1853-4. THE FOR THE CITY OF NEW YORK; OB, WHAT TO SEE, AND HOW TO SEE IT. i%s-l CHOTCN KESERVOIH. C. S. Ei"^i}els & Go., ^53 ^iro^Sbo^lj. .FKANCIS'S NEW GUIDE TO THE CITIES OP NEW-YORK AND BROOKLYN, AND THE VICINITY: GIVING A FULL DIKCRIPTION OF THE METROPOLIS AND ITS ENVIRONS, WITH A PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS, INSTITUTIONS OF BENEVOLENCE, LEAKN- ING, SCIENCE, ART, LITERATURE, BUSINESS AND RECREATION, C^urcfjts, pottle, JSanfes, €iteatxcs, &e., TABLES OF DISTANCE, AND THE VARIOUS METHODS OF CONVEYANCa IN AND FROM THE CITIES AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. WITH MAPS, AND NUMEROUS ENORAYINGS. NEW- YORK : C. S. FRANCIS & CO., 252 BROADWAY. 1854. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by C. S. FRANCIS & CO., In the Clerk's Ofi&ce of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New- York. ■/•?/ CONTENTS, PAGE Early History of New-York 13 Bird's-Eye View 21 Environs of New-Y^ork 28 Public Buildings 38 Miscellaneous Places worth visiting 51 Public Squares 62, 124 Principal Benevolent Institutions 65, 121 Literary Institutions 73 Theological Institutions 75 Medical Institutions 76 Mechanics' Institutions 76 Picture Galleiues and Institutions of the Fine Arts 77 Daguerreotypes 79 Places of Amusement 80 Hotels 85 Private Residences 89 Markets 91 The Novelty Works 93 The Ferries 94 Railroads 96 Omnibuses and Rail-buses 97, 129, 131 ExprxEssEs 98 11 ackney-Coacues 99 The Churchi-s of New York 102 Summary of Congregations 102 New-York Pulpit 103 Description of Churches 105 Education — Public and Ward Schools 117 Antiquities of New- York 119 IV CONTENTS. Banks 120 Benevolent Societies , . 121 Miscellaneous Items 124 Omnibus Routes axd City Cars 129, 131 Location of Piers 132 Tables of Distances in New- York and Brook- lyn 127,128,148 The Crystal Palace 133 City ok Brooklyn 137 Churches in Brooklyn 142 Greenwood Cemetery. ». 147 LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 1. View in Broadway (Prontis.) 2. Distributing Reservoir, 51 3. Sir H. Clinton's House, 20 4. City Hall, 3S 5. Halls of Justice, 40 6. Custom-IIouse, 41 7. Merchants' Exchange, 42 8. New-York University, 44 9. Free Academy, 45 10. Astor Library, 46 11. New Bible House, 48 12. State Arsenal, 54 13. Asylum for the Blind, 68 14. Asylum for Orphans, 69 15. Penitentiary, 71 16. Trinity Church, 105 17. St. Mark's Church, 106 18. Baptist Church, 109 19. St. Patrick's Cathedral, 109 20. Dutch Reformed Church, 112 21. Fourth Universalist Church, 113 22. Presbyterian Church, 113 23. Church of Messiah, 113 24. St. Thomas's Church, 114 25. Floating Chapel, 114 26. Ch. of Holy Communion, 115 27. French Church, 116 28. Synagogue, 117 29. Frankfort street Church, 119 30. Walton House, 119 31. Old Dutch House, 120 32. Union and National Banks, 120 33. Crystal Palace, 133 34. Bookstore, 13G 35. Church of the Saviour, 143 36. Shield's Monmnent, 14T INDEX. Academy, Free, 45 Academy, National, of Design, 77 Albany Boats, 95, 96 Almshouse Department, 72 Amusement, Places of, SO Antiquities of New-York, 119 Arsenal, 54 Association, Young Men's Chris- tian, 70 Astoria, 29, 95 Astor Library, 46 Asylum for Aged Females, 69 Asylum for Insane, 69 Asylum, Leake and Watts' Or- phan, 69 Asylum, Magdalen, 69 Asylum, New- York Orphan, 69 Banks, 120 Battery, 62 Bible House, 4S Bird's-Eye View, 21 Blackwell's Island, 71 Blind, Institution for, 68 Bloomingdale, 32 Bookstore, 136 Bowling Green, 63 Bridge, High, 54 British Ejnigrant Board, 121 Brooklyn, City of, 13T Buildings, Public, 38 Cars, City, 131 Cemetery, Greenwood, 147 1* Churches in New-Yckk, 102 Baptist, First, 109 Dutch Reformed, 111, 112 Floating Chapel, 114 French Church, 116 Grace Church, 110 Holy Communion, Church of the, 115 Holy Redeemer, Church of the, 109 Jews' Synagogues, 116 Messiah, Church of the, 113 Presbyterian, Fifth Avenue, 116 Presbyterian, First, 110 Presbyterian, University PL, 118 St. George's, 107 St John's Chapel, 108 St. Mark's, 106 St. Patrick's Cathedral, 109 St. Paul's Chapel, 107 St. Thomas', 114 Trinity Chapel, 117 Trinity Church, 105 Universalist, Fourth, 112 Church, an old, 119 Churches in Brooklyn, 142 Christ's Church, 144 Dutch Reformed, 144, 145 Grace Church, 143 Holy Trinity, Church of the, 143 Pilgrims, Church of the, 142 Plymouth Church, 145 Presbyterian, First, 145 Presbyterian, Second, 146 VI INDEX. Saviour, Church of the, 143 St. Ann's:, 146 Climate, 2S Coaches, Hackney, 99 College, Columbia, 45 Colleae, New-Y'ork Medical, 7G C^jli.'ge of Physicians and Siu'- geons, 75 coxgregations, sumj[aky of, 102,142 Dagcerrbotypes, 79 Deaf and Dumb, Institution for, 68 Dearman, 36 Description, General, of New- York, 26 Dispensary, Demiit, 67 Dispensary, Eastern, 67 Dispensary, New- York, 67 Dispensary, Northern, 67 Distances, Tables of, 127, 128, 148 Dobb's Ferry, 86 Dock, Atlantic, 141 Dock, Naval Dry, 61, 141 Dock, Sectional, 59 Dusseldorf Gallery, 78 Early History of New- York, 13 Education, 117 Elizabethport, 34 Elizabethtown, 33 Environs of New- York, 28 Exchange, Merchants', 42 Excursions, 86 Expresses, 98 Ferries, 94 Fire Department, New-l^ork, 123 Flatbush, 30 Flushing, 29 Fort Hamilton, 30 Fort Lee, 35 Forts and Fortifications, 60, 189 Galleries, Picture, 77 Galleiy, Bryan, 78 Gallery, Dusseldorf, 78 Garden, Castle, 82 Greenwood Cemetery, 147 Hall, City, 38, 189 HaSl of Records, 40 Halls of Justice, 40 Harlem, 32 Harsimus, 31 Hastings, 36 Hippodrome, Franconi's, 83 History, Early, of New- York, 13 Hoboken, 31 Horses, Census of, 124 Hospital, New- York, 65 Hospital, Quarantine, 67 Hotels in New- York, 85 Astor House, 8G Bixby's, 86 Clarendon, 87 Frencli's, bO Irving, SO Kemble, 88 La Farge, 88 Metropolitan, 86 Prescott, 88 St. Denis, 88 St. Nicholas, 87 Hotels in Brooklyn, 140 House, An Old Dutch, 12!) House, An Elegant Private, 141 Institutions, Benevolent, 65, 121 (&'ee under Asylum, Dispensary, Hospital, and Societies ) Institutions, Literary, 73 (6'ce under College, Library, and Lyceum ) Institutions, Medical, 75 Institutions, Mechanics', 76 Institute, American, 76 Institute, Mechanics', 77 Institute, New- York Law, 74 Islands, Blackwell's, Ward's, and Randall's, 71 Island, Staten, 30 Items, Miscellaneous, 124 Jamaica, 29 Jersey City, 31 Landscape Painters, 78 Library, Apprentices', 46 Library, Astor, 46 Library, Mercantile, 73 Lyceum of Natural History, 74 Lyceum, Wallack's, 81 Lyceum, Brooklyn, 140 Manhattanville, 32 Mansion, An Old, 119 Markets in New- York, 91 Market, Catherine, 92 Centre, 92 Chelaea, 92 INDEX. VU JTarket, Fulton, 92 JefiFerson, 93 Tompkins, 93 Washington, 92 Miniature Painters, 78 Minstrels, Christy's, 85 Minstrels, Wood's, 85 Museum, Barnum's American, 81 Museum, Egyptian, 82 Navy Yard, 141 Newark, 32 New-Brighton, 30 New-Brunswick, 34 Newspapers, New-York, 101 Niblo's Opera-House, 81 Novelty Works, 93 Observatory, The Latting, 83 Omnibuses and Kail-buses, 97, 129, 131 Omnibus Routes, 131 Opera-House, Niblo's, 84 Oysteries, 91 Packet and Clipper Ships, 58 Palace, The Crystal, 133 Park, The, 62 Park, Gramercy, 65 Park, Union, 64 Parks, other City, 125 Passaic Falls and Paterson, 34 Pavements, 124 Perth Amboy, 85 Piermont, 36 Piers, Location of, 182 Places, Miscellaneous, worth vis- iting, 51 Porters, Public, 99 Portrait Painters, 78 Post Office, 43, 139 Printing Office, The Tribune, 101 Pulpit, The New-York, 103 Rahway, 33 Railroad, Harlem, 97 Hudson River, 96 New-York and New-Haven, 97 Long Island, 148 Rail-Cars, City, 131 Refectories, 91 Residences, Private, 89 Restaurant Saloons, 90 River Boats, 58, 95 Rockaway Beach, 29 Rotunda, 43 Schools, Public and Ward, 117 School, University Medical, 75 Seminary, Theological, Protestant Episcopal, 75 Seminary, Theological, Union, 75 Ship Yards, 59 Societies, Benevolent, 65, 121 British Protection Emigrant Board, 121 French Benevolent, 121 German Benevolent, 121 German Mutual Assistance, 121 German, of the City of New- York, 122 Hebrew, Benevolent, 122 " Hibernian, 122 I. 0. of 0. F., 121 Irish Emigrant, 122 Italian Benevolent, 122 Marine, 122 New-England, 122 New-York Historical, 74 St. Andrew's, 123 St. David's, 123 St. George's, 123 St. Nicholas, 123 St. Patrick, Friendly Sons of, 121 Squares, Public, 62, 124 Hudson, 63 Stuyvesant, 65 Tompkins, 64 Washington, 64 Stage Lines, 127 Steam Marine, 55 Theatre, Bowery, 80 Broadway, 80 Burton's, 81 Theological Institutions, 73 University of the City of New- York, 44 University Medical School, 75 Wallack's Lyceimi, 81 Wards, Boundaries of, 125 Washing and Bathing Establish- ment, 70 Weehawken, 32 Williamsburg, 28 Yonkers, 35 Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 70 '*;=>.2:.ii3:=:=>:=:2 ^ ^-■^ bo ^ p--. ^ fl »^ £ S o o » S . - S g bo S S S a >.!2 >> •S -a 2 b t; o cS O oj ™ U (o O O 3 bU b.; ^g eg (.^ E\3 C3 Q^ (y w <») u u -^ w o a c >»«: u ^ s 1 h z Hi UJ Ll UJ I h l 1 (0 h liJ h co •S3 lyQ g^ CCS 53 G« (U .3 -4-3 «S 0:2 KWOju^ OtiJIaiM^BJ^iJ pa W -» -s O c=- O '-9 Q WWaHW fa fa fc, fc, fe Em fe fc, C50000000C3 8 e ■a s « :3:3 i«! > X >-:3 > > :3 > :3:3 .-3 > > > > >-:3 M ;3 .J ._..„.„ ;^.« .« .«.- ^ -^OaQ^^Q-'C!!^ 53 '-^ &< "^ '"' f^ ''^ ^ "^ " '^ '^"* illilill'. li'l -ils^-Ns- A a=:^S~£t;So ^ a w >.•> S > fc >~a " « ■£ — 000000 C-C a)aj(Ua;.-.Oooo33 csts OOOOOOUOO DQQQQQQQQQQ WW '16 Is K 1 1" :3 Q > _> _> ^ :3 _> -j :3 > :3 _> :3 _> > 'J .> 'J :3 > :3 _> " • •« ■ .„..„.. .« ,- jjcjw OKtJjw'^jija'-'ww'^'^^^Qa'-'c^w 000'- BCi.CIw-oarteSetfcsoaJjMi/sJgS'C ui-i-3 rtc9c!c8{aoiu^jaja^^^x:j=j3i2iiU3 ^=2 :3 B 3 :3 > > :3 _>; :3 > :3 :3 > > :3 :3 .5; > > :3 -^ > ■- •- :3 "■. 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They gener- ally selected for their sum- mer residences some place easy of access, and immediately contiguous to their sporting grounds. The island of Xew-York, or, as it was called by the natives, Manhattan, was a favorite resort of the Hud- son river tribes. Abundant evidence of this fact is found in the history of its first discovery, and the indestructible relics that every where abound, buried in the ground. Excavations in the primitive soil often expose large quan- tities of shells, the remnants of their " clam-bakes ;" and various specimens of arrow-heads, stone axes and chisels, are found in the upper parts of the island. From their tem})orary villages they went forth in search of game ; and long before the white man came, the expan- sive bay that now reflects the sails of a hundred nations, was dotted by the humble canoes of a race whose very name 2 14 CITY OF NEW-YORK. has long been lost to history. The ground that now sus- tains a million of inhabitants then hid in its forest shades the dusky forms of a few hundred wild men; and the waters that are now burdened with the commerce of the world were then timidl}^ navigated by the birchen canoe of a race who never ventured beyond the protection of their inland bounds. On the 2d of September, 1609, a beautiful autumn day, the adventurous bark of Henry Hud- son made its appearance in the lower harbor. Ihe In- dians, whose fishing-canoes were scattered about in every direction, attacked one of his boats which was sent out to ■ fish, and killed its commander. They bm-ied him on au island which was named after him, Colman's Island, now degenerated into Coney Island. After this, these Indians became more friendly, and came on board, where they exchanged tobacco and Indian corn for trinkets. Hudson passed up with his vessel (the Half Moon) as far as the present site of Albany, and then re- turned to Manhattan ; and after sometimes trading with the natives, and sometimes killing them, he went back to Europe again. His mutinous men forced him to go to England instead of Holland, from whence he came. The British Government, which had formerly driven him from their service, now detained him, and in a subsequent voy- age to jS'orth America, he was set adrift by his crew in an open boat, with his yoimg son and seven others, without compass or food, and never heard of after. This was brought about through the treacherous agency of one of his men, v.hom he had formerly befriended, under circum- stances that claimed lasting gratitude. Hudson was a bold and skilful navigator, and had foinierly distinguished him- self in his attempts to discover a north-west passage to the East Indies. The Dutch, finding that they coiild get furs of the North American Indians, sent out another ship to Kew-York, to trade with them; and in 1614, the Dutch Government en- couraged a company of m.erchants, and licensed them as the "West India Company." Soon after this the company sent out two ships, one of which was accidentally burned, but was replaced by another, which was built by her com- mander on the East rivei". After sailing along the coast to Martha's Vineyard, they returned to the Hudson river, and EARLY HISTORY. 16 proceeded up to Castle Island, near Albany, where they commenced a settlement. For many years after this first settlement, Albany was the remotest point of interior civili- zation. In 1614, a fort was built on Manhattan Island; a few huts were soon added, to accommodate the settlers who traded with the Indians. This fort was just in the rear of the present site of Trinity Church, on the immedi- ate bank of the river : the tide then came up to where the western wall of the churchj^ard now stands. In 1751, some workmen digging in the bank, back of the church, dis- covered a stone wall, which occasioned great wonder at first, but was soon ascertained to be the remnants ^f the long-forgotten fort. In 1621, the Dutch Government gave the New-Netherlands to their "West India Company. The territory so denominated extended from Delaware river to Cape Cod. In 1623, they built a new fort, which stood on the ground now occupied by the Bowling Green, then a high mound of earth, overlooking an extensive ledge of rocks, the site of the present Battery. There is every indication that New- York was in primi- tive days the " city of hills" — such verdant hills, of succes- sive undulation, as the general state of the whole country part of the island now presents. Tlie hills were sometimes precipitous, as from Beekman's and Peck's Hills, in the neighborhood of Pearl, Beekman and Ferry sti'eets, and from the Middle Dutch Church, the building now conver- ted into the Post Office, in Nassau street, down to Mai- den Lane ; and sometimes gradually sloping, as on either hills along the line of the water, near Maiden Lane. The water flowed in between many of the hills, such as " the canal" so called to gratify Dutch recollections, which was an inlet up Broad street. Up Maiden Lane flowed another inroad. A little beyond Peck's Slip existed a low water-course, which in high water ran quite up in union with the Collect, (Kolck,) and then joining with Lispenard's swamp on North river side, produced a xmion of waters quite across the city ; thus converting it occasionally into an island. Boats were used occasionally to carry the foot passengers from either side of the high rising ground rang- ing on both sides of Pearl street. Part of the people who came out in the Tea Company's ghips settled, in 1625, on an island, at what is now called 16 CITY OF NEW-YORK. the "Wallaboiit, a word importing the walooii beud. About this time we find in the public records, that " Paulus Hook " was sold by Gov. Iveift to Abraham Isaacs Plank for 450 guilders. For scandalizing the Governor, one Hendrick Janeson, in 1638, was sentenced to stand at the foit door, at the ringing of the bell, and ask the Governor's pardon. On the 6th of August, 1638, tM'o persons were appointed to inspect " tobacco cultivated here for exportation ;" and on the 19th of the same month it was ordered, that in con- sideration of "the high character it had obtained in foreign countries," any adulteration should be punished with a heavy penalty. In 1641, a cattle fair was established, to be held annually on the 1 5th of October. The lands on " York Island," without the bounds of the town walls, along Wall street, were either used for public grazing grounds for the town cows, sheep or swine, or else for the Governor's farms, under the name of Bouwerys. The Bouwery or farm sold to Governor Stuyvesant in 1631, now so valuable as building lots in the hands of his de- scendants, was originally piu'chased by him for 6,400 guil- ders, (£1,066 ;) and having, besides the land, " a dwelling- house, barn, reek-lands, six cows, two horses and two young negroes." On another farm the company erected a wint molen (wind-mill) for the use of the town. Its site was near the " Broadwa}'," between the present Liberty and Courtlandt streets. The first having decayed, it was ordered, in 1662, that there be another on the same ground, " outside of the city land-port (gate) on the company's farm." In 1663, all the carmen of the city, to the number of twenty, ordered to be enrolled, and to draw for %d. an or- dinary load, and to remove weekly from the city the dirt of the streets at Zd. a load. In 1675, the rates of tavern fare were thus ordered : For lodging, 3c?. ; for meals, %d. ; brandy per gill, %d. ; and cider per quart, 4c?. In 1676, all the inhabitants living in the street called the Here Graft (now Broad street) were re- quired " to fill up the graft, ditch or common shore, and level the same." In this same year are given the names of all the then property-holders, amounting to onl}- 800 names, and "assessed at 1^ dollars a pound on £99,695." Luke Laneton, in 1683, was made "collector of customs EARLY HISTORY. 