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THE 
 
 Smith's Pocket Companion, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 USEFUL INFORMATION AND TABLES 
 
 IRON AND STEEL, 
 For the Use of Smiths and Steel Workers. 
 
 By J. MARQUARDT, 
 
 A Practical Smith. 
 
 FIRST EDITION. 
 
 DULU TH. MINN. 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
 This volume is intended as a hand-book and 
 guide for smiths and men working in the shop; I 
 have tried to make the contents as simple as 
 possible in order to enable those who have not 
 had the chance of obtaining a good education, 
 to master it with ease. 
 
 The art how to work and turn iron into all 
 required shapes and forms may be considered 
 the profession; this can not be obtained by the 
 wave of the hand. It takes years of practice 
 and close attention to the trade, and by faith- 
 fully studying theoretically as well as practically, 
 a man may become a master of his trade. 
 
 The smith's trade has been greatly neg- 
 lected in modern technical literature. Almost 
 all other professions have scores of works up to 
 expensive folios, devoted to their elevation and 
 education. 
 
 The present being, therefore, probably the 
 first English book on the subject, may not be as 
 perfect as I could have wished, notwithstanding 
 that great care has been bestowed upon it in 
 
selecting very carfully all the material from the 
 manufacture of iron to the last table. 
 
 In the production of this book I do not! 
 claim the whole of its contents as being original. 
 I make this acknowledgement, to those whose 
 works I have consulted for information. From 
 Haswell I have received valuable assistance; and 
 with the consent of the Cresent Steel Co., Miller, 
 Metcalf, and Parkin, I am enabled to give a good 
 fundamental theory on steel. The large majority 
 of problems contained in it, are the product oft 
 study during my spare time. It is issued with 
 the hope of making some contribution, however 
 humble, to the true and permanent elevation offj 
 my fellow craftesmen. 
 
 I trust the work in this form may promote] 
 this education and that a direct and wide influ-- 
 ence for good may be obtained. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Manufacture of Iron 1 
 
 " Steel 8 
 
 Condensed Suggestions for Steel Workers 12 
 
 On Annealing 13 
 
 On Heating to Forge 17 
 
 On Temper 19 
 
 Furnace 23 
 
 Sketches of Furnace 24-25 
 
 Process of Making Bessemer Steel 28 
 
 Forging Fires 29-31 
 
 Heating of Iron 33 
 
 Welding and Working of Iron 35 
 
 Dies and Tools 39 
 
 Weight and Areas of Square and Round Iron ... 47 
 
 Weight of Flat Rolled Iron 53 
 
 Areas of Flat Rolled Iron 59 
 
 Areas of Circles. 65 
 
 Bearing Value of Pins 82 
 
 Weights of Flat Rolled Metals 83 
 
 Breaking Strain of Chains 83 
 
 Weight of Cast Iron Balls 84 
 
 Weight of Various Metals 85 
 
 Weight of Substances 86 
 
 Upset Screw Ends 88 
 
 Bolts, Heads, Nut, Threads 82 
 
 Sizes of Hot Pressed Nuts 90-91 
 
 Spikes, Nails and Tacks 93-96 
 
 Wrought Iron Pipes 96 
 
 Explanation of Tables. ; 97-98 
 
Tensile and Crushing Strength 99-101 
 
 Fulcrum and Lever 101 
 
 Notes on Iron and Steel 103 
 
 Mensuration 103 
 
 Decimal Equivalents 106 
 
 Angle Ring 107 
 
 Alloys and Compositions 110 
 
 Tempering 112 
 
 Miscellaneous 120 
 
 Tables of Wages and Board 124-130 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Page 46, fifth line below Figure XXXI, the word 
 tick should read the. 
 
 Page 29, sixth line above forge tires the word ma- 
 terial should read natural. 
 
 Page 85, " Copper .67 and Zinc .33" means that 
 "Brass is composed of .67 parts of Copper and ,33 parts 
 of Zinc. 
 
Manufacture of Iron. 
 
 (From Haswell.) 
 
 The foreign substances which iron contains 
 mortify its essential properties. Carbon adds to 
 its hardness, but destroys some of its quahties 
 and produces cast iron or steel according to the 
 proportion it contains. Sulphur renders it fus- 
 ible, difficult to weld and brittle when heated or 
 hot short." Phosphorus renders it ''cold 
 short;" but may be present in the proportion of 
 rooo~ ^^ ufoV without affecting injuriously its ten- 
 acity. Antimony, arsenic, and copper have the 
 same affect as sulphur, the last in a greater de- 
 gree. 
 
 THE PROCESS OF MAKING IRON. 
 
 Cast iron varies much upon fuel used. A 
 larger yield from the same furnace and a great 
 economy in fuel are affected by the use of a hot 
 blast. The greater heat thus produced causes 
 the iron to combine with a larger percentage of 
 foreign substances. Cast iron for purposes re- 
 quiring great strength should be smelted with a 
 cold blast. Pig iron, according to the propor- 
 tion of carbon which it contains, is divided into 
 
Foundry iron and Forge iron, the latter adapteJ 
 only to conversion into maleable iron, while thj 
 former, containing the larger proportion of cai^ 
 bon, can be used either for castings or ban; 
 There are many varieties of cast iron, differini 
 by almost insensible shades; the two principc 
 divisions are gray, and white, so termed froi 
 the color of their fracture. Their properties ai 
 very different. Gray iron is softer and less brii 
 tie than white. It is in a slight degree maleabl 
 and flexible, and is not sonorous. It can h 
 easily drilled in a lathe, and does not resist thl 
 file. It has a brilliant fracture — gray or some 
 times blue-gray color; the color is lighter tha 
 the grain, becomes close, and its hardness ii 
 creases at the same time. It melts at a lowe 
 heat than the white iron and preserves its fluic' 
 ity longer. The color of the fluid metal is re* 
 and deeper in proportion as the heat is lower; 
 does not adhere to the ladel, it fills the moulc 
 well, contracts less and contains fewer cavitier 
 than white iron; the edges of its castings ajl 
 sharp, and the surface smooth and convex, 
 medium bright and gray color, fracture sharp 1 
 the touch and a close, compact texture indica 
 a good quality of iron; a grain either very larg 
 or small, a dull, earthy aspect, loose textur 
 dissimilar crystals, mixed together indicate i 
 ijiferior quality. Gray iron is used for m 
 chinery and ordinary purposes where the piec' 
 are to be bored or fitted. Its tenacity and sp 
 cific gravity are diminished by annealing. I, 
 mean specific gravity is 7.2. ! 
 
 White iron is very brittle and sonorous, an 
 it resists the file and chisel. It is susceptible 
 light polish, the surface of its casting concav 
 
the fracture presents a silvery appearance gener- 
 ally, fine grain and compact, sometimes radiat- 
 ing or lamellar; when melted it is white and 
 throws off a great many sparks, and its qualities 
 are the reverse of those of the gray iron. It is 
 therefore unsuitable for machinery purposes: its 
 tenacity is increased and its specific gravity di- 
 minished by annealing. Its mean specific grav- 
 ity is 7.5. . 
 
 Mottled iron is a mixed of white and gray; 
 it has a spotted appearance, it flows well and 
 with few sparks; its castings have a plain surface 
 with edges slightly rounded. It is suitable for 
 shot and shells. A fine mottled iron is the only 
 kind suitable for castings which require great 
 strength, such as beams, centers, cylinders and 
 cannon. Besides these general divisions, the 
 different varieties of pig iron are more particularly 
 distinguished by numbers, according to their re- 
 lative hardness. 
 
 Number one is the softest iron, possessing in 
 the highest degree the qualities belonging to 
 gray iron. It has not much strength, but on ac- 
 count of its fluidity when melted and of its mix- 
 ing advantageously with old or scrap iron and 
 with the harder kinds of cast iron, it is of great 
 use to foundries and commands the highest 
 price. 
 
 Number two is harder and closer grained, 
 and stronger than number one. It has a gray 
 color and considerable lustre. It is the character 
 of iron most suitable for shells. 
 
 Number three is still harder than number 
 two. Its color is gray, but inclined to white. It 
 is principally used for mixing with other kinds of 
 iron. 
 
Number four is bright iron; number five 
 mottled, and number six white, which is unfit for 
 general use by itself. The qualities of these va- 
 rious descriptions depend upon the proportion of 
 carbon and upon the state it exists in the metal. 
 
 In darker kinds of iron where the proportion 
 is sometimes seven per cent., it exists partly in 
 the state of graphite or plumbago, which makes 
 the iron soft. 
 
 In white iron the carbon is thoroughly com- 
 bined with the metal as in steel. 
 
 Cast iron frequently contains a proportion of 
 foreign ingredients from the ore, such as earth on 
 oxides of the other metals, and sometimes sul- 
 phur and phosphorus, which are all injurious tq 
 quality. 
 
 Sulphur hardens the iron, and unless m a; 
 very small proportion destroys its tenacity. Thesei 
 foreign substances and also a portion of the car< 
 bon are separated by melting the iron in contact 
 with air; and soft iron is thus rendered hardei 
 and stronger. 
 
 The effect of remelting varies with nature 
 of the iron and the character of ore from which i 
 has been extracted; that from hard ore such astht 
 magnetic oxides, undergoes less alteration thai 
 that from the hematites; the latter being some 
 times changed from number one to whites by ; 
 single remelting in an air furnace. The colo 
 and textures of cast iron depends greatly upoi 
 the volume of the castings and rapidity of it 
 cooling. A small casting which cools quickly i 
 almost white, and the surface of large casting 
 partakes more of the quality of white metal thai 
 the interior. 
 
 All cast iron expands at the moment of be 
 
coming solid and contracts in cooling; gray iron 
 expands more and contracts less than other iron. 
 
 The contraction is about ~ for gra}^ and 
 strongly mottled iron, or }i of an inch per foot. 
 
 Remeltmg iron improves its tenacity. 
 
 Thus a mean of fourteen cases for two fu- 
 sions gave: for first fusion, a tenacity of 29,284 
 pounds; for second fusion, 33,790 pounds; for 
 two cases: for first fusion, 15,129 pounds; for 
 second fusion, 35,786 pounds. 
 
 WROUGHT IRON. 
 
 Wrought iron is made from the pig iron in a 
 bloomery fire or in a puddling furnace — generally 
 in the latter. 
 
 The process consists in melting it and keep- 
 ing it exposed to a great heat, constantly stirring 
 the mass, bringing every part of it under the ac- 
 tion of the flames until it loses its remaining car- 
 bon, when it becomes malleable iron. When, 
 however, it is desired to obtain iron of the best 
 quality, the pig iron should be refined. 
 
 REFINING. 
 
 This operation deprives the iron of consid- 
 erable portion of its carbon; it is effected in a 
 blast furnace, where the iron is melted by means 
 of charcoal or coke, and exposed for some time 
 to the action of the geatheat; the metal is then 
 run into a cast iron mould, by which it is formed 
 into a large broad plate. As soon as the surface 
 of the plate is chilled, cold water is poured on to 
 render it brittle. 
 
 The bloomery resembles a large forge fire, 
 when charcoal and a strong blast are used; and 
 the refined metal or pig iron after being broken 
 into pieces of the proper size, is placed before 
 
6 
 
 the blast, directly in contact with charcoal; asi 
 the metal fuses, it falls into a cavity left for that 
 purpose below the blast, for the bloomer works 
 it into the shape of a ball, which he places again 
 before the blast with fresh charcoal; this opera- 
 tion is generally again repeated when the ball ij 
 ready for the shingler. 
 
 PUDDLING FURNACE. 
 
 The puddling furnace is a reverberatory fur 
 nace, where the flame of bituminous coal i« 
 brought to act directly upon the metal. 
 
 The metal is first melted; the puddler ther 
 stirs it, exposing each portion in turn to the ac-: 
 tion of the flame, and continues this as long asi 
 he is able to work it. 
 
 When it has lost its fluidity he forms it intc 
 balls weighing from 80 to 100 pounds, which nex^ 
 pass to the shingler. Shingling is performed ir 
 a strong squeezer or under the trip hammer, Itit; 
 object is to press out as perfectly as practicable 
 the liquid cinders which the ball still contains; i 
 also forms the ball into shape for the puddL 
 rolls. A heavy hammer, weighing from six tc 
 seven tons, effects this object most thoroughly 
 but not as cheaply as the squeezer. 
 
 The ball receives from fifteen to twent;! 
 blows of that hammer, being turned from timet<i 
 time as required; it is now termed a bloom, an< 
 is ready to be rolled or hammered; or the ball i 
 passed once to the squeezer, and is still ho 
 enough to be passed through the puddle rollers. 
 
 PUDDLE ROLLERS. 
 
 By passing through different grooves in thes; 
 rollers, the bloom is reduced to a rough bar fror 
 
:hree to four feet in length, its name converging 
 in idea of its condition, which is rough and im- 
 3erfect. 
 
 PILING. 
 
 To prepare rough bars for this operation, 
 they are cut by a pair of shears into such lengths 
 as are best adapted to the size of the finished bar 
 required; the sheared bars are then piled one 
 over the other, according to the volume required, 
 when the pile is ready for balling. 
 
 BALLING. 
 
 This operation is performed in the balling 
 furnace, which is similar to the puddling fur- 
 nace, except that its bottomed hearth is made 
 up from time to time with sand; it is used to 
 give welding heat to the pile to prepare them for 
 rolling. 
 
 THE FINISHING ROLLERS. 
 
 The balls are passed successively between 
 rollers of various forms and dimentions, accord- 
 ing to the shape of the finished bars required. 
 
 The quality of the iron depends upon the 
 description of pig iron used, the skill of the 
 puddler and the absence of the diliterious sub- 
 stances in the furnace. The strongest cast iron 
 produces the strongest malleable iron, for many 
 purposes, such as sheets for tinning, best boiler 
 plates and bars for converting into steel; char- 
 coal iron is used exclusively, and, generally, this 
 kind of iron is to be relied upon for strength and 
 toughness, with greater confidence than any 
 other; though iron of superior quality is made 
 from pigs made with other fuel and with the hot 
 blast. Iron for gun barrels has been lately made 
 
8 
 
 from anthracite hot blast pigs. Iron i-s improved 
 in quahty by judicious working, reheating and 
 hammering and roUing. Other things being 
 equal, the best iron is that which has been 
 wrought the most. 
 
 STEEL. 
 
 Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, in 
 which the proportion of the latter is from 1 to 5" 
 per cent and even less in some kinds. Steel iss 
 distinguished from iron by its fine grain, and by, 
 the action of diluted nitric acid, which leaves a 
 black spot upon steel, and upon iron a lighten 
 color in proportion to the carbon it contains. 
 
 There are many varieties of steel, the prin- 
 cipal of which are: 
 
 Natural Steel — Obtained by reducing richii 
 and pure descriptions of iron ore, with charcoal, 
 and refining the cast iron so as to depreciate of 
 a sufficient portion of carbon to bring it to a 
 malleable state. It is used for files and other 
 tools. 
 
 Indian Steel — Termed Woots, is said to be 
 natural steel; containing a small portion of other 
 metals. 
 
 Blistered steel, or steel of cementation, is 
 prepared by the direct combination of iron and 
 carbon; for this purpose the iron in bars is put 
 in layers alternating with powdered charcoal; in 
 a close furnace, and exposed for seven or eight 
 days to a heat of about 9,000^ and then put to 
 cool for a like period. 
 
 The bars on being taken out, are covered 
 with blisters, have acquired a brittle quality, and 
 exhibit in the fracture a uniform of crystalline 
 appearance. The degree of carbonization is 
 
varied according to the purposes for" which the 
 steel is intended, and the best quahties of iron 
 (Russian and Swedish) are used for the finest 
 kind of steel. 
 
 Tilted steel is made, from blistered steel 
 moderately heated, and subjected to the action 
 of a tilt-hammer, by which means its tenacity 
 and density are increased. 
 
 Shear steel is made from blistered or nat- 
 ural steel, refined by piling thin bars into fagots 
 which are brought to a welding heat in a rever- 
 berating furnace and hammered or rolled again 
 into bars. This operation is repeated several 
 times to produce the finest kinds of steel, which 
 are distinguished by the names of Half Shear, 
 Single Shear, and Double Shear steel, or steel of 
 1, 2, or 3 marks, according to the number of 
 times it has been piled. 
 
 Cast steel is made by breaking blistered 
 steel into small pieces and melting it in close 
 crucibles, from which it is poured into iron 
 moulds; the ingot is then reduced to a bar by 
 hammering or rolling. Cast steel is the best 
 kind of steel, and best adapted for most pur- 
 poses. It is known by a very fine, even, and 
 close grain, and a silvery, homogeneous fracture. 
 It is very brittle, and acquires extreme hardness, 
 but IS difficult to weld without the use of a flux. 
 The other kinds of steel have a similar appear- 
 ance to cast steel, but the grain is coarser and 
 less homogeneous. They are softer and less 
 brittle and weld more readily. A fibrous or 
 lamellar appearance in the fracture indicates an 
 imperfect steel. A great toughness and elas- 
 ticity, as well as hardness, is made by forging 
 together ''steel and iron," forming the celebrated 
 
10 
 
 Damask steel which is used for sword blades, 
 springs, etc. The damask appearance of which 
 is produced by a diluted acid which gives a 
 black tint to the steel, while the iron remains 
 white. 
 
 Various fine steels or alloys of steel, plat- 
 inum, rhodium and aluminum, have been made 
 with a view to imitating the Damascus steel, 
 woots, etc. ; and improving the fabrications of 
 the finer kinds of surgical and other instruments. 
 
 HARDENING AND TEMPERING. 
 
 Upon these operations the quality of manu- 
 factured steel in a great measure depends. 
 
 Hardening is effected by heating the steel to 
 a cherry red, and plunging it into cold water or 
 some cooling solution; the degree of hardness 
 depends upon the heat and rapidity of cooling, 
 the steel is thus rendered so hard that it resists 
 the hardest file, and it becomes at the same time 
 very brittle. 
 
 The degree of heat and the nature of the 
 cooling medium must be chosen with reference 
 to the quality of the steel and purposes for which 
 it is intended. Cold water gives it greater hard- 
 ness than oils and other fatty substances. Water, 
 acids and salts render it the hardest at any rate. 
 
 Tempering steel in its hardest state being 
 too brittle for most purposes unless the tools are 
 very heavy, as rock and granite tools or drills, 
 on which no temper must be drawn. 
 
 The requisite strength and elasticity are ob- 
 tained by tempering and then drawing the 
 temper by heating the hardened steel to a certain i; 
 degree and then cooling it suddenly. 
 
 The proper heat is usually obtained or as 
 
11 
 
 ::ertained by the color which the surface of the 
 steel assumes from the film of oxides thus formed. 
 The degree of heat to which these several colors 
 ::orrespond are as follows: 
 
 At 430'' a very faint yellow ( Drills for hard 
 
 At 450^" a pale straw color I substances. 
 
 At 470'' full yellov; \ Shears, turning 
 
 At 490^ brown color ( tools, etc. 
 
 At 510" brown, white purple spots Hammers. 
 
 At538« purple Punches, dies taps 
 
 At 550" dark blue -Cold chisels. 
 
 At 560" full blue, or sky blue Cutting tools, as cutlery. 
 
 , , , ( Saws, springs. 
 
 At 600" grayish bine, verging on black j swords. 
 
 CASE HARDENING. 
 
 This operation consists in converting the sur- 
 face of wrought iron into steel by concentration 
 for the purpose of adapting it to receive a polish 
 or to bear friction, etc. This is done by heating 
 iron to a cherry red in a close vessel in contact 
 with carbonic materials and then plunging it into 
 cold water. 
 
 Bones, leather, hoofs and horns of animals 
 are generally used for this purpose after having 
 been burned or roasted so that they can be pow- 
 dered or pulverized. Soot is also frequently 
 used. 
 
CondensBd SuggBsfcions for SfcBBl WnrkBrs. 
 
 (From Miller, Metcalf & Parkin.) 
 
 ON ANNEALING. 
 
 Owing to the fact that the opertion of rolhng 
 or hammering steel makes it very hard, it is fre- 
 quently necessary that the steel should be an- 
 nealed before it can be conveniently cut into the; 
 required shapes for tools. 
 
 Annealing or softening is accomplished by 
 heating steel to a red heat and then cooling very 
 slowly, to prevent it from getting hard again. 
 
 The higher the degree of heat, the more will! 
 steel be softened, until the limit of softness is 
 reached, when the steel is melted. 
 
 It does not follow that the higher a piece of! 
 steel is heated the softer it would be when cooled; 
 this is proven by the fact that an ingot is always 
 harder than a rolled or hammered bar made 
 from it. 
 
 Therefore, there is nothing gained by heat- 
 ing a piece of steel hotter than good bright 
 cherry red; on the contrary, a higher heat has 
 several disadvantages. First, if carried too far, J 
 
13 
 
 it may leave the steel actually harder than a good 
 red heat would leave it. 
 
 Second, if a scale is raised on the steel, this 
 scale will be harsh, granular, oxide of iron, and 
 will spoil the tools used to cut it. It often occurs 
 that steel is scaled in this way, and then, because 
 it does not cut well it is still customary to heat it 
 again, and hotter still, to overcome the trouble, 
 while the fact is, that the more this operation is 
 repeated the harder the steel will work, because 
 of the hard scale and the harsh grain under- 
 neath. 
 
 Third, a high scaling heat, continued for a 
 little while, changes the structure of the steel, 
 destroys its crystaline property, makes it brittle, 
 liable to crack in hardening and impossible to re- 
 fine. 
 
 Again, it is common practice to put steel 
 into a hot furnace at the close of a day's work 
 and leave it there all night. 
 
 This method gets the steel too hot, always 
 raises a scale under it, and, worse than either, it 
 leaves it soaking in the fire too long, and this is 
 more injurious to the steel than any other opera- 
 tion to which it can be subjected. A good illus- 
 tration of the destruction of crystaline structure 
 by long continued heating may be had by opera- 
 ting on chilled cast iron. If a chill be heated red 
 hot and removed from the fire as soon as it is hot 
 it will, when cold, retain its peculiar crj'-staline 
 structure; if now it be heated red hot, and left at 
 a moderate red for several hours, in short, if it 
 be treated as steel often is. and be left in the fur- 
 nace over night, it will be found, when cold, to 
 have a perfect amorphous structure, every trace 
 of chill crystals will be gone, and the whole piece 
 
14 
 
 1 
 
 be non-crystaline gray cast iron. If this is thef 
 effect upon coarse cast iron, what better is to b& 
 expected from fine cast steel? i 
 
 A piece of fine tap steel, after having been 
 in a furnace over night, will act as follows: — It 
 will be harsh in the lathe and spoil the cutting: 
 tools. 
 
 When hardened it will almost certainly} 
 crack; if it does not crack it will have been a re- 
 markably good steel to begin with. When the 
 temper is drawn to the proper color and the tapi 
 is put into use, the teeth will either crumble ofif, 
 or crush down like so much lead. 
 
 Upon breaking the tap, the grain will be^ 
 coarse and the steel brittle. 
 
 To anneal any piece of steel, heated red hot, 
 heated uniformly and heated through, takings 
 care not to let the ends and corners get too hot.^ 
 As soon as it is hot, take it out of the fire, thed 
 sooner the better, and cool it as slowly as^ 
 possible. A good rule for heating is to heat att 
 so low a red heat that when the piece is cold iti 
 will still show the blue gloss of the oxide that! 
 was put there by the hammer or rolls. 
 
 Steel annealed in this way will cut very\ 
 soft; it will harden very hard, without cracking,.: 
 and when tempered it will be very strong, nicely 
 refined and will hold a keen, strong edge. 
 
 ON HEATING TO FORGE. 
 
 Fully as much trouble and loss are caused 
 by improper heating in the forge fire as in the 
 tempering fire, although steel may be heated 
 safely very hot for forging if it be done properly; 
 but any ''high degree of heat," no matter howv 
 uniform it may be, is unsafe for ''hardening." 
 
15 
 
 The trouble in a forge-fire is usually ''un- 
 even heat," and not too light heat. Suppose the 
 piece to be forged has been put into a very hot 
 fire, and forced as quickly as possible to a high 
 yellow heat, so that it is almost to the scintil- 
 lating point. If this be done, in a few minutes 
 the outside will be quite soft and in nice condi- 
 tion for forging, while the middle parts will be 
 not more than red hot. The highly heated soft 
 outside will have very little tenacity: that is to 
 say, this part will be so far advanced toward 
 fusion that the particles will slide easily over 
 one another, while the less highly heated inside 
 parts will be hard, possessed of high tenacity, 
 and the particles will not slide so easily over 
 each other. 
 
 Now let the piece be placed under the ham- 
 mer and forged, and the result will be as shown 
 in Figure 1. 
 
 The soft outside will yield so much more 
 readily than the hard inside that the outer par- 
 ticles will be torn asunder, while the inside will 
 remain sound and the piece will be pitched out 
 and branded "burned." 
 
 Suppose the case to be reversed and the in- 
 side to be much hotter than the outside: that is, 
 that the inside shall be in a state of semi-fusion, 
 while the outside is hard and firm. Now let the 
 piece be forged and we shall have the case as 
 shown in Figure 2. The outside will be all 
 sound and the whole piece will appear perfectly 
 good until it is cropped, and then it is found to 
 be hollow inside, and it is pitched out and 
 branded ''burst." 
 
 In either case, if the piece had been heated 
 soft "all through" or if it had been only red hot 
 
16 
 
 "all through" it 
 sound and good. 
 
 ^ould have forged perfectly 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 y 
 
 =3 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 If it be asked, why then is there ever any 
 necessity for smiths to use a low heat in forging,, 
 when a uniform high heat will do as well? 
 
 We answer — In some cases a high heat is- 
 more desirable to save heavy labor, but in every 
 case where a fine steel is to be used for castingj 
 purposes it must be borne in mind that very 
 heavy forging refines the bars as they slowly 
 cool, and if the smith heats such refined bars; 
 until soft he raises the grain, makes them coarse, 
 and he cannot get them fine again unless he has^ 
 a very large steam-hammer at command and' 
 knows how to use it well. 
 
 In following the above hints there is a still 
 greater danger to be avoided: that is incurred by 
 letting the steel lie in the fire after it is properly 
 heated. When the steel is hot through it should 
 be taken from the fire immediately and forged! 
 as quickly as possible. "Soaking" in the fire 
 causes the steel to become "dry" and brittle, and 1 
 
17 
 
 does it more injury than any bad practice known 
 to the most experienced. 
 
 ON HEATING.' 
 
 Owing to varying instructions on a great 
 many different labels, we find at times a good 
 deal of misapprehension as to the best way to 
 heat steel; in some cases this causes too much 
 work for the smiths, and in other instances disas- 
 ters follow the act of hardening. 
 
 There are three distinct stages or times of 
 heating: 
 
 First, for forging. 
 
 Second, for hardening. 
 
 Third, for tempering. 
 
 The first requisite for a good heat for forging 
 is a clean fire and plenty of fuel, so that jets of 
 hot air will not strike the corners of the piece; 
 next, the fire should be regular, and give a good 
 uniform heat to the whole part forged. It should 
 be keen enough to heat the piece as rapidly as 
 may be, and allow it to be thoroughly heated 
 through, without being so fierce as to overheat 
 the corners. 
 
 Steel should not be left in the fire any longer 
 than is necessary to heat it clear through, as 
 "soaking" in the fire is very injurious; and on 
 the other hand it is necessary that it should be 
 hot through to prevent surface cracks, which are 
 caused by the reduced cohesion of the overheated 
 parts which overlie the center of an irregularly 
 heated piece. 
 
 By observing these precautions a piece of 
 steel may always be heated safely, up to a bright 
 yellow heat, when there is much forging to be 
 done on it, and at this heat it will weld well. 
 
 The best and most economical of welding 
 
18 
 
 fluxes is clean, crude borax, which should be first, 
 melted and then ground to a fine powder. Borax; 
 prepared in this way will not froth on the surface 
 of the steel, and one half the usual quantity will! 
 do the work as well as the whole quantity un- 
 melted. 
 
 After the steel is properly heated, it should Ij 
 be forged to shape as quickly as possible, and justj 
 as the red heat is leaving the parts intended forr 
 cutting edges, these parts should be refined by] 
 rapid light blows, continued until the red disap--i 
 pears. 
 
 For the second stage of heating, for harden-- 
 ing, great care should be practised; first, to pro-- 
 tect the cutting edges and working parts fromi 
 heating more rapidly than the body of the piece;; 
 next, that the whole part to be hardened be^ 
 heated uniformly through, without any part be-- 
 coming visibly hotter than the other. A uniform i] 
 heat as low as will give the required hardness, is^ 
 the best for hardening. 
 
 Bear in mind that for every variation, whichi 
 is great enough to be seen, there will result a 
 * 'variation in grain" which may be seen by break- 
 ing the piece; and for every such variation in 
 temperature, there is a very good chance for a 
 crack to be seen. Many a costly tool is ruined 
 by inattention to this point. 
 
 The effect of ''too high heat" is to open the 
 grain; to make the steel coarse. 
 
 The effect of irregular heat is to cause irreg- 
 ular grain, irregular strain and cracks. As soon 
 as the piece is properly heated for hardening, it 
 should be promptly and thoroughly quenched in 
 plenty of the cooling medium, water, brine, or oil, 
 as the case may be. 
 
11) 
 
 An abundance of the cooling bath, to do the 
 work quickly and uniformly all over, is very im- 
 portant to good and safe work. 
 
 To harden a large piece safely, a running 
 stream should be used. Much of the uneven 
 hardening is caused by the use of too small 
 baths. 
 
 For the third stages of heating, to temper, 
 the first important requisite is again ' 'uniformity. " 
 The next is time. The more slowly a piece is 
 drawn to its temper, the better and safer is the 
 operation. 
 
 When expensive tools, such as taps, rose 
 cutters, etc., are to be made, it is a wise precau- 
 tion, and one easily taken, to try small pieces of 
 the same steel at different temperatures, so as to 
 find out how low a heat will give the required 
 hardness. The lowest heat is the best for any 
 steel; the test costs nothing, takes very little time 
 and very often saves considerable losses. 
 
 ON TEMPER. 
 
 The word temper, as used by the steel maker, 
 indicates the amount of carbon in steel; thus, 
 steel of high temper is steel containing much car- 
 bon; steel of low temper, is steel containing little 
 carbon; steel of medium temper, is steel contain- 
 ing carbon between these limits, etc., etc. Be- 
 tween the highest and the lowest we have some 
 twenty divisions, each representing a definite 
 content of carbon. 
 
 As the temper of steel can only be observed 
 in the ingot, it is not necessary to the needs of 
 the trade to attempt any description of the mode 
 of observation, especially as this is purely a mat- 
 
20 
 
 ter of education of the eye, only to be obtained 
 by years of experience. 
 
 Likewise, the quality of steel cannot be de- 
 termined from the appearance of the fracture of 
 a bar as it comes from the hands of the manufac- 
 turer. 
 
 This appearance is determined, in the main, 
 by the heat at which the bar is finished, and 
 therefore one end of a long bar (and especially 
 of a hammered bar) may show a coarse, and the 
 other end a fine grain, when the whole bar may 
 be well suited for the purpose mtended. Two 
 tools properly heated, forged and hardened (one 
 from each end of such a bar) will, if broken, show 
 fractures similar in color and grain. 
 
 The act of "tempermg" steel is the act of 
 giving to a piece of steel, after it has been 
 shaped, the hardness necessary for the work it 
 has to do. This is done by first hardening the 
 piece, generally a good deal harder than is neces- 
 sary, and then toughening it by slow heating 
 and gradual softening until it is just right for 
 work. 
 
 A piece of steel properly tempered should 
 always be finer in grain than the bar from which 
 it is made. If it is necessary, in order to make 
 the piece as hard as required, to heat it so hot 
 that after being hardened it will be as coarse or 
 coarser in grain than the bar, then the steel it- 
 self is of too low temper for the desired work. 
 In a case of this kind, the steel maker should at 
 once be notified of the fact, and could immedi- 
 ately correct the trouble by furnishing higher 
 steel. 
 
 Sometimes an effort is made to harden fine 
 steel without removing (by grinding or other 
 
21 
 
 method) the scale formed in roUing, hammering 
 or anneahng. The result will generally be dis- 
 appointing, as steel which would harden through 
 such a coating would be of too high temper when 
 the scale was removed. 
 
 This surface scale is necessarily of irregular 
 thickness and density, is oxide of iron — not steel 
 — and therefore will not harden, and is to a cer- 
 tain extent a bad conductor of heat. It should 
 therefore be removed in every case to insure the 
 best results. If a great degree of hardness is 
 desired, as in the case of taps and most tools of 
 a complicated form, and it is found that at a 
 moderate heat the tools are too hard and are lia- 
 ble to crack, the smith should first use a lower 
 heat in order to save the tools already made, and 
 then notify the steel maker that his steel is too 
 high, so as to prevent a recurrence of the trouble. 
 In all cases where steel is used in large quanti- 
 ties for the same purpose, as in making of axes, 
 springs, forks, etc., there is very little difficulty 
 about temper, because, after one or two trials, 
 the steelmaker learns what his customer requires, 
 and can always furnish it to him. 
 
 In large, general works, however, such as a 
 rolling mill and nail factory, or large machine 
 works, or large railroad shops, both the maker 
 and worker of the steel labor under great disad- 
 vantages from want of a mutual understanding. 
 
 The steel maker receives his order and fills 
 the sizes, of tempers best adapted to general 
 work, and the smith generally tries to harden all 
 tools at about the same heat. The steel maker 
 is right, because he is afraid to make the steel 
 too high or too low for fear it will not suit, so he 
 gives an average adapted to the size of the bar. 
 
22 
 
 The smith is right, because he is generally 
 the most hurried and crowded man in the estab- 
 lishment. He must forge a tap for this man, a 
 cold nail knife for that one, and a lathe cutter for 
 another, and so on; and each man is in a hurry. 
 
