here. Discounting Notes. — Bankers' method. (1) Notes with interest. (2) Notes without interest. (3) Dis- counting same day note is given, with interest. Exact Interest — Compute by 6% method. Subtract ^ of it to get exact interest. Why? Used by whom? Commission. — Certain per cent, of money invested. One cent per bushel. Retain commission. Paying by check. Ascertain how business is done. Definitions. — Profit, loss, net, commission, agent, con- signment, consignee, consignor. Commercial Discount. — List price. Several discounts. Net price. Practice. True Dircount — Present wotrh. True discount — When used in busijiess? Taxes — Township. Real estate, personal property, as- sessor; assessment; board of review; amount to be raised; how determined; by whom determined; rate of taxation; extending roll. ARITHMETIC. 91 County — Board of Supervisors; county tax; how determined; by whom determined; apportionment to township. State — Board of Equalization; amount of tax, how determined; by whom; apportionment to coun- ties. Make out an assessment roll for your district. Ex- tend the roll as Supervisors do. Partnership. — (1) Partners. (2) Capital stock. (3) Shares. (4) Gross gains or loss. (5) Expenses. (6) Net gain. (V) Dividend or assessment. Make up an example to illustrate this. Companies. Incorporated. How done. Purpose. Unincor- porated. Limited. Liabilities. Resources. De- ficit. Charter. BoNDS^(l) District. (2) Township. (3) County., (4) State. (5) U. S. (6) Corporation, (7) Purpose in bonding. Illustrate in school district. (8) Registered. (9) Coupon. Stocks. — Share, certificate, par value, market value, broker, brokerage, quotations. Insurance. — Property, life, policy, mutual, old line, endow- ment, assessment. Exchange. — Postoffice order, registered letter, express, express money order, telegraph, draft, check. Write a draft for $100. Write a check. Differ- ence. Clearing house. Bills of credit. Duties and Customs. — Purposes, by whom paid, where paid, free list, advalorum duty, specific. Internal Revenue. — Spirits, tobacco, fermented liquors- oleomargarine, etc. Ratio. — Dividend, divisor, or antecedent, consequent, quotient, sign, dividend and divisor like numbers. Principle same as of fractions. Proportion — Equality of ratios, as, 1=4; ^^ = 4; | =^%r 8--2 = 16-4. •92 ARITHMETIC. Solving for missing term — 1=1?. 8X2 = 16; 2X2 = 4 missing term. 3 _() i=ij. 4X2>^ = 10; 3 X2>^ = 7 >^ missing term. 3^_ X 4 ~~10' Method (2). \^l. 4x^30 Use both methods. Stating Problems — 4 articles cost 20 cents 2 " " 10 cents. Ratio of articles=| =2. Ratio of cost of articles =^°= 2; Ratio of articles = Ratio of cost of article. Give many simple problems involving this principle. Inverse Proportion — 8 men do a piece of work in 24 days; 4 " " same " " " " 48 Ratio of men=^=2. Ratio of days=5-g=2- Hence, 2=|-, the inverse of \. This kind of proportion is much used in Physics — light, heat, sound. Speer method of using ratio — 8 articles cost 20 cents, 16 articles cost 40 cents, 5 articles cost 15 cents, 7 articles cost '- of 15 = 21c. fz of an article costs 12 cents. ^ of same arti- cle costs ^ of 12 cents = 9 cents. Definitions. — Extremes, means, signs, inverse, direct, conipotmd, etc. Involution. — Power, root, exponent, square, cube, perfect power. Evolution. — Square root, cube root, pointing off. Why? Operation, reasons, trial divisor, complete divisor. Complete Divisor. — -Value of square root and cube root. Progression. — Arithmetical and geometrical. First term, com. diff. ; last term, sums; first term, com. ratio; last term, sums. This is better omitted until the pupil has had algebra. ARirilMETIC. 93 MENSURATION. Lines — Straight, curved, horizontal, perpendicular, parallel. Angles — Straight, right, acute, obtuse, Develop a=4-b'' = h^ a|\^ b Area — We mean the number of square units in a given surface. The units used are the square inch, square foot, square yard, square rod, square mile. One order of development: (1) Squares. (2) Isos- celes Right Triangle. (3) Rectangle. (4) Scalene Right Triangle. (5) Parallelogram. (6) Scalene Triangle. (7) Rhombus. (8) Isosceles Triangle. (9) Equilateral Triangle. (10) Trap- ezoid. (11) Polygon Regular. (12) Polygon Irregular. (13) Circle. Draw figures. Cut out figures. Prove equality of triangles. Divide into squares. Make this sub- ject plain. Do not teach it by rule. Remember the multiplier is alvi^ays abstract. 