17 at the custom-house near the bridge, and none sliall un- load but at the bridge." The Iiouse called "Stu3'vesant Hujs." at the north-west corner of present Front and Moore streets, was then called the " custom-house." In 1683, it was ordered that "noj'outhes, maydes, or other persons may meete together on the Lord's day, for sport or pla}', under fine of Is." " No more than four In- dian or negro slaves may assemble together.' In 1683, the vessels and boats of the port were enrolled as follows : 3 bar(|ues, 3 brigantines, 26 sloops, and 4o open boats. The old Dutch records show that all the rear of the town was divided into farms called " Bouwerys," from whence we have Bowery now. In 1687, sixteen acres of the Basse Bowery was granted to Arien Cornelisson, for the consid- eration of one fat capon a year. In 1695, the celebrated Capt. Kidd came to Xew-York to see his wife. He soon after this commenced his piracies, and continued them till 1699, when he visited Long Island Sound, and made several deposits of mone}' on the shores. One of these deposits was discovered a few years since by some laborers, while digging on the shores of the East river. Kidd was decoyed to Boston, where he was ari-ested, sent to England, and hung in 1701. In 1698, the Council agreed to build the "new City Hall," by the head of Bi^oad street, for £3,000 ; the same afterwards the Congress Hall, on the corner of "Wall street. In 1699, they sold the old City Hall to John Rodman for £920, reserving only "the bell, the king's arms, and iron works [fetters, tfec] belonging to the prison," and granting leave also to allow the "cage, pillory and stocks before tlie same to be renioved witliin one year ; and the pri- soners in said jail within the said City Hall, to remain one month." The celebrated Negro Plot, in 1741, occurred when there were about ten thousand inhabitants in the city, of which one sixth part were negro slaves. After the lapse of a century, we look back with astonishment on tlie panic occasioned by these conspiracies, and the rancorous hatred that prevailed against the Roman Catholics. Tliere was doubtless a jiilot ; but its extent could never have been so great as the terror of tlie times depicted. The only testi- mony taken was the mutual criminations and confessions 2* 18 CITY OF NEW-YORK. of the abettors ; and by this means every negro in the city, and some of the white inhabitants, became objects of sus- picion. The iirst suspicion of a plot was caused by frequent alarms of fire, and robberies committed on the premises of one of the citizens. The first fire destroyed the Governor's house and the old church, both of which were within the walls of the fort. A few days after this, another fire occurred under very mysterious circumstances, and subse- quently, in the space of three weeks, eight more fires served to spread great consternation among the people. Many negroes were executed, and the investigations were long and intricate. While the trials were going on, and the execution of sev- eral negroes taking place, proclamations were made, offer- ing pardons to the free who should make discovery of the plot, or accuse others ; and pardon and liberty to the slaves who sliould do the same ; and rewards in money to both. The consequence was, that the negroes who were in jail accused themselves and others, hoping to save their owli lives, and obtain the promised boons. What one poor wretch invented, was heard and repeated by another ; and by degrees the story assumed the shape of a regular plot In the course of the evidence it appears that the city was destined to be fired, and the inliabitauts massacred, on coming out of the English Church in Broadway. St. Pat- rick's night was selected for the catastrophe, and many Irish Catholics lately arrived enlisted in the gang of mur- derers. The negroes were led by one Ilughson, at whose house they were entertained, and where they brought their stolen goods. An unfortunate man, named Ury, an English clergyman, who had been teaching school in the city was tried and condemned on the most trivial testi- mony. He was hung amidst the greatest excitement. Tliere were thirteen blacks burned alive at the stake, at a place then out of town, but situated near the present inter- section of Pearl and Chatham streets, where there was formerly a hollow place. Twenty were hung "on the island by the powder-house," where the Arsenal now is, in Elm street. Seventy were transported to foreign parts; Hughson, his wife, and Peggy Carey, a noted informer, were hung. Several of the negroes declared that the}- had accused themselves and others because they had been told that was the only way to save their lives. EARLY HISTORY. 19 "The Indians, in the. year 1746, came to the city of New- York iu a body, say several liundreds, to liold a con- ference or treaty with the Governor. They were Oneidas and Mohawks ; coming from Albany, crowding the North river with their canoes; bringing with them their squaws and papouses ; they encamped on the site now Hudson's Square, before St. John's Church, then a low sand beach." In 1756, the first stage started between Philadelphia and New- York, three days through. In 1765, a second stage, announced to travel between New- York and Philadelphia, to go tlirough in three days, being a covered Jersey wagon, at 2d. a mile. In 1766, another stage, called "the Flying Machine," to go through in two days, "iu good wagons, and seats on springs," at Sd. a mile, or 20s. through, Tliese extracts are principally drawn from Watson's An- nals of New- York. The public records, always accessible at the City Record office, are very numerous, and will well reward the curious for their perusal. During the Revolution, the ]\Iiddle Dutch Church, Nas- sau street, was used as a " prison for r),000 Americans." The pews were talcen out and used for fuel. Afterwards the church was used as a riding-school by the Britisii cav- alry. Tlie North Dutch Cliurch, in William street, was also used as a prison-house, and at one time held '2,000 pri- soners ; all the Presb3'terian churches Avere used for military purposes, but the Methodists' houses were spared on ac- count of their adherence to Wesley, who was known to he a loyalist. It is estimated that 11,000 Americans were interred from the British prisons at the AYallabout, near the present Navy Yard. In cutting down the hill for the Navy Yard, there were taken up as man}?^ as thirteen large boxes of human l)ones, which, being borne on trucks under mourn- ing palls, were canned in procession to Jackson street^ on Brookl^Ti height, and interred in a charnel-house con- structed for the occasion beneath three drooping willows. Two of the burr-it hulks of the prison-ships still remain sunken near the Navy Yard ; one in the dock, and one in the Good Hope, near PiiKier's Island. In 1785-6, Alderman William Bayard sold his farm of fifty acres, situated on the west side of Broadway, where 20 CITY OF NE'.Y-YO:ilK. St. Paul's Clivirch now Etniids. He divided it into lots of twenty -five by one hundred feet, and sold them at twenty- five dollars each. The old Kenned}'^ House, now converted into the Wash- ington Hot^l, No. 1 Broadway, is an object of great interest. It was, diiring the Revolution, occupied succes- sively by Cornwallis, Clinton, Howe, and Wasliington, and here Andre commenced his correspondence with Arnold. The house Avas erected in 1760, by Hon. Captain Kennedy, afterwards Earl of Cassilis. The great fires in 1776 and 1778 occurred while the Britisli held possession of the city. The fire in 1776 commenced in Whitehall slip, late at night, and consumed all the buildings west of Broadway and south of Barclay street. Trinity Church was bm-rit at this time; four hundred and ninety -three houses were destroyed. Tlie fire in 1778 occurred on Cruger's wharf, and burnt .".bout fifty houses. The buil- dings destroyed on both of tliese occasions were of an inferior order, and built of wood. SIR HENRY CLINTON'S HOUSE. A BIRD'S EYE VIEW. ROBABLY the finest view of New- York is that which is enjoyed by the spectator who gazes upon the city and its suburbs from the lofty spire of Trin- ity Church. To this point, therefore, as it is desirable to form at the out- set a correct idea of the position of the city and its sur- roundings, we will at once repair. With slight fatigue we ascend the stairway, and are abundantly repaid by the grandeur of the view. If we take a position facing the north — that is, looking directly up Broadway — we shall have upon our right the East river, a body of water flowing between New- York and Brooklyn, and which, if followed for fifteen miles in an easterly direction, is found to expand to the width of several miles, taking from this point the name of Long Island Sound. Before reaching the Sound, however, the water passes through a narrow rocky channel, known as the famous Hell Gate, so called by the early Dutch voyagers in consequence of its furious tide. Through this passage John Dermer sailed for the first time in 1619, and thus described the appearance of the place, as his account is given by Pnrchas : *' Wee found," says the brave Dermer, " a most danger- ous cataract amongst small rookie islands, occasioned by 22 CITY OF NEW-YORK. two unequall tydes, the one ebbing and flowing two houres before tlie other." This account is quite graphic, although it is ahnost needless to observe that the theory of the "two tydes" is apocryphal. Turning to the left, we see the Hudson river, a body of water which may well be termed majestic ; for whether we consider the volume of its current, with the rich freights it bears, or take into account the lovely scenery of its banks, together wdth the noble bay, which, grander than itself, receives it as a fit channel of conveyance to the grandest receptacle of all, the ocean — none, we think, will deny the propriety of the term. The Hudson is also sometimes denominated the JS'orth river — a name originally applied to it when the early Dutch settlements were bounded on the south by the Delaware, then called the South river, and by the Hud- son on tlie north. To gain a full impression of the noble- ness of this last-named channel, it is necessary to pass in a steamboat through the highlands on a clear summer day. At such times we have heard the river extolled in terms of almost uuboimded admiration even by those most fami- liar with the world-i'enowned beauties of the Rhine. An imperfect idea of the scenery of its banks may be had by directing our attention — even from this point — to the Palisades, the bold striking bluff discernible in the dis- tance on the left bank. This ridge, varying in height from 200 to 500 feet, extends along the west side of the river, from Weehawken, (the point now in view four miles up the river,) as far as Tappan, a distance of 20 miles. From this latter place the banks are lower until we reach Cald- well's Landing, 42 miles from New-York, and the southern entrance of the Highlands, where commences the sublime scenery, which numbers among its charms, Anthony's Nose, 1,128 feet in height; the Sugar Loaf, Crow Nest, Beacon Hill, 1,685 feet, the loftiest peak of the Highlands, and the attractions more graciously named West Point Let us return, however, to the prospect before us. The first edifice upon our left, as we look up Broadway, is Trinity Building, known by its faint yellow color — a hue which agreeably contrasts with the shades of red, white and green, that are seen around it. This color arises from the bricks of which the walls are built, and which are Known as Milwaukie brick, being made of a light A bird's eye view. 23 yellow clay found in the neighborhood of that city. The rental of this building has been stated at $60,000. Opposite to this is seen the Metropolitan Bank, a strucr ture admirably adapted to its purpose ; and indeed one of the finest of the many elegant banking-houses which adorn the city. Particular attentiou is called to the orna- mental sculpture upon its two fronts, and to the tasteful gradation of ornauieut from the first to the upper story. The cost of the building, together with the grounds, was $105,000. It is on the corner of Bi'oadway and Pine street. The first church on the left side of Broadway is St. Paul's Chapel, belonging to the Corporation of Trinity Church. This fiue old building deserves notice from having its steeple at one end, and a well-arranged porch at the other — an expedient which, in this instance at least, pro- duces a pleasing etfect. Tlie lieiglit of the stee]>le is 203 feet. This chuix-h was once quite out of town. The father of the writer distinctly reinembers having many years ago shot a wild pigeon which had alighted upon a tree in the church^^ard. Crossing the street, we have in view Barnum's American Museum — the wonders contained in which building none but a Barnum could either have collected, in the first instance, or can adequately describe. The granite edifice upon the left is the Astor House. We have now reached the Park, an enclosure of about 10 acres, containing the most important buildings of the City Government. Here we have the City Hall, the new City Hall, the Hall of Records, and the Rotunda. The large white pile in view from our elevated ])osition is tlie City Hall, which stands somewhat to the east of Broadway, and is oi'iiamented by a well-proportioned cupola. Be^'ond the City Hall, and on the line of Broadway, we discover a building of snowy marble, whose size and beauty render it a conspicuous object. This is Stewart's Ma rule Palace, probably the most costly building in the woi'M owned and occupied by one merchant, and devoted to tlie purposes of trade. It is said that the annual sales at this colossal dry-goods store amount to several mil- lions of dollars. 24 CITY OF NEW-YOBK. No other building is recognizable in this direction until we come to Grace Church, which stands as an expectant bride, gracefully looking down through the turmoil of cart and carriage, toward her powerful and somewhat burly- protector, Trinity Church. We are aware that the respective corporations are bj' no means so nearly related as this attitude might imply, but only mean to intimate that the material structures referred to have a sort of related look. Grace Church is, moreover, worth a visit upon a week-day, from its affording an opportunity' for curious reflections upon the effect of light. The "modest mansion" which rises next door to the church is the Rec- tory. The buildings stand on Broadway, within one door from the corner of Tenth street. A few blocks higher up, Broadwa}' is directly faced by Union Park, where the street turns to the left, and pursues its way until it reaches Twent}' -third street and Madison Square ; where, after crossing the Fifth and Sixth Avenues, it meets and takes the name of the Bloomingdale Road. Above Union Square, the wealthiest and most fashion- able residents of New-York have their habitations ; but as these are not in sight from our observatory, we turn to surve}^ the prospect from the right or east window, and find ourselves gazing directly down "Wall st)'eet, seeming, as it were, to look into the golden throat of Plutus himself. "We have immediately beneath us, on the coi'ner of Broad- way and "Wall street, the large and costl}' banking-house of the Bank of the Republic, a building which cannot be regarded with much approbation, since the main architec- tural purposes accomplished in this instance have been to magnify an attic, and make a glorious front door. Tlie first prominent building upon our left, as we pass down Wall street, is the Custom-IIouse. The spot it occupies is venerable from the circumstance that here stood the old Federal Hall, on whose balcony Washington took the inaugural oath as President of the United States, on the 80th of April, I'ZSQ. Tlie present building is worthy of the place it holds, and is particularly noticeable from the beauty of its proportions and the ^lid elegance of its work. From our lofty point of survc^ we must not fail to notice its marble roof. One block in the rear of the Gustom-House we descry an A bird's eye view. 25 old gray church, with quaint roof and cupola. Tliis build- ing was formerly known as the Middle Dutch Church, but is now occupied by the New-York Post-Office. On the right side of the street, farther east, is seen a granite building, having an extensive dome, and orna- mented on the street by a I'ow of granite columns; by which features we may easily recognize the Merchants' Exchange, In this direction, looking across the river, we have a view of Brooklyn, on Long Island ; beyond which, follow- ing the river, a portion of Williamsburg is also distinctly seen. Perhaps, however, the most attractive prospect is that on the south, in which direction we turn our eyes down Broadway, where we see the Bowling-Green and the Battery, together with Castle Garden, close at hand. The large island lying nearest to the city is Governor's Island ; beyond which is South Brooklyn — the locality of the Atlantic docks. The other large island in the distance is Staten Island ; between which and Long Island we see the Narrows, the well-fortified entrance to the harbor of New-York. The two small islands lying nearer to the city, on the right, are Ellis's Island and Bedloe's Island ; the latter of which is the most distant, and is fortified. Taken in all its parts, this bay of 25 miles in circum- ference, extending 8 miles from the Narrows to the city, affords, indeed, a lovely prospect to the eye. As we gaze upon it, we are not disposed to question the judgment of poor Hendrick Hudson, who, viewing the landscape in its almost primeval beauty, declared : " This is a very good land to fall (in) with, and a pleasant land to see." The opinion of the old navigator seems to have been recorded on the morning of September 2d, 1609, when the beauties of the landscape were for the first time discovered to European eyes. The view from the west window presents to us Jersey City, in the State of New-Jersey, directly across the river ; north of which is Hoboken, a famous summer resort; while farther up, following the left bank, we come to Weehawken, where our circuit began ; a place of surpass- ing interest, near the river bank ; in this neighborhood ia the spot where Aaron Burr shot the brave and ac- complished Hamilton ; killing him in a duel, fought July 3 26 CITY OF NEW-YORK. 11th, 1804. A conspicuous object at Jersey City is the dock of the Cunard steamers, and here is also the Phila- delphia or great Southern Railroad depot. Before leaving our survej', we must add, that, although no bridges span the rivers which bound Manhattan or New-York Island, except on the north, still the communi- cation is at all hours both rapid and convenient. This necessary intercoiirse is kept up by means of 15 ferries, whose boats, admirably constructed and adorned, are seen darting from their piers, and pursiiing their way in all directions. In concluding our sketch, it may be well to add a few words in regard to the statistics of the cities of New-York, Brooklyn, Williamsburg and Jersey City, which have been thus brought into view. Their population at the dates 1830, 1840, and 1850, was as follows: 1830. 