in Outline of the History of th« E 178 .2 .H38 Copy 1 United States By Hauser AN OUTLINE of the 1)esigned as an aid to Teachers and Pupils in Studying the Same by Topics JAMES J. HAUSER ./lulhor of a History of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, Member oj Penns^hania German Society, and Lehigh County (Pennslyoania) Historical Society OLIVER A. lOBST. PRINTER ALLENTOWN, PENNA. 1912 Copyright 1912 by James J. Hauser ^CI.A'S2r,444 PREFACE. Few words are needed to introduce this little volume. The author in his experience in the school room for many years has felt the need of an outline adapted to the school work of all grades in teaching history of the United States thoroughly, the correct outlines of the different epochs or periods and the leading principles of the same as taught in our public schools. Such an outline the author believes this one to be. While not complete in itself, by a little explanation of the sub- jects on the part of the teacher and a careful study of the outline on the part of the pupil, a fair knowledge of the history of the United States may be gained. This little work is calculated as a supplementary work to the or- dinary text books. It is so arranged as to save much unnecessary work on the part of the pupil, and' in the hands of a competent teacher, a vast amount of historical knowledge can be gained. Only a few topics should be assigned at each lesson, and a repro- duction of the outline by the pupils put upon the blackboard or written upon paper every day or recitation. All dates should be memorized. Outlines are finger boards to guide the pupils where to look and to point out to him just the things for which he should look in any ordinary text book. Grateful acknowledgment in preparing the work is made to Prof. A. I. Reinhard of Hellertown, Pa. ; Prof. George A. Grim, Superinten- dent of schools of Northampton County, Pa. ; Mrs. S. Gorr Martz, Prof. Geo. T. Ettinger and Oliver A. lobst of Allentown, Pa., for valuable aid and suggestions. That the teachers and pupils may find this little volume a valuable help in preparing and studying our Country's history is the wish ai their fellow co-laborer. JAMES J. HAUSER, July 31, 1912. Macungie, Pa. EPOCHS. 1. Aborigines. 2. Discoveries. 3. Settlements of the Colonies. 4. Inter-Colonial AVars. 5. Revolutionary War. 6. Constitutional Period. 7. Civil War. 8. Reconstruction Period. 9. Development of the Country since 1869. 10. United States as a World Power. OUTLINE OF UNITED STATES HISTORY. Aborigines. Discoveries. Explorations. Early Settlements. Colonies. Intercolonial Wars. French and Indian Wars. Progress. Revolntionary Period. Admin- istrations. War of 1812. Mexican War. Civil War. Spanish and American War. New States, 35 neAV States; name them. In Area, Louisiana Purchase (1803) $15,- 000,000; Spanish Florida (1819) $5,000,000; Texas, (1845) annexation; California, 1848, (conquest); Gad- son Purchase (1853) $10,000,000; Alaska Purchase, (1867) $7,200,000; Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, (con- quest. Population, 2,000,000 to 93,000,000. Productions. Agriculture. Manufactures. Invention, Lightning Rod, Franklin, 1752; Cottongin, Whitney, 1792; Steam Boat, Fulton, 1807; Railroad, 1827; Telegraph, 1844, Morse; Atlantic Cable, C. W. I^ield, 1867; Telephone, Bell, 1876- 1877; machinery. Intellectually. Common Schools; High Schools; Colleges; Newspapers; Books. Fine. Arts, Painting; Sculpture. Morally. Governmental, Science, Churches; Bible Societies, Asylums, Hospitals. Authors, Lexicographers, Historians, Poets, Science, Ped- agogical, Grammarians, Geographers, Novelists. Ora- tors, Statesmen, Political, Rhetorical. ABORIGINES— Prehistoric Races; Mound Builders and Pueblos; Indians; Origins; Families or Tribes, Al- gonquoin, Mobilian, Iroquois, Huron, Lucaroras, Uchels, Cherokees, Catawbas, Dakotas; Remains; Personal Ap- pearance; Mode of Living; Food; Hospitality; Marriage Customs; Family Relation; Education; Wars; Govern- ment ; Mode of Burial ; Religion ; Character. Algonquins — Shawnees, Delawares, Powhatan Confed- eracy, Susquehannahs, Nanticokes, Manahocks, Ottawas, Monacans, Corees, Pamlicees, Mohicans, Pequods, Mam- ies, Piawbeashaws, Weas, Kickapoos, Pottawotomies, Il- linois, Sacs and Foxes Menomonies, Pamblicoes, Corees. Mo})ilian — Cheraws, Santees, Yamassees, Coweta, Mus- (•op:ees or Creeks, Serainoles, Apalachians, • Choctaws, Cliickasaws, Natchez. Iroquois — Mohawks, Oiieidn^. Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, Andastas, Eries. Hurons — Wyandots, Hnrons, Neuters, Ottawas, Win- iiebagoes, Sioux. Dakotas — Qua Paws. TERRITORIAL— Algonquins, central part of North America or IT. S. and Canada. ^I obi 1 inn, Cataw- ba's, Tuscaroras, Clierokeos and Uchers, tlie Southern ])art of the United States. Iroquois, the Northern part of the United States. Huron, Canada and Nortli Central States. COLUMBUS— Birtli, i43G; Aid; Outfit; Discovery, 1492, West Indies; Second voyage, 14J).S; Third voyage, tSouth America; Fourtli voyage, 150(i; Death, 1506; Bur- ial places, Seville,, San Domingo, Havana, Si)ain. CABOT, 1497, North America, descri]ition of liis voyage, places explored. Vespucci — Description of the country, 1499, name. EXPLORATIONS— Spanish, French, English, Dutch. Spanish — Ponce de Leon, Florida, 15] :j; Balboa, Pa- cific Ocean, 1513; Cordova, 1517, Mexico; Cortez, con- quered Mexico, 1521; Magellan, circumnavigated tljo globe, 1520; Narvaez, exjjiorcd the coast of South Caro- lina, 1528; De Soto, Mississippi River, 1541: Melendez, St. Augustine, 1565. French — Verrazzani, east coast of United States, 1524; Cartier, St. Lawrence Gulf and River, 1534; Colig- ny, settlement in Florida, 1562 ; De Gourges, punished the Spanish, 1567; De Monts, Port Royal, 1604; Champlain, Lake Champlain, 1608; La Salle; Marquette and Joliet; results of these explorations. English. — Frobisher, tried to find N. W. Passage, 1516; Sir Francis Drake, circumnavigated the globe sec- ond time, 1579 ; Humphrey Gilbert, tried to plant a col- ony in America, 1583 ; Walter Raleigh, 1584-1585, tried to make settlement in America ; Bartholomew Gosnold, Cape Cod, 1602; London Company, 1606, formed; Plymouth Company, 1606, formed; result. Dutch. — Henry Hudson, Hudson River, 1609; result. EARLY SETTLEMENT.— Spanish, West Indies; Isthmus of Panama, 1510; Mexico, 1521; St. Augustine, 1565; Santa Fe, 1582; San Diego, 1769. French — Quebec, 1541; South Carolina, 1562; Flor- ida, 1564; Acadia, 1605; Canada, 1608. English. — ^New Foundland, 1583; Roanoke Island, 1584; Virginia, 1607. COLONIES.— When, 1607; where, Jamestown; by whom, English. VIRGINIA. — Important events, domestic, Tobacco, 1610; Slavery, 1620; Pocohontas. Foreign, Navigation Act, 1660. Starving time, 1610. Character of the Peo- ple, Progress, Population; Agriculture, imports, ex- ports; Commerce; Education, William and Mary Col- lege. Wars, Bacon's Rebellion, First Indian War, Sec- nd Indian War, cause, time, battles, length, commanders, results, treaty. Government, First Charter, 1607 ; Second Charter, 1609; Third Charter, 1612; First Assembly 1619, Tneidents; Written Constitution, 1G21. Noted Men, Julm Smith, Captain Newport, Lord Delaware, John Rolfe rowliatan, Nathaniel Bacen. ' MASSACHUSETTS.-When, (ir.20); Where Plv niouth; By whoin The English; Sufferings of the Colon- ists. Events, Religious Persecutions; Roger Williams banished; Anne Hutchison banisliod; Quakeis l)nnislied- Salem's Witchcraft, 1692; Union of th^ Colonies, KA'S- Charter revoked; New Charter. Character of the People Irogress Agriculture, Manufactures, Education. Har- time, (1645,) battles, commanders, results, treaty, inci- dents. Democrat, Charter, Legislature. Salem settled )orchester settled, Cambridge settled, L-.nn settled, Rox- bury set led Eminent Men, John (^)r^■er, William Brad- R ' '^w-n-^°'^'??^^' '^'"^ Winthrop, Kdnmnd Andrr.. Roger Williams, Rev. J. Harvard, Rev. John Ellioti. CONNECTICUT.-When, 1633; Where, Windsor- B>; whom, English. Colonies, Connecticut, Hartford' Windsor Weathersfield; New Haven; Saybrooke Events, (barter Oak, Charter. Progress Agricultur • ommerce Manutacture, Education, Yale College, Popu-' ation. War, Pequod, cause, time 1637, battles 2- manders, result, reaty, incidents. Eminent A[on, Rev Captain Wadsworth, John Davenport, Theo. Eaton. RHODE ISLAND.-When, 1636, Where, Provi- Ev;.nr J .^ """': ^%'^'' Williams. Character of iVople. Ev n s Ralston to Massachusetts; Settlement disnu os in a'"' 1 /^^«P'*'^tary, Charter, Changes, Con'stitu-' tior. Assembly. Progress, Agriculture, Conirrieice ex- ports, imports; Education, Brown lTniv;rsitv; MaimfLc- luS.isoli'rwr" M '?;"' ^^^^^^«' ««^- Williams Vnm. uuKtiiison, Cotton M.itlior. NEW HAMPSHIRE.— When, 1623, Where, Dover, By whom, English. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, Education Population. Character of the Settlers. Gov- ernment, Charter, Proprietary, Assembl5^ Events, Sev- eral Proprietaries, Ro^'al Province, Dispute between Maine and Massachusetts. Noted Men, Capt. John Mas- on, Sir Edmund Andros, Duke of Ironmouth. NEW YORK.— When, 1614, Where, Manhattan Is- land, By whom, Dutch. Government, Proprietary, Char- ter, Assembly. Events, Captured by the English; Res- toration; Representation granted; Representation pro- hibited; Uprising of the people; Leisler and Melborne ex- ecuted; Union of the Five Nations. Character of the People. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, Education, Population. Noted Men, Van T wilier, Wm. Kieft, Peter Stuyvesant, Duke of York, Andros, Sloughter. PENNSYLVANIA.— When, 1682; Where, Philadel- phia; By whom, William Penn. Character of the People. Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly, Constitu- tion. Events, Treaty with Indians; Penn's return to England; Discussions; New Charter; Penn's return to the Colony; Mason and Dixon's Line. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, exports, imports; Education, Newspapers; Population. Noted Men, William Penn, William Mark- ham Penn 's Sons. DELAWARE.— When, 1638; Where, Wilmington; By whom, Swedes. Character of the People. Progress. Important Events. Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly. MARYLAND.— When, 1634; Where, St. Marys; By whom, English, (Lord Baltimore.) Character of the People. Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly. Events, Clayborne 's Rebellion ; Toleration Act ; Disf ranch- ment of the Catholics; Civil War; Second Religious War; Royal Province. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, ex- ports, imports; EdiK-ation, Schools, Colleges; Population. Noted Men, Lord Baltimore, Leonard Calvert, Charles Calvert. NORTH CAROLINA.— When, 1650; Where, Alber- marle; By whom, English. Government, Proprietary, Charter, Grand Model, Assembly. Character of the Peo- l)le. Events, Culpep})er's Revolt; Indian Massacre; Di- vision of Colony. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, ex- ports, imports; Education, Population. Eminent Men, Lord Clarendon, William Sayle, Seth Sothel. SOUTH CAROLINA.— When, 1670; Where, Ashley River; By whom, English. Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly. Character of the People. Events, Slavery Introduced, 1682; Rebellion; Rice, 1694; Expedi- tion to St. Augustine; Expedition to Charleston; Indian War; Royal Province. Progress, Agriculture, Com- merce, exports, imports; Education, Population. Emi- nent Men, Gov. Colleton, Sir John Yeamans, Gov. More, Gov. Craven. GEORGIA.— When, 1733; Where, Savannah; By whom, English, (Oglethorpe.) Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly, Change. Events, Invasion of Flori- da; Spanish Invasion; Oglethorpe's return to England. Progress, Agriculture, C'ommerce, exports, imports; Edu- cation; Population. Noted Men, James Oglethorpe, Charles Wesley, John Wesley, George Whitfield. INTER-COLONIAL WARS. KING WILLIAM'S WAR.— War between England and France. Cause, Account of James II, King of F]ng- land. Time, 1689. Length, 8 years. Battles, Expedi- tion against (»)uebec, 1690; Indian Expeditions; Schenec- tady Haverliill. Commanders, Gov. Phipps. Treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Result, same as before. QUEEN ANN'S WAR.