10 sq. inches X2 = 20 sq. inches. How many squares in one row? How many rows? — Say it right. In connection with these areas, teach carpeting, plastering, papering, painting, flooring. Problem. Make all these computations for your school room. VOLUME. Volume: We mean the number of cubic units in a given space. Develop in following order: (1) Right Rectangular Parallelepiped (2) Cube. (3) Right Triangular Prism. (4) Any Right Prism. (5) Right Triangular Pyramid. (6) Any right Pyramid. (7) Cylinder. (8) Cone. (9) Sphere. (10) Frustum of a cone. Have these solids made of tin. Do not attempt to teach it without tins. Use blocks. Compute the lateral areas of these solids. Volumes of bins. — Let pupils solve many practical examples Be sure to bring out the relations between certain solids. PHYSIOLOGY. Anatomy is derived from two Greek words meaning, the science of dissection. Human Anatomy is the science which treats of the structure, form, and location of the various parts of the body. Histology is microscopic anatomy. Physiology is the science which treats of functions. Function is the work of an organ. Organ is a part of the body that has a special function. Hygiene is the science of health. Health is the natural condition of the organs of the body. Disease is the unnatural condition of the organs of the body. Organic bodies are those that contain organs; as ani- mals and plants. Inorganic bodies, those that do not contain organs, as minerals. BONES. Skeleton — Made of bones which form the frame work of the body. Composition — (1) animal matter; (2) mineral matter. The proportion of the animal matter to the mineral matter varies with age. In childhood the bones contain more animal matter, and thus are more elastic; while in an adult they contain more min- eral matter and are brittle and easily broken. The animal matter can be removed by burning, and the mineral matter by soaking in dilute muriatic acid. Uses. — (1) The frame work of the body. (2) To protect delecate organs. (3) To act as levers for the production of motion. (4) Surfaces for the at- tachment of muscles. PHYSIOLOGY. 95 Periosteum. — A fibrous, vascular membrane covering the bones. Endosteum. — A vascular membrane surrounding the me- dullary canal, which nourishes the inside of the bone. The effects of alcohol and tobacco on the bones. Classification of Bones — Head (28).— (1) Cranium (8 bones), frontal, occipi- tal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid. (2) Face (14 bones). 2 superior maxillary, 2 molar, 2 nasal, 2 lachrymal, 2 palate, 2 turbinated, inferior maxillary, vomer. Ear (6 bones). Hammer, anvil, stirrup. Trunk (54 bones). 1— Spinal column (24 bones.) 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, 5 lumbar and 2 sacral. Ribs. — 24 bones. 14 true ribs, 6 false ribs, 4 floating ribs. Sternum, Hyoid bone. Two innominate bones. Upper Limbs. 64 bones. Upper arm. — 2 scapula, 2 clavicle, 2 humerus. Forearm. — 2 ulna, 2 radius Hand. — 16 carpel, 10 medacarpal, 28 phlanges. Lower Limbs. 60 bones. Leg.— Femuer 2, patilla 2, tibia 2, fibula 2. Foot. — 14 tarsal, 10 metatarsal, 28 phlanges. MUSCLES. Uses. — To produce the various movements of the body. To give form and symmetry to the body. Classes. — Voluntary muscles because their movements are generally under the control of the will, as the biceps. Involuntary muscles perform their functions inde- pendently of the will. Mixed muscles because they are partiy voluntary and partly involuntary. 