 Under these circumstances he cannot be ex- 
 pected to stop and test every piece of steel he 
 uses, and find out exactly at what heat it will 
 harden best and refine properly. He needs steel 
 that will all harden properly at the same heat, 
 and this he generally gets from the general prac- 
 tice among steel makers of making each bar of a 
 certain temper, according to its size. But if it 
 should happen that he were caught with only one 
 bar of say inch and a quarter octagon, and three 
 men should come in a hurry, one for a tap, an- 
 other for a punch, and another for a chilled rolled 
 plug, he would find it very difficult to make one 
 bar of steel answer for all of these purposes, even 
 if it were of the very best quality. The chances 
 are that he would make one good tool and two 
 bad tools; and when the steel maker came around 
 to inquire, he would find one friend and two ene- 
 mies, and the smith puzzled and in doubt. 
 
 There is a perfectly easy and simple way to 
 avoid all of this trouble, and that is to write after 
 each size the purpose for which it is wanted, as 
 for instance: Track tools, smith tools, lathe tools, 
 taps, dies, cold nail knives, cold nail dies, hot 
 nails, hot or cold punches, shear knives, and so 
 forth. This gives very little trouble in making 
 the order, and it is the greatest relief to the steel 
 maker. It is his delight to get hold of such an 
 order, for he knows that when it is filled he will 
 hardly ever hear a complaint. 
 
 Every steel maker worthy of the name knows 
 
' 23 
 
 exactly the temper to provide for any tool, or if 
 it is a new case, one or two trials are enough to 
 inform him, and as he should always have twenty 
 odd tempers on hand, it is just as easy, and far 
 more satisfactory to both parties, to have it made 
 right as to have it made wrong. 
 
 For these reasons we urge all persons to 
 specify the work the steel is to do, then the smith 
 can harden all tools at about the same heat, and 
 he will not be annoyed by complaints, or hints 
 that he does not do his work well. 
 
 FURNACES. 
 
 We present sketches of a cheap and handy 
 furnace for use in a blacksmith's shop, adapted 
 especially for heating steel, and more particularly 
 for heating steel for hardening. The furnace is 
 so simple that the sketches need no explanation; 
 for binders, ten pieces of old rail about six feet 
 long, with one end set in the ground, and the 
 tops tied by ^ in. rods are all that is necessary, 
 with a piece of iron about 3x^ in. running 
 around near the top and set in flush with the 
 bricks. The distinctive features of this furnace 
 are the fire bed and a good damper on the stack. 
 In an experience of many years we have found 
 nothing better than the Tupper grate bar, with 
 half inch openings. These bars set in as shown 
 make a level, permanent bed, and give evenly dis- 
 tributed supply of air to the feed. In such a fur- 
 nace as this one set of bars will last for years and 
 will remain level. 
 
24 
 
 .J9 e J , 2 3 f 
 
 5 e 
 
 iuli.liliil 1 1 1 1 
 
 -) 
 
 Scale: ,4 = 1 foot. 
 
 
 Stack: 15' to2o'hiqh. 
 
 
25 
 
 SECT10N:A.B. 
 
 HM 
 
 
 H?4TW'Ff¥OT 
 
26 
 
 While on the subject of grate bars we ma)] 
 as well say that the satisfactory and safe working; 
 of this furnace would be entirely defeated by an} 
 attempt to use either square wrought iron bars ov\ 
 ordinary cast iron bars. Such bars always warp i 
 get pushed out of place, and allow a rush of aijij 
 through at one place and no air at another. Thi;!; 
 causes hot and cold places in the furnace anct 
 produces uneven heating, which is the chief 
 source of cracking in hardening; moreover, thei 
 air rushing through the large holes will burn th(( 
 steel. A bar must be used which will remain 
 level and in its place, and the smaller and morn 
 numerous the openings are, the better will be thci 
 result. j 
 
 Clean, hard coke is the only fuel for such i\ 
 furnace and for such work. The furnace shoukil 
 be filled full up to the fore plate; or better, a litt 
 tie higher, with coke in pieces no larger than an 
 ordinary man's fist, but the smaller the better. 
 
 When it is used for heating, forging purr 
 poses, the damper may be left high enough U 
 run the furnace as hot as maybe required — if nee 
 cessary a welding may be obtained. 
 
 When used for hardening, the furnace should 
 be got as hot as needed before the steel is put int< 
 it; then when the steel is put in, the dampe,: 
 should be dropped down tight. 
 
 The door, which is 12 inches high and 2; 
 inches wide, should be nicely balanced byalevei 
 and weight, with a rod in a handy place so thai 
 the operator can pull it up easily and turn ove 
 his pieces from time to time, so as to get his heai 
 perfectly uniform. 
 
 In the clear gas of a coke fire, the whole im 
 terior of a furnace can be seen easily, and ever 
 
27 
 
 a] 5iece can be watched as it ought to De. Time, 
 n^:are, wachfulness, and absolute uniformity of 
 njieat, are the essentials necessary for success in 
 oiiardening steel. Every large shop should have 
 p,mch a furnace, and should have one man trained 
 ii :o its use, to do the hardening and tempering for 
 iii;he shop Such a furnace in the hands of a care- 
 i( lul man in any railroad shop in the country would 
 e 3ay for itself every year and save the man's 
 ifivages besides. 
 
 " The furnace will consume very little coke at 
 "any time, and when not in use, with the damper 
 ^'down, it will stay hot a long time and waste the 
 " 3oke but a trifle. 
 
 , There is no more absurd or wasteful system 
 
 fhan that of requiring a smith at his anvil to 
 larden and temper his work. His fire is not fit 
 to heat in, to begin with, and he never has time 
 to do his work properly if it were. 
 
 From such a furnace as is here described, we 
 harden all sorts of tools: taps, small dies, large 
 rolls, rotary shear knives, and shear knives as 
 large as five feet long, which is the whole length 
 of the furnace. 
 
 The tempered steel which is the best, is that 
 which is the finest in the grain and the strongest. 
 
 The best way to test both grain and strength 
 is to hammer out a piece to about ly^xyi in., a 
 foot or so in length, and temper to a high blue or 
 pigeon wing, and when cold to break it off in 
 little pieces with a hand hammer. A little prac- 
 tice will soon enable a man to determine, first, 
 whether he heated his piece to just the right 
 point. Next, when a little experience as to heat 
 has been gained, he will know by the strength 
 
28 
 
 and grain whether his steel is reaUy good 
 whether it is "dry" and poor. 
 
 Finally, The art of working steel can be ad 
 quired by intelligent application. 
 
 Some will never learn, and others seem to b 
 imbued with the idea that twenty or thirty years 
 practice must necessarily qualify them as experts 
 In point of fact something new can be learnec 
 every day, and he is wise who will lay aside pre 
 judice and change his mind whenever occasio.) 
 requires it. 
 
 THE PROCESS OF MAKING BESSEMER STEEL \ 
 
 The pig-iron is melted in a cupola, whe:? 
 fusing it is let into a converter. The converter 
 is tilted at a certain angle in order that the moJ 
 ten iron can run into it. When it has taken thi 
 required quantity, then the converter is swuna, 
 up again into a horizontal position, and the corr; 
 verting or blowing begins. For now a tremenr 
 dous blast of air is forced up into the seethinji 
 contents of the vessel through openings in it, suci 
 a gust of wind as only a set of engines represent 
 ing the united strength of 5,000 horse power caii 
 produce. 
 
 I must quote Mr. Bessemer's own descrip 
 tion of the process. When the process ii 
 brought into full activity small though powerful} 
 jets oi air spring upwards through the fluicii 
 mass. The air expanding in volume divides it' 
 self into globules or bursts violently upwards. 
 
 Every part of the apparatus trembles unde 
 the violent agitation thus produced, a roarinj 
 flame rushes from the mouth of the converte: 
 and as the process advances changes its viola: 
 
:olor to orange and finally to a luminous white 
 tianie. 
 
 ,( The sparks which at first were large like 
 
 those of ordinary foundry iron change to small 
 
 , hissing points and these gradually give way to 
 specks of bluish light as the state of malleable 
 iron is approached. After this mighty blowing 
 
 ■ has been going on for some time, the Spiegeleisen 
 is added to the molten iron and the whole is 
 mixed and combined thoroughly by means of the 
 strong blast. 
 
 ''Manganese is used now instead of Spiegelei- 
 sen." When converted enough the molten iron 
 is poured into the dipper to which is added the 
 Manganese, enough according to what per cent 
 carboned steel is wanted, which mingles with 
 the iron and then poured into moulds, what is 
 called an ingot; which is now in fact Bessemer 
 steel, ready to be rolled into any desired shape 
 or plates, beams, angle iron, etc. 
 
 Steel is merely iron treated with carbon in a 
 peculiar way. 
 
 Manganese is a mineral and metal of a dusky 
 white or whitish gray color, very hard and diffi- 
 
 . cult to fuse; it never occurs as a material pro- 
 duction in a metallic state, the substance usually 
 so called is an oxide of manganese but not pure. 
 Manganese is largely imported from France, 
 Spain and Portugal. There is some in this 
 country, the largest mine of which is in Virginia. 
 
 FORGE FIRES. 
 
 The forge fire is one of the most important 
 features in the blacksmith's trade; and therefore 
 more attention should be paid to the forges and 
 the building of forging fires, as is usually done, 
 for if it be true that disasters in welding are in 
 
30 I 
 
 most instances due to improper tires and heating, 
 then it is clear that the fires employed for doing 
 the heating must be responsible in some means 
 for failure in the final process. That many of 
 them as used by the blacksmiths are entirely 
 unfit for the purpose is so well understood as to 
 "go without saying." Their greatest evil is thati 
 they are too small. They should be large enough 
 to hold enough fuel that the piece under treat- 
 ment is well covered with fuel; and the piece; 
 will get an even heat. 
 
 FIG. III. 
 
 An open fire, as shown in Figure III, is in very/ 
 general use, and where it is large enough good! 
 results are obtained by giving the piece underr, 
 treatment sufficient fuel and time to "take" the^ 
 heat throughout its mass while turning and mov- 
 ing it in the fire from time to time to give it ai 
 uniform heat. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 But if the fire is too small, as shown in Figure 
 IV, where the coal supports are too low on the 
 
31 
 
 forge, and therefore cannot hold coke enough 
 between them to protect a piece under treatment 
 from the blast and slack; in such a fire bad re- 
 sults will follow. 
 
 For the smith is tempted, and in fact is obliged 
 to, use the blast immoderately to supplement the 
 inadequate power of the fuel, and a dirty heat is 
 the result. The smith puzzled and a poor job 
 done, which will of course not contribute to the 
 blacksmith's credit. 
 
 FIG. V. 
 
 The best fire made for heavy work is the 
 hollow, as shown in Figure V. 
 
 This fire is built by cutting planks accord- 
 ing to the length the fire is wanted; put one on 
 each side, as wide apart as required for the work 
 intended, cover the top with another plank, then 
 place damp coal around and over the planks, 
 tamp them down as well as you can. The wall 
 should be at least one foot thick. The thicker 
 the wall the longer the fire will stand. Build 
 the fire between the planks. By the time the 
 planks are burned out the walls are charred 
 enough to be ready for work. Fill up with hard 
 coke before placing the iron in for heating. 
 
 This fire is in use in most all prominent 
 railroad shops, and gives the best of satisfaction. 
 
32 
 TOOL SMITH'S FIRES. 
 
 The tool smith's fire should be built 
 large enough so as to hold sufficient fuel as not 
 to allow any jets of hot blast strike the tools and 
 subject the edges of tools to be burned. 
 
 An open fire, as shown in figure III. forget 
 fire, is used with good results, if well supplied. 
 with fuel. 
 
 A decided improvement in regard to tool 
 fires is shown in Figure VI. 
 
 A method of enclosing a fire, as in Figuree 
 VI., meeting nearly all requirements. It is prac 
 tically a small furnace, built upon a forge, itse 
 length and arrangement of blast being such asi 
 
 will permit of handling of long taps, reamers, 
 shears, etc., and will stand a long time, and save 
 building a new fire every morning. The fuel! 
 used is charcoal or coke, according to the nature 
 of the work. 
 
 The hollow fires, as illustrated above, con- 
 sume less coal than open fires and heat quicker 
 and more thoroughly, because the heat is con- 
 
33 
 
 ined. They require less blast; a decided fea- 
 ;ure, while the work of handling steel is easier 
 ;or the smith. 
 
 Sketches of cheap and handy furnace, see 
 condensed suggestions for steel workers. 
 
 HEATING OF IRON. 
 
 Not every smith can make a good clean 
 heat for welding, therefore it is very important 
 that every smith should make himself thorough- 
 ly acquainted with this factor in the trade. A 
 man may be ever so clever with the hammer but 
 f he can not make a good heat he is no good 
 behind the anvil. 
 
 To work a clean fire, *'and keep it clean," is 
 what counts through the day, and is easy on a 
 man. Always keep your fire well supplied with 
 fuel, and never leave it run down or burn low; as 
 soon as the fire becomes low then you have to 
 follow with the iron also, and you get amongst 
 slack and ashes, and that is just what you do not 
 want. 
 
 When Ui^king heat for welding give your 
 iron time to soak well, have a good supply of 
 coke and have the iron in the center of the fire. 
 (Do not get in the habit of rolling the iron in the 
 fire too much, only enough to get an even heat). 
 When well soaked, increase the blast as the heat 
 comes up. (Too long waiting with the blast is 
 not good, because too much of the oxide gathers 
 on the surface.) Put a hard blast on a few mo- 
 ments before the heat is done, in order to blow 
 all the dirt off and bring the surface to a melting 
 state. 
 
 The art and knowledge how to work and turn 
 the iron into the desired shape and form may be 
 considered the trade or profession. 
 
34 
 
 FIG. VII. 
 
 FIG. VIII. 
 
 FIG. IX. 
 
 FIG X. 
 
 FIG. XL 
 
35 
 
 FIG. XII. 
 
 FIG. XIII 
 
 The blacksmith trade is different and unlike 
 om all other trades. First, it requires physical 
 :rength to perform the work; and, second, the 
 ork is so complex in its nature that it takes 
 long time and lots of experience to become a 
 laster in it. Therefore the young beginner 
 lould pay close attention to the workmanship 
 [ the iron trade, and faithfully study theoreti- 
 ally as well as practically. 
 
 Theory and practice combined in one person 
 ill make a thorough tradesman. 
 
 WORKING AND WELDING OF IRON. 
 
 In preparing the iron for welding it should be 
 pset heavy enough before scarfed that when it 
 
 put together and worked down to the size of 
 le bar, that it is perfectly solid and show no 
 :arf or marks in the weld and be full sized with 
 le bar. 
 
 Welds are of various kinds. Figure VII is a 
 
 Dmmon lap-weld, and does for any ordinary 
 
 ork. The V weld is made where great strength 
 
 required, as on crank shafts, rudder posts. 
 
36 
 
 car axles, etc. Figure VIII show how the bars- 
 are scarfed and prepared before set. The set-t 
 ting is generally done in the fire. The bars are 
 pufinto the fire as shown in figure VIII, left i 
 little apart, and when the heat is coming i^ip sof I 
 enough that the iron becomes cohesive; then thd 
 bars are struck together with a dolly bar whici 
 is especially made for such purposes. Whei 
 enough upset it shows as in figure IX; when tho 
 heat is ready take it under the steam hammc; 
 and work it down; have the right sized swedg 
 at hand, and also round it up under the hammeri 
 
 In big shops the swedges are generally i: 
 the die of the steam hammer. 
 
 In welding very heavy shafts, welds ar 
 made quite often as shown in figures X. and XI 
 Backset the outside or cut it down to assure 
 solid weld in the center. For the convenience 
 of setting the shaft straight a hole is punchc 
 into the center and a pin is inserted to hold it i 
 its place. When heat is ready, operate the sami 
 as in the first explanation. 
 
 In welding mill shafts where a steady straii 
 is on the shaft without a jerk, welds are moe 
 genreally set blunt or on a straight cut, as show 
 in figures XII. and XIII. When upset enougj 
 go through same performance as before. ' 
 
 FIGS. XIV. AND XV. 
 
37 
 
 Jump welds, where one bar is jumped on to 
 another one on a right angle, the weld is prepared 
 as shown in figure XV. The piece jumped on 
 should have a good scarf in order to fill up prop- 
 erly, and to catch it well with the filler. 
 
 Heat may be made on each piece in a sepa- 
 rate fire, or in one fire if the fire is big enough. 
 When heat is made the piece which is jumped 
 on should have as soft a heat as the iron will 
 stand without losing any of its scarf. When 
 heat is ready, and set together, it requires two 
 smiths and four helpers (in heavy work) in order 
 to work the weld successfully. When set, let 
 two helpers strike on the upright piece (with as 
 heavy hammers as they can handle) to set it 
 down solid; have sand at hand and sand it well 
 all around the weld, which will preserve the iron 
 from getting dry and coarse, then each of the 
 smiths take a fuller, one on each side, and fuller 
 down the scarf smooth and level with the bar; 
 throw it on the side, hammer the scarf smooth, 
 so that the weld does not show; if too much 
 stock left cut it away and then finish. When 
 done it will show as in figure XIV. 
 
 By working this kind of welds the men must 
 get around lively, it must all be done before the 
 heat gets off. .This kind of weld should always 
 be done without making a second heat or a wash 
 over it. 
 
 Figure XVI shows a rudder frame in two sec- 
 tions. To make these welds the two sections 
 must be clamped together, which is done by 
 taking four flat bars, or better, angle iron bars 
 which are stronger, long enough to reach over 
 the frame to hold it in its place. Make the weld 
 No. 1 first. Prepare the weld as in figure XVII, 
 
38 
 
 O I o o 
 
 FIG. XVII. 
 
 heat the dab in a separate fire and as soft as 
 possible, in order that it well fills up the opening 
 between the two ends; then take the other side 
 in the same way. When No. 1 is finished the 
 one clamp may be removed. Next in order is 
 the weld No. 2, and take No. 3 to last; proceed 
 in the same way as with No. 1. 
 
 FIG. XVIII. 
 
39 
 
 FIG. XIX. 
 
 Figure XVIII. shows how to prepare a weld 
 for an eye so as to appear if punched out of a 
 sohd. When bent it should appear as in figure 
 XIX. The hole should be made small enough 
 for the drift to press the chip solid in the open- 
 ing of the neck. 
 
 If well done it will appear as nice and smooth 
 as if punched out of a solid piece. 
 
 DIES AND TOOLS. 
 
 The modern technical work and taste for 
 graceful form of manufactured articles as well 
 I as durability, has been gradually forced upon us 
 ' through constant rivalry and competition. 
 
 The manufacturer of the present day is 
 obliged to do his work equal to, if not better, 
 than the next man, or else his goods will be re- 
 jected in the market on account of inferior work- 
 manship. 
 
 To keep apace with progress, the mechanic 
 is forced in the same way to excel his fellow- 
 craftsmen, or he cannot hold his job. Now the 
 question arises, how can the mechanic attain the 
 desired skill to compete with or excel his rival. 
 Simply b}^ studying and scheming. It cannot 
 be obtained by hard work: one man may work 
 hard at it, using files, chisels, etc., but has not 
 the proper tool to finish the work with, and an- 
 
40 
 
 other man works on the same kind of work, has 
 the necessary tools to do the work with, and what 
 is the result? The result is that the man who is 
 working with tools gets his job done ahead of 
 the other man, and his work looks as if done by 
 a machine, although he may not be as good a 
 mechanic as the other man, and also enjoy the 
 praise of his employer and foreman. 
 
 Therefore every smith should partly employ 
 
 FIG XX. 
 
 FIG. XXI. 
 
 his time to study on tools according to his work. 
 
41 
 
 It is impossible for a man to suggest universal 
 tools. Tools vary as the work varies in differ- 
 ent shops. 
 
 My aim will not be to give you hundreds of 
 worthless cuts in this issue which would be of 
 no use, but an idea how tools can and should be 
 made, as shown in the following cuts. 
 
 To make dies a man should be provided 
 with blocks, as manufactured by the steel manu- 
 facturer especially for that purpose. The smith 
 has to forge the block according to what work 
 they are intended, but it is not his duty to sink 
 them, that belongs to the machinist or die 
 sinker, in order to retain the sharp edges and 
 corners. The employer may think that the die 
 becomes too expensive if the machinist has to 
 make them, that they could be done quicker and 
 cheaper by the smith; although it will be the 
 case, but the die is not as good and you may 
 safely say it is of no account, because it is im- 
 possible to retain the edges and corners if the 
 block is heated and the form pressed into it 
 under the steam hammer. However there are 
 some tools, such as swedges for round iron and 
 collars, etc., which the smith may make himself, 
 but not as a rule. 
 
 Figure XX represents a swedge for the steam 
 hammer; all swedges should be made with laps 
 over the block to hold them in position. 
 
 Figure XXI shows the lower half of the 
 swedge in position. In large shops where shaft- 
 ing and car axels are made, the swedges are in 
 the dies of the steam hammer at from one to 
 three swedges in one set of dies. 
 
 A swedge for tapering iron should also be 
 
42 
 
 made tapering according to the taper required. 
 
 Figure XXII represents a hammer die for 
 
 making the end of a connecting rod. This kind 
 
 of die can be made in any shape or form re- 
 
 FIG. XXII. 
 
 quired; the hole on the side is used to drive th 
 work out; there is no chance to drive it out fror 
 the bottom as it sits in the anvil block of th 
 steam hammer. 
 
 FIG, XXIII. 
 
 Figure XXIII represents the wedge fc 
 driving it out. 
 
43 
 
 FIG. XXIV. 
 
 Figure XXIV represents the iron and the 
 wedge in position ready for work. 
 
 ( 
 
 FIG. XXV. 
 
 Figure XXV represents the work done and 
 
44 
 
 die. To work in this way and 
 a solid is alwa3^s better and 
 
 lifted out of the 
 make it out of 
 stronger, as if welded on. 
 
 This kind of a tool is very much in use in 
 blacksmiths' work, not merely for one job, but 
 for a variety of work. It must of course be made 
 according to the size of the work required; lor 
 instance, to make a ring with a shank or a jaw^ 
 with a shank to be welded unto a bar. 
 
 Punch a hole into a die block and have the 
 face of it even and not sink it. Spread the ends; 
 of the work out long enough according to the 
 size of the ring or jaw, and 
 quired. The neck of such 
 stronger and looks better, and is easier done.; 
 All tools for light work of this kind are made ol 
 die blocks prepared by the smith and sunk by 
 the machinist or die sinker as stated before 
 
 Figure XXVI represents a tool of uneven 
 surface. It may be used for making braces, ot 
 such kind of work with a flat end, either round 
 
 then bend as re- 
 work is always: 
 
 FIG. XXVI. 
 
 FIG. XXVIII. 
 
or square and with a shank, as the case may be. 
 All of this kind of work belongs to drop forging 
 as shown in Figure XXVII. 
 
 Figure XXVIII represents a kind of tool 
 which is often used in railroad work for making 
 coupling rods or link bars and even lighter work 
 where there are many of a kind to make, as 
 coupling rods, etc. There should be also a top 
 tool, made the same as the bottom tool, and the 
 eye pressed half way into each tool and the burr 
 trimmed off. Such a tool must have two pins in 
 order to exactly meet the cut of the tool, as 
 shown in Figure XXVIII. 
 
 All such tools with top and bottom are made 
 on moulding principles, as if the work intended to 
 be cut or pressed out by tools is pressed half 
 way into the moulding sand, and then turn the 
 piece over and press the other side into the 
 moulding sand also, and you have a real view of 
 both bottom and top tool. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■~^^^^%n 
 
 3>A 
 
 — ^ 
 
 FIG. XXIX. 
 
 Figure XXIX shows how a piece of work 
 would appear if it was pressed into the bottom 
 tool only. It would be of double the thickness 
 if a top tool were applied. In preparing the 
 work for tools where there are holes to be 
 pressed out, the hole should be punched before 
 it is put into the tool, and always work the iron 
 with a welding heat in the tool, in order to do 
 perfectly sound work. 
 
46 
 
 FIG. XXX. 
 
 Figure XXX represents a tool with a hole 
 in the center to form a boss on a bar, as shown 
 in Figure XXXI. To prepare the iron for the 
 tool, draw out the ends of a bar heavy enough 
 to make the boss and leave a chunk stand in the 
 center. Make a welding heat on it and place 
 the chunk above the hole in the tool and drive 
 it down with the steam hammer, and it will come 
 out as shown in Figure XXXI. 
 
 FIG. XXXI 
 
 I do not deem it necessary to say anything 
 on Tongs, Hammers and other shop tools. 
 They are too well known by every smith, and he 
 must make them as are required for holding the 
 iron. Smiths should, of course, make tick tongs 
 heavy enough that they do not break or come off 
 while working at the steam hammer, else a man 
 may be apt to get hurt. Never work under 
 steam hammers without a span ring on the tongs. 
 
47 
 
 WEIGHTS OF 
 
 SQUARE AND ROUND WROUGHT IRON BARS 
 
 At 4-80 Pounds Per Square Inch. 
 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 ROUND BARS. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weig^ht of 
 
 Are in 
 
 Weisclit of 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 of Iron 
 
 Inch. 
 
 t 
 
 1 6 
 
 .013 
 
 .0039 
 
 .010 
 
 .0031 
 
 i 
 
 .052 
 
 .0156 
 
 .041 
 
 .0123 
 
 A 
 
 .117 
 
 .0352 
 
 .092 
 
 0276 
 
 1 
 
 .208 
 
 .0625 
 
 .164 
 
 .0491 
 
 5 
 1 6 
 
 .326 
 
 .0977 
 
 .256 
 
 .0761 
 
 1 
 
 .469 
 
 .1406 
 
 .368 
 
 .1104 
 
 re 
 
 .638 
 
 .1914 
 
 .501 
 
 .1503 
 
 ^ 
 
 .833 
 
 .2500 
 
 .654 
 
 .1963 
 
 A 
 
 l.n55 
 
 .3164 
 
 .828 
 
 .2485 
 
 t 
 
 1.302 
 
 .3906 
 
 1.023 
 
 .3068 
 
 u 
 
 1.576 
 
 .4727 
 
 1 .237 
 
 .3712 
 
 ■i 
 
 1.875 
 
 .5625 
 
 1.473 
 
 .4418 
 
 11 
 
 2.201 
 
 .6602 
 
 1 .728 
 
 .5185 
 
 i 
 
 2.252 
 
 .7656 
 
 2.004 
 
 .6013 
 
 1 5 
 t 6 
 
 2.930 
 
 .8789 
 
 2.301 
 
 .6903 
 
 1 inch 
 
 3.333 
 
 1.0000 
 
 2.618 
 
 .7854 
 
 is 
 
 3.763 
 
 1.1289 
 
 2.955 
 
 .8866 
 
 i 
 
 4.219 
 
 1.2656 
 
 3313 
 
 .9940 
 
 ^ 
 
 4.701 
 
 1.4102 
 
 3 692 
 
 1.1075 
 
 i 
 
 5 208 
 
 1.5625 
 
 4.091 
 
 1.2272 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 5 742 
 
 1.7227 
 
 4.510 
 
 1.3530 
 
 t 
 
 6.302 
 
 1 .8906 
 
 4 950 
 
 1.4849 
 
 l\ 
 
 6.888 
 
 2.0664 
 
 5.410 
 
 1.6230 
 
 i 
 
 7 500 
 
 2.2500 
 
 5.890 
 
 1.7671 
 
 9 
 
 8.138 
 
 2.4414 
 
 6.392 
 
 1 9175 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 802 
 
 2.6406 
 
 6 913 
 
 2.0739 
 
 u- 
 
 9.492 
 
 2.8477 
 
 7.455 
 
 2.2365 
 
 f 
 
 10.21 
 
 3.0625 
 
 8.018 
 
 2.4053 
 
 H 
 
 10.95 
 
 3.2852 
 
 8.601 
 
 2.5802 
 
 i 
 
 11.72 
 
 3 5156 
 
 9.204 
 
 2.7612 
 
 }| 
 
 12.51 
 
 3.7539 
 
 9.828 
 
 2.9483 
 
 2 inch 
 
 13.33 
 
 4.0000 
 
 10.47 
 
 3.1416 
 
 I'e 
 
 14.18 
 
 4.2539 
 
 11 14 
 
 3.3410 
 
 i 
 
 15.05 
 
 4.5756 
 
 11.82 
 
 3.5466 
 
 1^6 
 
 15.95 
 
 4.7852 
 
 12.53 
 
 3.7583 
 
48 
 SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 ROUND BARS. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 llineiilft. 
 
 S<inare 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 i 
 
 16.88 
 
 5.0625 
 
 13.25 
 
 3.9761 
 
 1% 
 
 17.83 
 
 5 3477 
 
 14.00 
 
 4.2000 
 
 1 
 
 18.80 
 
 5.6406 
 
 14.77 
 
 4.4301 
 
 re 
 
 19.80 
 
 5.9414 
 
 15.55 
 
 4.6664 
 
 i 
 
 20.83 
 
 6.2500 
 
 16.36 
 
 4.9087 
 
 A- 
 
 21.89 
 
 6.5664 
 
 17.19 
 
 5.1572 
 
 f 
 
 22.97 
 
 6S906 
 
 18.04 
 
 5.4119 
 
 H 
 
 24 08 
 
 7' 2227 
 
 18.91 
 
 5.6727 ; 
 
 A 
 
 25.21 
 
 7.5625 
 
 19.80 
 
 5.9396 I 
 
 
 26.37 
 
 7.9102 
 
 20.71 
 
 62126 , 
 
 Y 
 
 27.55 
 
 8.2656 
 
 21.64 
 
 6.4918 . 
 
 {l 
 
 28.76 
 
 8.6289 
 
 22.59 
 
 6.7771 
 
 3 inch 
 
 30.00 
 
 9.0000 
 
 23.56 
 
 7.0686 
 
 1^6 
 
 31.26 
 
 9.3789 
 
 24.55 
 
 7,3662 
 
 i 
 
 32.55 
 
 9.7656 
 
 25 57 
 
 7.6699 
 
 3 
 1 6 
 
 33 87 
 
 10.160 
 
 26.60 
 
 7 9798 
 
 i 
 
 35.21 
 
 10 563 
 
 27.65 
 
 8.2958 
 
 ^ 
 
 36.58 
 
 10.973 
 
 28.73 
 
 8.6179 
 
 f 
 
 37.97 
 
 11.391 
 
 29.82 
 
 8.9462 
 
 /g 
 
 39.39 
 
 11.816 
 
 30.94 
 
 9.2806 
 
 i 
 
 40.83 
 
 12.250 
 
 32.07 
 
 9.6211 
 
 r^6 
 
 42.30 
 
 12.691 
 
 33 23 
 
 9.9678 
 
 f 
 
 43 80 
 
 13.141 
 
 34.40 
 
 10.321 
 
 u 
 
 45 33 
 
 13.598 
 
 35 60 
 
 10.680 
 
 f 
 
 46.88 
 
 14 063 
 
 36.82 
 
 11.045 
 
 II 
 
 48.45 
 
 14.535 
 
 38 05 
 
 11 416 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 50.05 
 
 15.016 
 
 39.31 
 
 11.793 
 
 11 
 
 51 68 
 
 15 504 
 
 40 59 
 
 12.177 
 
 4 inch 
 
 53 33 
 
 16.000 
 
 41.89 
 
 12.566 
 
 1*6 
 
 55.01 
 
 16 504 
 
 43.21 
 
 12.962 
 
 i 
 
 56.72 
 
 17016 
 
 44 55 
 
 13 364 
 
 1=^6 
 
 58 45 
 
 17 535 
 
 45 91 
 
 13 772 
 
 i 
 
 60 21 
 
 18.063 
 
 47.29 
 
 14.186 
 
 1% 
 
 61.99 
 
 18.598 
 
 48.69 
 
 14.607 I 
 
 f 
 
 63.80 
 
 19.141 
 
 50.11 
 
 15.033 ^ 
 
 fe 
 
 65,64 
 
 19.691 
 
 51.55 
 
 15.466 
 
49 
 
 WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diameter 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 ROUND BARS. 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 S(]uare 
 Inch. 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Sqnare 
 
 
 of Iron. 
 67.50 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 i 
 
 20.250 
 
 53.01 
 
 15.904 
 
 1% 
 
 69.31) 
 
 20 816 
 
 54.50 
 
 16.349 
 
 t 
 
 7i.30 
 
 21.391 
 
 56 00 
 
 16.800 
 
 1-6 
 
 73.24 
 
 21.973 
 
 57.52 
 
 17.257 
 
 f 
 
 75.21 
 
 22.563 
 
 59.07 
 
 17.721 
 
 Ig 
 
 77.20 
 
 23.160 
 
 60.63 
 
 18.190 
 
 i 
 
 79.22 
 
 23.766 
 
 62.22 
 
 18.665 
 
 II 
 
 81.26 
 
 24.379 
 
 63.82 
 
 19.147 
 
 5 inch 
 
 83.33 
 
 25.000 
 
 65.45 
 
 19.635 
 
 I'e 
 
 85.43 
 
 25.629 
 
 67.10 
 
 20.129 
 
 i 
 
 87.55 
 
 26.266 
 
 68.76 
 
 20.629 
 
 J% 
 
 89.70 
 
 26 910 
 
 70 45 
 
 21.135 
 
 i 
 
 91.88 
 
 27.563 
 
 72.16 
 
 21.648 
 
 Y% 
 
 94.08 
 
 28.223 
 
 73.89 
 
 22.166 
 
 1 
 
 96.30 
 
 28.891 
 
 75.64 
 
 22.691 
 
 7 
 1 6 
 
 98.55 
 
 29.566 
 
 77.40 
 
 23.221 
 
 : i 
 
 100.8 
 
 30.250 
 
 79.19 
 
 23.758 
 
 i% 
 
 103.1 
 
 30.941 
 
 81 00 
 
 24 301 
 
 f 
 
 105.5 
 
 31641 
 
 82.83 
 
 24.850 
 
 u 
 
 107.8 
 
 32.348 
 
 84 ()9 
 
 25.406 
 
 f 
 
 110.2 
 
 33.063 
 
 86.56 
 
 25.967 
 
 Ji 
 
 112.6 
 
 33.785 
 
 88.45 
 
 26.535 
 
 1 
 
 115.1 
 
 34.516 
 
 90.36 
 
 27.109 
 
 k 
 
 117.5 
 
 35.254 
 
 92.29 
 
 27.688 
 
 G iiieli 
 
 120.0 
 
 36.000 
 
 94.25 
 
 28.274 
 
 1 
 
 1 6 
 
 122.5 
 
 36.754 
 
 96.22 
 
 28.866 
 
 -^ 
 
 125.1 
 
 37.516 
 
 98.22 
 
 29.465 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 127.6 
 
 38.285 
 
 100.2 
 
 30.069 
 
 i 
 
 130.2 
 
 39.063 
 
 102.3 
 
 30 (580 
 
 t'6 
 
 132.8 
 
 39 848 
 
 104.3 
 
 31.296 
 
 t 
 
 135 5 
 
 40.641 
 
 1064 
 
 31.919 
 
 /e 
 
 138.1 
 
 41 441 
 
 108.5 
 
 32.548 
 
 i 
 
 140.8 
 
 42.250 
 
 110.6 
 
 33.183 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 143.6 
 
 43.066 
 
 112.7 
 
 33.824 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 146.3 
 
 43.891 
 
 114.9 
 
 34.472 
 
 H 
 
 149.1 
 
 44.723 
 
 117.1 
 
 35.125 
 
50 
 
 WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND BARS- 
 
 (CONTINUED ) 
 
 
 SQUARE BARS. I 
 
 ROUND BARS. 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 i 
 
 151.9 
 
 45.563 
 
 119.3 
 
 35.785 
 
 B 
 
 154.7 
 
 46 410 
 
 121.5 
 
 36.450 
 
 i 
 
 157.6 
 
 47.266 
 
 123.7 
 
 37.122 
 
 rl 
 
 100.4 
 
 48.129 
 
 126.0 
 
 37.800 
 
 7 inch 
 
 163. 3 
 
 49.000 
 
 128.3 
 
 38.485 
 
 iV 
 
 166.3 
 
 49.879 
 
 130.6 
 
 39 175 
 
 ^ 
 
 169.2 
 
 50.766 
 
 132.9 
 
 39.871 
 
 i% 
 
 172.2 
 
 51.660 
 
 135.2 
 
 40.574 
 
 i 
 
 175.2 
 
 52.563 
 
 137 6 
 
 41.282 
 
 1% 
 
 178.2 
 
 53 473 
 
 140.0 
 
 41.997 
 
 1 
 
 181.3 
 
 54.391 
 
 142.4 
 
 42.718 
 
 1^6 
 
 184.4 
 
 55.316 
 
 144.8 
 
 43.445 
 
 i 
 
 187.5 
 
 56.250 
 
 147.3 
 
 44.179 
 
 h 
 
 190.6 
 
 57.191 
 
 149.7 
 
 44.918 
 
 f 
 
 193 8 
 
 58.141 
 
 152.2 
 
 45.664 
 
 H 
 
 197.0 
 
 59.098 
 
 154.7 
 
 46415 
 
 f 
 
 200.2 
 
 60.063 
 
 157.2 
 
 47.173 
 
 11 
 
 203.5 
 
 61 035 
 
 159.8 
 
 47.937 
 
 1 
 
 206.7 
 
 62.016 
 
 162.4 
 
 48.707 
 
 fe 
 
 210.0 
 
 63 004 
 
 164.9 
 
 49.483 
 
 8 inch. 
 