— Cause, France and Eng- land, to place the son of James on the throne of England. Time, 17U2. Length,, 11 years. Battles, Expedition to Port Royal, 1707; Second Expedition to Port Royal, 1710; Invasion of Canada. Treaty, Utrecht, 1713. Re- sult, Acadia given to the English. KING GEORGE'S WAR.— Cause, Trouble in Europe, Time, 1744. Length, 4 years. Battles, Capture of Louisburg, 1745. Treaty, Aix La Chapelle, 1748. Re- sult, same as before. FRENCH AND INDIA "NT W\R.— Cause, overlap- ping claims. Time, 1754. Length, 9 years. Objective points, Acadia and Louisburg, Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Niagara, Quebec. Treaty, Paris, 1763. Result, English gained all the territory east of the Mi««^* • " ' River and North of Ibprville River. Lost, $16,000,000; 30,000 men. ■^ >• lO ".tl "-O <0 t^ 00 ^ ■>; '5 Oi » 03 '■5 ^ lO "i ■"> 'O 'O ,0 '" »0 ■•'5 '•■5 lO lO r^ '~ t>. t^ 1- t- r^ I . :- r- i- i~ i- r- c c o. o O o O o C<1 (O c J c4&;&iHWP=ifaBfi;wHK(a'{a o c o £ ti o ii ^> - - S, - ^ — ••-» j^ '^ w ^ „ eJ oJ ei (U q o y s <:u; O OS t»a OCT: _ ■^ Ic "o t" "5; 03 "C a 72 « p -a > > fS £ >■ .-' G i-s S ;< S -< < CO t < ^ ii^u: ib ffl a^ ho w o s. ca « Sj rt 2 U) O C or O U) S a* Wi,<}f '::: p 3 a*,^ 3 c; " o Cfc- o m — o! .2 c 0«00tn0.ii00--p3 S J < fc. o -i E- &. ^ ^ fc cr o-t— t>-i^t>-t~t-t-c-t~ c- t~ t^ t- lO t— O O O O) C<1 •» o o o o 03 CO -rH eg O O csi e? <=> o o ■*! CO 10 10 o c> o's e 2^ C a C m =::: g-g O o o rt .2^ c §1 (3 O to 1^ « 2 C3 O 0) su ^b !>. -^ O O O o .2 O CT5 O O *J t< lit! ?D 00 O O lO t^ o o o ■o o «o "^ lO OJ OO o J g o o o o .2 o o o o o as o • ^ - - _ O tH lO t.T-IC0O(M COMtH o o CO o o o o Tf eo S <: cq pq' > >, ttf) be O O <» <1> r-i >> c* So J h:] o N ;> 5 (1) (1) o 0-- >- 3 s 4.; -w fi f-, §l.§i!l§ t4 ^ O Q CO Of, in3 H sec O ">.o5m°oo i bo 5 2^ CC (U , .5 ca o « J? c 3 .i; to a hJh o =a CO G o a> oj o rG ^ 3 3 MKfQcO 0) r ^ cs rH ^ n hn bX) .9 o (U 5' «;S -s; cts CTi-3 >>K^56'S Q <^-' ™ 3 CO S p3 to 3 •" O cs ^aSsSs-^rt^-^^ •S rt S-o 3 ^^-^ ti -^ :3 a ^ofT S a a ~ ^ ^5 5 "o ■" -r *^ a; a -r « a "3 (^ a a 3 « o o ^sssmsiEmiMmsmmiMm 12 OO OO OC OO 00 OC 00 I- l~ <- 1^ t- t^ t~ o o oc c- s o o re ::: — -<'cQ' b 2 s ^ » ~ — i' r" ^ re o o :? ^ >- c ^ O O K cc < O — 0; 0) 0) (U fc. C tJ a c c c re ■;= 5 u 2: £ £ T .« o .1 § "^ 1^ >. ■- ^ o I' >^ 01 .~ x: ^ '- he — ' r^ .2 r*' "w re ^ rt - S --^ o) -r £; =■- Di t- ir c- oo ^ i:* ^ 2 -i^ 5 li^ >. i, ^ o > - E i iS ^ if c 3 re •" = oi o c c: o X a X >. — >" - .. - <; H ;,- 3 •a °S. " ra 2 O - K ^ re ^ ^ .2 re ^ -: o j= as c fc a _ ,•-- r; •. oi re ;- rt ^ re re ^ re O ^ - 0; .2 • o o .5 I — o - ♦- o s — C-, a - re re o -^ ~ c •- ^ ■::; re " }, 0! TT a I- a < u *-" . - ^- a "c i; .2 -=^ O O c c O •- I-, o a o •.MO. .zi o 5" 5 re ^- ;5 ^ ■s o — •- — c > It =« 5 o . S . ~ .2 t ~ tn — a • O -< 0; a w Li .5 -^ bO ,- w X o -i -r o "^ ^ a — ..re -^ r- a o l: fc 'w - . - ^ o ^ S . -i ■- 1— re ^ ''■ ■" c P, u C a 3 w * ^ r; O y (1) 13 ^^' CO 00 i-<«< ii u t-t -OjHSH^OOOO ^^-fcj*^*3 O-i-i-t-J-u-M 0000^1^0)0000 -a -a o o S S > a s « S 3 OQ -„ t< jh o ..2 § 5 cS CO y to s- •-: I (Sst^'^.is ffit>|s:^fQpq •2 ^ O U « g iS 5 ^ £ S S I ^ g I g fa co' o CO o ei 01 C3 Pm m p- X3 CO c q o bflW CO ■^ W) 5-3«^ ^li^^^iilS^iaiio •^ ai;3^HOoctf00o.cr^^3o^cijoiS^fecofafafctH;>QH::]foeQfQfc(i,^ M ^ ^i CI c>^ 'M ^1 ^^ M „ ^ a. «: c- M o — ^, ^ I- oo o 5 (^ 1 7 r •; CQ ►^ ^ ^ M Cl -^ 5C, O C7 ~ :=:<■<■ C3 <' eg' <■ ^' -• i: CO r: « c r ,- a, t£^ o K 0, *-' j2> *' r-, ' = - f: « •= r e = >. 4 -j: -a; o o^ tea o '^^ Mo rt a; r; S Q O' is ^ rt W M ffi Q ' O •-< O 00 o o . 15 ;^ oooooooocooooocooooooo ^ T-lf-lrHi-ll-lr-lT-lrHrHrHTH t— t~- t- ^ ■*! ■*! 00 OO 00 T-l T-i rH OO OCOOi-HOOOO a ,n« OO lOrfiOOOOiOOO « Tt^ S, i-io ooiooioo I' i-jii r-l IM CI ■^ M -^ c^O >< "^ "^ O o u oi*^ <<<<<<<<< c6 cj g J-] =« =S S 3 g a CO O cj OJ o OO X! — 3 3 a ce OO /^ 0) *> „ cts ~ 3 (D !r^ O o s o Oreo •o a a a :=: a o a ig l-rf ferl 1< S rt ca a o ca Oi ca f^ o S p ^ (T? ,-< O ^ - H .^ O i6 Civil War Hxfra sossion of Congress cnllcd. Call iov 4'2Am vol HamI ;tsc.|t n.d.in.nclont fror. ti.e rob.I ,>ortion o? o fl a bill for raism- Jf;L>0,00(),0()() l,v diivct taxation (V n /-•at.on h.ll passed. JHTorson liavis oi'l!:^' a 'noH : ••n. Tiicn lo leave til.. S„nl|, i,, foHy days. ri- l.'^^'y-^'^'";''''!,' ^^'^^^ resigned as ( V.nia,ander-i,i- ( liicl. J. ,n|,t hctu-een the Ahmitor and Merriuiae elnno- uy^ naval wart-ne. fVesidenf Lineoln issued the' F a"n- hi niled states lo.ves the observanee ,.f the Sabbath MKAS KhS a< ..pled to meet the linaneial part of 1"<' ( ivH Wnv by the railed States.-l, internal Rev- <-mu;, tax on inanntaetnros, ineonio and salaries, stamp .N on leo-a doeunien s; L>, Le<.al tender notes as nione e lled^reenbaeks; :5, United States i^.nds, o -0 Bonds' H) 40 Bonds; 4, National Banlresiortn.ua aeknowle.Jo-.d the Sonthern States' as li.iivivnts. Mason and Slid<.|| ..aptnn.d. (\all forrjOO) vohn.lrers to,p„.|| i|„. n.belli.m ' 17 (P 1-lr-^T^l-(^^T-^,-^r^T-JI-^r-lTHr-lI-^^^C||?'J CO > o o s s o W) j P t) t) 1=) P t) d t) ;:3 1) d d d d t) tJ p t) t) P P P t:2 1^' P p P o' S -tJ to 13 CO ^ cd o O m fc •-» *j G -i-> Oi o S SfSS^jrcoo-on) CO e cC — o ^ ir: S S CO a; •-s O ^ ^ Q C8 o ?« iH o-r; «i nS g a> J> o O) ^ ^ cd ■5 "« bo. ^5 j<5 CO o o . S to -.3 .i; CO 2'3rt-!i'^t:aCtH.2;fa:n -- TU "-^ •.-< S :5 o ?i s t3 2 CO _cu js; fcrti^tfuwotEOh^pQcqmiUPCM?', IS ?2I2Zi f> c (M ?i M :: ^ o o ' ta iM o ^. "n o f t * — — — — — ^^^i— ,OOOOOi-iO - » O 1-5 O O 00 cc t- ^. o ~; O O O 1- o — 05 O S CO 00 v: I- o I, t CM 1X1 .z ec o w CO ca 1": •* r- M e-i r-i CO w m ,-1 (» cvj O 00 O ri —1 ij' o"P u'oo'^' ^5^^cj'pu;:idPPP-DPpPtJ»=^PdiDp;2'jidj3d W o ?^ = c O .if U3 en c o ^ .i: ,x 1^1 4 ^ _ 1 o r- ^ O) . 7: C: M bt M r: -f, c ^ n •c^ 5 ■1= (O CO scccccc c ■j^ ^_rtja_w«_t5«rti^caaj 0. - c>'art'S'St''a;'a;~'ai -"Sm ■^^ S.is^^CJCJOCJU o-o £ CS li^^QjOocooyo.-o- CL Ci.M22^S?;?^?;^P^S?5e 0l-t-00300rJ=0^3rt E g « ^ •~ <^ cs. ^ S c c ;"" w aj n t/3 _ - ~ a^' a. t/3 — ' »> 0) ■— CO 5 U 3; ►-, ►-5 > ^ u 2 =3^14 in i6 3 ca = to u — O l~ CO w « c rt (1> .a fo /, x: > !-: m L. u. J= 0.' fc W C^CU >. :=^5 5:ii = 3 ^• 2 ^ 3 F^*^ Di (Z! IS 0, 3 V CO ~ »— "t; >». -a "i (U •-. 3 rt ^ ^ ;:: cu ^, 2; >^ cc u Di « c « aMM«o'^3'"eccococceo ;~ OOoOOOC»OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC»OOooC10ooOOOOoOOOOOOOOO ►fe i-HTHT-l,Hr--<*' t)" P>:^^o0t:^t:^\D^dP^:^^dtDot:^PPp^PP^'^^'i^ o '^ (D 0) JS O 3 S S § ° ^ i s S c3 3 a S r; h! fci > > C« -• o ^5 5 rf ° c^ p>gMPg> J^ QJ C fc di ffi fl ii 2 Gj ;:; -3 -3 02 to £ s a 2 -s .a > " "" "^ S "S s :=; ^ T3 c ^' Ml tn as c QJ ^ s -a CO c o '3 ^ OJ 9 o =5 CIS i^ h -„ Qj cc 6c " z; CD S V *^ 3 cj =2 cS o ^ *^icQ to ^ bC > 03 j-j CO .-SO" 03 t- (X) P 05 J, cc c o r5 s '^ '*-' biD f^ Sir — .2 ra O £ -^ > o ci; ft =>-= '^ .. h P C OJ ^ a; OS Q, rt a> OS cj c- 20 — yO >0 CO OC VS 00 '>0 QO ct rr *T re re re re c: cc -': re ■ao c/: '>s cz X cc cz oc CO oo v- -= O 'O CO ^ ^. o ?; y I.-5 i.e o o o c o o o 03 o o o o o o o o o o ■^ CO l--? IC5 Ift ;52 §i§gf:£ ^ CO c o ;c t- « »- o CO CO ir» f-H 00 © O O ^ O -5 C5 o c o ^ o S 2 le CO o ^ tc I- ^ c^i e^i r- ■^ X >< c x > .r X ^«^ CC tc ^ iJU T 1 I-' "" X "x .5 r-> >. •^^ ^ *^ •/- "^ tt C j^ o .S «*-l -<-* '/. r<-\ o c o --,-»- — '— OOO^'J— — ^^Ji^ti a ,, Z ~ ~- lie j; s CC ^ o '? -. %.4 -^-l ^ ^ c ^^^ s^' ^ i. ^ ^ ^ ^ c U -^ ^^ C.; ^ a; :: bfi Ml Ml w ' y^ — "= "5 Ml M) M Ml ^ C* "^^ d) 0) C t- C8 a C8 M ^ •^ '"^ o; OJ 0) R u u L. o . X. ►^ r >■, H: t,^^a.cecce:_: a o O j- r- O fl X c « 2 o •c ^ ^ y S S s i: « 58 w .. P i offiSsiwt-a-o to n •? CS _ as •S S r° I* 2 5 ^ Jj *^ tt, c c ?„ >- rt oj « a' « ^ ? •^ .— rt !- l* „ 1* i. 72 'sT - ''. a :5 o >u >. o o ™ ca = J « CO •- « s a io- S ^ ^- S CI — fc. rt O i O J2 M E « _ 2i 5 =* S, - f^-C rt g - 0; 23 =E2g= — ^i -w a ♦- "^ e 0; — O --: ^ •- C CJ J' C- O Cj r^. I:i . C"^ ->— C ^ CI ',0 ^ CM CO 1— ! GC 1—1 ;;^ C^ '^ O a C •■/, r x ^ -^ ■♦-' )^ -^^ ^ Cm C O ■*^ ;- S c i^ 'S ^K S ^ :^ '^■p' o c ■r. «^ , '^ cc >. ~ ^J rt ;j;^ C3 ^■^ ^^ > eC "^ ^' 5 .S • V y >. S c > c* """ _^ c; ^. X ^. Zj -^ X 3, CO X ^ ,^ CO -•— '■* ^ ^ ^ -B m C5 (/:• o X h-5 o CD CO a; GO ^ S C3 21 :^ ^ iv^ i*^\ i-vn r^^^ l■v^ /^ r\^ ^^^ rs^y /■s^\ ^vA r^^ j*^t o o o o o 505 O rH 00 C^ I— I o SrH •^ J O «■ O 10 00 Oi -^ -* ct3p:::):3ddo" « fPr^^ o s C3 ._>>>;.>>>;> E2 -a 'a -o o ojcuojcuojcarfcoaSoOoo ii fc, CO *j O t^ 1^ ^-g O) a; CG m .7: ■^ rr-, '^ t:2 w> »5 03 ?: o aj f^ d x: (D *-! ?5 ^ -; ^ CO > 3 Jh cc o ct '— ' fc c c e cd cd cd *" s s s i-, 01 QJ : 0) 0) O) OJ C 0/ ens rt ca s t. I- L. cr CO t. c 5. ~ 3 o ca w O ^ ^ T3 cot. K 00 k. "U •-• • -^ (U 4, Oj *- ^ -"J o w i, t Q, 23 Petersburg and Richmond captured, April 2 and 3, .1865. Retreat of General Lee, April 3 to 9. General Lee surrendered to General U. S. Grant at Spottsylvania Courthouse, April 9, 1865. General Johnson surrendered to General W. T. Sherman, April 26, 1865. General Dick Taylor and General Kirby Smith commanding the de- partments east and west of the Mississippi River Sur- rc^ndered on the same terms as General Lee. President Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865, died April 15, 1865, greatly loved by the people. So closed one of the great- est of the civil wars of the world, with the result that human slavery was wiped out. Strength of the North and South: North, 22,000,000 people; railroad facilities; manufactures; commerce; wealth; food production; President Lincoln called for 300,000 men; sanitary commission; Christian commis- sion formed; neutrality proclaimed by England and France; 1863, Emancipation Proclamation w^ent in force (Jan. 5); Vallandigham sent to the rebel lines; draft riots in New York; President Lincoln called for 300,000 men. 1864, President Lincoln called for 200,000 men; 200,000 men; 500,000 men; 300,000 men. 1865, President Davis captured. Result of the War — Abolition of slavery; entire free- dom of the country; States Right's question settled; cost in money, $2,749,000,000; in men. Union side, killed, 300,- 000 men, crippled, 200,000 men; Confederate side, 500,000 men killed and crippled. Vast amount of property de- stroyed. President Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth. Died April 15, 1865. Attempt made on the life of Secretary of State, William H. Seward. Funeral of the President April 19, 1865. Buried at Springfield, Illinois. John Wilkes Booth, the assassin, pursued and killed while hiding in a barn, four of the conspirators were convicted for life, others for a time at hard labor. 24 X3 OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCCCCCOCOOooOOOOOC Oh a on __ o 60 O E-pa n bD as to u ca c 3 J3 g ts « S « 3 a; oo T3 tH eS 5 > B s o o c o 'orden arragut avis llet llet enshawk lake upont llet •—4 a O h-i ?:&,pfdW«ffiCK [z] OB ffi c H £ O u w g ? ^ *j 3 £ * rt M m '- o g boi? 3 cS O cS O 4-> 3 ^ bo O a 00 a 0) c (11 c > ^ ti ea •--. u o o ?: C t c: ;!: oi fc 1^ o o a. S " .- ea c 3 a ^ a p5 bo B ca ~ - 3 S I CO G cfi o a, ca ^ ii .ii tf rt iS X •a c ea ea 6 o O C 2 3JS m "3 o ^ OQ C =• c < o t- es O J= c C CO 2 « X 3 ea 43 bC t ea ca "o ca ^ ^ ca c - ea ea ki . 0) rr ca ^ O C' •- j= -r ea .-r " a- i; «o jD 0) bo ea S.2 CO u 3 ^^ S .2 .=» fe 25 CO to u (0 c o £ < c a •N M ■00 Oi 00 rH 02 C OS =^ .^ CO o P. O 03 OS ;h O O s o o M •r P. ^ m O I « O ^ ^ '^ "§ rS O ^ "^ s ^ S ^ oo* "S .'Til ^ '^ .S 03 "rid "% .a ^ 0) oooooooooooooooooo ^ oooooooooooooooooo fl oS •s <= (TQ O •* c .2 o ITS •* Tf • 1— 1 pi ^'^ tH its u Cj tH a; p. 1 m O a; >^ ^ a H 03 o ^ CO oq 00 02 03 cc O -, * ^ _ oa m to K 2 "^ J tf ^■^^ c5 «S S3 lij •;_; O CM g O ^ ft fH GO rf ft '^ 'B- ft •73 o "^ •n ;^ tH ^ (h (h q3 ^ >> > ^BjesJcSoScS^-i; OwmcQtncocoS 02 " 0) _ ^ G(Q OP D3 • •^ oo oo =^ oo ^-^ • r-l -rj ^P ^ O) hM ^ 03 -^ rr-! O m 03 ft «f-i o c3 03 • r-t ft ft ,^3 26 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION— Time of election, 1789. Politics, none. Terra, 2 terms, 8 years. Vice President, John Adams. Diflfioulties, public debt, $74,000,000. Domestic affairs. Finances, United States Bank and Mint established; National Capitol, Philadel- phia and District of Columbia selected. 1792, Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney. 1794, Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania. 1794, Indian Wars, Foreign affairs, Great Britain, Jays Treaty. 1795, Spain and Algiers, boundaries and pirates, France, revolution. New States admitted, Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee. Political i)ar ties. Federalist, Democratic — Republican. Farewell ad- dress. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, 1789-1794, from Virginia; Edmund Randolph, 1794-1795, from Virginia; Timothy Pickering, 1795-1797, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of Treasury, Alexandei, Hamilton, 1789-1795, from New York; Oliver Walcot't* 1795-1797, from Connecticut. Secretaries of War, Henry Knox, 1789-1795, from Massachusett^; Timothy Picker- ing, 1795-1796, from Massachusetts; James McHenry, 1796-1797, from Maryland. Postmasters General, Sam- uel Osgood, 1789-1791, from Massachusetts; Timothy Pickering, 1791-1795, from Massachuetts; Joseph Haber- sham, 1795-1797, from Georgia. Attorneys General, Ed- mund Randolph, 1789-1794, from Virginia; William Bradford, 1794-1795, from Pennsylvania; Charles Lee, 1795-1797, from Virginia. JOHN ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1796. Politics, Federal. Term, 4 years. Vice President, Thomas Jefferson. Internal affairs. Alien and Sedition Laws, 1798. French Hostilities. Reprisals, 1798. Fries' Insurrection, 1798. X. Y. Z. Papers. Treaty with Napoleon, 1800. Death of Washington, Dec. 14, 1799. Vaccination introduced into the United States by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, 1800. Washington made the capital of the United States, 1800. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of States, Timothy Pickering, 1797-1800, from Pennsylvania; John Marshall 1800-1801, from Vir- 27 ginia. Secretaries of Treasury, Oliver Walcott, 1797- 1801, from Connecticut; Samuel Dexter, 1801-1801, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of War, James McHenry, 1797-1800, from Maryland; John Marshall, 1800-1800, from Virginia. Postmasters General, Joseph Habersham, 1797-1801, from Georgia. Attorneys General, Charles Lee, 1797-1801, from Virginia; Theophilus Parson, 1801- 1801 from Massachusetts. JEFFEESON 'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1800. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 2 terms, 8 years. Vice Presidents, Aaron Bauer, George Clinton. Measures of economy. Louisiana purchase for $15,006,000, 1803. 1801, War with Tripoli. 1804, July 4, duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. 1806, Blockade of European ports. Right of Search. Chesa- peake and Leopard, 1807. Proclamation by the Presi- dent. British decree, 1807. Milan decree, 1807. Embar- go Act, 1807. Lewis and Clarke's expedition, 1804. In- vention of the steamboat by Fulton, 1807. Abolition of slavery, 1808. National road, 1806. Non-Intercourse Act, 1809. States admitted, Ohio, 1802. Cabinet Officers- Secretaries of State, James Madison, 1801-1809, from Virginia. Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel Dexter, 1801, from Massachusetts; Albert Gallatin, 1801-1809, from Pennsylvania. Secretaries of War, Henry Dearborn, 1801-1809, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of the Navy, Benjamin Stoddard, 1801, from Maryland; Robert Smith, 1801-1805, from Mai-yland; Jacob CrowiusMeld, 1805- 1809, from Massachusetts. Postmasters General, Joseph Habersham, 1801, from Georgia; Gideon Granger, 1801- 1809, from Connecticut. Attorneys General, Levi Lin- coln, 1801, from Massachusetts; Robert Smith, 1801-1805, from Maryland ; John Breckinridge, 1805-1807, from Ken- tucky; Ceasar A. Rodney, 1807-1809, from Delaware. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- tion, 1808. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 2 terms, 8 years. Vice Presidents, George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry, 28 ->f t;,. "ai with Algiers. Troqtv fn '<*liartered. IRK ■States admitt'ed, Lo, i a,a' IsV' 7'';'"^''' P«''>v. Ne Roberta's "h"''-^- f^«l"^e Ot^^eer; ^S^""'^ ^.««' C 181] 817 f"'' 18*'-J8", from AfarTltn'r'r''^-' "f S'ate iaii-]«]7, from \'ir IOIO-JH14, from New Yorl-- To ; ' '^^^"^ Arnistroncr h-om Virginia,. William Tt' n^"^""! ^^«°^'oe, 1814 181?' iiom ^-ennsylvan a- R w n "'""Jones, ]81"!i«i,t •^lassaehusetts pA5' " • •^"'OMnirishield 1814 l«iV"J^*' ]7-1814, ?ro'„ (£nt"?^':rp«f-«'| 6ideo1;'U';„'™'r" W it' iIm ^r'"' I>oct,i„o 18-'' J^'^'^l^r ^"'^Pro- miyli- ^""'■'da purchased imq ?'T-''''' '^^Wte's '.'■«!». 1818; Alabama iK'r '"-'•'• "^'^''^ admitted I? A^r l^f-1^^r'^--taries^T'''s a^f ^ Missou^ [ 29 1817-1825, from South Carolina. Secretaries of the Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, 1817-1818, from Massachusetts; Smith Thompson, 1818-1823, from New York; Samuel L. Southard, 1823-1825, from New Jersey. Postmasters Gen- eral, Return J. Meigs, Jr., 1817-1823, from Ohio; John McLean, 1823-1825, from Ohio. Attorneys General, Rich- ard Rush, 1817, from Pennsylvania; William Wirt, 1817- 1825, from Virginia. JOHN Q. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1824. Politics, Whig. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, John C. Calhoun. Prosperity. Death of Adams and Jefferson, July 4, 1826. Tariff, 1828. First railroad, 1827. La Fayette's return to France, 1825. Party feeling. New parties. Internal improve- ments. Creek Indians removed, 1826. Temperance movement, 1826. Anti-Masonic part^^, 1826. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Henry Clay, 1825-1829, from Kentucky. Secretaries of Treasury, Richard Rush, 1825-1829, from Pennsylvania. Secretaries of War, James Barbour, 1825-1828, from Virginia; Peter B. Por- ter, 1828-1829, from New York. Secretaries of the Navy, Samuel L. Southard, 1825-1829, from New Jersey. Post- masters General, John McLean, 1825-1829, from Ohio. Attorney General, William Wirt, 1825-1829, from Vir- ginia. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- Tiion, 1828. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 2 terms, 8 years. Vice Presidents, John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren. Veto United States Bank, 1832 and 1836. Black Hawk War, 1832. Tariff, 1832. Nullification Act, 1832. Clay's Compromise. Florida War, 1835. General Scott takes command. Col. Z. Taylor's victory over the In- dians, 1837. Bank and tariff. Rotation in office. Surplus of money. Deposits removed, 1832. Speculation. Abo- lition movement, 1831. States admitted, Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State Martin Van Buren, 1829-1831, from New York; Edward nil nl! 30 Livinjs^ston, 1831- 1833, from Louisiana; Louis Mcljaue,, 1833-1834, from Delaware; John Forsyth, 1834-1887, fro Georgia. Secretaries of the Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, 1829-1831, from Pennsylvania; Louis McLane, 1831-1833, from Delaware; William J. Duane 1833, from Pennsylva- nia; Koger B. Taney, 1833-1834, from Maryland; Levi Woodburv, 1834-1837, from New Hampshire. Secretaries of War, John H. Eaton, 1829-1831, from Tennessee; Lewis Cass, 1831-1837, from Ohio; Benjamin F. Butler, 1837, from New York. Secretaries of the Navv, John Branch, 1829-1831, from North Carolina; Levi Woodbury, 1831- 1834, from New Hampshire; Mahlon Dickerson, 1834- 1837, from New Jersey. Postmasters General, William T. Barry, 1829-1835, from Kentucky; Amos Kendall, 1835- 1837, from Kentucky. Attornevs General, John McP. Berrien, 1829-1831, from Georgia; Roger B. Tanev, 1831- 1833, from Maryland; Benjamin F. Butler, 1833-1837, from New York. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1836. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, Richard M. Johnson. Panic, 1837. Canadian rebellion, 1837. Ashburtou Treaty, 1842. Sub-Treasury Bill, 1840. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, John Forsyth, 1837-1841, from Georgia. Secretaries of the Treasury, Levi Woodbury, 1837-1841, from New Hampshire. Secretaries of War, Joel R. Poinsett, .1837-1841, from South Carolina. Sec- retaries of the Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, 1837-1838, from New Jersey; James K. Pauldin^ 1838-1841, from New York. Postmasters General, Amos Kendall, 1837-1840, from Kentucky; John M. Niles, 1840-1841, from Connecti- cut. Attornevs General, Benjamin F. Butler, 1837-1838, from New York; Felix Grundy, 1838-1840, from Tennes- see; Henry D. Gilpin, 1840-1841, from Pennsylvania. HARRISON AND TYT.ER'S ADMINISTRATION. — Time of election, 1840. Politics, Whigs. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, John Tyler. Har- 31 rison died April 1, 1841, (one moiith.) John Tyler be- came President. Cabinet resigned, 1841. Veto United States Bank. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island, 1842. Anti-Rent troubles in New York, 1844. Mormons, 1845. Texas annexed, 1845. North East Boundary settled. 1844, Telegraph invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, first message sent, "What hath God wrought!" Dr. William T. G. Morton discovered the use of Ether. Emigration. States admitted, Florida, 1845. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster, 1841-1843, from Massachusetts; Hugh S. Legare, 1843, from South Carolina; Abel P. Up- shur, 1843-1844, from Virginia; John C. Calhoun, 1844- 1845, from South Carolina. Secretaries of the Treasury, Thomas Ewing, 1841, from Ohio; Walter J'orward, 1841- 1843, from Pennsylvania; John C. Spencer, 1843-1844, from New York; George M. Bibb, 1844-1845, from Ken- tucky. Secretaries of War, John Bell, 1841, from Tennes- see; John McLean, 1841, from Ohio; John C. Spencer, 1841-1843, from New York; James M. Peter, 1843-1844 from Pennsylvania; William Wilkins, 1844-1845, from Pennsylvania Secretaries of the Navv, George E. Badger, 1841, from North Carolina; Abel P. Upshur, 1841-1843, from Virginia; David Hensliaw, 1842-1844, from Massa- chusetts ; Thomas W. Gilmer, 1844, from Virginia. Post- masters General, Francis Granger, 1841, from New York; Charles A. Wickliffe, 1841-1845, from Kentucky. Attor- neys General, John J. Crittenden, 1841, from Kentucky; Hugh S. Legare 1841-1843, from South Carolina; John Nelson, 1843-1845, from Maryland. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1844. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Mexican War, 1845-1848. Wilmot Proviso, 1846. Gold disrovered in California, 1848. Vice President, George M. Dallas. New States admitted, Iowa, 1846; Wisconsin, 1846. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, James Buchanan, 1845-1849, from Pennsylvania. Secre- tary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, 1845-1849, from Mississippi. Secretary of War, William L. Marcy, 1845- 1849, from New York. Secretaries of the Navy, George Bancroft, 1845-1846, from Massachusetts; Jolm Y. Mason, 1846-1849, from Virginia. Postmasters General, Cave Jolinson, 1845-1849, from Tennessee. Attorneys General, John Y. Mason, 1845-1846, from Virginia; Natlian Clif- ford, 1846-1848, from :Mai7i('; Isaac "Toucoy, 184.S-1849, from Connecticut. TAYLOR AND FILLMORK'S ADMINSTKATION. — Time of election, 1848. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Politics, Whig. Vice President, Millard Fillmore. Slav- ery question. Omnihus Bill, 1850. Death of President Tavlor, Julv 9, 1850. Millard Fillmore became President. Death of Clay and Webster, 1852. Cuba invaded by Fil- libusters. Death of Calhoun, 1850. Fugitive Slave Law, 1850. Department of Interior created. ]V)stage reduced to 3 cents i)er half an ounce, except the extreme West. New States admitted, California, 1850. Commodore M. C. Perrv visited Japan. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State—John M. Clayton, 1849-1850, from Delaware; Dan- iel Webster, 18^0-1852, from Massacliusetts; Edward Ev- erett, 1853-1853, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of the Treasury, William M. Meredith, 1849-1859, from Penn- svlvania; Thomas Corwin, 1850-1853, from Ohio. Secre- taries of War, George W. C^rawford, 1840-1850, from Georgia; Edward Bates, 1850, from Missouri; Charles M. Conrad, 1850-1853, from Louisiana. Secretaries of In- terior, Thomas Ewing, 1849-1850, from Ohio; James A. Pearce, 1850, from Maryland; Thomas M. T. McKennan, 1850, from Pennsylvania; Alexander H. H. Stuart, 1850- 1853, from Virginia. Secretaries of the Navv, William B. Preston, 1849-1850, from A'irginia; William A. Gra- ham, 1850-1852, from North Carolina; John P. Kennedy, 1852-1853, from Maryland. Postmasters Gen<'ral, Jacob Collamer, 1 849-1850, ^from Vermont; Nathan K. Hall, 1850-1852, from New York; Samuel D. Hubbard, 1852- 1853, from (Connecticut. Attoineys General, Reverdy Johnson, 1 840-1 S.IO, from Marvland; John J. Crittenden, 1850-1 H.V:, from K<-ntn<'ky. 33 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1852. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Politics, Demo- crat. Vice President, W. R. King, died in office. Gadsden purchase, $10,000,000. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. Bor- der warfare. Brooks-Sumner incident, 1856. Republican ])arty organized, 1856. American party, 1852. The opening of Japan, 1854. World's Fair at New York, 1853. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, William L. Marcy, 1853, 1857, from New York. Secretaries of the Treasury, James Guthrie, 1853-1857, from Kentucky. Secretaries of War, Jefferson Davis, 1853-1857, from Mis- sissippi. Secretaries of the Interior, Robert McClelland, 1853-1857, from Michigan. Secretaries, of the Navy, James C. Dobbins 1853-1857, from North Carolina. Post- masters General, James Campbell, 1853-1857, from Penn- sylvania. Attorneys General, Caleb Cushing, 1853-1857, from Massachusetts. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- tion, 1856. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, John C. Breckinridge. Dred Scott decision, 1857. Fugitive Slave Law. John Brown's Raid, 1859. Secession of the South, 1860. Seizing of the United States, 1860. Growth of Abolition. Panic, 1857. Sub-marine cable, 1858. Douglas and Lincoln Debate, 1858. Confederate States Government founded, 1861. States admitted, Minnesota, 1858: Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass, 1857-1860, from Michigan; Jeremiah S. Black, 1860- 1861, from Pennsvlvania. Secretaries of the Treasurv, Howell CobI), 1857-1860, from Georgia; Philip F. Thomas, 1860- 1861, from Maryland; John A. Dix, 1861, from New York. Secretaries of War, John B. Floyd, 1857-1861, from Vir- ginia; Joseph Holt, 1861, from Kentucky. Secretaries of the Interior, Jacob Thompson, 1857-1861, from Mississip- ])ir Secretaries of the Navy, Isaac Toncey, 1857-1861, from Connecticut. Postmasters General, Aaron V. Brown, 1857-1859, from Tennessee; Joseph Holt, 1859- 1861, from Kentucky; Horatio Kine*, 1861, from Maine. p 34 n Attorneys General, Jeremiah S. Black, 1857-1860, from Pennsylvania; Edwin S .Stanton, 1860-1861, from Ohio. ♦ LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- tion, 1860. Politics, Reiniblican. Lenixtli of tenn, 1 term, 4 years, 1 month, 11 days. Vice Presidents, Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson. Condition of the country. Great Civil War, 1-861-1865. Assassination of Lincoln, 18(i5, ^^mancipation Proclamation, 18611 National Banks, 1863. Cost of the War. Conscription of Soldiers Results of the War. New States admitted. West Vii ninia, 1863; Nevada, 1864. Cabi'net Officers — Secretaric of the State, William H. Seward, 1861-1865, from New York. Secietaries of the Treasurv, Salmon P. Cha.s«\ 1861-1864, from Ohio; William P.'Fessenden, 1864-1864, from Maine; Hn.!2:h McCulloch, 1865, from Indiana. Sec- retaries of War, Simon Cameron, 1861-1862, from Penn- sylvania; Edwin M. Stanton, 1862-1865, from Pennsylva nia. Secretaries of the Interior (*aleb B. Smith, 18()1 1863, from Indiana; John P. Usher, 1863-1865, from In diana. Secietaries of the Navy, Gideon Welh'S, 1861- 1865, from C'onnecticnt. Postmasters G(Mieral, Montgom- ery Blair, 1861-1864, from Maryland r William Dennison. 18()4-1865, from Ohio. .Vttornevs General, Edward Bates, 18«1-1863, from Missouri; Titian J. Coffey, 1863-1864. from Pennsylvania; James Speed, 1864-1865, from Ken tucky. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- tion, 1864. Politics, Republican. Lenij:th of term, 3 jts., 10 mos., 19 days. Became President on the death of Lincoln. Disbandino^ of the Armv, 1865. Reconstruction i)olicy. 13th AiiM'ndment, 1865. Public debt, $2,700,000,000, 1865. Reconstruction policy of Conij^ress, 1865. Seceded States admitted. Tenure of Office Bill, 1867. Postal money or- der svstem. Civil Rii^hts Bill. The impeacfiment of the President, 1868. 14t"h Amendment, 1868. Indian War, 1865-1868. The French in Mexico. The Atlantic Cabh" relaid, 1866. Ahiska j)urchased for $7,200,000, 1><67. Fen- 35 ian troubles, 1868. Treaty with China, 1868. Carpet Bag Government. Proclamation of Annesty. New States ad- mitted, Nebraska, 1867. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, William H. Seward, 1865-1869, from New York. Secretaries of the Treasury, Hugh McCulloch, 1865-1869, from Indiana. Secretaries of War, Edwin M. Stanton. 1865-1867, from Pennsylvania; U. S. Grant, 1867-1868, from Illinois; Lor. Thomas, 1868, from Illinois; John M. Schofield, 1868-1869, from New York. Secretaries of the Interior, John P. Usher, 1865, from Indiana; James HaCr Ian, 1865-1866, from loM^a; Orville H. Browning, 1866- 1869, from Illinois. Secretaries of the Nav}', Gideon Wel- les, 1865-1869, from Connecticut. Postmasters General, William Dennison, 1865-1866, from Ohio; Alexander W. Randall, 1866-1869, from Wisconsin. Attorneys General, James Speed, 1865-1866, from Kentuckv; Henrv Stan- berry, 1866-1868, from Ohio; William M. Evarts. 1868- 1869, from New York. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1868. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 2 terms, 8 years. Vice Presidents, Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson. Pacific Railroad, 1869. 15th Amendment, 1869. Great fires, Chicago, 1871, Forest and Boston, 1872. Treaty of Washington. Proposed annexation of San Domingo. Mo- doe Indians, 1873. Death of Horace Greeley. Credit Mo- bilier Investigation. Railroad panic, 1873. Northern Pa- cific Railroad. Greenback movement. North West boundary settled. Ku Klux Klan. Centennial Exposi- tion at Philadelphia, 1876. Sioux Indian War, 1877, Gen- eral Custer slain. Virp-inia Affair, 1868. Joint Electoral Commission. Colorado admitted, 1876. Reorganization completed. Alabama claims. Weather Bureau, 1870. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Elihu B. Wash- burn, 1869, from Illinois; Hamilton Fish, 1869-1877, from New York. Secretaries of the Treasury, George S. Bont- well, 1869-1873, from Massachusetts; William A. Rich- ardson, 1873-1874, from Massachusetts; Benjarhin H. Bristow, 1874-1876, from Kentucky; Lot M. Morrill, 1876- 36 1877, from Maine. Secretaries of AVar, John A. Rawlin.s, 1869, from Illinois; William T. Sherman, 180J), from Ohio; William W. Belknap, 1860-1876, from Iowa; Al]»honso Taft, 1876, from Ohio; James D. Cameron, 1876-1877, from Pennsylvania. Secretaries of the Interior, Jacob D. Cox, 186JI-1870, from Ohio; Cohunbns I/eLano, 1870- 1875, from Ohio; Zachariah Chandler, 1875-1877, from Alicliigan. Secretaries of the Navy. Adolph K. Borie. 18()!), from Pennsylvania; George M. Robe.son, 1860-1877, from New Jersey. Postmasters General, John A. J. Cress- well, 1869-1874, from Maryland; James W. Marshall. 1874-1874, from Virginia; Marshall Jewell, 1874-1876. from Connecticut; James N. Tyner, 1876-1877, from Indi- ana. Attorneys General, Ebenezer R. Hoar, 1868-1870. from Massachusetts; Amos T. Ackerman, 1870-1871, from (feorgia; George H. Williams, 1871-1875, from Oregon: Edward Pierpont, 1875-1876, from i^ew York; Alphonso Taft, 1876-1877, from Ohio. HAYES' ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election. 1876. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. A'ice President, William A. Wheeler. United States Trooi)s withdrawn from the South. Chines*' Treaty. Halifax Commission. Molly Maguires. Grant V lour around the world. Railroad strike, 1877. Bland Silver Bill, 1878. Invention of the Tele])hone. Fishery award, ($5,500,000.) Indian troubles. Specie ])aymenl resumed, 1870. Yellow fever in the South, 1877-1878. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, William M. Ev- arts, 1877-1881, from New York. Secretaries of the Treasurv, John Sherman, 1877-1881, from Ohio. Secre- taries of War, George W. McCrary, 1877-1870, from Iowa; Alexander Ramsay, 1870-1881, from Minnesota. Secretaries of the Interior, Carl Schurz, 1877-1881, from Missouri. Secretaries of the Navv, Ricliard AV. Thoni})- son, 1877-1881, from Indiana; Nathan B. GofT, 1881, from West Virginia. Postmasters General, David McK. Key. 37 1877-1880, from Tennessee; Horace Maynard, 1880-1881, from Tennessee. Attorneys General, Charles Devens, 1877-1881, from Massachusetts. GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRA- TION.— Time of election, 1880. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, Chester A. Arthur. Reform movement. Assassinated July 2nd, 1881. Died, Sept. 19, 1881, term, 6 months, 15 days. Vice President Arthur betame President. Civil Service Re- form, 1883. Industrial Expositions, Atlanta, 1881 ; Louis- ville, 1883; New Orleans, 1884. Washington Monument completed. East River bridge completed. Standard time. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, James B. Blaine, 1881, from Maine; F. T. Freylinghuysen, 1881- 1885, from New Jersey. Secretaries of the Treasury, William Windom, 1881, from Minnesota; Charles J. Fol- ger, 1881-1884, from New York; Walter Q. Gresham, 1884, from Indiana; Hugh McCulloch, 1884-1885, from Indiana. Secretaries of War, Robert T. Lincoln, 1881- 1885, from Illinois. Secretaries of the Interior, Samuel J. Kirkv^Aood, 1881-1882, from Iowa; Henry M. Teller, 1882-1885, from Colorado. Secretaries of the Navy, Wil- liam H. Himt, 1881-1882, from Louisiana; William E. Chandler, 1882-1885, from New Hampshire. Postmasters General, Thomas L. James, 1881, from New York; Tim- othy 0. Howe, 1881-1883, from Wisconsin; Walter Q. Gresham, 1883-1884, from Indiana; Frank Hatton, 1884- 1885, from Iowa. Attorneys General, Wayne McVeagh, 1881, from Pennsylvania; Benjamin H. Brewster, 1881- 1885, from Pennsylvania. CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1^84. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, Thomas A. Hendricks. Presidential Succession Act. Electoral Count Act. Inter- State Commerce Act, 1887. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1888. Oiiicago anarchists, 1886. Charleston earthquake, 1886. Department of Agriculture created, 1889. Cabinet Offi- 38 cers— Secretaries of State, Thomas F. Bayard, 1885-1889, from Delaware. Secretaries of the Treasury, Daniel Manning, 1885-1887, from New York; Charles S. Fair- child, 1887-1889. Secretaries of War, William E. Endi- cott, 1885-1889, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of the fntorior, Lucius Q. L. Lamar, 1885-1888, from Missis- sippi; William F. Vilas, 1888-1889, from Wisconsin. Sec- retaries of the Navy, William C, Whitney, 1885-1889, from New YorTc. Secretaries of Agriculture, Norman J. Colman, 1885-1889, from Missouri. Postmasters General, William F. Vilas, 1885-1888, from Wisconsin; Don M. Dickinson, 1888-1889, from Michigan. Attorneys Gen- eral, Augustus H. Garland, 1885-1889, from Arkansas. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- tion, 1888. Politics, Rei)ublican. Length of term, 1 term, 4 vears. Vice President, Levi P. Morton. Opening of Oklahoma, 1859. Johnstown Flood, 1889. Sioux In- dian War. Pension List. McKinley Tariff, 1890. Anni- versaries of Constitutional Convention. Inauguration of Washington as Presic^ent. World's Columbian Exposi- tion, 1893. New States admitted. North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington, 1889; Idaho and Wy- oming, 1890. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, James G. Blaine, 1889-1892, from Maine; John W. Foster, 1892-1893, from Indiana. Secretaries of the Treasury, William Windom, 1889-1891, from Minnt-sota; Charles Fostei-, 1891-1893, from Ohio. Secretaries of War, Red- lield Proctor, 1889-1891, from Vermont; Stepli<'n B. El- kins, 1891-1893, from West Virginia. Secretaries of the Interior, John W. Noble, 1889-18f)3, from Missouri. Sec- retaries of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy, 1889-1893, from New York. Secretaries of Agriculture, Jeremiah M. Rusk, 1889-1893, from Wisconsin. Postmasters General, John Wannamaker, 1889-1893, from Pennsvlvania. At- torneys General, William H. H. Miller, 1889-893, from Indiana. 39 CLEVELAND 'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1892. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, Adlai Stephenson. Demo- cratic Supremacy. Wilson Tariff Bill. Business Depres- sion. Railroad strike. Sherman Act repealed. Force Bill repealed. Venezuelan controversy. Hawaii and Cuba. New States admitted, Utah, 1896. Cabinet Offi- cers — Secretaries of State, Walter Q. Gresham, 1893- 1895, from Indiana; Richard Olny, 1895-1897, from Mas- sachusetts. Secretaries of the Treasury, John G. Car- lisle, 1893-1897, from Kentucky. Secretaries of War, Daniel S. Lamont, 1893-1897, from New York. Secre- taries of the Interior, Hoke Smith, 1893-1896, from Georgia; David R. Francis, 1896-1897, from Missouri Sec- retaries of the Navy, Hilary A. Herbert, 1893-1897, from Alabama. Secretaries of Agriculture, J. Sterling Mor- ton, 1893-1897, from Nebraska. Postmasters General, Wilson S. Bissell, 1893-1895, from New York; William L. Wilson, 1895-1897, from West Virginia. Attorneys Gen- eral, Richard Olney, 1893-1895, from Massachusetts; Jud- son Harmon, 1895-1897, from Ohio. McKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- tion, 1896. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 1 term, 41/2 years. Vice Presidents, Garret A. Hobart, Theodore Roosevelt. New tariff, 1897. Floods of the Mississippi Valley. Discovery of gold in Alaska. Cuban affairs. Sinking of the Maine, 1898, at Havana. Revenge de- manded. Wireless telegraphy discovered. Galveston de- stroyed by a hurricane. War declared, April 25, 1898, against Spain. Philippine insurrection. Hawaii annex- ed, 1898. Samoan Treaty. Boxer troubles in China. The President ^assassinated by Czolgosz, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt became President. Cabinet Officers — Secre- taries of State, John Sherman, 1897, from Ohio ; William R. Day, 1897-1898, from Ohio; John Hay, 1898-1901, from Ohio. Secretaries of the Treasury, Lyman J. Gage, 1897- 1901, from Illinois. Secretaries of War, Russell A. Alger, 1897-1899, from Michigan; Elihu Root, 1899-1901, from 40 New York. Secrotaries of the Interior, Cornelius N. Bliss, 1897-1899, from New York; Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1899-1901 from Missouri. Secretaries of A,j2:riculture, James Wilson, 1897-1901, from Iowa. Postmasters Gen- eral, Joseph McKenna, 1897, from California; John W. Gric^f^s, 1897-1901, from New Jersey; Philander C. Knox, 1901, from Pennsylvania. ROOSEVELT 'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1900. Politics, Re])ublican. Length of tenn, 2 terms, 7Vo years. Vice President, Charles W. ?\airbanks. Cuba, a Republic, 1902. Department of Commerce and Labor created. Boundary between Canada and Alaska settled. Louisiana Purchase Ex])osition, 1904. Philip- ]une Insurrection. Hay-Pauncefote Canal Treaty. Mar- tinique earthquake. Lewis and Clark Exposition Port- land, Oregon, 1905. Jamestown Exposition, 1907. Pana- ma Canal. 1902 Coal strike settled. 1905, Portsmouth Peace Conference. 1906, San Francisco ?]arthquake. Re- form movements. Irrigation. National Parks and Res- ervation. New Navy. Battleshi|)s' trip around the world. New State admitted, Oklahoma, 1897. Cabinet Officers— Secretaries of State, John Hav, 1901-1905, from New York; Elihu Root, 1905-1909, from New York; Rob- ert Bacon, 1909, from New Y^ork. Secretaries of the Treasurv, Lvman J. Gage, 1901, from Illinois; Leslie M. Shaw, 1901-1907, from Iowa; Georsre B. Cortelyou, 1907- 1909, from New York. Secretaries of War, Elihu Root, 19G1, from New York; William H. Taft, 1901-1908, from Ohio; Luke E. Wright, 1908-1909, from Tennessee. Sec- retaries of the Interior, Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1901-1907, from Missouri; James R. Garfield, 1907-1909, from Ohio. Secretaries of the Navy, John D. Long, 1901-1902, from Massachusetts; William IT. Moody, 1902-1904, from Mas- sachusetts; Paul Morton, 1904-1905, from Illinois; Charles J. Bonaparte, 1905-1907, from Marvland; Victor H. Metcalf, 1907-1908, from California; Truman H. New- berry, 1908-1909, from Michigan. Secretaries of Agricul- ture, James Wilson, 1901-1909, from Iowa. Postmasters 41 General, Charles E. Smith, 1901, from Pennsylvania; Henry C. Payne, 19U1-1904, from Wisconsin; Robert J. Wynne, 1904-1905,, from Pennsylvania; George B. Cor- telyou, 1905-1907, from New York; George Von L. Mey- ers, 1907-1909, from Massachusetts. Attorneys General, Philander C. Knox, 1901-1904, from Pennsylvania; Wil- liam H. Moody, 1904-1907, from Massachusetts; Charles J. Bonaparte, 1907-1909, from Maryland. Secretaries of Commerce and Labor, George B. Cortelyou, from New York; Victor H. Metcalf, 1904-1907, from California; Os- car S. Strauss, 1907-1909, from New York. TAFT'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 1908. Politics, Republican. Length of term, in office. Vice President, James Sherman. Tariff revision. Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 1909. Hudson-Fulton celebration, New York City, 1909. Visit of President Taft and President Diaz of Mexico at El Paso, Texas. Revolution in Mexico, 1911. New States admitted Arizona and New Mexico, 1911. Cabinet Offi- cers^Secretaries of State, Philander C. Knox, 1909, from Pennsylvania. Secretaries of the Treasury, Franklin MacVeagh, 1909, from Illinois. Secretaries of War, Jacob M. Dickinson, 1909-1911, from Tennessee; Henry L. Stimson, 1911, from New York. Secretaries of the In- terior, Richard A. Ballinger, 1909-1911, from Washing- ton ;Walter L. Fisher, 1911, from Illinois. Secretaries of the Navy, George Von L. Meyers, 1909, from Massachu- setts. Secretaries of Agriculture, James Wilson, 1909, from Iowa. Postmasters General, Frank H. Hitchcock, 1909, from Massachusetts. Attorneys General, George W. Wickersham, 1909, from New York. ABBOTT, JOHN S. C— Born, 1805; died, 1877; Congregational Minister; Historian; Author, Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III, Civil War, 1861-1865. 42 ABBOTT, JACOB— Born, 1803; died, 1879; Congif jfrational Minister; Professor of mathematics, Amlier.- College; Author of the RoUo Books, Lucy Books an other popular books for the children. * ADAMS, JOHN— Born, 1735, Braintree, Massacln setts; died, 1826. Son of a farmer and shoemaker. R( ceived a classical education at Harvard College. Stuc ied law. Married Abigail Smith, 1764. Opposed th stamp act. Delegate to Continental Congress, 1774 an 1775. Advocated separation from Mother Count r> Member on committee on Declaration of Independenc and Foreign Affairs. Drew up the articles of treaty an argued them through Congress. 1777, Minister t France; 1781, Minister to England; 1782, Minister t settle the separation; 1789, tirst Minister to Great Bril ain. Vice President, 1789 to 1797. President, 1797-1801 Died, 1826, July 4, Fiftieth Anniversary of the Unite' States. ADAMS, JOHN Q.— Son of John Adams, born, 176^ Braintree, Massachusetts. Graduated from Harvard College. Studied law. Minister to The Hague, 1794 Minister to Portugal; Minister to Berlin, 1797. Leade of the Federal Party. Minister to Russia. Minister t England. Secretary of State under Monroe. Electe* President of the United States. Professor of Belle Let tres in Harvard College. Elected to Congress, 183C Died 1848, Feb. 23, at Washington, D. C. ADAMS, CHARLES F.— Son of John Q. Born ii Boston, 1807. Graduated at Harvard College. Studiec law. Member of the Massachusetts Legislature. Fre* Soil candidate for Vice President. Congressman. Min ister to Great Britain, 1861-1868. Able Oi^.lr.mnt. Dice 1886. ADAMS, SAMUEL^Born in Boston, 1722. Promin ent leader in the Revolutionary ])eriod. Write the pro 43 test ■which Boston made against the Stamp Act. Leader in debate. Member of Continental Congress. Governor of Massachusetts. Died, 1803. AGASSIZ, LOUIS— Born in Switzerland, 1807. Died at Cambridge, Mass., 1873. Naturalist. 1846, Professor of Zoolosfv and Geology, Harvard College. Made explor- ations in Brazil and South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Popular lecturer. A remarkable teacher. ALCOTT, LOUISA M.— Born, 1833. Author of books for children. Hospital nurse, 1861-1865. ALDRICH, inOMAS B.— Poet and novelist, born 1836 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Editor Atlantic Monthly, 1881. ALLEN, ETHAN— Born, 1738; died, 1789. Briga- dier General, American Army. Hero of Fort Ticon- deroga. Leader of the Green Mountain Boys. ALLSTON, WASHINGTON— Born, 1779; died, 1843. Painter and poet. Deeply religious. Many of his pictures are scenes from the Bible. ANDERSON, ROBERT— Born, 1805; died, 1871. Graduated from West Point. Served in the Mexican and Civil Wars. Hero of Fort Sumter, 1861. ARNOLD, BENEDICT— Born, 1741, at Norwich, Connecticut; died, 1801, in London, England. Served in the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War, 1775-1780. Served in the American Army, Major Gen- eral. Became a traitor in 1780. Served in the British Army. Lived in obscurity till his death. ARTH/JR, CHESTER A.— Born, 1830, in Vermont; died, 1886. Son of a Baptist Minister. Graduated from Union College. Studied law. Quartermaster General for New York, 1861-1865. Prominent in Politics. Collector of Customs at the Port of New York. Elected Vice Pres- ident. Became President on the death of Garfield. 44 BANCROFT, GEORGE— Historian; born in 1800, a( Worcester, Mass.; died, 1891. Graduated at Ilai-vard (\)llege. Studied in Germany. Author of History of the Tnited States in 12 volumes. Collector of Port of Boston. Secretary of the Navy. Minister to England. Minister to Germany. BEECHER, HENRY WARD— Divine author and orator. Born, 1813, in Connecticut; died, 1887. Studied in Amherst C^ollege and Lane Seminary. A great preach- er. A noted lecturer and orator. Published star papers. Founded the Christian Union. Author of Life Thoughts, Life of Christ, Norwood, a novel. BELL, ALEXANDER G.— Inventor.' Born in 1847, in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh and Germany. 1872, introduced the system of deaf-mute instruction into the Ui>ited States. Professor in Boston University. In- vented the Telephone, Photophone and Graphophone. BLAINE, JAMES G.— Statesman. Born, 1830, in Pennsylvania. Graduated at Washington College. Taught school. Studied law. Moved to Augusta, Maine. Became an editor. Member of the Legislature. Became Congressman. Si)eaker of the House, 1869-1875. Secre- tary of State. Candidate for President. Author of 20 Years in Congress. Leader of the House of the death o! Stevens. Able and ready debater. Died in 1893. BAKER, GEORGE— Poet. Born, 1823, in Philadel- l)hia, Pa. Author of War Poems. Book of the Dead. Minister to Turkey and Russia. BOOTH, EDWIN T.— Actor. Bom, 1833, in Mary- land; died, 1893. Educated for the stage. Most brilliant carreer in his profession. BOONE, DANIEL— Hunter and Pioneer. Born, 1735, in Pennsylvania. Moved to North Carolina. Led 45 a band of settlers to . Kentucky. Many adventures with the Indians. Removed to Missouri. Died in 1820. Bur- ied at Frankfort, Kentucky. BRANT, JOSEPH— Indian Chief. Burn in Ohio, 1742. Educated in Connecticut. Fought on the British side during the Revolutionary War. After the war he used his influence to preserve the peace between the In- dians and the United States. Became an earnest Chris- tion. Translated the Gospel of St. Mark and English Prayer Book in to the Mohawk language. Died in 1807. BRYANT, WILLIAM C— Poet and Author. Born, 1794, in Massachusetts. Studied at Williams' College. Studied law. Author of Thanatopsis. Editor of New" York Evening Post. Author of other Poems. Died in 1878. CALHOUN, JOHN C— Statesman.,, Born, 1782, in South Carolina. Graduated from Yale College. Studied law. Served in the Legislature. Member of Congress. Secretary of War. Vice President. LTnited States Sen- ator. Advocate of Free Trade. Advocate of States Rights. Secretary of State. United States Senator. '\ Died, 1850. - ^ CAMERON, SIMON--Statesman. Born, 1799, in Pennsylvania. Printer. United States Senator. Presi- dential candidate, 1860. Secretary of War. Minister to Russia. United States Senator. Died, 1889. CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER— Theologian. Born, 1788, in Ireland. Educated in Glasgow University. Came to the United States. Founder of the Church, Disciples of Christ. Founder of Bethany College, West Virginia; Founder of (heir Church Organ. Died, 1866. CASS, LEWIS— Statesman. Born, 1782, in New Hampshire. Studied law. Officer in the War of 1812. Governor of Michigan. Superintendent of Indian Af- fairs. Explorer of the Upper Lakes. Secretary of War. 46 U. S. Senator. Minister to France. Presidential candi- date Secretary of State. Author. Died, 1860. CHANNING, WILLIAM E.