96 PHYSIOLOGY. Structure, — Voluntary muscles are made of striated fibres sur- rounded by membrane called the sarcolemma. These fibres form bundles, and bundles form muscles. Involuntary muscles are made of fibres that are spindle shape and unstriated as the muscles of the walls of the stomach. Number. — There are over four hundred arranged in pairs. Tendons. — Are white fibrous tissue connecting muscles to bones. They are most numerous around the larger joints. The largest tendon in the body is the tendon of Achilles connecting the muscles on the back of the leg with the heel. Levers. — First class — Fulcrum, between the weight and power. Second class — Weight between the fulcrum and power. Third class — Power between the weight and fulcrum Exercise. — (1) The importance of exercise; (2) when to exercise; (3) how to exercise; (4) what is normal exercise and its effect? (5) what is abnormal ex- ercise and its effect? SKIN AND BATHING. Skin — The skin is the external covering of the body com- posed of two layers: the cutis, or true skin, and the cuticle, or false skin. Use of dermis. Use of epidermis. Functions of the skin — An organ of protection, sensa- tion, absorption, excretion, respiration and a regu- lator of temperature. Appendages of the Skin — Hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Hair — Structure; cause of color; uses of the hair on dif- ferent parts of the body. Nails — Structure, function. Bathing — Importance; value of bathing; time for bathing; reaction and its value; kinds of baths: Russian, Turkish, mud, sun, and mineral baths. Why should good soap be used? PHYSIOLOGY. 97 KIDNEYS. Location, size, structure, and function. Effects of alcohol on the skin and kidneys. DIGESTION. Digestion is the process of converting food into blood. Assimilation is the process of converting blood into tissue. Organs. — Mouth with its appendages form the first divis- ion of the alimentar}' canal. The teeth are or- gans of mastication; thirty-two in number. Tongue assists in mastication Salivary glands secrete a alkaline juice called the saliva. Parotid 2, submaxillary 2, sublingual 2. The pharynx is a funnel shaped tube about four and a half inches long in the back part of the throat into which the esophagus and the trachea open. There are two openings from the pharynx leading to the nose called the posterior nares, and two leading to the ear, called the Eustachian tubes. Esophagus or gullet is amembranus tube about nine inches long connecting the pharynx with the stomach. The Stomach — A pear shaped organ located beneath the ribs, composed of three coats and has two openings — the cardiac from the esophagus, and the pyemus to the intestines Next, in the walls of the stomach are gastric glands that secrete a acid fluid called the gastric juice Small Intestine — A tube beginning at the lower end of the stomach. It is about twenty feet long and divided into three parts. The first one is called the duodenum. It is about twelve inches long and into this tube the bile and pancreatic ducts empty. The second division is the jejumun, and the last one is the ileum. The Ileocoecal valve is located between the first di- vision of large intestines and the ileum. Attached to the co-£ecum is a small tube called the vermiform appendix. Its use is not understood. The sec- ond division of the large intestines is divi-ded into three parts: ascending, transverse, descending colon. The last division of the large intestine is the rectum. 96 PHYSIOLOGY. Pancreas — A gland located behind the stomach that secretes an alkaline juice which flows into the du- odenum. The Liver — The largest gland in the body, secretes an alkaline juice called the bile. The Gall-bladder — A small sack fastened to the under side of the liver and is used to hold bile for future use. Thoracic Duct is a tube about sixteen inches long which conveys chyle and lymph to the left side of the neck. The steps by which food is converted into tissue are as follows: Mastication, insalivation, deglutition, stomach and intestinal digestion, absorption, cir- culation, assimilation. CIRCULATION. Circulation is the continuous movement of the blood from the heart to repair the system, and its return to the lungs to be purified. Organs of — Heart is a hollow, cone shaped muscular organ with two auricles and two ventricles located be- tween the lungs a little to the left of the body. The right auricle receives impure blood and the left ventricle forces pure blood all over the body. Pericaridum is a serous membrane that surrounds the heart. Endocardium — Is a serous membrane that lines the inside of the heart. Arteries. — Tube like canals with the three elastic coats which convey the blood from the heart to the capillaries. Veins — Are the vessels that convey the blood from the capillaries to the lungs. They also have three coats, but are inelastic. Capillaries — Are the small vessels that connect the arteries with the veins. Blood. — Arterial blood is a bright, pure red liquid used to nourish the different tissues. Venous blood is a dark blue, impure liquid charged with impurities. Pljys/OLOGY. 