 213.3 
 
 64.000 
 
 167.0 
 
 50.265 
 
 1*6 
 
 216.7 
 
 65.004 
 
 170.2 
 
 51.054 
 
 i 
 
 220.1 
 
 66.016 
 
 172.8 
 
 51.849 
 
 1% 
 
 223.5 
 
 67.035 
 
 175.5 
 
 52.649 
 
 i 
 
 226.9 
 
 68 063 
 
 178.2 
 
 53 456 
 
 T6- 
 
 330.3 
 
 69.098 
 
 180.9 
 
 54.269 
 
 f 
 
 233.8 
 
 70.141 
 
 183.6 
 
 55.088 
 
 /g 
 
 237.3 
 
 71.191 
 
 186.4 
 
 55.914 
 
 i 
 
 240.8 
 
 72.250 
 
 189 2 
 
 56.745 
 
 1^6 
 
 244.4 
 
 73.316 
 
 191.9 
 
 57.583 
 
 f 
 
 248.0 
 
 74 391 
 
 194.8 
 
 58.426 
 
 H 
 
 251.6 
 
 75.473 
 
 197.6 
 
 59.276 
 
 f 
 
 255 2 
 
 76.563 
 
 200.4 
 
 60.132 
 
 }i 
 
 158 9 
 
 77.660 
 
 203.3 
 
 60.994 
 
 i 
 
 262.6 
 
 78.766 
 
 206.2 
 
 61.862 
 
 11 
 
 260.3 
 
 79.879 
 
 209.1 
 
 62.737 
 
51 
 
 WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND BARS. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diameter 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 ROUND BARS 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 
 of Iron.' 
 
 Inch. 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 9 inch 
 
 270.0 
 
 81.000 
 
 212.1 
 
 63.617 
 
 i « 
 
 273.8 
 
 82.129 ' 
 
 215 
 
 64.504 
 
 i 
 
 277 6 
 
 83 266 
 
 218.0 
 
 65.397 
 
 1=^ 
 
 281.4 
 
 84.410 
 
 221.0 
 
 66.296 
 
 i 
 
 285.2 
 
 85.563 
 
 224.0 
 
 67.201 
 
 5 
 
 i 6 
 
 289 1 
 
 86.723 
 
 227,0 
 
 68.112 
 
 .a 
 
 293.0 
 
 87.891 
 
 230.1 
 
 69.029 
 
 7 
 
 290 9 
 
 89.066 
 
 233.2 
 
 69.953 
 
 i 
 
 300.8 
 
 90 250 
 
 236 3 
 
 70.882 
 
 1% 
 
 304.8 
 
 91.441 
 
 239.4 
 
 71.818 
 
 f 
 
 308.8 
 
 92 641 
 
 242.5 
 
 72.760 
 
 1 1 
 1 e 
 
 312.8 
 
 93.848 
 
 245.7 
 
 73.708 
 
 f 
 
 31G 9 
 
 95.063 
 
 248 9 
 
 74 662 
 
 13 
 1 R 
 
 321.0 
 
 96.285 
 
 252.1 
 
 75.622 
 
 h 
 
 325.1 
 
 97.516 
 
 255.3 
 
 76.589 
 
 1 5 
 1 G 
 
 329.2 
 
 98 754 
 
 258.5 
 
 77.561 
 
 10 inch 
 
 333.3 
 
 100.00 
 
 261.8 
 
 78.540 
 
 1 6 
 
 337.5 
 
 101.25 
 
 265.1 
 
 79.525 
 
 i 
 
 341.7 
 
 102.52 
 
 268.4 
 
 80.516 
 
 h 
 
 346.0 
 
 103.79 
 
 271.7 
 
 81.513 
 
 i 
 
 350.2 
 
 105.06 
 
 275.1 
 
 82.516 
 
 5 
 1 R 
 
 354.5 
 
 106.35 
 
 278.4 
 
 83 525 
 
 t 
 
 358 8 
 
 107.64 
 
 281.8 
 
 84.441 
 
 Tr 
 
 363.1 
 
 108.94 
 
 285.2 
 
 85.562 
 
 h 
 
 367 5 
 
 110.25 
 
 288.6 
 
 86.590 
 
 i% 
 
 371.9 
 
 111.57 
 
 292.1 
 
 87.624 
 
 A 
 
 376.3 
 
 112.89 
 
 295.5 
 
 88.664 
 
 1 fi 
 
 380.7 
 
 114.22 
 
 299.0 
 
 89.710 
 
 f 
 
 385.2 
 
 115.56 
 
 302.5 
 
 90 763 
 
 M 
 
 389.7 
 
 116.91 
 
 306.1 
 
 91.821 
 
 i 
 
 394 2 
 
 118 27 
 
 309.6 
 
 92.886 
 
 1^ 
 
 398.8 
 
 119.63 
 
 313.2 
 
 93.956 
 
 11 inch 
 
 403.3 
 
 121.00 
 
 316.8 
 
 95.033 
 
 IR 
 
 407.9 
 
 122.38 
 
 320.4 
 
 96.116 
 
 i 
 
 412.6 
 
 123.77 
 
 324 
 
 97.205 
 
 x\ 
 
 417.2 
 
 125.16 
 
 327.7 
 
 98.301 
 
52 
 
 WEIGHT OF SRUARE AND ROUND BARS, 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 ROUND BARS. 1 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area in 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Area ini 
 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Sqnare 
 
 1 lineal ft. 
 
 Square 
 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 of Iron. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 i 
 
 421.9 
 
 126 56 
 
 331.3 
 
 99.402 
 
 is 
 
 42G6 
 
 127.97 
 
 335.0 
 
 100.51 
 
 ' i 
 
 431.3 
 
 129.39 
 
 338.7 
 
 101.62 
 
 /e 
 
 43G.1 
 
 130.82 
 
 342.5 
 
 102.74 
 
 i 
 
 440.8 
 
 132.25 
 
 346.2 
 
 103.87 
 
 1% 
 
 445 G 
 
 133 69 
 
 350 
 
 105.00 
 
 f 
 
 450.5 
 
 135.14 
 
 353.8 
 
 106.14 1 
 
 H 
 
 455.3 
 
 136.60 
 
 357.6 
 
 107.28 1 
 
 i 
 
 400. 2 
 
 138.06 
 
 361.4 
 
 108.43 
 
 {% 
 
 405,1 
 
 139.54 
 
 365.3 
 
 109.59 
 
 1 
 
 470.1 
 
 141.02 
 
 369.2 
 
 110.75 
 
 il 
 
 475.0 
 
 142.50 
 
 373.1 
 
 111.92 ! 
 
 12 inch 
 
 480.0 
 
 144 00 
 
 376.9 
 
 113.09 1 
 

 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON 
 
 
 
 
 PER 
 
 LINEAL 
 
 FOOT 
 
 . 
 
 
 For Thick 
 
 ness from le \n to 2 In 
 
 . and Widths 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 fro 
 
 m 1 in 
 
 . to 12^4 In, 
 
 
 
 
 Iron weighing 480 lbs. per cubic foot. 
 
 
 iJ 
 i.i 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 .208 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 2f 
 
 12 
 
 .260 
 
 .313 
 
 .365 
 
 .417 
 
 .469 
 
 .521 
 
 .573 
 
 2.50 
 
 .417 
 
 .521 
 
 .625 
 
 .729 
 
 .833 
 
 .938 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.15 
 
 5.00 
 
 f 
 
 .625 
 
 .781 
 
 .938 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.72 
 
 7.50 
 
 .833 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.46 
 
 1 67 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.29 
 
 10 00 
 
 1^6 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.82 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.86 
 
 12.50 
 
 t 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.44 
 
 15.00 
 
 -e 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.82 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.92 
 
 3.28 
 
 3 65 
 
 4.01 
 
 17.50 
 
 i 
 
 1.67 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.92 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.17 
 
 4.58 
 
 20.00 
 
 ^6 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.16 
 
 22.50 
 
 f 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.60 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.65 
 
 4.17 
 
 4^69 
 
 5.21 
 
 5.73 
 
 25 00 
 
 u 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.86 
 
 3.44 
 
 4.01 
 
 4.58 
 
 5.16 
 
 5.73 
 
 6.30 
 
 27.50 
 
 f 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.38 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.88 
 
 30.00 
 
 13 
 
 2.71 
 
 3.39 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.74 
 
 5.42 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.77 
 
 7,45 
 
 32.50 
 
 ¥ 
 
 2.92 
 
 3.65 
 
 4.38 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.29 
 
 8.02 
 
 35.00 
 
 ^1 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.4; 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.59 
 
 37.50 
 
 1 
 
 3.33 
 
 4.17 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.67 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.33 
 
 9.17 
 
 40.00 
 
 i/« 
 
 3.54 
 
 4.43 
 
 5.31 
 
 6.20 
 
 7.08 
 
 7.97 
 
 8.85 
 
 19.74 
 
 42.50 
 
 u 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.44 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.31 
 
 45.00 
 
 h% 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.94 
 
 6 93 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.91 
 
 9.90 
 
 10.89 
 
 47.50 
 
 u 
 
 4.17 
 
 5.21 
 
 6 25 
 
 7.29 
 
 8 33 
 
 9 38 
 
 10.42 
 
 11.46 
 
 50.00 
 
 ll^6 
 
 4.37 
 
 5.47 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.66 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.94 
 
 12.03 
 
 52.50 
 
 11 
 
 4.58 
 
 5.73 
 
 6.88 
 
 8.02 
 
 9.17 
 
 10.31 
 
 11.46 
 
 12.60 
 
 55.00 
 
 l/« 
 
 4.79 
 
 5.99 
 
 7.19 
 
 8.39 
 
 9.58 
 
 10.78 
 
 11.98 
 
 13.18 
 
 57.50 
 
 u 
 
 5.00 
 
 fi25 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.75 
 
 60.00 
 
 ll^« 
 
 5.21 
 
 6.51 
 
 7.81 
 
 9.11 
 
 10.42 
 
 11.72 
 
 13.02 
 
 14.32 
 
 62.50 
 
 u 
 
 5.42 
 
 6.77 
 
 8.13 
 
 9.48 
 
 10.83 
 
 12.19 
 
 13 54 
 
 14.90 
 
 65.00 
 
 lU 
 
 5.63 
 
 7.03 
 
 8.44 
 
 9.84 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.66 
 
 14.06 
 
 15.47 
 
 67.50 
 
 If 
 
 5.83 
 
 7.29 
 
 8.75 
 
 10.21 
 
 11.67 
 
 13.13 
 
 14.58 
 
 16.04 
 
 70.00 
 
 111 
 
 6.04 
 
 7.55 
 
 9.06 
 
 10.57 
 
 12.08 
 
 13.59 
 
 15.10 
 
 16.61 
 
 72.50 
 
 u 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.81 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.94 
 
 12.50 
 
 14.06 
 
 15.63 
 
 17.19 
 
 75.00 
 
 11? 
 
 6.46 
 
 8.07 
 
 9.69 
 
 11.30 
 
 12.92 
 
 14.53 
 
 16.15 
 
 17.76 
 
 77.50 
 
 2 
 
 6.67 
 
 8.33 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.67 
 
 13.33 
 
 15.00 
 
 16.67 
 
 18 33 
 
 80.00 
 

 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON | 
 
 
 
 PER 
 
 LINEAL FOOT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (CONTINUED. 
 
 ) 
 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 1.1 
 
 ^.2 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 3f 
 
 4 
 
 4i 
 .885 
 
 4i 
 .938 
 
 4f 
 990 
 
 1 
 
 IV 
 
 .625 
 
 .677 
 
 .729 
 
 .781 
 
 .833 
 
 1 6 
 
 i 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.67 
 
 1.77 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.98 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.03 
 
 2 19 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.97 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.71 
 
 2.92 
 
 3 13 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.54 
 
 3.75 
 
 3 96 
 
 K 
 
 1% 
 
 3.13 
 
 339 
 
 3.65 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.17 
 
 4.43 
 
 4.69 
 
 4.95 
 
 V: 
 
 \ 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.63 
 
 5.94 
 
 V. 
 
 h 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.74 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.20 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.93 
 
 V. 
 
 i 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.42 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.67 
 
 7.08 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.92 
 
 2t'i 
 
 i% 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.97 
 
 8.44 
 
 8.91 
 
 2'^i 
 
 f 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.77 
 
 7.29 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.33 
 
 8.85 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.90 
 
 21!; 
 
 16 
 
 6.88 
 
 7 45 
 
 8.02 
 
 8.59 
 
 9.17 
 
 9.74 
 
 10 31 
 
 10.89 
 
 2^il 
 
 f 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.63 
 
 11.25 
 
 11,88 
 
 3(1' 
 
 13 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.80 
 
 9.48 
 
 10.16 
 
 10.83 
 
 11.51 
 
 12.19 
 
 12.86 
 
 3'.!: 
 
 Y 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.48 
 
 10.21 
 
 10.94 
 
 11.67 
 
 12.40 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.85 
 
 3,^!| 
 
 M 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.16 
 
 10.94 
 
 11.72 
 
 12,50 
 
 13.28 
 
 14.06 
 
 14.84 
 
 37, 
 
 1 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.83 
 
 11.67 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.33 
 
 14.17 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.83 
 
 4(li 
 
 ll'e 
 
 10.63 
 
 11.51 
 
 12.40 
 
 13.28 
 
 14.17 
 
 15 05 
 
 15.94 
 
 16.82 
 
 4S 
 
 li 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.19 
 
 13.13 
 
 14.06 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.94 
 
 16 88 
 
 17.81 
 
 4(1 
 
 h=*6 
 
 11.88 
 
 12.86 
 
 13.S5 
 
 14 84 
 
 15.83 
 
 16.82 
 
 17.81 
 
 18.80 
 
 41 
 
 u 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.54 
 
 14.58 
 
 15.63 
 
 16.67 
 
 17.71 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.79 
 
 50 
 
 li'e 
 
 13.13 
 
 14.22 
 
 15.31 
 
 16.41 
 
 17.50 
 
 18.59 
 
 19.69 
 
 20.78 
 
 5V 
 
 11 
 
 13.75 
 
 14.90 
 
 16.04 
 
 17.19 
 
 18 33 
 
 19.48 
 
 20.63 
 
 21.77 
 
 5^ 
 
 1/e 
 
 14.38 
 
 15.57 
 
 16.77 
 
 1797 
 
 19 17 
 
 20.36 
 
 31.56 
 
 22 76 
 
 57, 
 
 If 
 
 15.00 
 
 16 25 
 
 17.50 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.00 
 
 21.25 
 
 22.50 
 
 23.75 
 
 6( 
 
 li% 
 
 15.63 
 
 16.93 
 
 18.23 
 
 19.53 
 
 21.83 
 
 22.14 
 
 23.44 
 
 24.74 
 
 6S 
 
 U 
 
 16.25 
 
 17.60 
 
 18.96 
 
 20.31 
 
 21.67 
 
 23.02 
 
 24.38 
 
 25.73 
 
 6E( 
 
 Ul 
 
 16 88 
 
 18.25 
 
 19.69 
 
 21.09 
 
 22 50 
 
 23.91 
 
 25.31 
 
 26.72 
 
 6?1 
 
 If 
 
 17.50 
 
 18 96 
 
 20.42 
 
 21.88 
 
 23.33 
 
 24.79 
 
 20.25 
 
 27.71 
 
 7C 
 
 ll-l 
 
 18.13 
 
 19,64 
 
 21.15 
 
 22.66 
 
 24.17 
 
 25 68 
 
 27.19 
 
 28.70 
 
 72- 
 
 u 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.31 
 
 21.88 
 
 23.44 
 
 25.00 
 
 26 56 
 
 28.13 
 
 29.69 
 
 7fi 
 
 iJi 
 
 19.38 
 
 20.99 
 
 22.60 
 
 24 22 
 
 25.83 
 
 27.45 
 
 29.06 
 
 30.68 
 
 77 
 
 2 
 
 20.00 
 
 21.67 
 
 23.33 
 
 25.00 
 
 26.67 
 
 28.33 
 
 30.00 
 
 31.67 
 
 801 
 
55 
 
 WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON 
 PER LINEAL FOOT 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 
 i.s 
 
 5 
 
 5i 
 
 5i 
 
 5f 
 
 6 
 
 6i 
 
 t5i 
 
 6f 
 
 11 
 
 l\ 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.41 
 
 2.50 
 
 i 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.71 
 
 2 81 
 
 5.00 
 
 i% 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.59 
 
 375 
 
 3.90 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.22 
 
 7.50 
 
 i 
 
 4.17 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.58 
 
 4.79 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.21 
 
 5.42 
 
 5.63 
 
 10.00 
 
 fS 
 
 5.21 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.73 
 
 5.99 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.51 
 
 6.77 
 
 7.03 
 
 12.50 
 
 f 
 
 G.25 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.19 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.44 
 
 15.00 
 
 1 /e 
 
 7.29 
 
 7.66 
 
 8.02 
 
 8.39 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.11 
 
 9.48 
 
 9.84 
 
 17.50 
 
 ' i 
 
 8.33 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.17 
 
 9.58 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.42 
 
 10.83 
 
 11.25 
 
 20.00 
 
 1 1^ 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.31 
 
 10.78 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.72 
 
 12.19 
 
 12.66 
 
 22.50 
 
 ' f 
 
 10.42 
 
 10.94 
 
 11.46 
 
 11.98 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.02 
 
 13.54 
 
 14.06 
 
 25.00 
 
 H 
 
 11.4(5 
 
 12.03 
 
 12.60 
 
 13.18 
 
 13.75 
 
 14.32 
 
 14.90 
 
 15.47 
 
 27.50 
 
 ! f 
 
 12.50 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.75 
 
 14.38 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.63 
 
 16.25 
 
 16.88 
 
 30.00 
 
 iil 
 
 13 54 
 
 1422 
 
 14.90 
 
 15.57 
 
 16.25 
 
 16.93 
 
 17.60 
 
 18.28 
 
 32.50 
 
 i 
 
 14.58 
 
 15.31 
 
 16.04 
 
 16.77 
 
 17.50 
 
 18 23 
 
 18.96 
 
 19.69 
 
 35.00 
 
 H 
 
 15.63 
 
 16.41 
 
 17.19 
 
 17.97 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.53 
 
 20.31 
 
 21.09 
 
 37.50 
 
 
 16.67 
 
 17.50 
 
 18.33 
 
 19.17 
 
 20.00 
 
 20.83 
 
 21.67 
 
 22.50 
 
 40.00 
 
 iig 
 
 17.71 
 
 18.59 
 
 19.48 
 
 20 36 
 
 21.25 
 
 22.14 
 
 23.02 
 
 23.91 
 
 42.50 
 
 U 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.69 
 
 20 63 
 
 21 56 
 
 22.50 
 
 23.44 
 
 24.38 
 
 25.31 
 
 45.00 
 
 li% 
 
 19.79 
 
 20.78 
 
 21.77 
 
 22.76 
 
 23.75 
 
 24.74 
 
 25.73 
 
 26.72 
 
 47.50 
 
 u 
 
 20.83 
 
 21.88 
 
 22.92 
 
 23.96 
 
 25.00 
 
 26.04 
 
 27.08 
 
 28.13 
 
 50.00 
 
 lr\- 
 
 21.88 
 
 22.97 
 
 24.06 
 
 25.16 
 
 26.25 
 
 27.34 
 
 28.44 
 
 29.53 
 
 52.50 
 
 If 
 
 22.92 
 
 24.06 
 
 25.21 
 
 26.35 
 
 27.50 
 
 28.65 
 
 29.79 
 
 30.94 
 
 55 00 
 
 l/e 
 
 23.96 
 
 25.16 
 
 26 35 
 
 27.55 
 
 28.75 
 
 29.95 
 
 31.15 
 
 32.34 
 
 57.50 
 
 u 
 
 25.00 
 
 26.25 
 
 27.50 
 
 28.75 
 
 30.00 
 
 31.25 
 
 32.50 
 
 33 75 
 
 60.00 
 
 H^6 
 
 26.04 
 
 27.31 
 
 28 65 
 
 29.95 
 
 31 25 
 
 32.55 
 
 33.85 
 
 35.16 
 
 62 50 
 
 11 
 
 27.08 
 
 28-44 
 
 29.79 
 
 31.15 
 
 32.50 
 
 33.85 
 
 35.21 
 
 36.56 
 
 65.00 
 
 iH 
 
 28.13 
 
 29.63 
 
 30.94 
 
 32 34 
 
 33.75 
 
 35.16 
 
 36.56 
 
 37.97 
 
 67,50 
 
 If 
 
 29 17 
 
 30.63 
 
 32.08 
 
 33.54 
 
 35.00 
 
 36.46 
 
 37.92 
 
 39.38 
 
 70 00 
 
 ifl 
 
 30.21 
 
 31.72 
 
 33.23 
 
 34 74 
 
 36.25 
 
 37.76 
 
 39.27 
 
 40.78 
 
 72 50 
 
 11 
 
 31.25 
 
 32 81 
 
 34.38 
 
 35 94 
 
 37.50 
 
 39.06 
 
 40.63 
 
 42.19 
 
 75.00 
 
 Ui 
 
 32.29 
 
 33.91 
 
 35.52 
 
 37.14 
 
 38.75 
 
 40 36 
 
 41.98 
 
 43.59 
 
 77.50 
 
 2 
 
 33.33 
 
 35.00 
 
 36.67 
 
 38.33 
 
 40.00 
 
 41 67 
 
 43.33 
 
 45.00 
 
 80.00 
 
56 
 
 WEIGHTS QF FLAT ROLLED IRON 
 PER LINEAL FOOT. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 n 
 
 8i 
 
 8^ 
 
 81 
 
 1.46 
 2.93 
 
 4.38 
 
 5.83 
 
 7.21) 
 
 8.75 
 
 1021 
 
 11.07 
 
 13.13 
 
 14.58 
 
 10.04 
 
 17.50 
 
 18.90 
 
 20.42 
 
 21.88 
 
 23.33 
 24.79 
 20.25 
 
 27.71 
 29.17 
 30.02 
 32.08 
 33.54 
 35.00 
 30.46 
 37.92 
 39. 3S 
 40 83 
 42.29 
 43.79 
 45.21 
 
 1.51 
 
 3.02 
 
 4.53 
 
 6 04 
 
 7.55 
 
 9.06 
 
 10.57 
 
 12.08 
 
 13.59 
 
 15.10 
 
 16.61 
 
 18.13 
 
 19.64 
 
 21.15 
 
 22.66 
 
 24.17 
 25.68 
 27.19 
 28.70 
 30.21 
 31.72 
 33.23 
 34.74 
 30.25 
 37.70 
 39.27 
 40. 7S 
 42.29 
 43 80 
 45.31 
 46.82 
 
 1.56 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.69 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.81 
 
 9.38 
 
 10.94 
 
 12.50 
 
 14.00 
 
 15.63 
 
 17.19 
 
 18.75 
 
 20.31 
 
 21.88 
 
 23.44 
 
 25.00 
 26.56 
 28.13 
 29.69 
 31.25 
 32.81 
 34.88 
 35 94 
 37.50 
 
 39 06 
 
 40 03 
 42.19 
 43.7.) 
 45 31 
 46.88 
 48.44 
 
 1.61 
 3.23 
 
 4.84 
 
 6.46 
 
 8.07 
 
 9.69 
 
 11.30 
 
 12,92 
 
 14.53 
 
 10.15 
 
 17.70 
 
 19.38 
 
 20.99 
 
 22 60 
 
 24.22 
 
 25.83 
 27.45 
 29.06 
 30.08 
 32.29 
 33.91 
 35 52 
 37.14 
 38.75 
 40.36 
 41.98 
 43 59 
 45.21 
 46.82 
 48.44 
 50.05 
 
 1.67 
 
 3.33 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.67 
 
 8.33 
 
 10.00 
 
 11.07 
 
 13 33 
 
 15.00 
 
 10.67 
 
 18.33 
 
 20.00 
 
 21.67 
 
 23.33 
 
 25.00 
 
 20.07 
 28.33 
 30.00 
 31.07 
 33.33 
 35.00 
 30 07 
 38.33 
 40.00 
 41.07 
 43.33 
 45.00 
 46.67 
 48.33 
 50.00 
 51.67 
 
 1.72 
 3.34 
 5.16 
 
 6.88 
 8.59 
 10.31 
 12.03 
 13.75 
 15.47 
 17.19 
 18.91 
 20.03 
 22 34 
 24.06 
 25.78 
 
 27.50 
 29. 22 
 30.94 
 32 m 
 34 38 
 36.09 
 37.81 
 39.53 
 41.25 
 42.97 
 44.69 
 46 51 
 4S.13 
 49.84 
 51 56 
 53.28 
 
 1.77 
 
 354 
 
 5.31 
 
 7.08 
 
 8.85 
 
 10.03 
 
 12.40 
 
 14.17 
 
 15.94 
 
 17.71 
 
 19.48 
 
 21.25 
 
 23.02 
 
 24.79 
 
 26.56 
 
 28.33 
 30.10 
 31.88 
 33,05 
 35.42 
 37 19 
 38.96 
 40.73 
 42.50 
 44 27 
 46.04 
 47 81 
 49.58 
 51 .35 
 53.13 
 54.91 
 
 1.82 
 
 3.65 
 
 5.47 
 
 7.29 
 
 9.11 
 
 10.94 
 
 12.76 
 
 14.58 
 
 16.41 
 
 18.23 
 
 20.05 
 
 21.88 
 
 23.70 
 
 25.52 
 
 27.34 
 
 29.17 
 30.99 
 32.81 
 34.64 
 36.46 
 38.28 
 40.10 
 41.93 
 43.75 
 45.57 
 47.40 
 49.22 
 51.04 
 52.86 
 54 69 
 56.51 
 
 46.67 48.33 50.00 51.67 53.33 55.00 50.67 58.33 80.00 
 

 57 
 WEIGHTS OF FLAT 
 
 ROLLED 1 
 
 RON 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 |j 
 
 .— .2 
 ^ .E 
 
 9 
 
 9i 
 
 9* 
 
 Of 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 lOi 
 
 lOf 
 
 12 
 
 J 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.93 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.08 
 
 2,14 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.24 
 
 2.50 
 
 'i 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.85 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.17 
 
 4.27 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.48 
 
 5,00 
 
 3 
 1 6 
 
 5. 03 
 
 5.76 
 
 5.94 
 
 6.09 
 
 6 25 
 
 6.14 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.72 
 
 7.50 
 
 i 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.71 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.33 
 
 r^8.54 
 
 8.75 
 
 8.96 
 
 10.00 
 
 5 
 1 6 
 
 9 38 
 
 9.64 
 
 9.90 
 
 10.16 
 
 10.42 
 
 10.68 
 
 10.94 
 
 11.20 
 
 12 50 
 
 f 
 
 ll.t35 
 
 11.56 
 
 11.88 
 
 12 19 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.81 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.44 
 
 15.00 
 
 7 
 1 6 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.49 
 
 13.85 
 
 14.22 
 
 14.58 
 
 14.95 
 
 15.31 
 
 15.68 
 
 17 50 
 
 i 
 
 15,00 
 
 1542 
 
 15.83 
 
 16.25 
 
 16 67 
 
 17.08 
 
 17.50 
 
 17.92 
 
 20.00 
 
 9 
 
 16.88 
 
 17.34 
 
 17.81 
 
 18.28 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.22 
 
 19.69 
 
 20.16 
 
 22.50 
 
 ¥ 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.27 
 
 19.79 
 
 20.31 
 
 20 83 
 
 21.35 
 
 21.88 
 
 22.40 
 
 25.00 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 6 
 
 20.63 
 
 21.20 
 
 21.77 
 
 22.34 
 
 22.92 
 
 23 49 
 
 24.06 
 
 24.66 
 
 27.50 
 
 f 
 
 22.50 
 
 23.13 
 
 23.75 
 
 24.38 
 
 25.00 
 
 25.62 
 
 26 25 
 
 26 88 
 
 30.00 
 
 13 
 1 6 
 
 24.38 
 
 25.05 
 
 25.73 
 
 26.41 
 
 27.08 
 
 27.76 
 
 28 44 
 
 29.11 
 
 32.50 
 
 i 
 
 26.25 
 
 26.98 
 
 27.71 
 
 28.44 
 
 29.17 
 
 29.90 
 
 30 63 
 
 31.35 
 
 35.00 
 
 n 
 
 28.13 
 
 28.91 
 
 29.69 
 
 30.47 
 
 31 25 
 
 32.03 
 
 3281 
 
 33.59 
 
 37.50 
 
 
 30.00 
 
 30 83 
 
 31.67 
 
 32 50 
 
 33.33 
 
 34.17 
 
 35.00 
 
 35.83 
 
 40.00 
 
 16 
 
 31 88 
 
 32.76 
 
 33 65 
 
 34.53 
 
 35.42 
 
 36 80 
 
 37,19 
 
 38 07 
 
 42.50 
 
 1 i 
 
 33.75 
 
 34.69 
 
 35 63 
 
 36.56 
 
 37.50 
 
 38.44 
 
 39 38 
 
 40.31 
 
 45.00 
 
 1 3 
 16 
 
 35.63 
 
 36.61 
 
 37.60 
 
 38.59 
 
 39.58 
 
 40.57 
 
 41.56 
 
 42.55 
 
 47.50 
 
 u 
 
 37 50 
 
 38.54 
 
 39.58 
 
 40 63 
 
 41.67 
 
 42.71 
 
 43.75 
 
 44.79 
 
 50.00 
 
 1 s 
 
 ^19 
 
 39.38 
 
 40.47 
 
 41 56 
 
 42.66 
 
 43.75 
 
 44 84 
 
 45 94 
 
 47.03 
 
 52.50 
 
 If 
 
 41.25 
 
 42.40 
 
 43-54 
 
 44.69 
 
 45.83 
 
 46.98 
 
 48.13 
 
 49.27 
 
 55.00 
 
 1 7 
 16 
 
 43.13 
 
 44.32 
 
 45 52 
 
 46.72 
 
 47.92 
 
 49.11 
 
 50.31 
 
 51.51 
 
 57.50 
 
 li 
 
 45.00 
 
 46.25 
 
 47.50 
 
 48.75 
 
 50.00 
 
 51.25 
 
 52,50 
 
 53.75 
 
 60 00 
 
 1 9 
 4 6 
 
 46.88 
 
 48.18 
 
 49.48 
 
 50.78 
 
 52 08 
 
 53.39^ 
 
 54.69 
 
 55.99 
 
 62.50 
 
 If 
 
 48.75 
 
 50.10 
 
 51.46 
 
 52.81 
 
 54.17 
 
 55.52 i 
 
 56.88 
 
 58.23 
 
 65.00 
 
 16 
 
 50.63 
 
 52.03 
 
 53 44 
 
 54.84 
 
 56.25 
 
 57.66 
 
 59.06 
 
 60.47 
 
 67.50 
 
 If 
 
 52 50 
 
 53.96 
 
 55.42 
 
 56 88 
 
 58 33 
 
 59.79 
 
 61.25 
 
 62.71 
 
 70.00 
 
 111 
 
 54.38 
 
 55.89 
 
 57.40 
 
 58.91 
 
 60.42 
 
 61.93 
 
 63 44 
 
 64.95 
 
 72 50 
 
 1| 
 
 56.25 
 
 57 81 
 
 59.38 
 
 60 94 
 
 62 50 
 
 64.06 
 
 65.63 
 
 67 19 
 
 75.00 
 
 1 15 
 ■•^16 
 
 58.13 
 
 59 74 
 
 61.35 
 
 62 97 
 
 64.58 
 
 66.20 
 
 67.8b 
 
 69.43 
 
 77.50 
 
 2 
 
 60.00 
 
 61.67 
 
 63.S3 
 
 65.00 
 
 66.67 
 
 68.33i 
 
 70.00 
 
 71.67 
 
 80.00 
 

 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON | 
 
 PER LINEAL FOOT. 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 :i.E 
 
 11 
 
 Hi 
 
 m 
 
 llf 
 
 13 
 
 m 
 
 12i 
 
 ISf 
 
 m i 
 
 iV 
 
 3.31) 
 