— Theologian. Born. 1780, in Rhode Island. Graduated from Harvard College. Eloquent sermons. Author. Died, 1842. BACHE, ALEXANDER D.— Born, 1806, in Phila- del])hia, Pa.; died, 1867. Great grandson of "Benjamin Franklin. Graduated at West Point. Professor in Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. President of Girard College. Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey. Re- gent Smithsonian Institute. A noted scientist. CLAY, HENRY— Statesman. Born, 1777, in Vir- ginia. Education meagre. Studied law. Able lawyer. Member of State Legislature. U. S. Senator. Memberof State Legislature. U. S. Senator. Member of Congress. Speaker of the House. Commissioned to make treaty at Ghent. Author of the Missouri Compromise, 1820. Pres- idential candidate 1824, 1832, 1844. Secretary of State. U. S. Senator from Kentucky. Died, 1852. CLEMENS, SAMUEL L., (Mark Twain.)— Humor- ist. Born, 1835, in Missouri. Printer. Author of Inno- (^ent Abroad. Publisher. Died, 1910. COOPER, JAMES F.— Novelist. Born, 1789, New Jersey. Studied at Yale. Entered the Navy. Author. Busy writer. Died, 1851. DAHLGREEN, JOHN A.— Naval officer. Bom, 1809, in Pennsylvania; died, 1870. Entered the Navy as mid- shipman. Emjiloyed in the ordnance department. In- N'entor of the Dahlgreen gun, and rifled cannon. DALLAS, GEORGE M.— Statesman. Born in Pemi sylvania, 1792; died, 1864. Educated in Pliiladelphi;i Private Secretarv to Albert Gallatin. Studied law. Held City and State offices. U. S. District Attorney. U. S. Senator. Minister to Russia. Minister to England. Vice President U. S. 47 • DANA, JAMES D.— Naturalist. Born in New York, 1813; died, 1895. Educated at Yale College. Scientific observer under Wilkes. Associate Editor of American Journal of Science. Professor of Natural History and Geology in Yale College. Author of Manual of Numerol- ogy and Geology. DANA, CHARLES A.— Journalist. Born in New Hampshire, 1819; died, 1897. Managing editor of the New York Tribune. Assistant Secretary of War. Found- er of the New York Sun. With George Ripley planned and edited the New American Cyclopaedia, and Revised American Cyclopaedia. DANA, RICHARD H.— Poet and Essayist. Born in Massachusetts, 1787. Studied at Harvard College. Studied law. Associate editor of North American Re- view. Poems, The Dying Raven, and Buccaneer. Best work in the field of criticism. Published "Idle Man." Died, 1879. DANA, RICHARD H., JR.— Author. Born in Mass., 1815; died, 1882. Educated at Harvard College. Com- mon sailor. Studied law. Two years before the mast and other literary work. DARLEY, FELIX D. C— Artist. Born in Pennsyl- vania, 1822; died, 1888. Early devoted to drawing. De- voted himself entirely to art, illustrated in books. Out- line drawings in Irving 's. Sleepy Hollow, Cooper's and Dickon's novels. Some of the finest figures on the Gov- ernment and legal tender notes were designed by him. Author of sketches abroad with pen and pencil. DECATUR, STEPHEN— Naval officer. Born in Maryland, 1779. Killed in a duel by Commodore Bar- ron, "l820. Midshipman. Tripolitan War. War of 1812. Punished the Algerians. DE KALB, JOHN BARON— Military officer. Born in Alsace, 1721. Mortally wounded at Camden, 1780, 48 died 3 days later. Served in tlic French Army. Secret mission to America. Joined the American Army. Major General in the Revolutionary Army. l)p]WP]Y, GEORGE— Naval oflicer. Born in Ver mont, 1837. Graduated from Naval Academy. Served in the Civil War, Spanish-American War. Won naval victory in Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. Made Admiral. DIX, JOHN A.— Military oflicer. Born in Ne^ Hampshire, 1798; died, 1879. Enterd the Army; resign ed. Studied law. Secretary of State for New York. I S. Senator. Secretary of U. S. Treasury. Issued thi famous order, "If anyone attempts to haul down th( 'American Flag,' shoot him on the spot." Major Gen- eral. Minister to France. Governor of New York. DOUGLAS, STEPHEN A.— Statesman. Born in Vermont, 1813; died, 1861. Poor parents*. Studied at Canadaigua Academy. Studied law. Movt-d to Illinois. Attorney General of Illinois. Member of* State Legisla- ture. Secretary of State of Illinois. Judge of State Sup- reme Court. Member of Congress. 0))iiosed to Slavery. U. S. Senator. Author of Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Nom- inee for President. Oi)})osed Secession. DOUGLASS, FREDERlClv— Slave, Oiator and Journalist. Born, 1817, Maryland; died, 1895. Ran away. Settled in Massachusetts. Lectured against Slavery, 1841. Editor, and Minister to Hayti. DRAKE, JOHN R.— Poet.. Born, 1795, in Ne^\ York; died, 1820, of consumi)tion. Author of Culprit Fay. American Hag and witty poems. DRAPER, JOHN W.— Chemist and author. Born in England. Came to the United States. Studied medi- cine at Pennsylvania University. Professor of Chemis- try in llam[)ton Sydney College, Va. Professor in Uni- versity of the City of New Y'ork. Author. Died, 1882. EADS, JAMES B.— Civil Engineer. Born in Indi- ana, 1820; died in 1887. Built Iron Clads for the Govern- 49 ment. Built a steel arch bridge across the Mississippi River at St, Louis. Improved the Channel of the Missis- sippi River. EDISON, THOMAS A.— Inventor. Born in Ohio, 1847. Educated by his mother. Newsboy on the Grand Trunk line. Experimented in chemistry. Studied telegraphy. Studied electricity. Invented an automatic repeater. Superintendent of the New York Gold & Stock Co. In- vented the printing telegraph, Duplex telegraph, the phonograph, telephone, electric light for illuminatiom. Called the Wizard of Menlo Park. EDWARDS, JONATHAN— Theologian. Born in Connecticut, 1703; died, 1758. Studied at Yale College. Tutor. Studied for the Ministry. Missionary to the In- dians. President of Princeton College. Author of the Freedom of the Will. America's most original thinker. EMERSON, RALPH W.— Essavist. Born in Mass., 1803; died, 1882. Graduated at Harvard College. Stud- ied Theology. Pastor Unitarian Church. -Resigned. Lecturer and writer. Moved to Concord. Corresponded with Carlyle. ERICSSON, JOHN— Inventor. Born in Sweden, 1803. Died in New York, 1889. Entered Swedish Army. Went to England. 1839, came to the United States. De- signed the warship Princeton. Built the Monitor. Other inventions. Buried in Sweden. EVARTS— Statesman. Born in Mass., 1818. Grad- uated at Yale College. Studied law. Chief counsel for President Johnson in the impeachment trial. Attorney General of the United States. U. S. Counsel before the Alabama t:#ibunal. Senior Counsel for Henry Ward Beecher. Secretary of State. U. S. Senator. EVERETT, EDWARD— Statesman. Born in Mass., 1794; died, >665. Graduated from Harvard College. Studied for the ministry. Professor of Greek, Harvard 50 College. Studied at Gottiiigen University. "Wrote arti cles for the North American Review. Elected to Con gress. Governor of Massachusetts. Minister to England. EVERETTS, EDWARD— President of Harvard College. Secretary of State. U. S. Senator. Nominee for Vice President. Delivered many orations. Delivered Dedicatory address at Gettysburg. FARRAGUT, DAVID G.— Greatest Naval officer. Born in Tennessee, 1807. Entered the Navy at 9 years, (-aptured New Orleans. Captured Mobile. Admiral of the United States Navy. Died, 1870. FIELD, CYRUS W.— Merchant and Scientist. Born in Mass., 1819; died, 1892. Pai)er manufacturer. Laid the first Atlantic Cable. Helped to develop the elevated railroad system. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN— Statesman and Philos- opher. Born in Massachusetts, 1706; died, 1790. Educa- tion scant. Learned the printer's trade. Went to Phil- adelphia. Went to England. Returned to Philadelphia. Editor of Philadelphia Gazette. Member of Assembly. Discovered lightning and electricity. Member of the Royal Society. Receievd honorary degree from Oxford and Edinburgh. Member of Continental ('ongress. Postmaster General of the Colonies. Sent to France. Elected President of Pennsylvania. Author of Poor Richard's Almanac, FREEMONT, JOHN C— Exi)lorer. Born in Georgia, 1813; died, 1890. Entered the Navy. Professor of Math- ematics in the Navy. Entered the Army. Ex])lored th<' Rocky Mountains. Discovered Freemont's Peak. Join- ed American settlers in California. Governor of Califor- nia. S(Miator from California. Nominee for President. Major (leneral in Civil War. Governor of Arizona. Member of the Royal Geographical Society of London. Member of-tlie Geographical Society of Berlin. 51 FULTON, EGBERT— Engineer. Born in Pennsyl- vania, 1765; died, 1815. Studied painting. Studied me- chanics. Went to England. Made inventions. Built the first steamboat. GALLATIN, ALBERT— Statesman. Born in Switz- erland, 1761. Studied at Geneva University. Came to America. Served in the Continental Army. Professor of French in Harvard College. Settled in Pennsylvania. Naturalized in 1786. Whiskey Rebellion. Member to Congress. Secretary of Treasury. Commissioner to Ghent. Minister to France. Minister to England. De- voted to literature. Wrote on the American Indians. Died, 1849. GARFIELD, JAMES A.— Statesman. Born in Ohio, 1831. Poor. Worked on the farm. Canal boatman. At- tended public schools. Studied at Hiram College. Grad- uated at William's College. President of Hiram Col- lege. Preacher. Studied law. State Senator. Colonel and Brigadier General and Major General. Civil War. Congressman. Leader of the Republican party. U. S. Senator. Elected President. Assassinated by Guiteau Died, 1881. GOUGH, JOHN B.— Lecturer. Born in England, 1817. Died in Pennsylvania, 1886. Came to America, 1829. Worked on a farm. Book store. Lost position through dissipation and drunkenness. Signed the Tem- perance pledge. Spent his life in Temperance work. A great speaker. Lectured in United States and England. Author of Sunlight and Shadow. GRANT, U. S.— Military Leader. Born in Ohio, 1822; died, in 1885. Graduated from West Point. Served in the Mexican War. Resigned. Farmer and in the leather business. Civil War. Made Lieutenant Gener- al. Elected President. Visited Europe. Banking busi- ness. Wrote personal memories. GRAY, ASA— Botanist. Born in New York, 1810; died, 1888. Studied Medicine. Studied Botany. Pro- 52 lessor of Botany at Harvard Collei^o. Roij:ent Sjnithson- iau liistitnt»ion. Autlior of scries of Botanies for schools. Successful teacher. (JREELKY, HORACE— Journalist. Born Ln New Hampshire, 1^11. P^ducated in the eonnnon schools. Studied i)rintin,ii:. Became editor. Started the New Vorker. Founded tlie New York Tribune. p]lected to Congress. Bail for Jefferson Davis. Candidate for Pres- ident. A popular speaker. A great editor. Well known w ritei-. Author of the American Conflict. Died 1872. GREENE, NATHANIET.— Military man. Born in Riiode Island, 1742; died, 178(i. Quaker. Member of the State Assembly. Became a soldier. Brigadier General. (^)uarter Master General. Major General, next to Wash- ington. , HALLECK, FITZ GREENE— Poet. Boin in Con- necticut, 1790. Died, 1867. Descended from John Eliot. Bank Clerk. Private Secretary of John Jacob Astor. Wrote poetry for the New York Evening Post. Longest poem, "Fanny." Famous poem, Marco Bozzaris, Young AmciMca. HAMILTON, ALFLXANDER— Statesman. Born in the West Indies, 1757. Killed in a duel with Baron Burr, 1804. Son of a merchant. Educated at Columl)ia Col- lege. Wrote a series of pajn^rs in defence of the C'olonies. J^^ntered the Army. Aide de camp to Washington. Stud- ied law. Member of Congress. Member of the Constitu- lional Convention. Wi-ote ol articles in defence of the < 'onstitution in the Federalist. vSecrclMry of the Treas- ury. Major General. Leader of the Federalist party. HAMLIN, HANNIBAL— Statesman. Born in Maine, 1809; died, 1891. Studied law. Speaker of the State Legislature. Congressman. U. S. Senator. Gov- ernor. U. S. Senator. Vice l*rcsident of the V. S. U. S. Senator. Minister to Spain. 53 HANCOCK, JOHN— Statesman. Born in Massa^ cliusetts, 1737. Merchant. Member of State Legislature. President of Continental Congress. First to sign Dec- laration of Independence. Major General. Governor. Fine speaker. Died, 1793. HANCOCK, WINFIELD S.