99 Composition. Plasma, a colorless fluid richly charged with material derived from the food. Corpusles: — Are of two kinds — red and white. The red ones carry oxygen to the tissues and carbonic acid from the tissues. The white ones are larger than the red ones and are used as scavengers. COAGULAI'lON OK BlOOD — Blood T-., Serum Serum. Plasma ■ ^--u • /-i .. Fibrm Clot. ) Corpuscles -| Red White RESPIRATION. Organs ok Respiration— Nose, is used to warm, filter and moisten the in- spired air. Pharynx — a passage for air between the nose and larynx. Larynx, is a cartilaginous box at the top of trachea across which are stretched the vocal chords. The opening into the larynx is the glottis, and the , covering of the glottis, is the epiglottis. Trachea, or, wind-pipe, is an elastic tube about four and one-half inches in length which connects the larynx with the bronchial tubes. These bron- chial tubes divides and sub-divide until they finally end into lobules. The trachea is held Open by means of rings of cartilage. Lungs — Two in number and are the principal or- gans of respiration. It is here where the venous blood is changed to arterial. Pleura — A serous membrane covering the lungs and inside of the thoracic cavity. Inspiration — The process of breathing air into the lungs, and thus giving oxygen to the blood. Expiration — Breathing out the impurities. Diaphragm — A muscular membrane separating the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. Impurities in the air and how disease germs are produced from them. 100 PHYSIOLOGY. Impurities in the school room, and how they are removed by ventilation. Deodorizer — Something that will cover up an odor, as burnt coffee. Disinfectant — Anything that will destro}' germs, as sulphur. Antiseptic — Anything that has the power of destroy- ing the disease germ, as zinc sulphate. Absorbent — Anything that will absorb odors, as lime and charcoal. NERVOUS SYSTEM. Object. — To regulate the movements of the body. The nervous system is divided into two divisions: 1. Cerebro spinal nervous system, and (2) the sympathetic. The Cerebro spinal system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that branch from them. The sympathetic system is composed of most of the nerves in thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. Brain. — The organ of the mind. The brain is composed of gra}' matter on the outside which originates nervous force, and white on the inside which conveys it. Divisions. — Cerebrum — The largest and most important part of the brain. The seat of intelligbnce is located here. It is composed of a mass of white fibres covered with gray cells. The surface of the cerebrum is deeply convoluted. Cerebellum — (Lesser brain) It is about one-eighth as large as the cerebrum and controls voluntary motion. The surface of the cerebellum is covered with par- allel ridges. ^ Medulla oblongata, or spinal bulb is the enlarged portion of the spinal cord. It is located within the skull. The Spinal Cord is a cylindrical mass of nervous tissue about eighteen inches long located in the spinal canal. PHYSIOLOGY. 101 The brain and spinal cord are protected by three coverings: first, the outer one is called the Dura- mater. A dense firm membrane used for protec- tion. Second, the Arachnoid is a serous mem- brane located beneath the Dura mater and se- cretes a lubricating fluid. Third, Pia mater, a delicate vascular membrane used to supply the brain with blood. Nkrvks. — Silvery thread surrounded by the perineurium composed principally of white matter. They con- nect all the organs with the brain and spinal cord. Each nerve has two sets of fibres. The sensory, to carry sensations, and the motor, to carry motor impulses. Cranial Nerves. — There are twelve pairs originating from the base of the skull. 