 3.84 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.55 
 
 2.60 
 
 3.66 
 
 Is? ^ 
 
 i 
 
 4.58 
 
 4.68 
 
 4.79 
 
 4.90 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.31 
 
 -.:^ 
 
 A 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.08 
 
 7.19 
 
 7.34 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.66 
 
 7.97 
 
 7.97 
 
 ^5 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 9.17 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.58 
 
 9.79 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.31 
 
 10.43 
 
 10.63 
 
 S^^ 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 11. 4() 
 
 11.73 
 
 11.98 
 
 1334'l3.50 
 
 13.76 
 
 18.03 
 
 13.38 
 
 ^ 2 ' 
 
 1 
 
 18.75 
 
 14.06 
 
 14.88 
 
 14.69 
 
 15.00 
 
 15 31 
 
 15.68 
 
 15.94 
 
 S • 2 
 
 M - ^ 
 
 7 
 
 16.04 
 
 16.41 
 
 16.77 
 
 17.14 
 
 17.50 
 
 17.86 
 
 18.38 
 
 18.59 
 
 ¥ 
 
 18.33 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.17 
 
 19.58 
 
 30.00 
 
 30.43 
 
 30.83 
 
 31.35 
 
 
 9 
 1 6 
 
 30.63 
 
 31.09 
 
 31.56 
 
 33 08'33 50 
 
 23.97 
 
 38.44 
 
 33.91 
 
 ^ ^ +-) 
 
 f 
 
 33.1)3 
 
 33.44 
 
 33.96 
 
 34.48 25.00 
 
 35.53 
 
 36.04 
 
 36.56 
 
 iJ.s 
 
 11 
 1 G 
 
 35 31 
 
 35.78 
 
 36.85 
 
 2() 93 37.50 
 
 38.07 
 
 38 65 
 
 39.33 
 
 O "'"' 'CJ 
 
 f 
 
 37.50 
 
 38.13 
 
 38.75 
 
 39 88 30.00 
 
 30.88 
 
 81.35 
 
 31.88 
 
 OJ "^ 
 
 t 3 
 1 6 
 
 31). 79 
 
 30.47 
 
 81.15 
 
 31. 8333. 50 
 
 33.18 
 
 33.85 
 
 34.53 
 
 
 1 
 
 33.08 
 
 83.81 
 
 38.54 
 
 34 37 
 
 35.00 
 
 35.73 
 
 36.46 
 
 37.19 
 
 a*"" i 
 
 15 
 IG 
 
 84,38 
 
 35.16 
 
 35 94 
 
 36 73 
 
 37.50 
 
 38.38 
 
 39 06 
 
 39.84 
 
 il- . ' 
 
 
 36.67 
 
 37.50 
 
 38.83 
 
 39.17 
 
 40.00 
 
 40.83 
 
 41.67 
 
 43.50 
 
 7i '^ C ^r> ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 38.96 
 
 39.84 
 
 40.73 
 
 41.61 
 
 43.50 
 
 43.39 
 
 44.37 
 
 45.16 
 
 ^^i^OD 
 
 u 
 
 41.35 
 
 43.19 
 
 43.13 
 
 44 06 
 
 4^.00 
 
 45.94 
 
 46.88 
 
 47.81 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 ^16 
 
 48.54 
 
 44.58 
 
 45.53 
 
 46.51 
 
 47.50 
 
 48.49 
 
 49.48 
 
 50.47 
 
 1 X 
 ^ 4 
 
 45.83 
 
 46.88 
 
 37.93 
 
 48.96 
 
 50 00 
 
 51.04 
 
 53.08 
 
 53.13 
 
 •r fcc J: II 
 
 1 5 
 18 
 
 48.18 
 
 49.33 
 
 50 31 
 
 51 41 
 
 53 50 
 
 58.59 
 
 54 69 
 
 55.78 
 
 ■l|s 
 
 If 
 
 50 43 
 
 51.56 
 
 53.71 
 
 53.85 
 
 55 00 
 
 5615 
 
 57.39 
 
 58 44 
 
 1 7 
 16 
 
 53.71 
 
 58.91 
 
 55.10 
 
 56.80 
 
 57 50 
 
 58.70 
 
 59 90 
 
 61.09 
 
 C^t ~ — CO 
 
 \i 
 
 55.00 
 
 56.35 
 
 57.50 
 
 58.75 
 
 60.00 
 
 61.35 
 
 63.50 
 
 63 75 
 
 T" "^ :; -r 
 
 1 9 
 J 1 « 
 
 57.39 
 
 58 59 
 
 59 90 
 
 61.30 
 
 63 50 
 
 63.80 
 
 65.10 
 
 64.41 
 
 C -5 H«x; 
 
 If 
 
 59 58 
 
 60 94 
 
 63.39 
 
 63 65 
 
 65.00 
 
 66.35 
 
 67 71 '69 06 
 
 di jj ^ 
 
 1 1 1 
 ^ 1 G 
 
 61.88 
 
 63.38 
 
 64.69 
 
 66.09 
 
 67.50 
 
 68.91 
 
 70.31 
 
 7173 
 
 If 
 
 64.17 
 
 65 63 
 
 67.08 
 
 68 54 
 
 70.00 
 
 71.46 
 
 73.93 
 
 74.38 
 
 1 1 :i 
 
 ^16 
 
 66.46 
 
 67.97 
 
 69.48 
 
 70.99 
 
 73.50 
 
 74.01 
 
 75 53 
 
 77.03 
 
 > Hoo 
 
 1| 
 
 68.75 
 
 70 31 
 
 77.88 
 
 73.44 
 
 75 Of 
 
 76 56 
 
 78.18 
 
 79.69 
 
 i^^l^ \ 
 
 1 I 5 
 ^16 
 
 71.04 
 
 73.66 
 
 74.37 
 
 75.89 
 
 77.50 
 
 78 11 
 
 80.78 83.34 
 
 
 2 
 
 73.33 
 
 75.00 
 
 76.67 
 
 78.33 
 
 80.00 
 
 81.67 
 
 83.33 
 
 85.00 
 
 C tS OS 
 

 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
 AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON 
 
 
 
 
 PER 
 
 LINEAL 
 
 FOOT. 
 
 
 
 For Thickness f 
 
 rom 1^6 in. 
 
 to 2 tn. and Widths 
 
 
 
 fro 
 
 m 1 ir 
 
 . to 12?., In 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 2 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 2f 
 
 12 
 
 h 
 
 .063 
 
 .078 
 
 .094 
 
 .109 
 
 .125 
 
 .141 
 
 .156 
 
 .172 
 
 .750 
 
 i 
 
 .125 
 
 .156 
 
 .188 
 
 .219 
 
 .250 
 
 .28! 
 
 .313 
 
 .344 
 
 1.50 
 
 A 
 
 .188 
 
 .234 
 
 .281 
 
 .328 
 
 .375 
 
 .422 
 
 .469 
 
 .516 
 
 2.25 
 
 i 
 
 .250 
 
 .313 
 
 .375 
 
 .438 
 
 .500 
 
 .563 
 
 .625 
 
 .688 
 
 3.00 
 
 1^ 
 
 .313 
 
 .391 
 
 .469 
 
 .547 
 
 .625 
 
 .703 
 
 .781 
 
 .859 
 
 3.75 
 
 t 
 
 .375 
 
 .469 
 
 .563 
 
 .656 
 
 .750 
 
 .844 
 
 .938 
 
 1.03 
 
 4 50 
 
 -le 
 
 .438 
 
 .547 
 
 .656 
 
 .766 
 
 .875 
 
 .984 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.20 
 
 5.25 
 
 i 
 
 .500 
 
 .625 
 
 .750 
 
 .875 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.38 
 
 6.00 
 
 i% 
 
 .563 
 
 .703 
 
 .844 
 
 .984 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.55 
 
 6.75 
 
 ^ 
 
 .625 
 
 .781 
 
 .938 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.72 
 
 7.50 
 
 H 
 
 .688 
 
 .859 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.89 
 
 8.25 
 
 f 
 
 .750 
 
 .938 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.06 
 
 9.00 
 
 13 
 
 .813 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.23 
 
 9.75 
 
 ¥ 
 
 .875 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.41 
 
 10.50 
 
 [1 
 
 .938 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.11 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.58 
 
 11.25 
 
 I 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 1 .75 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.75 
 
 12.00 
 
 I A 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.86 
 
 2.13 
 
 2.39 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.92 
 
 12.75 
 
 u 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.09 
 
 13 50 
 
 ii'« 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.97 
 
 3.27 
 
 14.25 
 
 li 
 
 1 25 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.44 
 
 15.00 
 
 Ire 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.30 
 
 263 
 
 2.95 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.61 
 
 15.75 
 
 i¥ 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.72 
 
 2.06 
 
 2.41 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.78 
 
 16.50 
 
 1/e 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.88 
 
 3.23 
 
 3.59 
 
 3.95 
 
 17.25 
 
 u 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.38 
 
 3 75 
 
 4.13 
 
 18.00 
 
 If^e 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.95 
 
 234 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.30 
 
 18.75 
 
 u 
 
 1.63 
 
 2.03 
 
 2 44 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.47 
 
 19.50 
 
 Ifi 
 
 1.69 
 
 2.11 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.95 
 
 3 38 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.64 
 
 20.25 
 
 If 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.19 
 
 2 63 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.81 
 
 21.00 
 
 Ifl 
 
 1.81 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.72 
 
 3.17 
 
 3.63 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.53 
 
 4.98 
 
 21.75 
 
 u 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.16 
 
 22.50 
 
 111 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.39 
 
 3.88 
 
 4.36 
 
 4.84 
 
 5.33 
 
 23.25 
 
 2 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 24.00 
 
60 
 AREAS QF FLAT ROLLED IRON. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 4i 
 
 4i 
 
 41 
 
 .188 
 
 .203 
 
 .219 
 
 .234 
 
 .250 
 
 .266 
 
 .281 
 
 .297 
 
 .375 
 
 .406 
 
 .438 
 
 .469 
 
 .500 
 
 .531 
 
 .563 
 
 .594 
 
 .563 
 
 .609 
 
 .656 
 
 .703 
 
 .750 
 
 .757 
 
 .844 
 
 .891 
 
 .750 
 
 .813 
 
 .875 
 
 .938 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.19 
 
 .938 
 
 102 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.42 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.13 
 
 2.25 
 
 2 38 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.11 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.39 
 
 2.53 
 
 2 67 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.19 
 
 2 34 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.97 
 
 2.06 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.41 
 
 2 58 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.92 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.27 
 
 2.35 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.63 
 
 281 
 
 3 00 
 
 3.19 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.56 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.05 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.66 
 
 3.86 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.16 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.05 
 
 3 28 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.98 
 
 422 
 
 4.45 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.75 
 
 3.19 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.98 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.52 
 
 4.78 
 
 5.05 
 
 3 38 
 
 3.66 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.22 
 
 4 50 
 
 4.78 
 
 5.06 
 
 5.34 
 
 3.56 
 
 3.86 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.45 
 
 4.75 
 
 5 05 
 
 5.34 
 
 5.64 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.63 
 
 5.94 
 
 3.94 
 
 4 27 
 
 4.59 
 
 ^.92 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.58 
 
 5.91 
 
 6.23 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.47 
 
 4.81 
 
 5.16 
 
 5 50 
 
 5.84 
 
 6 19 
 
 6.53 
 
 4 31 
 
 4.67 
 
 5.03 
 
 5.39 
 
 5.75 
 
 6.11 
 
 6.47 
 
 6.83 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.63 
 
 6 00 
 
 6.38 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.13 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.08 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.86 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.64 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.42 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.28 
 
 5.69 
 
 6 09 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.91 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.72 
 
 5.06 
 
 5-48 
 
 5.91 
 
 6.33 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.17 
 
 7 59 
 
 8 02 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.69 
 
 6.13 
 
 6 56 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.44 
 
 7.88 
 
 8 31 
 
 5.44 
 
 5.89 
 
 6.34 
 
 6.80 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.70 
 
 8.16 
 
 8.61 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.97 
 
 8.44 
 
 8.91 
 
 5.81 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.78 
 
 7.27 
 
 7.75 
 
 8.23 
 
 8.72 
 
 9.20 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.50 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.50 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.50 
 

 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON. 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Is 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 5i 
 
 5i 
 .344 
 
 51 
 .359 
 
 6 
 .375 
 
 6i 
 .391 
 
 .406 
 
 Of 
 .422 
 
 12 
 
 le 
 
 .313 
 
 .328 
 
 .750 
 
 li 
 
 .620 
 
 .656 
 
 .688 
 
 .719 
 
 .750 
 
 .781 
 
 .813 
 
 .844 
 
 1 50 
 
 ,3 
 
 1 ti 
 
 .938 
 
 .984 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.13 
 
 1 17 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.27 
 
 2.25 
 
 i 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.56 
 
 1 63 
 
 1.69 
 
 3.00 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.72 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.11 
 
 3.75 
 
 f 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.97 
 
 2 06 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.53 
 
 4.50 
 
 7 
 1 G 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.41 
 
 2.52 
 
 2 63 
 
 2.73 
 
 2.84 
 
 2.95 
 
 526 
 
 i 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.75 
 
 2 88 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.13 
 
 3 25 
 
 3.38 
 
 6.00 
 
 9 
 1 6 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.95 
 
 3.09 
 
 3.23 
 
 3.38 
 
 3 52 
 
 3.66 
 
 3.80 
 
 6.75 
 
 i 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.44 
 
 3 59 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.91 
 
 4 06 
 
 4.22 
 
 7.50 
 
 U 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.61 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.95 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.30 
 
 4 47 
 
 4.64 
 
 8.25 
 
 f 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.31 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.69 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.06 
 
 9.00 
 
 13 
 1 6 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.27 
 
 4.47 
 
 4 67 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.08 
 
 5.28 
 
 5.48 
 
 9.75 
 
 1 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.59 
 
 4.81 
 
 5.03 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.69 
 
 5.91 
 
 10.50 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 4.69 
 
 4.92 
 
 5.16 
 
 5.39 
 
 5.63 
 
 5.86 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.33 
 
 11.25 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.75 
 
 6 00 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.75 
 
 12.00 
 
 U'6 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.58 
 
 5.84 
 
 6.11 
 
 6.38 
 
 6.64 
 
 6 91 
 
 7.17 
 
 12.75 
 
 U 
 
 5.63 
 
 5.91 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.47 
 
 ().75 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.59 
 
 i3.50 
 
 li'e 
 
 5.94 
 
 6,23 
 
 6 53 
 
 6 83 
 
 7.13 
 
 7.42 
 
 7.72 
 
 8.0-2 
 
 14.25 
 
 U 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.88 
 
 7 19 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.44 
 
 15 00 
 
 ll'6 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.89 
 
 7.22 
 
 7.55 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.20 
 
 8.53 
 
 8.86 
 
 15 75 
 
 If 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.22 
 
 7 56 
 
 7.91 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.59 
 
 8.94 
 
 9-28 
 
 16.50 
 
 1/6 
 
 7.19 
 
 7.55 
 
 7 91 
 
 8.27 
 
 8.63 
 
 8 98 
 
 9.31 
 
 9.70 
 
 17.25 
 
 li 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.63 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.75 
 
 1013 
 
 18 00 
 
 1^ 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.20 
 
 8.59 
 
 8 98 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.77 
 
 10.16 
 
 10 55 
 
 18 75 
 
 u 
 
 8.13 
 
 8.53 
 
 8 91 
 
 9.31 
 
 9 75 
 
 10.16 
 
 10 56 
 
 10.97 
 
 19 50 
 
 lU 
 
 8.44 
 
 8.S6 
 
 9 28 
 
 9.70 
 
 10.13 
 
 10.55 
 
 10.97 
 
 11.39 
 
 20.25 
 
 If 
 
 8.75 
 
 9 19 
 
 963 
 
 10.06 
 
 10,50 
 
 10.91 
 
 11. 3S 
 
 11.81 
 
 21.00 
 
 lu 
 
 9.06 
 
 9.52 
 
 9.97 
 
 10.42 
 
 10.88 
 
 11.33 
 
 11.78 
 
 12 23 
 
 21.75 
 
 ll 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.31 
 
 10.78 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.72 
 
 12.19 
 
 12.66 
 
 22 50 
 
 115 
 ^16 
 
 9,69 
 
 10.17 
 
 10.66 
 
 11.14 
 
 11 63 
 
 12.11 
 
 12.59 
 
 13.08 
 
 23.25 
 
 2 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.50 
 
 11.00 
 
 11.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 1250 
 
 13.00 
 
 13.50 
 
 24.00 
 

 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 AREAS 
 
 OF 
 
 FLAT 
 
 ROLLED 
 
 IRON 
 
 
 
 (CONTI^ 
 
 UED.) 
 
 
 
 ly 
 
 n 
 
 '7i 
 
 n 
 
 8 
 
 H 
 
 H^ 
 
 8f 
 
 12 
 
 f^«- 
 
 .438 
 
 .453 
 
 .469 
 
 .484 
 
 .500 
 
 .516 
 
 531 
 
 .547 
 
 
 
 .75: 
 
 1 6 
 
 .875 
 
 .906 
 
 .938 
 
 .969 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.5. 
 
 
 1.31 
 
 136 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.2' 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.81 
 
 188 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.00 
 
 2 06 
 
 2.13 
 
 2.19 
 
 3.0t 
 
 5_ 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.58 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.7 
 
 1 6 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.72 
 
 2.81 
 
 2 91 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.09 
 
 3 19 
 
 3.28 
 
 4.5. 
 
 ^^« 
 
 306 
 
 3.17 
 
 3 28 
 
 3 39 
 
 3 50 
 
 3.61 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.83 
 
 5.2' 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.63 
 
 3 75 
 
 3.88 
 
 400 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.38 
 
 6.01 
 
 ffi 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.36 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.64 
 
 4.78 
 
 4.92 
 
 6 7' 
 
 ^ 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.53 
 
 4 69 
 
 4.84 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.16 
 
 5.31 
 
 5 47 
 
 7.5: 
 
 1 I 
 
 4 31 
 
 4.98 
 
 5.16 
 
 5.33 
 
 5.50 
 
 5 67 
 
 5 84 
 
 6 02 
 
 8.2: 
 
 f 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.44 
 
 5 63 
 
 5.81 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.38 
 
 6.56 
 
 9.0( 
 
 TS 
 
 5.69 
 
 5 89 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.50 
 
 6 70 
 
 6.91 
 
 7.11 
 
 9 r 
 
 1 
 
 6.13 
 
 6.34 
 
 6.56 
 
 6 78 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.22 
 
 7.44 
 
 7.66 
 
 10.5,' 
 
 n 
 
 6.56 
 
 6 80 
 
 7.03 
 
 7^27 
 
 7 50 
 
 7.73 
 
 7.97 
 
 8.20 
 
 11.2^ 
 
 1 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.75 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 12.0«i 
 
 iiV 
 
 7 44 
 
 7.70 
 
 7.97 
 
 8.23 
 
 8.50 
 
 8 77 
 
 9.03 
 
 9 30 
 
 12.71 
 
 u 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.16 
 
 8.44 
 
 8.72 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.2,S 
 
 9.56 
 
 9.84 
 
 13.5 
 
 1 Y fi 
 
 8 31 
 
 8.61 
 
 8 91 
 
 9.20 
 
 9.50 
 
 9 80 
 
 10.09 
 
 10 39 
 
 14.2 
 
 u 
 
 8.75 
 
 9 06 
 
 9.38 
 
 9 69 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.31 
 
 10 63 
 
 10.94 
 
 15.01 
 
 ll^G 
 
 9.19 
 
 9 52 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.17 
 
 10.51) 
 
 10 83 
 
 11.16 
 
 11.48 
 
 15.71 
 
 If 
 
 9.63 
 
 9 97 
 
 10.31 
 
 10.66 
 
 1 1 .00 
 
 11 34 
 
 11.69 
 
 12 03 
 
 16.5 
 
 l/« 
 
 10.06 
 
 10.42 
 
 10.78 
 
 11.14 
 
 1 1 50 
 
 11.86 
 
 12.22 
 
 12.58 
 
 17 2 
 
 u 
 
 10.50 
 
 10 88 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.63 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.38 
 
 12 75 
 
 13.13 
 
 18.0' 
 
 ^A 
 
 10.94 
 
 11.33 
 
 11.72 
 
 12.11 
 
 12 50 
 
 12.89 
 
 13.28 
 
 13.67 
 
 18.7.: 
 
 1 f 
 
 11.38 
 
 11.78 
 
 12.19 
 
 12 59 
 
 13 00 
 
 13.41 
 
 13 81 
 
 14.22 
 
 19.51 
 
 1]^ 
 
 11.81 
 
 12.23 
 
 12.66 
 
 13 08 
 
 13 50 
 
 13.92 
 
 14 34 
 
 14 77 
 
 20.2. 
 
 ll 
 
 12.25 
 
 12 69 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.56 
 
 14.00 
 
 14.44 
 
 14.88 
 
 15.31 
 
 21.01 
 
 111 
 
 12 69 
 
 13.14 
 
 13.59 
 
 14.05 
 
 14.50 
 
 14 95 
 
 15.41 
 
 15.86 
 
 21.7. 
 
 u 
 
 13 13 
 
 13.59 
 
 14 06 
 
 14.53 
 
 15 00 
 
 15.47 
 
 15 94 
 
 16.41 
 
 22 51 
 
 l}l 
 
 13.56 
 
 14.05 
 
 14.53 
 
 15.02 
 
 15.50 
 
 15,98 
 
 16.47 
 
 16.95 
 
 23. 2i 
 
 2 
 
 14,00 
 
 14.50 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.50 
 
 16 00 
 
 16.50 
 
 17.00 
 
 17.50 
 
 24 01; 
 

 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 AREAS 
 
 OF 
 
 FLAT 
 
 ROLLED IRON. 
 
 
 
 (CONTINUED ) 
 
 
 
 : S 
 
 y 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 lOi 
 
 lOi 
 
 lOf 
 
 12 
 
 i'e 
 
 .503 
 
 .578 
 
 .594 
 
 .009 
 
 .025 
 
 .041 
 
 .050 
 
 .672 
 
 .750 
 
 'i 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.19 
 
 1 22 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.31 
 
 1 34 
 
 1.50 
 
 i% 
 
 1 09 
 
 1 73 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.02 
 
 2.25 
 
 li 
 
 2.25 
 
 231 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.44 
 
 2 50 
 
 2.50 
 
 2 03 
 
 2.69 
 
 3.00 
 
 f% 
 
 2,81 
 
 2.89 
 
 2.97 
 
 3 05 
 
 3.13 
 
 3 20 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.75 
 
 i 
 
 338 
 
 3.47 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.84 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.50 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.27 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.59 
 
 4-70 
 
 5.25 
 
 'i 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.75 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.00 
 
 5 13 
 
 5.25 
 
 5 38 
 
 0.00 
 
 t'^e 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 5.34 
 
 5.48 
 
 5 03 
 
 5. '17 
 
 5 91 
 
 6.05 
 
 0.75 
 
 if 
 
 5.03 
 
 5.78 
 
 5.91 
 
 0.09 
 
 25 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.72 
 
 750 
 
 u 
 
 0.19 
 
 030 
 
 0.53 
 
 70 
 
 0.88 
 
 7.05 
 
 7.22 
 
 7.39 
 
 8.25 
 
 If 
 
 0.75 
 
 94 
 
 7.13 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.09 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 13 
 1 6 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.52 
 
 7.72 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.13 
 
 8 33 
 
 8.53 
 
 8.73 
 
 9.75 
 
 '1 
 
 7.88 
 
 8.09 
 
 8.31 
 
 853 
 
 8 75 
 
 8.97 
 
 9.19 
 
 9.41 
 
 10.50 
 
 n 
 
 8.44 
 
 807 
 
 8.91 
 
 9.14 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.01 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.08 
 
 11.25 
 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.25 
 
 9.50 
 
 9.75 
 
 10 00 
 
 10.25 
 
 10.50 
 
 10.75 
 
 12.00 
 
 I'e 
 
 9 50 
 
 9.83 
 
 10.09 
 
 10.30 
 
 10.03 
 
 10.89 
 
 11.10 
 
 11.42 
 
 12.75 
 
 i 
 
 10.13 
 
 10.41 
 
 10.09 
 
 10 97 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.53 
 
 11.81 
 
 12.09 
 
 13.50 
 
 r^o 
 
 10.09 
 
 10.98 
 
 11.28 
 
 11.58 
 
 11.88 
 
 12.17 
 
 12.47 
 
 12.77 
 
 14.25 
 
 i 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.50 
 
 11 88 
 
 12 19 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.81 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.44 
 
 15 00 
 
 i'« 
 
 11.81 
 
 12.14 
 
 12.47 
 
 12.80 
 
 13.13 
 
 13.45 
 
 13.78 
 
 1411 
 
 15.75 
 
 t 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.72 
 
 1300 
 
 13.41 
 
 13 75 
 
 14.09 
 
 14.44 
 
 14.78 
 
 10.50 
 
 7„ 
 1 R 
 
 12 94 
 
 13.30 
 
 13.00 
 
 14.02 
 
 14 38 
 
 14.73 
 
 15.09 
 
 15.45 
 
 17.25 
 
 i 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.88 
 
 14.25 
 
 14 03 
 
 15 00 
 
 15.38 
 
 15.75 
 
 10.13 
 
 18.00 
 
 1^6- 
 
 14 00 
 
 14.45 
 
 14.84 
 
 15.23 
 
 15 03 
 
 10.03 
 
 10.41 
 
 10.80 
 
 18.75 
 
 1 
 
 14.03 
 
 15.03 
 
 15 44 
 
 15 84 
 
 10.25 
 
 10.00 
 
 17.00 
 
 17.47 
 
 19.50 
 
 f^ 
 
 15.19 
 
 15 01 
 
 10.03 
 
 10.45 
 
 :o 88 
 
 1730 
 
 17.72 
 
 18.14 
 
 20.25 
 
 f 
 
 15 75 
 
 10.19 
 
 10.03 
 
 17.00 
 
 17.50 
 
 17.94 
 
 18 38 
 
 18.81 
 
 21.00 
 
 Po 
 
 10 31 
 
 10.77 
 
 17 22 
 
 17.07 
 
 18.13 
 
 18.58 
 
 19.03 
 
 19.48 
 
 21.75 
 
 1 
 
 10.88 
 
 17.34 
 
 17.81 
 
 18 28 
 
 18 75 
 
 19.22 
 
 19.09 
 
 20.10 
 
 22.50 
 
 11 
 
 17.44 
 
 17.92 
 
 18.41 
 
 18.89 
 
 19.38 
 
 19.80 
 
 20.34 
 
 20.83 
 
 23.25 
 
 ^- 
 
 18.00 
 
 18.50 
 
 19.00 
 
 19.50 
 
 20.00 
 
 20.50 
 
 21.00 
 
 21.50 
 
 24.00 
 
(34 
 AREA OF FLAT ROLLED IRON. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 11 
 
 lU 
 
 lU 
 
 llf 
 
 12 
 
 12i 
 
 12i 
 
 12f 
 
 Iff 
 
 .088 
 
 .703 
 
 .719 
 
 .734 
 
 .750 
 
 .766 
 
 .781 
 
 .799 
 
 
 1 38 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.47 
 
 150 
 
 1 53 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.59 
 
 -fj 
 
 2. 00 
 
 2 11 
 
 2.16 
 
 220 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.39 
 
 
 3.75 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.19 
 
 hi 
 
 3 44 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.59 
 
 3 07 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.83 
 
 3 91 
 
 3.98 
 
 cu'^r 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.31 
 
 4.41 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.59 
 
 4.69 
 
 4.78 
 
 So') 
 
 4.81 
 
 4.92 
 
 5.03 
 
 .514 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.30 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.58 
 
 ;^*"c 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.63 
 
 5.75 
 
 5 88 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.13 
 
 025 
 
 38 
 
 w 
 
 6.11) 
 
 6 33 
 
 6.47 
 
 001 
 
 6.75 
 
 6.89 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.17 
 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.19 
 
 7.34 
 
 7,50 
 
 7.66 
 
 7.81 
 
 7.97 
 
 2 ) 
 
 50 
 
 7.73 
 
 7.91 
 
 8.08 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.42 
 
 8 59 
 
 8.77 
 
 (U CO J. 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.44 
 
 8.63 
 
 8.81 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.19 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.50 
 
 
 8 94 
 
 9.14 
 
 9.34 
 
 9.55 
 
 9.75 
 
 9.95 
 
 10.10 
 
 10.3.) 
 
 
 9.03 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.06 
 
 10.28 
 
 10.50 
 
 10.72 
 
 ;0.94 
 
 11.16 
 
 
 10.31 
 
 10.55 
 
 10.78 
 
 1102 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.48 
 
 IL 72 
 
 11.95 
 
 11^ 
 
 11.00 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.50 
 
 11.75 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.75 
 
 lu 
 
 1 1 .09 
 
 11.95 
 
 12.22 
 
 12.48 
 
 12.75 
 
 13.02 
 
 13.28 
 
 13 55 
 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.66 
 
 12.94 
 
 13.22 
 
 13.50 
 
 13 78 
 
 14 00 
 
 14 34 
 
 K' 
 
 13.00 
 
 13.36 
 
 13.66 
 
 13.95 
 
 14.25 
 
 14.55 
 
 1484 
 
 15.14 
 
 ft\ 
 
 13 75 
 
 14.06 
 
 N.38 
 
 14.69 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.31 
 
 15.03 
 
 15.94 
 
 j3 at 
 
 1444 
 
 14.77 
 
 15 09 
 
 15.42 
 
 15,75 
 
 16.08 
 
 10 41 
 
 16.73 
 
 S uj 
 
 15.13 
 
 -.5.47 
 
 15.81 
 
 16.16 
 
 16.50 
 
 16 84 
 
 17.19 
 
 17.53 
 
 ^ 't\ 
 
 15 81 
 
 10.17 
 
 16.53 
 
 16.89 
 
 17.25 
 
 17 01 
 
 17.97 
 
 18.33 
 
 %r 
 
 16.50 
 
 1().88 
 
 17.25 
 
 17.63 
 
 18 00 
 
 18.38 
 
 18.75 
 
 19.13 
 
 "S^ 
 
 17.19 
 
 17.58 
 
 17 97 
 
 18 36 
 
 18.75 
 
 19 14 
 
 19.53 
 
 19.92 
 
 •"•5 ' 
 
 17.88 
 
 18.28 
 
 18 69 
 
 19.09 
 
 19.50 
 
 19.91 
 
 20.31 
 
 20.72 
 
 " 2 ■ 
 
 18.56 
 
 18 98 
 
 19 41 
 
 19 83 
 
 20.25 
 
 20 67 
 
 21.09 
 
 21.52 
 
 o'S- 
 
 19.25 
 
 19.09 
 
 20 13 
 
 20 56 
 
 21.00 
 
 21.44 
 
 21 88 
 
 22.31 
 
 
 19.94 
 
 20 39 
 
 20 84 
 
 21.30 
 
 21.75 
 
 22.20 
 
 22.00 
 
 23 1 1 
 
 is; 
 
 20.63 
 
 21 09 
 
 21 56 
 
 22.03 
 
 22.50 
 
 22.97 
 
 23 44 
 
 23 91 
 
 < >.; 
 
 21.31 
 
 21.80 
 
 22.28 
 
 22.77 
 
 23.25 
 
 23.73 
 
 24.22 
 
 24.70 
 
 (0 ^ . 
 
 22.00 
 
 22.50 
 
 23.00 
 
 23.50 
 
 24.00 
 
 • 
 
 24.50 
 
 25.00 
 
 25.50 
 
 
65 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCXJM FERENCE OF CIRCLES, 
 
 
 For Diameters from i*g to 100, advancing by Tenths. 
 