— Military man. Born in Pennsylvania, 1824; died, in 1886. Educated at West Point. Served in the Mexican War. Major General in the Civil War. A brave and fearless leader. HENRY, PATRICK— Statesman. Born in Virginia, 1736. Storekeeper, farmer and lawyer. Opposed the vStamp Act. Member of Continental Congress. Govern- or. Died, 1799. HOLMES, OLIVER W.— Writer and Poet. Born in Massachusetts, 1809; died, 1894. Graduated from Har- vard College. Studied law. Studied Medicine. Profes- sor of Anatomy at Dartmouth and Harvard Colleges. Author. HOWE, ELIAS — Inventor. Born in Massachusetts, 1819. Worked at manufacturing. Invented the sewing- machine. Served as a private in the 7th Connecticut Regiment. Civil War. Died, 1867. IRVING, WASHINGTON— Writer. Born in New York, 1783; died, 1859. Studied law. Literary career. Traveler. Author. Minister to Spain. Secretary to the American Legation at London. JACKSON, ANDREW— Military man. Born in South Carolina, 1767; died, in 1845. Wori^ed on the farm. Enter/jd the Revolutionary Army. Studied law. District Attorney. Fought in the. Indian Wars. Mem ber of Congress. U. S. Senator. Judge qf State Supreme Court. Major General of the Militia. Major General U. S. Army. New Orleans. Elected President. Retired from public life. 54 JAY, JOPTN— Jurist. Born in New York, 1745; died, 1829. Graduated at Columbia College. Studied law. Member of Continental Congress. Member of New York Constitutional Convention. Minister to Spain. Commis- sioner to negotiate Treaty of Peace. Secretary of For- eign Affairs. One of the autbors of tbe Federalist. Cbief Justice. Made Treaty witb England. Governor. JEFFERSON, THOMAS— Statesman. Born in Vir- ginia, 1743. Educated at Williams and Mary College. Studied law. Member of tbe Legislature. Member of tbe Assembly. Member of the Continental Congress. Author of the Declaration of Independence. Governor. Minister to France. Secretary of State. Elected Vice President. Elected President. Founder of tbe Univer- sity of Virginia. Louisiana Purchase. Died, July 4, 1826. JOHNSON, ANDREW— Statesman. Born in North Carolina, 1808. Died, 1875. Poor parents. Learned the tailoring business. His wife taught him writing and arithmetic. Natural political leader. Alderman. Mayor. Member of the Legislature. State Senator. Congress- man. Governor. U, S. Senator. Leader of Southern Union Men. Military Governor. Elected Vice President. President. Impeachment trial. U. S. Senator. JONES, JOHN PAUI.— Naval Officer. Born in Scotland, 1747. Died, 1792. Son of a gardener. Became a sailor. Settled in Virginia. Took the name of Jones. Became a naval officer. Successful in his exploits. Gold medal from Congress. Entered the Russian. Navy. KANE, ELISHA K.— Explorer. Bom in Pennsyl- vania, 1820. Graduated from Pennsylvania University. Studied medicine. Entered U. S. Navy as Surgeon. 1850, accom])anied Grinnell's expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. 1853, commander of expedition for same inirpose. Not successful. Returned home, 1855. 1856, went to P^ngland and Cuba for his health, died, 1857. KING, RUFUS— Statesman. Born in Maine, 1755. Died in New York, 1827, Graduated at Harvard College. 55 Studied Law. Delegate to Continental Congress. Mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention. Minister to Eng- land. TJ. S. Senator. Minister to England. KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS— General. Born in Pol- and, 1746. Died, 1.817, in Switzerland. Killed by the fall of his horse over a precipice. Educated in France. Returned to Poland. Came to America, 1777. Became a Brigadier General. Returned to Poland. Defended his country against the Russians. Prussians captured by the Russians. Prisoner two years. Visited the United States. Received pension and grant of land from Con- gress. • LAFAYETTE, MARIE JEAN PAUL ROCH YOES GILBERT MOTIER MARQUIS DE— General. Born in France, 1757; died, 1834. Married at 16 years. Entered the Army. 1777 came to America. Friend of Washing- ton. After the War returned to France. Member of the French Assembly. Presented the Declaration of Rights. Commander of the Citizens. Fought in the French Revo- lution. Captured and held prisoner by the x\ustrians. Liberated through Bonaparte's efforts. Member of the Chamber of Deputies. Visited America, 1824. Active part in the Revolution of 1830. Congress gave him $200,- 000 and a township of land for his service during the Revolutionary War. JAMES LAWRENCE— Naval Officer. Born in New Jersey, 1781; died, 1813. Entered the Navy. Served in the Tripolitan War and War of 1812. Mortally wounded 1813. Uttered the words: "Don't give up the ship." LEE, HENRY— Military. Born in Virginia, 1756. Graduated fr6m Princeton College. Joined the Revplu- tionary Army. Calvary leader. "Light Horse Harry." Member of Congress. Governor of ViVglnia. Member of Congress. Offered resolutions on the death of Wash- ington, containing the often quoted words: "First in 56 war; first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country, men." Was injured in the riot at Baltimore, 1814, from which he never recovered. Died in 1818. LINCOLN, ABRAHAM— Statesman. Born in Ken tucky, 1801). Assassinated 18fi5 by Jolin Wilkes Booth. Poor ])arents. Mother died when 9 years old. Educa- tion meagre. Worked on the farm. Read much. Clerk in a store, moved to Illinois. Surveyor. Went to New Orleans. A'illage Postmaster. Member of State LciS^isla- ture. Served in Black Hawk War. Studied law. Mem- ber of Conj^ress. Member of State Lee^islature. Candi- date for \^ice Presidencv. Debate with Douirlas. Candi- date for U. S. Senator.' Elected President.' Civil War. Emancipation Proclamation. LOGAN, JOHN A.— Statesman. Born in Illinois, 1826; died, 1886. Education meagre. Served in the Mex- ican War. Studied law. Member of State Legislature. Member of Congress. Entered the Army at the begin- ing of the Civil War. Became Major General. Resigned his commission. Member of Congress. U. S. Senator. Candidate for Vice President. One of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, Instituted Memorial Day. Author. LONGFELLOW, HENRY W.— Poet. Born in Mass- achusetts, 1882. Graduated at Bowdoin College. Wrote ])0€»ms while at college. "The Moravian Nuns, Spirit of Poetry, Woods in Winter. Professor of Foreign lang- uages, at his Alma Mater. Wrote })rose and i>oetry. Pro- fessor in Hnrvard (\)llege. Publislicd his poems in book form. LOWELL, JAMES R.— li^)et. Born in Massachu setts, 1S19; died, 1891. Gradiuitcd at Harvard College. Studied law. Professor of Modern Languages at Har- vard College. Editor of Atlantic Monthly. Editor of North American Review. Wrote Poetry. Minister to Spain. Minister to England. 57 McCLELLAN, GEORGE B.— Military. Bom in Pennsylvania, 1826. Died, 1885. Graduated at West Point. Engineer corps. Mexican War. Railroad busi- ness. Civil War. Major General. Organizer. Candi- date for President. Governor of New Jersey. McCORMICK, CYRUS H.— Inventor. Born in Vir- ginia, 1809. Engaged in the manufacturing business. Invented the self binders and other machines. Endowed, the McCormick Presbyterian. Theological Seminary. McKINLEY, WILLIAM— Statesman. Born in Ohio, 1843. Assassinated, 1901. Educated in the public schools. Served in the Civil War. Major. Studied law. Member of Congress. Governor of Ohio. Elected Presi- dent. Spanish- American War. MADISON, JAMES— Statesman. Born in Virginia, 1751; died, 1836. Graduated at Princeton College. Mem- ber of Continental Congress. Member of State Legisla- ture. Member of the Constitutional Convention. Mem- ber of Congress. Secretary of State. Elected President. Pure and able man. MARSHALL, JOHN— Jurist. Born in Virginia, 1755; died, 1835. Studied law. Served in the Revolution. Member of the State Legislature. Envoy to France. Member of Congress. Secretary of State. Chief Justice. MEADE, GE0RG7 G.— Military. Born in Spain, 1815; died, 1872. Graduated at West Point. Served in the Mexican War. Coast Survey. Civil War. Hero of Gettysburg. Able General. MONROE, JAMES— Statesman. Born in Virginia, 1758; died, 1831. Studied at William and Mary College. Served in IJie Revolutionary War. Lieutenant Colonel. Minister to England. Governor of Virginia. Secretary of Virginia. Minister to France. Minister to Spain. Congress. \J. S. Senator. Minister to France. Governor xStudied law. Member of State Legislature. Member q£ of State. Elected President. Monroe Doctrine. 58 M(=)NTGOMERY, RICHARD— Military. Born 1; [relaiKl, \7'M\ Killod at Qiiol)ec, 1775. Entcn'd the Army. Sottlcfl in America. Entered the Revolutionary Arm\. Bri^^adier General, Led expedition to Canada. MOODY, DWIGHT L.— Evanj?elist. Born in Mas^ aelmsetts, 18.']7. Died, (?) Entered a ])usiness career Attended Sunday School. Became an enthusiastic Chri- lian worker. Went to ('hicaendence. Su])erinten'dent of Finances. Establish- ed the Bank of North America. Issued his own notes foi- $1,000,0(10 which were re})aid. Senator. T^ost his foi tune. In i>rison for debt. MORSE, SAMUEL F. B.— Inveniui. iUnu in Mass- achusetts, 1791; died, 1872. (Jradnated at Yale (\)llege. Studied ]»ainting. Invented the Telegraph. First sub marine cable. His system a(h>pted in Enrop.' R.-c'Ivcd international gifts. MOTLEY, JOHN L.— Historian. Born in Massachu- setts, 1814: died, 1877. Studie8. Graduated at Harvard Col- lege. Studied law. Wrote historical accounts of the French power in America. PAYNE, JOHN H.— Dramatist. Born in New York, 1792; died 1852. Actor. Wrote plays. Yv^rote "Home Sweet Home." Had no real home the last 40 years of his life. PEABODY, GEORGE— Merchant. Born in Massa- chusetts, 1795. Died in England, 1869, Entered a mer- cantile career., Had several branch stores. Moved to London. Opened a banking house. Made large fortune during the Civil War. Gave away during his life time $5,500,000. $3,500,000 for educational purposes in the South. $2,500,000 in building model homes for the poor in London. Offered the title of Baron by Queen Vic- toria. Declined it, asked only for a letter as a memorial. Buried at Peabody, Mass. SEWARD, WILLLIM H.— Statesman. Born in New York, 1801; died, 1872. Graduated at Union College. Studied law. State Senator. Governor. U. S. Senatoi". Leader of the Whig and Republican Parties. Secretary of State. Trent affair. Alabama claims. Alaska pur- chase. SHERIDAN, PHILIP H.— Militarv. Born in New York, 1831; died, 1888. Graduated at West Point. Civil War. Able General. Never lost a battle. General, the highest grade. SHERMAN, WILLIAM T.— Militarv. Born in Ohio, 1820; difd, 1891. Graduated at West Point. Sem- mole War. California. Resigned his commission. Bank- ing business. Studied law. Superintendent of Military Academy. Louisiana. Civil War. General of the Army. SUMNER, CHARLES— Statesman. Born in Mass- achusetts, 1811; died, 1874. Graduated at Harvard Cql- 6o lege. Stiidicd law. Editor of American .Tiirist. Lecturer on Law, Harvard College. U. S. Senator, from 1S50 to 1874. ^rAVF.OR, BAYARD— Author. Born in Pennsylva- nia, LSi^O; died, 1878. Learned i)rinting. Traveler. Wrote i)oetry travels and novels. Translated Faust. Minister to Germany. WASHINGTON, GEORGE— Statesman and Gener- al. Born in ^'irginia, 1732; died, 1799. Became a sur- veyor. French and Indian War. Commander-in-Chief of the A^irginian forces. Served under Braddock. Mar- ried Mrs. Martha Cutis, (a widow.) Member of the Vir- ginia Legislature. Conunander-in-Chief of the American x\rmy. Resigned his commission. President of t)ie Con- stitutional Convention. Elected first President. Fare- well address. Retired to his home at Mount Vernon. Lieutenant General. First in war, first in jjeace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. WAYNE, ANTHONY— Military. Born in Pennsyl- vania, 1745; died, 1796, Surveyor. Entyred the Revolu- tionary Army. Major General. Commander-in-Chief. Commissioner. "Mad Anthony." WEBSTER, DANIEL— Statesman. Born in New Hampshire, 1782. Died in 1852. Scanty schooling. Grad- uated at Dartmouth College. Taught in an academy. Studied law. Congressman. Moved to Boston. A fin- ished orator. Member of Congress from Massachusetts. U. S. Senator. Webster-Hayne debate. Secretary of State. U. S. Senator. Secretarv of State. Ashburton Treaty. "Black Dan." WEBSTER, NOAH— Lexicographer. Born in Con- necticut, 1758; died, 1843. Studied at Yale College. Served in the Militia. Teacher. Published books and lectured. Taught in an academy in Philadelphia. Stud- ied law. Edited a magazine and newspajx'r. Published a (Jranunar. Compiled his dictionary. Standard Diction- ary of the English Language. Webster's Spelling Book. 6i One of the founders of Amherst College. Member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and also of Connecticut. WEST, BENJAMIN— Painter. Born in Pennsylva- nia, 1738; died, 1820. Began painting when young. Stud- ied in New York and Philadelphia. Went to Italy. Sett- led in London. A historical painter. One of the found- ers of the Roval Academy. Best paintings are ' ' Death of Wolfe," "Christ Healing the Sick." WHITNEY, ELI — Inventor. Born in Massachu- setts, 1765; died, 1825. Studied at Yale College. Taught school. Studied law. Invented the Cotton Gin. Manu- factured fire arms.