1840. 1850. New-York 197,112 812,'710 515,507 Brooklyn 15,394 36,233 96,838 Wilhamsburg 1,117 5,094 80,780 The present population of Jersey City is about 17,000 ; making a total of nearl}" 700,000 human beings, whose various abodes, places of business, and resorts for recrea- tion have contributed to our view. "We pass to a GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Tlie city and county of New- York have the same limits, comprising the whole of Manhattan or New-York Island, which, as we have seen, narrows to a point at its southern extremit}^ ; having the Hudson river on its west side, and the East river on the east. On the Hudson the island extends 1 3 miles, to Spuyten Duy vel creek ; which, after a crooked course of about one mile, connects with the Har- lem river, near King's Bridge. The greatest length of the island is 13^ miles. The Harlem river runs south-east a distance of 6 miles, to the East river, which it enters near Randall's Island, 9 miles from the Battery point. The widest part of the island is on a line with Eightj'-eighth street, where it measures 2^ miles ; its narrowest part being little more than half a mile in width. Its cii'cumferenee ie about 29 miles, and its area 14,000 acres. Four bridges A bird's eye view. 27 cross the Harlem river : viz., tlie Croton High Bridge, Macomb's bridge, the Harlem Railroad and the Harlem turnpike bridge. The Hudson iiiver Kailroad is carried over Spii3"ten Duyvel creek. Tlie surface of the island was originally imcven and rough, as is now the case in the northern parts, with occa- sional low valleys and marshy swamps ; but the hills in the southern part of the island have been levelled, and the swamps and marshes filled up. Man}^ creeks and inlets on the margins of the rivers have also disappeared, and the large ledge of rocks that occupied the site of the present Battery has long since been buried by made ground. The water line has been materially altered from what it was. A large part of Water, Front and South streets, on the East river, and of Greenwich, Washington and West streets, on the Hudson river, occupy made ground. The city population extends more than four miles on each river, and the compact part has a circumference of over ten miles. In latter times, care has been taken to lay out the streets straight, and of ample width. This is particularly true of all the northern part of the city, which was laid out under the direction of Gouverneur Morris, De Witt Clinton and others, and surveyed by Mr. John Ran- dall, jr. The survey was completed in 1821, after having occupied ten years. JSTo city can exhibit a more beautiful plan than this portion of the city of New- York, which ex- tends to One Hundred and Fifty-fourth street, about ten miles north of the Battery. Twelve noble avenues, each 100 feet wide, run parallel and lengthwise of the island, giving access to the cit}'^, and these are cut at right angles by numerous streets, every tenth one of which is also 100 feet wide, while the narrow streets are 60 feet in width. The island is mostly composed of granite, which is gene- rally buried from 10 to 15 feet under ground. The super- incumbent earth is composed of drift sand and pebbles, with large quantities of oxide of iron, which gives it a red color. The rocks crop out and appear on. the surface, in the upper parts of the island, to a considerable extent. The soil for the most pai^t is fertile, but from the abundance of rocks, hard to cultivate. The island was originally covered with a very large growth of wood. 28 CITY OF NEW-YORK. CLIMATE. The average temperature of our climate throiighout the year is 65° of Fahrenheit's thermometer; and that is also the temperature of the deepest wells. The greatest degree of cold ever experienced is 6 or 10*^ below zero ; but that is very rare — having occurred in 1780 and in 1820, when persons went between this city and Staten Island on the ice. In winter the thermometer rarely sinks lower than IQo or 20° below the freezing-point, and in a few hours the cold always moderates. The highest temperature of our summer is seldom above 90°, and is rarely of long continuance. From the middle of September to about the last of October, the atmosphere will generally vie with any in the world for serenity and beaut}'. Winter generally sets in about Christmas, and continues for some two months, although sudden changes of temperature frequently occur in summer and winter, which, unless guarded against, will cause severe colds and other diseases; but it is to be added, that Kew- York, gene- rally speaking, is as healthy a spot as any city in the world. ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK. The principal place in the neighborhood of the city ia Brooklyn. This city will be particularly described here- after. The expense of excursions by boat and railroad in the neighborhood of New-York may be usually estimated at about 3 cents per mile. WILLIAMSBURG, Recently built, and now a cit}', situated on the East river, north-east of Brooklyn, and opposite the north-east part of New-York, with which it has frequent commimication by means of several steam ferry-boats. ^ Its chief buildings are a town-hall and numerous churches, together with handsome private dwellings. The ferries to Williamsburg are on the East river, one at foot of Houston street, one at ENVIRONS. 29 Grand street, and a third at Ferrj street, nearly due east from the City Hall. Distance, 1^ mil6s. ASTORIA, A flourishing village of Queens county, six miles north- east from jN'ew-York. It has several churches, an academy, and an extensive botanic garden. It occupies a beautiful position on Long Island Sound, near that remarkable whirl- pool called by "the Dutch. -Ilelle Gat, ''Hell Gate." Asto- ria is one of the favorite summer residences of the New- Yorkers. Steamboats for Astoria leave the pier on the East river at foot of Fulton street, and a short distance above, at Peck Slip. FLL'SHIXG, An incorporated town of Long Island, situated on Flush- ing Bay, an arm of Long Island Sound. Flushing was formerly the seat of several literary institiitions, as St. Paul's College, St. Thomas's Hall and St. Ann's Hall, but at present there are merel}'^ one or two inconsidei'able schools. The Linnffian Botanic Garden is here ; and this, with other advantages, renders Flushing one of the most attractive places of resort on the island. It is about ten miles distant from New-York. A boat for Flushing leaves the pier at foot of Fulton street. JAMAICA, A large and well-built town of Queens count}", eleven miles from Brookhm. Its chief buildings, besides those of the county, are five churches, two academies, eight hotels and taverns, and several manufactories of pianos and car- riages. The Long Island Railroad Company have a large depot and machine-shop liere. Constant communication with Brooklyn, Flushing, Hempstead, Rockaway, ectacle can be more imposing than is pre- sented by the falling water, as it glides gently over the brow of the precipice. The town of Paterson is admirably situated for manufacturing purposes at the falls, which afford a constant and abundant supply of water for the vast number of factories in operation iji the town, which is now one of the most important manufacturing places in the United States. The manufactory of the celebrated Colt's repeating fire-arms is at Paterson. Besides nume- rous churches, there are also a society for the promotion of literature and science, which has an excellent library ; a Mechanics' Institute, a Museum, a Circulating Library, a Public Library, and some other institutions of a similar description. ELIZABETIIPORT, A very neat and flourishing village of New-Jersey, which has recently started into notice ; being at the east- ENVIRONS. 35 ern terminus of the Elizabethport and Somerville Rail- road. Access by boat from foot of Battery Place. Dis- tance, 14 miles. PERTH AM BOY, A city and port of entry of Middlesex county, New- Jersey, at the confluence of Raritan river and Staten Island Sound. It derives its name in part from James, Earl of Perth, one of the original proprietors of the ground, which was laid off in town lots in 1683, and incorporated in 1784. A large portion of the buildings are elevated forty or fifty feet above the adjacent bay. Boat from Battery Place. Distance, 26 miles. This a delightful excursion. FORT LEE. Tliis fort, with Fort "Washington on the opposite side of the rivei', was the scene of important military operations during the Revolutionary War. A large body of American militia stationed here, in attempting to retreat, were over- powered by a vastly superior force, consisting chiefly of Hessians, when they were either slain or consigned to the prison-ship, a fate more terrific than death itself. The site of Fort Lee is upwards of 300 feet above the water. A hotel at the landing is much frequented. The Palisades at this point are nearly vertical, and range from 200 to 500 feet in height. YOXKERS, A pleasant village of "Westchester county, situated at the outlet of Saw-mill Creek, 16 miles from I^ew-York. It is built niostly on the river bank, which, being some- what elevated, commands a fine view of the river and the Palisades opposite. The Episcopal church, of which the Rev. A. B. (carter is Rector, is a substantial and beautiful building. There is scarcely a village in the State which has increased more rapidl}^ than Yonkers in the last few years. The supposed derivation of the name is curious. It is said that the settlement was made by some young members of the Dutch commimity on Manhattan Island, and thus the name attached, Yonkers being the Dutch for young. The Hudson River Railroad conveys visitors to the village. 36 CITY OF NEW-YOHX. HASTINGS, A small village and landing of the same county, is 4 miles above Yonkers, on the Hudson River Railroad. DOBB'S FERRT Is a small settlement and public landing in "Westchester county, with a ferry to the opposite side of the Hudson. The landing is 20 miles from New-York by the railroad. DEAEMAN Is a new and thriving village, 25 miles from New-York ; a short distance above which is Sunnyside, the Abbotsford of America — the residence of Irving. The cars of the Hudson River Railroad convey passengers to Dearman. PIERMONT, FORMERLY TAPPAX SLOAT. This village having been selected for the eastern termi- nus of the New-York and Erie Railroad, the secluded little Dutch settlement of the "Sloat" has received the classic soubriqitet of " Piermont," and is now an important town of Rockland count}^ Its site is now covered by handsome public and private edifices, which form a striking contrast with the little Dutch houses of its primitive inhabitants. The Erie Railroad extends from this point to Dunkirk on Lake Erie, 446 miles. Three miles west of Piermont is Tappan, the head-quarters of Washington for a time, and the place where Major Andre was executed, October 2d, 1780. His grave is still shown. His remains, however, were conveyed some years ago to England. A pier about one mile in length, Avhich forms the com- mencement of the railroad just mentioned, extends over the flats to a commodious dock, near the channel of the river. Piennont is 24 miles from New- York. EXCURSIONS. A Sail. — "Weehawken and the Elysian Fields. This pleasant resort is of very easy access, by means of the Doats which cross the Hudson every few moments from EXCURSIONS. 37 < the foot of Barclay, Canal and Christoi">her streets, landing at Hoboken, half a mile north of which is the spot known as the Elysian Fields. A Dpa\"E. — One of the loveliest spots in the neighbor- hood of New- York, and one at the same time less resorted to than almost any other, is Throg's Point, 16 miles from the city, the termination at Long Island Sound of Throg's, or more properly, Throgmorton's Neck. This point is the dividing headland between the East river and the Sound, and affords a charming view of the bright waters of the one, and of the noble expanse of the other. Fort Schuyler, on the point, is also worthy of notice ; although not yet garrisoned, the strength and solidity of its masonry, and its curious defenses, repay a visit. A carriage may be taken at the city, and a day spent enjoy- ably in seeing Throg's Point, the Fort, and Pelham Bridge. At the bridge, parties may get a comfortable dinner. Those who wish to save time and expense in making this trip, should take the Hai-lem cars for Fordham, 12 miles, and there engage a carriage, by which arrangement they will be able to accomplish their design with less outlay, and perhaps with much less fatigue than by driving directly from town. To Astoria. — Those who wish to see a thriving town, and also to view the scenery of Hell Gate, will do well to take the boat for Astoria, from the foot of Fidton street, East river. In this way, at a trifling cost, they may receive much pleasure. It is to be observed that the fury of Hell Gate is somewhat impaired by the recent removal of the rocks which lined the channel. Indeed, before this, it had sensibly deteriorated in impetuosity — a fact owing, as is supposed, to the docking out at New-York, which deepened the water and lessened the roar. An old lady, long a resident of Hunt's Point informed the writer, that in her memory the sound of the waters was at times distinctly heard at the point, a distance of three miles. To Sandy Hook. — A capital idea of the configuration of New-York bay is to be had by taking the boat for Shrews- bury and Long Branch, which every day in summer leaves the foot of Robinson street. North river, and Peck Slip, East river, for these localities. The time of the boat's starting may be learned from the daily papers. 4 38 CITY OF NEW-YORK, To "West Point. — Tlie visitor must not fail to see West Point, that gem of the Highlands, for the possession of which Andre lost his life, and for wliose attempted betrayal Arnold has been visited with the reprobation of mankind. The Hudson River Railroad aiFords every facility for making this excursion. Take the cars for Garrison's, (fifty miles,) at which point a ferry crosses to the other side of the river. A day may thus be spent in the Highlands witli great delight, bringing improvement to the health, and furnishing the memory with a rich landscape, painted as only nature can paint it upon the mind. There is an excellent hotel at West Point, To Croton Dam. — Croton, a village 35 miles from New- York, on the Hudson River Railroad, is but a short walk from the famous Croton Dam. Plere a lake five miles in extent^ covering 400 acres, is formed by a dam 250 feet in length and 38 feet in width at the base, stretching across the Croton river. It is estimated to contain 650,000,000 of gallons, and will allow a discharge of 60,000,000 of gallons daily. This place is well worth visiting. Cars leave the Chambers street depot, stopping to take up passengers at Tliirty-fourth street. A line of Broadway omnibuses convey passengers to the uj^per depot. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. CITY HALL, The City Hall is one of the most prominent buildings in New-York, standing near the centre of the Park, an area of about ten acres. From this situation it is seen in every direction to great advantage. A few years since, it was regarded as the finest building in tlie city, and now, with its interesting furniture and associations, com- mands great attention. Tlie front and ends are of white marble from Stockb ridge, Mass., but the back is constructed of free-stone. At the time it was built, marble was expen- sive, and it was determined to finish the back with cheaper stone. It was maintained that the population would never, to any extent, settle above Chambers street, and therefore the rear of the hall would seldom be seen. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 39 The comer-stone was laid on the 26th of September, 1803, during the prevalence of the yellow fever. It was finished in 1812, and the expense, exclusive of furniture, amounted to half a million of dollars. The architect of the City Hall was Jolm McComb, Jr., who, at an advanced age, survived until Maj^, 1853. The City Hall is 216 feet long, 105 wide, and 51 high. It is two stories high above the basement, with a third or attic story in the centre building, from which rises a cupola. In the upper part of the cuj)ola a man is lodged, whose business it is to give alarm in case of fire, by ring- ing the big bell, which occupies a small cupola at the back part of the roof This bell is rung in cases of fire, when it indicates, by the number of its strokes, the part of the city where the fire is located. The City Hall bell weighs 10,000 lbs. : it is, with one exception, the largest in' New- York. Tliere are four entrances to the building — one in front, one in the rear, and one in each end : the latter communicates with the basement apartments. Tlie front entrance is on the first story, to which there is access by a, flight of twelve marble steps, surmounted by a portico of sixteen columns. In the centre of the rear of the building there is a projecting pediment. The first story, including the portico, is of the Ionic stj^le, the second of the Corin- tliian, the attic of the fancy, and the cupola of the com- posite. In the centre there is a double staircase, ascended by marble steps, at the top of which is a circular gallery, ornamented with ten marble columns, which support the ceiling. In the building there are twenty-eight offices and public rooms. The Governor's room is a long hall, running 52 feet from wing to wing. It is used as a reception-hall by the Governor, Mayor, and other distinguished men. Its walls are hung with some of the finest pictures in Ame- rica, consisting principally of portraits of great national characters. Among them are the Governors of New-York, Mayors of the cit}'^ since the Revolution, some of the Dutch Governors, and the principal naval and military lieroes of the late war. Tliese were painted by Jarvis, Sully, Stewart, Inman, Page, and some other distinguished artists. The Common Council hall is a beautiful room, 42 feet long and 30 wide. It contains some fine portraits, and the chair which was occupied by Washington when President of 40 CITY OF NEW-YORK. the first Congress. The Assistant Aldermen's hall is spacious, elegantly furnished, and hung with valuable paintings, Access to these rooms and the roof, free of expense, may be had by any person, by inquiring at the keeper's room. The keeper has no right to ask for remuneration, as he receives a salary from the city to attend to this business ; but a small gratuity is usually given in acknowledgment of polite attention. The City Hall, with its many interest- ing relics and paintings, is much visited, and is well wor- thy the attention of the stranger and citizen. The pictures well repay the time spent in their examination. HALL OF RECORDS. This building, situated in the Park, east of the City Hall, was formerly a city prison, when it presented a very gloomy and unsightly appearance, being built of coarse black stone. It has since been stuccoed in imitation of marble, and two lofty porticoes added, consisting of four marble Ionic columns at each end. Its name indicates its present use. It was used during the time of the prevalence of the cholera, in 1832, as an hospital. HALLS OF JUSTICE. This building occupies the space between Centre, Elm, Leonard and Franklin streets, the site of the old Collect, a filthy pond, which had its outlet through Canal street. Tlie Ilalls of Justice is a much-admired specimen of modern- ized Egyptian architecture. It is built of light granite from Hallowell, Maine. It is 253 feet long, and 20O wide, and occupies the four sides of a hollow square, with a large centre building within the area. Tlie front is ap- proached by eight steps, leading to a portico of four mass- ive Egyptian columns. The windows, which extend to the height of two stories, have massive iron grated frames, surmounted with cornices, ornamented Avitli a winged globe and serpents. Tlie two fronts on Leonard and Franklin streets have each two entrances, with two massive columns each. The gloomy aspect of this building has won for it the general name of "The Tombs." It is occupied by the Court of Sessions, a police court, and some other court- rooms, besides a prison for male and female offenders PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 41 awaiting trial. Tlie open court within the walls, is used as a place of execution for State criminals. The house of detention is a distinct and isolated building, 142 feet in length, by 45 in width. It contains 148 cells. The lower cells are 6 feet 9 inches wide, 11 feet high and 15 feet long, diminishing 18 inches in length in each story. They are provided with cast iron water-closets, hydrant, ] water-cocks, ventilators, and are warmed by hot water pipes. Every part of the building is constructed in the most substantial manner, and with particular reference to the security of the prisoners. The building was finished in 18S8. The female department is entered from Leonard street. It is superintended by a matron, who keeps it in the most perfect order and neatness. She is very attentive to visitors, who can alwa3'S have gratuitous access, between 10 A.M. and 2 P.M. The male prison opens on Franklin street. Persons can gain admittance here, on application for a written permit at the keeper's room, between 10 A. M. and 3 P.JVL CUSTOM-HOUSE. Tliis building equals any in the world, both in the beauty of its design and the durability of its construction. It is situated on the corner of Wall and Nassau streets. The building is in the form of a parallelogram, 200 feet long by 90 wide, and about 80 feet in height. Brick, granite and marble were used in its construction ; but its outside is entirely of marble from Massachusetts, except the steps. It is designed in imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, in the Doric order. At the southern end, on Wall street, is a portico of eight purely Doric columns, 6 feet 8 inches in diameter, and 32 feet high; and on the opposite end, on 'Pine street, is a corresponding portico; on each side are 13 pilasters, in keeping with the front pillars. The fi'ont por- tico is ascended by 18 granite steps. The interior is divided into a grand rotunda and numerous spacious rooms for the accommodation of officers. The rotunda is a magnificent room, 60 feet in diameter; the dome supported by 16 Co- rinthian columns, 30 feet high. These columns are beauti- fully wrought, the capitals being of the most exquisite Italian workmanship. The largest blocks of marble used in the building weigh 33 tons. The ceilings of the apart- 4* 42 CITY OF NEW-YORK. meuts are arched, and rielil}^ ornamented with stucco. The roof is of marble ; the slabs weigh over SOO pounds, and lap over each other eight inches, to allow of the exj^ansive power and to keep out water. There is not a particle of wood in any part of the building, and it is probably the only structure in the world that has been erected so nearly fire-proof. The building was commenced in May, 1834, and finished in May, 1841. The cost, gx^ound inchided, was $1,195,000— -building alone, $950,000. The architect was John Frazee. The exquisite ornamental Avork was designed and executed by Horace Kneeland, since become famous as a sculptor. The number of officers employed in the Custom-House is 543. The building may be visited by the stranger any time during the day, from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. He will do well to enter at the side door in Nas- sau street, and from thence ascend to the roof, inspecting the various rooms as he goes up. Tlie key of the roof scuttle may be had b}^ inquiring at any of the ofiices on the u|>per floor. There is no objection to the stranger's visiting any part of the building. The roof commands a fine view of the harbor. MERCHANTS' EXCHAJfGE. The Merchants' Exchange is located between Wall street, Exchange Place, William and Hanover streets. It is built in the most substantial form, of blue Quincy granite, and is 200 feet long by 171 to 144 feet wide, 11 feet high to the top of the cornice, and 124 to the top of the dome. The front on Wall street has a recessed portico of 18 massive Grecian Ionic columns, 38 feet high and 4 feet 4 inches in diameter, each formed from a solid block of stone, and weighing 45 tons. Besides numerous rooms for various purposes, the rotunda in the centre is 80 feet in diameter, with four recesses, making the length and breadth each 100 feet, the whole 80 feet high, surmounted with a dome, resting in part on eight Corinthian columns of Italian mar- ble, 41 feet high, and lighted by a sk} light 25 feet in diameter. The granite columns cost !;-3,000 each. They are the largest whole columns in the world, with the ex- ception of a church in St. Petersburgh, The rotunda is 80 feet in diameter, and will hold 3,0o6 persons. The archi tect was Isaiah Rogers. The building cost a little more AIEKCIIANTS' EXOHxVNGE. Pajre 42. NEW YOFwK UNIVEESITY. Tage 44. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 43 than a million of dollars. It belongs to a corporation, and has been so far a losing investment, although its rooms command enormous rents. It contains a very extensive reading-room for merchant subscribers, accessible only to the stranger by introduction from a member, and the Board of Brokers occupy a room. The rotunda is used at 2 o'clock as an exchange by the merchants, and at other hours by auctioneers for the sale of real estate and stocks. The stranger may visit all parts of the building. POST OFFICE. The Post Office building, formerly the Middle Dutch Church, is situated in Nassau street, between Cedar and Liberty streets. This building has stood over a hundred and fifty years, and nine generations have worshipped at its altar. It is not generally known that its steeple, and much of its interior wood-work, was brought from Hol- land. During the Revolutionary War, most of the churches were used by the British, and many of them much injured, but tliis church suffered most, being used successively as a riding-school, a prison, and an hospital. In 1790, it was repaired and used for public worship again. The United States Government some years ago converted it into a Post Office, and pay for its use the annual rent of ten thousand dollars. It now presents the appearance of a Post Office in the heart of a graveyard ; a circiimstance quite character- istic of New-Yoi'k enterprise. The numerous signs which appear on the building, point out the various points of communication with the interior. Its internal arrange- ments are very extensive and commodious. The Postmas- ter's room is so situated that he can see every thing going on in the building. Office hours from 8 A.M. to 7 P.M. On Sundays, from''9 to 10 A.M., and from U^ to U P.M. There are Penny Postmen attached to the office, who go their rounds twice a day, and deliver letters and papers to all who request them. THE ROTUNDA. This edifice, which (as the word imports) is of a circular form internally, was erected in the summer of 1818, for the exhibition of large panoramic paintings. It fronts in Cham- bers street, near the head of Cross street, occupying ground 44 CITY OF NEW-YORK. belonging to the corporation, which was granted to the projector, Mr. John Vanderlyn, the celebrated artist, free of rent for ten years, on condition that tlie building shovdd devolve to the city at the expiration of that time. It is constructed of brick, is fifty-three feet in diameter, and forty feet in height, surmounted with a Pantheon-shaped dome and skylight, through Avhich the interior is lighted It lias a portico, supported by four columns, fronting on the Park. It was for some years occupied by tlie Marine Court, and subsequently by the City Post Cffice. It is now occupied by the Croton Aqueduct Board and by the Governors of the Almshouse. It is at preseiit over- topped by the large new brown stone building erected at its side for the use of officers of the City Government. NEW-YORK UNIVERSITY, Situated between Washington Place and Waverly Place, fronts Washington Square towards the west, forming a noble ornament to the city, being built of Westchester marble, and exhibits a specimen of the English collegiate style of architecture. The building is 180 feet long and 100 wide. It was foimded in 1831. In front this oblong is divided into five parts — a central building, with wings flanked by towers, one rising on each of the four corners of the edifice. This central building or chapel is superior to the rest in breadth, height, and cha- racter, and is somewhat similar to that of King's College, Cambridge, England — a masterpiece of pointed architect- ure, and a model for succeeding ages. It is fifty-five feet broad and eighty-five feet deep, including the octangular turrets, one of which rises at each of the four corners. Tlie two ends are gabled, and are, as well as the sides, crowned with an embattled parapet. The cliapel receives its principal light from a window in the western end. This window is twenty-four feet wide and fifty high. From the central building, or chapel, wings project right and left, the windows of which have square heads, Avith two lights, a plain transom, and the upper division trefoiled. The principal entrance is under the great western window. The doors are of oak, richly panelled, and filled with tra- cery of open work, closely studded with bronze. !i •!:■ ■■« PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 45 The institution has :i chancellor and eleven professors. It has in its collegiate department 150 students, and a valu- able library and philosophical apparatus. Connected with it is an extensive grammar school and a flourishing medical department. Tlie whole ntimber of students is about 700. Commencement, third Monday in July. The chapel is probably the most beautiful room of the kind in America. It is open to the public on Sundays for religious worship. The Library and rooms of the New- York Historical Society are in the building. The building is accessible to the visitor at all times. COLUMBIA COLLEGE. Columbia College is situated at the foot of Park Place, near Broadway, with extensive grounds, beautifully orna- mented with a large growth of forest trees. It was char- tered by George IL, in 1754, by the name of King's Col- lege, iind confirmed, with the necessary alterations, by the Legislature of New- York, in 1787. It has a president and ten professors, 150 students, and 16,000 volumes in its libraries. The building is 200 feet long and 50 feet wide, with two projecting wings, one at each end, in which are accommodations for the families of the professors. It con- tains a chapel, lecture-rooms, hall, museum, and an exten- sive philosophical and chemical apparatus. Tliere is a flourishing grammar school attached to the institution, over which a professor presides as rector. THE FREE ACADEMY Is on Lexington avenue, corner of Twenty-third street, and may easily be reached by taking a Broadway and Fourth Avenue omnibus, or the Harlem rail-cars, opposite the Astor House. The building is SO feet wide, by 125 feet deep, and is intended to accommodate 1,000 pupils. It is in the st^de of tlie town-halls of the Netherlands, and is well adapted for its purpose, besides being a conspicuous ornament to tlie upper part of the city. The cost of the ground was $20,000, of the building $50,000, while the various appliances of apparatus and fur- niture have cost $10,000. The only requisites for admis- sion are a ku<>wledge of the branches taught in the public 46 CITY OF NEW-YORK. schools ; it being also reqiaired that the applicant should have been a pupil in one of these schools for at least one year. It may be added that the graduates of few of our col- leges could pass the final examination at the Free Academy. THE ASTOR LIBRARY, Lafayette Place, between Fourth street and Astor Place. A codicil appended to the will of the late John Jacob Astor, and dated August 22d, 1839, is as follows: " Desiring to render a public benefit to the city of New- York, and to conti'ibute to the advancement of useful knowledge and the general good of society, I do, by this codicil, appropriate $400,000, out of my residue estate, to the establishment of a Public Library in the city of New- York ; tlie said amount to be disposed of as follows : " 1. In the erecting of a suitable building for a public library. " 2. In furnishing and supplying the same, from time to time, with books, maps, charts, models, drawings, paint- ings, engravings, casts, statues, furniture, and other things appertaining to a library for general use, upon the most ample scale and liberal character. " 3. In maintaining and i;pholding the buildings and other property, and in defraying the necessary expenses of taking care of the property, and of the accommodation of persons consulting the library. " The said sum shall be payable, one third in the year after my decease, one third in the year following, and the residue in equal sums, in the fourth and fifth year of my decease. " The said library is to be accessible, at all reasonable hours and times, for general use, free of expense to per- sons resorting thereto, subject only to such control and regulations as the trustees may from time to time exercise and establish for general convenience." In the further provisions of the codicil, twelve trustees were appointed to conduct the aftairs and to hold the pro- perty of the institution. Also, the sum of $'76,000 was appropriated to be expended in the erection of the build- ing, and $120,000 to the purchase of books and other ASTOE LIBKAET. Page 46. • PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 47 objects in tlie establishment of the library, and the residue, after paying for the site, to be invested as a fimd for the maintenance and gradual increase of the library. In accordance with the foregoing directions of Mr. Astor, a suitable building has been erected, and a collection amounting to about 80,000 volumes has been judiciously arranged within its walls. Dr. Cogswell, the learned and courteous librarian, has contributed about 1,000 bibliographical works, considering that department " of the first importance in the formation of a new and extensive library." The building is on the easterly side of Lafayette Place. The dimensions of the site were fixed by the founder of tJie library ; and the edifice, 65 front, by 120 in depth, covers the whole area. Out of the thirty plans submitted for an edifice, there were none found suited to the purposes of the library, though premiums of three and two hundred dollars were awarded to the two best plans. Under the direction, however, of Mr. Alexander Saeltzer, from Berlin, who obtained the first premium, a plan was drawn which was finall}' adopted on the 10th of December, 1849. Tlie trus- tees, though at first somewhat embarrassed with the limitation of the cost of the building to ^75,000, have still succeeded in erecting a substantial and beautiful edifice. The height from foundation to roof is 70 feet. It is built in the style of the Royal Palaces of Florence, and is partly composed of brown cut stone, and partly of brick. The truss-beams supporting the roof are made of cast iron pipes, in a parabolic form. The first floor contains the Lecture and Reading-Rooms, with accommodations for 500 persons. Tlie latter are located on either side of the building, and separated from the Library Hall stairway at the front entrance by two corridors leading to the rear vestibule, and from thence to the Lecture-Room, &c. The basement contains the Keeper's rooms, cellars, coal, vaults, furnaces for warming, ut presume that the cost of a honey- moon in this glittering dormitory would suffice to support a quiet couple for some years. THE CLARENDON. This elegant establishment is on the comer of Fourth Avenue and Eighteenth street, and unites the order of a first-class hotel with the comfort and quietness of a " home." It is in the near neighborhood of Union and Grammercy Parks, and but a short distance from Fifth Avenue — the finest street and the admitted promenade of New- York. The house is divided into suites of apartments, with all the modern improvements of baths, &c. — the whole being heated by steam, and is capable of accommodating 200 88 ^ CITY OF NEW-YORK. gxiests. Tlie cost of furnishing exceeded $80,000. Tlie edi- fice is of the Elizabethan order, and is elaborately finished throughout. Families and travellers generally will find in Mr. Putnam, the proprietor, an experienced and courteous host. THE ST. BEN IS, On the corner of Broadway and Eleventh street, is a quaint, original-looking building opposite Grace Church, and having all the advantages of an up-town hoiise. The appearance of the establishment is attractive, and might have been almost unequalled in the city, had it occurred to the ingenious architect to adorn the structure with a fair j)roportion of door-way. A building situated down- town, to which Tf e have had occasion to allude, might have 'imparted somewhat of the grandeur of its entrance to the St. Denis, to the manifest improvement of both. THE KEMBLE HOUSE, No. 45 East Nineteenth street, comprises four magnifi- cent houses on the block between Fourth Avenue and Broadwa}^ Those who desire the attendance and luxuries of a first-class hotel, combined with the quiet and seclu- sion of a private dwelling, will find themselves perfectly suited in the accommodation it aiibrds. The location is in the most delightful and fashionable quarter of the city, and convenient to cars and stages in every direction., THE PRESCOTT HOUSE. Except in magnitude, this hotel building surpasses every one of its predecessors. Indeed, we are astonished at the novel splendors which competition has suggested. The ceilings are most elaborately gorgeous, being panelled, carved, and profusely adorned with gilding. The floors of the principal rooms and halls are covered with tiles of various rich colors, arranged in a carpet-like pattera, which contrast beautifully with the white and gold of the walls and ceiling. A considerable part of the furniture of the Prescott House has been made to order in Paris and London. THE LAFARGE HOTEL. The marble pile of the Lafarge Hotel, in front of Tripler Hall, consists of seven stories, and from its situation and PRIVATE RESIDENCES. 89 the completeness of its arrangements, is entitled to rank amontr our finest hotels. PRIVATE RESIDENCES. Visitors who desire to form an accurate idea of the pro- gress of house-building in New- York during the last tweut}^ years, should commence their survey hy repairing to Lat'a3'ette Place, on the west side of which are seen the houses known as La Grange Terrace, or Lafayette Row — a eoloimade erected eighteen or twenty years since, by Mr. Seth Geer. At the time of their erection, they were esteemed the most elegant private residences in New- York, but have since been, as we shall see, both far and frequently surpassed. A single house built at about the same time with these, is that formerly the residence of the late Henry Brevoort, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Nintli street, and which was one of the first buildings erected in this luxurious neighborhood. Taking Washington Square as our starting-point, let us pass up the avenue, surveying at our leisure the stately mansions that rise on either hand. On the corner of Tenth street is a house in the style of a French chateau, an agreeable departure from the uniformity of our city residences, owned and occupied by Mr. Schitf. Diagonally opposite is the residence of Mr. Cottenet. On the right-hand side of the avenue, on the corner of Twelfth street, is the princely mansion of James Lenox, Esq. On the west side, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets, a house with heavy stone balcony is occupied by August Bdmont, Esq. On the north-east corner of Fourteenth street is the spa- cious residence of Mr. Moses H. Grinnell, well known as an enterprising and liberal merchant. On the lower corner of Fifteenth street, east side, is the house of Mr. R. K. Haight ; opposite to which is that of Charles Parker, Esq. At this point we advise our friends to turn the corner of Sixteenth street to the left, and observe the elegant abode of Col. Thorn, conspicuous from being surrounded by a court-yard, affording roon| for 8* 90 CITY OP NEW-YORK. windo"«^s on every side. Eeturning to the avenue, we have on the right upper corner of Sixteenth street the house of Captain Spencer, hite of the U. S. Navy. This house, though no wise distinguished for architectural beauty, cost, together with the site, $100,000. On the north-east corner of Eighteenth street, a house remarkable for its simple and elegant proportions is occu- pied by Mr. Guion. It is very generally admired. At the north-west corner of Twentieth street, we have a very elegant house, recently erected by E. L. Stuart, Esq. The house at the north-east corner, having a porte cochere at the side, is the residence of Mr, Kicholson, for- merly of New-Orleans, and one of the firm of Brown, Brothers & Co, At the north-west corner of Thirty-fourth street is the elegant mansion of Dr, Townsend, widely known as the compounder of the famous sarsaparilla syrup. There are besides many other elegant houses upon this avenue, which deserve a separate notice, but this our limits forbid. Several conspicuous houses in other parts of "up town" must, however, be mentioned ; as, for example, that of Dr, Moffat, in Seventeenth street, fronting Union Square ; that of P, Lorillard, Esq., in Broadway, corner of Tenth street, and opposite Grace Church ; that of W. B, Astor, Esq., in Lafayette Place, next to the Astor Library, and the residence of that enlightened and liberal citizen, Peter Cooper, Esq., No. 9 Lexington Avenue, near Twenty- second street. RESTAURANT SALOONS. Taylor's, at 365 Broadway, corner of Franklin street, is probably tlie most costly establishment of this sort in the country. The walls are adorned with a profusion of gild- ing, the effect of which is still furtlier increased by numer- ous large and costly mirrors. Thompson's, at 359 Broadway, is also an elegant estab- lishment, admirably well conducted, and largely patron- ized by those who pass, for business or pleasure, through the great thoroughfare. Ladies, when on shopping excursions, very frequently betake themselves to Taylor's or Thompson's, for rest and refreshment. MARKETS IN NEW-YORK. 91 REFECTORLES AND OYSTERIES. The number of refectories in New-York is very great, and we are consequently obliged to indicate those only which occur to us as most convenient of access, or whicli, upon other accounts, are suited to our design : Clarke & Brown, 86 and 88 Maiden Lane. Geo, W. Browne, 123 and 125 Water street. John Berry, 6 Broad street. A. D. Thomj^son, 25 Pine street, next to rear of Custom House. John Taylor, 365 Broadway. Thompson & Son, 359 Broadway. The Rainbow. 31 & 33 Beekman street. Tlie consumption of oysters in New-York is enormous, as may be seen from the fact that one thousand five hun- dred and twenty boats are engaged in suj^plying the city with this article alone ; and that the value of the 03'sters consumed in New- York in one year, is $5,300,000 — neai'ly $15,000 per day. There are comparatively few establish- ments which deal exclusively in oysters. They may had, however, with other delicacies, of Chas. Parker, 20 Dey street. MeJilton, 96 Nassau street. Florence, 609 Broadway. Sherwood, 239 and 240 Broadway. Shelley's, Broadway, corner of Anthony street. MARKETS U NEW-YORK. A market-place for the accommodation of the butchers and the country-people was anciently under the trees in front of the fort, near the corner of Water and Whitehall streets. As the city enlarged, the market-places were removed to the east and north, first at the foot of Broad street, then to Coenties Slip, and subsequently to Old Slip, and to the Vlie, (a Dutch word, indicating a valley — a rural spot, formed by a river which formerly run up Maiden Lane,) or Fly Market, foot of Maiden Lane, and to Fulton and Catharine streets. Tlie market-housesof this city are now judiciously dis- 92 CITY OF NEW-YORK. tributed in various quarters of tlie town, to suit the Avants and convenience of the citizens ; the two principal ones being situated close to the water, one on tlie Hudson, and one on the East river, at the extremity of Fulton street on each side, and adjacent to the two most import- ant ferries, which render them very accessible to the countrj-jieople and the fishermen. Fulton Market, — The Fulton Market was built in 1821, on ground formerly occupied by unsightly Avooden build- ings, which were destroyed b}^ fire. It covers the block bounded by Fidton, South, Beekman and Front streets, and was erected at a cost of $220,000. Washington Market. — The next principal market is the Washington Market, in Washington street, corner of Vesey and Fulton streets, near the water's edge. It occu- pies a whole square, and is very similar to the Fulton market in its construction and internal arrangements. This market was formerly called the Bear Market, from the fact that bear meat was there exposed for sale. The amount of business done here is less than at the Fulton, but the whole south and west population of the city fre- quent it. The products of the Korth river country find their principal sale in this market. Catharine Market, Catharine Slip, occupies a small square between Cherry and South streets. Centre Market, Centre street, between Grand and Broome. This market occupies a large building, two stories high, and substantially built of brick. The market-' rooms run its whole length, with stalls on each side, simi- lar to the Boston markets, and it presents a neat and com- fortable appearance, free from the bustle and confusion that is so conspicuous in the other markets. The halls in the second story are occupied by certain military com- panies as armories and drill-rooms ; and for various other purposes by the city police. Chelsea Market — In Ninth Avenue, near Eighteenth street. Clinton Market — Between Washington and West streets, and between Spring and Canal streets. THE NOVELTY WORKS. ^3 Jefferson Market — SLxth Avenue, corner of Greenwich lane. Tompkins Market — Third Avenue, between Sixth and Seventii streets. All theinarkets are required by law to close every daj", except Saturdays, at 12 o'clock; after which they are thorouglily washed. On Saturdays they keep open till 12 o'clock at'night. Each market has a clerk appointed by the city, who attends to the general conduct of its affairs. THE NOVELTY WORKS. Our readers should not ftiil to visit the extensive range of buildings known by the above name, and situated on the East river at the foot of Twelfth street ; nor, wlien on the spot, should they neglect to see all the marvels of science which are here brought together. The most attractive of these are the cutting engine, the bending and punching engine, and the boring engine; all of which may be seen intelligently occupied in contributing to the completeness of a gigantic steam engine, or of some other Bcarcely less useful or less wonderful machine. Besides these engines, we have varioiis forms of lathes, some of enormous size, but all as deftly managed as the smallest and handiest tools. One of the cleverest contrivances manufactured at these works, is Burden's Gold Crusher — in form, an enormous saucer, which is kept moving by its appropriate machinery, while a ball of several huudred pounds weight rolls easily and steadily in the bottom of the dish. The cost of the largest crushers is $2,000, from which we may form a judgment of their size and finish. Here, too, the visitor may gaze upon torrents of hot metal and lakes of hquid fire, but all controlled and fashioned by that most potent of magicians — the well-instructed man of science. Those who have seen one of our colossal steamers calmly ploughing the waters of our rivers and bays, may learn the secret by which this feat is accomplished, by spending a few hours at the Novelty Works; and those who contemplate a trip to California, and pui'pose to dig into its auriferous mountains, may perhaps be profited by a visit to the same resort. 94 CITY OF NEW-YORK. FERRIES. All tlie ferries of New-York are supplied with large and safe boats, well fitted up for the accommodation of passengers in inclement weather. The Fulton Ferry, in particular, has some very fine boats. The ferries are sources of large revenue to the city, being leased by the Corporation to separate companies. SW TO BKO(!yi:]L,YN. Fulton Ferry — From Fulton street, New- York, to Fulton street, Brooklyn, is 731 yards wide. Boats leave every five minutes during the day and evening till twelve o'clock, after which they leave every half hour till morn- ing. Fare, one cent. \^I' or particulars see "Brooklyn.' South Ferry — From Whiteliall street, near the Battery, East river, to Atlantic street, Brooki^ui. Same regulations as the Fulton Ferry. This ferr}- is 1,416 yards wide. Hamilton Ferry — From the foot of Whitehall street, near the Battery, to Hamilton Avenue, Brooklyn, and the Atlantic Docks. Every 15 minutes. Catharine Ferry — From Catharine street, New-York, to Main street, Brooklyn, is 736 yards wide. Boats run every six minutes during the day, and all night, as at the Fulton Ferry. Jackson Ferry — From Gouverneur street, New-York, to Jackson street, Brooklyn, is 7o7 yards wide. Boats run every 15 minutes. Wall street Ferry — From Wall street to Montague Place, Brooklyn. Every 5 minutes. Hoosevelt Ferry — From Roosevelt street to Bridge street^ Brooklyn, recently established, with new and superior boats, running every 10 minutes. B^- TO WILLIAMSBTJKG. Peck Slip Ferry — From Peck Slip, near Fulton street, to Williamsburg. Every 15 minutes. 2,800 yards. PERRIES. 95 Grand street Ferry — To Grand street, 'Williamsburg. 900 yards. Boats riin every 10 minutes. Houston street Ferry — To Grand street, Williamsburg. 700 yards. Every 10 minutes. B^-TO HOBOKEN. Barclay street Ferry — To Hoboken, every 15 minutes during the day. This ferry is two miles long, and has admirable boats. Ferriage, three cents. Canal street Ferry — From the foot of Canal street, one mile and a half long. Every 16 minutes. Christopher street Ferry — ^From the foot of Christopher street, one mile long. Boats run every 15 minutes. Fer- riage, four cents. West Nineteenth street Ferry — ^Every hour in summer to the Elysian Fields, Hoboken, affording a fine oppor- tunity of a drive without passing through the lower and more disagreeable portions of the city. Fare, four cents. e^-TO JERSEY CITY. Jersey City Ferry — From the foot of Cortlandt street, one mile long. Boats run every 10 minutes during the day, and every half hour during the night, till twelve o'clock. Ferriage, four cents. i^-TO STATEX ISLAND. Staten Island Ferry. — This ferry lands at the Quaran- tine, and at the lower landing. Starts from Whitehall street every hour, except 12 M., during the day, in sum- mer. Fare, 6|^ cents. Distance, six miles. B^f- TO BLACKWELL'S ISLAND. From foot of Sixtj^-first street. Fare, 12^ cents. B^-TO ASTOKIA. Hurl Gate Ferry — From Eighty-sixth street. Every 16 minutes. Three cents. Albany, People's Line, steamboat, (evening,) Pier 14, be- tween Cortlandt and Liberty streets. 96 CITY OF NEW-YOEK. Albany steamboat, Pier 18 K R., foot of Cortlandt street. Albany steamboat, Pier 24 N, R., West, between Barclay and Robinson streets. RAILROADS. THE HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. The lower depot of this road is at the intersection of Chambers street and Hudson, from which cars convey passengers to the upper depot, corner of Tenth Avenue and Thirty-first street, where the engine is taken and the journey fairly begim. Tliis road extends to East Albany, a distance of 144 miles. It cost $9,300,000. In order to promote the comfort of those who travel on this road, we append the following, from the Albany Journal: "An Army with Banners." — As you are whirled along over the Hudson River Railroad at the rate of 40 miles an hour, you catch a glimpse, every minute or two, of a man waving something like a white pocket-handkerchief on the end of a stick, with a satisfactory sort of expression of countenance. If you take the trouble to count, you will find that it happens some two hundred times between East Alban}' and Thirty-first street. It looks like ratlier a useless ceremony, at first glance, but it is a pretty import- ant one, nevertheless. There are 225 of these " flagmen" stationed at intervals along the whole length of the line. Just before a train is to pass, each one walks over his " beat," and looks to see that every track and tie, every tunnel, switch, rail, clamp and rivet, is in good order and free from obstruction. If so, he takes his stand with a white flag and waves it to the approaching train as a signal to " come on" — and come on it does, at full speed. If there is any thing wrong, he waves a red ^a^, or at night a red lamp, and the engineer, on seeing it, promptly shuts off the steam, and sounds the whistle to "put down the brakes." Every RAILROADS. 97 nch of the road is carefully examined after the passage of each train, Austrian espionage is hardly more strict. IVEW-YORK AND XEW-HAVEX RATLROAD. This road, built at a cost of $4,233,000, extends from New-York to New-Havex, a distance of 76 miles; thence, a road runs to Springfield, 63 miles ; from which another extends to Bosxox, 100 miles ; the distance being travelled in about eight hours. This route to Boston is much travelled by those who object to a night upon the Sound. The stations of this road are at the corner of Broadway and Canal street, and Fourth Avenue and Twenty-seventh street. The engine is attached at Thirty-second street. NEW. YORK AND HARLEM RAILROAD. The route travelled by this road is from the depot oa the east side of the City Hall, through Centre street to Grand, and thence to the Bowery ; up the Bowery to Fourth Avenue, which last it follows for the remainder of its way through the city. The cars take the engine at Thirty-second street. The trains run on this road to Albany and intermediate places. Up to William's Bridge, 14 miles from the city, the same track is used for the cara of the New- York and New-Haven Railroad. The cost of the road to Albany is stated at $4,873,318. The tunnel at Yorkville (an engraving of which will accompany this article) is an excavation in the solid rock, a quarter of a mile long, handsomely finished at both ends, and approached through a long, deep cut of more than a mile in length. This road furnishes the means of a delightful journey into the country. In the spring and summer, when the weather is favorable, it is traversed by immense numbers of New-York citizens. Cars leave the depot, Cit}' Hall, for Twenty -seventh street, every six minutes, from half-past seven A. M. to eight P. M. Cars leave City Hall (night line) every twenty minutes, from eight to twelve. Cars leave the City Hall every hour during the day for Harlem, and return as often. THE OMNIBUSES AND RAILaUSES. There are 29 lines of omnibuses now running in the city, comprising 671 vehicles. These stages make about 9 98 CITY OF NEW-YORK. 10 do-wn and 10 up trips daily, or 13,420 trips per day, averaging at least 40,000 miles' travel. We estimate the number of passengers at an average of nine for each trip, which shows that 120,000 passengers are carried, for whick $7,200 per day is received. One year ago there were but 561 omnibuses, so the cars do not seem to have entirely ruined the stage business, as the latter has increased nearly 20 per cent, during the first year of railroad com- petition. The Harlem and Sixth and Eighth Avenue Eailroads now run about 100 cars for city passengers. These make 800 up and 800 down trips, with perhaps 18 passengers each way, or 28,800 passengers, at $1,500 per day. This makes about 160,000 passengers daily in public vehicles, without counting 560 hacks, which are used irregularly, as the weather may demand. The entire number of rides in stages and ears are more than 50,000,000 per annum, collecting small change to the amount of two millions of doUai's. The business gives employment to from 1,500 to 2,000 men, and more than 3,000 horses. A list of the omnibuses and their routes will be found at the end of this volume. EXPRESSES. Adams', East, South, and California, 59 Broadway. American Express Company, North and West, 10 Wall street. Berford's, California, 3 Vesey street. Harnden's, East and South, 6 Wall street. Kinsley's, East and South, 1 Wall street, corner of Broad- way. Hoey's, Charleston and New-Orleans, 19 Wall street. Harlem Railroad, Try on Row, east of City Hall. Hudson River Railroad, 3 Hudson street. Long Island Railroad, foot of Atlantic street, Brooklyn. Note. — ^Express offices for the surrounding dties and villages, at some of the above offices. HACKNEY-COACHES,' AC. 99 HACKNEY-COACn STANDS. 1. On the south side of tlie Park. 2. In Broadwa}', around the Bowrmg Green. 3. In Pearl street, at Hanover Square. 4. In Hudson street, along St. John's Park. 5. In Hudson street, near Duane. 6. In Chatham Square. 7. On the north side of Canal street, near Broadway. 8. Near all the prineipal steamboat landings. PUBLIC POUTERS AND HAND-CART MEN KATES OF FARE. Eveiy public porter shall \vear, in a conspicuous place about his person, so as to be easil}^ seen, a brass plate or badge, on Avhieh shall be engraved his name, the words " public porter," and the number of his license ; and it shall be unlawful for any other person to wear or exhibit any badge, purporting to be, resembling, or similar to, the badge of a public porter ; and no public porter shall per- mit any other person to wear his badge, or use his name in an}' way whatever, in the transportation or conveyance of any thing. Public porters shall be entitled to charge and receive for the carrying or convej'ance of any article any distanc*e within half a mile, twelve cents, if carried by hand, and twenty-five cents, if carried on a wheelbarrow or hand- cart : if the distance exceeds half a mile, and is within one mile, one half of the above rates in addition thereto, and in the same proportion for anj"- greater distance. If any public porter shall ask or demand any greater rate of pa}' or compensation for the carrying or convey- ance of any articles than is herein provided, he shall not be entitled to any pny for the said service ; and to so ask, demand, or receive any such greater pay or compensation, shall be deemed a violation of this ordinance. It shall not be lawful for any person to represent him- self 51S, or to v\'ear or exhibit an}' badge, iusoiption, card, or device, purporting or implying that he is employed or authorized by the keeper, proprietors, agent, or officer of any hotel, boarding-house, vessel, steamboat or railroad company, to solicit, receive, or convey persons, baggage, cT other things to or from any such hotel, boarding house, LofC. 100 CITY OF NEW-YOKK. vessel, steamboat, or railroad company's station or depoi^ withoiit being actually and duly authorized by such keeper, proprietor, officer, or agent so to do, imder the penalty of twenty -five dollars for every offense. All persons who shall violate or fail to comply with any of the provisions of this ordinance, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be pun- ished, pursuant to the provisions of sections 20 and 21 of an act relative to the powei^s of the Common Council of the city of New-York, and the criminal courts of said city, passed by the Legislature of the State of New-York, January 23d, 1833 ; or, in lieu thereof, shall forfeit and pay, for the use of said city, ten dollars for each and every offense, except where a penalty is prescribed in said ordi- nance. CARRIAGE FARES. The prices or rates of fares to be taken by or paid to the owners or drivers of hackney-coaches or carriages, shall be as follows : 1st. For conveying a passenger any distance not exceed- ing one mile, fifty cents : for conveying two passengers the same distance, seventy-five cents, or thirty-seven and a half cents each ; and for every additional jiassenger, thirty- seven and a half cents. 2d. For conveying a passenger any distance exceeding a mile, and within two miles, seventy-five cents; and for every additional passenger, thirty-seven and a half cents. 3d. For conve3'ing one passenger to the New Aims-House, and returning, one dollar ; and for every additional pas- senger and returning, fifty cents. 4th. For conveying one passenger to Fortieth street, and remaining half an hour, and returning, one dollar and a half; and for every additional passenger, fifty cents. 5th. For conveying one passenger to Sixty-first street, and remaining three quarters of an hour, and returning, two dollars, and for every additional passenger, fifty cents. 6th. For conveying one passenger to Eighty-sixth street, and remaining one hour, and returning, two dollars and a half; and for every additional passenger, seventy-five cents. NEW-YORK NEWSPAPERS. 101 'Zth. For conveying one or more passengers to Harlem, and returning, with the privilege of remaining three hours, five dollars ; or to the High Bridge, five dollars, with the same privilege. 8th. For conveying one or more passengers to King's Bridge, and returning, with the privilege of keeping the carriage all day, five dollars. 9th. For the use of a hackney-coach or carriage by the day, with one or more passengers, five dollars. 10th. For the use of a hackney-coach Oi carriage by the hour, with one or more passengers, with the privilege of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required, one dollar an hour. 11th. In all cases where the hiring of a hackney-coach or carriage is not at the time thereof specified to be by the day or houi', it shall be deemed to be b}' the mile. 12th. For children between two and fourteen years of age, half price is only to be charged ; and for children under two years of age, no charge is to be made. 13th. Whenever a hackney-coach or carriage shall be detained, excepting as aforesaid, the owner or driver shall be allowed after Uie rate of seventy-five cents an lioiu\ NEW-TORK XEWS PAPERS. Tliere are fifteen daily papers published in New-York, the average aggregate i^^sue of which is 130,000- copies. Two fifths of these are circulated in the coimtry, leaving three fifths for the town, which is at the rate of rather more than one copy for every ten inhabitants of New- York. There are ten daily papers published in London, the average aggregate issue of which is about 65,000. Only one third of these is supposed to be retained for circula- tion in the metropolis, being in the proportion of rather less than one for every hundred inhabitants. THE TRIBUXE PRINTING OFFICE Is open to the public, affording a view of the steam cylinder presses in operation, on any Thursday between 9 A.M. and 2^ P.M. This is the most favorable time for visiting the office, though admittance may be had on any day of the week fi-om 2 to 3|- P.M. 9* 102 CITY OF NEW-YORK. THE CHURCHES OF NEW-YORK. SUMMARY OF CONGREGATIONS. There are in New- York no less than 272 congregations, some of which occupy churches of great elegance, while others resort to plainer and smaller structures. The most noted of these are particularly described below, but some of those that we have omitted, through want of space, are well worth a visit. Many of the congregations have been sensibly diminished of late years from the removal of pew occupants to the upper part of the city. In general, the churches of the metropolis are well attended. We add a table showing the number of churches belonging to the several religious bodies. Baptist 35 Congregational 7 Dutch Reformed 19 Friends 4 Jewish Synagogues 13 Lutheran 6 Methodist Episcopal 30 African Episcopal 3 Methodist Protestant 2 New Jerusalem 1 Presbyterian 38 Associate Presbyterian 4 Associate Reformed Presbyterian 2 Reformed Presbyterian 5 Primitive Christians , 3 Protestant Episcopalians 49 Roman Catholic 24 Second Advent 4 Unitarian 2 Universalist. 5 Miscellaneous 16 272 THE NEW-YORK PULPIT. 103 , THE NEW-YORK PULPIT. The stranger visiting ]S[ew-York will doubtless feel an interest in knowing where he ma}^ profitably and pleas- antly spend the hours of the Sabbath day. We therefore propose to give a brief and general notice of several distinguished preachers, indicating in each in- stance where they may be heard. Commencing our sur- vey at the upper portion of the city, we will enter the new church at the corner of Nineteenth street and Fifth Avenue, which is wortliy of the highest regard, as well for the architectural excellence of the building as for the piety, earnestness, and true eloquence of the pastor who therein presides. Those who wish to attend a Presbyte- rian chiirch will do well to avail themselves of an oppor- tunity of hearing the Rev. James W. Alexander, D. D., the pastor of this church. The style and manner of the reverend gentleman are well adapted to attract the young, especially young men; indeed, we have sometimes felt regret that his ministrations were not more particularly accessible to this large and important class. Another church belonging to the same denomination is that of the Rev. Dr. Potts, situated on the corner of Tenth street and University Place. Dr. Potts is also an able and eloquent divine, powerful in his delivery, cogent and at- tractive in his exhibition of truth. Indeed, as a graceful and effective preacher, he has scarcely a superior in the city. We next notice the church of the Rev. Dr. Cheever, on the corner of Fifteenth street and Broadway. The Rev. Dr. is a distinguished preacher among the Congregational- ists, and attracts a large audience at his Sunday evening lectures. The church is on the left side of Union Square. Crossing the Square and passing up to the corner of Twenty-first street and the Fourth Avenue, we come to Cal- vary (Episcopal) church, of which the celebrated Dr. Hawkes is rector. The claims of Dr. Hawkes to be es- teemed a powerful and eloquent preacher are generally conceded, and as a proof of this we need only refer to the throng of citizens and visitors who frequent his church. On the corner of East Sixteenth street and Rutherford Place is St. George's Ciiuucn, (Episcopal,) under the pas- 104 CITY OF NEW-YORK. toral charge of Rev. Dr. Tyng. Tlie church itself is very fine, containing seats for about three thousand persons, whose view of the preacher is not hindered by the inter- ference of a single column. The whole interior is there- fore quite unique, and has been well compared by a nau- tical friend to the strong, well timbered frame-work of a great ship. The eloquent divine who here officiates, pos- sesses a voice capable of filling the house apparently without effort. Another clergyman of the Episcopal church also worthy of mention as an attractive and forcible preacher, is the Rev. Dr. Higbie, who unites the graces of an accomplished rhetorician to the charms of a singularly tuneful voice and an engaging manner. Dr. H. is one of the assistant minis- ters of Trinity Church, and preaches at St. Paul's and St. John's Chapels. The Unitarians have also two eminent preachers, the Rev. Mr. Bellows and Rev. Mr. Osgood — the latter of whom is pastor of the Church of tlie Messiali, in Broad- way, at the head of Waverly Place. Mr, Osgood, although a young man, is a ripe and accomplished scholar, and is noted for the brilliancy of his oratorical gifts. His burst of impassioned eloquence when called iipon for a speech at the Fennimore Cooper Commemoration, will not soon be forgotten by those who witn(!ssed it. Rev. Mr. Bellows' society having sold their church in Broadway-, will, until their new building is completed, occupy a hall in the neighborhood of Union Square, with scats free to all comers. The Baptist church situated in Amitj^ street near Wooster, is under the care of the Rev. Dr. Williams, a faithful pastor, a varied and profound scholar, and a writer of singular force and beauty. As an author, Dr. W. is well known, havhig presented to the public several vol- umes. Another clergyman (of the Congregational Church) who should not be passed over is the Rev. Dr. Thompson, who laboriously and effectively discharges the duties of pastor of the Tabernacle, 840 Broadway. For the thoroughness of the preparation for his pulpit work, as well as for his earnestness, judgment, and taste. Dr. T. deserves special mention. He is also an engaging and popular preacher to TEINITY CHURCH. Pase 105. DESCRIPTION OF CHURCHES. 105 the young. Tlie gallery pews of the Tabernacle are free. We would also mention the name of one more able mmis- ter of the Baptist persuasion, the Rev. Mr. Wescott, whose church is on the corner of Laight and Varick streets, fac- ing St. John's Square. Those who attend the preaching of this gentleman will have occasion to remark the simplicity of his manner, and his earnest, impressive style. There are in the city iipwards of thirty Methodist churches enjoying the services of able and faithful men, but as these are, in the arrangement of their peculiar sys- tem, settled only for a short period, it is not thought proper to insert their names. Those who desire to attend the worship of this denomination of Christians will find a list of their houses in the appendix to City Directory. The Universalists have several societies. The largest is that under the care of Rev. Mr. Chapin, now worship- ping in the church in Broadway, between Spring and Prince streets, which was built and occupied for some years by the First Unitarian Society. This church, de- signed by Lefevre, has a most beautiful interior, and it is always crowded with listeners to the most popular and eloquent preacher of this denomination in the country. Seats in Churches. — It may be added for the informa- tion of strangers, that seats in most of the churches may be had on application to the sexton before morning ser- vice. Tliere is usually an abundance of room in the afternoon. DESCRIPTION OF CHURCHES. TRINITY CHURCH, (EPISCOPAL,) Broadway, opposite Wall street, erected in 1841-5. Tliis is the pi'ineipal church building belonging to the Episcopalians in the city. The first place of worship in the city was the " Chapel in the Fort," wliich was origin- ally the Dutch Church ; but after the city was surrendered to the English in 1664, it became the Episcopal Church, and was called "The King's Chapel." In 1696, a small square building called " Trinity Church" was erected on the site of the present elegant building on Broadway, at 106 CITY OF XEW-YOKK. the head of Wall street. In 1735, the church edifice was enlarged, and a further enlargement took place in 1737, until it was 140 feet long, and 70 feet wide. In 1776, the edifice was destroyed by fire. In 1788, a new building was erected on the same site, of nearly the same dimen- sions, which was taken down in 1839. The corner-stone of the j^resent building was laid June 3, 1841, and the edifice was completed in 1846. It is the most elegant church in the city, and undoubtedly the most costly one. Its cost was $338,000. The material of the building is a fine reddish sandstone, nicely dressed. It covers a large space of ground, measuiing, with the tower, but- tresses, ils. Too little attention, however, is paid to the physical frame, and the Trustees need to be reminded that children of four and five and six years of age require to have the spinal column in some manner assisted when obliged to maintain its erectness for five hours a day. 118 CITY OF NEW-YORK. Under the sliarp eye of an experienced teacher, there seemed a, real danger of having the little ones drdled to deatli. The chairs of the pupils should be easy, and also provided v/ith Lacks, and the strict perpendicular ought not to be so constantly enforced. Of the Ward Schools, no better specimen can perhaps be named than Xo, 29, •which is on the corner of JSTorth Moore and Varick streets, not far from St. John's Park. The building occupied by this school is among the most beautifid and commodious school edifices in the city ; and the facilities for the acqiurement of the various branches of knowledge taught in our common schools, are equal to those most favored by the selection of teachers. ]Sr. W. Starr, Esq., is the Principal, and he is assisted by twenty-four others, most of whom are females. In the male department there are 450 pupils; in the female department, 400; and in the primary department, 600; totalJ450. The Managers of both the Public and Ward Schools appear to be zealously and conscientiously devoted to the discharge of their important duties. It should be added, that by a recent act of the Legisla- ture, the two school systems are to be combined; the whole being placed under the care of the Directors of the Ward Schools. support of schools. apportionment of school moneys 1853. To the Ward Schools $150,695 93 " Public School Society's Schools 125,062 92 " Hamilton Free School 236 51 " Mechanics' Society School 282 92 " New-York Orphan Asylum 1,095 95 " Roman Catholic Orphan Asylimi 3,975 65 " Leake and Watt's Orphan House 1,431 99 " Protestant Half Orphan Asylum 1,336 65 " Female Guardian Society 362 60 " House of Refuge 2,68181 " Colored Orphan Asylum 1,601 72 Total $288,764 65 WALTON HOUSE. Page 119. OLD DUTCTI HOUSE. Page 120. MTIQUITIES OF SEW-TORK. AN OLO CHURCH. The "Swamp Church" stood formerly in Frankfort, cor- ner of William street, having been erected in 1767. It was one of the oldest church eiifices in the city, St. George's Church, in Beekman street, was built in 1752, nine years before it, but iu 1814 was burnt, all but the walls, and built up in modern style. St. Paul's Chapel, near the Park, was built in 1766, but the interior is in modern style. The Btick Church was built the same year, but that too has been remodelled, while the old "Swamp Church" retained xmtil the last its ancient ap- pearance, inside and out. The land east of it was origin- ally a marsh or swamp, and hence its name. It was built of stone, was very sti'ong, and measured about sixty feet by thirty-four. This building was erected by the German Lutherans, and was the only place of worship in the city which was not abiised and torn in pieces by the British array in the time of the Revolution ; for it was here that the Hessian troops, who were generally L\itlierans, attended worship; and it is not unlikely that this circumstance saved it. After the peace, the Rev, Dr. Kunze ofificiated here for more than twenty yeai's. In the year 1830 it was sold to a colored Presbyterian congregation, but was at length torn down and its site occupied by stores. AN OLW MAIVSIOX. The "Walton House," No, 826 Pearl street, was built in 1754 by William Walton, a prosperous Englsh gentle- man who resided in Hanover Square. This then splendid dwelling was built out of town, as a kind of countiy-seat. It was bequeathed by the founder to his nephew William, who was one of His Majesty's Council before the Revolu- tion. It was built of bricks brought from Holland, orna- mented with brown stone water-tables, lintels, &c. The hall was an ample room, and the staircase of large carved work gave the whole a most imposing air of aris- tocratic grandeur. It is now a boarding-house, but well 120 CITY OF NEW-YORK. "wortli the rittention of the curious. One fact connected with this time-honored mansion deserves to be noted. It is said that the princely style here maintained J-y the Waltons excited the wonder and cupidity of the English officers who came to this country ; and on being related by them to the authoi-ities at home, led to the increased taxation of the Colonies, and this incidentally contributed to bring about the Revolution. AN OLD DUTCH HOUSE TS 1630. The cut exhibits the fashion of most of the Dutch buildings in the early settlement of New-York. The building here represented stood in Broad street, and was built by Peter Minuit, th^ iirst Governor of New- Amsterdam. This house was built in 1629, and was a famous house in its time. The greater part of Broad street was originally built up in the same manner. The houses were all built of bricks brought from Holland, and were constructed with the gable end to the street, and usually with a sharp and pointed roof There is scarcely a building of the kind now left in the city. NEW-YOEK BANKING HOUSES. Some of the most elegant structures in New-York are the buildings — chiefly in the lower part of the city — occxi- pied as banking-houses. The spacious and elegant interior of the Metropolitan Bank, corner of Broadway and Pine street, deserves special mention. The lots upon which the building stands cost $110,000. Those buildings which cost over $100,000 are as follows : Bank of America, - - - - - -$160,000 Bank of New- York, 114,850 Bank of State of New-York, - - - . 130,477 Manhattan Company, 291,868 Phenix Bank, 133,751 Bank of Commerce, 110,003 Bank of North America, 110,205 Bank of the Republic, (No. 1 Wall) - - - 174,191 Broadway Bank, 126,856 Metropolitan Bank, 160,061 These are all in Wall street except two the last named. o i— I H < "A < O >— t D BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. I. O. OF O. F. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows number iu New-York 85 Lodges and twelve Encampments, embracing many thousand members. The processions of Odd Fellows are among the most noted of our civic shows. Sevei-al of the Lodges also own a fine Hall, on the corner of Grand and Centre streets, erected at a cost of $125,000; the building containing a number of large and elegant Lodge- rooms. BRITISn PROTECTIVE EMIGRANT BOARD OF THE ST. GEORGE'S SOCIETY OF NEW-YORK. Office, 86 Greenwich street. Established 1844, to 'pro- tect emigrants from fraud and imposition. President, Di'. John C. Beales, (President of St. George's Society;) John C. Wells and E. F. Ward, Secretaries ; Robert Bage, Treasurer; Charles H. Webb, Superintendent. Chai'les Edwards, Counsellor and Solicitor to the St. George's Society. ^ FRENCH BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. Victor Durand, President ; J. P. Barre and A. Iloguet, Vice-Presidents; L. Boquet, Treasurer. FRIENDLY SONS OF ST. PATRICK. Joseph Stuart, President ; J. B. Dillon and George McBride, Jr., Vice-Presidents; C. H. Birney, Secretary; C. M. Nanry, Treasurer. GERMAN BENEVOLENT SOCIETY, (Witwen and Waisen Institute.) Jacob Brombaeher, President. GERMAN MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SOCIETY. J. A. F. Rachau, President; E. A. Sterneburgh, Secretary; G. H. Koop, Treasurer. 11 122 CITY OF NEW-YORK. GERMAN SOCIETY OF THE CITT OP NEW- YORK. Office, 104 Greenwich street. Established, 17 SY ; Char- tered, 1804. President, J. C. Zimmerman ; H. E. Ludewig, Secretary ; F. Hoose, Treasurer ; C. P. De Greek, Agent HEBREW BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. H. Aaronson, President; Morris Wolf, Vice-President; John Leroy, Treasurer. HIBERNIAN FNIVERSAL, BENEVOLENT SOCIETY, No. 42 Prince street. President, Francis O'Rielly ; Vice- President, Cordelius Dorus ; Secretary, Francis Flynn ; Recording Secretary, James Brady ; Treasmxr, Francis Gilmore. Number of members about 200. Object, to relieve members in sickness and defray funeral expenses. IRISH EMIGRANT SOCIETY, No. 51 Chambers street. Employment Office, 29 Reade street. Founded 1841, to afford protection and employment to Irish emigrants. President, Gregory Dillon ; Treasurer, James Stuart; Corresponding Secretary, Edward C. Don- nelly ; Recording Secretary, Peter Crerar. Lawrence Keatings, Employment Agent, 29 Reade street. ITALIAN BENT:V0LENT SOCIETY. E. F. Forresti, President; M. Pastacaldi, Vice-President; G. Cristadoro, Treasurer, Charles Ferrero, Secretary. MARINE SOCIETY. (1770.) Capt. Charles H. Marshall, President; John M. Ferrier, N. Briggs, Vice-Presidents; James Copeland, Treasurer; Henry Russell, Secretary. Office, 115 Wall street. NEW-ENGLAND SOCIETY. Founded 1806. Meetings generally held at Astor House on the first Thursday of every month ; annual meeting, 22d of December. Officers: Moses H. Grinnell, President; Thomas Fossenden, Vice-President ; J. L. Pope, Treasurer ; Ephraim Kingsberry, U. S. Commissioner's Office, City Hall, Secretary. The objects of the Society are friend- ship, chai'ity, and mutual assistance. FIRE DEPARTMENT. 123 ST. ANDREW'S SOCIETY. Richard Erwin, President; J. J. Palmer, Adam Norrie^ Vice-Presidents; Robert Hyslop, Treasurer; John Camp- bell, Secret-arj ; John T. Ferguson, Physician. ST. DAYID'S BENEVOLENT SOCIETY OF NEW- YORK AND BROOKLYN. Charles Miles, President; H. P. Edwards, Vice-President; David Roberts, Treasurer; Thomas R. Jones, Recording Secretary ; T. J. Jones, Corresponding Secretary. ST. GEORGE'S SOCIETY OF NEW- YORK. Established 1786. Incorporated 1838. Meeting at Astor House. J. C. Beales, President; Robert Bage, Treasurer; Josh, C. Wells and Edward F. Ward, Secretaries ; Charles H. Webb, Superintendent. ST. NICHOLAS SOCIETY. Ogden Hoffman, President ; Wm. H. Johnson, Treasurer ; Charles R. Swords, Secretary : R. E. Mount, Jr., Assistant Secretary. THE NEW-YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT. The department now comprises 45 engine companies, 54 hose companies, 13 hook and ladder companies, and 3 hydrant companies, numbering in all 3,137 members. The strongest engine company is No. 14, whii-h includes 70 members ; the greatest number of members in any one of the hose companies is 25 ; in any one of the hook and ladder companies, 30; and the most numerous hydrant company is No. 3, which has 30 members. The whole number of active firemen is 2,731. 124 CITY OF NEW-YORK. MISCELLAiS^EOUS ITEMS. CITY PAKKS. In addition to those more fully described at p. 62, but ■which our limits merely allow us to mention in this place, are Madison, Hamilton, Bloomingdale, and Manhattan Squares. The location of several of these may be seen b}^ referring to the map. TABLE Exhibiting the aggregate number and value of horses employed in different occxipations in New-York : KO.- VALUE. Horses employed in omnibuses and rail-cars, 7,000 $700,000 Horses emplo3'^ed in hacking, 3,500 525,000 Horses owned b}^ licensed cartmen, 4,000 400,000 Grocers' horses, 2,500 260,000 Foreign express horses, 260 65,000 City express horses, 40 3,000 Horses owned by milkmen, 1,200 120,000 Horses owned by soda-water manu- facturers, 210 21,000 Bakers' horses, 700 84,000 Horses owned by ice-dealers, 250 35,000 Horses employed in trucking, 60 15,000 Scavengers' horses, 120 12,000 Ash and dirt-cart horses, 1,500 135,000 Pedlars' horses 500 25,000 Butchers' horses, 760 105,000 Total, 22,540 $2,495,000 THE PAVEMENTS. The citizens of New- York, weary at length of being jolted over the old-fashioned pavements of cobble-stones which still maintain iiossession of most of the streets, determined to find relief. In 1846, a great improvement was made by the introduction of what was called, from BOUNDARIES OF WARDS. 125 the name of its inventor, the Russ pavement; and which, thus far, has met all the opposition of heat and cold, sud- den changes, and immense use, without injury. The plan, however, is very expensive. It requii'es large blocks of stone about ten inches in depth, laid dia- gonally with the wheel track, and resting on a substratum of concrete, which again rests upon a foundation of granite chips ; the whole forming a consolidated mass eighteen inches thick, so arranged as to afford access to the gas and water pipes. It has been fairly tested on Broadway. Another pavement is called, also from the name of its in* ventor, the Perriiie. The peculiarity of th:s consists in combining a smooth wheel-track with a rough way for the horses, as may be seen, should there be any 3'et remain- ing, in Broadway, between Franklin street and Canal. Tiie cobble-stone portion of the Perrine is to be replaced with granite blocks, laid by Deghue ; an expei'iment, the success of wiiich is yet to be achieved. The cost of the Deghue is $3 85 a yard ; that of the Perrine, about $0 00 ; while the Rus«, costing nearly as much as both together, is probably the cheapest of the three. BOUNDARIES OF WARDS. First Ward. — Bounded, south, by Battery ; east, by East river ; north, by Maiden Lane and Liberty street ; west, by West street. Second. — Bounded, south, by Maiden Lane and Liberty street ; west, by Broadway ; north-west, by Park Row ; north-east, by Spruce and Ferry streets and Peck Slip ; east, by Easti river. TJiird. — Bounded, south, by Liberty street ; west, by West street ; north, by Reade street ; east, by Broadway. Fourth. — Bounded, south-westerly, by Spruce street. Ferry street, and Peck Slip ; east, by South street ; and north- easterly, by Cathaiine street. Fifth. — Bounded, south, by Reade street ; west, by West street ; north-easterl}'', by Canal street ; east, by Broad- way. Sixth. — Bounded, south, by Park Row and Chatham street ; 11* 126 CITY OF NEW-YORK. east, by Bowery ; north, by Walker and Canal streets ; west, by Broadway. Seventh. — Bounded, south-westerly, by Catharine street; north-westerly, by Division aud Grand streets; east, by East river ; south-westerly, by South street. Eighth. — Bounded, south, by Canal street ; west, by West street ; north, by Hamersley and Houston ; east, by Broadway. Ninth. — ^Bounded, south, by Hamersley street ; east, by Hancock and Bleecker streets, and Sixth Avenue ; north, by Fourteenth street. Tenth. — Bounded, west, by Bowery ; north, by Rivington street, east, by Norfolk street; south-easterly, by Division street. Eleventh. — Bounded, west, by Avenue B and Clinton street ; south, by Rivington street ; east, by East river ; north, by Fourteenth street. Twelfth. — Bounded, south, by Eighty-sixth street ; west, by North River ; east, by East river, (including Ward's and Randall's Island ;) north, by Harlem river, and Spuyten Duyvil's Creek. Thirteenth. — Bounded, south, by Division and Grand streets ; west, by Norfolk street ; north, by Rivington street ; east, by East street. Fourteenth. — Bounded, south, by Walker and Canal streets ; west, by Broadway ; north, by Houston street ; east, by Broadway. Fifteenth. — ^Bounded, north, by Houston street ; west, by Hancock and Bleecker streets and Sixth Avenue ; north, by Fourteenth street. Sixteenth. — Bounded, south, by Fourteenth street; west, by North river; north, by Twenty-sixth street; east, by Sixth Avenue. Seventeenth. — Bounded, south, by Rivington street ; east, by Clinton street and Avenue B ; north, by Fourteenth street ; west, by Bowery and Fourth Avenue. TABLE OF DISTANCES. 127 Eighteenth. — Bounded, south, by Foui'teenth street; west, by Sixth Aveuue ; North, by Fortieth street ; east, ^y East river. Nineteenth. — Bounded, south, by Fortieth street ; west, by North river ; north, by Eighty-sixth street ; east, by East river, including Blackwell's Island. Twentieth. — ^Boimded, south, by Twenty-sixth street ; west, by North river ; north, by Fortieth street ; east, by Sixth Aveuue. STAGE LINES. Harlem an^ Yorkville, every half hour, from 23 Chatham street. Astoria and Yorkville, every hour, from 23 Chatham street. Bloomingdale and Manhattanville, leaves every 40 minutes, from Tryon's Row, corner of Chatham street. Jamaica, L. I., Newtoion and Flushing, leaves Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn. Rodin, Manhassct, Great Keck and Little Neck, from 340 Pearl street. DISTANCES FROM THE CITY HALT. TO DIFFERENT PUBLIC PLACES IX THE CITT, ETC. From the City Hall. MUes. To the Battery, south end, 1 " north do. f To foot of Cortlandt st, -^ " Barclay st., f " Chambers st., ^ " Canal st., 1 To the Old State Prison dock, U To Fort Gansevoort, . . 2 To the Prot. Epis. Tlieo. Seminary, 24^ To the House of Refuge, 2| To Bellevue, 2^ To the Dry Dock, ... 2 From the City Hall. Miles. To Corlaers' Hook, . . 1^ To Catharine st. Ferry, . ^ To Fulton St. Ferry, " . . | To Brooklj^n, foot of Ful- ton St., 1 To Brooklyn, foot of At- lantic St., 2 To Brooklyn, Citv Hall, 2 To U. S. Navy YaVd, . . 1^ To Williamsburg, ... 2 To -Jersey Citv, .... 1^ To Hoboken, "'.... 2 To Harlem, 8 128 CITY OF NEW-YORK, TABLE OF DISTANCES IX NEW- YORK. From Rector street, Fulton, Warren, Leonard, Canal, Spring, Houston, - Fourth, Ninth, Fourteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty-fourth, - Twenty-ninth, - Thirty-fourth, Thirty-eighth, - Forty-fourth, Forty-ninth, Fifty-fourth, Fifty-eighth, Sixty -third. Sixty-eighth, Seventy-third, - Seventy-eighth, - Eighty-third, Eighty-eighth, - Kinety-third, Ninety-eighth, - One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and One Hundred and Second, - Seventh, Seventeenth, - Twenty-first, - Twenty-sixth, Thirty-sixth, - Fortieth, Forty-fifth, - Fifty-fifth, - To the To the To the City Hall. Battery. Exch. - •J mile. - i i - f i - i 1 f - i H 1 - f H n - 1 If H - H 2 If - H 2i 2 - If H 2i - 2 2f n - n 3 2f - 2i H 3 - 2f H H - 3 3f H - 3i 4 3f - 3i H 4 - 3f H 4+ - 4 4f 44 - 4i 5 4f - 4i 5i 5 - 4f 54- 5i - 5 5f 5i - H 6 5f - 5i 6i 6 - 5f H 6i - 6 6f 6i - 6i 1 6f - 6i U 7 - 7 n 7i - n 8 '7f - n H 8 - 8 81 8i - H 9 8f H 9ir 9 . 9 9f 9^ OMNIBUS ROUTES. PROPRIETORS. ROUTES. f From W. 48th, cor. Av. 9fch, through Av, 9th TTirwri St Brown J ^° Hudsoti, through H udson to Canal, through ivipp at Drown, ^ ^.^^^^^jj ^.^ Broadway, dowa Broadway to Bowl- l iug Green. C From 42d, Av. 6fh, down 42d to Av. 7, down Kipp & Brown, < Av. 7 to Christopher, down Greenwich to Jer- ( sey City Ferry. rFrom Grand street Ferry through Cannon to Geor<»ft W Holman ^'^' t^^''0^=^'' ^d to Av. C, up Av, C to 14th, up In iioiman I ^^^^ ^^ ^^ 3 ^,^ ^^_ 3 ^^ geth to Broadway, up *^ '^"•' Broadway to 32d, to Hudson R. R. Depot, to I the Crystal Palace. ■n „, i„ » /-. \ From Second Av. and 34th to 14th to Broad- Reynolds & Greene, j ^^^ ^^ g^^^l^^y ^^^^^^ F^,.^y_ Siney, McLelland &. S From 31st, Av. 9, to 14th, thence to Broadway, Richardson, ) thence to South Ferry. PiiHis A- PnhArta i ^rom East 32d, down Av. 4th to Broadway, ruuis & Kooeris,. . . . | ^^^^^ Broadway and Whitehall to South Ferry. CorneU & Forshav \ ^'^^^ ^- '^'^'^ '^"^ ^- ''^'^' ^"^'^ Broadway Corneu&i'orsnay,.. | ^^^^ vVhitehali to South Ferry. {From E. 42d and Av. 3d to the Bowery, down the Boweiy to Chatham, down Chatham to Hroadway, down Broadway to Whitehall, down Whitehall to South Ferry. rFrom W. 31st, (Hudson R. R. Depot,) cor. Av. I loth, to W. 14th, up W. 14th to Greenwich, Lugar, Owens &. Ap- J down Greenwich to Spring, through Spring to pleby, ; Broadway, d iwn Broadway to Broome, up I Broome to Bowery, down Bowery to Catharine I. Ferry. ( From W. .Mst down A v. 10th to W. 2.3d, John H. Clark, < thence to Av. 4th, thHuc*" Bowery and Chatham, f Broadway and Wall street Ferry. f From E. 16th through Av. B to Tenth, through ^, V, o c -41 / Tenth to A v. A, through Av. A to Eighth, Murpny & &mitn,. . . < through Eighth and Astor Place to Broadway, Ldown Broadway and Whitehall to South Ferry. I From W. 34th, cor. Av. 6th, down Av. 6th to Young & Ward,. . . < and through Eighth to Broadway, down ( Broadway and Whitehall to South Ferry. 130 CITY OF NEW-YOKK. ( From W. 46th, cor. Av. 6th, down Av. 6th to Young & Ward, \ and through Ninth to Broadway, down Broad- ( way and Whitehall to South Ferry. f From Tenth, cor. Av. 0, through Tenth to Av. i D, through Av. D to Lewis, through Lewis Mackrell & Simpfion, <( and Grand to East Broadway, down East I Broadway, Chatham, Broadway, and VVhite- Lhall, to iiouth Ferry. (From VV. 42d down Av. 7th, Greenwidi Av., to Marshall & Town- j and tlirough Av. 6th to Amity, through Amity send, ] to Broadway, down Broadway to and through I Fulton to Fulton Ferry. f From W. 42d cor. Av. 5'h, through Av. 5th to I W. 13th, tluongh W. 13th to University Place, Bolster, Andrews &j through tlnivcrsiry Place to W. llth, through McDonald, ; W. 1 Ith to Hroadway, down Broadway to P'ul- Ltou, down Fulton to the Ferry. f From Av. C, cor. Tenth, through Tenth to Av. T!, „„,^„ c n„„..c I '^5 throu>4h Av. D to Columbia and Grand Jimmerson& Beers,. ^^J ^,^^ Bowery, down ihe B,.wery Chatham, I Broadway, and Whitehall to South Ferry. f From Av. I, cor. E. 28th, through Av. 1 to Andrews, Walmsley ; Allen, through Riviugton to the Bi.'wery,down &. Co., I the Bowery to Chatham, Chatham to the South I Ferry. M,irnv,^ ji. pivr^r, ') ^"^"^ llarleui Bridge down Av. 3d, Bowery and Murphy & Flynn,.. . j (i^atham to Barnum's Museum. T J. TV 11 » /^ ^ From Manh;ittanvi!le. down the Bowery and Lutz, Doll & Co.,. . . . j ^>hatham to Tryon Row. ("From Eleventh near Av. C, through Av. C to gj ,, „ (J. ) Houston, tlirough Houston to the Bowery, bumow & .. mey, , . . . -| ^^^^^ j,^g Bowery, Chatham, Broadway, and L Whitehall, to South Feriy. T 1 Ti TA- 1 J- « C From E. filst and Av. 3d, down Av. 3d, Bow- John B. Dingledien &> ^..^^ ^^,^j Chatham to Pearl, through Pearl to '-'°-' ( Peek Slip and South to Burling Slip. fFrom Wiliiamshurg Ferry, through Gr-rind William Tyson & J to and down Broadway lo Canal, through Co, ] Can:d lo Greenwich, down Greenwich to LCourtlandt, to Jersey City Ferry. -,.,„, „ ^From Twenty-Third, down Av. 8!h, to and i'lnch, banaerson « l ^,j^j,q^j^,^ ^31^^^.],^^ ^^ Broadway, down Broad- ^^•' ^ way and Whitehall to South Ferrj-. fFrom W. 42d down A v. 8th to Fourth, down Finch, Sanderson & ! to Av. 6tb, through Carmine, Bedford, Hous- Co., I ton, to Broadway, to Maiden Lane, to Fulton L Ferry. CITY CARS. 131 {From Houston street Ferry, through Second, Bowery, and Bleecker to Broiidway, down Broartway to and through Courtlandt to Jersey City Ferry. f From One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth street, fi\,^^Ar.r, tr vt,mo,-A J ^or. Av. 4th, through One Hundred and anewon s. iiynara,..^ Twenty-Fifth to Av. 8th and ftrComb's Dam to I the High Bridge. William Tyson & Co., From Williamsburg Ferry through Grand street to the eastern side of Broadway. fFrora Crystal Palace through Forty-Fourth street to Madison Av., down Madison Av. to Dewey, Dingeldien &- J Thirtieth street to Third Av., down Third Av., Co., Bowery and Chatham street to Pearl street, down Pearl street to Peck Slip, and South .street to Burling Slip. CITT CARS. The order observed in mentioning the various lines, is taken from the date of their respective charters. Harlpm romnanv'<* C From Park Row to Centre street, through p-t p« ^ I Centre to Grand, through Grand to Bowery, up vviiy K^ais ^ Bowery to Fourth Avenue and 27th street. f From Chambers street, up West Broadway to Sixth Avenue Cars. Canal, along Canal to Varick, up Vaiick to J^°To Crystal Pal-<( Sixth Avenue and 51st street. (Some of the ace, I Cars of this line start from corner of Broad- Iway and Canal.) From Chambers street, through West Broad- way to Canal street, througti Canal to Hud- son, up Hudson to Eighth Avenue and up Eighth Avenue to 51st stretrt. (Some of the I cars of this line also start from the comer of I. Broadway and Canal street.) J Park Row, Bowery, Third Avenue and 61st ( street. rFrom Peck Slip, along South street to Oliver, I through Oliver to Chatham Square, through Bowery to Grand, along Grand to Allen as far _. ,„ ., j as First Avenue,up First Avenue to 23d street, riret and Second Av., ij^ thence on Second Avenue to Harlem. (Returning, pass through Second Avenue, Christy, Grand, Bowery. Chatham, and Pearl [ streets.) Eighth Avenue. Third Avenue. LOCATION OF PIEKS. »Io.l, " 2, " 4, " 5, " T, " 8, " 9, " 10, "11, "12, "13, "14, "15, "IT, "18, "19, "20, "21, "22, "23, "25, "26, "27, "28, "29, NORTH RIVER foot Battery Place. No. 30, bet. Duane & Jay. 3, bet. Battery PI. & Morris. "31, foot Jay. foot .\J orris. "32, Harrison. 6, 6^, bet. Morris & Rector. "33, Franklin. foot Rector. "34, North Moore. 8|, bet. Rector & Carlisle. "35, Beach. foot Carlisle. "36, Hubert. " Albany. "37, Vestry. bet. Albany & Cedar. "37i, " Desbrosses. foot Cedar. "38, ^i Watts. " Liberty. "39, 40, foot CanaL bet Liberty & Cortlandt. "41, foot Spring. 16, foot Cortlandt. "42, bet Spring & Charlton bet. Cortlandt & Dey. "43, foot Charlton. foot Dey. "44, King. " Fulton. "45, Hamersley. bet. Fulton & Vesey. "46, Clarkson. foot Vesey. "47, Morton. bet. Vesey & Barclay. "48, Christopher. 24, foot Barclay. "49, Amos. foot Robinson. "50, Charles. foot Murray. "51, Perry. " Warren. "52, Hammond- " Chambers. "53, Bank. " Duane. "54, Troy. EAST RIVER. No.l, 2, foot Whitehall. " 3, " More. " 4, bet. More & Broad. " 5, " Broad & Coenties slip " 6, 7, 8, Coenties slip. " 9, 10, bet. Coenties & Old slips. "11,12, Old slip. "13, b OUl si. & Gouverneur's la. " 14, foot Jones' lane. "15, 16, foot Wall. " 17, foot Pine. "18, " Maiden lane. "19, " Fletcher. "20, 21, foot Burling slip. "22, " Fulton. "23, " Beekman. " 24, bet. Beekman & Peck slip. " 25, 26, foot Peck slip. " 27, foot Dover. " 28, bet. Dover & Roosevelt. " 29, foot Roosevelt. " 80, bet. Roosevelt & James. "81, 82, foot James' slip. "33, " Oiiver. "34,35, " Catharine. "36,37, " Market. " 38, (Z Ring's) bet. Market & Pike slip. "39, 40, foot Pike. "41, (Sectional dock,) bet. Pike & Rutgers- " 42, 43, foot Rutgers. " 44, " Jefferson. " 45, " Clinton. " 46, bet. Clinton & Montgomery. " 47, foot Montgomery. " 48, not built. " 49, foot Gouverneur's slip. " 50, not built. "51, 52, foot Walnut. "53,44, " Grand. "55,56, " Broome. " 57, " Delancey. i " 58, bet. Rivington & Stanton. THE CRYSTAL PALACE. The Site. — The site of the Palace is Reservoir Square, being the unoccupied half of a plot of ground 1,000 feet long by nearly 500 wide, reserved by the city for the purpose in- dicated by its name. It is four miles from the Batter}^ and three and a quarter from the City Hall, but most con- veniently located with reference to travel. The depots of tlie Sixth Avenue, the Eighth Avenue, and the Harlem Railroads, and the upper termini of some dozen lines of stages, are in the immediate neighborhood ; so that for five or six cents one may reach the place from any part of New- York, and, with the addition of ferriage, from the remotest sections of Brooklyn, Williamsburg and Jersey City, without so much as two minutes' walking. Two years ago, the mile square which is now the busiest portion of the city was almost a solitude. A walk to the Croton Reservoir involved a country ramble. There were acres of gardens; vacant blocks overgrown with stramonium or heaped with the refuse coal ashes of the town ; old hedges that once marked the boundaries of farms, and dftelies of stagnant water arrested the pedes- trian, and sent him a long retrograde journey to some of the few graded streets. Twenty blocks southward was the red line of the built-up city, advancing like fire on a prairie against the wind, and devouring with its brick-and- mortar jaws every green thing in its way. East and west were broad open spaces, dotted with a few old houses, and l)ounded by the settled portions of the Third and Eighth Avenues ; "while on the north, three or four public institu- tions were the only signs of habitation. The Plan. — After securing the ground and appointing aundry officers, the next proceeding in order was to procure plans for the building. Sir Joseph Paxton, the architect of the London Crystal Palace, furnished one of singular beauty, but the shape of the ground upon which it was to be placed rend«ered its adoption impossible. Many other plans were offered, of much beauty and origiu- 12 134 CITY OF NEW-YORK. ality, and well adapted to the purpose, from wliich the one finally adopted, designed by George J. B. Carstensen and Charles Gildeineister, architects, was selected. This plan was chosen on the 26th of August, 1852. On the 4th of September, the masonry contracts were signed, and on the 25th of the same month, the principal part of the iron work had been contracted for. The contracts for the mason work specified that the foundations were to be ready for the erection of the iron work on the 21st of October ; as at that time the delivery of the iron work was to commence. The piece of ground upon which the Crystal Palace is to be exhibited being nearly square, its shape is unfavor- able for architectural purposes. In other respects, no better spot could be found in the city. The main features of the building are as follows: It is, with the exception of the floor, entirely constructed of iron and glass. The general idea of the edifice is a Greek cross, surmounted by a dome at the intersection. Each diameter of the cross measures 365 feet 5 inches long. Content. — ^The building contains, on the ground floor, 111,000 square feet of space, and in its galleries, which are 54 feet wide, 62,000 square feet more, making a total area of 173,000 square feet for the purposes of exhibition. There are thus on the ground floor two acres and a hal^ or exactly 2 52-100 ; in the galleries one acre and 44-100. Total, within an inconsiderable fraction, four acres. Columns. — There are on the ground floor 190 octagonal cast iron columns, 21 feet above the floor, and 8 inches diameter, cast hollow, of different thicknesses, from half an inch to one inch. These columns receive the cast iron girders. The second story contains 148 columns, of the same shape as those below, and 17 feet 1 inches high. The dome is supported by 24 columns. The Iron. — The quantity of iron to be used for the build- ing amounts to about 1,250 tons. The roof covers an area of 144,000 square feet, and is in part tinned. TuE Glass. — The glass for the Crystal Palace was made at Camptown, N. J. The Managers made a contract for 40,000 feet, one eighth of an inch thick. The glass is enamelled by a new process, which saves the necessity of covering it with cloth, as had to be done in the Crystal THE CRYSTAL PALACE. 135 Palace at London, The enamel is laid npon the glass in a fluid state with a brush, and aftei- being dried, it is sub- jected to the intense heat of the kiln, which vitrefies the coating, rendering it as fixed and durable as tiie glass itself. It has an etfeet simihir to that produced by gfound glass, being translucent, but not transparent. The Fountaln's. — In the centre of the Palace rises a beautiful cryttal fountain ; and in other parts of the build- ing small fountains of cologne and essences perfume the air. General Effect. — On entering the building, the ob- server's eye will be greeted by the vista of an arched nave, 41 feet wide, 67 feet high, and 365 feet long ; while on approaching the centre, he will find himself under a dome 100 feet across, and 118 feet high. Tlic aspect of the building is entirely different from that of the London Crystal Palace. Its form affords the requisite scope for a pleasing variety of architecturid embellish- ment, by which all monotony can be avoided, and allows a very ecouomical use of the ground. The rising dome, independent of its effect in the interior arrangement of the edifice, will gi e lieight and majesty. Motive-Power. — Steam, as a motive-power for the machinery, is generated in a building acrv^ss Forty-second street, and is conveyed under the street to the building in which it is to be applied. The Machinery Department is in a building adjoining, but independent of the Palace. The edifice for ihe pur- pose is seen between the Palace and the Reservoir, with wings at each end. The main building is about 400 feet long, by 24 wide, and 50 high, divided into two stories, and covered with glass. The v/ings are each 100 feet long, by 27 wide, and one story high, and, together with the first story of the main building, are filled with moving machinery ; thus making a grand hall of mechanism of (ioO feet in length. This building also serves to separate the Reservoir and the Palace. BOOKSTORE OF C. S. FEANCIS & CO., BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS, AND IMPORTERS, 252 BROADWAY. Strangers, as well as Citizens, will find this a pleasant place of re- sort at all times of day and evening. The Bookstore is supplied with all the publications of the day, as well as a large stock of Standard Books, Engiish and American. In- dividuals or Libraries supplied with every book in the market. C. S. F, & Co. are agents for the principal Reviews and Magazines published in the United States, and they import all the British periodi- cals, of which a list may be had on application. They also have an Agency in London, and import books by every steamer. Orders sent out weekly, and filled with expedition and cheapness. Their CIRCULATING LIBRARY is the largest in the city, and is constantly increasing, by the addition of all new publications, and a large number of periodicals regularly received. Books are loaned by the single volume, or by the month, quarter, or year. C. S. F. & Co. are the publishers of The Life and Writings of SIR WALTER SCOTT, consisting of his Life, by Lockhart, in 4 vols. ; his Poems, in 6 vols. ; and the Waverley Novels and Tales, 27 vols. The Poetical Works of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Mrs. Hemans, Mrs. Nor- ton, Mrs. Browning ; the Writings of Maria Child, and many other valuable books. They keep a very extensive assortment of Books for Young People, and are constantly receiving new books in this department, both Eng- lish and American. They publish the works of Maria Edgeworth, Hans Christian Andersen, Mary Howitt, Maria Child, Charles and Mary Lamb, Mrs. Oilman, ^'85, it is called Breucklyn ; nor does the present appella- tion appear to have been generally adopted until after the Revolution. Many changes have doubtless taken place upon the shore, and it is believed that Governor's Island was formerly connected with Red Hook Point. It is well known that, a short period previous to the War of Inde- pendence, cattle were driven across what is called Butter- milk Channel, now sufficiently deep to afford passage to vessels of the largest class. The first European settler in this town is supposed to have been George Jansen de Rapelje, at the AYaalboght, or Waaloons Bay, during the Directorship of Peter Minuit, under the charter of the AYest India Company, In a record in the possession of the family 138 CITY OP BROOKLYN. of the late Jeremiah Johnson, Esq., it is stated that the first child of Rapelje was Sarah, born in 1625 — unquestionably the first wliite child born upon Long Island. AV'atson says she was born on the 9th of June, and honored as the first- born child of the Dutch settlers ; also that, in consideration of such distinction, and of her widowhood, she was after- wards presented with a tract of land at the Wallabout. In the journal of the Dutch Council in 1656, it is related that " the widow Hans Hansen, the first-born Christian daugh- ter in New-Netherlands, burdened with seven children, petitions for a grant of a piece of meadow, in addition to the twenty morgen granted to her at the Waale-Boght." A few of the other associates of De Rapelje were Le Es- cuyer, Duryee, La Sillier, Cershow, Conscillaer, Musserol; these, with some changes in the mode of spelling, are still found among us. It apjiears by the Dutch records, that in 1634, a part of the land at Red Hook was the property of Wouter Van Twiller, being one of the oldest titles in the town. The earliest deed for land was from Governor Kieft to Abraham Rycken, in 1638. The city is regularly laid out, and the streets — with the exception of Fulton street, the oldest in the city — are gene- rally straight, ciossing each other at right angles, and are from fifty to sixty feet wide, and a number of them have greater width. A large number of the streets, including all within the most tliickly settled parts, are paved and lighted. Many of the streets are bordered with trees, giving the place a peculiarly rural aspect. Fulton v^treet, originally narrow in its lower portion, has been amply widened, and is bordered with ranges of lofty brick stores, and presents a comman^ do. Grand " Court " - - - - 13^ do. Spring " Boerum " - 1% do. Prince » Smith "... - IK do. Houston •' Navy Yard, - - 1% do. Bond " Hoyt street, - - 1% do. Bond " Bond " lU do. Fourth " Powers " . . . . 2 do. . Ninth " Pannenter's Garden, 23^ do. Nineteenth" " Clinton Avenue, - 2?i do. Twenty-fourth " Denton street, 3 do. Twentv-n inth. " Mount Prospect, - - 3K do. Thirty-fourth " Bedford Corners, - 3K do. Thirty-ninth. " Flatbush, - - 5 do. Sixty-eighth. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 220 387 A