 
 . 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .0 
 
 .1 
 
 .31410 
 
 .007854 
 
 .1 
 
 9.7389 
 
 7.5477 
 
 L2 
 
 .03832 
 
 .031410 
 
 2 
 
 10 0531 
 
 8.0435 
 
 .3 
 
 .94348 
 
 .070080 
 
 ^3 
 
 10.3073 
 
 8.5530 
 
 .4 
 
 1.3500 
 
 .13500 
 
 .4 
 
 10.0814 
 
 9.0793 
 
 .5 
 
 1.5708 
 
 .19035 
 
 .5 
 
 10.9950 
 
 9.0311 
 
 .0 
 
 1.8850 
 
 .38374 
 
 .0 
 
 11.3097 
 
 10.1788 
 
 .7 
 
 2.1891 
 
 .38485 
 
 .7 
 
 11.0339 
 
 10.7531 
 
 .8 
 
 3.5133 
 
 .50300 
 
 .8 
 
 11.9381 
 
 11.3411 
 
 .9 
 
 3.8374 
 
 .03or. 
 
 .9 
 
 13.3522 
 
 11.9459 
 
 .0 
 
 3.1410 
 
 .7854 
 
 4.0 
 
 12.50'U 
 
 13.5064 
 
 .1 
 
 3.4558 
 
 .9503 
 
 .1 
 
 12.8805 
 
 13.3035 
 
 .3 
 
 3.7099 
 
 1.1310 
 
 .2 
 
 13.1947 
 
 13.8544 
 
 .3 
 
 4.0841 
 
 1.3373 
 
 .3 
 
 13.5088 
 
 14 5220 
 
 .4 
 
 4.3982 
 
 1.5394 
 
 .4 
 
 13.8230 
 
 15.2053 
 
 • .5 
 
 4.7134 
 
 1.7071 
 
 .5 
 
 14.1372 
 
 15 9043 
 
 .0 
 
 5 0305 
 
 3.0100 
 
 .0 
 
 14.4513 
 
 10.0190 
 
 .7 
 
 5.3107 
 
 3.2098 
 
 .7 
 
 14.7055 
 
 17.3494 
 
 : .8 
 
 5.05-19 
 
 3.5447 
 
 .8 
 
 15.0790 
 
 18.0950 
 
 .9 
 
 5.9090 
 
 3.8353 
 
 .9 
 
 15.3938 
 
 18.8574 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.3832 
 
 3.1410 
 
 5.0 
 
 15.7080 
 
 19.0350 
 
 .1 
 
 0.5973 
 
 34030 
 
 .1 
 
 10.0221 
 
 20.4283 
 
 2 
 
 0.9115 
 
 3.8013 
 
 .3 
 
 16.3303 
 
 31.3373 
 
 .3 
 
 7.3357 
 
 4.1548 
 
 .3 
 
 10.0504 
 
 33.0018 
 
 .4 
 
 7.5398 
 
 4.5339 
 
 .4 
 
 10.9040 
 
 33.9032 
 
 .5 
 
 7.8540 
 
 4 9087 
 
 .5 
 
 17.3788 
 
 23.7583 
 
 .6 
 
 8.1081 
 
 5.3093 
 
 .0 
 
 17.5929 
 
 24.0301 
 
 .7 
 
 8.4833 
 
 5.7350 
 
 .7 
 
 17.9071 
 
 25.5170 
 
 .8 
 
 8.7905 
 
 0.1575 
 
 .8 
 
 18.2313 
 
 20 4308 
 
 .9 
 
 9.1100 
 
 0.0053 
 
 .9 
 
 18.5354 
 
 37 3397 
 
 3.0 
 
 9.4348 
 
 7.0680 
 
 0. 
 
 18.8490 
 
 38.3743 
 
66 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. A 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. Circum, 
 
 19.1637 
 19.4779 
 19.7920 
 20.1062 
 
 20.4204 
 20.7345 
 
 21.0487 
 21.3628 
 21,6770 
 
 21 9911 
 
 22 3053 
 22 6195 
 22.9336 
 23.2478 
 
 Area. 
 
 28.2743 
 
 29 2247 
 30.1907 
 31.1725 
 32.1699 
 
 33.1831 
 34.2119 
 35.2565 
 36.3168 
 37 3928 
 
 38.4845 
 39.5919 
 40.7150 
 41.8539 
 43.0084 
 
 23.5619 
 
 44.1786 
 
 23.8761 
 
 45.6646 
 
 24.1903 
 
 46.5663 
 
 24.5044 
 
 47.7836 
 
 24.8186 
 
 49.0167 
 
 25.1327 
 
 50 2655 
 
 25.4469 
 
 51.5300 
 
 25.7611 
 
 52.8102 
 
 26 0752 
 
 54.1061 
 
 26.3894 
 
 554177 
 
 26 7035 
 
 56.7450 
 
 27.0177 
 
 58 0880 
 
 27.3319 
 
 59.4408 
 
 27.6460 
 
 60.8212 
 
 27.9602 
 
 62,2114 
 
 Diam. 
 
 63.6173 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 10.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 !3 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 Circum. Area 
 
 11 
 
 12.0 
 
 28.5885 
 28.9027 
 29.2168 
 29.5310 
 
 29.8451 
 30.1593 
 30.4734 
 30.7876 
 31.1018 
 
 31.4159 
 31.7301 
 32.0442 
 32.3584 
 32.6726 
 
 32.9867 
 33.3009 
 33.6150 
 33.9292 
 34.2434 
 
 34,5575 
 
 34 8717 
 35.1858 
 
 35 5000 
 35.8142 
 
 36.1283 
 36.4425 
 
 36 7556 
 37.0708 
 37.3850 
 
 37.6991 
 
61 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 ■ 
 Diam. 
 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 ^3 
 
 .4 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 S80133 
 38.3274 
 38.6416 
 38 9557 
 
 114.9901 
 116.8987 
 118 8229 
 120.7628 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 47.4380 
 47.7522 
 48.0664 
 48.3805 
 
 179.0786 
 181.4584 
 183.8.536 
 186.2650 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 39.2699 
 39.5841 
 39.8982 
 40.2124 
 40.5265 
 
 122.7185 
 124.6898 
 126.6769 
 128.6796 
 130.6981 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 48.6947 
 49.0088 
 49.3230 
 49.6372 
 49.9513 
 
 188.6919 
 191.1345 
 193.5928 
 196.0668 
 198.5565 
 
 13.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 40.8407 
 41.1549 
 41 4690 
 41.7832 
 42.0973 
 
 132.7323 
 
 134.7822 
 13(5.8478 
 138 9291 
 141.0261 
 
 16.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 50.2655 
 50.5796 
 50.8938 
 51.5221 
 51.8363 
 
 201.0619 
 203.5831 
 206 1199 
 208 6724 
 211.2407 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 42.4115 
 42.7257 
 43.0398 
 43.3540 
 43.6681 
 
 143.1388 
 145.2672 
 147.4114 
 149.5712 
 151.7468 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 52.1504 
 52.4646 
 
 52.7788 
 53.0929 
 53.4071 
 
 213.8246 
 216.4243 
 219.0397 
 221.6708 
 224.3176 
 
 14.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 43 9823 
 44.2965 
 44.6106 
 44.9248 
 45.2389 
 
 153.9380 
 156.1450 
 1 58 3677 
 160.6061 
 162.8602 
 
 17.0 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 53 4071 
 53.7212 
 54.0454 
 54.3496 
 
 54 6637 
 
 226.9801 
 229.6583 
 232.3522 
 235.0618 
 
 237.7871 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 45.5531 
 45.8673 
 46.1814 
 46.4956 
 46.8097 
 
 165.1300 
 167.4155 
 169.7167 
 172.0336 
 174.3662 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 54.9779 
 55.2920 
 55.5062 
 55.9203 
 56.2345 
 
 240 5282 
 243.2849 
 246.0574 
 248.8456 
 251.6194 
 
 15.0 
 
 47.1239 
 
 176.7146 
 
 18.0 
 
 56.5486 
 
 254.4690 
 

 
 68 
 
 
 
 AREAS AND 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLEsJ 
 
 
 
 (CONT 
 
 NUED.] 
 
 
 
 Diatn. 
 
 Circuin. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circiim. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 56.8628 
 57.1770 
 57.4911 
 57.8053 
 
 257.3043 
 260.1553 
 263.0220 
 365 9044 
 
 .1 
 2 
 
 .4 
 
 66.2876 
 66.6018 
 66-9159 
 67.2301 
 
 849 667: 
 352 989^1 
 356.337? 
 359.680JI 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 58.1195 
 58.4336 
 58.7478 
 59.0619 
 59.3751 
 
 268.8025 
 271.7164 
 274.6459 
 277.5911 
 280.5521 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 67.5402 
 
 67.8584 
 68.1726 
 68,4867 
 68 8009 
 
 863.050JI 
 366.485^) 
 369.8361 
 373 25:ifc 
 376.6848 
 
 19.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 59.6903 
 60.0044 
 60.3186 
 C0.6827 
 60.9469 
 
 283.5287 
 286 5211 
 289 5292 
 292 5530 
 295.5925 
 
 22.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .8 
 .4 
 
 69.1150 
 
 69 4292 
 69.7434 
 
 70 0575 
 
 70.3717 
 
 380.1327 
 383.596^; 
 887.075C 
 390.5707 
 894.08 H 
 
 .5 
 .G 
 
 .7 
 
 -.1 
 
 61.2611 
 
 61 5752 
 61.8894 
 
 62 2035 
 62.5177 
 
 298.5477 
 3()1.7186 
 304.8052 
 307 .9074 
 311.0255 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 70.6858 
 71,0000 
 71 3142 
 71.6283 
 71 9425 
 
 897.60781 
 401.1500 
 404.7078 
 
 408.2814 
 411.870? 
 
 20.0 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 .3 
 
 A 
 
 62.8319 
 63.1460 
 63,4602 
 63.7743 
 64 0885 
 
 314.1593 
 317.30H7 
 320 4739 
 323.6547 
 326.8513 
 
 23.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 72 2566 
 
 72.5708 
 72.8849 
 73.1991 
 73.5133 
 
 415.478(1 
 419.0963 
 422.7827 
 426.8848 
 430.0526 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 64.4026 
 64.7168 
 65.0310 
 65 3451 
 65.6593 
 
 330.0636 
 333.2916 
 336.5353 
 339.7947 
 343.0698 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 73.8274 
 74.1416 
 74.4557 
 74 7099 
 75.0841 
 
 438.7361 
 487.4354 
 441.1503 
 444.8809 
 448.6273 
 
 12.0 
 
 65.9734 
 
 346.3606 
 
 24.0 
 
 75.3982 
 
 452.3893: 
 

 
 09 
 
 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 Diam. 
 
 A 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 1 .4 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 75.7124 
 76.0265 
 76 3407 
 76.6549 
 
 456.1671 
 459 9600 
 403.7698 
 467 5947 
 
 .1 
 2 
 
 ^3 
 
 .4 
 
 85.1372 
 85 4513 
 85.7655 
 86.0796 
 
 576.8043 
 581.0690 
 585.3494 
 589.6455 
 
 .5 
 
 1 .6 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 76.9690 
 
 77.2832 
 77.5973 
 77.9115 
 
 78.2257 
 
 471.4352 
 475.2916 
 479.1636 
 483.0513 
 486.9547 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 -.1 
 
 86.3938 
 86.7080 
 87.0221 
 87.3363 
 87.6504 
 
 593.9574 
 
 598.2849 
 602.62S2 
 606.9871 
 611.3618 
 
 25.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 78.5398 
 78.8540 
 79.1681 
 79.4823 
 79 7965 
 
 490.8739 
 494.8087 
 498.7592 
 502.7255 
 506.7075 
 
 28.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 87.9646 
 
 88.2788 
 88.5929 
 88.9071 
 89.2212 
 
 615.7522 
 620.1582 
 624.5800 
 629.0175 
 633.4707 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 80.1106 
 80.4248 
 80.7389 
 81.0531 
 81.3672 
 
 510.7052 
 
 514.7185 
 518.7476 
 522.7924 
 526.8529 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 89.5354 
 89.8495 
 90.1637 
 90.4779 
 90.7920 
 
 637.9397 
 642.4243 
 646.9246 
 651.4407 
 655.9724 
 
 26.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 81.6814 
 81.9956 
 82.3097 
 82 0239 
 82.9380 
 
 530 9292 
 535.0211 
 539.1287 
 543.2521 
 547.3911 
 
 29.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 91.1062 
 91.4203 
 91.7345 
 92.0487 
 92.3628 
 
 660.5199 
 665.0830 
 669 6619 
 674.2565 
 
 678.8668 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 83.2522 
 83.5664 
 
 83.8805 
 84.1947 
 84.5088 
 
 551.5459 
 555.7163 
 559.9025 
 564.1044 
 578.3220 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 92 6770 
 92.9911 
 93.3053 
 93.6195 
 93.9336 
 
 683.4928 
 688.1345 
 592.7919 
 697.4650 
 702.1538 
 
 27.0 
 
 84.8230 
 
 572.5553 
 
 30.0 
 
 94.2478 
 
 706.8583 
 
70 
 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. wE 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diara. 
 
 Circum, 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diatn. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 94.5619 
 94.8761 
 95.1903 
 95.5044 
 
 711.5786 
 716 3145 
 721.0662 
 725.8336 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 103.9867 
 104.3009 
 104.6150 
 104.9292 
 
 860.4903 
 865.6973 
 870.9203 
 876.1588 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 95.8186 
 961327 
 96.4469 
 96.7611 
 97.0752 
 
 730.6167 
 735.4154 
 740.2299 
 745.0601 
 749.9060 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 105.2434 
 105.5575 
 105 8717 
 106.1858 
 106.5000 
 
 881.4131 
 886 6831 
 891.9688 
 897.2703 
 902.5874 
 
 31.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 97.3894 
 97.7035 
 98.0177 
 98.3319 
 98.6460 
 
 754.7676 
 759.6460 
 764.5380 
 769.4467 
 774.3712 
 
 34.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 106.8142 
 107.1283 
 107.4425 
 107.7566 
 108.0708 
 
 907.9203 
 
 913 2688 
 918.6331 
 924.0131 
 929.4088 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 98.9602 
 99.2743 
 
 99.5885 
 
 99.9026 
 
 100.2168 
 
 779.3113 
 784.2672 
 780.2388 
 794.2260 
 799.2290 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 108.3849 
 108.6991 
 109.0133 
 109.3274 
 109.6416 
 
 934.8202 
 940.2472 
 945.6901 
 951.1486 
 956.6226 
 
 32.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 A 
 
 100.5310 
 100 8451 
 101.1593 
 101.4734 
 
 101.7888 
 
 804.2477 
 809.2821 
 814.3322 
 819 3980 
 824.4796 
 
 35.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 109.9557 
 110.2699 
 110.5841 
 110.8982 
 111 2124 
 
 962.1126 
 967.618^ 
 973.139" 
 978.6766 
 984.229e 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 102.1018 
 102.4159 
 102.7301 
 103.0442 
 103.3584 
 
 829.5768 
 834.6898 
 839.8185 
 844.9628 
 850.1229 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 111.5265 
 111.8407 
 112.1549 
 112.4690 
 
 112.7832 
 
 989.798( 
 
 995 382^ 
 
 1000.982] 
 
 1006.597'' 
 
 1012, 229( 
 
 33.0 
 
 103.6726 
 
 855.2986 
 
 36.0 
 
 113.0973 
 
 1017.876( 
 
71 
 
 .REAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 m. 
 
 1.1 
 .2 
 
 1.3 
 1.4 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 113.4115 
 113.7257 
 114.0398 
 114.3540 
 
 1023.5387 
 1029.2172 
 1034.9113 
 1040.6212 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 122.8363 
 123.1504 
 123.4046 
 
 123.7788 
 
 1200.7246 
 1206.8742 
 1213.0396 
 1219.2207 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 1.7 
 
 i.8 
 
 .9 
 
 114.6681 
 114.9823 
 115.2965 
 115.6106 
 115.9218 
 
 1046.3467 
 
 1052.0880 
 1057.8449 
 10636176 
 1069.4060 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 124.0929 
 124.4071 
 124.7212 
 125 0354 
 125.3495 
 
 1225.4175 
 1231.6300 
 
 1237.8582 
 1244.1021 
 1250.3617 
 
 r.o 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 
 .3 
 
 ' .4 
 
 116.2389 
 116.5531 
 116.8672 
 117.1814 
 117.4956 
 
 1075.2101 
 10810299 
 1U86.8654 
 1092.7166 
 1098.5835 
 
 40.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 125.6637 
 125 9779 
 126.2920 
 126.6062 
 126.9203 
 
 1256.6371 
 
 1262.9281 
 1269.2348 
 1275.5573 
 1281.8955 
 
 .5 
 6 
 
 .7 
 
 .8 
 
 i .9 
 
 117.8097 
 118.1239 
 118 4380 
 118.7583 
 119.0664 
 
 1104.4662 
 1110.3645 
 1116 2786 
 1122.2083 
 1128.1538 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 127.2345 
 
 127.5487 
 127.8628 
 128.1770 
 128.4911 
 
 1288.2493 
 1294.6189 
 1301.0042 
 1307.4052 
 1313.8219 
 
 8.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 
 i .3 
 .4 
 
 119 3805 
 119.6947 
 120.0088 
 120.3230 
 120.6372* 
 
 1134.1149 
 1140.0918 
 1146.0844 
 1152.0927 
 1158 1167 
 
 41.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 .'3 
 .4 
 
 128.8053 
 129.1195 
 129.4336 
 
 129.7478 
 130.0619 
 
 1320.2543 
 1326.7024 
 1333.1663 
 1339 6458 
 1346.1410 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 120.9513 
 121.2655 
 121.5796 
 121.8938 
 122.2080 
 
 1164.1564 
 1170.2118 
 1176.2830 
 1182.3098 
 1188.4724 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 130.3761 
 130.6903 
 131.0044 
 131.3186 
 131.6327 
 
 1352.6520 
 
 1359.1786 
 1365.7210 
 1372 2791 
 
 1378.8529 
 
 9.0 
 
 122.5221 
 
 1194.5906 
 
 42.0 
 
 131.9469 
 
 1385.4424 
 
72 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. \ 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Ci renin. 
 
 , Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 132.2611 
 132.5752 
 132.8894 
 133.2035 
 
 1392.0476 
 1398 6685 
 1405.3051 
 1411 9574 
 
 141.6858 
 142,0000 
 142.3142 
 142 6283 
 
 1597.5077 
 1604.5999 
 1611 7077. 
 1618.8313 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 133.5177 
 133.8318 
 134.1460 
 134.4602 
 134.7743 
 
 1418.6254 
 1425.7392 
 1432.0086 
 1438.7238 
 1445.4546 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 142.9425 
 143.2560 
 
 143 5708 
 143.8849 
 144.1991 
 
 1625.9705 
 1633.1255 
 1640.2962 
 
 1647.4826 
 1654.6847 
 
 43.0 
 .] 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 135.0885 
 135.4026 
 135.7168 
 136.0310 
 136.3451 
 
 1452 2012 
 1458.9635 
 1465.7415 
 1472.5352 
 1479.3446 
 
 46.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 
 4 
 
 144.5133 
 144.8274 
 145.1410 
 145.4557 
 145.7099 
 
 1661.9025 
 1669 1316 
 1676.3863 
 1683.6502 
 1690.9308 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 136.6593 
 136.9734 
 137.2876 
 •137.6018 
 137.9159 
 
 1486.1697 
 1493.0105 
 1499.8670 
 1506.7393 
 1513 6272 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 '8 
 .9 
 
 140.0841 
 140 3982 
 146.7124 
 147.0265 
 147.3407 
 
 1698.2272 
 1705.5392 
 1712.8670 
 1720.2105 
 1727.569'; 
 
 44.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 138.2301 
 138.5442 
 138 8584 
 139.1726 
 139.4867 
 
 1520.5308 
 1527.4502 
 1534 3853 
 1541.3360 
 1548.3025 
 
 47.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 '3 
 .4 
 
 147.6550 
 147.9690 
 148.2832 
 148.5973 
 148.9115 
 
 1734.9445 
 1742.3351 
 1749.7414 
 1757,1635 
 1764.6012 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 .7 
 .3 
 .9 
 
 139.8009 
 140.1153 
 140.4292 
 140.7434 
 141.0575 
 
 1555.2847 
 1562.2826 
 1569 2962 
 1576.3255 
 1583.3706 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 149.2257 
 149 5898 
 149.8540 
 150.1681 
 150.4823 
 
 1772.0546 
 
 1779.5237 
 1787.0086 
 1794.5091 
 1802.0254 
 
 45.0 
 
 141.3717 
 
 1590.4313 
 
 48.0 
 
 150.7964 
 
 1809.5574 
 
IS 
 
 AREA'S AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 151.1106 
 151.4248 
 151.7389 
 152.0531 
 
 152.3072 
 152.0814 
 152.9950 
 153.3097 
 153.0239 
 
 153.9380 
 154 2522 
 154 5054 
 154.8805 
 155.1947 
 
 155.5088 
 155.8230 
 150.1372 
 1504513 
 150 7055 
 
 157.0790 
 157.3938 
 157.7080 
 158 0221 
 158.3303 
 
 158.0504 
 158 9010 
 159.2787 
 159,5929 
 159.9071 
 
 100.2212 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 1817.1050 
 1824.0084 
 1832.2475 
 1839.8423 
 
 .1 
 
 ' .2 
 
 '.-6 
 
 A 
 
 1847.4528 
 1855.0790 
 1802.7210 
 1870 3780 
 1878.0519 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 1885.7409 
 1893.4457 
 1901.1002 
 1908.9024 
 1910.0543 
 
 52.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 '3 
 .4 
 
 1924.4218 
 1932.2051 
 1940.0042 
 1947 8189 
 1955.0493 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 1903.4954 
 1971 3572 
 1979.2348 
 1987.1280 
 1995.0370 
 
 53.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 '3 
 .4 
 
 2002.9017 
 2010.9020 
 2018.8581 
 2020.8299 
 2034 8104 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 2042 8206 
 
 54.0 
 
 Ciicum. Area, 
 
 100.5354 
 100 8495 
 101.1037 
 101.4779 
 
 101.7920 
 102.1002 
 102.4203 
 102.7345 
 103.0487 
 
 103.3028 
 103.0770 
 103.9911 
 104 3053 
 
 104 6195 
 
 104.9330 
 
 105 2479 
 105.5019 
 105 8701 
 100.1903 
 
 100 5044 
 100 8180 
 107.1327 
 107.4409 
 107.7010 
 
 108.0752 
 108 3894 
 108.7035 
 109.0177 
 109.3318 
 
 2050.8395 
 
 2058.8742 
 20C0.9245 
 2074 9905 
 
 2083.0723 
 2091.1097 
 2099.2829 
 2107.4118 
 2115.5503 
 
 2123.7100 
 2131.8920 
 2140.0843 
 2148.2917 
 2150.5149 
 
 2104.7537 
 2173.0082 
 2181 2785 
 2189 5044 
 2197.8001 
 
 2200.1834 
 2214.5105 
 2222.8053 
 2231.2298 
 2239.0100 
 
 2248.0059 
 2250 4175 
 2264.8448 
 2273.2879 
 2281.7406 
 
 2290.2210 
 

 
 74 
 
 
 
 AREAS AND 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES^ 
 
 
 
 (CONTl 
 
 [NUED.] 
 
 
 
 Diam. 
 
 • 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 169.9609 
 170 2743 
 
 170.5885 
 170 9026 
 
 2298.7112 
 2307.2171 
 2315.7386 
 2324 2759 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 179.3849 
 179.6991 
 180.0133 
 180.3274 
 
 2560. 720( 
 
 2569.697; 
 2578 6891 
 2587. 698r 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 171.2168 
 171.5310 
 171 8^51 
 172.1593 
 172.4735 
 
 2332.8289 
 2341 3976 
 2349 9820 
 2358.5821 
 2367.1979 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 180.6416 
 180.9557 
 181.2699 
 
 181.5841 
 181.8982 
 
 2596.722', 
 2605 762t, 
 2614 818.^ 
 2623.889'. 
 2632 9761 
 
 55.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 172,7876 
 173.1017 
 173.4159 
 173.7301 
 174.0442 
 
 2375.8294 
 2384.4767 
 2393.1396 
 2401.8183 
 2410.5126 
 
 58.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 '.3 
 
 .4 
 
 182.2124 
 182.5265 
 182 8407 
 183.1549 
 183.4690 
 
 2641. 079i, 
 2651.197': 
 2660.332 
 2669.482', 
 
 2678.647'! 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 174.3584 
 174.6726 
 174.9867 
 175.3009 
 175.6150 
 
 2419.2227 
 2427 9485 
 2436.6899 
 2445.4471 
 2454.2200 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 183.7832 
 184.0973 
 184.4115 
 184.7256 
 185.0398 
 
 2687.828'' 
 2697.025" 
 
 2706.2381 
 2715467': 
 
 2724.7111 
 
 56.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 175.9292 
 176.2433 
 176.5575 
 
 176.8717 
 
 177.1858 
 
 2463.0086 
 2471.8130 
 2480.6330 
 
 2489.4687 
 2498 3201 
 
 59.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 '3 
 .4 
 
 185.3540 
 185.6681 
 185.9823 
 186.2964 
 186.6106 
 
 2733 971, 
 2743.246' 
 2752.537 
 2761.844 
 2771.167 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 8 
 .9 
 
 177-5000 
 177 8141 
 17g 1283 
 178.4425 
 178.7566 
 
 2507.1873 
 2516.0701 
 2524.9687 
 2533 8830 
 2542.8129 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 . 7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 186 9248 
 
 187.2389 
 187.5531 
 187.8672 
 188.1814 
 
 2780.505 
 2789.859 
 2799.229 
 2808.615 
 2808.016 
 
 57.0 
 
 179.0808 
 
 2051.7586 
 
 60.0 
 
 188.4956 
 
 2827.433, 
 

 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF C 
 
 IRCLES. 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 iim. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 Ci renin. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diain. 
 
 Cireum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 188.8097 
 189.1239 
 189.4380 
 189.7522 
 
 2836.8660 
 2846 3144 
 
 2855.7784 
 2865.2582 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 
 1 .3 
 .4 
 
 198 2345 
 198.5487 
 198.8628 
 
 199 1770 
 
 3127.1492 
 3137.0688 
 3147.0040 
 3156.9550 
 
 !.5 
 .6 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 190.0(564 
 190.3805 
 190.6947 
 191.0088 
 191.3230 
 
 2874.7536 
 2884.2648 
 2893.7917 
 2903.3343 
 2912.8926 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 199.4911 
 199.8053 
 200.1195 
 200.4336 
 200.7478 
 
 3166.9217 
 3176.9043 
 3186.9023 
 3196 9161 
 3206.9456 
 
 .0 
 .1 
 .2 
 ,.3 
 .4 
 
 191.6372 
 
 191 9513 
 
 192 2655 
 192.5796 
 192.8938 
 
 2922.^666 
 2932.0563 
 2941.6617 
 2951.2828 
 2960 9197 
 
 64.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 201 0620 
 201.3761 
 201.6902 
 202.0044 
 202.3186 
 
 3216.9909 
 3227.0518 
 3237.1285 
 3247.2222 
 3257.3289 
 
 ' .5 
 I .6 
 
 •7 
 
 '.8 
 
 .9 
 
 193.2079 
 193.5221 
 193,8363 
 194.1504 
 194.4646 
 
 2970.5722 
 2980 2405 
 2989.9244 
 2999.6241 
 3009 3395 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 '8 
 .9 
 
 202.6327 
 202.9469 
 203.2610 
 203.5752 
 203.8894 
 
 3267.4527 
 3277.5922 
 
 3287.7474 
 3297 9183 
 3308,1049 
 
 M 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 194.7787 
 195 0929 
 195 4071 
 195 7212 
 196.0354 
 
 3019.0705 
 3028.8173 
 3038.5798 
 3048.3580 
 3058 1520 
 
 65.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 204 2035 
 204 5176 
 204.8318 
 205.1460 
 205.4602 
 
 3318.3072 
 3328 5253 
 3338.7590 
 3349.0085 
 3359.2736 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 196 349r, 
 196 6337 
 
 196 9779 
 
 197 2920 
 197.6062 
 
 3067.9616 
 3077 7869 
 31187.6279 
 305)7.4847 
 3107 3571 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 205.7743 
 206.0885 
 206.4026 
 206.7168 
 207 3010 
 
 3369.5545 
 3379.8510 
 3390.1633 
 3400.4913 
 3410.8350 
 
 3.0 
 
 197.9203 
 
 3117.2463 
 
 66.0 
 
 207.3451 
 
 3421.1944 
 

 
 76 
 
 
 
 AREAS AND 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLEsI 
 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.] 
 
 
 
 Diani. 
 
 Ciiciini. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circiim. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 207.6593 
 207.9734 
 
 298.2876 
 208.6017 
 
 3431.5695 
 3441 9603 
 3452.3669 
 3462.7891 
 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 .3 
 
 A 
 
 217.0841 
 217.3982 
 217.7124 
 218.0265 
 
 3750.127'i 
 3760.989; 
 
 3771.866:1 
 
 3782.760:i 
 
 .5 
 .C) 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .1) 
 
 208.9159 
 209.2301 
 209.5442 
 
 209.8584 
 210.1725 
 
 3473.2270 
 3483.6807 
 3194.1500 
 3504 6351 
 3515.1359 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 8 
 .9 
 
 218.3407 
 218.6548 
 218 9690 
 219.2S32 
 219.S973 
 
 3793.66911 
 3804.594^1 
 3815.535fi: 
 3826. 491 ?i 
 3837.4631^1 
 
 67.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 210.4867 
 210.8009 
 211.1150 
 211.4292 
 211 7433 
 
 3525.6524 
 3536.1845 
 3546.7324 
 3557.2960 
 3567 8754 
 
 7(.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 219.9115 
 220.2256 
 220.5398 
 220.8540 
 221 1681 
 
 3848.451( 
 3859.454^1 
 3870.473(!i 
 
 3881.5084J 
 3892.55901 
 
 .5 
 .(> 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 212.0575 
 212.3717 
 212.6858 
 213.0000 
 213.3141 
 
 3578.4704 
 3589.0811 
 3599.7075 
 36 1() 3497 
 3621.0075 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 221.4823 
 221.7964 
 222.1106 
 222.4248 
 222.7389 
 
 3903 625s; 
 3914.707^ 
 3925.8041il 
 3936.9182 
 3948.0473: 
 
 68.0 
 .1 
 
 • .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 213 6283 
 213,9425 
 214.2566 
 214.5708 
 214.8849 
 
 3631.6811 
 3642.3704 
 3653.0754 
 3663.7960 
 3674.5324 
 
 71.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 223.0531 
 223.3672 
 223 6814 
 223.9956 
 224.3097 
 
 3959.1921 
 3970 35261 
 
 3981.5289 
 3992.7208^ 
 4003.9284 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 215.1991 
 215.5133 
 215.8274 
 216.1416 
 216.4556 
 
 3685.2845 
 3696.0523 
 3706.8359 
 3717.6351 
 3728.4500 
 
 5 
 .6 
 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 224.6239 
 
 224.9380 
 225.2522 
 225.5664 
 
 225.8805 
 
 4015.1518^ 
 4026.3908 
 4037.6456 
 4048.9160 
 4060.2022 
 
 9. 
 
 216.7699 
 
 3730.2807 
 
 72.0 
 
 226.1947 
 
 4071.50411 
 
77 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circiim. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circiim. 
 
 Area. 
 