1. Olfactory; 2. Op- tic; 3. Motores oculi; 4. Pathetici; 5. Trigem- inals; 6. Abducentes; 7. Facial; S. Auditory; 9. Glossopharyngials; 10. Spinal accessory; 11, Pneumogastric; 12. Hypoglossals. Spinal Nerves. — There are thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves that issue from the spinal cord. Divisions of the spinal nerves: — Eight cervical, twelve dorsal, five lumbar, six sacral. Sympathetic Nerves. — Extend from a double chain of ganglia on either side of the spinal column to the heart, lungs, stomach, etc. Reflex Action. — Any nerve force transmitted to a nerve center by a sensory nerve and then reflected to a motor nerve so as to produce secretion or musular movement, is called reflex action. Use of reflex action — artificial reflex action. SPECIAL SENSES. Sight. — Organ of sight is the eye. Location — The organ of vision is composed of three coats. 1. Sclerotic — a hard, firm coat used to protect the eye ball. 2. Choroid — a vascular coat con- taining pigment cells. This coat is used to ab- sorb superfluous light. 3. Retina — an expansion of the optic nerve. It is used to receive the rays of light which come from the objects. lOS PHYSIOLOGY. Eye-lids — Two movable curtains which cover the front part of the orbit. Eye-lashes — Are the hairs on the lid used as a screen. Lachrymal glands secrete the tears which keep the surface clear and transparent. Cornea- — The thin transparent part of the sclerotic coat. Iris — The colored curtain which lies back of the cornea. Pupil — The opening into the Iris. Crystalline lens— Located back of the pupil, and is used to focus rays of light on the retina. Aqueous Humor — A water like liquid lying between the lens and the cornea. Vitreous Humor — A jelly like mass behind the lens. Optic Nerve — The connecting" link between the eye and brain. Conjunctiva — The inner lining of the lid and the covering of the front part of the eye-ball. Tarsal Cartilages — Between the lid and conjunctiva. Meibomian Glands — Between cartillages and con- junctiva secrete oil. Blind Spot — Where the optic nerve enters the eye. It is insensible to light. Yellow Spot — Directly back of the pupil. It is the most sensitive part of the retina. Emmetropic — Is a perfect eye. Myopia — Or short-sight. Remedy, concave lens. Hypermetropia — Long sight, Remedy, convex lens. Presbyopia — Old sight. Remedy, convex lens. Astigmatism — The inability to focus perpendicular lines. Care of the eyes. HEARING. Ear — Is the organ of hearing. It consists of three parts. First — External ear — is composed of the auricle for catching sound, and the auditory canal, a tube about an inch and a quarter long, closed at the inner end by the tympanum. PHYS/OLOGY. lOa Second — Middle ear. It is separated from the ex- ternal ear by the tympanic membrane. This division of the ear contains three small bones — hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Eustachian tube used to admit air from the pharynx to the middle ear. Third — Inner ear, is composed of the labyrinth and a part of the auditory nerve. Vestibule — central portion of the labyrinth. Cochlea — Is a tube in the upper portion of the labyrinth. Semicircular Canals — Canals in the lower portion of the labyrinth. SMELL. The sense by which we appreciate odors. Location — This sense is located in the mucous membrane which lines the nose. Uses — (1) To aid in selection of food and drink. ( 3) To warn us of impure air. Olfactory Nerves — The first pair of cranial nerves are special nerves of smell. Nasal Passages- — Two high narrow canals extending from the nostrils to the top of pharyrx. The inner walls of each passage is straight while the outer is made uneven by three small turbinated bones. The septum separates the nasal passages. Cul- tivation of this sense. TASTE. The sense by which we appreciate flavors. Location — It is located in the mucous membrane of the tongue, of the soft palate, and also in the back part of the throat. Papillae^ — Kinds, use. Nerves of Taste — There is no distinct nerve of taste. Two-thirds of the tongue is supplied by the lingual branch of the trigeminals and one-third by the lingual branch of the glosso-pharyngeal nerves. 