^ WHITTIER, JOHN G.— Poet. Born in Massachu- setts, 1807; died, 1892. Farmer boy. Studied at Haver- hill Academy.' Wrote verses for Garrison, Free Press and Local Newspapers. Editor of the Manufacturer and New England Weekly Review. Farmer. Editor. Anti- Slavery Society. 62 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. NECESSITY OF GOVERNMENT.— Mau is a social ixMiiiC. niitic's. Rights. Eamily and soliool. Civil So- ciety. Constitution. Laws. LOCAL GOVERNMENT, . TOWNSHIP.— Citizen- slii]), Townsliip Officers, Assessor, Tax Collector, Con- stal)le, .fnsticc of tlic Peace. Sc1i<)(»| l)Iivr'tnrs \ii(liim>. Duties. COUNTY OFFICERS.— County Seat. Officers, .ludge of Court, Sheriff, Treasurer, District Attorney, Clerks of the Courts, Recorder, Surveyor, Auditor, Cor- oner, Superintendent of Schools, Commissioners. DUTIES OF COUNTY OFFICERS.— Town Gov- ernment. Division. Boroughs. Burgess. Council. Laws, ordinances. Officers. Constables. Justices of the Peace. School Directors. Supervisor. Constable. City Government, Charter, Divided, wards, precincts. I)e])artnients, Police, Street, Fire, Water, Law, Tax, Councils, Select, Common. STATE GOVERNMENT.— Constitution. Di^mrt- ments. Legislative, Senate, time 4 years; House of Rep- resentatives, 2 years; Executive, Judicial. Executive, Officers, Governor, Lieutenant (rovernor. Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney (leneral. Adjutant General, Auditor General, Insurance Commissioner, Su|)eriutend- c!it of Public Instruction. Election, Elected, A])pointed. Duties of the Officers, Judicial, Courts, Justice of the Peace, County Courts, Superior Courts, Supreme Courts. Suits at Law. Board of Pardon. Form of Government, Monarchy, Absolute, Limited; Aristocracy, Democracy, Re])ul)lican, Combination of different forms. COLONIAL GON'ERNMENT OF AMERICA— Rise, l^iffer-Mif r\iloin..< Royal, Gov»'rnor, appointed ])y the 63 Upper House, the Sovereign; Lower House, elected by the People. Proprietary, Governor, appointed by the Upper House, Proprietor; Lower House elected by the People. Charter, Governor, Upper House, Lower House, elected by the people. Attempts to form a Union of thef Colonies — 1643, New England Confederacy. 1754, Albany Convention. 1765, Parliament taxes the Colonies. Opposition of the Colonies to Taxation. 1765, Stamp Act Congress. 1774, First Continental Congress. 1775, Second Continental Congress. 1776, Declaration of Independence. 1777, Ar- ticles of Confederation. Articles of Confederation, necessary for same. Feat- ures of the Articles. (Were ten.) Called United States. States retained their sovereignty. Legislative Depart- ment in but one body. Each State represented from 2 to 7 delegates. But one vote allowed each State. No National Courts. No Provision made for President. Na- tional matters under control of Congress. No amend- ment in force until notified by all the States. Notifica- tion of every State was necessary to adopt the Articles, as the law of the land. \ Its Defects— In their purpose. Any State was high- er than the Alliance. Congress consisted of one body. No definite number of Representatives. No judicial or executive department. No law could be enforced or in- terpreted. Difficulty in amending the Articles. Forming the Constitution. Object. 1786, Trade Convention. 1787, Constitutional Convention. Plans suggested, Virginia plan, New Jersey plan, Hamilton's plan, PrVlckney's plan. Compromises in the Constitu- tion. Completed. Ratified by States. The three Great Papers, Declaration of Independence, We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States, etc.; Articles of Confederation, We, the undersigned delegates, etc.; Con- 64 stitution says, We, the people of tlie United States, etc. Men and Constitutions. Federalist. Beginning of the new rjoveninient. Constition.' Preambh^ Scrliun 1 to .s, Ariicle I, Legislative. Congress. Senate. House of R< presenta- tives. Cheek on each other. House of Re])resentatives. 'Elected for a term of two years directly by the people. 25 years of age. 7 years a citizen of the United States. Must be resident from the State which he is to repre- sent. Foreigner may ])ecome a representative after a residence of 12 years. Must live 5 years in the United States to become a citizen. 7 years a citizen making 12 years in all. Apportionment. Census. Basis of repre- sentation. 14th Amendment. A'acancies, how filled. Power of Impeachment. Officers of the house. Speaker, Chaplain. Clerks. Sergeant at Arms. Doorkeepers. Postn\asters. Pages. Election. Time for Assembling. P<)wers\of the house. Judges of the Qualifications of its members.~^^)uorum necessary. Makes its own rules. Keeps Jouri^il votes. Adjournment. Com})ensatioji. Free from arrest. Exclusion from office. Disabilities. Originate Revenue Bill. Manner of Passing Bills. How become laws, thiee ways, 1st method, 2nd method, 3rd method, veto. Constitutional laws. Statute laws. Con- current orders resolutions, etc. Senate — Two Senators from tvidi Stale, t lioscn by the legislature. Term six years. Each Senator has one vote. Three classes. Every two wears the Senate will change one-third of its members. Vacancies. Qualifi- cations. 30 years of age. Nine years a citizen of the Pnited States. Must be an inhabitant of the State for which lie shall be chosen. Foreigner must be 14 years in the country before he can become a Senator. Vice Presi- dent is the pH'siding officer, has no vote unless equally osed his fleet? Give some incidents of the voyage, dis- f^overy of land. What was the result of this discovery? Why did he seek a westward j^assage? What other dis- coveries did he make? Did he benefit by his discovei'ies? Who did? Why was America not named Columbia? D<'- scj'ibe the discoveries of (\ibot, Vespucci, Ponce de Leon, Balboa, De Soto, Drake, Magellan. Of what value were these discoveries? What four nations explored what is naw the United States? A\'li;i< i»;ii't did each ('\]>]()i'('? WllcTl. ulicre ;n)d by whom was the first settlement in the United States made ? In the Eastern part ? Western part ? What was the extent of the English possessions in 16001 The French possessions? The Spanish possessions? Who were the Huguenots ? Where did they form a settlement 1 Why did the Spanish destroy it? Who retaliated? Who was Champlain? Tell how he made the Iro- quois the enemies of France? Why did the Jesuits come to America? Tell of their heroism. Who wds Marquette? Joliet? Who was La Salle? From which of the explor- ers were there any permanent results? When did Eng- land begin to play an important part? How do you know? What was the Spanish Main? Who was Sir Humphrey Gilbert? What was his fate? Who was Raleigh? What is a patent? Why was Virginia so nam- ed? What about tobacco? What two companies were formed in England? What grant of land did each re- ceive? What is a charter? What provisions were in the charters of the companies? Upon what did the Dutch claim their rights? What Countries were marked by ex- plorations? By settlements? What were the claims of the Spanish? Of the French? Of the English? Of the Dutch? Did they know the extent of their claims? Why did they con- flict? How were they settled? Name the thirteen colonies. Upon what basis was each settled? Name the different kinds of Colonial gov- ernments. In what way are the following connected in the settlements of the Colonies? Pocahontas? John Smith? Massasoit? Powhatan? Miles Standish? Roger Williams? William Penn? Lord Baltimore? Governor Bradford? Berkeley? Bacon? King Philip? Why did the Colonies try to form a union ? Which Col- ony was excluded and why? What troubles did the Col- onies have with the Indians? Why? 72 What were the Colonial wars? The cause of each? What was the result? Name important events of each? Describe the people of the New P^ngland Colonies? Mid- dle Colonies? Southern Colonies? The life? Why did they differ in each part or section? What was the state of manufactures? Commerce? Trade between the Col- onies? How carried on? What can you say about the money ? What were the two quarrels between the Colonies and the British officials? What were the direct causes of the Revolutionary war? War of 1812? Mexican War? Civil War? Spanish-American War? What was the in- direct cause of each of the above wars? Who was Wolf el Montcalm? William Pitt? Ben- jamin Franklin? George Washington? Gen. Greene? Gates? Gage? Gen. Howe? La Fayette? Scott? Jef- ferson? John Adams? John Hancock? Samuel Adams? Charles Carroll? Gen. Brown? Gen. Jackson? Paken- ham? Hoss? Taylor? Harrison? Isaac Hull? Decat- ur? Lawrence? Paul Jones? Robert Fulton? McCor- mick? Morse? Washington Irwing? J. F. Cooper? Cyrus P'ield? Alex. Bell? Edison? Abraham Lincoln? Andrew Johnson? Thaddeus Stevens? Edwin Stanton? W. H. Seward? U. S. Grant? McClellan? Sherman? Meade? Sheridan? Rosecrans? Hancock? R. E. Lee? J. E. Johnson? A. S. Johnson ? Jefferson Davis? Thom- as? Hood? McKiuley? Cleveland? Garfield? Roose- velt? P'arragut? Porter? Dewey? Schley? Cornwal- lis? In what connection do they figure in our country's history? Give an account of Arnold's Treason. Who were connected with it? What was the fate of each? What minor disturbances of rebellions did the United States have to content with sinco 1788? W^^n did the Constitu- tion go into effect? What three liranches has it? Of what does eacli consist? What can you say about your 73 State Constitution? What can you say about your local government? What panics were there in the United States since 1789? What was the cause of each? What important Indian wars since 1789? Name the Indian readers of each war. Name the American leaders of each Indian war. What was the United States Bank? Mis- souri Compromise? Omnibus Bill? Emancipation Proc- lamation? Dred Scott's decision? Nullification? Com- promise of 1850? Kansas-Nebraska Act, i Electoral Commission? Civil Service Reform? Presidential Suc- cession Bill? What amendments have been made to the Constitu- tion since 1789? Of what does each one treat? What battle changed the naval warfare? Why? What were the Alabama Claim? How was it settled? Name some important earthquakes that have occurred in the United States. Tornadoes? What are the Insular possessions of the United States? How were they acquired? Which of the Presidents were assassinated? By whom? What was their reason for doing it? Name the expositions held in the United States? For what pur- pose held? What are some of the reasons for the great industrial development of the United States? What is a trust? A trade Union? Give some details of the de- velopments of Mining, Agriculture, Lumbering, Manu- factures, Herding, Commerce, Transportation, Educa- tion, Literature, Invention. Mention the different steps in the different territorial acquisitions of the United States. Who were the three greatest American Statesmen in the first half of the Nineteenth Century? What are they often called? Why? In what way did they dis- tinguish themselves? In what connection with out country's history are the following connected: Clay? Webster? Calhoun? Benton? Cass? Hoe? West? Putnam? Perry, (O. OCT 21 1912 74 II.)! Massasoit? Powhatan? King Philip? Brant. Red Jacket? Pontiac? Teeiimseh? Weatherford? Sit ting Bull? Black Hawk? Pocahontas? Osceola? AVhich of the administrations were epoch makers ol our country's history? What events led to the same? (rive the names of tlie American ex])lorers to the Polar regions? What did they accomplish? What other noted American explorers were there and what did they ex pi ore?