 A 
 .3 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 336.5088 
 336 8330 
 337.1371 
 337.4513 
 
 4083^317 
 4091.4550 
 4105 5040 
 4116.8687 
 
 .1 
 2 
 
 ^3 
 
 .4 
 
 335.9336 
 
 336.3478 
 336.5610 
 336.8761 
 
 4420.6535 
 
 4441.4580 
 4453.3783 
 4465.1143 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 1 .7 
 ! .8 
 : .9 
 
 337.7655 
 
 338.0796 
 338.3938 
 338.7079 
 339.0331 
 
 4138.3491 
 4139.6453 
 4151.0571 
 4163.4846 
 4173.9379 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 . < 
 
 .8 
 .0 
 
 337.1903 
 337.5044 
 337.8186 
 338.1337 
 338.4460 
 
 4476.0650 
 4488 8333 
 4500.7163 
 4513 6151 
 4534.5396 
 
 fS.O 
 .1 
 .3 
 
 .3 
 
 .4 
 
 339.3363 
 339.6504 
 330 0646 
 330.3787 
 330.5030 
 
 4185.3868 
 4196 8615 
 4308.3519 
 4319.8579 
 4331.3797 
 
 76 
 .1 
 .3 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 338.7610 
 239.0753 
 339.3894 
 339.7035 
 340.0177 
 
 4536.4598 
 4548.4057 
 4560.3673 
 4573.3446 
 
 4584 3377 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 . i 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 330.0071 
 331.3313 
 331.5354 
 331.8405 
 333.1637 
 
 4343 9173 
 4354.4704 
 4366.0304 
 4377.6340 
 4380.3343 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 340.3318 
 340.6460 
 340.9603 
 341 3743 
 
 341.5885 
 
 4506.3464 
 4608.3603 
 4630.4110 
 4632.4669 
 4644.5384 
 
 74.0 
 .1 
 .3 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 3334779 
 333.7930 
 333.1063 
 333.4303 
 333.7345 
 
 4300.8403 
 4313 4713 
 4334.1195 
 4335.7837 
 4347.4616 
 
 77.0 
 
 .'3 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 341.0036 
 343.3116 
 343.5310 
 343.8451 
 343.1593 
 
 4656.6357 
 
 4668.7387 
 4680 8474 
 4693.9818 
 4705.1319 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 334.0487 
 334.3638 
 334 6770 
 334.0911 
 335.3053 
 
 4359.1563 
 4370.8664 
 4383.5034 
 4304.3341 
 4406.0916 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 843 4734 
 
 343.7876 
 344.1017 
 344 4159 
 344.7301 
 
 4717.3977 
 4739.4793 
 4741.6765 
 4753 8894 
 4766.1181 
 
 75.0 
 
 335.6194 
 
 4417.8647 
 
 78.0 
 
 345.0443 
 
 4778 3634 
 
78 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circnm. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Cii'cum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 245.3584 
 245.6725 
 245.9867 
 246.3009 
 
 4790.6225 
 
 4802.8988 
 4815.1897 
 4827.4969 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .8 
 .4 
 
 . 254.7832 
 255.0973 
 255.4115 
 255.7256 
 
 5165.7287 
 5178.4757 
 5191.2384 
 5204.0168 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 246.6150 
 246.9292 
 247.2438 
 247.5575 
 
 247.8717 
 
 4839.8198 
 
 4852.1584 
 4864.5128 
 
 4876.8828 
 4889.2685 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 256.0398 
 256.8540 
 256.6681 
 256.9828 
 257 2966 
 
 5216.8110 
 5229.6208 
 5242.4463 
 
 5255 2876 
 5268.1446 
 
 79.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 248.1858 
 248.5000 
 248.8141 
 249.1283 
 249.4425 
 
 4901 .6699 
 
 4914.0871 
 4926.5199 
 4988 9685 
 4951 4328 
 
 82.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 257.6106 
 257.9247 
 258.2389 
 258.5531 
 
 258.8672 
 
 5281.0178 
 5298 9056 
 5306.8097 
 5319.7295 
 5832.6050 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 249.7566 
 250.0708 
 250 3850 
 250.6991 
 251.0133 
 
 4968.9127 
 4976.4084 
 4988.9198 
 5001.4469 
 5013.9897 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 259.1814 
 259 4956 
 259.8097 
 260.1239 
 260.4380 
 
 5345.6162 
 
 5358 5832 
 5371.5658 
 5384.5641 
 
 5897.5782 
 
 80.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 ^3 
 .4 
 
 251.3274 
 251.6416 
 251.9557 
 252.2699 
 252.5840 
 
 5026.5482 
 5039 1225 
 5051.7.24 
 5064.3180 
 5076.9394 
 
 83.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 ^3 
 .4 
 
 260.7522 
 261.0663 
 261.3805 
 261 6947 
 
 262.0088 
 
 5110 6079 
 5423 6534 
 5486 7146 
 5449.7915 
 5462.8840 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 252 8982 
 253.2124 
 
 253 5265 
 253.8407 
 254.1548 
 
 5089 5764 
 5102.2292 
 5114.8977 
 5127 5819 
 5140 2818 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 262 3230 
 262 6371 
 262 9513 
 263.2655 
 263.5796 
 
 5475 9923 
 5489 1163 
 5502 2561 
 5515 4115 
 
 5528.5826 
 
 81.0 
 
 254.4690 
 
 5152.9978 
 
 84.0 
 
 263.8938 
 
 5541.7694 
 

 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 AREAS AND 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 
 
 Diam. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 264.2079 
 264.5231 
 264.8363 
 265.1514 
 
 5554.9720 
 5568.1902 
 5581 4242 
 5594.6739 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 "3 
 .4 
 
 273.6327 
 273.9469 
 274.2610 
 274.5752 
 
 5958 3525 
 5972.0420 
 
 5985.7472 
 5999.4681 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 265.4646 
 
 265.7787 
 266.0929 
 266.4071 
 266.7212 
 
 5607.9392 
 5621.2203 
 56345171 
 5647.8296 
 5661.1578 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 274.8894 
 275.2035 
 
 275.5177 
 275.8318 
 276.1460 
 
 6013.2047 
 6026.9570 
 6040.7250 
 6054.5088 
 6068.3082 
 
 85.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 267 0354 
 267.3495 
 267.6637 
 
 267.9779 
 268.2920 
 
 5674.5017 
 5687.8614 
 5701.2367 
 5714.6277 
 5728.0345 
 
 88.0 
 .1 
 2 
 ^3 
 .4 
 
 276.4602 
 276.7743 
 
 277.0885 
 277.4026 
 
 277.7168 
 
 6082.1234 
 6095.9542 
 6109.8008 
 6123 6631 
 6137.5411 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 268.6062 
 268.9203 
 269.2345 
 269.5486 
 269.8628 
 
 5741.4569 
 5754 8951 
 5768 3490 
 
 5781.8185 
 5795.3038 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 278.0309 
 278.3451 
 278.6593 
 278.9740 
 
 279.2876 
 
 6151.4348 
 6165.3442 
 6179.2693 
 61932101 
 6207.1666 
 
 86.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 ^3 
 
 .4 
 
 270.1770 
 270.-1911 
 270.8053 
 271.1194 
 271.4336 
 
 5808.8048 
 5822.3215 
 5835 8539 
 5849.4020 
 5862.9659 
 
 89.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 279 6017 
 279.9159 
 280.2301 
 
 280 5442 
 
 280.8584 
 
 6221.1389 
 6235.1268 
 6249.1304 
 6263.1498 
 6277.1849 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 . 7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 271.7478 
 272.0619 
 272.3761 
 272 6902 
 273.0044 
 
 5876.5454 
 5890.1407 
 5903.7516 
 5917.3783 
 5931.0206 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 281.1725 
 281 4867 
 281.8009 
 282.1150 
 282.4292 
 
 6291,2356 
 6305.3021 
 63193843 
 6333.4822 
 6347.5958 
 
 87.0 
 
 273.3186 
 
 5944.6787 
 
 90.0 
 
 282.7433 
 
 6361.7251 
 
8U 
 
 AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES, 
 
 (CONTINUED ) 
 
 Diain. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diiim. 
 
 Ciieum. 
 
 1 
 
 Area. 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .8 
 .4 
 
 288.0575 
 
 288.8717 
 288.0858 
 284.0000 
 
 0875.8701 
 0890.0809 
 0404.2078 
 0418.8995 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 292.4828 
 292.7904 
 298.1100 
 298.4248 
 
 0807. 525C 
 0822.1509 
 0830.8040 
 0851. 40S0 
 
 .5 
 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 284.8141 
 284.0288 
 284.9425 
 285.2500 
 
 285.5708 
 
 0432.0078 
 0440.8809 
 0401.0701 
 0475 8251 
 0489.5958 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 . 7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 293.7889 
 294.0581 
 294.3072 
 294.0814 
 294.9950 
 
 0800.1471 
 0880 8419 
 0895.5524 
 0910.2780 
 0925.0205 
 
 91.0 
 
 .1 
 
 :t 
 
 A 
 
 285.8849 
 280.1991 
 280.5188 
 280.8274 
 287.1410 
 
 0508.8822 
 0518.1848 
 0532.5021 
 0540.8850 
 0501.1848 
 
 94.0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 295.8097 
 295.0289 
 295.9880 
 290.2522 
 290.5008 
 
 0939. 77S2 
 0954.5515 
 0909.3100 
 0984.145;; 
 0998,905s 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 287.4557 
 
 287.7099 
 288.0840 
 288.8982 
 288.7124 
 
 0575.5498 
 0589.9804 
 0004.8208 
 0018.7888 
 0088.1000 
 
 .5 
 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 290.8805 
 297.1947 
 297.5088 
 297.8280 
 298.1871 
 
 7013 8019 
 7028.0588 
 7043.5214 
 7058.4047 
 7073.3088 
 
 92.0 
 
 .1 
 >) 
 
 '8 
 
 .4 
 
 289.0205 
 289.8407 
 289.0548 
 289.9090 
 290.2882 
 
 0047.0101 
 0002.0092 
 0070.5441 
 0091.0847 
 0705.5410 
 
 95.0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .8 
 .4 
 
 298.4518 
 298.7055 
 299.0790 
 299.3988 
 299.7079 
 
 7088.2184 
 7103.1488 
 7118.1950 
 7138.0508 
 7148.0348 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 290.5978 
 290 9115 
 291.2250 
 291.5898 
 291.8540 
 
 0720.0030 
 0784. ()008 
 0749 1542 
 0703.7288 
 
 0778.3082 
 
 .5 
 .0 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 800.0221 
 800.8808 
 8U0.0504 
 300.9040 
 801.2787 
 
 7103.0270 
 7178 0300 
 7198 0012 
 7208.1010 
 7223.1577 
 
 93.0 
 
 292.1081, 
 
 0792.9087 
 
 90. 
 
 801.5929 
 
 7238.2295 
 
\REAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES. 
 
 (CONTINUED.) 
 
 m. 
 
 2 
 '/S 
 A 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diaiii. 
 
 C ileum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 301.9071 
 302.2212 
 302.5354 
 302.8405 
 
 7253.3170 
 
 7268.4202 
 7283.5391 
 
 7298.6737 
 
 .1 
 .2 
 ^3 
 .4 
 
 311.3318 
 311.6460 
 311 9602 
 312.2743 
 
 7713.2461 
 
 7728.8206 
 7744.4107 
 7760.0166 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 303.1637 
 303.4779 
 303.7920 
 304.1062 
 . 304.4203 
 
 7313.8240 
 7328.9901 
 7344.1718 
 7359.3693 
 7374.5824 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 312.5885 
 342.9026 
 313.2168 
 313.5309 
 313.8451 
 
 7775.6382 
 7791.2754 
 
 7806.9284 
 7822.5971 
 
 7838.2815 
 
 .0 
 .1 
 .2 
 .3 
 .4 
 
 304.7345 
 305.0486 
 305.3628 
 305.6770 
 305.9911 
 
 7389.8113 
 7405.0559 
 7420.3162 
 7435.5922 
 7450.8839 
 
 100.0 
 
 314.1600 
 
 7853.9816 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 306.3053 
 306.6194 
 306.9336 
 307.2478 
 307.5619 
 
 7466.1913 
 7481.5144 
 7496.8532 
 
 7512.2078 
 7527.5780 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 .1 
 2 
 
 !3 
 .4 
 
 307 8761 
 308.1902 
 308.5044 
 308.8186 
 309.1327 
 
 7542.9640 
 7558.3656 
 7573.7830 
 7589.2161 
 7604.6648 
 
 
 
 
 .5 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 .8 
 .9 
 
 309,4469 
 309 7610 
 310.0752 
 310.3894 
 310.7035 
 
 7620.1293 
 7635,6095 
 7651.1054 
 7666.6170 
 7682.1444 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 311.0177 
 
 7697.6893 
 
 
 
 
82 
 
 BEARING VALUES OF 
 
 PINS 
 
 AT 15.000 LBS. 
 
 
 PER SQUARE INCH. 
 
 
 Diaiii. 
 
 of 
 
 Pin. 
 
 Inch's 
 
 Area of 
 
 Pin in 
 
 Sq. inches 
 
 Bearing 
 
 V.-ilue at 
 
 15,000 lbs. 
 
 Per sq. in. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 of 
 
 Pin. 
 
 Inch's 
 
 Area of 
 
 Pin in 
 
 Sq. inches 
 
 i 
 
 BcHring 
 
 Value a' 
 
 15,000 1I)S 
 
 Per sq. ii 
 
 1 
 
 .785 
 
 11,775 
 
 4 
 
 12.57 
 
 188,550 
 
 H 
 
 .994 
 
 14,910 
 
 4^ 
 
 13.36 
 
 200,4(10 
 
 U 
 
 1.227 
 
 18,405 
 
 4i 
 
 14.19 
 
 212,850 
 
 If 
 
 1.485 
 
 22,275 
 
 4f 
 
 15.03 
 
 225,450 
 
 u 
 
 1.767 
 
 26,505 
 
 H 
 
 15.90 
 
 238,500 
 
 H 
 
 2.074 
 
 31,110 
 
 4| 
 
 16.80 
 
 252,000 
 
 If 
 
 2.405 
 
 36,075 
 
 4i 
 
 17.72 
 
 265,800 
 
 11 
 
 2.761 
 
 41,415 
 
 H 
 
 18.67 
 
 280,050 
 
 2 
 
 3.142 
 
 47,130 
 
 5 
 
 19.64 
 
 294,6001 
 
 2i 
 
 3.547 
 
 53,205 
 
 H 
 
 20.63 . 
 
 309,450) 
 
 2i 
 
 3.976 
 
 59,640 
 
 5J 
 
 21.65 
 
 324,750 
 
 n 
 
 4.430 
 
 66,450 
 
 5| 
 
 22.69 
 
 340,350 
 
 3i 
 
 4 . 909 
 
 53.635 
 
 H 
 
 23.76 
 
 356,400 
 
 2f 
 
 5.412 
 
 81,180 
 
 51 
 
 24.85 
 
 372,750 
 
 2f 
 
 5.940 
 
 89,100 
 
 51 
 
 25.97 
 
 389,550 
 
 21 
 
 6.492 
 
 97,380 
 
 51 
 
 27.11 
 
 406,650 
 
 3 
 
 7.069 
 
 106,035 
 
 6 
 
 28.27 
 
 424,050 
 
 3^ 
 
 7.670 
 
 115.050 
 
 6i 
 
 29.46 
 
 441,900 
 
 3i 
 
 8.296 
 
 124,440 
 
 6i 
 
 30.68 
 
 460,200 
 
 31 
 
 8.946 
 
 134,190 
 
 6f 
 
 31.92 
 
 478,800 
 
 3i 
 
 9 . 621 
 
 144,315 
 
 H 
 
 33.18 
 
 497,700 
 
 3f 
 
 10.32 
 
 154,800 
 
 6f 
 
 34.47 
 
 517,050 
 
 3f 
 
 11.05 
 
 165,750 
 
 61 
 
 35.79 
 
 536,850 
 
 31 
 
 11.79 
 
 176.850 
 
 61 
 
 37.12 
 
 556,800 
 

 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 WEIGHT OF 
 
 FLAT ROLLED 
 
 METALS 
 
 3 
 
 
 PER 
 
 SQUARE FOOT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (From Has well.) 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 Wrght. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 2 5 c/5 
 
 6hH~ 
 
 Copper. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Lead. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Zinc. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Brass. 
 Pounds. 
 
 -A 
 
 2.517 
 
 2.346 
 
 2.89 
 
 3.691 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.685 
 
 i 
 
 5.035 
 
 4 693 
 
 5.781 
 
 7.382 
 
 4.68 
 
 5.35 
 
 A 
 
 7.551 
 
 7.039 
 
 8 672 
 
 11.074 
 
 7.02 
 
 8.025 
 
 i 
 
 10.07 
 
 9.386 
 
 11.562 
 
 14.76« 
 
 9.36 
 
 10.7 
 
 T6 
 
 12.588 
 
 11.733 
 
 14.453 
 
 18.456 
 
 11.7 
 
 13.375 
 
 t 
 
 15.106 
 
 14.079 
 
 17 344 
 
 22.148 
 
 14.04 
 
 16.05 
 
 7b 
 
 17 623 
 
 16.426 
 
 20 234 
 
 25.839 
 
 16.34 
 
 18.725 
 
 i 
 
 20.141 
 
 18.773 
 
 23.125 
 
 29.530 
 
 18.72 
 
 21.4 
 
 i^fi 
 
 22 659 
 
 21.119 
 
 26.016 
 
 33.222 
 
 
 24.075 
 
 f 
 
 25.176 
 
 23.446 
 
 28 906 
 
 26.913 
 
 
 26.75 
 
 TG 
 
 27.694 
 
 25.812 
 
 31.797 
 
 40.604 
 
 
 29.425 
 
 f 
 
 30.211 
 
 28.159 
 
 34.688 
 
 44 296 
 
 
 32.1 
 
 ^i 
 
 32 729 
 
 30.505 
 
 37.578 
 
 47.987 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 35.247 
 
 32.852 
 
 40.469 
 
 51.678 
 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 37.764 
 
 35.199 
 
 43.359 
 
 55 37 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 40.282 
 
 37.545 
 
 46.25 
 
 59.061 
 
 
 
 BREAKING STRAIN OF WROUGHT IRON CHAIN. 
 
 The Maximum Breaking Strain is about 9 per cent 
 Less tl^an this Table. 
 (From Haswell ) 
 
 Diaiiiater 
 in Inches. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Dinineter 
 in Inches. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 3 
 16 
 
 2,464 
 
 n 
 
 44,800 
 
 i 
 
 3,920 
 
 i 
 
 51,520 
 
 5 
 IG 
 
 6,720 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 58,240 
 
 f 
 
 8.960 
 
 1 
 
 62,720 
 
 76 
 
 13,440 
 
 u 
 
 82,880 
 
 i 
 
 15,680 
 
 If 
 
 100,800 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 22,400 
 
 u 
 
 120,960 
 
 1 
 
 26,880 
 
 u 
 
 143,360 
 
 1 1 
 16 
 
 31,360 
 
 If 
 
 168,000 
 
 f 
 
 38,080 
 
 If 
 
 201,580 
 
84 
 
 WEIGHT OF CAST IRON BALLS. 
 
 Diam. in 
 
 Volume in 
 
 Weight in 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Cubic inches. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 1 
 
 .5235 
 
 .1365 
 
 H 
 
 1.7671 
 
 .4607 
 
 2 
 
 4.1887 
 
 1.0768 
 
 3i 
 
 8.1812 
 
 2.1328 
 
 3 
 
 14.1371 
 
 3.6855 
 
 3i 
 
 22.4492 
 
 5.8525 
 
 4 
 
 33.5103 
 
 8.7361 
 
 4i 
 
 47.7129 
 
 12.4387 
 
 5 
 
 65.4498 
 
 17.0628 
 
 5i 
 
 87.1137 
 
 22.7206 
 
 6 
 
 113 0973 
 
 29.4845 
 
 H 
 
 143.7932 
 
 37.4528 
 
 7 
 
 179.5943 
 
 46.8203 
 
 7* 
 
 220.8932 
 
 57.587 
 
 8 
 
 268.0825 
 
 69.8892 
 
 8i 
 
 321.555 
 
 83.8396 
 
 9 
 
 381.7034 
 
 99.5103 
 
 91 
 
 448.9204 
 
 117.0338 
 
 10 
 
 523.5987 
 
 136.525 
 
 11 
 
 696.9098 
 
 181.7648 
 
 12 
 
 904.7784 
 
 235.8763 
 
 33 
 
 1150.346 
 
 299.623 
 
 14 
 
 1436.754 
 
 374.5629 
 
 15 
 
 1767.145 
 
 460-.6959 
 
 16 
 
 2144.66 
 
 559.1142 
 
 17 
 
 2572.44 
 
 670.7168 
 
 18 
 
 3053.627 
 
 796.5825 
 
 19 
 
 3591.363 
 
 936.2708 
 
 20 
 
 4188.79 
 
 1092.02 
 
85 
 
 WEIGHT OF METALS. 
 
 Per Cubic Foot and per Cubic Inch. 
 
 |A.hi milium 
 
 Brass 
 
 Copper 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Brass Wire 
 
 'iCopper, cast 
 
 ICojiper, plate 
 
 Ilron, cast 
 
 Iron, heav.Y forging. 
 
 Iron, plates 
 
 Iron, wrought bars... 
 
 Lead, cast 
 
 Lead, rolled 
 
 Mercury, G0« 
 
 Steel, plates 
 
 Steel, soft 
 
 Tin. ., 
 
 Zinc, 
 Zinc, 
 Gold, 
 
 cast 
 
 rolled 
 
 cast, pure, 24c. . , 
 Gold, pure, hammered. 
 
 Platinum 
 
 Silver 
 
 Steel 
 
 Per Cubic 
 
 Per Cubic 
 
 foot in lbs. 
 
 inches in lbs 
 
 162. 
 
 .0937 
 
 488.75 
 
 .2829 
 
 .67 
 
 
 .33 
 
 
 524.16 
 
 .3033 
 
 547.25 
 
 .3179 
 
 543.625 
 
 .3167 
 
 450.437 
 
 .2607 
 
 480. 
 
 .2775 
 
 450. 
 
 .2604 
 
 486.75 
 
 2816 
 
 709.5 
 
 .4106 
 
 711.75 
 
 .4119 
 
 848.7487 
 
 .491174 
 
 490. 
 
 .28472 
 
 489.56 
 
 .28465 
 
 455.687 
 
 .2637 
 
 428.812 
 
 .2482 
 
 449.437 
 
 .2601 
 
 1204. 
 
 .6973 
 
 12] 7. 
 
 .7042 
 
 1342. 
 
 .7766 
 
 655. 
 
 .3790 
 
 490. 
 
 .2847 
 
 Water, pure, at 60o F 62.5 
 
 Wax, bees 60.5 
 
 Zinc, or Spelter 43.5 
 
8(3 
 
 WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES. 
 
 Per Cubic Foot. 
 
 (Prom Haswell.) 
 
 
 WeiRl 
 inlbi 
 
 Anthracite, solid 
 
 Anthracite, broken loose f 
 
 Anthracite, moderately shaken 5 
 
 Anthracite, heaped bu , loose 
 
 Ash, white, dry 
 
 Asphaltum 8! 
 
 Brick, pressed.. 15 
 
 Brick, common hard 12 
 
 Cement, loose 
 
 Cement, Portland 
 
 Cherry, dry 4j 
 
 Chestnut, dry 
 
 Clay, dry 12.| 
 
 Coke, loose 
 
 Coal, bituminous 81 
 
 Ebony, dry 7 
 
 Elm, dry. ! 3: 
 
 Flint 16 
 
 Glass 15' 
 
 Granite 17'i 
 
 Gvpsura 141 
 
 Ice 5r 
 
 Ivory Ill 
 
 Lime, in small lumps 5.' 
 
 Marble . 16! 
 
 Oak, live, dry 5" 
 
 Pine, white . 2 
 
 Petroleum 5 
 
 Rosi n 6' 
 
 Salt, about 41 
 
 Slate 17. 
 
87 
 
 
 SHEET STEEL MEASUREMENTS 
 
 At 
 
 per Old Birmingham Guage, in Tliousaudtlis ol 
 
 " an Inch. 
 
 
 
 (From Ilaswell ) 
 
 
 
 St 
 
 ^'No. of 
 Wii-e 
 Ga'cre 
 
 Size of each 
 
 No. in Dec. 
 
 Parts of 
 
 an Inch. 
 
 Birm. W. G 
 
 No. of 
 Wire 
 
 Ga'ge. 
 
 Size of each 
 
 No. in Dec. 
 
 Parts of 
 
 an Inch. 
 
 Birm. W. G. 
 
 No. of 
 Wire 
 Gii'ge. 
 
 Size of each 
 
 ^'o. in Dec. 
 
 Parts of 
 
 an Inch. 
 
 Birm. W. G. 
 
 0000 
 
 .454 
 
 10 
 
 .134 
 
 23 
 
 .025 
 
 , 000 
 
 .425 
 
 n 
 
 .120 
 
 24 
 
 .022 
 
 00 
 
 .380 
 
 12 
 
 .100 
 
 25 
 
 .020 
 
 
 
 .340 
 
 13 
 
 .095 
 
 26 
 
 .018 
 
 1 
 
 .300 
 
 14 
 
 .083 
 
 27 
 
 .016 
 
 2 
 
 .284 
 
 15 
 
 .072 
 
 28 
 
 .014 
 
 8 
 
 .250 
 
 16 
 
 .065 
 
 29 
 
 .013 
 
 4 
 
 .238 
 
 17 
 
 .058 
 
 30 
 
 .012 
 
 5 
 
 .220 
 
 18 
 
 .049 
 
 31 
 
 .010 
 
 6 
 
 .203 
 
 19 
 
 .042 
 
 32 
 
 .009 
 
 7 
 
 .180 
 
 20 
 
 .035 
 
 33 
 
 .008 
 
 8 
 
 .165 
 
 21 
 
 .032 
 
 34 
 
 .007 
 
 y 
 
 .148 
 
 22 
 
 .028 
 
 35 
 
 .005 
 

 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 UPSET SCREW ENDS 
 
 FOR 
 
 ROUND 1 
 
 
 
 AND SQUARE BARS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Standard Proportions ( 
 
 3f Keystone Bridge Co. 
 
 
 ROUND BARS. 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 1 
 
 oj 
 
 +-> r-i 
 
 «'o' 
 
 . I«^- ■ 
 
 ^B 
 
 sp 
 
 03 
 
 MSO'S 
 
 as ^a 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 4-j >:* 0) ^ 
 
 
 
 03 
 HI 
 
 
 
 o ^ ^ 
 
 C/J O =« 
 
 .fl a 
 
 -!« 2: a. 
 
 O m 
 
 CAJ^ M 
 
 H « 
 
 -="W 2ij 
 
 
 III 
 
 111 
 
 
 . & a. 
 
 ill 
 
 
 t^ "2 a> t 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 .620 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 f 
 
 .620 
 
 10 
 
 21 1 
 
 51 
 16 
 
 f 
 
 .620 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 .731 
 
 9 
 
 33 ! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .731 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 
 .837 
 
 8 
 
 41 } 
 
 11 
 
 1 a 
 
 1 
 
 .887 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 .837 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 .837 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 H 
 
 .940 
 
 7 
 
 23 I 
 
 13 
 1 6 
 
 H 
 
 .940 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 U 
 
 1.065 
 
 7 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 1 .065 
 
 7 
 
 48 
 
 U 
 
 1.160 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 1.065 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 If 
 
 1.160 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 1.160 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 u 
 
 1.284 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 lA 
 
 If 
 
 1.160 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 u 
 
 1 389 
 
 5* 
 
 34 
 
 U 
 
 H 
 
 128-1 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 n 
 
 1 .389 
 
 5i 
 
 20 
 
 1 1'e 
 
 H 
 
 1.284 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 If 
 
 1.490 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 U 
 
 If 
 
 1.389 
 
 •H 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 1.615 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 li\^ 
 
 If 
 
 1.490 
 
 5 
 
 ^9 
 
 u 
 
 1.615 
 
 4i 
 
 19 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 1.615 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 1.712 
 
 4i 
 
 22 
 
 l/« 
 
 n 
 
 1.712 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 2i 
 
 1.837 
 
 4i 
 
 28 
 
 u 
 
 2 
 
 1.712 
 
 4^1 30 
 
 2i 
 
 1.837 
 
 4^ 
 
 18 
 
 u% 
 
 2 
 
 1.837 
 
 4i' 20 
 
 2i 
 
 1.962 
 
 4i 
 
 24 
 
 u 
 
 k 
 
 1.837 
 
 U 28 
 
 2t 
 
 2 087 
 
 4i 
 
 30 
 
 Mr^ 
 
 2i 
 
 1.962 
 
 4^! 
 
 18 
 
 2f 
 
 2.087 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 U 
 
 3i 
 
 1.962 
 
 4i 
 
 26 
 
 2i 
 
 2.175 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 lii 
 
 Si 
 
 2.087 
 
 4i 17 
 
 21 
 
 2.330 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 1| 
 
 3t 
 
 2.175 
 
 4i' 24 
 
 2f 
 
 2 300 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 1}| 
 
 2i 
 
 2.175 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 2f 
 
 2.425 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 2t 
 
 2.300 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 2| 
 
 2.550 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 iV 
 
 2f 
 
 f:.300 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 2| 
 
 2.550 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 i 
 
 21 
 
 2.375 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 2.629 
 
 3i 
 
 20 
 
 1"6 
 
 2f 
 
 2.425 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 3i 
 
 2.754 
 
 8i 
 
 24 
 
89 
 
 UPSET SCREW ENDS FOR ROUND AND 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 Standard Proportions of Keystone Bridge Company. 
 
 ROUND BARS. 
 
 
 ^.2 
 
 fl fe s 
 
 si-- 
 
 03 
 
 cent of Ex. 
 eff'tivearea 
 
 Screw end 
 er-bar. 
 
 i^ 
 
 03 fii o 
 
 S^5 
 
 |«.a 
 
 t- 
 
 I^^s 
 
 1-^. 
 
 21 
 
 2.550 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 ■t 
 
 3 
 
 3.629 
 
 3i 
 
 23 
 
 /« 
 
 8i 
 
 2.754 
 
 3i 
 
 28 
 
 i 
 
 3^ 
 
 2.754 
 
 3i 
 
 21 
 
 ■1^ 
 
 3i 
 
 2.879 
 
 3i 
 
 26 
 
 ''^ 
 
 3i 
 
 2.879 
 
 3.^ 
 
 20 
 
 !U 
 
 m 
 
 3.004 
 
 3^ 
 
 25 
 
 !f 
 
 m 
 
 3.004 
 
 3i 
 
 19 
 
 'H 
 
 3i 
 
 3.100 
 
 3i 
 
 22 
 
 n 
 
 3t 
 
 3.225 
 
 3^ 
 
 26 
 
 m 
 
 31 
 
 3.225 
 
 3i 
 
 21 
 
 \ 
 
 3f 
 
 3.317 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 H 
 
 3^ 
 
 3.442 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 3.567 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 n 
 
 4i 
 
 3.692 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 H 
 
 4i 
 
 3.798 
 
 2^ 
 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 4i 
 
 4.028 
 
 2^ 
 
 23 
 
 Jf 
 
 4^ 
 
 4.153 
 
 2f 
 
 23 
 
 U 
 
 4f 
 
 4.255 
 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 SQUARE BARS. 
 
 
 o 
 
 a S' 
 
 3i 
 3f 
 
 3| 
 
 3* 
 
 3f 
 
 3f 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 4i 
 
 4i 
 4f 
 4i 
 
 
 03 q 
 
 3.879 
 3.004 
 3.004 
 3.100 
 3.225 
 3.225 
 3 317 
 3.442 
 3 442 
 3.56: 
 3.692 
 
 3.692 
 3.923 
 
 4.038 
 4.153 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 3J 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 (DO 
 
 22 
 36 
 19 
 31 
 34 
 19 
 30 
 33 
 18 
 31 
 34 
 
 19 
 34 
 21 
 19 
 
 As upsetting reduces the strength of iron, bars having the same 
 aiameter at root of thread as that of the bar, invariably break in the 
 screw end when tested to destiuction. without developing the full 
 stregnth of the bar. It is therefore necessary to make up for this loss 
 in strength by an excess of metal in upset "screw end over that in the 
 bar The above table is the result of numerous tests on finished bars 
 made at the Keystone Bridge Company's works in Pittsburgh, and 
 ?ives proportions that will cause the bar to break in the body in prefer- 
 ence to the upset end. The screw threads in the above table are the 
 Franklin Institute standard. To make one upset end for 5 inch length 
 of thread allow 6 inches of rod additional. 
 

 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF HOT 
 
 PRESSED 
 
 
 SQl 
 
 sizes are the usual M 
 
 JARE N 
 
 UTS. 
 
 ;rs', not the Franklin 
 
 Institut 
 ut. Th 
 
 The 
 
 auufacture 
 
 Standard. Both 
 
 weights and sizes are for the ui 
 
 finished i 
 
 weights 
 
 are calculated, one cubic foot weighing 480 poimds. 
 
 
 Size of 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Rough 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Side of 
 
 Diagonal. 
 
 No. of Nut' 
 
 Bolt. 
 
 100 lbs. 
 
 Hole. 
 
 of Nut. 
 
 Square. 
 
 in 100 Ibs^ 
 
 i 
 
 1.5 
 
 #2 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 .71 
 
 6800 . 
 
 r. 
 
 3.9 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 f 
 
 .88 
 
 3480 
 
 t 
 
 49 
 
 U 
 
 t 
 
 f 
 
 1.06 
 
 2050 
 
 ^^6 
 
 7.7 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 f 
 
 1.24 
 
 1290 
 
 i 
 
 8.6 
 
 7s 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 1.24 
 
 1170 
 
 i 
 
 11.8 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 i 
 
 
 1.41 
 
 850 : 
 
 h 
 
 16.7 
 
 i 
 
 /e 
 
 H 
 
 1 59 
 
 600 
 
 t 
 
 17.7 
 
 1% 
 
 f 
 
 H 
 
 1.59 
 
 570 
 
 1 
 
 22.8 
 
 9 
 
 ] 6 
 
 f 
 
 u- 
 
 1.77 
 
 440 
 
 f 
 
 32.3 
 
 u 
 
 f 
 
 if 
 
 1.94 
 
 310 
 
 f 
 
 39.8 
 
 u 
 
 f 
 
 U 
 
 2.12 
 
 251 
 
 1 
 
 53. 
 
 II 
 
 f 
 
 If 
 
 230 
 
 190 
 
 1 
 
 63. 
 
 II 
 
 f 
 
 If 
 
 2.47 
 
 159 t 
 
 
 68. 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 
 2.47 
 
 146 , 
 
 
 94. 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2.83 
 
 106 
 
 H 
 
 103. 
 
 ii 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 2 83 
 
 97 1 
 
 H 
 
 137. 
 
 il 
 
 U 
 
 2i 
 
 3.18 
 
 73 1 
 
 U 
 
 145. 
 
 Ws 
 
 u 
 
 2i 
 
 3.18 
 
 69 1 
 
 H 
 
 186. 
 
 Ix^. 
 
 u 
 
 2i 
 
 3.54 
 
 54 ; 
 
 If 
 
 247. 
 
 h% 
 
 If 
 
 2f 
 
 3 89 
 
 41 
 
 H 
 
 319. 
 
 h% 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 4.24 
 
 31.^1 
 
 If 
 
 400. 
 
 I/g 
 
 If 
 
 3i 
 
 4.60 
 
 24. S 
 
 If 
 
 500. 
 
 Ix^. 
 
 If 
 
 3i 
 
 4.95 
 
 19.1 
 
 If 
 
 620. 
 
 lU 
 
 If 
 
 3i 
 
 5.30 
 
 16. i 
 
 2 
 
 750. 
 
 m 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5.66 
 
 13. < 
 
 2i 
 
 780. 
 
 u 
 
 2f 
 
 4 
 
 5.66 
 
 12. ^ 
 
 2i 
 
 930. 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 4i 
 
 6.01 
 
 10.: 
 
 21 
 
 960. 
 
 2i 
 
 2f 
 
 4i 
 
 6.01 
 
 10.^ 
 
 2i 
 
 1130. 
 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 4A 
 
 0.36 
 
 8.1! 
 
 2f 
 
 1370. 
 
 2x'« 
 
 2f 
 
 4f 
 
 6 72 
 
 7.^i 
 
 3 
 
 1610. 
 
 '*^ 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 7.07 
 
 6.^1 
 
 3i 
 
 2110. 
 
 2f;1 
 
 3i 
 
 5i 
 
 7.78 
 
 4.7. 
 
 3i 
 
 2750. 
 
 2i 
 
 3i 
 
 6 
 
 8.49 
 
 3.( 
 
SIZES ANDL WEIGHTS rOF HOT PRESSED 
 HEXAGON NUTS. 
 
 The sizes are the usual manufacturers' ; not the Franklin Institute 
 taudard. Both weights and sizes are for the unfinished nut. The 
 ■eights are calculated, one cubic foot weighing 480 pounds. 
 
 ]'m of 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Rough 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Short 
 
 Long 
 
 No. of Nuts 
 
 Boit. 
 
 100 Nuts. 
 
 Hole. 
 
 of Nut. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Liameter. 
 
 in 100 lbs. 
 
 i 
 
 1.3 
 
 i. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 .58 
 
 8000 
 
 i^e 
 
 24 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 t 
 
 .72 
 
 4170 
 
 i 
 
 4.1 
 
 H 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 .87 
 
 2410 
 
 IS 
 
 0-8 
 
 1 3 
 
 3 2 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 l.Ol 
 
 1460 . 
 
 i 
 
 7.1 
 
 7g 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1.01 
 
 1410 
 
 i 
 
 9.8 
 
 7 
 
 i 6 
 
 i 
 
 
 1.15 
 
 1020 
 
 i% 
 
 140 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 T6 
 
 l."? 
 
 1 30 
 
 710 
 
 
 14.7 
 
 9 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 1.30 
 
 680 
 
 
 191 
 
 9 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1.44 
 
 520 
 
 
 22 9 
 
 1% 
 
 f 
 
 u 
 
 1.44 
 
 440 
 
 i 
 
 27.2 
 
 II 
 
 f 
 
 It 
 
 1.59 
 
 370 
 
 1 
 
 39. 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 H 
 
 1.73 
 
 256 
 
 
 44. 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 lA 
 
 1.88 
 
 226 
 
 1 
 
 50. 
 
 15 
 
 1 "* 
 
 1 •- 
 
 1.88 
 
 198 
 
 i' 
 
 57. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 
 2.02 
 
 176 
 
 1 
 
 64. 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 2.02 
 
 156 
 
 ^\ 
 
 96. 
 
 1.5 
 1 « 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 2.31 
 
 104 
 
 M 
 
 134. 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 If 
 
 21 
 
 2.60 
 
 75 
 
 1: 
 
 180. 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 U 
 
 2i 
 
 2.89 
 
 56 
 
 T. 
 
 235. 
 
 1 5 
 16 
 
 If 
 
 2f 
 
 3.18 
 
 42 
 
 1' 
 
 300. 
 
 1/6 
 
 If 
 
 3 
 
 3.46 
 
 33.4 
 
 ^'■} 
 
 370. 
 
 iH 
 
 u 
 
 3i 
 
 3.75 
 
 16.7 
 
 1; 
 
 460. 
 
 lU 
 
 2 
 
 3i 
 
 4.04 
 
 21.5 
 
 o 
 
 450. 
 
 n% 
 
 2 
 
 3i 
 
 4.04 
 
 22.4 
 
 '-J I 
 
 560. 
 
 u 
 
 2i- 
 
 3f 
 
 4.33 
 
 18.0 
 
 O 1 
 
 560. 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 3f 
 
 4.33 
 
 17.7 
 
 '2L' 
 
 680. 
 
 2i 
 
 2S 
 
 4 
 
 4.62 
 
 14.7 
 
 'J .', 
 
 810. 
 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 4i 
 
 4.91 
 
 12.3 
 
 
 980. 
 
 2/6 
 
 2f 
 
 4* 
 
 5.20 
 
 10.2 
 
 o 
 
 1150. 
 
 2}^, 
 
 3 
 
 4f 
 
 5.48 
 
 8.7 
 
 o ' 
 
 1340. 
 
 21s 
 
 3i 
 
 5 
 
 5.77 
 
 7.5 
 
 31 
 
 1580. 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 5i 
 
 6.06 
 
 6.3 
 
92 
 
 BOLTS, HEADS, NUTS AND THREAD IN PROPORTION. 
 
 Unfinished bolt heads and nuts in proportior 
 of same should be one and one-half times the di 
 ameter of bolt, to which should be added yi of ar 
 inch. But one and one-half times the diametei 
 does without the addition of y's of an inch; if noi 
 machine finish the }i inch is calculated for finish. 
 
 The depth of head, one half of its width. 
 The depth of nut same as diameter of bolt. 
 
 Screw Threads as determined and recommended by Com 
 mittee of Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, 1864. 
 
 NUMBER OF THREADS PER INCH. 
 
 as 
 
 o 
 
 i- 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 -O . 
 
 2 
 
 'O • 
 
 0) 
 
 -c • 
 
 a> 
 
 ?,^ 
 
 o . 
 
 ^A 
 
 o . 
 
 03 J3 
 
 o • 
 
 
 ■A 
 
 II 
 
 •A 
 
 is 
 
 •.a 
 
 ^<D 
 
 a H 
 
 &Ha> 
 
 as 
 
 Hoj 
 
 a H 
 
 ■■Q 
 
 s 3 
 
 •A 
 
 S s 
 
 • J3 
 
 S i^! 
 
 053 
 
 
 o« 
 
 
 ot2 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 5^ 
 
 % 
 
 5 
 
 ;?; 
 
 5^ 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2i 
 
 4i 
 
 4^ 
 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 21 . 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 16 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 2f 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 If 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 5J 
 
 13 
 
 U 
 
 G 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 5^ 
 
 12 
 
 If 
 
 5^ 
 
 ,3i 
 
 3i 
 
 5f 
 
 11 
 
 If 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 4i 
 
 4i 
 
 2| 
 
 
 0) o 
 
 3| 
 2i 
 2i 
 
 2| 
 '^1 
 

 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 SPIKES. NAILS AND 
 
 TACKS. 
 
 
 
 
 Standard Steel ^^'ire Nails. 
 
 
 
 
 COMMON. 
 
 FINISHING. 
 
 Sizes 
 
 Length, 
 in Inches 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter 
 
 No. per 
 
 Diameter 
 
 No. per 
 
 
 
 in(!hes. 
 
 Pouud. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 2(1 
 
 1 
 
 .0524 
 
 1060 
 
 .0453 
 
 1558 
 
 3d 
 
 li 
 
 .0588 
 
 640 
 
 .0508 
 
 913 
 
 4d 
 
 U 
 
 .0720 
 
 380 
 
 .0508 
 
 761 
 
 5d 
 
 If 
 
 .0764 
 
 275 
 
 .0571 
 
 500 
 
 6d 
 
 2 
 
 .0808 
 
 210 
 
 .0641 
 
 350 
 
 7d 
 
 2i 
 
 .0858 
 
 160 
 
 .0641 
 
 315 
 
 8d 
 
 2i 
 
 .0935 
 
 115 
 
 .0720 
 
 214 
 
 9d 
 
 3f 
 
 .0963 
 
 93 
 
 .0720 
 
 195 
 
 10 d 
 
 3 
 
 .1082 
 
 77 
 
 .0808 
 
 137 
 
 12 d 
 
 3+ 
 
 .1144 
 
 60 
 
 .0808 
 
 127 
 
 1() d 
 
 3i 
 
 .1285 
 
 48 
 
 .0907 
 
 90 
 
 20 d 
 
 4 
 
 .1620 
 
 31 
 
 .1019 
 
 62 
 
 30 d 
 
 U 
 
 .1891 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 40 d 
 
 5 
 
 .2043 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 50 d 
 
 5i 
 
 .2294 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 60 d 
 
 6 1 
 
 .2576 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 TACKS. 
 
 
 J2 
 
 
 
 
 
 Title. 
 
 &^ 
 
 No. per 
 
 Title. 
 
 Length. 
 
 No. per 
 
 oz. 
 
 J-- 
 
 Pound. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Inch. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 16000 
 
 4 
 
 _7_ 
 
 4000 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 10666 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2666 
 
 2 
 
 y 
 
 8000 
 
 8 
 
 •i 
 
 2000 
 
 2i 
 
 16 
 
 6400 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 1 6 
 
 1600 
 
 3 
 
 f 
 
 5333 
 
 12 
 
 f 
 
 1333 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 I 
 
 
 SPIKES, NAILS AND TACKS. 
 
 
 STEEL WIRE SPIKES . 
 
 COMMON IRON NAILS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 -u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 Diameter, 
 inches. 
 
 No. per 
 pound. 
 
 Sizes. 
 
 Length. 
 
 No. pe 
 pound 
 
 3 
 
 .1620 
 
 41 
 
 2(1 
 
 1 
 
 800 
 
 3i 
 
 .1819 
 
 30 
 
 3(1 
 
 U 
 
 400 
 
 4 
 
 .2043 
 
 23 
 
 4(1 
 
 H 
 
 300 i 
 
 4* 
 
 .2294 
 
 17 
 
 5(1 
 
 If 
 
 200 
 
 5 
 
 .2576 
 
 13 
 
 6(1 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 5i 
 
 .2893 
 
 11 
 
 7(1 
 
 2i 
 
 120 
 
 6 
 
 .2893 
 
 10 
 
 8(1 
 
 2i 
 
 85 
 
 6i 
 
 .2249 
 
 7i 
 
 9(1 
 
 2f 
 
 75 1 
 
 7 
 
 .2249 
 
 7 
 
 10(1 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 8 
 
 .3648 
 
 5 
 
 12(1 
 
 3i 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 .3684 
 
 H 
 
 16(1 
 
 3i 
 
 40 , 
 
 
 
 
 20(1 
 
 4 
 
 20 1 
 
 
 
 
 30(1 
 
 4i 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 40(1 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 50(1 
 
 5i 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 60(1 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 TACKS. 
 
 
 Title. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Number 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 inch. 
 
 per pound. 
 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 i 6 
 
 1143 
 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1000 
 
 
 18 
 
 n 
 
 888 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 800 
 
 
 22 
 
 li^G 
 
 727 
 
 
 24 
 
 li 
 
 666 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
95 
 
 WROUGHT SPIKES. 
 
 Number to a Keg of 150 Pounds. 
 
 Length, 
 inch. 
 
 i Inch. 
 
 No. 
 
 /elnch. 
 
 No. 
 
 1 Inch. 
 
 No. 
 
 ilnch. 
 No. 
 
 '6 
 
 3i 
 
 4 
 
 4i 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2250 
 1890 
 1050 
 1464 
 1380 
 1292 
 
 
 
 1161 
 
 1208 
 
 1135 
 
 1004 
 
 930 
 
 808 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■742 
 570 
 
 
 
 
 Length. 
 Inch. 
 
 ,%Inch. 
 
 No. 
 
 1 Inch. 
 
 No. 
 
 /g Inch. 
 
 No. 
 
 i Inch. 
 
 No. 
 
 7 
 
 662 
 
 482 
 
 445 
 
 306 
 
 8 
 
 635 
 
 455 
 
 384 
 
 256 
 
 9 
 
 573 
 
 424 
 
 300 
 
 240 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 391 
 
 270 
 
 222 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 249 
 236 
 
 203 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
96 
 
 WROUGHT IRON STEAM, GAS AND WATER PIPE; 
 
 Table ot Standard Dimensions 
 
 AS MANUFACTURED BY NATIONAL TUBE WORKS CO. 
 
 - a; 
 
 o 
 
 "a '^ 
 
 .2 "3 
 2 S 
 
 O <v 
 
 SI 
 
 o 
 
 •3 2 
 11 
 
 Thickness. 
 Inches. 
 
 1 
 
 Length of Pipe 
 containing 1 
 Cubic Foot. 
 
 Nom'l Weight 
 1 per Foot. 
 
 1 
 
 No. of Threads 
 
 per Inch of 
 
 Screw. 
 
 i 
 
 .405 
 
 .068 
 
 2513. 
 
 .241 
 
 27 1 
 
 i 
 
 .54 
 
 .088 
 
 1383.3 
 
 .42 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 .675 
 
 .091 
 
 751.2 
 
 .559 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 .84 
 
 .109 
 
 472.4 
 
 .837 
 
 14 
 
 ■ f 
 
 1.05 
 
 .113 
 
 270. 
 
 1 115 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1.315 
 
 .134 
 
 166.9 
 
 1.668 
 
 IH 
 
 u 
 
 1.60 
 
 .14 
 
 96.25 
 
 2.244 
 
 lU 
 
 H 
 
 1.9 
 
 .145 
 
 70.66 
 
 2.678 
 
 \n 
 
 3 
 
 2.375 
 
 .154 
 
 42.91 
 
 3.609 
 
 Hi 
 
 3| 
 
 2.875 
 
 .204 
 
 30.1 
 
 5.739 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3.5 
 
 .217 
 
 19.5 
 
 7.536 
 
 8 
 
 3i 
 
 4.0 
 
 .226 
 
 14.57 
 
 9.001 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4.5 
 
 .237 
 
 11.31 
 
 10.665 
 
 8 
 
 4i 
 
 5. 
 
 .246 
 
 9.02 
 
 12.34 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5.63 
 
 .259 
 
 7.2 , 
 
 14 502 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6.625 
 
 .28 
 
 4.98 
 
 18,762 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7.625 
 
 .301 
 
 3.72 
 
 23.271 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8.625 
 
 .322 
 
 2.88 
 
 28 177 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9.625 
 
 344 
 
 2.29 
 
 33.701 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 1075 
 
 .366 
 
 1.82 
 
 40.065 
 
 8 
 
EXPLANATION OF TABLES ON TENSILE STRENGTH. 
 
 What size of rod is required to carry a load, of 
 15,000 lbs.; tensile strain 60,000; safe load i of strain? 
 J. Example: 45,000 x 3 = 135,000; divided hv 60,000 = 
 2.25 sq. in., required area. Referring to table of area 
 of square and round bars, we find in area of square 
 2.25 sq. in. = H, answer. Area of round nearest to 
 2.25 sq. in. is If in. diameter. 
 
 How much will 1\ in. rod carry? 
 
 Area of IJ in. round is 1.22 sq. in. 
 
 Example: 1.22x60,000 = 73,200. 
 
 Ans.: Safe load i of 73,200 = 24.400 lbs. 
 
 How much will a 2 inch hook carry? 
 
 Ans.: See table on experiments on tensile strength; 
 one s(j[uare inch will carry about 10,000 lbs.; area of 2 
 inch round is 3.1416 x 10,000 = 31.416 lbs. 
 
 What sized hook will carry 80,000 lbs.? 
 
 To tin d the area, divide the weight what 1 scj. in. 
 carries into the weight to be carried, 10,000^-80,000 = 
 8 sq. in., answer. 
 
 In area of round bars, column of area and line of 
 3i in. is nearest to 8 in. area. 
 
 ILLI'STKATION OF TABLES OF WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND 
 ROUND IRON. 
 
 What is the weight of a bar of iron 3| in. I'ound by 
 12 ft. 4 in. long? In column of weights of round and 
 line of 3| round, we find 29.82 lbs. per one foot long. 
 Answer: 12 ft. x 20.82 lbs. =357 84 
 4 in. is i ft. of 29.80 =^9^04 
 
 367.78 lbs. 
 How many feet of 34^ in. by 3i in. square iron will 
 weigh 326 64 lbs.? 
 
 Ans.: In column of weight of square and inline 
 of 34^ square we find the weight 40 83 lbs. per one foot 
 long. Divide 40.83 into 326.64 = 8 ft. 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF TABLE OF CIRCUMFERENCE. 
 
 How long a bar will be required to make a bend of 
 3 in. X 3 in. square and 4.5 ft in diamater. 
 
 Rule: Add the thickness of the iron to the diam- 
 etei- of the ring required and multiplj^ by 3.1416. 
 
 Example: 3 in. ecjuals .25 of afoot -\- 4.5 feet =4.75 
 
98 
 
 feet. In column of circumference and line of 4.8 ft., 
 which is the nearest to 4.75, we lind circiimfer6nce 
 18.2213 feet, answer. Allow for weld. 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF TABLE OP AREA. 
 
 How many feet of 4 in. round can be made of a 
 bar 8 in. by 8 in. by 2 ft. long? 
 
 Example: In column of area of square and in line 
 of 8 in. will be found 64 in. area; 04 in. x 12 in. = 778 
 in. volume X 2 ft. = 1556 in. volume. In column of 
 area of round and line of 4 in. will be found 12.566 
 in. area; 12.566 in. area x 12 in. = 150.792 in., volume 
 of 1 ft. long 1556 in. -^- 150.792 in. = 10.31 ft., answer. 
 
 How many feet of 6 in. by 6 in. will make a bar 7 
 in. bv 4 in. at one end, and 7 in. by 2 in. at the otheri 
 end, 12 feet long. 
 
 Example: 7 in. x 4 in. = 28 in, area at one end, 
 and 7 in. x 2 in. = 14 in area. 28 in. x 14 in = 42 — ^ 
 2 == 21 in.; mean area 21 in. x 12 in. = 252 in. volumei 
 of 1 ft. long; 252 in. x 12 ft. = 8024 in. volume of thei 
 whole bar. In column of area and in line of 6 in. sq. 
 will be found 36 in. area; 36 in. x 12 in. = 432 in. vol- 
 ume of 1 ft. long; 3024 ^-432 = 7 ft. Answer. 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF TABLES OF FLAT ROLLED IRON. 
 
 What is the weight of a flat rolled bar 5 in x 1 Jg in- 
 in section? 
 
 Answer: In the column for 5 in. width, and in the 
 line for l/g in. thickness, will be found the value, 17.71, 
 ivhich is the weight desired. 
 
 What thickness of 44^ in. bar will be re(juired toi 
 give an area of 5.3 square inches. 
 
 Answer: In the column for 4| in. width will be 
 found 5.34, which is the area nearest to that required; 
 the corresponding thickness being Ij^g in. the bar 
 should be ii m. by Ij^g. 
 
I 
 
 99 
 
 TENSILE STRENGTH OF IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 (From Ha swell.) 
 
 In order to select intelligently the materials 
 for structures and work for industrial purposes, 
 as well 'as for comparing the values of different 
 materials, it is of great importance to know all 
 their "properties," ultimate strength, limits of 
 elasticity, and ductilit}^ expressed in force and 
 dimensions. 
 
 Tensile strength is the resistance of the fibers 
 or particles of a body to separation. It is there- 
 fore proportioned to their number or to the area 
 of its transverse sections. 
 
 WEIGHT OR POWER REQUIRED TO TEAR ASUNDER 
 ONE SQUARE INCH. 
 
 R)S. 
 
 Iron, cast. Low Moor No. 2 14,076 
 
 Iron, Clyde No. 1 16,125 
 
 Iron, Clyde Nos. 2 and 3 23,468 
 
 Iron, Calder No. 1 13,735 
 
 Iron, Stirling mean 25,764 
 
 Iron, mean of American 31,829 
 
 Iron, mean of English 19,484 
 
 Iron, green wood, American 45,970 
 
 Iron, gun metal, mean 37,232 
 
 Iron, wronght iron wire 103,000 
 
 Iron, best 8wedi.sli bar 72.000 
 
 Iron, Russian bar 59,500 
 
 Iron, English bar 56,000 
 
 Iron, rivets, American 53,300 
 
 Iron, bolts, American 52,250 
 
 Iron, hammered 53,913 
 
 Iron, crank shaft 44,750 
 
 Iron, boiler plates, American 48,000 to 62,000 
 
 Iron, platen, English mean 51,000 
 
 Iron, lengthwise 53,800 
 
 Iron, crosswise 48,800 
 
 Iron, inferior bar 30,000 
 
 Iron, wire, American 73,690 
 
 Irod, wire, 16 diam 80,000 
 
 Iron, scrap 53,400 
 
100 
 
 Steel, cast, maximum 142,000 
 
 Steel, cast, mean 88,657 
 
 Steel, cast, blistered soft 133,000 
 
 Steel, shear 124,000 
 
 Steel, puddled, extreme 173,817 
 
 Steel, puddled, lime iron : . 121,408 
 
 Steel, plates, lengthwise 96,300 
 
 Steel, plates, crosswise 93,700 
 
 Steel, razor 150,000 
 
 Lake Superior and Iron Mountain charcoal bloom 
 iron has resisted 90,000 lbs. 
 
 Reduced from the experiments of U. S. Ordnance 
 Department, Barton, Rennie, Stevenson, Hodgkinson, 
 Fairbain, Pasley and Hatfield. 
 
 Results of Experiments on Tensile Strength of Wrought' 
 Iron Tie Rods Common English I^q Diam. 
 
 (From Ilaswell.) 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF CONNECTIONS. 
 
 lbs. 
 Semi-circular hook fitted to acircular welded ej'e. 14,000 
 
 Two semi. circular hooks fitted together 16,220 
 
 Right angled hook fitted into a cylindrical e^^e. . .27,120 
 Two links or welded eyes connected together. . . .48,160 
 Straight rod without any connection 56,000 
 
 Iron bars when cold rolled are materially stronger 
 as when only hot rolled, the difference being in some 
 cases as great as 3 to 2. 
 
 The tensile strength of steel increases by reheating 
 and rolling up to the second operation, but decreases 
 after that. 
 
 Crushing Strengh of Iron as Reduced to a Uniform 
 Measure of 1 Square Inch. 
 
 ft)S. 
 
 Psrims, American gun metal, cast 174,803 
 
 American gun metal, mean 129,000 
 
 English Low Moor No. 1 62,450 
 
 English Low Moor No. 2 92,330 
 
 English Clyde No. 3 106,039 
 
 Sterling, mean of all 122,396 
 
101 
 
 Extreme 134,400 
 
 Wrought iron, American 127,720 
 
 Mean 83,500 
 
 Enc^lish mean from 40,000 to 65,200 
 
 Caststeel 295,000 
 
 FULCRUM AND LEVER. 
 
 Power is a compound of weight or force and 
 velocit}^; it cannot be increased by mechanicaf 
 skill or means. 
 
 The powers are three in number, viz: Lever, 
 inclined plane, and pulley. 
 
 Note. — The wheel or axle is a continuous or revolv- 
 ing lever; the wedge a double plane, and the screw a 
 revolving incline plane; levers arestraight,bent,curved, 
 single, or double. 
 
 To compute the length of a lever, the weight and 
 power being given: 
 
 Rule. — Divide the weight by the power and the 
 quotient is the difference of leverage or the distance 
 from the fulcrum at which the power supports the 
 weight. 
 
 Example. — A weight of IGOO lbs. is to be raised by 
 a power or force of 80 lbs., recjuires the length of the 
 longest arm of the lever, the shortest being one 
 foot i«»o=20ft. 
 
 To compute the weight that can be raised by a lever, 
 its length, the power, and the position of its fulcrum 
 Ix'ing given. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the power by its distance from 
 the fulcrum and divide the product by the distance of 
 the weiglit from the fulcrum: 
 
 Example. — What weight can be raised by a power 
 of 375 lbs. suspended from end of a lever 8 feet from 
 the fulcrum the distance of the weight from the ful- 
 ci-um being 2 ft. ^t-.^k 8 _ 1590. Ans. 
 
 To compute the position of thefulcrum, the weight, 
 power and the lever being given, when the fulcrum is 
 between weight and tlie j^ower. 
 
 Rule: Divide the weight by the power and add 
 (1) one to the quotient and divide the length b}' the 
 sum thus obtained. 
 
102 
 
 Example: A weight of 2,460 lbs. is to be raisec 
 with a lever of 7 ft. long and a power of 300 lbs., a 
 what part of the lever must the fulcruni be placed? 
 
 Statement: Voo* = 8.2 |1 = 9 2. Reduced tc 
 inches. Solution: 7 ft. = 84 in. — 9.2 ft. = 110 in 
 Answer, l\l ft. 
 
 When the weight is between the fulcrum and th< 
 power. 
 
 Rule: Divide the length by the quotient of th< 
 .weight, divided by the power, i«oo = 20 H— 20 = 1 ft 
 from the fulcrum. 
 
 To compute the length of an arm of the lever tf 
 which is attached, the weight power and length of arn^ 
 of the lever to which the power is api^lied being given 
 
 Rule: Multi])ly tiie power by the lensrth of the arni 
 to which it is applied and divide the product by the 
 weight. 
 
 Example: A weight of 1,600 suspended from the 
 fulcrum of a lever, is supported by a ])ower of 80 lbs; 
 applied at the other end of the arm, 20 ft. in length 
 what is the length of the arm? 
 
 Solution: "^s'^jti" = 1 ft. Answer. 
 
 To compute tlie ])ower required to r:iise a giver 
 weight, the length of the lever and the positiou of th« 
 fulcrum being given. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the weight to be raised by its dis 
 tance from the fulcrum and (livide the ])roduct by tht 
 distance of the ])ower from the fulcrum. 
 
 Example. — Th<^ length of the lever is 10 feet. th« 
 weight to be raised 3,000 11)S., and its distance from the 
 fulcrum is 2 ft-, what is the power required? ^?S^^| 
 6 0^00=750 lbs. 
 
 To compute the length of the arm of the lever tt 
 which the power is applied, the weight, power, and dis 
 tance of the fulcrum being given. 
 
 Rule.— Multiply the weight by its distance fron^ 
 the fulcrum and divide the product by the i)ovver. 
 
 Epample. — A weight of 400 lbs. suspended li 
 inches from the fulcrum, is supported l)y a power o: 
 50 lbs. applied at the other end, what is the length o 
 the arm? ^^-^^ >* ^--^ = 120 in. 
 
 General Rule. — The power and distance from i\v 
 fulcrum is equal to the weight and disUmce from th( 
 fulcrum. 
 
103 
 NOTES ON IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 1. The tfverage weight of wrought iron is 480 lbs. 
 per cubic foot. A bar 1 inch square and 3 feet long 
 weighs, therefore, exactly 10 lbs. Hence: To find the 
 sectional area, when the weight per foot is given; mul- 
 tiply by i^y. To tind the weight per foot, when the 
 sectional area is given; multiply by ^^. 
 
 2. The weight of steel is 2 per cent over that of 
 iron. 
 
 3. The elastic limit ^o extension and compression 
 of wronght iron is vei-y near loooo P®i' square inch for 
 one ton load of 2240 lbs. 
 
 4. Cast iron weighs 450 lbs. 
 
 5. Wrought iron, the purest hammered, 489 !I)S. 
 
 6. Soft forged iron expands about at 100^ Fahr, 
 .0007. 
 
 7. Cast iron expands about at 100« Fahr. .0006. 
 
 8. Wire " '' " " .0008. 
 The nudting point of iron and steel is about as fol- 
 
 hnvs: Wrought iron, 3,000<* Fahrenheit; cast iron, 
 2.0000 Fahrenheit; steel, 2,400^ Fahr.; the welding heat, 
 2,7500 Fahr. 
 
 MENSURA TiON. 
 
 PRACTICAL RULES. 
 
 A surface has two dimensions; length and 
 breadth. 
 
 A solid has three dimensions, length, 
 breadth and thickness. 
 
 The area of a surface is the number of units 
 of surface which it contains, the unit of surface 
 being a square which has a linear unit for each 
 of its dimensions. 
 
 The volume of a solid is the number of units 
 of volume which it contains, the unit of volume 
 being a cube which has a hnear unit for each 
 of its three dimensions. 
 
 A Circle is a plane figure bounded by a 
 
104 
 
 curved line called the circumference all points oi 
 whiah are equally distant from a point within 
 called the center. 
 
 A part of the circumference is called an Arc. 
 
 A line drawn through the center and termi- 
 nated by the sircumference is called the "diam- 
 eter," and half the diameter is called the radius 
 
 RULES. 
 
 Circumference of a Circle squals diameter 
 multiplied by 3.1416. 
 
 Diameter of Circle equals circumference 
 multiplied by 0.3183. 
 
 Side of Square of equal periphery as circle 
 equals diameter multiplied by 0.7854. 
 
 Diameter of Circle of equal periphery as 
 square equals side multiplied by 1.'2732. 
 
 To find surface or area. — Area of a Circle 
 equals square of radius multiplied by 3.1416. 
 
 Area of a Sphere equals circumference mul- 
 tiplied by diameter or square of diameter multi- 
 plied by 3,1416. 
 
 Area of a Cone equals circumference of base 
 multiplied by the slant height or side of cone, 
 halve the product and add it to the area ot the 
 base. 
 
 Area of a Triangle equals base multiplied by 
 half perpendicular height. 
 
 Area of a Cylinder equals circumference 
 multiplied by height by area of both ends. 
 
 To find the volume of solids. Volume of a 
 sphere equals cube of diameter multiplied by 
 0.5236. 
 
 Volume of a Cone equals area of base mul- 
 tiplied by perpendicular height and take one- 
 third of the product. 
 
106 
 
 Volume of a Cylinder equals area of end 
 multipled by length. 
 
 Volume of a Prism, right or oblique, equals 
 area of base multiplied by perpendicular height. 
 
 PRISMOIDAL FORMULA. 
 
 A Prismoid is a solid bounded by by six 
 plane surfaces, onl}^ two of which are parallel. 
 
 To find the contents of a prismoid, add to- 
 gether the areas of the two parallel surfaces and 
 four times the area of a section taken midway 
 between and parallel to them, and multiply the 
 sum by h of the perpendicular distance between 
 the parallel surfaces. 
 
 The volume of an irregular body is found by 
 immersing the body in a vessel full of water, re- 
 move the body and calculate the amount of water 
 displaced. 
 
106 
 
 TABLE OF DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS 
 
 Sths, 16ths, 32nds and 64-thsof an Inch, for Usef 
 in Connection with Micrometer Calipers. 
 
 Sths. 
 
 32nds. 
 
 
 64th s 
 
 i eciuals .135 
 
 3^ equals .21875 
 
 H 
 
 equals .265625 
 
 i equals .25 
 
 3« equals .28125 
 
 a 
 
 equals .296875 
 
 1 equals .375 
 
 li equals .34375 
 
 u 
 
 equals .3281 2 H 
 
 ^ equals .50 
 
 i| equals .40625 
 
 If 
 
 equals .35937ri 
 
 f equals .625 
 
 If equals .46875 
 
 25 
 
 a 4 
 
 equals .390{)'jr, 
 
 f equals .75 
 
 i| equals .53125 
 
 ¥4 
 
 equals .4218:,-] 
 
 1 equals .875 
 
 if equals ,59375 
 
 n 
 
 equals .4531 -.5 
 
 
 11 equals .65625 
 
 if 
 
 equals .4843751 
 
 16ths. 
 
 II equals .71875 
 
 ii 
 
 equals .515625| 
 
 
 If equals .78125 
 
 if 
 
 equals .5468751 
 equals .558125 
 
 jig equals .0625 
 
 II equals .84375 
 
 11 
 
 1^6 equals .1875 
 
 If equals .90625 
 
 39 
 
 64 
 
 equals .609375 
 
 ,% equals .3125 
 
 |i equals .96875 
 
 a 
 
 equals .640625 
 
 /e equals .4375 
 
 
 II 
 
 equals .6718751 
 
 ifg equals .5625 
 
 64ths. 
 
 45 
 
 6 4 
 
 equals .703125| 
 
 H equals .6875 
 
 
 ¥4 
 
 equals .7343751 
 
 11 equals .8125 
 
 J4 equals .015625 
 
 i! 
 
 equals .765625 
 
 11 equals .9375 
 
 6^ equals .046875 
 
 ii 
 
 equals .796875 t 
 
 
 Q% equals .078125 
 
 11 
 
 equals .828125 
 
 32nds. 
 
 i^ equals .109375 
 
 if 
 
 equals .859375 
 
 
 i^ equals .140625 
 
 6 4 
 
 equals .890625 '' 
 
 3^2 equals .03125 
 
 i\ equals .171875 
 
 59 
 64 
 
 equals .921875 « 
 
 3%- equals .09375 
 
 ii equals .203125 
 
 t\ 
 
 equals .953125 j 
 
 g\ equals .15625 
 
 i| equals .234375 
 
 if 
 
 equals .98437c , 
 
 INCHES EXPF 
 
 tESSED IN DECIMAL 
 
 . OF A FOOT. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Decimals. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Decimals. ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 .083 
 
 7 
 
 
 .583 , 
 .667 * 
 
 2 
 
 
 .166 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 .250 
 
 8 
 
 
 .750 
 
 4 
 
 
 .333 
 
 10 
 
 
 .833 i 
 
 5 
 
 
 .416 
 
 11 
 
 
 .916 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 .500 
 
 12 
 
 
 1.000 . 
 
lOT 
 
 ANGLE IRON RING. 
 
 Much has been written on the correct method 
 of ascertaining the length of a bar to make an 
 angle-iron ring of a given diameter, and if you 
 were to examine all the books that profess to 
 give information on the subject you would find 
 that none of them agree on this point; but each 
 of them contains a rule quite different from the 
 other. Many who have not had much experi- 
 ence in this class of work may be puzzled to ac- 
 count for this, as all those books agree upon one 
 rule for finding the length of a bar of either flat, 
 square or round iron to make a ring of any size 
 or given diameter. The reason of this is, no one 
 can lay down a correct rule that would apply to 
 all sizes of angle ironings. 
 
 If you were requested to make a ring 2 feet 
 in diameter flange outside; size of iron 3x3^ 
 and you found the length of the bar it would 
 take to make it by any given rule, which when 
 bent it came to the exact size; and you also 
 received instruction to make another ring 6 feet 
 in diameter of the same iron, and you ascertained 
 the length of the bar to make the ring by the 
 same rule as you did the small one, you would 
 find when this was bent that the bar in this case 
 was too short to make the ring; "this, I am cer- 
 tain, would be the case," although the same rule 
 was adopted in both instances; and the reason of 
 this is not far to seek. 
 
 If you measured the outside flange of the 
 small ring, you would find that by bending the 
 iron it had narrowed to about 2^ inches, and if 
 you were to measure the outside flange of the 
 
108 
 
 large ring you would find it was nearly the same 
 width as the bar was before it was bent. 
 
 By this you will see at once that the iron ir 
 the large ring had not stretched to the same ex-> 
 tent as the iron composing the small ring, be- 
 cause it is nearer a straight line. The mode oj 
 bending is also sure to alter the length. If care 
 be taken in getting the bar to a uniform heat ir 
 the furnace and then bend it around a block oi) 
 pins to the diameter required, you will find that 
 it will take a longer bar to make the same sized 
 ring than it would if you heated the bar at a, 
 smith's fire in lengths of about a foot at a time,; 
 as the iron stretches very much more by the last 
 process. 
 
 The only correct method of finding the 
 length of a bar to an angle iron ring of a given 
 diameter is to strike out the full size of the ring 
 on a piece of plate or slab and draw a line across 
 its center; then to find the length of the bai 
 sufficient to make the ring, refer to tables of cir- 
 cumference, or multiply the diameter in inches 
 by 3.1416. Supposing the diameter of the ring 
 to be 3 feet, size of iron 3x3x^, reduce the di- 
 ameter to inches and multiply thus: 36 in. x3. 1416 
 = 113.0976; to this add twice the width of thet 
 bar, namely, six inches, making a total of 9 feet 
 and llfo inches; take the bar and cut it that 
 length and mark it with a center punch exactly 
 in the middle; when this is done scarf the end of 
 the bar and bend one-half of it according to the 
 circle previously struck out, and by placing the 
 end on the line that bisects the circle, you will 
 find or see on the opposite side how near the 
 center punch mark comes to the line, if it is over 
 the line toward the straight end of the bar it is a 
 
109 
 
 proof that the bar is too long and you must cut 
 double the length what it is over the center 
 punch mark off of the straight end before bend- 
 ing the other end or other half of the ring. 
 
 If the center punch mark does not come to 
 the line then you have cut the bar double that 
 much too short. But this cannot be if you have 
 cut the bar according to the length above named. 
 
 If you want to make an angle-iron ring with 
 the flanges inside, get the length of the bar the 
 same as before mentioned, but instead of adding 
 twice the width of the bar deduct once the width 
 of the bar from the length and proceed as be- 
 fore. 
 
 It does not require as long a bar of iron to 
 make a T iron ring as it does an angle-iron ring, 
 the diameter and thickness being equal, as the 
 former stretches much more than the latter. If 
 3'ou were going to make a T iron ring 3 feet in 
 diameter refer to the table of circumference for 
 the length and add twice the width of the rib to 
 the length of the bar and then mark it in the 
 center and bend one half according to the previ- 
 ous instructions on the making of angle iron 
 rings. 
 
 If you are going to make any quantity of 
 either T iron or J iron rings, do not cut up your 
 bars of iron until you have bent the half of one, 
 as it will not take you much time in doing it and 
 you can then depend upon getting the correct 
 length, and in the end you will be ver3^much the 
 gainer in time and your employer in material. 
 
 The table of rules given you in many books 
 for finding the lengths of T and angle iron 
 rings is only misleading and is not in any case to 
 be depended upon. 
 
ALLOYS AND 
 
 110 
 
 COMPOSITIONS. j 
 
 The Followiug is a List of various Matals 
 
 for Various Purposes: 
 
 METALS. 
 
 c 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 
 "3 
 
 J 
 
 >3 
 
 < 
 
 B 
 
 ■ c 
 1 
 
 Babit Metal. . 
 
 37 
 
 84.3 
 
 75 
 
 92.2 
 
 88.8 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 67 
 
 8fi 
 8 7 
 
 62.2 
 
 92 
 
 91.4 
 65 1 
 
 80 
 
 72 
 
 87.5 
 
 33.3 
 
 49.5 
 81.6 
 
 77 
 80 
 87.5 
 
 77.4 
 
 24 
 
 5.2 
 25 
 
 ii'.2 
 
 80 ' 
 33 
 
 21 
 10.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brass, Com'n. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Math. In still's 
 
 7 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red Tainbac. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheel Valves 
 White 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 25' 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Wire 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brita'nia Met. 
 
 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 
 
 when fused ad ) 
 Rronze Red .... 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 31.2 
 
 19.3 
 5.6 
 
 33.4 
 24 
 
 2 9 
 
 1.6 
 
 10 
 
 8' 
 4.1 
 
 i6"i 
 
 26.5 
 12.5 
 
 i8'.4 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 12.5 
 
 15.6 
 
 
 
 Yellow., 
 (xun Metal . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Me(hils 
 
 Statuary .^ 
 
 Chinese Silver*. 
 
 .... 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 Church Bells... 
 Clock 
 
 4.3 
 
 
 
 1 .5 
 
 Cocks, Mus \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ical Bells, j * ' 
 Ger. Silver 
 
 33 3 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 '' " fine 
 
 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 Gongs 
 
 
 
 
 House Bells. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lathe Bushes. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mach. Bear'gs. . 
 " hard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metals that ) 
 expand in ^ 
 cooling — ) 
 
 Pewter, best.. 
 
 Printing char. 
 
 Sheet'g Metal 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 16.7 
 
 14 
 20 
 
 8.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 44 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
Ill 
 
 ALLOYS AND COMPOSITIONS 
 
 (CONTINUED ) 
 
 METALS. 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 00 
 50 
 00.6 
 
 7-4 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 N 
 
 2i" 
 
 22 
 
 21) 
 38.4 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 p 
 
 Speculum M. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Telescopic Mir' r 
 White Metal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l' 4 
 
 28.4 
 4.4 
 
 
 
 50.8 
 
 
 
 "hard.. 
 
 69.825.8 
 73 12 H 
 
 
 
 Oreide* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Silver in Chinese Silver, 2.48; Cobolt of Iron in Chinese 
 Silver, 12; Arsenic in Speculum M., 12; Magnesia, 4.4 ; Cream 
 of Tartar, 6.5; Salimoniac, 2.5; Quick Lime, L3. 
 
 ALLOYS AND COMPOSITION FOR SOLDER- 
 ING VARIOUS METALS. 
 
 METALS 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 3 
 < 
 
 S 
 
 I2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 
 Tin 
 
 
 
 25 
 58 
 33 
 07 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 06 
 40 
 
 . . 
 
 75 
 10 
 07 
 33 
 
 07 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 20 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 ■• 
 [[ 
 
 25 
 40 
 
 82 
 
 
 "7 
 
 07 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 89 
 
 •• 
 •• 
 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 
 Melts 500" coarse 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 " 300*^ ordinary.. 
 Spelter, s<if t 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 " hard 
 
 07 33 
 
 
 Lead 
 
 
 Steel 
 
 Brass or Copper 
 
 Fine Brass 
 
 13 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 
 Pewterers or Soft 
 
 
 Gold .... 
 
 4 
 00 
 
 84 
 
 
 " hard 
 
 " soft 
 
 
 Silver hard 
 
 20 
 
 •• 
 
 '^1 
 
 Pewter 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 Copper 
 
 '' 
 
 33 
 
 
112 
 TEMPERING. 
 
 Tempering Springs. — Fit the springs before 
 tempering; heat them in a furnace to a cherry 
 red and dip them edgeways into a vessel filled 
 with oil; when cooled place the spring over alow 
 fire and leave the remaining oil burn off and cool 
 again in oil. When tempered at a very low heati 
 it is not necessary to let the oil burn ofi. 
 
 Tempering Lathe Tools. — Heat to a cherry 
 red and cool in water; draw temper to a straw 
 color. Lathe tools will stand pretty hard while 
 they are worked at a steady strain. 
 
 If lathe tools are made of a good quality of 
 steel they will stand best when tempered in hot 
 water without drawing temper. 
 
 Tempering Drills and Chisels. — Heat as 
 usual and cool in pure water, draw temper to a 
 dark blue. 
 
 Tempering Cutlery. — Heat to a cherry red 
 (care should be taken not to over heat), and cool 
 in luke warm water; apply tallow or oil and leave 
 it burn off on a low fire; take the hammer handle 
 and scrape across the edge. It is the right tem- 
 per when the shavings cafch fire; cool off at once. 
 Cutlery is also tempered in oil; leave the oil burn 
 off the same as before. It also stands edge at a 
 sky-blue color. 
 
 ROCK DRILLS. 
 
 To Temper Steam Drills.- — When done dress- 
 ing them leave them cool off before heating them 
 for temper or else they may get hot too far up, 
 which would cause the wings to break. 
 
 Build a kind of hollow fire and place the drill 
 in front of it so that the flame of the fire touch 
 the drill at the very end and keep turning the drill 
 and watch the corners, as steam drills are very 
 
113 
 
 sensitive and may crack while cooling. Heat to 
 a cherry red. The heat should not show upon the 
 drill any further than three-quarters of an inch, 
 and cool in a lotion of water and salt — one peck 
 of salt to fifty gallons of water. Draw no 
 temper. 
 
 Hand Drills. — Hand rock drills are not so 
 sensitive as steam drills are. They should be 
 sharpened and tempered in one heat. Heat to 
 the usual heat, shove them into the salt lotion 
 and leave them there until cold; no temper to be 
 drawn. 
 
 A good many tool dressers may be puzzled 
 why water which has been in use for a while for 
 tempering does not temper as hard as freshwater 
 does. It is caused by burning the oxigen out of 
 the water, and it must be replaced by filling up 
 as the lotion evaporates. 
 
 To Temper very small Tools and Springs. — 
 Heat at a very low heat, cool by waving the tool 
 or spring in the air, and it will have just the right 
 temper. 
 
 Tempering Stone Cutters Tools. — Stonecut- 
 ter tools should be tempered at a low cherry 
 heat, as they are very thin and cool quick. Draw 
 temper to a light pigeon blue color. To draw 
 temper on tooth chisel have a sponge on a stick 
 and cool the teeth as the temper comes down. 
 When all the teeth have even blue color then 
 cool. Use nothing but pure water. 
 
 Tempering a Brick Hammer. — Heat to a 
 cherry red, cool and draw temper to a brown 
 straw color; draw temper on a brick set the same 
 as on a brick hammer. 
 
 Tempering a Bush Hammer. — Heat to a 
 cherry red and cool off in pure cold water; draw 
 
114 
 
 temper, leave the center teeth a brown purple; 
 as the temper approaches towards the outside 
 teeth leave them get a little softer until the out- 
 side row becomes of a dark blue color, then 
 cool. This is the most difficult stone cutter tool 
 to temper. Both ends must be tempered in the 
 same heat. Use the sponge for cooling and 
 guiding the temper. 
 
 Tempering Limestone Points and Tooth 
 Axes. — Heat as usual, draw temper between 
 dark and pigeon blue. 
 
 Tempering Punches. — Heat to a cherry red 
 and cool in water; rub the surface bright with 
 fine emery paper; draw the temper above the fire 
 to a purple, getting near to dark blue color; the 
 lower end should be a little softer. 
 
 Shears are tempered with the same heat, 
 dipped into water edgeways and temper drawn 
 between two hot pieces of iron to the same colon 
 as the punch. 
 
 Tempering Axes. — Heat the pole of the ax 
 first, then turn and heat the other end and leave 
 the heat approach towards the edge to last, watch 
 the edge carefully and not overheat it; cool in a 
 mild solution of salt water; rub it bright with a 
 rub stone; draw temper to a pigeon blue by plac- 
 ing the ax virtically on the fire with the pole 
 downward and leave the temper come up towards 
 the edge. 
 
 Tempering Circular Saws. — Heat the saw 
 to a cherry red, cool in an oil bath; draw temperi 
 between two heated plates to a blue color. Cir- 
 cular saws for cutting iron and rail are tempered 
 the same way, but no temper drawn. In most: 
 cases the temper is just right. 
 
 ! 
 
115 
 
 A very good bath for saws is an equal quan- 
 tity of oil, beeswax and rosin. 
 
 In tempering cross cuts and hand saws the 
 cooling medium is oil, but for the convenience of 
 keeping the blade straight they are cooled be- 
 tween two smooth plates of iron. 
 
 SOLUTION FOR TEMPERING. 
 
 I.— Saltpeter, 1 oz. 
 
 Alum, pulverized, 2 tea spoonfuls. 
 Salt, . 1 tea cup. 
 
 Soft water, 2 gallons. 
 
 Draw no temper. 
 
 II. — Water, 7i gallons. 
 
 Saltpeter, 5 ounces. 
 
 Sal. Ammoniac, 5 '' 
 
 Draw no temper. 
 
 III. 
 
 —Water, 
 
 2 gallons. 
 
 
 Saltpeter, 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 
 Alum, 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 
 Sal. Ammoniac, pul , 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 
 Salt, 
 
 H lbs. 
 
 IV. 
 
 -Water, 
 
 2 gallons. 
 
 
 Saltpeter, 
 
 I oz. 
 
 
 Borax, pulverized. 
 
 i oz. 
 
 
 S.il. Ammoniac, pul. 
 
 i oz. 
 
 
 White Vitriol, 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 
 Salt, 
 
 n pts. 
 
 V. — Put 1^ oz. of corrosive sublimate in 3 quarts of 
 soft water and add one handfull of common 
 salt; dissolve and it is ready for use. This gives 
 toughness and hardness. (Beware, this is 
 poison.) 
 
 . — Alum, 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 Saltpeter, 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 Sal. Ammoniac, 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 Salt, 
 
 f lb. 
 
 Water, 
 
 H gall 
 
 Draw no temper 
 
116 
 
 MILL PICKS. 
 
 
 -Water, 
 
 H gall. 
 
 Ammonia, 
 
 H oz. 
 
 White Vitrol, 
 
 H oz. 
 
 Sal. Ammoniac, 
 
 H oz. 
 
 Alum, 
 
 U oz. 
 
 Salt, 
 
 3 oz. 
 
 VII. 
 
 and one handful of horse hoof parings. 
 
 VIII. — A drill tempered in a solution of chloride of 
 zinc will drill glass. 
 
 TEST COLOR FOR TEMPERING. 
 
 Says Mr. J. Richards: — Procure eight pieces 
 of cast steel about two inches long by one inch 
 wide and ^s thick, heat them to a high red heat 
 and drop them into a salt bath; leave one with- 
 out tempering to show the white shade of ex- 
 treme hardness, and grind off and polish one 
 side of each of the remaining seven pieces; then 
 give them to an experienced tool dresser to be 
 drawn to seven various shades of temper vary- 
 ing from the white piece to the dark blue color 
 of soft steel. On the back of these pieces paste 
 labels describing the technical name of the shades 
 and the g;eneral uses to which tools of corre- 
 sponding hardness are adapted. This will form 
 an interesting collection of specimens, and ac- 
 sustom the eye to the various tints which will, 
 after some experience, be instantly recognized 
 when seen separately. 
 
 To Soften Steel. 
 
 One tablespoonful each hydrochloric acid 
 and saltpetre to one gal. of water. Heat the 
 steel and cool in it; then heat again and let 
 get cool. 
 
 Cast steel thus treated will weld with sand. 
 
117 
 Composition to Toughen Steel. 
 
 Resin 2 lbs., tallow 2 lbs., black pitch 1 lb.; 
 melt together and^put in the steel when hot. 
 
 To Restore Burnt Steel. 
 
 Four lbs. of fine white sand pulverized, add 
 ^ lb. of resin, ^ lb. of sal. ammoniac, }( lb. 
 copperas, all pulverized; mix well. When the 
 steel is hot sprinkle and let cool. This process 
 will restore any burnt steel. 
 
 To Restore Burnt Steel. 
 
 Sal Ammoniac, 
 
 1 lb. 
 
 Borax, 
 
 3 lb. 
 
 Prussiate of Potash, 
 
 y2 lb. 
 
 Rosin, 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 Pulverize, add 2 gills each of water and alco- 
 hol. Boil to a stiff paste in an iron kettle; the 
 butnt steel is dipped while hot in the composi- 
 tion and hammered slightly. 
 
 To Restore Burn 
 
 t Steel. 
 
 Borax, 
 
 4y2 oz. 
 
 Sal. Ammoniac, 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 Prussiate of Potash, 
 
 4y2 oz. 
 
 Blue clay. 
 
 3 oz. 
 
 Resin, 
 
 ^ lb. 
 
 Water, 
 
 y pint. 
 
 Alcohol, 
 
 X pint. 
 
 Simmer over the fire till 
 
 it dries to a powder. 
 
 eat the steel, dip in the powder and hammer. 
 
 Polishing Powder for Steel and Metals. 
 -Carbonate magnesia, 5 lbs. 
 
 Calcium Carbonate, 5 lbs. 
 
 Ferric oxide, 8^ lbs. 
 
 Mix thoroughly. 
 
118 
 
 II. — Carbonate magnesia, 5 lbs. 
 
 Elutriated colcothar, 6 oz. 7 drm. 
 
 III. — A very useful polishing powder for metals 
 and glass is made of very finely ground 
 glass mixed with a small proportion of 
 dried soda ash. 
 
 To Make Iron Jake a Bright Polish Like Steel. 
 
 Blue vitriol, 1% oz. 
 
 Borax, 1^ oz. 
 
 Prussiate of Potash, lj4 oz. 
 
 Charcoal, 1}4 oz. 
 
 Salt, % pt. 
 
 Pulverize and dissolve in 1}4 qt. of water; 
 heat and cool the iron in this solution. 
 
 To Give Iron a Brilliant Luster. 
 
 Pulverized arsenious acid, ly^ drm. 
 
 Elutriated bloodstone, 7^ oz. 
 
 Antimony trechloride, 3% oz. 
 
 Pour over these materials 5 pints of alcohol, 90 
 % digest, at a gentle heat, shaking frequently. 
 When iron is polished with this fluid it precipi- 
 tates upon it a thin film of antimony and arsenic 
 which protects the iron from oxidation and also 
 gives it a fine appearance. 
 
 Water Annealing. 
 
 First heat the steel to a red heat, let it lie 
 until nearly black hot, then throw into soap suds. 
 Steel treated in this way will be softer than puti 
 into ashes. 
 
 To Improve Poor Iron. 
 
 Dissolve in soft water one and one-half parts 
 of black oxide of manganese, six parts copperas, 
 
119 
 
 six parts of common salt; boil until dry, cool and 
 pulverize and mix with nice welding sand; heat 
 the iron and roll in this mixture; work for a time 
 and reheat. This treatment will soon free the 
 iron from all impurities. Good horse nail can 
 be made of poor iron by this process. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Welding Flux. 
 
 For Welding Steel. — Sal ammoniac, 1 part; 
 borax, 10 parts; pound together and fuse until 
 clear, and when cool reduce to powder. 
 
 Tempering Lotion. 
 
 To 2 gals, of rain water take 1 oz. of cor- 
 rosive sublimate, 1 oz. sal ammoniac, 1 oz. salt 
 petre, 1^ pints rock salt. 
 
 This compound of a Lotion makes the steel 
 almost as hard as a man wants it for any use. 
 It has been used for tempering mill picks and 
 proved very successful. 
 
 Another. — 125 parts of water by weight, 5 
 parts sulphuric acid, 13 parts salt, 1 part yellow 
 prussiate of potash. ( Recommended by Sparks 
 of Cresent Anvil.) 
 
 Another.— Make a dough of 1 part of wheat 
 flour and 2 parts of common salt; put it into a 
 box and leave it dry; reduce it to a powder; 
 when the steel is hot immerse it into the com- 
 pound and heat it again until it has the right 
 heat for tempering, and cool as usually. 
 
 Black Varnish. — Linseed oil varnish 10 
 parts, powdered umber 2 parts, asphalt powder 
 2 parts. 
 
 Brilliant Black for Metals. — A brilliant 
 black is produced on iron and steel by applying 
 with a fine hair brush, a mixture of turpentine 
 
[ 
 
 ' and sulphur boiled together. When the tupen- 
 tine evaporates there remains on the metal a thin 
 layer of sulphur, which unites closely with the 
 iron when heated for a few moments over a 
 spirit or gas flame. This varnish protects the 
 metals perfectly and is quite durable. 
 
 Blueing of Gunbarrels. — Scour the steel 
 with a small quantity of a strong aqueous solu- 
 tion of soda, rinse in water, warm and brush 
 o.ver with a solution oi a. }^ oz. of chloride of iron 
 dissolved in 5 oz. of water, and let it dry; then 
 apply in the same manner a solution of one-iifth 
 of of an ounce of pyrogallic acid in one ounce of 
 water; dry and brush. Does not wear well with- 
 out lacquering. 
 
 Malleable or Aluminum Bronze. — By weight 
 .10 aluminum, .90 copper. This composition 
 may be forged either cold or hot. It becomes 
 extremely dense; its tensile strength is 100,000 
 lbs., when drawn into wire 128,000 and its elas- 
 ticity one-half that of wrought iron. Specific 
 gravity 7.7. 
 
 Specific Gravit3\ — The specific gravity of 
 any substance is the number found by dividing 
 the weight of substance by the weight of an 
 equal bulk of water. Therefore, the specific 
 gravity of a substance is the number that ex- 
 presses the weight of a cubic foot of it in pounds. 
 
 Weight of water 62.5 lbs. Weight of iron 
 480 lbs. ' 
 
 Example — 62.5 ™480 = 7.6 gravity of iron. 
 
 Fresh water weighs 62,37925 per cubic foot. 
 
 Note. — But for facility of computation it is 
 reckoned 62.5 or 1000 ounces; Sea water weighs 
 per cubic foot 64.3125. 
 
 Annealing Mushet Steel. — Heat the steel to 
 
122 
 
 a forging heat, and then put it into a pile of saw- 
 dust and keep it well covered; leave it there until 
 cold. It will be soft enough to work it like any 
 other cast steel. When done, heat it and leave 
 it cool off in the usual way. 
 
 To Soften Cast Iron. — A pickle of one quart 
 of aqua-fortis and four quarts of water. Immerse 
 the casting and leave it twenty-fours in the solu- 
 tion, when you will find it soft enough to 
 work it. 
 
 To Remove Rust on Wrought Iron. — Take 
 one pint of muriatic acid to one quart of water; 
 immerse twenty-four hours. Clean the article: 
 with a hot solution of soda of all the grease and 
 oil before immersing. The rust will come off 
 like dirt. — Am. Machinist. 
 
 One hundred and thirty-eight bushels char- 
 coal and 430 lbs. of limestone with 2,612 lbs of 
 ore will produce about one ton of pig iron. 
 
 Painting of Iron. — The iron should be thor- 
 oughly cleaned of all rust before applying the 
 paint. 
 
 For painting, use one part of verdigris, one 
 part of white lead and three parts of linseed oil; 
 or Yz of verdigris, l}4 oi white lead and 2^ of 
 linseed oil. The iron to receive three coats; the 
 first before it is used, the second after the first is 
 thoroughly dry, and the third three days later. 
 
 Lacquer for Iron. — A lacquer protecting the 
 iron from rust and presenting a beautiful black 
 appearance is composed of asphalt, pine oil and 
 colophoney. 
 
 Tempering Twist Drills and Reamers. - 
 Pack the drills and reamers into an iron sand 
 box and heat slowly cherry red in a furnace or 
 forge fire; dip them vertically into water; brighten 
 
123 
 
 the surface and heat the tools evenly till an or- 
 ange brown color appears on the bright surface. 
 
 Acid to Mark Hardened Tools. — Pyrolig- 
 neous acid four parts, alcohol one part by meas- 
 ure; mix and add one part double aquafortis. 
 
124 
 
 Rate of Wages from $4 to $21 per Week. 
 
 
 $4.00 
 
 1 
 $4.50 
 
 $5.00 
 
 15.50 
 
 DAYS. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1 i 
 
 i 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 
 16i 
 
 33i 
 
 50 
 
 66i 
 
 831 
 
 00 
 
 16i 
 
 38i 
 
 50 
 
 66i 
 
 83i 
 
 00 
 
 16i 
 
 33i 
 
 50 
 
 66* 
 
 831 
 
 00 
 
 loi 
 
 33i 
 
 66i 
 
 00 
 
 66* 
 
 33i 
 
 00 
 
 661 
 
 33i 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 83i 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 
 18f 
 37i 
 561 
 
 93f 
 
 12i 
 
 31i 
 
 50 
 
 68f 
 
 87i 
 
 06i 
 
 25 
 
 481 
 
 62* 
 
 8U 
 
 00 
 
 181 
 
 87* 
 
 561 
 
 75 
 
 12i 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 QO 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 20f 
 
 4U 
 
 62* 
 
 83J 
 
 04 
 
 25 
 
 451 
 
 66* 
 
 87* 
 
 081 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 70f 
 
 9]f 
 
 12* 
 
 38i 
 
 54i 
 
 75 
 
 95f 
 
 16* 
 
 581 
 
 00 
 
 83i 
 
 66^ 
 
 50 
 
 88i 
 
 76i 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 8 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 16 
 22 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 45f 
 
 h. 
 
 68f 
 
 1 
 
 91* 
 
 li 
 
 14* 
 
 H 
 
 la 
 
 37* 
 60* 
 
 2 
 
 881 
 
 3i 
 
 2i 
 
 061 
 29 
 
 21":::::::... 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 ^i 
 
 34 
 
 98 
 20f 
 
 3| 
 
 4 
 
 431 
 66* 
 
 4+ 
 
 89* 
 
 4i 
 
 4a 
 
 12* 
 
 85* 
 
 5 
 
 5^ 
 
 58i 
 04 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 7 
 
 8 : 
 
 9 
 
 41* 
 83i 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 16* 
 081 
 00 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 83i 
 
125 
 
 Rate of Wages from $4 to $21 per Month. 
 
 $6.00 
 
 $7.00 
 
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 Rate. 
 
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130 
 
 Rate of Board by the Week. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Rate. 
 
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 19 
 
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 15 
 
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 14 
 
 18 
 
 86 
 
 20 
 
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 29 
 
 16 
 
 07 
 
 17 
 
 86 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 21 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 86 
 
 16 
 
 71 
 
 18 
 
 57 
 
 20 
 
 43 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
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 21 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
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INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Acid to Mark Hardened Steel 123 
 
 Alloys and Compositions 110-111 
 
 Angle Iron Rings, how to bend , .107-109 
 
 Annealing of Steel 12 
 
 " by Water 118 
 
 Annealing Mushet Steel 121 
 
 Axes, how to temper , 114 
 
 Bar Iron, table of all sizes manufactured 47- 52 
 
 Bath for Tempering Circuhir Saws 115 
 
 Bessemer Steel, process of making 28- 29 
 
 Black Paint for Metals 120 
 
 Brick Hammer, to temper ... 113 
 
 " Set " " 113 
 
 Bolts, Heads, Nuts and Heads in Proportion. 92 
 
 Bush Hammer, to temper 113 
 
 Cast Iron, manufacture and quality 1- 2 
 
 " weight of 103 
 
 " Balls, weight of 84 
 
 " Expands 103 
 
 Case Hardening , . . 11 
 
 Condensed Suggestions for Steel Workers ... 12 
 
 Crushing Strength of Iron 100 
 
 Cuts of Tools and Welds 24-46 
 
 Dies and Tools 39-46 
 
 Die Block, how to obtain 41 
 
 Drills, to temper 112 
 
 " Steam for Rock 112 
 
 " Hand for Rock 113 
 
 " Twist, to temper 122 
 
 " Steam, to temper 112 
 
 •' Hand 113 
 
132 
 
 Elastic Limit of Iron 1 03 
 
 Explanation of Tables on Tensile Strength, . . 97 
 
 *' " of wghtsq. and rd. Iron 97 
 
 " " Circumference .... 97 
 
 Area 98 
 
 Flat Rolled Iron.... 98 
 
 Figures, of Welds 34- 39 
 
 Forges and Fires 29- 32 
 
 Fulcrum and Lever Explained 101-102 
 
 Furnace, sketches of 24- 25 
 
 " what fuel to use 26 
 
 Fluxes for Welding Steel 18-120 
 
 Gun Barrels, blueing of 121 
 
 Heating of Iron. 33 
 
 Heating to Forge Steel 14 
 
 Iron, manufacture of 1 
 
 " the process of making 1-11 
 
 " Cast 1- 2 
 
 " " to soften 122 
 
 ' ' Wrought 5 
 
 " Piling of 7 
 
 " Balling of 7 
 
 " Tensile Strength of 99-100 
 
 " Crushing Strength of 100 
 
 " to Take a Bright Polish 118 
 
 Give a Brilliant Lustre 118 
 
 " Improve 118 
 
 Lacquer for Iron 122 
 
 Lathe Tools, tempering of 112 
 
 Lever. Fulcrum, and Power 101-103 
 
 Lime Stone Tools, to temper 114 
 
 Lotions for Tempering 115-117-120 
 
 Malleable or Aluminum Bronze 121 
 
 Manganese, what it is 29 
 
 Melting Paint off Iron and Steel 103 
 
 Mill pick, to temper 117 
 
133 
 
 Mensuration 108-105 
 
 Miscellaneous 120-124 
 
 Nails, table of 93- 94 
 
 Notes on Iron and Steel 103 
 
 On Heating 17 
 
 Painting of Iron 122 
 
 Piling of Iron 7 
 
 Polishing Powder for Steel and Metals 117 
 
 Polish for Steel and Iron 118 
 
 Practical Rules 103 
 
 Prismoidal Formula 105 
 
 Pudling Furnace 6 
 
 Pudle Roller 6 
 
 Punches, to temper 114 
 
 Refining Steel 5 
 
 Roller Finishing 7 
 
 Rules to Find Area of Circle 104 
 
 " Cone 104 
 
 Cylinder 104 
 
 " " Iron 104 
 
 Sphere 104 
 
 Triangle 104 
 
 " Circumference 104 
 
 " " Diameter 104 
 
 " " Weight of Iron 103 
 
 *' Volume of Cone 104 
 
 Cylinder 105 
 
 Prism 105 
 
 Prismoid 105 
 
 " " " Sphere 104 
 
 " " " an Irregular Body. . 105 
 
 Rust, to remove 122 
 
 Saws, how to temper 114 
 
 " bath, for tempering 115 
 
 Shears, how to temper 114 
 
 Specific Grayity 121 
 
134 
 
 Spikes, table of 93-95 
 
 Sprinajs, how to temper 112 
 
 Stonecutter Tools, how to temper 113 
 
 Swedges, cuts of 40 
 
 " how to be made 41 
 
 Steel, acts when heated irregular . . 16- 18 
 
 " blistered 8 
 
 '* Burned, how to restore 116-117 
 
 " Cast 9 
 
 " crushing strain 101 
 
 " damask 10 
 
 " Figures 1 and 2 show cracks 16 
 
 " fluxes for welding 18-120 
 
 " Indian : 8 
 
 " manufacture of 8 
 
 " Natural 8 
 
 " on heating to forge 14 
 
 " Shear 9 
 
 *' tensile strength 100 
 
 " tempering and hardening 10 
 
 " tilted 9 
 
 * • to test grain 27 
 
 " to soften 116 
 
 '* to toughen 116 
 
 " various or alloys 10 
 
 " weight 103 
 
 Tables of Areas, Circumference of Circle.. 65- 81 
 
 " of Areas of Flat Rolled Iron 59- 64 
 
 *' Bearing Value of Pins 82 
 
 " Breaking Strain of Chain 83 
 
 " Degrees for Tempering 11 
 
 Flat Rolled Metals 83 
 
 Rate of Board 129-130 
 
 Rate of Wages 124-128 
 
 Sizes and Weight of Square Nuts 90 
 
 " " " Hexagon Nuts. . . 91 
 
135 
 
 Table of Sheet Steel Measurement 87 
 
 '* Substances 8(5 
 
 *' Spikes, Nails and Tacks 93-94 
 
 " Tensile Strength 99-100 
 
 " Upset Screw Ends 88-89 
 
 ♦' " Cast Iron Balls 84 
 
 Flat Rolled Iron 53-58 
 
 " Weight of Square and Round Iron 47- 52 
 
 '* " Wrought Iron Steam, Gas and 
 
 Water Pipes 96 
 
 " Weight of Wrought Spikes 95 
 
 " " Various Metals 85 
 
 Tempering Axes 114 
 
 Brick Hammer 113 
 
 Brick Set 113 
 
 " Bush Hammer 113 
 
 Cutlery 113 
 
 Drills and Chisels 112 
 
 Lathe Tools 112 
 
 Limestone Tools 114 
 
 Lotion 120 
 
 Punches 114 
 
 Rock Steam Drills 112 
 
 Rock Hand Drills 113 
 
 " Saws, circular 114 
 
 " " " for iron and rail 114 
 
 " Saws, hand, cross cut 115 
 
 Shears 114 
 
 " Small Stools and Springs 113 
 
 Solution 115-117 
 
 " Springs 112 
 
 Stone Cutter Tools 113 
 
 Tooth Axes ' 114 
 
 Temper of Steel 19- 23 
 
 Test Colors for Tempering 116 
 
 Toughen Steel 116 
 
136 
 
 Upset Screw Ends 88- 89 
 
 Varnish for Iron 130 
 
 Welding Fluxes 120 
 
 Welds 34-39 
 
 Welding and Working of Iron 35 
 
 Weight of Iron. 103 
 
 " of Steel 103 
 
 of Cast Iron 103 
 
 Wire Expands 103 
 
 Wrought Iron (soft forged) Expands 103 
 
 S50 
 
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