104 PHYSIOLOGY. Uses — (1) To aid in selection of food. (2) Excites the flow of saliva. TOUCH. The sense by which we appreciate the form of objects and also temperature. Location — In all parts of the body, especially at the tip of the tongue and ends of fingers. Uses — To aid the other senses. Muscular Sense — That which enables us to estimate the weight of bodies. Sense of Temperature — The sense of heat and cold. What produces pain? ALCOHOL. DeI'TNTITONS — Alcohol — The active and intoxicating principle of all fei'mented liquors. Sti7nulant — An agent that produces an increase of vital activity in the body. Narcotic — An agent that produces sleep, stupor, paralysis, and often death. Origin of — Fennentation — The change which takes place in the elements of an organic substance under the influ- ence of a decomposing agent called a ferment. Distillation— -The separation of fluids that boil at different temperature by evaporating one and again condensing it. Source of — Sugar and starch, or any substance containing sac- charine matter. Properties of — A colorless iiuid of an agreeable odor and strong, pungent taste. Its chemical proprieties are car- bon, hydrogen and oxygen; in commercial or ethyl ic alcohol, there are two parts carbon, six hydrogen and one oxygen. It has a great affinity for water, absorbing it from the atmosphere. It PHYSIOLOGY. 105 is very inflammable, burning with a pale bluish flame without smoke. It is a powerful solvent, and employed in medicine in the preparation of tinctures and in the arts to dissolve resins, gums, oils, etc. It boils at 173° F. and no degree of cold ever yet obtained has effected its congelation. Its antiseptic properties prevent chemical change in organic substances. Effects of — On Nervous System — Alcohol mainly selects the cerebro-spinal nervous system for its great center of action; the nerves of motion are especially effected. The cerebrum and cerebellum become hardened by its use and the cerebral arteries in a state of fatty degeneration. On Digestion — The chemical action of alcohol is to prevent change in organic substances, which is the work of digestion from first to last. It is in- digestible, and is taken up by the absorbents and carried into the blood. Its circulation through the lungs gives one who drinks it the "whiskey breath. " On the Stomach — It becomes congested and greatly wrinkled, as if a powerful astringent had been taken; the mucous membrane becomes white, and thickened; or softened and covered with a muco- purulent secretion. On the Blood — It becomes fluid and venous by the separation of the plasma, increases in carbon and hydrogen, contains less oxygen and but little fibrin, which accounts for its non-coagulating property. On the Mifid — The general effects are confusion of thought, loss of memory, various mental affec- tions varying with individual character, less power of self control and loss of moral power. •On the Muscular System — The influence of alcohol is to lessen the amount of carbonic acid exhaled from the lungs, and to diminish muscular force in the same ratio. 106 PHYSIOLOGY. On the Special Senses — It produces hallucination of sight by seeing things double or a variety of ob- jects, indicating that it especially affects that por- tion of the brain that gives rise to the optic nerve. Taste and smell are impaired by its influence upon mucous membrane. On the Brain — It hardens and impairs its delicate texture, blunts the finer sensibilities, and man loses the power of self-control, self-respect, de- scending step by step in intellectual and moral power. On the Heart and Liver — The superior affinity for oxygen, which alcohol possesses, prevents the proper elimination of effete matter, thus produc- ing fatty degeneration of these organs: Transmitted Effects — The diseased condition of the system, induced by the stimulating and narcotic effects of alcoholic drinks, must reproduce in the child the characteristic tendencies of the parent. On the Temperature of t/ie Body — "For a few min- utes after alcohol is administered, to the amount of a gill of wine or brandy, the temperature rises slightly, after which it falls several degrees below the standard of health, and remains so for hours." — W. B. Carpenter. "It is doubtful if another single agent can be named, which, introduced into the system from without, has been the occasion of a greater amount of disease, mental decay and premature death.'' — J. C. Hutchinson, M. D. NOV 6 1899 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS