.Vv^ • ^ ^^ *i5^ v-o^ 'bV" THE HISTORY AND TOPOGRAPHY DAUPHIN, CUMBERLAND, FRANKLIN, BEDFORD, ADAMS, PERRY, ERSET, CAiMBRIA & INDIANA COUNTIES: CONTAINING A BRIEF HISTOKT OF THE FIRST SETTLERS, NOTICES OF THE LEADING EVENTS, INCIDENTS AND INTERESTING FACTS, BOTH GENKRAL AND LOCAL, IN THE HISTOIIT OF THESE COUNTIES, GENERAL & STATISTICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL BO- ROUGHS, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &C., APPENDIX: EMBELUSHED WITH SEVERAL ENGRAVINGS. COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES BY I. DA]\IEL RUPP, AUTHOR OF HE PASA EKKLESIA, &c , Sec, ic a GILBERT HILLS, PROPRIETOR & PUBLISHER, LANCASTER CITY, PA, 1848. r/.57. Entered according to an Act of Congress, BY GILBERT HILLS, PROPRIETOR, LANCASTER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. P %i) PREFACE In this compilation, it has heen my object to present, by way of introduction, a brief sketch of the earliest settlements made within the counties, of which a history and topography are attempted ; a detailed account is given of the adventures, sufferings and trials of pioneer settlers. I have studiously avoided giving place to any thing of a speculative character. Any remarks of my own, were made on a careful examination of such evidence as will stand scrutiny. The plan, I pur- sued, is that of making authentic documents speak for them- selves, from which the reader may draw his own deductions. In several instances, I have introduced well grounded tradi- tion ; and, as far as practicable, when exhibiting the suffer- ings of the first settlers, letters and narratives, written when they suffered, are given, expressing, it is believed, in their own words, with all the freshness of novelty, their trials and difficulties, much better than I could have done. The reader will readily perceive, that I have made no at- tempt, in this compilation, at what has the semblance of or- iginality — embellishments of style. This is not said to di- vert the critic in pointing out what is faulty. — Any defect, or inaccuracy, noticed by the reader, and pointed out, in a proper spirit, will be considered a favor. That this compilation is defective, none can be more con- scious of, than I am. But none need look for a perfect his- tory of the kind, till a greater accumulation of historical facts, for this purpose, is extant. Whether I have, as the result of my researches, contributed any the least towards such a collection, is left to the decision of others. I strove to do so — This is all I could do. VI PREFACE. To my personal friends, who have been pleased to promise contributions, and have redeemed their promises, I am under obligations. I am in a special manner indebted to the Hon- orable Jesse Miller, Secretary of the Commonwealth, and to his clerks, for faciHties afforded me while examining the Archives of the State. Compiler. Lancaster, Pa. 1846- ERRAT A. For the errors noted in the foUoM'ing lis^, and for otheis, he may not have detected, the Compiler assigns, that circum- stances prevented him from revising the C07npilatio7i in its progress through the press, and correct the proof sheet, as an apology. (D^ la means line yroma&oye; Ih Yme from below ; / line; Page 43, 16 lb, read $200^ or $300 ; p 45, 11 lb, for fanielien, read familien (p. 45 and 46, a number of ortho- graphical errors) p 43, 3 lb, for often r after ; p 48, 15 lb, for not also, r unless ; p 48, 5 lb, for Schotter's, r Schlatter's ; p 48, 1 b, for Gergans, r Germans ; p 49, 1 la, strike out Reformirten after Schlatter; p49, 3 lb, r East Pennsboro; p 50, 2 la, for Tustus, read Justus ; p 50, 6 lb, for Schniedt, r Schmiedt ; p 51, 14 lb, for occasion, r occasioned ; p 51, 5 lb, for disserting plan, r dissenting place ; 55, 10 la, strike out were, before granted ; 69, 8 la, for Floster, r Ffoster ; (similar errors in several pages) 77, 9 lb, for Bigboor, r Big cove ; 79, 2 la, for effect, r effects ; 80, 9 la, for Mnchmudy, r Auchmudy ; 8 6 lb, should read, I do not like their com- pany ; 83, 11 la, for writing, r waiting ; 87, 4 la, for nature, r nation ; 87, 8 lb, for any, r my ; 89, 4 la, insert an after from ; 94, 7 la, for buried, r burned ; 100, 14 la, for Eoldd- ward, r Old Edward ; 108, 11 lb, for deprivations, r depre- dations ; 104, 4 la, for Peter's, r Potter's ; 109, for raised in Bradford, r resided in Bedford ; on p 114, erase three lines at the bottom ; 116, 3 la, for Fronkstown, r Franks- town ; 116, 4 lb, for eft, r left ; 117, 26 lb, read fearful of being burnt, asked &c., not being &c., 119, 18 la, for Zachen, r Sachen ; 129, 25 la, lor McCommon, r McCamman ; 136, 4 lb, for shot two Indians, read shot by two Indians ; 136, 1 la, for what, r which ; 143, 9 lb, for Geo. r Gov. 147, 15 la, for Donnellon, r Donnellan ; 155, 7 lb, for Woodrock, r Woodcock; 157, 11 lb, for constitute, r constitutes; 157, 2 lb, for agrressor, r aggressors ; 162,2 la, for separated, r exasperated ; 163, 17 la, for greatly, r guilty ; 169, 13 lb, for pourpting, r purporting ; 172, 15 la, for spiritual, r spirited ; 190, 13 lb, for acquaint, r acquit ; 199, 1 la, for VIU ERRATA. keys, r kegs ; 201, 2 ]a, for Buck, r Bucks ; 204,20 lb, for Rinagel, r Binagel ; 208, 2 lb, for Mayhantayo, v Mahan- tango ; 213, 12 Ja, for husband, r husbandman ; 213, 11 lb, for operatives, r operations; 218, 10 la, for 4,285, read 1,825; 248, 1 lb, for in, r into; 264, 19 la, for their, r three; 278, for Michael Jiushach, r Ansbach ; 281, for George Hvyer, r Hoyer; 282, opposite the rame of Jacob Bucher, for £1, 10^, r 1 shilHng lOi ; 284, 61b, between the words vestry and co?itracted, i by their building com- mittee Jacob Bucher, John Kelker and John Zinn ; 289, 20 la, after the name Adam Boyd, insert Jacob Bucher ; 298, U la, for Stern, r Stem ; 294, 17 la, read, 1844, instead of 1846; 295, read Rauch, instead of Gauch ; 297, the Luth. Sab. School has 475 vols, instead of 225 ; 395, 3 lb, read compliment, instead of complement ; 391, 24 la, read is, not are ; 385, 13 lb, Potter, not Porter ; 414, 15 la, surmount- ed, not surmounts; 431, 19 la, Croghad's, read Croghan's : 341, 7 lb, contracted, read continued ; 439, 11 la, read Lou- ther ; 440, 25 lb, for not, read none; 440, 2 lb, Mary, read xMartha ; 444, 23 lb. Cedar Hill, read Spring ; 446, 2 la, Fracht, read Tracht ; 447, 15 lb, years, read years ago ; 456,21 lb, Jinticturn, read Antietum ; 458, 2l la, when, read where ; 467, 21 la, Conrad Mercer, read Colonel Mer- cer ; 468, 27 lb, Fishbite, read Tishbite ; 448,7 1b, west read east ; 471, 19 la, Diaguothian, read Diagnothian ; 480, 14 lb, doing, read daring ; 495, 7 lb. Great George, read gorge ; 496, 3 lb, Jacob Rieg/er, read Ziegler ; 498, 26 lb, Long Resch read Reach; 499, ll la, sutlers, read suttleis: 499, 16 la, Loyel Harmer, read Loyal Hanna ; — similar er- rors in the sequel — 505, 24 lb, Yicrey, read Vicroy ; 509, 6 lb, Sireo, read Lirio ; 509, 4 lb, Satifolia, read Latifolia : 510, 1 lb, Encrim, read Encrini ; 5l0, 20 1b, Stoneycast, read Stonecast ; 513, 24 lb, Dauphin, read Dublin ; 482. 13 lb, Schnecbery, read Schnecberg ; 489, 7 lb, Barru, read Barre ; 493, Broad Tay township, read Broad Top ; 519, 1744, read 1749; 589, 61b, Tornefs, read Farney's ; 553, 18 lb, bearing, read becoming ; 553, 4 lb, ore, read are ; 561, 5 la, Lammer, read Tammer. INDEX A. PAGE 59 59 Armstrong John killetl Arnold Woodward killed Armstrong John Col. his let- ters, 92, 116, 128, 133, 135,181,344,393,421 His expedition to Kittaning, 115 Archer Elizabeth killed 12'2 Armstrong's creek 219 Aquanuschioui, or Six Nations 350 Amherson's run 456 Antietum creek 4o(> Adams county 519 Abbottstovvn 535 Bloonifield 552 B. Burns Patrick abducted 07 Burd James, his letter 92 Bell James, his encounter 103 Blair James and John killed 104 Boyd William killed 104 Barnet John killed 104 Bigham Fort destroyed 109 Boyd Mrs. sons and daughters ab- ducted 118 Mrs. Bogg's made prisoner IIS Bernhill Andrew killed 125 Blair William killed 128 Burd's letter to Gov. Morris 393 Barton Thomas Rev. his letters 133, 257 Beaty Mr. murdered 131 Busse Christian his letter ).3-2 Bouquet Henry Col. his letter 145, 151 Brown, a teacher and scholars killed 149 Bow run 820 Beaver creek 220 Bucher C. J. Revd. 233 Bridge at Harrisburg 269 Brainerd Rev. at Chambers' 299, 334 Brushy Rockville 308 Berrysburg 333 Big Cove, first settlers in removed 382 Braddock's letter to Gov. Morris .391 Bridge Port 483 Bedford 495 Bedford Springs 508 Bendersville 536 Bonnaghtown 536 Boundary line, &c. 537 Baird's abduction 543 C. Catholics in 1757 49 Croghan George his letter 71 Chambers Benjamin his letters 90, 349 Coxe's widow two sons abducted 98 Culbertson Alexander killed 101 Chambers William killed 104 Culbertson John killed 129 Craig John killed 125 Cisney and others abducted 139 Christ Church of Phila. relieved page sufferers 146 Cample .loseph killed 71 Conestogo Indians killed 183 Carlisle, Stump re-^cued at 173 Early incidents at 35^5,412 Cunningham's deposition 181 Clark's creek 219 Conewago creek 221 Conjuror at Harris' 250 Churches at Harrisburg 277 Catholic church 295 Clapliam's instructions from Gov- ernor Morris 310 his reply to Gov. Moiris 312 Carson John his letter 323 Coxtown 331 Cumberland I ounty 346 Conodogwinel 373 Cedar Spring 37-4 Cave, near Carlisle 374 Cenireville 42S Churchtown 432 Centre Square 433 Chartier Peter 436 Craighead's communication 440 Conococheague creek 456 Cove run 4-56 Chambersburg 461 Crunklelon 482 Concord 4-!4 Conewago creek 52.'» Cash town •''3'i J). Devoy Henry abducted ti7 Denny William killed 104 Dickey Elizabeth abducted I3l Doctor John, an Indian, murdered 15:* D.iuphin county, 201 ; first townships in, 203 ; names of early settlers 204 ; - erected, 208; geological features. 209; census of, in 1840 215 Derry township organized 203 Duncan's Island 33.3 Dickinson College 4 Hi Dickey's run 456 K. Evans John abducted 67 Elder John Rev. his letters 95, 164, 302 Enslow Andrew killed 12S» Exhumation of remains of, &C. 1-50 East Berlin -531 French Mr.& Mrs. killed Finlay John killed Fincher killed Fishing creek Fisher George Capt. 100 129 144 219 273 INDEX. Forts and block houses erected east of the Susquehanna river 299 Fort Hunter Franklin Fairview Frogiown Franklin county Falling Spring Funkstown Fannetsburg Fairview Fort Littleton Fairfield 301 asi 438 444 449 J. PAOB Jones Jacob and Henry killed 104 Jameson's letters 315 Jacobs Captain 353 Juniata, first white settlers on removed 380 K. King Jacob killed 450, 461 Kerr William and Robert killed 482 Kelly John killed 484 Kerrel Hugh killed 513 Kirkpatrick killed 513 King-ston 536 Germans, brief sketch of 37 German settlers in Cumberland 49 Galbreath James his letters 69, 123, J24 Gibson widow killed 113 Granville Fort attacked & destroyed 114 Linglestown Gibson William killed 129 Letort creek Graydon alludes to sickness at Har- Lisburn risburg in 1792- '4 alludes to western insurrection Governor Morris at Harris's Galbreath William his letters German Reformed church at Harris burg German Lutheran church Galbreath Bartram, his letter Greensburg or Dauphin Gralztown Greencaslle Gettysburg H. Hutchison George abducted Hostilities between French k Eng. Harris John his letters, 81, 86, 88, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257 Le Roy Anne Mary abducted Layson John killed Leonard Long, his son killed Landis's mill Lutheran church at Harrisburg 481 526 67 73 Hamilton Hance his letters Heckewelder, extract from Hoops Adam his letters Holiday James killed Henderson Allen killed Harper Janet abducted Hanover township erected Harris settled at Peixtaa Harrisburg, at present Halifax Hill Island Hummelstown Highspire Huling Marcus Hoge's run Hdguestown Hampton Hunterstown Heidlersberg 536 536 I. Immigration westward Indian's friendship Irish, or Scotch Irish Indians killed at Conestoga Ice flood 36 37 51 162 231 Insurrection western 273 245 Licking creek 275 Loudon 258 Licking creek 262 Latimore creek Littlestown 2S2 Liverpool, Landisburg &, Loysville 294 303 M 332 Magenty Alexander abducted s 333 Morns' remarks on Braddock's defeat Mitchelltree Mrs. killed McCoy Daniel killed McCarty John killed Martin James killed M'cullough James abducted Miller Robert hLs daughter killed McDonald James and William ; B, 105, 115 M'caflerty and A. McQuoid killed 86 Martin John killed 93, 94, 115 McKinley William killed 128 Miller Alexander killed 129 Mitchel Joseph and William killed 129 M'cammon jane abducted Mitchel Margaret her letter Manson William and son killed M'cracken John killed Mauerer George killed Mackey James murdered Mahantongo creek Manady creek 334 Montgomery Revd. 373 Monacatootha died at Harris' 430 Mount Airy Waterworks 535 Methodist church at Harrisburg McAllister's town Middletown Millersburg Manor on conedoguinettc Means' run Mountain creek Mechanicsburg Middlesex Milltown Marsh run 79 104 104 122 129 433 80 104 130 237 286 331 373 433 45« 476 512 523 S36 554 67 78 100 104 104 109 109, 148 113 206 223 265 308 330 330 331 Indian wigwams in Cumberland co. 352 Mercersburg Immigrants influx into North valley 357 Mayer Lewis, D. D. Intruders upon Indian lands removed 379 Marion Ickesburg 554 Martinsburg 122 128 128 129 129 129 129 130 130 131 131 219 220 235 251 269 219 307 326 332 353, 35« 373 374 429 430 444 456 467 468, 4S2 511 INDEX. XI M'connell's town Mummasburg McSlierrystown Millerstown Milford PAGE PAGB 512 Rankin And. B. Esq. his letter 150 536 Rocktown 331 537 Roxberry 430 553 Roxbury 483 553 Rainsburg 513 N. Neulaender 42 Nicholson Owen abducted 67 Nicholass Edwards killed 100 Newspapers published at harrisburg 276, ai Carlisle, at Shippensburg, at chambersburg, and Newville 428 Newburgh 4'i8 New Cumberland 435 New Oxford 535 New Port 553 New Buffalo " New Germantown 554 O. Oneidon Dennison killed 129 Oak Dale 333 Orrstown 483 Opposum creek 525 Pennsylvania, whence the name 25 Penn's policy towards the Indians 29 Petition from Cumberland co. 68, 120 Plan of defence 73 Penn's creek, petition from 79 Potter John his letters 91 Paynter Jacob killed 104 Peace John killed 104 Perry Samuel killed 122 Pendergrass' daughter killed 129 Patterson's letter to John Peun 176 " to Sbawana Ben 177 Peshtank or Paxtoa twp. organized 203 Powel's creek 219 Paiion creek 219 Public improvements in D. co 221 Pumpkinflood 231 Presbyterian church at harrisburg 2S8 " at Carlisle 420 Portsmouth 328 Path Valley first settlers removed 382 Peter Richard his report on removing intruders from Indian lands 379 Packhorses 376 Papertown 429 Pennsylvania college . 532 Petersburg 534 Perry eounty 545 Petersburg 553 Q- Quarrels between Irish and German 55 Quincy 482 R. Redemption servants 46 Reformed German number of 48 Reynolds John killed 104 Robinson James killed 104 Ramsey Betty and son killed 110 Robinson Hugh abducted 110 Reed Adam his letters 124, 127 Rush Robert killed 130 Sauers Christopher his letter 42 Smith James killed 59 Smith James abducted 75 Shingas, notice of 77 Sheridan and his family killed 100 Scott Francis killed 104 Shippen E. his letters, 74, 106, 171, 316, 426 Settlers fled m Dauphin co. 125, 126 Springson killed 129 Steenson Robert killed 129 Stanwix colonel his letters 133 Stimble Isaac killed " 152 Smith Adam his letter 155 Slump killed ten Indians, 173, 178, 179 Shawana Ben's letter - 177 Seneca George's son shot 192 Susquehanna river 218 Stoney creek 219 Spring and Swatara creeks 220 Slate house 268 Snyderstown and Silvers' spring 333, 373 Shippensburg 424 Stoughsiown, Springfield, Smoketown 428 Shepperdslown, Shiremanstowu 433 Sporting hill, Snow hill 444,482 Si. Thomas 483 Shellsburg, Stoncrslown 513 Terrance Adam, his declaration 84 Tiiil and family killed 152 Trindle Spring 430 Theol. Sem. of Ger. Reformed church 467 U. Union W. M. church, at Harrisburg 296 Union Bethel - 297 Upton church, and Upper Strasburg 484 W. Wright Thomas killed 38 Weiser Conrad at Shamokin 6J his letters, 83, 84, 85, 87, 249, 255, 300, 319 "Whitehill Robert 438 Wilson Mrs. killed 113 Woods John and wife killed 122 William Walker killed 128 Wiley John, and Wilson's son killed 129 Watson James killed 130 Williams Isaac his wife killed 131 AVoodcock valley, persons killed 156 Wisconisco creek 219 Wallace Joseph his letter 269 Western insurrection 273 Washington at Harrisburg, 273, at Carlisle, 418; at Bedford. Wisconisco 333 Whiles intrude upon Indian lands 367 Worleystown 421 Wormleysburg, Whitehill 438 Waynesboro, Woodberry 482, 513 Waynesburg, Werefordsburg 512 Warm Springs 541 XU INDEX. PAGE r/.GE Y. ■ York Sulpliur Springs 634 Yellow r\m 220 Young James his letters 321, 394, 461 Z. Yellow Breeches creek 373 Zinachsoii, or Shamokin 304 INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. Pennsylvania named in honor of Sir William Penn — William Penn receives a charter from King Charles II. — Boundary of the Province — Penn's policy towards the aborigines — Similar policy had been pursued, in some measure, by others — Markham, in obedience to Penn's instructions, purchases lands from the Indians — Repeated purchases made — Deeds to John Penn, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn — Deeds of 1749 and 1754 — William Penn's stay in, and depar- ture from, the Province — His return to the Province : return to Eng- land : his death — Influx of immigrants — Settlements extend west- ward — Swiss settlement — Huguenots settlement — Scotch, Irish, and Irish settlements in Lancaster county, &c. — Settlements extend up along the Susquehanna river — Settlements comraenceH on the west side of the Susquehanna, in York county — Settlements west of the Susquehanna in North, or Kittochtinny Valley— Earliest settlements first among the Indians — Indians' friendship towards the first settlers* If it were in accordance with the general design of this compilation, much might be said of the spirit of the age in which the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania lived. The main object in view, is to notice some of the leading incidents, events, and historical facts, in connection with the present .state or condition of several counties of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, or the Province of Pennsylvania, was named by King Charles II., in honor of the son of Giles Penn, Sir William Penn, an Admiral ot the English Navy, who com- manded the British fleet in Oliver Cromwell's time* and in the beginning of the reign ol Charles II. In a letter to Robert Turner, William Penn says, that the King would have il called " by the name of Pennsilvania" in honor of his (William Penn's) father. The following is a copy of the letter : " To Robert Turner, 5th of 1st Mo. 168 J. Dear Friend, My true love in the Lord salutes thee, and dear friends that love the 3 26 INTRODUCTION". Lord's precious truth in those parts. Thine I have, and for my business here, know that after many waitings, watchings, solicitings and disputes in council, this day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pen>t- silvania, a name the king would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty hilly country, but Pcnn being Welsh for a head, as Penynanmoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Penn- sUvania, which is the high or head woodlands ; for I proposed when the Secretary — a Welshman — refused to have it called New Wales, Sylva- nia, and they added Pemi to it; and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out and altered, he said 'twas past, and would take it upon him; nor could twenty guineas move the under secretarys to vary the name, for I feared least it should be lookt on as a vanity in me, and not as a respect in the king, as it truly was to my father, whom he often mentions with praise. Thou mayat communicate my graunt to friends, and expect shortly my proposals : 'tis a clear and just thing, and my God that has given it me through many difficultys will, I believe, bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to the government, that it will be well laid at first: no ipore now, but dear love in truth. Thy true friend, W. Penn. Sir William Penn, the Admiral, for services rendered, and in consideration of sundry debts, due him from the crown, had a promise made him, from King Charles II., of a large tract of land in America ; but he died before he obtained it. William Penn, son of Sir William, while at Oxford, pursuing his studies, hearing the distinguished Thomas Loe, a Quaker, preach, imbibed religious sentiments of the Friends; and seemed, for some time to care little about the promised grant which the King had made his father; he, therefore, did not urgently press his claims upon the crown; till at last hnding that those, whose sentiments he had imbibed, and whose cause, in common with the cause of all the oppressed, he espoused, were harassed every where in England by spiritual courts, resolved to put himself at the head of as many as would go with him, and remove to this country; of which he bad ob- tained a grant from Charles II. There were several acts passed about the middle of the seventeenth century that were oppressive to non-confwrnhts. The Oxford act of 1653 banished non-conforming ministers five miles from any corporate town sending members to Parliament, and prohibited them from keeping or teaching schools. The I'est act of the same year was still more se- vere. The dreadful consequences of this intolerant spirit was, that not less than from six to eight thousand died in prison in the reign of Charles II. It is said that Mr. Jeremiah White had carefully collected INTRODUCTION. 27 a list of those who had suffered between Charles II. and the revo- lution, which amounted to sixty thousand — De Laune's Plea, Ifc. The Province, or the lower part of it, had been called " JYew Netherlands,'''* and was begun to be planted by some Dutchmen and others. It is called Pennsylvania in the orig- inal Patent, bearing date March 4th, 1681. It contained all that tract of land in America, Math all the Islands belonging to it, from the beginning of the 40th to the 43d degree of north latitude, whose eastern bounds, from^twelve miles above New Castle, otherwise Delaware town, run all along upon the side of the Delaware river — these bounds and extent were get down in the original grant ; but Mr. Penn having after- wards obtained part of JYova Belgia from the Duke of York, it was added to the country given in the first grant, so that it extends now to the 38th degree and 55 minutes north lati- tude."* Soon after Penn had obtained a charter, he made sales to adventurers, called first settlers, who embarked the same year, and arrived in America, at Upland, now Chester, December 11, 1681. Penn, with many of his oppressed friends, sailed next year, landed at New Castle, October 27, 1682. Penn, who was wholly devoted to the best interests of his colony, did all that lay in his power to secure the continued friendship of the aborigines, or Indians, to whom, of right, belonged the soil — " the woods and the streams" — though, according to the custom of conquest, and in conformity to the practices of the whites of Europe, a contrary principle had generally, if not universally obtained; and, in conformity to that principle, and by virtue of his charter, Penn might le- gally have claimed an indisputable, or an undoubted right to the soil granted him by Charles II. ; but he " was influenced by a purer morality, and sounder policy, than that prevailing princijjle \Khich actuated the more sordid. His religious prin- ciples did not permit him to wrest the soil of Pennsylvania by force from the people to whom God and nature gave it, nor to establish his title in blood ; but under the shade of the lofty trees of the forest, his right was fixed by treaties with the natives, and sanctified, as it were, by smoking from the calu- met of peace."! • See Emanuel Bowman's Geography, vol. 2, p. 655; printed at London, 1747 — Bowman was Geographer to his Majesty, King of England. f Smith's Laws of Pa., ii., 105. 28 INTRODUCTION. The enlightened founder of Pennsylvania, was governed, in his intercourse with the Indians, " by immutable principles of justice, which every where, and for all purposes, must be regarded as fundamental, if human exertions are to be crown- ed with noble and permanent results." In the constitution of this colony it was provided, that " no man shall, by any ways or means, in word or deed, affront or wrong an Indian, but he shall incur the same penalty of the lavv^ as if he had committed it against his fellow planter, and if any Indian shall abuse, in word or deed, any planter of the province, he shall not be his own judge upon the Indian, but he shall make his complaint to the governor, or some inferior magistrate near him, who shall, to the utmost of his power, take care with thinking of the said Indian, that all reasonable satisfac- tion be made to the injured planter. All differences between the planters and the natives shall be ended by twelve men ; that is, six planters and six natives ; that so we may live friendly together as much as in us lieth, preventing all occa- sions of heart-burnings and mischiefs — the Indians shall have liberty to do all things relative to improvement of their ground, and providing sustenance for their families, that any of their planters shall enjoy."* A principle had obtained in Europe, that a newly discovered coun- try belonged to the nation, whose people first discovered it. Eugene IV. and Alexander VI., successively granted to Portugal and Spain all the countries possessed by infidels, which should be occupied by the industry of their subjects, and subdued by the force of their arms. The colotiies, established in North America, were founded upon more equitable principles. In almost every instance, possession of the country was taken with the least possible injury to the aborigines. The land was purchased from the natives. Belknap says, "it was a common thing in New England to make fair and regular purcha- ses;" many of their deeds are still preserved in the public records. Numerous instances, showing that purchases were made, might be quoted ; a ie'w must suffice. Calvert, a Catholic, when he planted his colony, in the province of Maryland, commenced in 1634, with an act of justice — he pur- chased of the savage proprietors, a right to the soil, before he took possession, for a compensation with which the Indians were satisfied. — Haw's Contribution, i. 2.3. Roger Williams, a Baptist, on his expulsion from Massachusetts, in 1636, went to Seconk, where he procured a grant of land from dsaniaquin, the chief Sachem of Pokanot. He honestly purchased their land, and a sufficiency of it, for his liitle colony ; he was uniformly * Proud's His. Pa., ii. Appen. 3, 4. INTRODUCTION. 29 the Indian's friend, and neglected no opportunity of [ameliorating their condition, and elevating their character. — Holmes' Annals, i. 233. The Swedes, landing at Inlopen, 1637 or 1638, on the western shore of Delaware bay, proceeded up the river, opened communica- tions with the Indians, and purchased from them the soil upon the ■west shore, from the capes of the falls at Sankikans, opposite to the present city of Trenton. Philip Carteret, appointed Governor (1665) of New Jersey, purchased from the Indians, their titles to all the lands which were occupied. — Frost's U. S. 130. William Penn made repeated purchases from the Indians. His sons followed the same praiseworthy example. Prior to Penn's arrival, he had instructed William Mark- ham, the deputy Governor, who arrived in Pennsylvania in 1681, to hold treaties with the Indians, to procure their lands peaceably. Markham, a short time previous to Penn's arri- val, held such a treary, July 15, 1682, for some lands on the Delaware river. Penn held similar treaties; and before his return to Engknd, in 1684, adopted measures " to purchase the lands on the Susquehanna from the Five Nations, who pretended a right to them, having conquered the people for- merly settled there.^' The Five Nations resided principally in New York ; and Penn's time being too much engrossed to visit them personally, he engaged Thomas Dongan, Gov. of New York, to purchase from the Indians, " all that tract of land lying on both sides of the river Susquehanna, and the lakes adjacent in or near the province of Pennsylvania." Dongan effected a purchase, and conveyed the same to Wil- liam Penn, January 13, 16^6, "in consideration of one hun- dred pounds sterling."* It was Penn's object to secure the river through the whole extent of the province; and subsequent transactions with the Indians show how careful he was to have this purchase well confirmed. "September 13th, 1700; Wiclagh and Jindaggy-junk- qvngh, Kings or Sachems of the Susquehanna Indians, and of the river under that name, and lands lying on both sides thereof. Deed to W. Penn for all the said river Susquehan- nagh, and all the islands therein, and all the lands situate, lying and being upon both sides of the said river, and next adjoining the same, to the utmost confines of the lands which are, or formerly were, the right of the people or nation called the^Susquehannagh Indians, or hy what name soever they were • Smith's Laws, Pa., ii., 111. 3 30 INTRODUCTION. called, as fully and amply as we or any of our ancestors, have, could, might or ought to have had, held or enjoyed, and also confirm the bargain and sale of the said lands, made unto Col. Thomas Dongan, now Earl of Limerick, and formerly Gover- nor of New York, whose deed of sale to said Governor Penn we have seen."* The sale to WilUam Penn from the Five Nations was thus well confirmed ; the Conestoga Indians, however, would not recognize the validity of this sale, believing that the Five Nations had no proper authority to transfer their possessions, to secure the lands conveyed to him by Dongan. Penn entered into articles of agreement, shortly after his second visit to Pennsylvania, with the Susquehanna, Potomac and Cones- toga Indians. The agreement is dated April 23, 1701. In this agreement the Indians ratified and confirmed Governor Dongan's deed of January, 1696, and the deed by Widagh and Andaggy-junkquagh, of September 13, 1700.1 Notwithstanding all these sales and transfers, (he lands on the west side of the Susquehanna were still claimed by the Indians; for the words in the deed of Sept. 13, 1700, ^hiext adjoiriing the same,'' were considered inconsistent with an extensive western purchase; and the Indians of the Five Nations still continued to claim a right to the river and the adjoining lands. The sachems or chiefs, with all the others of the Five Nations, met in the summer of 1736, at a great council held in the country of the Onondagoes, in the State of New York; and as the old claims had not as yet been ad- justed, they resolved, that an end should be put to all dis- putes connected with it. They accordingly appointed their Sachems or chiefs with plenary powers to repair to Philadel- phia, and there among other things, settle and adjust all de- mands and claims, connected with the Susquehanna and the adjoining lands. On their arrival at Philadelphia, they re- newed old treaties of friendship, and on the 11th of October, 1736, made a deed to John Penn, Thomas Penn, and Rich- ard Penn, their heirs, successors and assigns. The deed was signed by twenty-three Indian chiefs of the Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida and Tuscarora nations, granted the Penn's "all the said river Susquehanna, with the lands lying on both sides thereof, to extend eastw^ard as far as the heads of the branches or springs which run into the said Sus- * Book F, vol. viii., p. 242. f Smith's Laws, Pa., ii., 112. INTRODUCTION. 31 quehanna, and all the lands lying on the west side of the said river to the setting of the sun, and to extend from the mouth of the said river, northward, up the same to the hills or moun- tains, called in the language of said nations, Tayamentasachta, and by the Delaware Indians the Kekachtajinin hills."* Thus were the claims of the Indians upon the lands of this part of Pennsylvania relinquished to the proprietors ; nevertheless surveys had been authorized to be made, and had actually been made west of the Susquehanna prior to 1736, by both the Governor of Maryland and the Governor of Pennsylvania. The last recited deed comprised nearly (besides much more territory) all that lay within the limits of the counties, of which a history is here given, except that portion north of the Kittatinny, or Blue Mountain, constituting the northern part of Dauphin, and the whole of Perry & Bedford. That portion in Dauphin, north of the Kittatinny mountain was purchased, including a larger tract of country, in 1749; the deeds were executed on the 22d day of August, and may be found at large in Smith's Laws of Pennsylvania. That portion within Perry, and some contiguous counties west of the Susquehanna, and north of Perry, was purchased in 1754 — the deed was exe- cuted at Albany, July 6th. The deed of August 22d, 1749, is as follows : We, Canasatago, Sataganachly, Kanalshyiacayon and Can- echwadeeron, sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called Onontagers, Cayanockea, Kanatsany-Agash Tass, Caruchi- anafihaqui, sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called the Sinickers. Peter Ontachsax and Christian Diaryhogon, sa- chems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called the Mohocks : Saristagnoah, Watshatuhon and Jinuchnaxqua, sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called the Oneyders. Tawis- Tawis, Kachnoaraaseha, and Takachquoritas, sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called Cctn/iukers. Tyierox, Bal- ichwanonach-shy, sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called the Tuscororow, lachnechdorus, Sagogukhiafhon, and Cach- naora-katack-ke, sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation, called the Shomokon Indians. JYuti'mus and Qualpaghach, sachems * Kittatinny, or Blue Mountain. f That portion of country between the Blue Mountain and Peters' Mountain, was known, at an early period, by the name of Saint Antho- Tiy^s Wihieruess ; it is so designated on a map in the Book of Deeds, p. 123, in the Secretary's office at Harrisburg — Compiler. 32 INTRODUCTION. or chiefs of the Indian nation, called the Delawares ; and Bachsinosa, sachem or chief of the Indian nation, called the Shawanese, in consideration of £500, grant, sell, &c., all that tract or parcel of land lying and being within the following limits and bounds, and thus described — Beginning at the hills or mountains called in the language of the Five Nation Indians Tycmuntasachta, or Endless Hilts, and by the Delaware Indians Kehactany Hills, on the east side of the river Susquehanna, being in the northwest line or boundary of the tract of land formerly purchased by the said proprietaries from the said Indian nations, by their deed of the 11th of October, 1736; and from thence running up the said river by the several courses thereof to the first of the nearest mountains to the north side or mouth of the creek called m the language of the said Five Nation Indians Can- tagug, and in the language of the Delaware Indians Magho- nioy, and from thence extending by a direct or straight line to be run from the said mountain on the north side of said creek to the main branch of Delaware river at the north side of the creek called Lechaivachsem, and from thence across Lechawachsein creek aforesaid down the river Delaware by the several courses thereof to the Kekachtany Hills aforesaid, and from thence by the range of said hills to the place of be- ginning, as more fully appears by a map annexed ; and also all the parts of the rivers Susquehanna and Delaware from shore to shore which are opposite said lands, and all the Isl- ands in said rivers, &c. — Book H, vol. 2, p. 204 ; recorded May 6, 1752. The deed executed at Albany, July 6, 1754, is as follows: Henry Peters, Abraham Peters, Blandt, Johannes Satfyho- wano, .lohannes Kanadakayon, Abraham Sastagrhedohy, sa- chems or chiefs of the Mohawk nation. Aneeghnaxqua Ta- raghorus, Tohaghdaghquyserry, alias Kachneghdackon, sa- chems or chiefs of the Oneydo nation. Otsinughyada, alias Blunt, in behalf of himself and all the sachems and chiefs of the Onondago nation. Scanuraty, Tannaghdorus, Tokaaiyon, Kaghradodon, sachems or chiefs of the Cayuga nation. Ka- hichdodon, alias Groote Younge, Takeghsatu, Tiyonenkoka- raw, sachems or chiefs of the Seneca nation. Suntrughwac- kon, Sagochsidodagon, Tohashuwangarus Orontakayon, alias John Nixon, Tistoaghton, sachems or chiefs of the Tuscarora nation in consideration of £400 law^ful money of N. Y., grant, INTRODUCTION. 33 &c., to Thomas & Richard Penn," all the lands lying within the said province of Pennsylvania, bounded and limited as follows, namely, beginning at the Kittochtinny or Blue hills, on the west branch ot the Susquehanna river, and thence by the said, a mile above the mouth of a certain creek called Kayarondin- hagh; thence northwest and by west as far as the province of Pennsylvania extends to its western lines or boundaries; thence along the said western line to the south line or boun- dary to the south side of the said Kittochtinny hills; thence by the south side of said hills, to the place of beginning — Re- corded in Book H, vol. 5, p. 392, Feb. 3d, 1755. The whites had, in several instances, encroached upon the rights of the Indians by settling on their lands before those were purchased, which occasioned much complaint on the part of the Indians. The intruders were, however, removed by force and arms, as will appear from the sequel. See Cumber- land county, chap. xxv. The course pursued by William Penn, by his deputy gov- ernors, and by his sons John, Thomas and Richard, did not fail to secure to the colonists the friendship of the Indians for half a century or more. It was a course that justice dictat- ed; and had been pursued by Calvert, a Catholic, as stated before when he planted his colony in the province of Mary- land in 1634 — by Roger Williams, a Baptist, on his expulsion from Massachusetts, when he went to Seconk, where he pur- chased lands from Osamaquin, the sachem of Pokanot, in 1636 — by Philip Carteret and others, prior to Penn's arrival in this country.* So much was Penn concerned to have every cause settled that might give rise to disputes touching his own rights, and of his colonists, that after transacting some business in Gene- ral Assembly, he hastened to Maryland, to see Lord Balti- more, who had set up claims, arising from indistinctness of grant, touching the boundary line between the province of Maryland and Pennsylvania. A failure, however, of adjust- ing the difficulties at this time, caused the border settlers much disquietude for a period of nearly eighty years. The final adjustment of the boundary, will be noticed in the se- quel- See Adams county. Penn, on his first arrival, remained only one year and ten * See History of Lancaster county, pp. 16 and 19, and works refer- red to. 34 INTRODUCTION. months in the Province; during that time he caused the city of Philadelphia to be laid out, and three counties, namely, Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester, to be erected in Pennsyl- vania. The organization of these counties was completed by the appointment of sheriffs and other officers. Before Penn sailed for Europe, August 16, 1684, there had been about three thousand inhabitants in Pennsylvania. In 1699, William Penn and his family once more visited the province, and remained till November 1st, 1701, when he sailed for England, never to return again. In 1712 he was seized by apoplectic fits, which so afflicted his mind as to render him unfit for business for the last six years of his Hfe. He died July 30, 1718, at Rushcomb, near Twyford, in Buckinghamshire, England, aged about seventy-four years. From the time Penn first arrived, the influx of immigrants was constantly on the increase. English, Welsh, Germans, Irish, French, and others sought a home in the new province. Settlements were gradually extended north, northwest, and west from Philadelphia, towards the Susquehanna river — many settled in the midst of the Indians. Among others, as pioneer settlers, a considerable distance from Philadelphia, were Vincent Caldwell, Thomas Wickershara, Joel Bailey, Thomas Hope and Guyan Miller, Quakers, w^ho settled in Kennet, Chester county, 1706 or 7. Prior to that, however, some adventurers had been among the Indians at Conestoga. Of this number was one Lewis Michelle, who had been sent out, in the year 1703 or 4, by individuals from the Canton of Bern, in Switzerland, to search for vacant lands in Pennsyl- vania, Virginia and Carolina.* About the same time there were some Indian traders among the traders on the Susque- hanna, viz : Joseph Jessop, James Le Tort, Peter Bazalion, Martin Chartier, Nicole Goden, and others — all Frenchmen. Le Tort afterwards (1720) fixed his cabin at Carlisle. The first permanent and extensive settlement made near the Susquehanna, was commenced by some Swiss immigrants — they were persecuted Mennonites, who had fled from the Cantons of Zurich, Bern, SchafFliausen, in Switzerland, to Alsace, above Strasburg, where they had remained some time before they immigrated to America, in 1707 or 1708, and set- tled in the western part of Chester, now Lancaster county, • For a fuller account of this adventure, see His. Lan. co., pp. 53, 56. INTRODUCTION. 35 near Pequea creek, within the present limits of West Lampe- ter township, where they purchased ten thousand acres of land. The principal individuals of this colony were John Rudolph Bundely, Martin Kendig, Jacob Miller, Hans Herr, Martin Oberholtz, Hans Funk, Michael Oberholtz, Wendel Bowman, Hans Meylin, Peter Yorde, Henry Funk, John Hauser, John Bachraan. These settled in the midst of Min- goe, Conestoga, Pequea and Shawanese Indians, from whom they had nothing to fear. They mingled with them in fishing and hunting. In 1708 or 9, some French Huguenots sailed for America; arrived at New York in August, 1709 — after spending a year or two at Esopus, in that State, some of them settled in 1712, on Pequea creek, near Paradise — these were the Ferees, Le- Fever's, Dubois and others. Shortly after these, settlements were made in various. parts, within the present limits of Lan- caster county, by English, Swiss, Germans, Scotch & Irish, principally immigrants — See Article German, and Irish, chap. 2 and 3. Before 1720, settlements had been extended northward be- yond the Chickasalunga creek. Donegal township, which was organized in 1722, had been principally settled by Irish, or Scotch immigrants — Among others were the following, — Patterson, Sempel, Mitchell, Hendricks, Speer, Galbraith, Anderson, Scott, Pedan, Porter, Kerr, Sterritt, Kern, Work, Little, Whitehill, Campbell, Lowrey, McClelland, Stevenson,' Wilson, Fulton, Allison, Howard, Brown, Dinsmore, Hughs, Robinson, Chambers, McMahen, McDowell, Foster, Crocket, Gilson, Woods, Spear, Bailey, McCracken, Cunningham, Lyon, Bratchey, Mason, Jameson, Hutchison, Cook, Moore, Ramsay, McClure, McFarlane, Brenard, Craig, Thomson, Carson, Connelly, Patton, Gallaher, Stewart, Boggs, Kelly, Ramsay. Settlements were now made northward, and along the Sus- quehanna river. John Harris,* a native of Yorkshire, Eng- land, had made an attempt, prior to 1725, to settle near the mouth of Coiioy creek, not far from the present site of Bain- bridge; but it seems he preferred to settle higher up the Sus- quehanna, near an Indian village called Peixtan, at or near the present site of Harrisburg. Harris was in a few years • See Harrisburg. 36 INTRODUCTION. followed by others, principally emigrants direct from the north of Ireland, and some from Donegal township, whose names will be given in the sequel. See Dauphin county. At this time settlements were also made on the west side of the Susquehanna, within the present limits of York county, by Germans ; and some English, intruders from Maryland, and some Irish on Marsh creek. Samuel Bluntson, agent for the proprietors, had received a commission dated January 11, 1733-4, by which he was authorized to grant licenses to set- tle and take up lands on the west side of the Susquehanna. The first license issued by him, was dated January 23, 1733-34. The settlements having become considerably extended, and the population augmented by an influx of a mixed population — immigrants from abroad, and natives of the province, the inhabitants of the upper parts of Chester coujty deemed it necessary as early as 1728, to avoid inconveniences arising daily from the want of "justice at every man's door," to pe- tition the proper authorities to erect, and establish a new county — a county out of the upper parts of Chester, was erected in 1729, in a separate county, called " Lancaster county." Lancaster then, and till 1749, embraced York, Cumberland, part of Berks, and all the contiguous counties — Dauphin was a part of Lancaster county till March 4th, 1785. The tide of immigration was still westward. Some Irish and Scotch adventurers crossed the Susquehanna at Peixtan, Peshtank, or Paxton, and commenced settlements about the years 1730-31, in the Kittochtinny Valley, or " North Val- ley," west of the Susquehanna, at Falling Springs and other places, tdl they extended from the " Long, Crooked River"* to the Maryland Province, about the year 1736. Several hundred names of the first settlers in this valley will be given when speaking of Cumberland and Franklin counties. Pass- ing, it might be remarked, that all the earliest settlements made in Lancaster, York and Cumberland, were commenced when the Indians were still numerous ; when they, and the white settlers chased, in common, the deer, the bear, and other game, and angled in the same stream teeming with the finny race — when they greeted each other with the endearing • According to Heckewelder, Susquehanna, is derived from the Indi- an word, Sa-os-que-ha-an-unk ; meaning, " Long-crooked-River." N V INTRODUCTION. 37 \ y appellation, " brothers." When the young Indian and white \ lad cheerily tried their skill as wrestlers and archers ; each ' striving to gain the mastery, without any grudge toward each other. S Passing by numerous other cases, of the Indian's friendship 4:^ towards the first settlers, one is only given. Madame Feree, ./^her sons and a son-in-law, left Europe in 1708, arrived at New York 1709, came to Pennsylvania about 1711 or 1712, and commenced a settlement on the Pequea, Chester county, (now Lancaster). They were Huguenots — " It was on the evening of a summer's day when the Huguenots reached the verge of a hill commanding a view of the Valley of the Pe- quea ; it was a woodland scene, a forest inhabited by wild beasts, for no indication of civilized man was very near; scat- tered along the Pequea, amidst the dark green hazel, could be discovered the Indian wigwams, the smoke issuing there- from in its spiral form : no sound was heard but the songs of the birds: in silence they contemplated the beautiful prospect which nature presented to their view. Suddenly a number of Indians darted from the woods — the females shrieked — when an Indian advanced, and in broken English said to Madame Ferree, " Indian no harm white — white good to Indian — go to Beaver — our chief — come to Beaver." Few were the words of the Indian. They went with him to Beaver's cabin ; and Beaver, with the humanity that distinguished the Indian of that period, gave up to the immigrants his wigwam. Next day he introduced them to Tawana, who lived on the great flats of Pequea." Having thus briefly traced the early and progressive settle- ments of Pennsylvania, before entering upon the local history of the several counties, a succinct sketch of the first settlers, namely, German and Irish, will be given. • Some Swiss Mennonites had commenced a settlement shortly be- fore, six or eight miles below, on the same stream. — His. Lan. cc, p. 74. CHAPTER II. General character of Germans— First immif;rants and settlers — Ger.- mantown settled — Frankford land company — Immigrants of 1708 and 1709 — Their sufferings in England— Dickinson's remarks con- cerning them— Settlements in Tulpehocken — Redemption servants — Numerous immigrants — Settlements on the west side of the Susque- hanna — iVeMiamf/cr deceive many — Great sufferings experienced by many — C. Sauers's representation of their condition — Society formed to relieve German sufferers — Muhlenberg's letter, &c. — Political in- fluence of the Germans— Number of Germans in Pennsylvania in 1755 — Catholic Germans — Names of some of the first German set- tlers in Cumberland county, &c. The Germans of Pennsylvania ever, as a people, hardy, frugal, and industrious, who have preserved, in a great mea- sure, their manners and language, immigrated into this Pro- vince, for conscience sake, and to improve both their spiritual and temporal condition. Perhaps there is no people who were more frequently the subject of remark in the early history of Pennsylvania, and during the last century, than the Germans, whose numerous descendants are to be found not only in this State, but in nearly every western and southwestern State of the Union. Though more than twenty-five thousand names of German immigrants are recorded in the Provincial Records from, and after 1725, few of those are recorded, who arrived in Penn- sylvania prior to 1700.* Among the first whose name has been handed down, is that of Henry Fry, who arrived two years before William Penn; and one Platenbach, who came a few years later. In 1682 some Germans arrived, and commenced a settle- ment called Germantown ; among these were Pastorius, Harts- felder, Schietz, Spehagel, Vandewalle, Uberfeld, Strauss, Lorentz, Tellner, Strepers, Lipman, Renkes, Arets, Isaacs. About the year 1684 or '85 a company, consisting at first of ten persons, was formed in Germany, called the Frankford • Hallische Nachrichten, p. 664, ijrtRODuctios. 39 Land Company, on the Mayne ; their articles "were executed in that city on the 24th of November^ 1686. They seem to have been men of note by the use of each, of his separate seal. Their names were G. Van Mastrick, Thomas V. Wy- lick, John Le Bran, F. Dan. Pastorius, John J. Schuetz, Daniel Behagel, Jacobus Van Dewaller, John W. Peterson, Johannes Kimber, Balthasur Jowest. They bought 25,000 acres of land from Penn. The Germantown patent for 5350, and the Manatauney patent for 22,377 acres. F. D. Pasto- rious was appointed the attorney for the company, and after his resignation, Dan. Faulkner was, in 1708, made attorney. Those who left their Vaterland after 1700, endured many hardships on their way to their future, new home; some suf- fered much before, while others, after their arrival here. Pas-- sing over a period of twenty years, from 1680 to 1700, they suffered comparatively little more than was the common lot of all the colonists of that period; but from 1700 to 1720, the Palatines, so called, because they principally came from Palatinate, whither many had been forced to flee from their homes in other parts of Europe, endured many privations be- fore they reached the western continent. In 1708 and 1709 upwards of ten thousand, and many of them very poor^ arrived in England, and were there for some time in a starving, miserable, sickly condition, lodged in ware- houses; who had no subsistence but what they could get by their wives begging for them in the streets till some sort of provision was made for them by -Queen Anne ; and then some were shipped to Ireland, others to America. In the month of August, 1709, pursuant to an address to her Majesty, Queen Anne, from the Lord Lieutenant and Council in Ire- land, desiring as many as her Majesty should think fit to send thither, three thousand were sent to Ireland ; many of whom returned again to England, on account of the hard usage they received from the Commissary, who did not pay them their subsistence.* In the summer of 1710, several thousand Pal- atines, who had been maintained at the Queen's expense in England, and for some time afterwards in America, were shipped to New York; some of whom, afterwards, came to Pennsylvania. While investigating the history of the Germans, especially enquirinS" into the sufTerings of those who lived for some time upon the bounty of ♦ Journal, House of Commons, England, vol. lyi. 594-98. 40 INTRODUCTION. Queen Anne, I find that the whole charge, occasioned by the Palaiines, to the Queen, for a space of two years, is £135,775 and 18 shillings. — Finch's Report to the House of Coaimons, England, April 14, 1711. Hundreds of those, transported and sustained for some time by Queen Anne, were gratuitously furnished with religious and useful books, before their departure, by the Rev. Anton VVilhelm Boehra, Court Chaplain of St. James. The princi- pal book was "Arndt's Wahres Christenthum." Among these German emigrants were Mennonites, Dunkards, German Re- formed, and Lutherans. Their number was so great, as to draw the remarks from James Logan, Secretary of the pro- vince of Pennsylvania, in 1717 — " We have," said he, " of late, a great number of Palatines poured in upon us without any recommendation or notice, which gives the country some uneasiness, for foreigners do not so well among us as our own English people." Those who arrived between 1700 and 1720, settled in the lower parts of Montgomery, Bucks, Berks and Lancaster county. Several German families settled within the present limits of the last named county, between 1708 and 1711 — the number was considerable before 1718. In 1719, Jonathan Dickinson remarks, "We are daily ex- pecting ships from London which bring over Palatines, in number about six or seven thousand. We had a parcel who came out about five years ago, who purchased land about 60 miles west of Philadelphia, and prove quiet and industrious.* Some few came from Ireland lately, aud more are expected thence. From 1720 to 1730, several thousands landed at Philadel- phia, and others came by land from the province of New York; the latter settled in Tulpehocken. These left New York, because they had been illy treated by the authorities of that province. The influx was so great as to cause some alarm. It was feared by some " that the numbers from Ger- many, at the rate they were coming in about 1725 and 1727, will soon, as Jonathan Dickinson expressed himself at the time, produce a German colony here, and perhaps such an one as Britain once received from Saxony in the fifth century. He even states as among the apprehended schemes of Sir William Keith, (who, it is said, favored the Germans for pur- * Pequea settlement, Lancaster county, IKTRODUCTIOW. 41 poses of strengthening his political influence) the former Go- vernor, that he, Harland and Gould, have had sinister pro- jects of forming an independent province in the west, to the westward of the Grermans, towards the Ohio — probably west of the mountains, and t J be supplied by his friends among the Palatines, &c."* To arrest in some degree the influx of Ger- mans, the Assembly assessed a tax of twenty shillings a head on newly arrived servants; for as early as 1722 there were a number of Palatine servants or Redemptioners, who were sold to serve for a term of three or four years, at £10 each, to pay their freight. English, Welsh, Scotch and Irish, who were onable to defray the ex- penses of crossing the Atlantic were sold as servants. In 1729 there arrived in New Castle government, says the Gazette, forty-five hundred persons, chiefly from Ireland ; and at Philadelphia, in one year, two hundred and sixty-seven English and Welsh, forty-three Scotch — all servants." In 1727 six vessels arrived at Philadelphia with Germans ; three m 1728; three in 1729 and three in 1730. From 1730 to 1740 about sixty-five vessels, well filled with Germans, arrived at Philadelphia, bringing with them ministers of the gospel and schoolmasters, to instruct their children. A large number of these remained in Philadelphia, others went seventy to eighty miles from Philadelphia — some settled in the neighborhood of Lebanon, others west of the Susquehanna, in York county. Some of the Germans who had settled on the west side of the Sus- quehanna were considerably annoyed by one Crfissap, a Maryland in- trader. In J736^ Cressap publicly declared, that in the winter next coming, when the ice was on the river, a great number of armed men would come tip from Maryland, and be in the woods, near the German inhabitants, and that he, with ten armed men would go from house to bouse, and take the masters of the families prisoners, and when they bad as many as they could manage, they would carry them to the arm- ed forces in the woods, and return again till he had all taken who would nor submit to Maryland. Several of the Germans were subsequently abducted, others were constantly harassed ; in many instances driven from their farms. From 1740 to 1755 upwards of one hundred vessels ar- rived with Germans; in some of them, though small, there were between five and six hundred passengers. In the sum» • Watson's Annals, ii. 255. 4* 42 INTRODUCTION. raer and autumn of 1749, not less than twenty vessels, with German passengers, to the number of twelve thousand, ar- rived. Omitting the names of the vessels, the arrivals are given from Au- gust 24th 1749, to November 9, Aug. 24th, 240 passengers ; Aug. 30th, 500; Sept. 2(1, 340; 9lh 400 ; 11th 299; 14th 333 ; 15th 930 ; 19th 372 ; 25th 240 ; 26th 840 ; 27th 206 ; 28th 242 ; Oct. 2d 249 ; 7th 450 ; 10th 350; 17th 480; Nov. 9th 77. Thousands of those who immigrated to Pennsylvania be- tween 1740 and 1755, lamented bitterly that they had forsa- ken their Vaterland, for the new world. It was a sad ex- change ! There was within this period a certain class of Germans, who had resided some time in Pennsylvania, well known by the name of JYeulaender, who lived at the expense, pains and sufferings of the more credulous abroad. They made it their business to go to Germany, and there, by mis- represeutations and the grossest fraudulent practices, prevailed on their countrymen to dispose of, nay, in many instances to sacrifice their property, abandon their comfortable firesides, schools and churches, and come to the JYew World, which these JYeulaender never failed to represent as a perfect para- dise, where the mountains were solid masses of gold, and fountains gushed milk and honey. Thus they did not only prevail upon persons of wealth, but upon those in moderate circumstances; and those generally ran short of means after paying their debts before leaving, " to come over" to better their condition ; in four instances out of five, their condition was rendered none the better, but made infinitely worse; for those who had not wherewith to pay their passage — and of this class there were not a few — were, on their ariival, sold for a series of years, as servants, to pay the expense of their passage. Those disposed of, were termed Redemptioners, or Palatine servants. Christopher Sauers, of Germantown, who for many years printed a German paper, in which he spoke freely of the re- ligious and civil liberty, and prosperity of the province of Pennsylvania ; and, as he believed, many Germans had been thereby induced to come over; but seeing their miserable condition, felt constrained to address Gov. Denny to use his influence in their behalf. In a letter, dated Germantown, March 15, 1755, says, "It is thirty years since I came to INTRODUCTION. 43 this Province, from a country where we had no liberty of conscience — when I came to this Province, I wrote largely to ray friends and acquaintances of the civil and religious li- berty, privileges, &c. ; my letters were printed and reprinted, whereby thousands were provoked to come to this Province, and they desired their friends to come. Some years ago the price was five pistoles freight, and the merchants and cap- tains crowded for passengers, finding the carrying of them more profitable than merchandise. But the love of gain caus- ed that Stedman lodged the poor passengers like herrings, and as too many had not room between the decks, many were kept upon deck — sailing to the southward, and these unac- customed to the climate; and for want of water and room, took sick and died very fast, so that in less than one year two thousand were buried in the seas and Philadelphia. Stedman, at that time, bought a Hcense in Holland, that no captain or merchant could load any as long as he had not two thousand. This murdering trade made my heart ache, especially when I heard that there was more profit by their deaths than carry- ing them alive. I thought my provoking letters were partly the cause of so many deaths. I wrote a letter to the Magis- trate at Amsterdam, and immediately the monopoly was taken from John Stedman. Our Legislature was also petitioned, and a law was passed, and good as it is, never was executed. Mr. Spatfort, an old, poor captain, was made overseer of the vessels loaded with passengers, whose salary amounted to S2,300 a year, for concealing that the people had but twelve inches space, and not half bread nor water. Spaffort died — the Assembly chose Mr. Trotter, who let every ship slip, although a great many people had no room at all, except in the Long JBoat, where every man perished. Among other grievances the poor Germans suffer, is one, viz : that when the ignorant Germans agree fairly witJi merchants at Holland for seven pistoles and a half, when they come to Philadel- phia, the merchants make them pay whatever they please, and take at least nine pistoles. The poor people on board are prisoners ; they must not go ashore or have their chests delivered except they pay what they owe not ; and when they go into the country, they complain loudly there, that no jus- tice is to be had for poor strangers — they show their agree- ments in which it is fairly mentioned, that they are to pay seven pistoles and a half to Isaac and Zachary Hope at Rot- 44 INXaODUCTION. terdam, or their order at Philadelphia, &c. — and as this is much practiced, the country is wronged £2000 or £3000 a year. It was much desired that a law might be passed that a Commissioner might be appointed to inspect, on the arrival of vessels with passengers, their agreements, and judge if 7i pistoles makes not seven and a half. Some asked, "Is there no remedy?" They were answered, " The law is, what is above forty shillings must be decided at Court; and each must make his own cause appear good and stand a trial. A poor comfort indeed ! Two or three thousand wronged persons to depend upon the discretion of the merchants. They are anx- ious to come on shore to satisfy hunger — they pay what is demanded — some are sighing, some cursing; some believe their case differs little from such as fall into the hands of a highwayman, who presents a pistol and demands according to his own terms. They also complain that the captains of- ten hurry them away without any agreement, or the agree- ment is not signed ; or, if a fair agreement is written, signed and sealed, it will not be performed, and they must pay what- ever is demanded. And when their chests are put into stores, and by the time they have procured money from their friends to pay for what they agreed, and more too, and demand their chests, they find them opened and plundered of their contents ; or sometimes the chests are not to be found for which they had paid." In another letter to the Governor, dated Germantown, May 12, 1755, C. Sauers says, "The merchants and impor- ters filled the vessels with passengers, and as much merchan- dise as they thought fit, and left the passengers' chests behind — sometimes the loaded vessels with the Palatine's chests only. The poor people depended upon their chests, in which they had some provisions, such as they were used to, viz : dried apples, pears, plums, mustard, medicines, vinegar, bran- dy, gammons, butter, also clothing, such as shirts and other Hecessary linens, and some of them had money and what they brought with them, and when their chests were left behind, or shipped in other vessels, they suffered for want of food — and when there was not a sufficiency of provision laid in for passengers, they famished and died — when they arrived alive, they had no money to buy bread, or anything to sell of their spare clothes — neither had they clothes so as to change linens, &,c., they were not able to keep themselves clean, and free ot Terrain. INTRODUCTION. 45 If they were taken into houses, and trusting on their ef- fects and money, when they come, these effects and moneys were either left behind, or their chests were either plundered by the sailors on the vessels, or if the vessels arrived before the sailors broke open the chests, they were searched by the merchants' boys, and their best effects, all taken — and there was no remedy for all this. And this last mentioned practice, that their chests were broken open and effects stolen, has not only been common these 25, 20, 10, 5 years, but it is a com- mon custom, and the complaints are daily. If I was ordered to print advertisements, at the request of those who lost their chests by leaving them behind them against their will, or were opened and plundered at sea when they were sent after them, in other vessels, or were broken open and plundered in the stores at Philadelphia. If these chests had been sold at half their value, it would amount to a large sura.— Your Honor would be astonished to hear the complaints of more than 2000 to 3000 people." The writer's paternal grandfather, Jonas Rupp, a native of Sinsheim, was among the number of those who were robbed: his chest broken open, all his effects stolen, and himself on his arrival, friendless and pennyless, sold as a Redemption servant, for two years and six months to one Leonard Umberger, near Lebanon. Jonas Rupp arrived in the ship Phoenix, commanded by Captain Spurrier, September 25,1751. Out of four hundred and twelve who embarked in the same vessel, only one hundred and eighty survived to land at Philadelphia; and of these many died soon after their arrival. The Rev. Muhlenburg says, speaking of Redemptioners: Denn wen die Teutschen von den Schiffen hier an kommen so mussen diegenigen, welche die Fracht nicht aus ihren eig- enen Mitteln bezahlen koennen, sich mit ihren Faniclien gleichsam verkaufen, da sic denn so lange dienen muessen bis sic ihre Fracht obverdient haben; solche werden servants oder Knechte genannt. Wenn denn dieselbe ihre Fracht be- zahlt und noch et was verdient haben, so Ziehen sic nach und nach ins Landhinauf, und kaufen was eigenes — Hallische JVachrichten, p. 54. See Jjppendix A. JYeulaender. On another occasion he says : Weil viele von den nach Pensylvanien eilenden Teutschen ihre Fracht zu bozahlen nicht im stande sind, so werden sic, zu deren Vergutung, auf einige Jahre an die reichsten Ein- wohner als leibeigem knecht verkauft. Es koinen solcher 46 INTRODUCTION. zur Verlassung ihres Vaterlandes verfuhrten, und dadurch ofters in leibliches ud geistliches Elered gesturtzten Teuts- chen Leute von zeit zu zeit noch immur sehr viele in Penn- s}lvamen an Im Herbst 1749 sind 25 schiffe voll Teutschen neuen Cohnister nach und nach vor Philadelphia eingelaufen und ausser donen, du der Tod unterwegs aufgerieben, haben sich dorauf 7049 Personen befunden. Es ist leicht zu er achten, da dir Begierd, das Vaterland nait der neuen Welt zu verwechsehn, schor so viele Jahre her unter denen niemals weniger, als mit den gegenwartigen Unstanden, vergnugten Teutschen herschet, das Land bereits uberflussy mit Leuten besetzt Ley. Und so ists. Es wunelt von Leuten, so dass auch du Lebers ollitter imes theueren werder. Eben duses aber ist Ursach, warun du nein rus Land komerde, nicht so veile Vortheib geneisen koner, als die ersten genossen haben. To alleviate the sufferings of these strangers, a society was formed among the more wealthy and benevolent ; but their means were not adequate to the wants of " suffering thous- ands." Their sufferings were confined to the period mentioned, as may be seen irora the following letter from Dr. Muehleng- berg — " Januar 7ten, 1768. " Im Vergangenen Spaetjahr, sind wieder funf bis sechs schiffe voll rait Teutschen Emigranten vor Philadelphia ange- kommen, davon noch ein grosser Theil auf dem Wasser lieg- en, weil nicht allein ihre Frachten sehr hoch gestiegen, son- dern auch ein allgemeiner Geldmangel vorwaltet, so dass sic nicht wie in vorigen Zeiten, verkauft werden konnen, und, so zersagen, in ihrem Ebend umkomen muessen. Die die mit solchem Menschenhandel interessirte Herren wollen das Geld fuer ihre Frachthaben. Wenn aber keine Kaeuter sind, so behalten sic ihre Waare, und lassen sic lieber verderben, als dass sic solche vershenken solten. Es ist ein grosser Jammer, wenn man seine arme betrogene Mitge schoepfe so im Elend sichet, und nicht helfen kann." p. 816. ) The Palatine Redemption servants were sold for, from two to five years. Many of them often serving out their time faithfully, became, by frugality and industry, some of the most wealthy and influential citizens of the State, INTRODUCTION. 47 "In later times, say about the year 1753 to 1756, the Ger- mans having become numerous, and therefore powerful as make-weights in the political balance, were much noticed in the publications of the day. They were at that period of time, in general, very hearty co-operators with the Quakers or Friends, then in considerable rule in the Assembly. A MSS. pamphlet in the Franklin Library at Philadelphia, sup- posed to have been written by Samuel Wharton, in 1755, shows his ideas of the passing events, saying, that the party on the side of the Friends derived much of their influence over the Germans, through the aid of C. Sauers, who pub- lished a German paper in Germantown, from the time of 1729, and which, being much read by that people, influenced them to the side of the Friends, and hostile to the Governor and council. Through this means, says he, they have persuaded them that there was a design to enslave them ; to enforce their young men, by a contemplated militia law, to become soldiers, and to load them down with taxes, &c. From such causes, he adds, have they come down in shoals to vote, (of course, many from Northampton,) and carrying all before them. To this I may, says Watson, add, that I have heard from the Norris family, that their ancestors in the Assembly were warmly patronized by the Germans in union with Friends. His alarms at this German influence at the polls, and his pro- posed remedies for the then dreaded evils, as they show the prevalent feelings of his associates in politics, may serve to amuse the present generation. He says the best eflfects of these successes of the Germans will probably be felt through many generations ! Instead of a peaceable, industrious peo- ple, as before, they are now insolent, sullen, and turbulent ; in some counties threatening even the lives of all those who opposed their views, because they are taught to regard gov- ernment and slavery as one and the same thing. All who are not of their party, they call " Governor's men," and them- selves, they deem strong enough to make the country their own ! Indeed, they come in, in such force, say upwards of 5000 in the last year, I see not but they may soon be able to give us law and language too, or else, by joining the French, eject all the English. That this may be the case, is too much to be feared, for almost to a man they refused to bear arms in the time of the late war, and they say, it is all one to them which king gets the country, as their estates will be equally 48 INTRODUCTION. secure. Indeed it is clear that the French have turned their hopes upon this great body of Germans. They hope to al- lure them by grants of Ohio lands. To this end, they send their Jesuitical emissaries among them over to persuade them over to the Popish religion. In concert with this, the French for so many years have encroached on our province, and are now so near their scheme as to be within two days' march of some of our black settlements" — alluding, of course to the state of the western wilds, overrun by French and Indians, just before the arrival of Braddock's forces in Virginia, in 1755. " The writer (Wharton) imputes their wrong bias in gene- ral to their " stubborn genius and ignorance," which he pro- poses to soften by education — a scheme still suggested as ne- cessary to give the general mass of the inland country Ger- mans right views of public individual interests. To this end, he proposes that fdithful Protestant ministers and schoolmas- ters should be supported among them. That their children should be taught the English tongue ; the government in the mean time should suspend their right of voting for members of Assembly ; and to incline them the sooner to become En- glish in education and feeling, we should compel them to make all bonds and other legal writings in English, and no newspaper or almanack be circulated among them, also ac- companied by the English thereof. Finally, the writer concludes, that " without some such measure, I see nothing to prevent this Province falling into the hands of the French."* A scheme to educate the Ger- mans, as alluded to, was started in 1755 and carried on for several years.f The number of Germans about the year 1755, was not short of sixty or seventy thousand in Pennsylvania ; nearly all of them Protestants ; whereof, according to the Rev. Schlotter's statement, at the time, there were thirty thou- sand German Reformed — the Lutherans were more numerous. Besides these, there were other Germans, viz : Mennonites, German Baptists, (Dunkards,) Moravians, some few German Quakers, Seventh-day Baptists,Catholics, and Schwenkfiklers. " Herr Schlatter rechnet die Anzahl der Reforiiirten Teutschec in • Watson's Annals, ii, 257. f See Jjrpendix, B.— Scheme to educate the Gergans. INTRODUCTION. 49 Pensylvanien auf 30,000 — Herr Schlatter Reformirten glaubt, dass die Reformirten nur den driiten Theil der Teutschen ia Pensylvanien ausmachen. — Hal. Nach. 512. The number of German Catholics did not exceed (1755) 7 hundred. In the autumn of 1754, one hundred and fifty-eight Catholics arrived at Philadelphia. The number of Catholics in 1757, beginning from twelve years of age, including German, English and Irish, about fourteen hundred, according to a statement by Mr. Warden, April 29, 1757. There were then in and about Philadelphia and in Chester county, under the care of the Rev. Robert Harding, 90 males and 100 females, all Irish and English. In Philadelphia city and county, Berks and Northampton, under the care of Theodore Schneider, 252 males and 248 females, all Germans ; in Berks and Chester, 92, whereof 15 were Irish. In Lan- caster, Berks, Chester and Cumberland, under the care of Ferdinand Farmer, 394, whereof 97 were Irish. In York county, under the care of Mathias Manners, 54 German males, 62 females ; 35 Irish males, and 38 females. — Prov. Rec. About nine-tenths of the first settlers of York, then includ- ing Adams county, were Germans, and some small proportion of Cumberland now within the limits of Franklin, was origi- nally settled by them, and some part of Dauphin (then Lan- caster.) Cumberland was exclusively settled by Scotch, and Scotch Irish, with the exception of a iew English.* The Germans did not begin to immigrate into the lower part of Cumberland till abount 1760 or '62. The great influx into Cumberland commenced about 1770. In the lower part of the county, were among the early German settlers, John Ger- man, Henry Longsdorff, John Leininger, Michael Bore, Michael Kunkle, Andrew Capp, Michael Dill, Michael Hack, Conrad Manasmith, Baltzer Schneider, Mathias Saylor, Chris- topher Wittmayer, Casper Weber, Simion Krauss, Elias Era- minger, Leonard Fischer, Martin Herrman, Philip Jacobs, Christopher Mayer, Jonas Rupp, George Rupley, Casper Reider, John Scherer, John Wormley, Christopher Eichel- berger, W. Buchhalter, Christian Fuchs, Jacob Herschberger, Simon Pretz, Henry Umberger, Adam Arris, Adam Kreutzer, Daniel Franks, Jacob Othenwalt, Joseph Bauraann, Dewalt Erfurth, Jacob Forney, Henry Herschberger, Henry Hum- barger, Philip Lang, Jacob Lebenstein, and some others who had all settled before 1775, in East Penn township. The following are among Germans who had settled in Al- len township before 1775, viz : Adam Kuhn, Christian • See Article, " The Irish." 5 50 INTRODUCTION. Schwartz, Carolus Emhoff, Peter Albert, John Knauer, Chris- tian Bollinger, Joseph Strack, Heinrich Tustus Weber, Mi" chael Weiss, Jacob Weiss, George Wingler, Henry Yordee, John Schaever, Henry Tom, Jacob Yordee, Ludwig Brauii, John Gerber, John Grieger, Abraham Heid, Jacob Knob, -Jacob Miller, Samuel Neisly, Adam Barnhart, Ludwig Brandt, John Bielman, John Cocklin, Jacob Cocklin, Leonard Wolf, Samuel Baer, John Brindel, Martin Brandt, Jacob Bricker," Jacob Kreiser, Gideon Kober, Jacob Frey, Peter Herr, John Riehm.* In the Conogocheague settlements, there were several Ger- man settlers at a very early period, about 1736-'4o, among these were the Snivelys, Schneiders, Piscackers, Liepers, Ledermans, Haricks, Laws, Kolps, Gabriels, Ringers, Stei- ners, Senseny, Radebach, Reischer, Wolffs, Schniedt. Within, or on the borders of the present limits of Dauphin county, were some German families settled prior to 1745 ; these were, Gabriel, Schultz, Musser or Moser, Rosebaum, Ricker, Boor,Schwar, Lichty, Roth, Schitz, Hailman, Brecht- bill, Sies, and others. • See History of Cumberland county, chapter xxiv. CHAPTER III. THE IRISH OR SCOTCH IRISH.'' lime of their first immigration— Settle first near the boundary line be- tween Maryland and Pennsylvania— James Logan's statement con. cerning them— First settlers in Donegal— In Peshtank— Richard Pe- ters' complains of them— They oppose a survey in Adams county- Settle west of the Susquehanna, in Cumberland county—Disagree- ment between the Irish and Germans, at Lancaster and York— Im- migration of, to Cumberland county encouraged— Lord's prayer in •: Irish. According to Mr. Watson's statement, Irish immigrants did not begin to come to Pennsylvania as soon as the Germans. It appears few, if any, arrived in the Province, prior to 17 19. Those that did then arrive, came principally from the north of Ireland. Irish or Scotch Irish. This term is used to designate a numerous and honorable people, who immigrated to the Province of Pennsylvania at an early date. Whence this term is derived, the following historical notice, will serve to explain. During the reign of Charles I., in the year 1641, October 27, the massacre of the Irish Protestants occurred, in IrelanJ, where, in a few days, fifty thousand were inhumanly, with- out regard to sex. age or quality, butchered ; and many fled to the North of Scotland, from which country the North of Ireland had been colo- nized by Protestants. An act was passed by Parliament, (the act of uniformity) 1662, re- quiring all ministers and churches rigidly to conform to the rites of the established church, which occasion two thousand ministers (called JNon-conformists) to dissent and abandon their pulpits. This act affected Scotland with equal severity. In 1691, the Toleration act was passed, under which the dissenters enjoyed greater privileges ; but, in the reign of Queen Ann, (1704—1714) the Schism Bill, which had actually obtained the royal assent, alarmed the dissenters much— the provisions of that bill were, Ihat dissenters were not to be suflTered to educate their own children, but required them to be put into the hands ot Conformists, and which forbade all tutors and school masters being present at any conventicle or disserting plan of worship. These difficulties and the unsettled state of affairs in Europe drove many of the more quiet citizens from their native home, and of this number were those, and descendants of those who had fled from the north of Ireland to Scotland, as well as gmuim Scotch, 52 INTRODUCTION. Such as came first, generally settled near or about the dis- puted line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, if we ex- cept those who settled in Donegal township, Lancaster county, and those of Craig^s, and Martin's settlements in North- ampton county. James Logan, writing of them to the Proprietaries, in 1724, says, they have generally taken up the southern lands, (meaning in Lancaster, towards the Maryland line,) and as they rarely approached him to propose to purchase, he calls them bold and indigent strangers, saying as their excuse, when challenged lor titles, that we had solicited for colonists, and they had come accordingly. They were, however, un- derstood to be a tolerated class, exempt from rents by an or- dinance of 1720, in consideration of their being a frontier people, forming a kind of cordon of defence, if needful. — They were soon called bad neighbors by the Indians, treat- ing them disdainfully, and finally were the same race who committed the outrages called Paxtang Massacre. The gen- eral ideas are found in the Logan MSS. collection. Some of the data are as follows : "In 1725, James Logan states, that there are so many as one hundred thousand acres of land, possessed by persons, (including Germans,) who resolutely set down and improved it without any right to it, and he is much at a loss to deter- mine how to dispossess them. In New Castle government there arrived last year (1728) says the Gazette (of 1729) forty-five hundred persons, chie- fly from Ireland. " In 1729, Logan expresses himself glad to find that the Parliament is about to take measures to prevent the too free emigration to this country. In the meantime the Assembly had laid a restraining tax of twenty shillings a head for eve- ry servant arriving ; but even this was evaded in the case of the arrival of a ship from Dublin, with one hundred catholics and convicts, by landing them at Burlington. It looks, says he, as if Ireland is to send all her inhabitants hither, for last week, not less than six ships arrived, and every day two or three arrive also. The common fear is, that if they continue to come, they will make themselves proprietors of the pro- vince. It is strange, says he, that they thus crowd where they are not wanted. But besides these, convicts are impor- INTRODUCTION. 53 ted hither.* The Indians themselves are alarmed at the swarms of strangers, and we are afraid of a breach between them — for the Irish are very rough to them." " In 1730, he writes and complains of the Scotch Irish, in an audacious and disorderly manner, possessing themselves of the whole of Conestoga manor, of fifteen thousand acres, be- ing the best land in the country. In doing this by force, they alleged that it was against the laws of God and nature, tha't so much land should be idle, while so many Christians want- ed it to labor on, and to raise their bread, &c. The Paxtang boys were great sticklers for religion and scripture quotations against "the heathen." They were, however, dispossessed by the Sheriff and his posse, and their cabins, to the number of thirty, were burnt. This necessary violence was, perhaps, remembered with indignation; for only twenty-five years af- terwaids, the Paxtang massacre began by killing the Chris- tian unoffending Indians found in Conestoga. The Irish w^ere generally settled at Donegal." Among the firsS settlers in Donegal wer€ the Semples, Patterson':, .Scotts, Mitchells, Hendricks, Speers, Gaibreaths, Andersons, Lowreys' Pedans, Porters, Sterrit^s Kerrs, Works, Litles, Whitehills, Campbells,' Moors, Smiths, M'Ewens, Ramijaxs.Gilstons, Colters, M'lntyres, Cooks' Howards, Clarks M'Clellans, Clennings. Brackans, Wilsons, Allisons! Halls, Stuarts, Trintons, Hughs, Lynns, Browns, Collins, Andrews, Fosi ters, Banes, M'Coskeys, Carithers, Ramages, Marchets, Pattons, Potts Reas, Fullons, M'ColIocks, Brus, Kellys, Walkers, many of whom had settled here prior to, or soon after the organization of Donegal town- ship, which was in 1722. From Donegal, the settlements by the Irish and Scotch were extended into Paxton, Derry, Londonderry and Hanover townships, Lancaster county, (now Dauphin, and part of Lebanon) Paxton (Peshtank) and Derry townrhips were organized prior to 1730. See Dauphin county. Mr. Logan, says Watson, writes in another letter, "I must own, from my own experience in the Land Office, that the settlement of five families from Ireland gives me more trouble than fifty of any other people. Before we were broke m upon, ancient Friends and first settlers lived happily, but now the case is quite altered, by strangers and debauched morals, &c. All this seems like hard measure dealt upon those spe- cimens of " the land of generous natures," but we may be • Augustus Gun, of Cork, advertised in the Philadelphia papers that ha had power from the mayor of Cork, for many years, to procure ser- vants for America — 1741. 5* 54 INTRODUCTION. excused for letting him speak out, who was himself from the "Emerald Isle," where he had of course seen a better race.* " Logan's successor, Richard Peters, Esq., as Secretary to the Proprietaries, falls into asimilardissatisfaction with them; for in his letter to' the proprietaries, of 1743, he says, he went to Marsh creek (Adams county, — then Lancaster) to warn off and dispossess the squatters, and to measure the Manor land. " On that occasion, the people there, to about the number of seventy, assembled and forbade them to proceed, and on their persisting, broke the chain and compelled them to retire. He had with him a sheriff and a magistrate. They were af- terwards indicted — became subdued, and made their engage- ment for leases. In most cases the leases were so easy, that they were enabled to buy the lands ere they expired." The breaking of the surveyor's chain happened on the 17th of June, 1743. The principal settlers on Marsh creek at that time, were William McLelan, Jos. Farris, Hugh McCain, Matthew Black, James McMichell, Robert McFarson, Wil- liam Black, James Agnew, (cooper) Henry McDonath, John Alexander, Moses Jenkins, Richard Hall, Richard Fossett, Adam Hall, John Eddy, John Eddy, jr., Edward Hall, Wil- liam Eddy, James Wilson, James Agnew, John Steene, John Johnson, John Hamilton, HughVogan, Hugh Swainey, John McWharter, Titus Dai ley, Thomas Hosswick. Settlements were commenced in Cumberland, (then Lan- caster) by the descendants of Irish and Scotch immigrants, and some recently from the Emerald Isle, and Highlands of Scotia, and some few English, about 1730 and 'Sl.f After 1736, when Pennsborough and Hopewell townships had been erected, the influx of emigrants from Europe, and from Lan- caster county, into Kittochtinny valley, west of the Susque- hanna, increased rapidly ; for in 1748, the number ot taxa- bles in this valley (Cumberland and Franklin counties) was about eight hundred ; of whom there were not fifty Germans — those few were in the Conocheague settlement. Shortly after Cumberland county had been erected (1750) the proprietaries, "in consequence of the frequent disturban- • Watson's Annals, ii. 109, f Benjamin, Robert and James Chambers commenced settlements west of the Susquehanna, about or before 1730. See Article, Cham- bersburg, infra. INTRODUCTION. 55 ces between the governor and Irish settlers, gave orders to their agents to sell no lands in either York and Lancaster counties to the Irish ; and also to make advantageous offers of removal to the Irish settlers (as the mingling ol the two nations in Lancaster and York had produced serious riots at elections) in Paxton and Swatara,and Donegal townships, to remove to Cumberlaifd county, which offers bemg liberal were accepted by many. As early as 1732, there was a violent contest between An- drew Galbraith and John Wright, both candidates for the Assembly. Wright was an English Quaker, Galbraith an Irishman ; but in 1743, the Irish strove more effectually lor ascendancy at the polls. This year an election was held to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Thomas Lin- sey. The Irish compelled the sheriff to receive such tickets as they approved, and make a return accordingly.* The matter was afterwards investigated, and the following resolutions were adopted by the Assembly — Resolved, That the sheriff having assumed upon himself the power of being sole judge at the late election, exclusive of the inspectors chosen by the farmers of the said county of Lancaster, is illegal, unwarrantable and an infringement of the liberties of the people of the Province ; that it gave just cause for discontentment to the inhabitants of said county : that if any disturbances followed thereupon, it is justly im- puted to his own misconduct. Resolved, That the sheriff of Lancaster county be admon- ished by the speaker. The sheriff attended, and being ad- monished, promised he would take care and keep the law in future. He also altered the return, as Samuel Blunston was entitled to take his seat."t In 1749, an election was held at York. There were two prominent candidates for sheriff, Hans Hamilton, from Marsh creek, (Adams county) the Irish candidate; Richard M'Al- lister, the favorite of the Dutch. The Germans, as they are wont, without much ado, worked well for their candidate, evidently gaining on their competitors; this vexed the ireful friends of Hamilton. Two or three stout, blustering Hiber- nians — boxers, as they were called — took possession of the • History of Lancaster county, p. 288. I Votes of Assembly. 56 INTRODUCTION. place "where to poll;" determined that none but their candi- dates' friends should vote. A stout German, equally deter- mined to enjoy what he considered his rights, without yield- ing any the least, stepped up to vote — tripped up the heels of oiie of the swaggering Irishmen, which eventuated in an af- fray. The standing saplings, near at hand, were soon torn down, and sticks cut which were used as defensive and offen- sive weapons. Blows were promiscuously dealt out — the Irish were routed — driven beyond Codorus creek; and at the risk of bloody heads, dared not to appear, all day, east of the Co- dorus. The Germans voted, and elected M'Allister, by an overwhelming majority. But, in this instance, Gov. James Hamilton disregarded the expressed will of the majority of voters, commissioned Hans Hamilton for one year. Illy con- sidered policy, as the sequel proved. At the second election held at York, Oct. 1750, for repre- sentatives, a large party of Germans drove the Irish from the polls. It was set forth in a petition to the Assembly touch- ing this affray that, Hans Hamilton did not open the election till two o'clock in the afternoon, which caused not a little uneasiness among the people. That the Marsh creek people, gathered about the election house to give in their tickets and would not suffer the Dutch people and others to come near the house, but did all they could to keep them off with clubs, so that the Germans were obliged to do the best they could, or else go home without voting ; and being the most in number they drove the people from the house, and when they had done so, they came in a peaceable manner to give in their votes ; but when the sheriff saw his party was mastered, he locked up the box, and would not suffer the inspectors to take away more tickets, which made the Dutch people angry, and they strove to break into the house — an, ^ 5-^^^ u^^"""* ?°^!V,"^ °^ '^^ ^^^^^^"5 ^hat have gone up to fight against the French on the Ohio ; their going, 1 fear, has been occasion of this murder. I have nothing more to add, but am, Honored Sir, Your very humble servant, CoNHAB WeISBR. Heidelberg, October 26, at 11 o'clock, Sunday night, 1755. Mr. James Read ; Loving Friend : About one hour ago, I received the news of the enemy having crossed the Susquehannah, and killed a great many people, from Thomas McKee's down to Hunter's mills. y ^ f ' Mr. Elder, the minister at Paxton, wrote to another Presbyterian min- ister, in the neighborhood of Adam Reed, Esq. The people were then 8 86 INTRODUCTION. in a meeting, and immediately designed to get themselves in readiness, to oppose the enemy, and lend assistance to their neighbors. Mr. Reed sent down to Tulpehocken — and two men, one that came from Mr. Reed's, are just now gone, who brought in the melancholy news. I have sent out to alarm the townships in this neighborhood, and to meet me early in the morning, at Peter Spicker's, to consult to- gether what to do, and to make preparations, to stand the enemy, with the assistance of the Most High. I wrote you this, that you may have time to consult with Mr. Seelj, and other well-wishers of the people, in order to defend your lives and others. For God's sake let us stand together, and do what we can, and trust to the hand of Providence — perhaps, we must, in this neighbor- hood, come to Reading; but I will send armed men to Susquehannah, or as far as they can go for intelligence. Pray let Sammy have a copy of this, or this draft for his Honor, the Governor. I have sent him, about three hours ago express to Phila- delphia, and he lodges at my son Peter's. Despatch him as early as you can. I pray, beware of confusion, be calm, you and Mr. Seely, and act the part of fathers of the people. I know you are both able ; but excuse me for giving you this caution — time requires it.* I am dear sir, your very good friend and Humble servant, Conrad Weiseb. Paxtost, October, 28, 1755. To Richard Peters : Sir: I received your letter, and shall observe the contents. There is melancholy news, concerning which, I have written to his Honor, the Governor. If there were encouragement for 1000 or 1500 men to meet the enemy and build a fort some place up Susquehanna, I imagine a number of men will go at their own expense to assist. I am sir, your most humble servant, John Harris. P. S. I shall endeavor to keep out a few Mohawks, that are here, as spies. The Belt promised to send out some ; but it was our River In- dians, and some scouts from the French army, attacked us at Mr. Penn's creek. Yours, J. H. Note. — Heckewelder, in his Historical Account of the Indians, when speaking of the Indians' manner of surprising their enemies, relates a striking annecdote by way of exemplification of the Indians' sagacity, as well as veracity ; the subject of which, has some relation to massa- cre, mentioned above. "In the beginning, says he, of the summer of the year 1755, a most atrocious and shocking murder was unexpectedly committed by a par- ly of Indians, on fourteen white settlers within five or six miles of Sha- mokin. The surviving whites, in their rage, determined to take their revenge by murdering a Delaware Indian who happened to be in those • Provincial Records, N. p. 244-5. INTRODUCTION. 87 parts, and was far from thinking himself in danger. He was a great friend to the whites, was loved and esteemed by them, and in testimony of their regard, had received from them the name of Luke Holland, by which he was generally known. This Indian, satisfied that his nature was incapable of committing such a foul murder in a time of profound peace, told the enraged selllers, that he was sure that the Delawares were not in any manner concerned in it, and that it was the act of some wicked Mingoes or Iroquois, whose custom it was to involve other na- tions in wars with each other by clandestinely committing murders, so that they might be laid to the charge of others than themselves. But all his representations were vain; he could not convince exasperated men whose minds were fully bent upon revenge. At last, ha offered that if they would give him a party to accompany him, he would go with them in quest of the murderers, and was sure he could discover ihem by the prints of their feet and other marks well known to him, by which he would convince them that the real perpetrators of the crime belonged to the Six Nations. His proposal was accepted, he marched at the head of a party of whites and led them into the tracks. They soon found themselves in the most rocky parts of the mountain, where not one of those who accompanied him was able to discover a single track, nor would they believe that ever a man had trodden on this ground, as they had to jump over a number of crevices between the rocks, and in some instances to crawl over them. Now they began to believe that the Indian had led them across those rugged mountains in order to give the enemy time to escape, and threathened him with in- stant death the moment they should be fully convinced of the fraud. — The Indian true to his promise would take pains to make them perceive that an enemy had passed along the places through which he was lead- ing them; here he would show them that the moss on the rock had been trodden down by the weight of a human foot, then that it had been torn and dragged forward from its place ; further he would point out to them that pebbles or small stones on the rocks had been removed from their beds by the foot hitting against them, that dry sticks by being trod- den upon were broken, and even that in a particular place, an Indian's blanket had dragged over the rocks, and removed or loosened the leaves lying there, so that they lay no more flat, as in other places ; all which the Indian could perceive as he walked along, without ever stopping. — At last arriving at the foot of the mountain on soft ground, where the tracks were deep, he found out the enemy were eight in number, and from the freshness of the foot prints, he concluded that they must be encamped at no great distance. This proved to be the exact truth ; for,, after gaining the eminence on the other side of the valley, the Indians were seen encamped, some having already lain down to sleep, while others were drawing off their leggings for the same purpose, and the scalps they had taken were hanged up to dry. " See!" said Luke Hol- land to his astonished companions, " there is the enemy ! not of any nation, but Mingoes, as I truly tell you. They are in our power; in less than half an hour they will all be fast asleep. We need not fire a gun, but go up and tomahawk them. We are nearly two to one and need apprehend no danger. Come on, and you will now have your iull revenge '." But the whites, overcom.e with fear, did not choose to follow the Indian's advice, and urged him to take them back by the Mearest and best way, which he did, and when they arrived at home 88 INTRODUCTION. late at night, they reported the number of the Iroquois to have been so great, that they durst not venture to attack them. " This account, says Heckeweidcr, is faithfully given as I received it from Luke Holland himself, and took it down in writing at the time." — Heckewelder's His. Ace. of Ind. Nations ; p. 168-70. The near approach of the enemy threw all, in the outer settlements, into consternation. Their only safety was to flee and leave all to the enemy. They had in vain looked, for some time, for effectual relief from Government. Houses that had been occupied ; barns that had been filled with the fruits of a rich and plenteous harvest ; and newly sowed fields, and standing corn ; and some cattle, were all aban- doned, by the hardy and industrious frontier settlers, expect- ing as they did, daily the enemy upon them. They were constantly in fear of being cut off. Even John Harris and his family were threatened with death, as stated by Mr. Harris himself in the following letter : Paxton, October 29, 1755. Edward Shippen, Esq. Sir : We expect the enemy upon us every day, and the inhabitants are abandoning their plantations, being greatly discouraged at the ap- proach of such a number of cruel savages, and no present sign of as- sistance. I had a certain account of fifteen hundred French and Indi- ans being on their march against us and Virginia, and now close upon our borders ; their scouts scalping our families on our frontiers daily. Andrew Montour and others at Shamokin, desired me to take care, that there was a party of forty Indians out many days, and intended to burn my house and destroy myself and family. I have this day cut loop holes in my house, and am determined to hold out to the last extremity if I can get some men to stand by me. But few can be had at present, as every one is in fear of his own family being cut off every hour. — Great part of the Susquehanna Indians are no doubt actually in the French interest, and I am informed that a French officer is expected at Shamokin this week with a party of Delawares and Shawanese, no doubt to take possession of our river. We should raise men immedi- ately to build a fort up the river to take possession, and to induce some Indians to join us. We ought also to insist on the Indians to declare for or against us, and as soon as we are prepared for them, we should bid up the scalps, and keep our woods full of our people upon the scout, else they will ruin our province ; for they are a dreadful enemy. I have sent out two Indian spies to Shamokin ; they are Mohawks. Sir, yours «&;c., John Harris. In the latter part of October 1755, the enemy again ap- peared in the neighborhood of Shamokin ; and in November INTRODUCTION. 89 they committed several murders upon the whites under circum- stances of cruelty and barbarity. Not only those on the im- mediate frontier settlers, but those residing towards the inte- rior were kept in constant alarm, as will be seen from address or appeal to the inhabitants of the Province. Paxton, Oct. 31, 1755. From John Harris' at 12, P. M. To all his majesty's subjects in the Province of Pennsylvania, or elsewhere : Whereas, Andrew Montour, Belt of Wampum, two Mo- hawks, and other Indians came down this day from Shamokin,* who say the whole bod}'' of Indians or the greatest part of them in the French interest, is actually encamped on this side George Gabriel's.f near Susquehannah ; and that we may expect an attack in three days at farthest; and a French fort to be begun at Shamokin in ten days hence. Tho' this be the Indian report; we the subscribers, do give it as our advice to repair immediately to the frontiers with all our forces to intercept their passage into our country, and to be prepared in the best manner possible for the worst event. Witness our hands. James Galbreath, John Allison, Barney Hughes, Robert Wallace, John Harris, James Pollock, James Anderson, William Work, Patrick Henry. P. S. They positively affirm that the above named Indians discovered a party of the enemy at Thos. McKee's upper place on the 30th of Oc- tober last. Mona-ca-too-tha, the Belt, and other Indians, here insist upon Mr. Weiser's coming immediately to John Harris' with his men, and to council with the Indians. Before me, James GALBREATH.t While some of the savage barbarians were murdering the whites on the Susquehanna, others fell upon the settlers in the Great or Big Cove, in the western part of Cumberland, now Bedford county, slew many of them, fired their houses and barns — whom they did not slaughter, they carried away captive, whose subsequent sufferings were almost intolerable. The suffering of these unfortunate persons may be learned from the following — Governor Morris' message to the As- sembly. " Gentlemen : — This minute I received intelligence, that * Shamokin is at the forks of Susquehanna, on the east side, f George Gabriel's below the forks of Susquehanna, about 30 miles of Harris' Ferry, on the west side of the river. t Pror. Rec. N. 359. 90 INTRODUCTION. the settlements called the Great Cove, in the county of Cum- berland (Bedford,) are destroyed, the houses burnt, and such inhabitants as would not make their escape, either slaughtered or made prisoners. This, and the other cruelties committed upon our frontiers, has so alarmed the remaining inhabitants, that they are quitting their habitations, and crowding into the more settled parts of the Province, which in their turn will become the frontier if some stop is not speedily put to the cruel ravages of their bloody invaders. In this melan- choly situation of our affairs, any delay may be attended with the most fatal consequences; I must therefore again most earnestly press you upon this further intelligence, to strengthen my hands, and enable me speedily to draw forth the forces of this Province against his Majesty's enemies, and to afford the necessary and timely assistance to the back in- habitants.— P^?7a. JYov. 5, 1755, Votes iv. 495. The following letters written by distinguished gentlemen at the time, give all the particulars of the murders committed m the Big Cove, &c. Falling Gprings, Sabbath morning, Nov. 2, 1775. To the inhabitants of the lower part of the county of Cumberland: Gentlemen^- If you intend to go to the assistance of your neighbors, you need wait BO longer iitir the certainty of the news. The Great Cove is destroyed. James Campbell left his company last night and went to the fort at Mr. Steel's meeting house, and there saw some of the inhabitants of the Great Cove who gave this account, that as they came over the Hill they saw their houses in flames. The messenger says that there are but one hundred, and that they are divided into two parts ; the one part to go against the Cove and the other against the Conollaways, and that there are two French among them. Thsy are Delawares and Shawnese. The part that came against the Cove are under the command of Shingas, the Delaware King. The people of the Cove that came off saw several men lying dead ; they heard the murder shout and the firing of guns, and saw the Indians going into their houses that they had come out of be- fore they left sight of the Cove. I have sent express to Marsh creek at the same time I send this ; so I expect there will be a good company there this day, and as there are but cne hundred of the enemy, I think It is in our power, if God permit, to put them to flight, if you turn out well from your parts. I understand that the West settlement is design- ed to go if they can get any assistance to repel them. All in haste, from Your humble servant, Benjamin Chambers. INTRODUCTION. 91 CoiTococHEAoue, Nov. 2, 1755. Mr. Peters : Sir — This comes to bring you the melancholy news of the ruin of the Great Cove, which is reduced to ashes, and numbers of the inhabitants murdered and taken captives. On Saturday last about three of the clock in the afternoon, I received intelligence in conjunction with Ad- am Hoops, and sent immediately and appointed our neighbors to meet at McDowell's. On Sunday morning I was not there six minutes till we observed about a mile and a half distant one Matthew Patton's housa and barn in flames ; on which we sat off with about forty men, though there were at least one hundred and sixty there; our old officers hid themselves, for aught I knew, to save their scalps, until afternoon when danger was over. We went to Patton's with a seeming resolution and courage, hut found no Indians there, on which we advanced to a rising ground, where we immediately discovered another house and barn on fire belonging to Mesach James, about one mile up the creek from Tho- mas Bars. We set off directly for that place; but they had gone up the creek to another plantation, left by one widow Jordon the day be- fore ; but she had unhappily gone back that morning with a young wo- man, daughter to one William Clark, for some milk for her children, and were both taken captives ; but neither house nor barn hurt. I have heard of no more burnt in that valley, which makes me believe they have gone off for some time ; but I much fear they will return before we are prepared for them ; for it was three o'clock in the afternoon before a recruit came of about sixty men ; then we held council whe- ther to pursue up the valley all night or return to McDowell's ; the for- mer of which I and Mr. Hoops, and some others plead for, but could not obtain it without putting it to vote, which done, we were out-voted by a considerable number ; upon which I and company was left by them, (that night I came home) for I will not guard a man that will not fight when called in so imminent manner; for there were not six of these men that would consent to go in pursuit of the Indians. I am much afraid that Juniata, Tuscarora, and Sheerman's valley hath suffered; there are two-thirds of the inhabiiants of this valley who have already fled, leaving their plantations ; and without speedy succour be granted, I am of opinion this county will be laid desolate and be without inhab- itants. Last night I had a family of upwards of an hundred wotnen and children, who fled for succour. You can form no just idea of the dis- tress and distracted condition of our inhabitants, unless you saw and heard their cries. I am of opinion that it is not in the power of our representatives to meet in Assembly at this time. If our Assembly will give us any additional supply of arms and ammunition, the latter of which is most wanted. I would wish it were put into the hands of such persons as would go out upon scouts after the Indians, rather than for the supply of forts. I am sir your most obedient, very humble servant, John Potteb,* Sheriff of Cumberland county, • Prov, Rec. N, 262-3, 92 INTRODUCTION. Carlisle, Nov. 2, 1775. Governor-Morris : Honored Sir — At four, this afternoon, by express from Conococheague, we are in- formed that yesterday about one hundred Indians were seen in the Great Cove, among whom was Shingas, the Delaware King; that immediately after discovery, as many as had notice fled, and looking back upon a high hill beheld their houses on fire; heard several guns fired, and the last shrieks of their dying neighbors. It is said the enemy divided and one part moved toward the Conolloways. Mr. Hamilton was here with sixty men from York county, when the express came, and is to march early to-morrow to the upper part of the country. We have sent our expresses every where, and intend to collect the forces of this lower part ; expecting the enemy at Sheerman's valley, if not nearer at hand. I am of the opinion that no other means than a chain of blockhouses along or near the south side of the Kittatinny mountain, from Susque- hanna to the temporary line, can secure the lives and properties even of the old inhabitants of this county; the new settlements being all fled, except those of Sheerman's valley whom, if God do not preserve, we fear, will sufl^er very soon. I am your honor's disconsolate humble servant, John Armstrong.* Shippensburg, 2d November, 1755. To Hon. Edward Shippen, Esq., at Lancaster: Dear and Honored Sir : We are in great confusion here at present — We have received ex- press last night that the Indians and French are in a large body in the Cove, a little way from William Maxwell, Esq.; and that they immedi- ately intend to fall down up this county. We, for these two days past, have been working at our Fort here, and believe shall work this day (Sunday). This town is full of people, they being all moving in with their families — five or six families in a house. We are in great want of arms and ammunition ; but with what v/e have we are determined to give the enemy as warm a reception as we can. Some of our people had been taken prisoners by this party, and have made their escape from them, and came in to us this morning. As our Fort goes on here with great vigor, and expect it to be finished in fifteen days, in which we intend to place all the women and children; it would be greatly encouraging, could we have reason to expect assis- tance from Philadelphia by private donation of Swivels, a few great guns, small arms and ammunition, we would send our own wagons for them ; and we do not doubt that upon proper application but something of this kind will be done for us from Philadelphia. We have one hundred men working at Fort Morris with heart and hand every day. Dear Sir, yours &c.. James Bubd. • Prov. Rec. N, 264, INTRODUCTION. 93 CoNococHEAGUE, Nov. 3d, 1755. To the Hon, R. H. Morris, Esq., Gov. of Province of Pennsylvania. Sir: — I am sorry I have to trouble you with this melancholy and disagreeable news; for on Saturday an express came from Peters' town- ship that the inhabitants of the Great Cove were all murdered or taken captive, and their houses and barns all in flames— some few fled, upon notice brought them by a certain Patrick Burns, a captive, who had made his escape that very morning before this sad tragedy was done. Upon information, as aforesaid, John Potter and myself sent expresses through our neighborhood, which induced many of them to meet with us, at John McDowell's mill, where I, with many others, had the un- happy prospect to see the smoke of two houses which had been set on tire by the Indians ; viz: Mathew Patton's and Mesech James' houses, where their cattle were shot down, and horses standing bleeding, ivith Indian a7rotvs in them : but the Indians had fled. The Revd. Mr. Steel, Esq., and several others with us, to the number of about one hundred, went in quest of the Indians, with all the expe- dition imaginable, but without success. These Indians have likewise taken two women captives, belonging to said township. I very much fear Path Valley has undergone the same fate. George Croghan was at Aughwick, where he had a small fort and about thirty-five men ; but whether he has been molested or not, we cannot, as yet say. We, to be sure, are in as bad circumstances as ever any poor christians were ever in. For the cries of widowers, ■widows, fatherless and motherless children, with many others for their relations, are enough to pierce the hardest of hearts. It is likewise a very sorrowful spectacle to see those that escaped with their lives, have not a mouthful to eat or bed to lie on, or clothes to cover their naked- ness, or keep them warm ; but all they had, consumed into ashes. — These deplorable circumstances cry aloud for your Honor's most wise consideration ; and that your Honor would take cognizance of, and grant what shall seem most meet. How shocking it is for the husband to see the wife of his bosom, have her head cut off", and the childrens' blood drunk like water by these bloody and cruel savages ; as we are informed it has been the fate of many. While writing, I have received intelligence by some that fled from the Cove, that chiefly those in the upper part of it were killed, and taken. One Galloway's son escaped after he saw his grand-mother shot down, and other relations taken prisoners. From some news I have had, I am apprehensive that George Croghan is in distress; though just now Mr. Burd, with about forty men, left my house, and we intend to join him to-morrow at Mr. McDowell's mill, with all the force we can raise, in order to see what damages have been done, and for his relief. As we have no magazines at present to supply the guards, or scouts, the whole weight of their maintenance lies chiefly upon a few persons. I pray your Honor to excuse what blunders there are by reason ol haste. I am with due regard, your Honor's Most obedient and humble servant, Adam Hoops. 94 INTRODUCTION. CoifococHEAGUE, Nov. 6, 1755. May it please your Honor : I have sent enclosed two qualifications, one of which is Patrick Burns', the bearer, and a tomahawk which was found sticking in the breast of one David McClellan. The people of Path Valley are all gathered in a small fort, and ac- cording to the last account, were safe. The Great Cove and Canallo- ways are all buried to ashes, and about fifty persons killed or taken. — Numbers of the inhabitants of this county have moved their families, some to York county, some to Maryland. Hance Hamilton, Esq. is now at John McDowell's mill, with upwards of two hundred men (from York county) and two hundred from this county ; in all about four hundred. To-morrow we intend to go to the Cove and Path Valley, in order to bring what cattle and horses the In- dians let live. We are informed by a Delaware Indian who lives amongst us, that on the same day the murder was committed, he saw four hundred Indians in the Cove ; and we have some reason to believe they are about there yet. The people of Shearman's creek and Juniata have all come away, and left their horses ; and there are now about thirty miles of this county laid waste. I am afraid there will soon be more. I am your Honor's most Humble servant, Adam Hoops. P. S. I have just received the account of one George McSwane, who was taken captive about 14 days ago, and has made his escape, and broiight two scalps and a tomahawk with him. Shortly after the Indians had made hostile incursions into the Great Cove and commenced their devastation, Sheriff Potter was in Philadelphia, as appears from the following extract, under date of Nov. 14, 1755.— Proy. Rec. N. 289. Mr. Potter, the sheriff of Cumberland being in town was sent for, and desired to give an account of the upper part of that county in which the Indians had committed their late ravages; and he said that twenty-seven plantations were burnt and a great quantity of cattle killed ; that a woman 93 years of age was found lying killed with her breast torn off and a stake run through her body. That of 93 families which were settled in the two Coves and the Conolloways, 47 were either killed or taken, and the rest deserted. The names of those murdered and abducted, besides those already mentioned, are given in the Pennsylvania Gazette of Nov. 13, 1755, and are as follows : Elizabeth Gallway, Henry Gilson, Robert Peer, William Berryhill, and David McClelland were murdered. The miss- ing are John Martin's wife and five children; William Gall- way's wife and two children, and a young woman ; Charles INTRODUCTION. 95 Stewart's wife and two children ; David McClelland's wife and two children. William Fleming and wife were taken prisoners. Fleming's son, and one Hicks, were killed and scalped. Paxtoit, 9th November, 1755. Mr. Peters, Esq. , I have just now received an express, informing me that out of a small party on guard last night in Tullyhoe's gap of the mountain, five were killed and two wounded. Such shockings accounts we frequently receive, and though we are careful to. transmit them to Philadelphia, and remonstrate and petition from time to time, yet to no purpose^ so that we seem to be given up into the hands of a merciless enemy. There arc within these lew weeks upwards of forty of his majesty's subjects massacred on the frontiers of this and Cumberland counties, besides a great many carried into captivity, and yet nothing but unsea- sonable debates between the two parties of our legislature, instead of uniting on some probable scheme for the protection of the province. What may be the end of these things, God only knows ; but I really fear that unless vigorous methods are speedily used, we in these back settlements will unavoidably fall a sacrifice, and this part of the pro- vince be lost. If I have expressed my sentiments with too much warmth, you will be kind enough to 'oardon me, as it proceeds from a hearty regard to the public good. Sir, your obedient servant, John Eldek. Towards the close of December 1755, the Indians commit- ted some murders in Shearman's valley. The following is an extract from the narrative of Robert Robison, as contained in Loudon's Narratives, pages 171-72. " The next I remember of was in 1755, the Woolcomber's family on Shearman's creek ; the whole of the inhabitants of the valley was gathered at Robison's, but the Woolcomber would not leave home, he said it was the Irish who were kilUng one another, these peaceable people, the Indians, would not hurt any person. Being at home and at dinner, the Indians came in, and the Quaker asked them to come and eat dinner; an Indian announced that he did not come to eat, but for scalps ; the son, a boy of fourteen or fifteen years of age, when he heard the Indian say so, repaired to a back door, and as he went out he looked back, and saw the In- dian strike the tomahawk into his father's head. The boy then ran over the creek, which was near to the house, and 96 INTRODUCTION. heard the screams of his mother, sisters and brother. The boy came to our fort and gave us the alarm ; about forty went to where the murder was done and buried the dead." In the year 1755, says Loudon, Peter Shaver, John Sav- age and two other men were killed at the mouth of Shaver's creek, or Juniata, by the Indians. CHAPTER VII. INDIAN MASSACRES — (1756). Murderers committed in Tuscarora valley ---At the Canalaways, mur- ders committed and dwellings burnt—Widow Coxa's house burnt near McDowell's mill ; John and Richard Coxe, and John Craig ab- ducted—Several persons killed in Cumberland (Perry) county— She- ridan and family killed— Indians appear in Little Cove— Indians pur- sued in Peters' township; skirmage, several persons killed— Indians appear at Lycan's— Bell's adventures— McCord's forts in Conoco- cheague burnt— Engagement with the Indians at Sidling Hill (Bed- ford county;) a number of persons killed; names of killed and wounded— Hance Hamilton's letter, &c.— Captain Steel's letter, touch- ing the same ; Shippen's letter, &c.— Coves attacked, &c.— Indians surprise settlers in Conococheague— Indians murder in Peters' town- ship— Indians appear again in Shearman's valley, and commit mur- ders—Fort Granville taken, and several persons killed — Copy of the original of a paper put up at Fort Granville— Translation of— Ham- ilton's letter, &c.— Armstrong's letter, &c.— A family of seven persons murdered in Shearman's valley— Remaining inhabitants of Cumber- land petition government— Inhabitants of East Pennsborough, peti- tion—Farmers abandon their improvements— Murders committed by the savages on the west and east side of the Susquehanna— Gal- breath's letter — Reed's letters, &c. Regardless of the inclemencies of the winter, the Indians still continued committing the most shocking murdeis imagi- nable, all along an unprotected frontier from the Delaware river to the Potomac. Towards the close of January 1756, they perpetrated murders on the Juniata river, within a few miles of Fort Patterson, at the mouth of Tuscarora valley, opposite Mexico. On the 28th of January the Indians murdered a number of persons at the Canallaways, in Cumberland county (now Eedford). According to the Pe^msylvania Gazette, of Feb- ruary 12, 1756, " they killed and scalped James Leaton, 9 98 INTRODUCTION. Catharine Stillwell, and one of her children were killed and scalped, and two others carried off; one about eight, the other three years old. Her husband, Richard Stillwell was at a neighbor's house when his wife was attacked, and from thence got into Coom's fort. Elias Stillwell had seven horses and a mare carried off, one cow killed and one burnt. John McKenny's house was burnt, with all his household goods and clothing ; and what remained of three beeves and seven fat hogs ; he had likewise three cows killed ; and three calves burnt in Samuel Eaton's barn. Samuel Hicks had eleven cattle and a valuable mare killed. Richard Malone's house and barn were burnt, and two of his cattle killed. And a house was burnt that belonged to one Hicks, who had been murdered some time ago. The tracks of seven Indians and of a child, supposed to be Mr. Stillwell's, with those of the horses they carried off, were seen in a corn field, and they seemed to be going towards Aughwick." A few days after the murder had been committed and damages done in the Conallaways, the Indians burnt the house of Widow Coxe, near McDowell's mill, in Cumberland county (Franklin), and carried off her two sons and another person. John Coxe, son of widow Coxe, stated in presence of the Provincial Council, September 6th, 1756, that him- self, his brother Richard, and John Craig, were taken, by nine Delaware Indians, in February 1756, from a plantation two miles from McDowell's mill, and carried to Kittanning town on the Ohio (Alleghany river,) that on his way thither, he met Shingas with a party of thirty men, and afterwards with Captain Jacobs and fifteen, who were going on a design to destroy the settlements in Conegochege, that when he ar- rived at Kittanning, he saw there about one hundred fight- ing men of the Delaware tribe with their families and about fifty English prisoners consisting of men, women and children, that during his stay there Shingas' and Jacobs' parties re- turned, the one with nine scalps and ten prisoners ; the other with several scalps and five prisoners ; and that another com- pany of eighteen came from Diahoga with seventeen scalps fixed on a pole and carried them to Fort Du Quesne to ob- tain their reward — That the warriors held a council, which, with their war dances, continued a week, after which, Cap- tain Jacobs went with a party of forty-eight men intending (as he was told) to fall upon the inhabitants of Paxton ; that the INTRODUCTION. 99 Indians frequently said they resolved to kill all the white folks except a few, with whom they would afterwards make a peace; that they made an example of one Paul Broadly, whom they, agreeable to their usual cruelty, beat for half an hour with clubs and tomahawks, and afterwards fastening him to a post, cropt his ears close to his head ; and chopped his fingers — that they called together all the prisoners to wit- ness the scene ot their inhuman barbarity. He further said, that about the beginning of March, he was taken by three Indians to Diahoga, where he found about fifty warriors belonging to the Delaware, Mohiccon and Munsey tribes, and about twenty German prisoners ; that while he was there, the Indians frequently went in parties of twelve, to destroy the inhabitants, and as often returned with their scalps, but no prisoners; that their whole conversation was continually filled with expressions of vengenance against the English, and resolutions to kill them, and lay waste their country. That in May all the Indians moved from Diahoga about twenty miles higher up the river to plant corn, where most of them have since lived. That they, with the prisoners, during the whole summer have been in a starving condition, having very little venison and corn, and reduced to the necessity of living upon dog flesh and the few roots and berries they could collect in the woods ; that several of the prisoners had died for the want of food. That on the 9th of August he left Diahoga and came down the river in a canoe with Makomsey to Gnahay, to get some corn that was left under ground, and that in the morn- ing after he arrived there, the Indians having gone out to hunt, he made his escape on the 14th of August (fast) and came to Fort Augusta at six o'clock in the evening. It is stated, in the Provincial Records, "the poor boy was extremely reduced, had dangerous swellings on his body, and was in a sickly condition ; the goveruor therefore ordered him lodging and the attendance of a doctor." On the 20th Feb. 1756, says Gordon, Captain Patterson with a scouting party, fell in with some Indians at Middle creek, in Cumberland county (now Union), one of whom they scalped* and put the others to flight, having one of his own * The Indian whom they scalped was probably Shecalemy's sister's son, as will appear from the following letter from Thomas McKee, da- 100 INTRODUCTION. men wounded. He reported the woods, from the Juniata to Shamokin, to be filled with Indians, seeking plunder and scalps, and burning all the houses, and destroying the grain in that vicinity. " February 1756, a party of Indians from Shamokin came to Juniata. They first came to Hugh Mitcheltrees, being on the river, who had gone to Carlisle, and had got a young man, named Edward Nicholass to stay with his wife until he would return — the Indians killed them both. The same party of Indians went up the river where the Luken's now live — William Wilcox lived on the opposite side of the river, whose wife and eldest son had come over the river on some business — the Indians came while they were there and killed Eold dward Nicholass and his wife, and took Joseph, Thomas and Catharine Nicholass, John Wilcox, James Armstrong's wife and two children prisoners. " An Indian named Cotties, who wished to be Captain of this party, when they did not choose him, he would not go with them. He and a boy w^ent to Shearman's creek, and killed William Sheridan and his family, thirteen in number. — They then went down the creek to where three old persons lived, two men and a woman, called French, whom they kill- ed ; of which they often boasted afterwards, that he and the boy took more scalps than the whole party. " On Sunday, February 29, 1756, two boys, at a small distance from David David's, in the Little Cove, Cumberland county, were fired upon by some Indians. One of them es- ted "Fort at Hunter's mill, (six or seven miles above Harrisburg,) April 5, 1756," and addressed to Ed. Shippen, Esq., at Lancaster. I desire to let you know that John Shecalemy, Indian, is come here in the afternoon, and gives me an account that there is great confusion amongst the Indians up the North Branch of Susquehannah ; the Del- awares are moving all from thence to Ohio, and want to persuade the Shanoies along with them, but they decline going with them that course as they still incline to join with us. The Shanoies are going up to the town called Teaoga (Diahoga) where there is a body of the Six Na- tions, and there they intend to remain. He has brought two more men, some women and some children along with him, and says that he in- tends to live and die with us, and insist upon my conducting him down to where his sister and children are at Canestogo, and I am loath to leave my post as his Honor wasoifended at the last timet did, but can't help it. He desires me to acquaint you that his sister's son was killed at Penn's creek in the scrimage with Capt. Patterson. This with due respect from yours, sScc. INTRODUCTION. 101 caped and alarmed the fort. The Indians to the number of twenty, immediately came up and took possession of the bain, and fired repeatedly on the fort, in which there were eight or ten men. The fire was briskly and effectively returned. — Failing in this attempt, the enemy divided their force into two parties, and proceeded to the commission of the usual ravages. But the inhabitants of Peters' township collected in small parties, between three and four o'clock in the after- noon, marched to the fort, and on the next morning set out in pursuit of the savages. They came in sight of six on horseback, who, being closely pursued, abandoned their horses and fled into the woods, leaving behind them a woman they had taken the day before, near the Potomac. " Another party under Mr. Potter, discovered the trail of two companions of the enemy, whom they followed, until baffled in the pursuit by the falling snow. These compan- ions belonged to Shingas and Jacobs. In this affray they killed four whites, and made prisoners of a like number. " In the evening of the same day, a party of Indians was discovered by one Alexander, near the house of Thomas Barr, in Peters' township. Alexander was pursued, but es- caped, and alarmed the fort at McDowell's mill ; and notice of the presence of the enemy was speedily given to the town- ship. Early on Monday morning, a party, composed of four- teen men of Capt. Croghan's company, who were at the mill, and about twelve other young men, set off to watch the mo- tions of the enemy. Within a quarter of a mile of Barr's they fell in with fifty, and sent back for a re-inforcement from the fort. The young lads proceeded by a circuit to take the enemy in the rear, whilst the soldiers should attack them in front. But the impetuosity of the soldiers defeated their plan. For getting within gun shot, they immediately engaged the Indians, who were standing around the fire, and slew several of them at the first discharge. The Indians briskly returned the fire, killing one of the soldiers, and compelled the rest to retreat. The party of young men, hearing the report of fire arms, hastened up, and ftnding the Indians on the ground which the soldiers had occupied, deliv- ered their fire with effect, but, concluding that the soldiers had fled, or were slain, they also retreated. One of their number, Barr's son, was wounded, and would have fallen by the tomahawk of an Indian, had not the savage been killed 9* 102 INTRODUCTION. by a shot from one Armstrong, who saw him running upon the lad. Soon after, the soldiers and young men being joined by a re-inforcement from the mill, again sought the enemy, who, eluding their pursuit, crossed the creek near William Clark's, and attempted to surprise the fort ; but their design was discovered by two Dutch lads, coming from foddering their master's cattle. One of the lads was slain, but the other reached the fort, which was immediately surrounded by the Indians, who, from a thicket fired many shots at the men in the garrison, who appeared above the wall, and re- turned the fire as often as they obtained sight of the enemy. At this time, two men crossing to the mill fell into the mid- dle of the assailants, but made their escape into the fort, though fired at three times. The party at Barr's now came up, and drove the Indians through the thicket ; in their re- treat they met five men from Mr. Hoops', riding to the mill ; they killed one of these, and wounded another severely. The sergeant at the fort, having lost two of his men, dechned to follow the enemy, until his commander, Mr. Crawford, who was at Hoops' should return, and, the snow falling thick, they had time to burn Barr's house, and in it they consumed their dead. In the mormng of the second of March, M. Crawford, with fifty men, went in quest of the enemy, but was unsuccessful in his search. — Gordon's His. Pa. 616, '17. Every where along the frontier did the Indians commit the most horrid murders. Their implacable cruelty was stimu- lated by the promise of reward for scalps on the part of the French ; beside the promise of restoring them their lands. In a letter dated March 8, 1756, Hanover township, Lan- caster (now Dauphin) county, it is said that the morning be- fore, namely, the 7th of March, Andrew Lycan, who lived over the mountain, had been attacked by the Indians. He had with him a son, John Lycan, a negro man, and a boy and two of his neighbors, John Revolt and Ludwig Shut. That Andrew Lycan and John Revolt went out early that morning to fodder their creatures, when two guns were fired at them, but did not hurt them: upon which they ran into the house and prepared themselves for an engagement. That then the Indians got under cover of a hog-house near the dwelling house, John Lycan, Revolt, and Shut, crept out of the house, in order to get a shot at them, but were fired at by the Indi- ans, and all wounded, and Shut in the abdomen. That An- INTRODUCTION. 103 drew Lycan saw one of the Indians over the hog-house, and got a little distance from it ; and also saw two white mt-n run out of the hog-house and get a little distance from it. That upon this, our people endeavored to escape, but were pursued by the Indians to the number of sixteen or upwards, and John Lycan and Revolt being badly wounded, were able to do nothing, and so went off with the negro, and left And-rew Lycan, Shut and the boy, engaged with the Indians. That the enemy pursued so closely, that one of them came up to the boy and was going to strike his tomahawk into him, when Shut turned and shot him dead, and Lycan shot another, and he is positive that he killed him — saw a third fall, and thinks they wounded some more of them. That they being now both ill wounded, and almost spent, they sat down on a log to rest themselves, and the Indians stood a little way off look- ing at them. That one ol the said Indians killed was Bill Davis, and two others they knew to be Tom Hickman and Tom Hayes, all Delawares, and well known in these parts. That all our men got into Hanover township, and under the care of a doctor, and are likely to do well, but have lost all they are worth. And that the people of that township were raising a number of men to go after the enemy. The above people lived twen- ty-five miles below Shamokin, at or near Wiskinisco creek. There were many singular and dangerous encounters be- tween the English and Indians, which seem to startle the reader. But among the many achievements, says Loudon, against the Indians in our wars with them, few exceed that performed by Samuel Bell, formerly owner of the noted farm on the Stony Ridge, five miles below Carlisle, which was as follows : Some time after General Braddock's defeat, he and his brother, James Bell, agreed to go into Shearman's valley to hunt for deer, and were to meet at Croghan's, now Sterret's Gap, on the Blue Mountain, by some means or other they did not meet, and Samuel slept all night in a cabin belonging to Mr. Patton on Shearman's creek : in the morning he had not travelled far before he spied three Indians, who at the same time saw him, they all fired at each other ; he wounded one of the Indians, but received no damage, except through his clothes by the balls ; several shots were fired on both sides, for each took a tree ; he took out his tomahawk and stuck it 104 INTRODUCTION. into the tree behind which he stood, so that should they ap- proach he might be prepared ; the tree was grazed with the Indian's balls, and he had thoughts of making his escape by flight, but on reflection had doubts of his being able to out- run them. After some time the two Indians took the wound- ed one and put him over a fence, and one took one course and the other another, taking a compass so that Bell could no longer secure himself by the tree, but by trying to ensnare him they had to expose themselves, by which means he had the good fortune to shoot one of them dead, the other ran and took the dead Indian on his back, one leg over each shoulder : by this time Bell's gun was again loaded ; he then ran after the Indian until he came within about four yards from him, fired, and shot through the dead Indian, and lodged his ball in the other, who dropped the dead man and ran off; on his return, coming past the fence where the wounded In- dian was, he despatched him, but did not know he had killed the third Indian until his bones were found afterwards. About the 4th April, 1756, McCord's fort in Conoco- cheague, was burned by the Indians, and twenty-seven per- sons were killed or captured ; the Indians escaped the pur- suit of two parties of inhabitants of the vicinity, who had divided themselves into three parties to seek them. Several other forts along the frontier line were watched by outlying parties of savages, and every straggler was made a prisoner or shot down. The third party came up with the enemy at Sidling hill, with whom they had a smart engagement for two hours, during which they fired twenty-four rounds, but were overpowered by numbers, the Indians having been suc- ceeded by a force under Shingas. Each side sustained a loss of about twenty killed and as many wounded, In a letter dated, at Shippensburg, April 12, 1756, a list of the killed and wounded, in the above named engagement with the Indians, is given. KiLtED of the company under the command of Captain Culbertson : Alexander Culbertson, captain ; John Reynolds, ensign of Capt. Cham- bers' company ; William Kerr, James Blair, John Layson, William Denny, Francis Scott, William Boyd, Jacob Paynter, Jacob Jones, Ro- bert Kerr and William Chambers. Wounded, Abraham Jones, Francis Campbell, William Reynolds, John Barnet, Benjamin Blyth, John McDonald and Isaac Miller. ■ Killed of Captain Hamilton's men under the command of Ensign Jamieson, Daniel McCoy, James Robinson, James Peace, John Blair, Henry Jones, John McCarty and John Kelly. INTRODUCTION. 105 WocNDED, Ensign Jamieson, James Robinson, William Hunter, Ma- thias Ganshorn, Wm. Swailes, and James Lowder (since dead). [Letter from Hance Hamilton to Capt. Potter.] Fort Littleton, April 4, 1756, 8 o'clock, P. M. Sir — These come to inform you of the melancholy news of what oc- curred between the Indians that have taken many captives from Mc- Cord's Fort, and a party of men under the command of Capt. Alexander Culbertson, and nineteen of our men, the whole amounting to about fifty with the captives, and had a sore engagement, many of both par- ties killed and many wounded; the number unknown; those wounded want a surgeon, and those killed require your assistance as soon as possible to bury them. We have sent an express to Fort Shirley for Doctor Mercer, supposing Dr. Jamison is killed, or mortally wounded in the expedition, he being not refurned; therefore desire you will send an express immediately for Dr. Prentice to Carlisle, we imagin- ing Dr. Mercer cannot leave the Fort under the circumstances the Fort is under. Our Indian Isaac has brought in Capt. Jacob's Scalp (!) [Not quite certain.] Sir, please to exert yourself in this affair, I am sir, &c. Hance Hamiltok. Peteus' TowNsnip, in Cumberland county, April 11th, 1756. May it please your Honor, (Gov. Morris,) Upon my return to Cu.iaberland county, I applied immediately to Captain Burd and Captain Patterson, for the draughts out of their com- panies, according to your Honor's instructions ; but the time for which most of their men was enlisted, is expired, they could not fulfil your Honor's orders. Most of the Forts had not received their full com- plement of guns. But we are in a great measure supplied by the arms the young men had brought with them. Capt. Patterson had received but thirty three fire arms; Capt. Mercer has not so many, but is supplied by Mr. Croghan's arms; and Capt. Hamilton has lost a considerable number of his at the late skirmish beyond Sideling Hill. As I can neither have the men, arms, nor blankets, I am obliged to apply to your honor for them; the necessity of our circumstances has obliged me to muster before two magistrates the one-half oi my company whom I enlisted, and am obliged to borrow yours. I pray that with all possible expedition, fifty-four fire arms, and as many blankets, and a quantity of flints may be sent me; tor since McCord's Fort has been taken, and the men defeated that pursued, our country is in the utmost confusion. Great numbers have left the county, and many are preparing to follow. May il please your Honor to allow me an Ensign, for I find that a sergeant's pay will not prevail with men to enlist in whom much confidence is to be reposed. I beg leave to recommend Arch- ibald Erwin to your honor for this purpose. As Mr. Hoops can give your honor a particular account of the late incursions of the enemy, I need not trouble your honor with any account of mine. I am your Honor's most obliged, humble servant, John Stkel. 106 INTRODUCTION. Lancaster, 24lh of April, 1756. To Hon. R. H. Morris, Gov. Honored Sir: The enclosed is a copy of a paper which Mr. George Sanderson of this town brought here yesterday from Carlisle, said to have been found in Mr. McDowell's pocket who was lately killed at the head of a party of Indians from Fort Du Quesne, by the Virginia militia on Polowmack. I see by the newspapers, it was supposed that Captain Culberl- son's men, who went in pursuit of the Indians that took McCord's Fort, had killed fifteen of the enemy, among whom they were confident Capt. Jacobs is one (1). If Mr. Francis Campbell, of Shippensburg. wrote that account, as he was one of the party, I suppose it was rea- dily believed, he being known by some gentlemen in Philadelphia to be a person of credit and sense; but his relation of that transaction difl'ers widely from the following story, as to the number of Indians killed, which was told to me two days ago by Mr. Benjamin Blythe, living near Shippensburg, who was also in the battle ; he says our men gave the first fire, but without any success ; that then the Indians ran from their fire places with their arms and ammunition, and in less than ten minutes our men found themselves surrounded, which they did not discover before the Indians fired upon them, that notwithstand- ing our men were so exposed to the enemy's fire and dropping every now and then, they fought about two hours and a half by his watch, and then perceiving a reinforcement from Shingas' party, they unani- mously agreed to endeavor to break the enemies circle, as he called it, in order to make them retreat, in which they luckily succeeded. He says they killed but three of the Indians, to the best of his knowledge, and that he doubts whether Capt. Jacobs was one of them; he rather thinks the man taken to be him, was a great warrior in his company. This Blythe is an intelligent, sensible man, of good reputation ; he had the misfortune to be shot through the arm. He says that where they broke the circle, three stout Indians, who had just discharged their pieces, rose off" the ground from behind a thicket of grubs and ran oflT; that he drew his trigger at them, but his gun only burnt priming. The Indians make use of rifled guns for the most part, and there is such a difference between these sort of guns, and smooth bored, that if I was in an engagement with the savages, I would sooner stand my chance with one of the former sort, which might require a minute to clean load and discharge, than be possessed with a smooth, broad gun, which could discharge three times in the same space ; for at 150 yards distance with the one, I can seldom or ever hit the board of two feet wide and six feet long. I cannot say I have been pleased with the sight of any of the guns which have been carried through this borough for the service of the Province. I don't mention this as a reflection on the Commission- ers, who have done for the best in that respect, but still it is unfortu- nate for us. Yet, I beg your Honor not inform them of this remark. I am, your Honor's, &c. Edward Shippen, " In the year 1756, captain Jacobs, an Indian chief and INTRODUCTION. 107 forty warriors, came upon the Coves, in Cumberland county, burned and destroyed that Httle settlement, killed many and took a number of prisoners. One Hugh McSwine was abroad at the time, when he came home, he followed after, and overtook them at Tussey's Narrows; Jacobs took him for a spy and made him prisoner ; there was with this party of Indians, one Jackson a white man, who had joined the Indians, and was more industrious and revengeful than the native Indians ; next morning captain Jacobs sent McSwine and another pri- soner, under the care of Jackson and one warrior, by whom he also sent his horse and a silver mounted gun, while thev went in quest of some more of the poor unhappy inhabitants'^; the Indian and Jackson, with the two prisoners, travelled un- til night came on, when they took up their lodging in a waste cabin, and sent McSwine to cut rails to make a fire, but when he got the axe, he began to think how he could manage to kill both Indian and white man, and immediately put his plan into execution ; he went in with his axe, split down the Indian, but before he had time to strike another blow, Jack- son was on his feet, and they instantly got in gripes with each other ; they were both very strong men, and after a long time, McSwine began to fail, and was still calling on the other man to assist him, but he stood trembling, and could do nothing; at length McSwine had the good fortune to get one of the guns in his hand, knocked down his antagonist, and so put an end to him ; he scalped both the Indian and Jackson ; and next evening arrived at lort Cumberland,* with captain Jocob's horse and gun, Col. Washington sent him to Winchester, (Virginia,) where he got paid for the scalps, horse and gun, and received a lieutenant's commission. " About this time there was a party of Cherokees, seventy in number, who came to the assistance of the people of Penn- sylvania ; they went in pursuit of a party of Indians as far as the west side of sideling hill, when they despaired of com- ing up with them and returned. There was some white men along with these Cherokees, among whom was Hugh Mc- * We have been informed, that the reason of McSwine's going so quickly to fort Cumberland was, Capt. Jacobs with his party, intended to attack the fort the day after McSwine arrived there, but by his giv- ing information to Col. Washington, he was prepared for them, and they were disappointed in their plans, the fort was not taken. — A. Lou- don, Editor. 108 INTRODUCTION. Swine ; this party in their return fell in with another party of Indians coming into the settlements, to murder, and a skirmish ensued, but by some means McSwine was parted from his company, and pursued by these Indians, his gun being load- ed, he turned round and shot the one nearest to him, and then ran on, and charging again, shot another, upon which the third gave a yell and turned back ; the Cherokees shortly af- ter brought in four scalps and two prisoners of the enemy, one of which was a squaw, who had been twelve times at war. About this time some Cherokees and white men went to reconnoitre fort Duquesne, and in returning home the white men was not able to keep up with the Indians, and so were left behind in the wilderness, and some of them got home in a very distressing condition. Hugh McSwine, after many dangerous enterprises, and much toil and fatigue, many bat- tles and skirmishes with the Indians, in defence of his coun- try, fell by them in a battle near Ligonier. "William Mitchel, an inhabitant of Conococheague,had col- lected a number of reapers to cut down his grain ; having gone out to the field, the reapers all laid down their guns at the fence, and set in to reap, the Indians suffered them to reap on for some time till they got out into the open field, they then secured their guns, killed and captured them every man. " At another time there came a party of Indians into Conococheague and took a number of scalps and prisoners, for at that time the inhabitants were never secure, no sooner had one party finished their work of destruction and retreat- ed, than another commenced their deprivations ; however a large company of men was quickly collected and pursued those Indians, overtook them at Sidling hill and surprised them in their camp ; upon which the Indians ran off with the greatest precipitation and left their guns behind, but the w^hite men neglected to secure them, the Indians taking a circuitous course, procured their guns, came upon them and defeated them ; but whether the prisoners were released or not, we do not remember of hearing."* The Indians persevered in their depredations and works of destruction. On Wednesday, the 26th May, 1756, they came to the plantation of John Wasson, in Peters' township, • Loudon's Narrative, Vol. ii., p. 190— '92. INTRODUCTION. 109 Cumberland county, (now Franklin,) whom they killed and mangled in so horrid and cruel a manner, that a regard to de- cency forbids describing it ; and afterwards burnt his house, and carried off his wife. A party of Peters' and Steel's men went out after the enemy, but to no purpose. Some time in June, Fort Bigham, in Tuscarora valley, about twelve miles from Mifflin, was destroyed by the Indi- ans. A number were carried off and some killed. George Woods, Nathaniel Bigham, Robert Taylor, his wifc^," done child, and John McDonnel were missing. Some of these, it was supposed, were burnt, as a number of bones were found. Susan Giles was found dead and scalped ; Alexander McAl- lister and his wife, James Adams, Jane Cochran, and two children were missed. McAllister's house had been burnt, and a number of cattle and horses had been driven off. The enemy was supposed to be numerous, as they did eat and car- ry off a great deal of the beef they had killed — Pa. Gazette. George Woods was the father-in-law of James Ross, who ran for Governor, and raised some fifteen years ago in Bradford. Hance, or John Gray, afterwards joined a volunteer company, and went against the Indians in Kittaning, with the hopes of finding his wife and child. Shortly after the Kittaning expedition, he died in Bucks county. Francis Innis remained a prisoner or captive, till the Indian treaty. Har. Res;. 192. July 26th, 1756, they killed Joseph Martin, and took cap- tive John McCulloughand James McCullough, in the Conoco- cheague settlement.* August 27th there was a great slaugh- ter or massacre, wherein the Indians tilled thirty-nine persons. This happened on the Salisbury plain, near the mouth of Co- nococheague creek, as a number of men, women and children were attending a funeral, they were fired on by the Indians, who killed and scalped fifteen persons, and wounded many of the others. The same day six men went from Isaac Baker's upon the scout ; one returned wounded ; four were killed, and the other was captured. And six others, going to one Er- win's, to haul grain were attacked ; one wounded in the hand, who, together with a companion, escaped ; the rest were kill- ed. Four more, who went from Shirley's fort, were also masacred or made prisoners. On the same day, two families • See Appendix, D, McCuUough's Narrative. 10 m 110 INTRODUCTION. on Salisbury plain, consisting of nine persons, were most inhu- manly butchered and mangled. Upon the following day, as Captain Emmet and a scouting party were crossing the South mountain, they were fired on, and three of their number killed and two wounded. A few days after this, one William Morrison went to his place in Conococheague settlement, where he was discovered by five Indian"?, and, finding he could not escape by running, he put himse'f ,^in an active position, beckoning and making signs, first to one side, then to the other, as if a party of his friends were at hand, trying to surround the Indians, which they per- ceiving, retreated into the woods, and he got off safe.* August 28, 1756, Betty Ramsey, her son and the cropper .killed, and her daughter taken captive. Some time in the month of July, 1756, the Indians appear- ed again in Shearman's valley, and abducted Hugh Robinson. I was, says Robinson, taken captive by the Indians, from Robin's fort in Shearman's valley, in July, 1756, at which time my mother was killed ; I was taken back to their towns, where I suffered much from hunger and abuse; many times they beat me most severely, and once they sent me to gather wood to bum myself, but I cannot tell whether they intended to do it or to frighten me ; however, I did not remain long before I was adopted into an Indian family, and then I Uved as they did, though the living was very poor. I was then about fourteen years of age: my Indian father's name was Busqueetam; he was lame in consequence of a wound received by his knife in skinning a deer, and being unable to walk, he ordered me to drive forks in the ground and cover it with bark to make a lodge for him to lie in, but the forks not be- ing secure they gave way, and the bark fell down upon him and hurt him very much, which put him in a great rage, and calling for his knife, ordered us to carry him upon a blanket into the hut, and I must be one that helps to carry him in ; while we were carrying him I saw him hunting for the knife, but my Indian mother had taken care to convey it away, and when we had got him again fixed in his bed, my mother or- dered me to conceal myself, which I did ; I afterwards heard him reproving her for putting away the knife; for by this time I had learned to understand a little of their language. • Gordon's His. Pa. 620. INTSIODUCTION. Ill However his passion wore off and we did very well for the future. Some time after this all the prisoners in the neighborhood w^ere collected to be spectators of the cruel death of a poor, unhappy woman, a prisoner, amongst which number I was. The particulars is as follows: When Col. Armstrong destroy- ed the Kittaning this woman fled to the white men, but by some means lost them and fell into the hands of the Indians, who stripping her naked, bound her to a ix)st, and applying hot irons to her whilst the skin stuck to the iron at every touch, she screaming in the most pitiful manner, and crying for mercy, but these ruthless barbarians were deaf to her agonizing shrieks and prayers; and continued their cruelty till death released her from the torture of those hellish fiends. Of this shocking scene at which human nature shudders, the prisoners were all brought to be spectators. I shall omit giving any particular account of our encamping and decamping, and our moving from place to place, as every one knows this is the constant employment of Indians. I had now- become pretty well acquainted with their manners and customs, had learned their language, and was become a tolerable good hunter — was admitted to their dances, to their sacrifices, and religious ceremonies. Some of them have a tolerable good idea of the Supreme Being ; and I have heard some of them very devoutly thanking their Maker, that they had seen an- other spring, cind had seen the flowers upon the earth. I ob- served that their prayers and praises, was for temporal things. They have one bad custom amongst them ; that if one man kill another, the friends of the deceased, if they cannot get the murderer, they wall kill the nearest akin. I once saw an instance of this ; two of them quarrelled, and the one killed the other, upon which the friends of the deceased rose in pur- suit of the murderer, but he having made his escape, his friends were all hiding themselves; but the pursuers happened to find a brother of the murderers, a boy^ concealed under a log, they immediately pulled him out from his concealment, he plead strongly that it was not him that killed the man ; this had no weight with the avengers of blood, they instantly sunk their tomahawks into his body and despatched him. But they have some rules and regulations among them that is good; their ordinary way of living is miserable and poor, of- ten without food. They are amazing dirty in their cookery, 112 INTRODUCTION. sometimes they catch a number of frogs, and hang them up to dry, when a deer is killed they will split up the guts and give them a plunge or two in the water, and then dry them, and when they run out of provisions, they will take some of the dried frogs, and some of the deers guts and boil them, till the flesh of the frogs is dissolved, then they sup the broth. Having now been with them a considerable time, a favora- ble opportunity offered for me to regain my liberty, my old father Busquetum, lost a horse and he sent me to hunt for him, after searching some time I came home and told him that I had discovered his tiacks at some considerable dis- tance, and that I thought I could find him, that I would take my gun and provision, and would hunt for three or four days and if I could kill a bear or deer 1 would pack home the meat on the horse; accordingly I packed up some provision, and started towards the white settlements, not fearing pur- suit for some days, and by that time I would be out of the reach of the pursuers. But before I was aware, I was almost at a large camp of Indians, by a creek side ; this was in the evening and I had to conceal myself in a thicket till it was dark, and then passed the camp, and crossed the creek in one of their canoes ; I was much afraid that their dogs would give the alarm, but happily got safe past. I travelled on for several days, and on my way I spied a bear, shot at and wounded him, so that he could not run ; but being too hasty ran up to him with my tomahawk, before I could give a blow, he gave me a severe stroke on the leg, which pained me very much, and retarded my journey much longer than it otherwise would have been ; however I travelled on as well as I could till I got to the Alleghany river, where I collected some poles, with which 1 made a raft, and bound it together with elm bark and grape-vines, by which means I got over the river, but in crossing which I lost my gun. I arrived at fort Pitt in fourteen days from the time of my start, after a captivity of five years and four months. — Lovdon's JVai'rative vol. ii. 190-'94. In July the savages murdered some persons in Shearman's valley. The Indians, says Robert Robison, w^ay-laid the fort in harvest time and kept quiet until the reapers were gone ; James Wilson remaining some time behind the rest, and I not being gone to my business, which was hunting deer, for the use of the company, Wilson standing at the fort gate, I INTRODUCTION. 113 desired liberty to shoot his gun at a mark, upon which he gave me the gun, and I shot ; the Indian on the upper side of the fort, thinking they were discovered, rushed on a daughter of Robert Miller, and instantly killed her, and shot at John Simnaeson, they then made the best of it that they could, and killed the wife of Jmaes Wilson,* and the widow Gibson, and took Hugh Gibson and Betsey Henry prisoners ; the reapers being forty in number returned to the fort and the Indians made olT. Some time after Braddock's" defeat. Fort Granville was erected at a place called Old Town, on the bank of the Ju- niata, some distance from the present site of Lewistown, then Cumberland, now Mifflin county, where a company of en- listed soldiers were kept, under the command of Lieutenant Armstrong. Tlie position of the fort was not the most fa- A'orable. The Indians who had been lurking about there for some time and knowing that Armstrong's men "were few in number, sixty of them appeared, July 22, before the fort, and challenged the garrison to combat ; but this was declin- ed by the commander, in consequence of the weakness of his force. The Indians fired at and wounded one man belonging to the fort, who had been a short way from it — yet, he got in safe ; after which they divided themselves into small par- ties, one of w^hich attacked the plantation of one Baskins, near Juniata, whom they murdered, burnt his house and car- ried off his wife and children ; and another made Hugh Car- roll and his family prisoners. On the 30th of July, Captain Ward left the fort with all his men, except twenty-four under the command of Lieut. Armstrong, to guard some reapers in Shearman's valley. — Soon after the Captain's departure, the fort was attacked by about one hundred Indians and French, who having assailed it in vain during the afternoon and night of that day, took to the Juniata creek, and, protected by its bank, attained a deep ravine, by which they were enabled to approach, with- out fear of injury, to within ten or twelve yards of the fort, to which they succeeded in setting it on fire. Through a hole thus made they killed the Lieutenant and private, and wound- ed three others while endeavoring to extinguish the fire.— • While the Indian was scalping Mrs. Wilson, the relator shot at and wounded him but he made his escape. — A. Loudow, Editor. 10* 114 INTRODUCTION. The enemy then offering quarters to the besieged, if they would surrender, one Turner immediately opened the gate to them. They took prisoners, twenty-two soldiers, three wo- men, and seven children, whom they loaded with burdens and drove them off. The fort was burnt by Captain Jacobs, pursuant to the order of the French commander. When the Indians reached Kittaning,they put Turner to death with the most horrid tortures. They tied him to a post, danced around him, made a great fire, and having heated gun-barrels red- hot, ran them through his botjy. Having tormented him for three hours, they scalped him alive, and at last held up a boy with a hatchet in his hand, to give him the finishing stroke. — Gordori's His. Pa. p. 619. Before leaving Fort Granville, they posted up a paper, which was afterwards found there, and was sent to the Gov- ernor and council ; and has since been carefully kept among other papers and letters in the Secretary's office. The fol- lowing is a literal transcript of the original, copied by the writer in December, 1844. The paper appears to be a mere fragment of a letter. It is incoherent — has many omissions, which are not easily sup- plied, without knowing the particular circumstances unde- which it was written. II nece poin duxe peu ne pase pas que Jamay j"e nous Regarde de bon Coeur Et nesperce jamay auqueune grase de raapare Car jene auqueune an vie de vous voyr apre le Chagrien que vous mave Cau- sez ain si Char Cher allteur pour moy nel'aitte poin defou non plus sur un in Conseten qui ne panse Cason pie sir Croye moy Char Che fore tune allieurs pour moy je n ne panse arien moy Case la il nez rien qui puise me De tou ne de nest sanii man adie bon soir el nes pa tar je par de mein vous mouve toujoure dixetros vous il nes pa Conve- nabie que vous Restier isci Cela ne vous Conrenien pas Cinon je prandre plu vous prandre des Mesure pour y me ditour nerplu je serai rustique ne panse pa que serve devous percequitte vous panserie malle Car je sivous voulle netre poin tenu retire v.us demoy Car je ne sour- ois re sis ter Vostre Servette Pinella Ciere. The following is also copied from the same paper of the original. It is an interlineal, rotho graphical correction of the original *' spelling:'* INTRODUCTION. 115 August the 18th, 1756. To Hance Hamilton : Sir— I have sent express to you with the French letter, and one from Lieu- tenant Thompson, and a copy of that I have sent per Captain Hamilton and Ensign Scott, and the remainder I will send by Potter and Steel's men. Lieutenant Holiday sent to me last night for blankets, and says that his men are all going to leave him for want of the same, as the in- habitants have all left the fort. Capt. Potter has forty-seven men; and how many Captain Steel has I cannot tell; I believe about thirty or upwards. If you have any blankets send them by the bearer. I believe I will make up near twenty strays, and the remainder I sent by Potter and Steel's men, which I hope you will receive at your arrival there. I have nothing more, that I remember, but my compliments to Mrs. Armstrong, and my earnest desire of your welfare and success. I am, with much esteem, your most humble servant, AuAM Hoops. N. B. I have got 39 pair of horse shoes, and 15 pair which are put on the horses. Since I wrote, the Courier (carrier) has come to me to let me know that near John Lindsay's, five or six Indians were seen, and that one was shot down at the Grindstone Hill; and he says that they cannot carry out the flour which they had agreed for with them : there are not five lamilies in all those parts, but what are now fled ; the settlement is lull of Indians, and are seen in many places. A. H. Wednesdat Morning, 5 o'clock, August 19, 1756. Dear Sir — I have last night received a letter by express from my Lieutenant which I have enclosed, with the original of the French letter, left at Fort Granville (near Lewistown, Mifllin county). We are all scarce of powder and lead at our forts. I am obliged to get a little from Mr. Hoops, and to give mv receipt as for the expedition. There is a party of Captain Mercer's company here ; and on our re- ceiving this letter we marched directly, taking with us twelve beef cat- tle, and the packhorses which belong to the two forts. The rest are to be brought up by Captain Potter's and Steel's men. Sir, there were five of my men who were free, about the 7th of July, and they continued in the service, until they heard of Fort Granville . being taken (and not be qualified they went ofl^ as it is reported for want of ammunition ; and we being so scarce, they openly refused to serve longer under such circumstances. Sir, I am your afl^ectionate, humble servant, Hanck Hamhtoh. To Col. John Armstrong, at Carlisle. Shortly after Fort Granville had been destroyed, Colonel 116 INTRODUCTION. Armstrong entered upon what is well known as the Kittaning expedition. He advanced with three hundred men, till he reached the Beaver Dams, near Fronkstown, where he was joined by an advanced party, on Sept. 2d. On the 7th in the evening he reached Kittaning, and routed the enemy. (Par- ticulars of the expedition will be noticed in the sequel.) Letter from Col. Armstrong to the Hon. R. H. Morris, Esq. late Governor. Carlisle, 20th August, 1756. May it please your Honor — To-morrow, God willing, the men march from McDowell's for Fort Shirley, and this afternoon some part of my own company, with the provisions here, set out for Shearman's valley, there to halt till the residue come up. This night I expected to have been at Fort Shir- ley, but am much disappointed in getting in of the strays, for collec- ting' whereof we shall not wait longer than this day. Hunter has got about half a score, and commissary Hoops about a dozen. The com- missioners (for which your Honor will please to make them my sincere compliments) have sent every thing necessary except the canteens ■wrote for by Mr. Buchannan, which I am persuaded ihey have forgot, and which we must supply by tin quarts. They were probably right in keeping back the tents, as they might have proven an incumbrance, and there is not one shilling laid out on this occasion that does not give me sensible uneasiness, but through the want of experience, and few- ness of our numbers, the good end proposed .should fail of being ob- tained. I am not yet determined whether to wait twenty-four hours longer on the answer of a letter sent to Colonel Ciapham for the intelligence of John Cox, who has been some time with, and now made his escape from the Indians, which I think would be very material, and which, if waited for until to-morrow, or Sunday night, will make it Tuesday before we can reach Fort Shirley. I dare not venture any thing of consequence now with a single messenger, so many Indians being in the woods. The harvest season, with the two attacks on Fort Granville (Lew- . istown) has left us bare of ammunition, that I shall be obliged to apply to the stores here for some quantity, for the expedition. The Captains, Hamilton and Mercer, having broken open the part I sent to McDowell's for Fort Shirley, and given them receipts as for the expedition, though I know it for the particular defence of those two posts : nor will it be in my power to prevail with double the number of men, and a double quantity of ammunition to keep a Fort, that would have done it before the taking of Fort Granville. I hope the first opportunity of conveying ammunition to this town will be ta- ken. For farther proofs of the numbers of Indians among us and wasie of this country, I shall enclose your Honor some letters lately received. Since the escape of the Dutchman, whose deposition I sent your Ho- nor, is also escaped a certain Peter Walker taken from Granville, and saith, that of the enemy not less than one hundred and twenty returned INTRODUCTION. 117 all in health, except one Frenchman shot through the shoulder by Lieutenant Armstrong a little before his death, as the Frenchman was erecting his bodj' out of the hollow to see through the pine knots on the fire made against the Fort; and of this number there were about a do- zen of French, who had for their interpreter one McDowell, a Scotch- man. This McPowell told Walker they designed very soon to attack Fort Shirley, with four hundred men. Captain Jacobs said he could take any Fort that would catch fire, and would make peace with the English when they had learned him to make gunpowder. McDowell told Walker they had two Indians killed in the engagement, but the Captains, Armstrong and Ward, whom I ordered on their march to Fort Shirley to examine every thing at Granville, and send a list of whom remained among the ruins, assure me they found some parts of etght of the enemy burnt in two different places, the joints of them being scarcely separated, and parts of their shirts found, through which there were bullet holes. To secrete these from our prisoners was doubtless the reason why the French officer marched our people some distance from the Fort before they gave orders to burn the barracks, &c. Walk- er says that some of the Germans flagged very much on the second day, and that the Lieutenant behaved with the greatest bravery to the last, despising all the terrors and threats of the enemy, whereby they often urged him to surrender, though he had been near two days with- out water, but a little ammunition left, the fort on fire, and the enemy situated within twelve or fourteen yards of the fort, under the natural bank, he was as far from yielding as when at first attacked ; a French- man in our service fearful of being, as leave of the Lieutenant to treat with his countrymen, in the French language; the Lieutenant answer- ed, "The first word of French you speak in this engagement, I'll blow your brains out," telling his men to hold out bravely, for the flame was falling and he would soon have it extinguished, but soon after received the fatal bail. The French officer refused the soldiers the liberty of interring his corpse, though it was to be done in an instant when they raised the clay to quench the fire. One Brandon, a soldier who had been shot through the knee, on the approach of the enemy, called out, ''I am a Roman Catholic, and will go with you," but the Indians regardless of his faith, observing he could not march, soon despatched him with tomahawk. As Fort Shirley is not easily defended, and their water may be taken possession of by the enemy, it running at the foot of a high bank east- ward of the fort, and no well dug, lam of opinion, from its remote situ- ation, that it cannot serve the country in the present circumstances, and if attacked, I doubt will be taken if not strongly garrisoned, but (ex- tremities excepted) I cannot evacuate this without your Honor's or- ders. Lyttleton, Shippensburg and Carlisle (the two last not finished) are the only forts now built that will, in my opinion, be serviceable to the public. McDowell's, or thereabouts, is a necessary post, but the present fort not defencible. The duties of the harvest have not admitted me to finish Carlisle Fort with the soldiers, it should be done, and a barracks erected within the fort, otherwise the soldiers cannot be so well govern- 118 INTRODUCTION. ed, and may be absent or without the gates, at a time of the greatest necessity. * I am honored sir, your Honor's most obedient and humble servant, John Abmstkoko. [Prov. Rec. P. p. 10-12]. The Indians at one of their inroads murdered a family of seven persons on Shearman's creek, from there they passed over the mountain at Croghan's, now Sterret's gap, and wounded a man, killed a horse, and captured Mrs. Boyde, her * two sons and a daughter,* upon Conodoguinet creek. Another time they came down upon the frontiers of Lan- caster, now Dauphin county ; the first assault was upon a wagon belonging to a German in which he was endeavoring to move off, but being killed a small distance behind the wa- gon, those with the wagon fled to a fort not far distant : the men in the fort being alarmed at the report of the Indian guns, came to see the occasion of it, and met a woman run- ning towards them crying ; they proceeded to where the wa- gon stood, and at some distance behind the man lay, toma- hawked and scalped, and the brains issuing from the wounds, although he was still breathing. The wagon being left standing in the same place, it was pillaged and destroyed in the night. The next day twelve men were sent to acquaint the men at the next fort about eight miles distant of what had hap- pened, who were fired upon from an ambuscade, and were killed and wounded all but two, who were pursued, but es- caped. Mrs. Boggs, of the same neighborhood, while riding to a neighbor's house, was fired upon by the Indians, her horse killed, and she with a young child taken prisoner, whom they treated in the most barbarous and cruel manner, not suffering the child to suck, sometimes throwing it in the road, and kicking it before them ; after three days' marching in this manner, they carried the child into the woods, where they murdered and scalped it, with savage cruelty. The savages still continued their " work of blood and butchery," during and after harvest, in Cumberland county, and in the upper part of Lancaster, so that the inhabitants were obliged in order to gather their harvest, to be under the INTRODUCTION. 119 protection of armed men, and even then many were surprised and massacred by the enemy. The following extracts from letters written at the time, give the reader some idea of the deplorable condition of the frontier settlers : " Carlisle, den-22stn July, 1756. Am Sarastag giengen zwei Soldaten mit die Schnitter zu beshuetzen hej McDanels Muehl, und da sie nur ein wenig auf die Seite gingen, wurde der eine von den Indianern gescolpt und der andere gefangen mit genommen. Ein anderer Soldat wollte zwei Maedgen begleilen die Wasser holteu, der wurde gefangen und die Maedgen sprangen davon. Gestern sind zehen Meilen von hier bey McClure's Gap etliche In- dianerzu Jacob Peeple's Haus kommen, und haben sein Weib getoedet und zwei Kinder mit genommen ; der Knabe war 12 Jahraltund das Maedgen 2 Jahr alt. Ein alter Mann,Namens Solomon ein Schuhmach- er mangelt — Es ist nicht auszusprechen wie hefiig die Leute flichen mit ihren besten Zachen in die Festung. — Sauer's Zeitung, July, 1756. The distress of the frontier settlers had nearly reached its acme. An attempt to depict their sufferings, alarms, and fears, would prove a failure. In the fall of 1755, the coun- try west of the Susquehanna possessed three thousand men fit to bear arms ; and in August 1756, exclusive of the Pro- vincial forces, there w^ere not one hundred ; fear having dri- ven the greater part from their homes into the interior of the province. — Gordon's Pa. 430. Governor Morris, in his message to the Assembly, August 16, 1756, says, " The people to the west of the Susquehanna, distressed by the frequent incursions of the enemy, and weak- ened by their great losses, are moving into the interior parts of the Province, and I am fearful that the whole county will be evacuated, if timely and vigorous measures are not taken to prevent it." — Votes of Assembly, iv. p. 504. The few who had not fled petitioned the Governor, Coun- cil and Assembly, for aid to protect them against the ravages of a restless, barbarous and merciless enemy. Their several petitions are given below. To the Honorable Robert Hunter Morris, Esq., Lieut. Gov. of Province of Pennsylvania. The address of part of the remaining inhabitants of Cumberland county, most humbly showeth, that the French and their savage allies have from time to time made several incursions into this county, have in the most inhuman and barbarous manner murdered great numbers of our people and carried others into captivity, and being greatly em- 120 INTRODUCTION. boldened by a series of success, not only attempted, but also took Fort Granville on the 30th July last, then commanded by the late Lieutenant Edward Armstrong, and carried off the greatest part of the garrison, prisoners, from whom doubtless the enemy will be informed of the weakness of this frontier, and how incapable we are of defending ourselves against their incursions, which will be a great inducement for them to redouble their attacks, and in all probability force the re- maining inhabitants of this county lo evacuate it. Great numbers of the inhabitants are already fled, and others preparing to go off; finding that it is not in the power of the troops in pay of the government (were we certain of their being continued) to prevent the ravages of our restless, barbarous and merciless enemy. It is therefore greatly to be doubted that (without a further protection) the inhabitants of this county will shortly endeavor to save themselves and their effects, by flight, which must consequently be productive of considerable incon- veniencies to his Majesty's interest in general, and to the welfare of the people of this Province in particular. Your petitioners being fully convinced of your Honor's concern for a strict attachment to his Majesty's interest, have presumed to request that your Honor would be pleased to take our case into considera- tion, and, if agreeable to your Honor's judgment, to make application to his Excellency, General Loudon, that part of the troops now rais- ing for his Excellency's regiment may be sent to, and for some time, continued in some of the most important and advantageous posts in this county, by whose assistance we may be enabled to continue a fron- tier if possible, and thereby induce the remaining inhabitants, to se- cure, at least, a part of the immense quantity of grain which now lies exposed to the enemy and subject to be destroyed or taken away by them ; and also enable the Provincial troops to make incursions into the enemy's country, which would contribute greatly to the safety and satisfaction of your Honor's petitioners — And your petitioners, as in duty bound shall ever pray, &c. Francis West, John Welsh, James Dickson, Robert Erwin, Samuel Smith, Wm. Buchanan, Daniel Williams, John Montgomery, Thos. Barker, John Lindsay, Jas. Lindsay, Thos. Urie, Jas. Buchanan, Wm. Spear, Jas. Polock, And. Mclntyre, Robert Gibson, Garret McDaniel, Arthur Foster, Jas. Brandon, John Houston, Patrick McCollom, James Reed, Thos. Lockertt, And. Dalton, John Irwin, Wm. Blyth, Robt. Mil- ler, Wm. Miller, Jas. Young, Jno. Davis, John Mitchell, John Pattison, Samuel Stevens, John Fox, Chas. Pattison, John Foster, Wm. McCas- kry, And. Calhoun, Jas. Stackpole, Wm. Sebbe, Jas. Robb, Samuel An- derson, Robert Robb, Samuel Hunter, A. Forster, Nath. Smyth. Read in council August 21, 1756. August 24, 1756. The humble supplication of the remaining part of the inhab- itants of East Pennsborough township, in Cumberland county, let- ting your worship know some part of our melancholy state ; we are at present, by reason of the savage Indians, who have not only killed our christian neighbors, but are coming nearer to us in their late slaughter ; and almost every day, numbers of our frontiers are leaving their places and travelling further down among the inhabitants, and we are INTRODUCTION. 121 made quite incapable of holding our frontiers good any longer, unless your worship can prevail with our Honorable Governor and Assembly to be pleased to send us speedy relief. May it please all to whom this shall come, to consider what an evil case we will be exposed to, in leaving our places, grain and cattle ; for we are not able to buy pro- visions for our families, much less for our cattle. And to live here we cannot, we are so weak handed, and those not removed are not pro- vided with guns and ammunition ; and we have agreed with a guard of fourteen men in number, and if it were in our power to pay for a guard, we should be satisfied ; but we are not able to pay them. Begging for God's sake, you may lake pity upon our families, and that their necessities may be considered by all gentlemen ttiat have charge of us. By the humble request of those who remain of the inhabitants of our township, to the Revd. Richard Peters, Secretary in Philadelphia. — Begging God to command a blessing on your endeavors. William Chesnut, John Sample, Francis McQuire, James McMuUen, Samuel McCormick, Tobias Hendrix, John McUormick, Rodger Wal- ton, Robert McWhinney, James Silver. Read in council August 28. From the following extracts, from the Provincial Records and Votes of Assembly, it is abundantly confirmed that the distress and alarm of the inhabitants, all along the frontier settlements, was very great indeed. September 6, 1756, a petition was presented and read from the Rev. John Steel, captain of a company at ('onococheague, in the pay of the Province, representing the most miserable condition to which the upper part ot Cumberland (now Franklin) county, bordering on Maryland was reduced to, by the ravages of the Indians, and the numbers killed and taken into captivity. Another petition from a number of inhabitants of Lurgan and Hope- well'townships, (the former now in Franklin, the latter in Cumberland county) setting forth their extreme distress, and praying for relief. Another petition from the inhabitants of Shippensburg and adjacent townships, setting forth Ihar miserable condition, and offering to finish a fort already begun by the late governor, if they shall be allowed men and ammunition to defend it. Mr. Joseph Armstrong, member of Assembly, and Adam Hoops, com- missary of provisions for the supply of the forces in Cumberland coun- ty, attending with a young man, who was taken prisoner by the Indians and had made his escape : they were examined as to the truth of jthe several matters mentioned in the petitions, and they confirmed the same, saying further, that a year ago there were three thousand men fit to bear arms, livers in that county, and now, exclusive of the Provincial forces, they were certain they did not amount to one hun- dred— that there never was, in the memory of man, a more abundant harvest, than after the burning of fort Granville by the Indians, which was done whilst the country people, guarded by detachments of the forces, were employed in reaping. The farmers abandoned their plan- tations, and left what corn was not then stacked or carried into barns^^ 11 122 INTRODUCTION. to perish on the ground, and that it was their opinion, if more force was not sent into those frontiers, or if Colonel Armstrong should miscarry, the west side of Susquehanna would be entirely abandoned. — Provin. Rec. P. p. 20. Carleil, August, 1756. " Wir hoeren das am 5ten August zwei Soldaten seyen getoedet und einer verwundet, zwei Meilen von McDowell's Fort. Und am 7ten ward einer getoedet mit Namen Dinwid- die, und einer gefangen, der aber wieder eschapirt. Am aten sey Casper Walter getoedet, aber nicht gescalpt ; und vier von seinen Kindern und John Mecky seine Tochter haben sie rait genommen. Es waren nur vier Indianer gusehen. Alle Einwohner in der ganzen Jegend sind sehr bestuertzt und in Unordnung. An der Juniata und in Sherman's Thai sind alle Leute weggeflohen, und die Plaetzesind leer." In the early part of November, some Indians were in the upper part of Cumberland (Franklin) county, only a few miles from McDowell's mill, where they barbarously mur- dered and mangled a number of inhabitants- They killed, and also carried off, the following named soldiers ; James McDon- ald, William McDonald, Bartholomew McCafferty, and An- thony McQuoid ; soldiers missing, James Corkem and Wil- ham Cornwall. The following inhabitants were killed ; John Culberlson, Samuel Perry, Hugh Kerrell, John Woods, with his wife and mother-in-law, and Elizabeth Archer ; inhabit- ants missing, four children belonging to John Archer, Samuel Neely, a boy, and James McQuoid, a child. A German writer notices the same incidents as follows : Cauleil den 8ten Novem. 1756. Dei vergangene Woche ist cin Parthei Indianer in dem obern Theil dieser County gewesen etliche Meilen von Mc- Dowell's Muehl, da haben sie viele Menschen barbarisch ge- mordert, und Kinder mit genommen. Vier Soldaten sind todt gefunden und zwei mangeln. Sie- ben Einwohner sind todt. Sechs Kinder und Samuel Neely mangeln. Samuel Perry wolte sein Pferd ins Feld thun, und da er larg ausblieb, gingen 14 Maun ihn zu suchen, und fan- den ihn gescalp aned mit Laub zugedeckt ; als sie zurueck kamen, lagen bey 80 Indianern im Busch; als sie die Indianer erblickt, schossen sie auf sie ; aber die Indianer schossen vier INTRODUCTION. 123 ' Soliiaten todt, und zwei mangeln noch.'' — Sauer^s Zeit- ung, Reading township, (Adams co.) Aug. 21, 1756. Honored Sir : I send your Honor the enclosed petition, at the solicitation of a great number of people. The complicated distresses of these poor creatures are beyond expression. What few inhabitants remained in Cumber- land are daily flying from thence ; so that in three or four days it will be totally relinquished. Marsh creek is now the frontier, and such a panic has seized the hearts of people in general, that unless we have soon some favorable turn in our affairs, I am afraid the enemy need not long be at the pains to dispute a claim to these two counties. I hope your Honor will pardon this freedom, and do me the justice to believe that I am, with gratitude and truth. Your Honor's most obedient and humble servant, Tho. Bahtoit. Richard Peters, Esq. Not only was the country west of the Susquehanna left nearly desolate and deserted, but also on the east side of the river, numerous murders were committed, and plantations abandoned. When imagination fails to conceive the peril and distress of the settlers of Paxton, Hanover, Derry, and other townships, then in Lancaster (now Dauphin and Lebanon counties) vain would it be to attempt to portray the scenes of horror. Some idea, however, may be formed of their condi- tion from the subjoined letters : Derby Township, 9lh Aug. 1756. Dear Sir: There is nothing but bad news every day. Last week there were two soldiers killed and one wounded about two miles from Manady fort; and two of the guards that escorted the batteaux were killed; and we may expect nothing else daily, if no slop be put to these sava- ges. We shall all be broken in upon in these parts — the people are going off daily, leaving almost their ail behind them; and as for my part, I think a littl-e time will lay the country waste by flight, so that the enemy will have nothing to do but take what we have worked for. Sir, your most Humble servant, James Galbbkath. Ed. Shippen, Esq. Dbert Township, 10th Aug. 1756. Honored Sir; There is nothing here almost every day but murder committed bj 124 INTRODUCTION. the Indians in some part or orher. About five miles above me, at Manady gap, there were two of the Province soldiers killed, one wounded. There were but three Indians, and ihey came in among ten of our men and committed the murder, and went off safe. The name or sight of an Indian makes almost all, in these parts, tremble — their barbarity is so cruel where they are masters ; for by all appearances, the devil communicates, God permits, and the French pay, and by that the back parts, by all appearances, will be laid waste by flight with those -who are gone and going, more especially Cumberland county. Pardon my freedom in th's, wherein I have done amiss. Sir, your most Humble servant, James Galbrfath. P. S. I am in want of the pistols. The above is fully corroborated by the following : Hanoveh, Aug. 7, 1756. To Edward Shippen, Esq. Sir : Yesterday, Jacob Ellis, a soldier of Capt. Smith's, at Brown's about two miles and a half over the first mountain, just within the gap, having some wheat growing at that place, prevailed with his officers fur some of the men, to help him to cut some of the grain ; accordingly ten of them went, set guards, and fell to work ; at about ten o'clock, they had reapt down, and went to the head to begin again, and before they had all well begun, three Indians having crept up to the fence just behind them, fired upon them and killed the corporal, and another who was standing with a gun in one hand and a bottle in the other was wounded — his left arm is broken in two places ; so that his gun fell, he being a little more down the field than the rest; those who were reaping had their fire arms about half way down the field, standing at a large tree ; as soon as the Indians had fired and without loading their guns, leaped over the fence right in amongst the reapers — one of them had left his gun behind on the out side of the field — they all ran promiscuously, while the Indians were making a terrible halluo, and looked more like the devil than Indians. The soldiers made for their fire arms, and as three of them stood behind the tree with their arms, the Indian that came wanting his gun, came within a few yards of them, and took up the w'ounded soldier's gun, and would have killed another, had not one who perceived him, fired at him, so that he drop- ped the gun. The Indians tied, and in going ofi", two soldiers standing about a rod apart, an Indian ran through between ihem,lhey both fired at him, yet he escaped ; when the Indians were over the fence, a sol- dier fired at one of them ; upon which he stooped a little — the three Indians escaped. Immediately after leaving the field, they fired one gun, and gave a halloo. The soldiers hid the one that was killed, went home to the fort, found James Brown, who lives in the lort, and one of the soldiers, missing. The Lieutenant, accompanied by some more, went out and brought in the dead man ; but still Brown was missing. Notice was given on that night, I went up next morning with some hands — Captain Smith had sent up more men from the other fort ; these went out next morn- ing, against I got there word was come in that they had found James INTRODUCTION. 125 Brown, killed and scalped, I went over with them to bring him home ; he was killed with the last shot, about twenty rods from the field — his gun, his shoes and jacket carried off. The soldiers who found him, said that they tracked the three Indians to the second mountain, and they found one of the Indian's guns a short distance from Brown's corpse, as it had been not worth much. They showed me the place where the Indians fired through the fence; and i\ was just eleven yards from the plac^ where the dead man lay. The rising ground, above the field, was clear of standing timber and the grubs low, so that they had kept a look out. The above account, you may depend upon. We have almost lost all hopes of every thing, but to move off and lose our crops that we have cut with so much difficulty. I am your Honor's servant, Adam Rehd. Some time in the latter part of October, the Indians again returned into Hanover township, where they murdered, under circumstances of much cruelty, several families, among whom was one Andrew Berryhill. On the 22d October, they killed John Craig and his wife, scalped them both, burnt several houses, and carried off a lad, about thirteen years old. The next day they scalped a German, whose name has not been given. Many of the settlers had fled, and not a few were killed. The writer examined the tax collector's duplicate of several townships, for 1756, and found, from entries made in these, by the collectors, that in East Hanover township, the following had fled from their houses : '^AnH'rew Karsnits, John Gilliland, John McColloch, Wal- ter McFarland, Robert Kirkwood, William Robison, Valen- tine Stoffolbeim, Andrew Cleaman, Rudolph Fry, Peter Wal- mer, John McCulloch, James Rafter, Moses Vance, John B rower, Frederick Noah, Jacob Moser, Philip Mauerer, Barnhart Beshore, Jacob Beshore, Matthias Beshore, Wil- liam McCullough, Philip Calp, Casper Yost, Conrad Cleck, (christian Albert, Daniel Moser, John McClure, John Ander- son, Thomas Shirley, James Graham, Barnet McNett, An- drew Brown, William Brown, Andrew McMahon, Thomas Hume, Tlomas Strean, John Hume, Peter Wolf, Henry Kuntz, William Watson, John Stuart, John Porterfield, Da- vid Strean, John Strean, Andrew McCrath, James McCurry, Conrad Rice, Alexander Swan, John Grean. Andrew Berrihill, killed ; Samuel Ainsworth's son was ta- ll* 126 INTRODUCTION. ken ; John Craig, killed, and a boy taken captive. The whole tax duplicate contains about a hundred names. In West Hanover the following persons had fled, viz : John Gordon, Richard Johnson, Alexander Barnet, James McCaver, Robert Porterfield, Philip Robison, John Hill, Thomas Bell, Thomas Maguire, William McCord, Robert Huston, Benjamin Wallace, Wilham Bennett, Bartholomew Harris, John Swan, James Bannon, William McClure, Thom- as McClure, John Henry, James Riddle, Widow Cooper, David Ferguson, Widow de Armand, James Wilson, Samuel Barnetts, James Brown, Widow McGowin, Samuel Brown, Thomas Hill, Jane Johnston was killed.* The following letter from the pen of Adam Reed, Esq., dated at Hanover, October 14, 1756, may cast some addi- tional light on this gloomy subject. The letter is addressed to Edward Shippen, Esq., and others : " Friends and Fellow Subjects : I send you in a few lines, the melancholy condition of the frontiers of this county. Last Tuesday, the 12th inst. ten Indians came on Noah Fred- erick, while ploughing, killed and scalped him, and carried away three of his children that were with him — the eldest but nine years old — and plundered his house and carried away every thing that suited their purpose ; such as clothes, bread, butter, a saddle, and a good rifle gun, &c. — it being but two short miles to Captain Smith's fort, at Swatara gap, and a little better than two miles from my house. Last Saturday evening, an Indian came to the house of Philip Robe- son, carrying a green bush before him — said Robeson's son being on the corner of his Fort, watching others that were dressing flesh by him — the Indian perceiving that he was observed, fled ; the watchman fired, but missed him. This being about threc-fourlhs of a mile from Manady Fort; and yesterday morning, two miles from Smith's Fort, at Swatara, in Bethel township, as Jacob Farnwal was going from the house of Jacob Meylin to his own, was fired upon by the two Indians, and wounded, but escaped with his life ; and a little after, in said town- ship, as Frederick Henly and Peter Sample were carrying away their goods in wagons, were met by a parcel of Indians, and all killed, lying dead in one place, and one man at a little distance. But what more has been done, has not come to my ears — only that the Indians were continuing their murders ! The frontiers are employed in nothing but carrying oflT their eflTects ; so that some miles are now waste ! We are willing, but not able, without help — you are able, if you be willing, (that is including the lower parts of the county) to give such assistance as will enable us to recover our waste land. You may depend upon it, that without assis- lance, we, in a few days, will be on the wrmig side of you ; for I am now • Tax Duplicate for 1756, at Lancaster. INTRODUCTION. 127 on the frontier, and I fear that by to-morrow night, I will be left two miles. Gentlemen, consider what youwill do, and don't be long about it .■ and let not the world say, that we died as fools died ! Our hands are not tied, but let us exert ourselves, and do something for the honor of our coun- try, and the preservation of our fellow subjects. I hope you will com- municate our grievances to the lower parts of our country; for surely they will send us help, if they understood our grievances. I would have gone down myself, but dare not, my family is in such danger. I expect an answer by the bearer, if possible.* I am, gentlemen. Your very number servant, AnAM RssD. P. S. Before sending this away, I would mention, I have just recei- ved information, that there are seven killed and five children scalped alive, but have not the account of their names. CHAPTER VIII. INDIAN MASSACRES (1757-62). Negotiation? of peace, «&c.~Frontier settlers are still in constant alarm— Indians murder and abduct persons at Rocky Springs— Mc- ICinney, Patterson, and others killed— List of killed in various parts in 1757 — A number of persons killed in Cisne's and in Steen's fields — Several men supposed to be killed near Hendrick's (now Bow- man's) — Indians commit murders in Lancaster (now Dauphin) conn- ty— Long's son, Mrs. Williams, Smelley, Mr. Mauerer, Beaty, Mack- ey, Barnet and others killed— Murders committed in Hanover town- ship — William Martin killed near Hunter's fort; Busse's letter touch- ing it — Watt and McKennet, and others killed and scalped—Indians surprise Bard's house in York (.Adams) county; Bard and family abducted; Potter killed— Gallady, Dunwiddie, Crawford and others massacred. Stimulated, and abetted by the French, both Shawanese and Delaware Indians kept up their hostilities till 1757, when negotiations for peace commenced with Teedyuscung, the •Prov. Rec. P. p. 69. 128 INTRODUCTION. chief of the Delaware and Shawanese tribes, on the Susque- hanna, when their fury abated somewhat. But the French and Western Indians still roamed in small parties over the country, committing many sanguinary murders, and taking captives all whom they could surprise. The frontier settlers were kept in continual alarm. "March 29, 1757, the Indians made a breach at Rocky Springs, where one woman was killed and eleven taken prisoners. "April 2, William McKinley and his son were killed. McKinley had sought shelter with his family at Chambers' fort — ventured out one day in company with his son to visit his dwelling and plantation, where the Hallowell paper mill is, on the creek below Chambersburg. They were discovered however by the Indians, und both killed and scalped, and their dead bodies brought to the fort and buried." We hear, says the Pa. Gazette, April 7, 1757, from Con- ococheague, Cumberland county, (Franklin) that on last week three families were cut off there by the Indians ; the people most barbarously used. The names of two of the fa- milies, are Campbell and Patterson. April 17, 1757, Jeremiah Jack, near Potomac, was taken captive, and two of his sons killed, and one man and one woman drowned in Potomac endeavoring to make their escape. April 23, 1757, John Martin and William Blair was killed, and Pat- rick McClelland wounded in the shoulder, who afterwards died of his •wound, near Maxwell fort, Conococheague. May 14, 1757, Major Campbell and one Tussey, was killed or taken captive with fourteen others, near Potomac. May 12, 1757, John Martin and Andrew Paul, both old men, taken from Conococheague. May 13, 1757, William Walker and another man were killed near McCormick's fort, at Conodoguinet. May 16, 1757, eleven persons killed at Paxton by the Indians. June 6, two men killed and five taken near Shippensburg. June 9, James Holiday and fourteen men killed and taken; James Long's son and another man killed in a quarry at fort Frederick; nine- teen men kilted in a mill at Quetapahely, and four men killed in Shear- man's valley, all in one week. Fort Mohiiis, 10th June, 1757. At one o'clock this morning I received an express from Fort Loud- on, with intelligence of Lieut. Hollyday's having set out with seventy- five men, to reconnoiler the woods; and at the deserted house of one McClellan, in a place called the Great Cove, part of the men with the Lieut, went into the said house, whilst the residue were at some dis- tance drinking water from the spring, and were unhappily surprised, and surrounded by a partv of Indians, said to be one hundred in num- ber. Ten of our parly got into Loudon before the express set out ; their INTRODUCTION. 129 account is so imperfect that little dependance can be laid on it. They saw one of the soldiers fall and another was taken captive.— Provin. Rec. P. 310. John ARMSTRONe. Col. Stanwix. June 17, one man killed at Cuthbertson's fort; four men shot at the Indian while scalping the man. June 24, 1757, Alexander Miller killed and two of his daughters tak- en from Conococheague ; John Kenedy badly wounded, and Gerhart Pendergras's daughter killed at fort Litileton. July 2, one woman and four children taken from Trent's gap ; same day one Springson killed near Logan's mill, Conococheague. July 8, 1757, two boys taken from Cross's fort, Conococheague. July 9, 1757, Trooper Wilson's son killed at Aiitictum creek. I pre- sume this to be ihe man that I mentioned Ben. Dickson shot and shaked his scalp at his father, when he was creeping up to shoot a deer. July 18, six men killed or taken from near Shippensburg. These were reaping in Mr. John Cisney's field. Those killed were John Kirkpat- r'ck, Dennis Oneidon ; missing, John Cisney and three little boys, two of them his grand-sons, the other John Kirkpatrick's. July 19, some men killed and taken, reaping near Shippensburg. These were reaping in Mr. Joseph Steenson's field. Those killed were Joseph Mitchell, James Mitchell, William Mitchell, John Finlay, Rob- ert Steenson, Andrew Enslow, John Wiley, Allen Henderson and Wil- liam Gibson. Those missing or carried off, were Jane McCommon, Mary Minor, Janet Harper, and a son of John Finlay. Only one Indian was killed.* July, 1757, four men killed near Baker's, driving wagon to fort Fre- derick. July 10, 1757, ten soldiers killed at Clapham's fort. *^The Indian killed in Mr. Steenson's field, was perhaps the same whose scalp is mentioned in the following letter: Dated at Shippensburg, October 25, 1757. To Richard Peters, Esq. Sir— I was some time ago in Philadelphia in expectation of receiving a reward from the Commissioners, for an Indian scalp, but was quite disappointed. It ill suited me at the time to take so fatiguing and ex- pensive a journey. One might think common humanity might induce the gentlemen to allow some small matter, on that occasion, as I lost my husband and son, which has so sensibly atfected me in every re- spect, that I am rendered unable of providing the common necessaries of hfe. Your Honor gave me some hope when in town, that you would use your interest in endeavoring to prevail with the Commissioners to consider me, which I doubt not you will do, as it is part of your char- acter to relieve the distressed. Your endeavors to this purpose, I hope will not only heap blessings upon yourself, but, in a great measure re- lieve the pinching of one, who is Your most humble servant, Margaret Mitcubll. 130 INTRODUCTION. July 27, 1757, one McKisson wounded, and his son taken from the South mountain. August 15, 1757, William Manson and his son killed near Cross's fort, Conococheague. August 17, 1757, William Waugh's barn was burnt in the Tract, York county, by Indians. August 19, 1757, fourteen people killed and taken from Mr. Cinky's congregation ; and one man killee near Harris' ferry. Sept. 1, 1757, James Watson and James Mullen went out on their farms, and on Saturday following Watson was found scalped ; the other supposed to be carried off. September 2, 1757, one man killed near Bigger's gap, and one Indian killed. Sept. 8. Two men went out to hunt horses near Tobias Hendricks, (Bowman's, i. e., Pennsboro' township, Cumberland county) and are supposed to be killed or carried off, as they have not been heard of since. September 9, 1757, one boy and a girl taken from Donegal. September 26, 1757, Robert Rush and John McCraken, with five oth- ers killed and taken captive near Chambersburg. November 9, 1757, John Woods, his wife and mother-in.law, and John Archer's wife were killed, four children taken, and nine men kill- ed near McDowell's fort. Extract fron a letter, dated Hanover, Lancaster county, Aug. 11, 1757. Last Thursday, John Andrew's wife, going to a neighbor's house, was surprised by six Indians, had her horse shot under her, and she and her child were carried off. On Saturday, in Bethel township, as John Winkleblech's two sons, and Joseph Fischbach, (a soldier in the pay of the Province,) went out about sunrise, to bring in the cows, they were fired upon by about fifteen Indians ; the two lads were kill- ed ; one of them was scalped ; the other got into the house before he died, and the soldier was wounded in the hand. The same morning, about seven o'clock, two miles below Ma- naday gap, as Thomas McQuire'sspon was bringing in some cows out of a field, a little way from the house, he was pursued by two In- dians, and narrowly escaped. The same day, in the middle of this township, four miles from the mountain, as Leonard Long's son was ploughing, was killed and scalped : on the other side of the fence, Leonard Miller's son was ploughing, he was made prisoner. John Graham, who lives near the gap of the Indian town creek, had a sieer killed, about sunrise, or before, and John Brown had two cows killed ; all except the first mischief done in one day ; so that last Sat- urday there must have been, at least, four parties of Indians in this township. Having notice of this on Sunday morning, I set out with four men, and we ranged till alter midnight. Monday morning I set out again, with forty men, intending to go over the mountain. We ranged the first day in the forest, and had intended to lie out on the mountain all night, but a heavy rain falling, we took to a house. On Tuesday morning we set out over the mountain to find tracks, if possible ; but we found not the least appearance of any, or Indians, over the moun- INTRODUCTION. 131 tain, or in any of the waste houses ; so we returned on Tuesday ni^ht Monday, 8th. Many tracks were seen among the inhabitants, and in the waste houses, where the Indians lodged. In one of the houses they left a scalping knife, and had killed and scalped a man. Wednes- day, we intended to rest, but at about 12 o'clock had another alarm. Near Benjamin Clarke's house, four miles from the mill, two Indians surprised Isaac Williams's wife, and the wide » Williams, alias Smel- ley, killed and scalped the former, in sight of the house, she having run a little way, after three balls had been shot through her body ; the latter they carried away captive. About the same time, as George Maurer was cutting oats in George Scheffer's field, he was killed and scalped, two miles from the hill, so that it was not all done by one party. There is now such a severe sickness in these parts — the like has not been known — that many families can neither fight nor run away, which occasions great distress on the frontiers. Had it not been for forty men, which the province has in pay, in this township, little of the harvest could have been saved, and as the time for which they have been engaged is nearly elapsed, the inhabitants hope the govern- ment will continue them in the service, else the consequences must be dreadful.* We hear from a gentleman that six persons were taken away by the Indians from Lancaster county, 17th August.-j- Sinceour last, we learn from Lancaster, that there was nothing but murdering and capturing among them by the Indians. That on the '17th August, one Beatty was killed in Paxton — that the next day, James Mackey was murdered in Hanover, and William and Joseph Barnet, wounded. That on the same day were taken prisoners, a son of James Mackey, a son of Joseph Barnet, Elizabeth Dickey and her child, and the wife of Samuel Young and her child ; and that ninety-four men, women, and children, were seen flying from their places, in one body, and a great many more in smaller parties, so that it was feared the set- tlements would be entirely forsaken. We hear from Berks county, that several Indians have lately been seen near Fort Lebanon ; and that on Sunday, the 21st August, the house and barn of Peter Semelcke were burnt, and three of his chil- dren carried off; himself, wife and one child, being from home at the time. This was done within two miles of the fort.t Our accounts, in general, from the frontiers, are most dismal ; ail agreeing that some of the inhabitants are killed or carried ofl^; houses burnt and cattle destroyed daily — and that at the same time they are afflicted with severe sickness and die fast, so that in many places, they are neither able to defend themselves, when attacked, nor to rnn away.§ We hear from Lebanon township, Lancaster (now Lebanon) county, that on last Friday, four children were carried off by the Indians. — From Reading, Berks county, that on Thursday and Friday last, some people were murdered in Bern township, by the Indians, and others caried off. • PennsyWania Gazette, Aug. 1757. f Ibid, Aug. 11. 4 Pennsylvania Gazette, September 1, 1757. § Ibid, September 8. 132 INTRODUCTION. A letter from Hanover township, Lancaster county, dated October 1st 1757, says that the children mentioned of having been carried off from Lebanon township, belonging to Peter Wampler, that they were going to the meadow for a load of hay ; and that the Indians took from the house what they thought most valuable, and destroyed what they could not take away, to a considerable value. In the same letter it is said, that the frontiers are i.^raost without in- habitants, and on that day, and on the day before, several creaiuree Avere killed by the enemy in Honover township, and that on Thursday before, four persons were killed in Berks county, and four made pri- soners, near the Northkill, by a party of Indians, supposed to be about fifty. • On the 25th of November, Thomas Robinson, and a son of Thomas Bell, were killed and scalped by the Indians, in Hanover township; bat that the Indians immediately went off after committing the murder.-|- To VV. Denny, Esq., Gov. & Com. Pa. HoNTEii's Fort, the 3d Oct. 1V67. May it please your Honor: In my coming back from ranging the Frontiers on Saturday, the 3d inst. I heard that the day before, twelve Indians were seen not far from here: as it was late and not knowing their further strength, f thought to go at daybreak next morning, with as many soldiers and batteaui men as I could gel ; but, in a short time, heard a gun fired off, and run- ning directly to the spot, found the dead body of one William Marlin who went into the woods to pick up chestnuts, where the Indians were lying in ambush. I ordered all ihe men to run into the woods, and we ranged till it got dark. The continual rain we have had hindered me from following them. A number of the inhabitants had come here to assist in pursuing the Indians, but the weather prevented them. There were only three Indians seen by some persons who were sitting before Mr. Hunter's door; and they say all was done in less than four min- utes. That same night I cautioned the inhabitants to be on their guard; and in the morning I ranged on this side of the mountain ; but, the next day, my men being iew in number, by reason of fourteen of them being sick, I could not be long from the garrison ; and it seems to me that there is a great number of the ^efiemy on this side of the river. The townships of Paxton and Derry have agreed to keep a guard sometime in the frontier houses, from Manady to Susquehanna; and expect that your Honor will be pleased to reinforce this detachment. If these townships should break up the communication between fori Augusta aud the inhabitants, they would be greatly endangered. I am, ii with great respect, &c.. Christian Bcsse. We have advices, says Pa. Gazette, Oct. 27, 1757, from Paxton, that on the 17th inst. as four of the inhabitants, near • Pennsylvania Gazette, October 6 and 13. f Ibid, Sept. 8, 1757. INTRODUCTION. 133 Hunter's Fort were pulling their Indian corn, when two of them, Alexander Watt and John McKennet were killed and scalped, their heads cut off; the other two scalp- ed. That Captain Work of the Augusta regiment, com- ing down with some men from Fort HaHfax, met the savages on Peters' mountain, about twenty of them ; when they fired upon him, at about forty yards distance, upon which his par- ty returned the fire, and put the enemy to flight, leaving be- hind them five horses, with what plunder they had got ; and that one of the Indians was supposed to be wounded, by the blood that was seen in their tracks. None of Capt. Works' men were hurt. The following letters from Colonel Stanwix, Colonel Arm- strong and others, are here introduced, giving some additional facts, as to the hostile incursions of the enemy, during the summer and autumn of 1757. In June 28, 1757, Stanwix writes from Carlisle, "1 march a Captain's piquet two or three times a week as scouting parties : I am throwing up some works round our camp, and if it may have no other use, it keeps our soldiers properly employed." A few days before (June 19) he wrote Governor Denny, "By this express I am to let you know that I only wait for wagons to march to Shippensburg ; but when I shall be able to set out it is impossible for me to say, as in two days notice I have yet been able to get but two wagons, and those my quartermaster stopped himself; however, the magistrates give me to hope I shall be supplied in a day or two. The reason of my mov- ing is the hearing of intelligence from Capt. Daworlhy, who com- mands at Fort Cumberland." — Prov. Rec. P. p. 338. Cahlisle, 11th July, 1757. Honored Sir : Your favor of the 7th insl. is come to hand, 'tis very satisfactory to me, that the disposition of these western troops when threatened with the approach of a large body of the enemy, has been agreeable to 3 our Honor. Our people are returned from Rayslown without making any other discovery than the tracks of very small parties at a considerable dis- tance, though oui' spies were thirty miles on all hands from the Camp, so that I take the party tYom Duquesne only to have patrolled a certain distance and returned, or to have marched up the river towards Venan- ^n. Capt. Dagworihy's spies from Fort Cumberland have also returned without making any discovery. I have received a letter from Mr. Peters, advisingof your Honor's 2d paragraph, in regard of giving every officer half a pistole, for each re- cruit enlisted after the 29th of June. I understand that to be given to defray recruiting expenses, and not as bounty money to the soldier; having already received orders to give a pistole bounty for three years 12 134 INTRODUCTION. or during war, hut will wait your Honor's further advice on that subject, lest my conception of the use of the half pistole be wrong. I will observe your Honor's orders with regard to returns of ani- munition, and how used, as frequently as the distant situation of those garrisons will admit. We frequently shoot at mark, but have not been able to perform some other parts of Indian exercise which I have in view, as it would have wasted more powder than we had to spare, and partly on account of the extraordinary fatigue we have had for these six weeks past, in pursuing small parties of the enemy, from whom we received alarms and some mischief almost every day. This moment I am informed that four people are killed near Tobias Hendricks ;* one at fort Frederick, and two boys captivated in the up- per part of this county. On Wednesday last Lieut. Armstrong marched ■with forty soldiers, accompanied by Mr. Smith, the Indian interpreter, and ten Indians, into Shareman's valley, where some of the enemy had been discovered. They were joined by thirty of the country people who wanted to bring over their cattle from that place. On Thursday they found the tracks of eight of the enemy, and followed them with spirit enough until evening, when the tracks made towards this valley ; next morning the Cherokees discovered some tracks bearing off to the westward, upon which they said they were discovered, and that those bearing towards the westward were going to inform a body of the en- emy, which they said was not far off; upon which the Lieutenant told the interpreter that his orders particularly led him to make discovery of the enemy's encampment (if any such there was) and to know whe- ther any were drove off for their support. But two or three of the bra- vest of the Indians freely told the interpreter, that their young men were afraid, that the enemy discovered them, and therefore no advan- tage could at that time begot; nor could the interpreter prevail on them to stay any longer out. The Lieutenant reconnoitered the coun- try towards Juniata, and returned last night without any discovery of a lurking party of the enemy behind us. On Friday we had news of a boy being fired at by two Indians, about seven miles from this town, upon which Col. Stanwix sent out a picket. The Cherokees, with a few wearied soldiers who were here, again turned out, found the enemy's footing and followed it some miles, but could not make it out. We have had great rain and the creeks are very high, which has added much to the fatigue of our people. The harvest is now become the great object. This day I am fixing a plan for guarding as well as we can the inhabitants thro' that important season ; of which I shall advise your Honor in my next. Colonel Stanwix gives ammunition to every collected body of the inhabitants recommended to me by him. I am your Honor's most obedient and humble servant, John AttMSTHOHo. Gov. Denny. » Tobias Hendricks, now Mr. Bowman's on the turnpike road, two miles west of the Susquehanna— near Oyster's Point. INTRODUCTION. 135 Carlisle, 25 July, 1757. May it please your Honor — For the security of the inhabitants in the harvest, I have strenu- ously recommended the people's working together in parties as large as possible; and have from William Maxwell's, near the temporary line, to John McCormick's near Susquehannah, placed about twenty guards, altering and changing the station, as well as the number of each guard, according to the necessity and convenience of the peo- ple. When a number of women and children happen to be in my fort, the guard stays with them, by which means all the men be- longing to 5uch garrison are enabled to labor; but when women and children are not with the party, then the soldiers are stationed with the reapers, keeping sentry around the field; whereby some skulking enemy have been discovered and repulsed; but such is the infatua- tion of the people, that they can't be prevailed on to convene in proper parties for their own safety, in consequence whereof the fol- lowing melancholy accidents have happened, please to read the list. Colonel Stanwix sends out his picket guards as often as they ap- pear to be of service, and has two out at this time. They are to patrol for three days, and are always accompanied by an officer and as many men from this battalion as at the time can be spared. Your Honor may remember that sundry departments from Colonel Wciser's Battalion being here last winter, and were led on our provis- ions, which together with unavoidable waste, and what was actually rotten, has for sonie days past brought to an end all the meat laid into those garrisons by the victuallers, since I wrote your Honor last upon the subject of provisions, (and some persons with money in their hands being fixed to defray incidental expenses). Colonel Stanwix has or- dered Adam Hoops to supply at this town ; and last week learning from Fort Loudon that twelve of their men had the flux, and not one pound of meat in garrison, and that Lyttleton had been obliged to purchase their present subsistence of meat from a country man who lives at that fort. I was again obliged to apply to Colonel Stanwix, without whose order no person would venture to send any thing to these forts. The Colonel ordered Mr. Hoops to provide cattle, salt, pork, and a little rice for the sick men, which I immediately sent off, under the best escort, we could collect, with orders how to provide the provisions among the garrisons. Doctor Blair is returned from Loudon and reports that only six of the men were bad of the disorder; that they are somewhat recovered : that it is very hard performing any cure without change of diet. Medicines are left in care of Lieutenant Lyon. While the surgeon was in town, he attended a soldier who was lately wounded by his own fusee's going off by accident. The surgeon complains, and requests me to write your Honor that he is not paid the daily allowance for which he agreed with the com- missioners, viz: 7s. 6(1. per day. I have ordered him to write the commissioners. In answer to Mr. Croghan's, dated at Philadelphia, I wrote him the Indian news. I have made known the allowance of half a pistole for each recruit, to serve three years or during the war. The old arms shall be collected to this place, and seat down as soon as possible. As hay, oats, &c., 136 INTRODUCTION. continue oa hand, I must give the people what assistance can be spared until have your Honor's or Stanwix's orders to call them in. I hope the next post will bring orders for supporting the men. I am your Honor's most obedient and most humble servant, JouN Armstkong. Governor Denny. During the years 1758 and 1759, the murders coiTimitted within the limits of the counties of which a history is at- tempted, were not as frequent, though not less atrocious, as in the three or four preceding years. The Indians, however, still surprised the inhahitants on the frontier, and occasionally in the interior of the Province. In 1758 they made incur- sions in York (now Adams county,) killed some and abducted others. Among the number of those carried off was Rich- ard Bard, of whom, see an affecting narrative, in that part, when speaking of Adams county. Besides abducting Bard, the Indians continued their depredations and killed : May 21, 1758, one woman and five children taken from yellow breeches. May 23, 1758, Joseph Gallady killed ; his wife and one child taken from Conococheague. May 29, 1759, one Dunwiddie and Crawford shot two Indians in Car- rol's tract, York county. July 20, a boy ploughing at Sweetara was shot at by two Indians, one horse killed and the other wounded. CHAPTER IX. INDIAN MASSACRES — (1763-78). Pltin of attack, hall molest any of you, while you behave as friends. I shall not rest by night nor day. until I receive your answer. Your friend and Brother, W. Pattehsoit. The following is an answer to Captain Patterson's message, of Jan- uary 22, 1768. ,- . „ " Febkuaut 11th, 1768. " Lioving Brother: I received your speech by Gertham Hicks, and have sent one of my relatives with a string of wampum, and the following answer : Loving Brother : I am glad to hear from you— I understand that you are very much gneved, and that the tears run from your eyes— With both my hands I now wipe away those tears : and, as I don't doubt but your heart is dis- turbed, I remove all the sorrow from it, and make it easy as it was be- fore. I will now sit down and smoke my pipe. I have taken fast hold of the chain of friendship ; and when I give it a pull, if I find my brothers, the English, have let it go, and it will then be time for me to let go too, and take care of my /amily— There are four of my relatives murdered by Slump; and all I desire is, that he may sulfer for his wicked action ; I shall then think that people have the same goodness in their hearts as formerly, and intend to keep it there. As it was the evil spirit who caused Stump to commit this bad action, I blame none ol my brothers, the English, but him. I desire that the people of Juniata may sit still on their places, and not put themselves to any hardships, by leaving their habitations ; whenever danger is coming, they shall know it before it comes on them. I am, Your loving Brother, _, SUAWANA BkW. 10 Capt. William Patterson.— Pro. Rec. T. 286, '87. The coiincil, after examining Mr. Blyth, immediately took this most important matter into consideration, and were of opinion that warrants should forthwith be issued b^ the chief justice, directed to the sheriffs, under sheriffs, and other offi- cers of the province, and particularly to those of the counties ot Cumberland, Lancaster and Berks, for the apprehending of the above mentioned Frederick Stump, and bringing him before one of his Majesty's Justices of Oyer and Terminer, to be dealt with according to law. The Board also advised the Governor to issue a proclamation offering a reward of £200 for apprehending said offender, and bringing him to justice; but to delay the publication of the same for a short time, till other more secret means should be used for taking him, lest news of such a proclamation should reach his ear, and he might be thereby so alarmed, as to abscond, or make 178 INTRODUCTION. his escape, before any sherifT could arrive at Perm's creek, M'here it is believed he continues to remain with his family. They therefore advised the governor to write immediately to the magistrates of Cumberland county, strictly requiring them to exert themiulves on this occasion, by giving their best as- sistance to the sheriff and other officers, and taking all other measures in their power for apprehending and securing the said Frederick Stump, and also to despatch letters of the same kind to the magistrates of Lancaster and Berks coun- ties, instructing them to send their sheriffs with sufficient aid to the utmost limits of those counties on the Susquehanna, so 8S to be nearly opposite to Middle creek, that they may be in readiness to apprehend the said Stump, in case he should cross the river to retire to either of those counties. The Board further advised the governor to write to Gene- ral Gage and Sir William Johnson, acquainting them with this unhappy accident, and the steps he is taking on this oc- casion, and to request Sir William will be pleased to commu- nicate the same as soon as possible lo the Six Nations, in the best and most favorable manner in his power, so as to prevent 'their taking immediate resentment for this unavoidable injury, committed on their people, and to assure them of the firm and sincere purposes of this government to give them full satisfac- tion at all times for all wrongs done to the Indians, and to pre- serve the friendship subsisting between us and them inviolable. Accordingly, the chief justices warrants and several letters to the magistrates of Cumberland, Lancaster and Berks coun- ties, Were prepared without delay and despatched by ex- press.* But before those letters, and the proclamation of chief justice Allen reached the magistrates and sheriffs, Stump and Ironcutter, as above stated, had been lodged in jtiil ; but before they were brought to trial, were rescued from prison by their friends and neighbors, whose fears were excited that , Stump and L'oncutter were to be taken to Philadelphia, there to be tried, they " not properly disfinguishmg between exam- ination and TRIAL,"! rescued them from prison, on the 29th of January, and carried them off. Governor Penn sent a message express to the chiefs on • Proclamations and several letters are g;iven in the Appendix F. t Rev. Duffield's statement, Feb. 19, 1768. Pa. Gaz. March 3, 1768— See Appendix. INTRODUCTION. 179 Great Island, in which he deplores the deaths of the Indians. A Message from the Governor of Pennsylvania to Ne-wo-lee-ka, the chief of the Delawares, and to other Indians at the Great Island. Brother Ne-wo-lee-ka : The Indian man Billy Champion, who is the bearer of this letter, has informed me there were some white people in your parts, survey- ing and marking out lands, under a pretence of hunting; and you sent him to desire to know, if this was done by my order or knowledge. I assure you it was not. It is a wicked thing, contrary to my treaties with you, and contrary to our laws and my proclamations. I will make it my business to find them out ; and, if you know who they are, I de- sire you will inform me, that they may be taken and brought to justice. The string herewith sent confirms my words. A Striws. Brother: I am glad this Indian man Bill came down at this time, for it gives me an opportunity of informing you of a melancholy affair which I have only heard of within these few days, and which fills the hearts of all your Brethren with the deepest sorrow and grief. It is this : two or three families of Indians, namely the White Mingo, Jonas and John Cammell, three women, two girls and a child, left the Big Island in the spring and came and built themselves cabins on Middle creek, about fifteen miles up the creek, there they lived and hunted, and were often with our people, and were always well received and kijidly treated by them. About ten days ago they were at Mr. Wm. Blythe's, who lives at the mouth of Middle creek, who treated them kindly ; and from his house they went to one Frederick Stump's, a Dutchman, who lives in that neighborhood. There it is supposed some difference hap- pened, but what it was we have not heard, but they were all found mur- dered ; six of them in Stump's own house ; and four at a certain cabin at some distance from it. I am further informed. Stump says he killed them all with his own hands, and that there was no other person con- cerned with him, in the fact. On my receiving this melancholy account, the sheriff was immedi- ately sent with his officers to take up this Stump as the murderer ; and for their encouragement, I offered them a reward of two hundred pounds ; and I am in hopes he is by this time taken ; and no time shall be lost to bring him to his trial that he may suffer death in the same manner as he would have done, had he killed some white men. Brother: I consider this matter in no other light, than as the act of a wicked, rash man, and I hope you will also consider it in the same way, and not imagine that since it was done by one man in the manner I have related it to you, that any other persons have been concerned in it, or that^it has been in any way encouraged by any of my people, I assure you it has not. Brother: There are among you and us some wild, rash, mad-headed people, who commit actions of this sort. Whenever it so happens, all that can be done, is immediately to acquaint each other of them, and to bring the offenders to justice, that it may make no breach between ns, but be considered as a rash, sudden act, that could not be prevent- ed: and. we now inform you farther, that we are going to send off a messenger immediately to the relations of the deceased people, wlio. 180 INTRODUCTION. we hear, live near Chenasse (Genesee) to inform them, aud the Seneca Nation, to whom they belong, of this murder; and to bury their bodies and wipe their tears from their eyes, that it may not break the friend- ship subsisting between us the Indians ; but that we may live together and love one another as we did before this melancholy accident hap- pened. This belt confirms my words. A Belt of Wampum. Brother: I desire this belt of wampum may be sent to any of our brethren near you, that they may not be fiightened, or think the Eng- lish are not their friends. Assure them to the contrary ; and that we will keep the chain of friendship entire and bright, notwithstanding this accident. To confirm this my request, I give you this string. A String. puvx^ Given under my hand and the Lesser Seal of the Prov- C Locus 7 ince ot Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, the 23d of January, iisigili. 5 1768. V.^V">ta^ John Pehk. By his Honor's command : Joseph Shippen, Jr., Secretary. Immediately on the rescue of the prisoners, Mr. Armstrong sent a letter express, by Mr. Cunningham, to governor Penn, informing him of what had happened. Mr. Cunningham's deposition was taken, by Chief Justice Allen, before the council and Assembly, whereupon the governor issued a proc- lamation for the apprehension of the prisoners. Cablisle, January 29lh, 1768. John Penn, Esq., Hon. Sir: In this perturbation of mind, I cannot write ; but in real distress, only inform your Honor, that we are deceived and disgraced at once ; for about ten o'clock this morning, to the number of seventy or eighty men under arms surrounded our jail, when a number of them unknown to the magistrates, I must say, appear to have had too ready entrance into the dungeon, and in less than ten minutes time, they carried off Stump and his servant, in open triumph and violation of the law. — The few magistrates that were present, Messrs. Miller and Lyon and myself, have, I hope, obviously enough done our duty ; but while we were engaged at the prison door, exerting ourselves both by force and argument, a party, utterly without our knowledge, was in the dungeon, of which we were not acquainted either by the jailer, or any other per- son, who, before we were aware of it, had the prisoners in the open street, when we were unable to make further opposition, and they were gone in less than a second. The jailor says that a pistol was held at his breast, and this is all we can at present say of that circumstance. These rioters give as reasons for their conduct that the prisoners were to be carried to Phi- ladelphia for trial — that a number of white men have been killed by the Indians since the peace, and the Indians have not been brought to jus- tice, &c. At present we know not what step to take for the best, and INTRODUCTION. 181 beg leave to be favored with your Honor's further instructions. I have written in the presence of the two magistrates mentioned above, and am Your Honor's Most obedient servant, John Ahmstrosg. P. S. The bearer, Mr. Cunningham, is a prudent young man — knows the state of these things, and may be depended on in any questions your Honor, or the chief justice may think proper to ask. James Cunningham appeared before the Board, Thursday, Feb. 4, 1768 — his deposition taken in the presence of John Penn, Esq. James Hamilton, VVm. Logan, Benj. Chew, Rich- ard Penn and James Tilghman, was examined, and his depo- sition taken. James Cunningham of Lancaster county, farmer, being sworn on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, deposeth and saith, that on Friday, the 29th day of January last, about nine or ten o'clock in the forenoon, as he was sitting at break- fast with John Armstrong, Esq-, in the town of Carlisle, in the county of Cumberland, he was surprised to see a number of armed men surrounding, on a sudden, the public jail in the said town, that he, and the said John Armstrong, apprehend- ing that the said company met with an intention to rescue from the said jail a certain Frederick Stump and John Iron- cutter, who were confined there for the murder of a number of Indians, they both instantly ran to the said jail in order to prevent, if possible, the execution of so wickeil and illegal a design- That when they got up to the said jail, the said John Armstrong made his way through a number of armed men, who stood before the door of the said jail, which was open, and guarded by four men, who stood within the door with arms in their hands ; that the said John Armstrong, and John Holmes, high sheriff of the said county, both attempted to go into the door of the jail, but were several times pushed beck and prevented : that as the said John Armstrong stood on the steps, under the door, he addressed himself frequently to the armed coiTipany who were about him, and used many arguments to persuade them to desist from their lawless ur- dertaking, and told them, among other things, that they were about to do an act which would subject themselves and their country to misery. That while the said Armstrong wfts speaking, this deponent saw one man take hold of him, and draw him down the said steps, upon which the said Armstrong 16 182 INTRODUCTION. by violence pushed back the person who had hold of him, and regained his stand on the said steps, saying at the same time, that they should take his life before they should rescue the prisoners. This deponent further saith, that M'hile the said John Armstrong and Robert Miller, and Wm. Lyon, Esq., and the Rev. J. Steel, who had joined the said Armstrong, were endeavoring to disperse the said company, several other armed men appeared within side the said jail, to the very great surprise of every one, with the two prisoners above mentioned in their possession, whom they brought forward, and after pushing the said Armstrong, Miller, Lyon, Steel, Holmes, and this deponent, by violence and crowding from before the said jail door, carried them off with shouts and rejoicing, and immediately left the town. This deponent further saith that he carmot with certainty declare what num- bers were in the company which made the said rescue, but that from the best judgment he could form, there were 70 or 80, all armed with guns, and some tomahawks. This depo- nent further saith, on his solemn oath, that he does not know, nor has any personal knowledge of any one of the persons he saw in the said company, concerned in the said rescue, and that after the said company had left the town, the Rev. Steel came to the said Armstrong and Mr. Lyons and Holmes, and informed them that the said rescuers desired they would come to, and confer with them at the plantation of John Davis, to come to some terms with them. That the said three last mentioned persons immediately mounted their horses and went towards the said Davis's, but informed this deponent that on their return, that the said company had altered their resolu- tion, and had gone on without waiting for them ; and further saith not. — Prov. Rec. T. p. 254-55. James Cunningham. Taken and sworn before the Governor and council, Feb. 4, 1768. Deposition of James Cunningham, of the county of Lancas- ter, being sworn according to law, taken an oath, adminis- tered by the Chief Justice, before +he House, February 4, 1768. ' y - That about ten o'clock last Friday morning, as he sat at breakfast, with Col. John Armstrong, in the town of Carlisle, looking through a window opposite to the prison, he saw a INTRODUCTION. 183 number of armed men running towards the back of the jail, of which acquainting the colonel, they both rose from the ta- ble, run into the street, and made their way through the arm- ed men to the jail door, the colonel calling out to the people that they were acting a bad part, or words to that effect, and desiring them, as they could not be all reasoned with, to choose out three or four, or half a dozen of their leaders, and he would convince them that they were acting a part that must subject them and their country to misery ; that the Rev. Mr. Steel came out and spoke to the people to the same ef- fect ; that the Colonel, Mr. Miller, Mr. Lyon, the Sherifi', the deponent and others, having got to the jail door, forced all the people from it, except four armed men, who stood within the door with their muskets across it ; that some of the armed men within pushed the Colonel down the steps, who, having recovered himself, said to them: Gentlemen, I am un- armed, and it is in your power to kill me, but I will die on the spot before you shall rescue the prisoners. Mr. Miller spoke in like manner ; that while the magistrates and sheriff were thus attempting in vain to get at the door, to the sur- prise of every one but the mob, the prisoners were brought out, (Stump handcuffed, the servant not) when the people accompanying them, called out to the mob, " make way, here are the prisoners;" many shouting out, "we have them," and immediately run off with them — that the deponent had no personal knowledge of any of the rescuers, but, to the best of his memory, was informed by the jailer, that one of the persons who had hold of him in the jail, was named James Morrow; that he also heard, but knows not from whom, that there was one among them by the name of Beard ; likewise Adams, Parker, Williams, or Williamson, and one John Mor- row, who was on the outside of the jail armed : that after the mob and prisoners were gone off, Mr. Steel came down to Col. Armstrong's, and informed him he had seen two that he sus- pected were of the party, who told him they wanted the Co- lonel, Mr. Lyon, and the Sheriff to go to John Davis's place at the creek, about two miles off, to converse with them, hoping they might come to terms ; that upon this notice, the Colonel, Mr. Lyon and the sheriff, immediately took their horses and went off: that a little before sunset they returned, when Colonel Armstrong told this deponent they had gone to Davis's, and to some other house farther off, (he does not 184 INTRODUCTION. remember the name) and were there acquainted that the mob being apprehensive a party might pursue them and retake the prisoners, had moved off with them from that place, thinking it was unsafe to stay longer ; that Justice Byers having heard of the matter, met them here, and Colonel Armstrong sent a messenger, with a few lines, after the mob, setting forth to them the danger they were in, and the mischievous conse- quences of such conduct, and advising them to return and sur- render the prisoners to justice ; that the deponent was told the names of the rioters above mentioned by Colonel Arm- strong, Mr. Miller, Mr. Lyon, or the sheriff, but he is not certain which of them ; and that alter the rescue, he heard a company of lads say they saw the mob going along with the prisoners, and carrying a Smith with them, (named McGone- gal) with a pistol held to his breast ; that three men from Carlisle, to wit, Ephraim Blain, Ralph Nailor and Joseph Hunter, told the deponent he had followed the mob to one Ferguson's, near the foot of the North mountain, six or seven miles from Carlisle, and coming up with them, endeavored to convince them they had done wrong, and ought to give up the prisoners to government ; that some appeared concerned, as if convicted of misconduct, and thereupon told these men, that if they could have security that the prisoners should not be carried to Philadelphia for trial, they would take care of them, and engage they should be delivered up to justice ; — that the said Blain, Nailor and Hunter, however, gave them no encouragement to expect the security they wanted, but acquainted them they would mention it to the magistrates and Sheriff; that after this deponent heard some talk of the magistrates and sheriff's hitending to go out to the mob, but they were gone up when he left Carlisle; that the deponent heard on the Wednesday before the rescue, the magistrates met to consult on some matter, he supposes it might be about sending the prisoners to Philadelphia, when a party of armed men appeared in sight of Carlisle, from whom two persons, John Davis and John McClure, came to town, and he was told, informed the magistrates that this party were coming to rescue the prisoners from jail, understanding the sheriff was to take them to Philadelphia that day: that two young men came also from the said party to town, to speak to the sher- iff, having heard the prisoners were cruelly treated, and were to be sent to Philadelphia for trial ; that upon talking with INTRODUCTION. 185 the sheriff, and being convinced that the prisoners were not ill used, nor to be carried to Philadelphia to be tried, but only for examination, they seemed satisfied and returned to their party, who fired their muskets and moved off; that the sher- iff told this to the magistrates, and the deponents heard they advised the sheriff to be careful of the jail doors, but he does not know that the magistrates placed a guard or took any other method for strengthening and securing the prison ; that on the morning of the rescue, before the mob appeared, two men, as the deponent was informed, went into the jail, the door being open, called for some liquor, and were talking with the jailer, when a party of armed men rushing in, the two that first entered, seized the jailer and hurried him to a back apartment, where the debtors are kept, one drew a pistol and put it to his breast, the other a cutlass or hanger, and swore that he was a dead man if he made any noise or resistance ; that a part of the mob, in the meantime, got into thedungeon, a girl hired by the jailer having, the deponent knows not whether by threats or persuasion, furnished them with the keys and a candle, or (as he once heard) the door being bro- ken by force ; that the deponent was in the dungeon when the prisoners were committed, at which time their legs, he thinks, were ironed and chained to the floor ; that before the day of rescue he went down again with parson Bogart, (Bu- cher) and then the servant lad being sick and his hands much swelled with the tying ; when brought to Carlisle, he found all the irons had been taken off the lad, and those also upon the legs of Stump, but that Stump yet continued handcuffed ; that the deponent being about going to Lancaster county where he lived, was desired by the jailer, who had heard that Stump's friends in that county would oppose his going to Phi- ladelphia, to use his influence with them to quiet their minds and discourage them from so rash an attempt; but that he was informed, and believes, the principal part of the rescuers were inhabitants of Schearman's valley, about twelve miles from Cai lisle. Here deponent was asked, if he knew the reason why the sheriff did not, agreeable to the Chief Justices writ, immedi- ately bring the prisoners to Philadelphia ? Answer. That Stump and his servant were brought into Carlisle late on Saturday night, when they were put mto iail and the next day the sheriff endeavored to procure a cuard 16* ^ 186 INTRODUCTION. to set out with them on Monday morning for Philadelphia — that the guard were accordingly ready on Monday morning, and the deponent, intended at that time to go homewards, was desired by the sheriff to make one of the party, and provided himself with arms for that purpose; that the sheriff being thus prepared, determined to set off, and had the irons taken from the prisoners, and their arms bound; that just at this juncture Mr. Miller and M. Pollock, going to Colonel Arm- strong's, mentioned some uneasiness the people were under, on account of Stump's removal to Philadelphia, alleging, that it would not be proper to set off with the prisoners that day, the weather being bad, and the Susquehanna supposed to be dangerous, as it had been stopped by ice the week before, and that in case they should proceed to the river and find it impassable, an attempt might be made there to rescue the prisoners, which would probably be attended with dangerous consequences to the sherifi" and his guard; — that Col. Arm- strong, upon these suggestions, sent for the sheriff from the jail, who, with a number of town's people, met at the Col.'s house, when some were of opinion that it was not advisable to set out that day ; others encouraged the attempt ; but, in fine, it was concluded best to defer it, Col. Armstrong and the sheriff were for going ; Messrs. Miller and Lyon object- ed to it, for the reasons above mentioned, without assigning any others that the deponent remembers; Mr. Pollock, Mr. Sweeny,* a lawyer, and some others, thought it improper, because illegal, to remove the prisoners from the county ; — that Mr. Tea, and Mr. Campbell, a lawyer, urged strenu- ously to bring them down, and further deponent saith not. James Cunningham. William Allen, Chief Justice.! February 1768. Carlisle, Feb. 7th, 1768. Hon. John Penn : Please your Honor — Though I am very certain you will receive full intelligence of the affair of Frederick Stump before this can reach you ; yet as mj' con- duct and character are so much concerned, I pray your Honor to re- ceive the following plain statement of the case, as ail the vindication I * William Sweeny (Swainey) was admiued to practice at the Lan- caster Bar in 1766. His. Lan. co. p. 368. t Votes of Assembly VI. p. 35-37. INTRODUCTION. 187 can offer of my conduct. James Galbreath, Esq., brought to Carlisle, and delivered to me the chief justice's warrant on the 3d day of Janu- a^3^ Immediately on the receipt thereof, I summoned a guard to attend me next day to go in quest of Stump ; but that very evening, Captain Patterson brought him with his servants, and delivered them to me. Next day I summoned a guard to set off in obedience to the chief jus- tice's warrant, having the same morning received a letter from the sheriff of Lancaster, who waited for me at John Harris'. Col. Arm- strong sent for me, and told me they had concluded to keep Stump, and not send him down. I alleged to him, I was not obliged to obey any orders of any magistrate in Cumberland county, as I had the chief ma- gistrate's warrant to the contrary. But he insisted I should not take him off, but discharge my guard, which I absolutely refused, whereupon the Col. went to jail and discharged my guard, brought up the prisoner, examined him and by wn^iwws, committed him, and wrote to some other justices to attend in Carlisle on Wednesday. On Wednesday, while said justices were sitting in council, a large party under arms came very near Carlisle and sent in messengers to the magistrates and to me. claiming that they should be well used, and not sent to Phila. Being sadsfied that they were properly used, and having been told they were committed to our jail, they dispersed. The magistrate wrote a full ac- count to the chief justice, and I made free to acquaint him that I was ready to execute his orders, if he thought proper to call for the prison- ers, being persuaded now we should meet with no further trouble from the country ; but on the 29th January, another large body of armed men, thought to be mostly the former, joined with a party from Sherman's valley, on a sudden rushed into town, and marched up to the jail, hav- ing sent a few without arms, to appear before them, who went into the jail when the company came up, seized the prisoner, making the jailor and his family prisoners ; we labored with the armed men to disperse, to offer no violence, not dreaming they had got into prison, when, un- expectedly, they brought out Stump and made off. Mr. Steel, at my re- quest, followed them to the creek, two miles from town, but labored in vain. On Sunday I called a possp, and set off earl/ on Monday into Sher- man's valley. Several magistrates and most of the principal inhabit- ants of Carlisle and in the coun ry attended, but we could neither find out where they had concealed Stump, nor by any arguments prevail with them to deliver him to us. Since this, they wrote me unless the Governor, Mr. Allen, (who was then chief justice) another gentleman of note, would oblige themselves that Stump should not be taken out of the county. Please your Honor, I have given you a plain and true account of the affair, and pray that I may not be considered as designing or acting in disobedience to the chief justice's warrant, as I am persuaded your ho- nor will plainly see. I purpose to set off into Sherman's valley again to-morrow, and do what lies in my power to have the prisoners delivered up; though I fear that infatuated people will pay very little regard to my endeavors.* I am your Honor's, &c. John Holmes. Prov. Rec. T. p. 268-69. 188 INTRODUCTION. Nothing was left undone on the part of government, and the magistrates to re-take the escaped prisoners, and bring them to trial, also punish those who aided in their rescue. — The magistrates of Cumberland issued warrants for appie- hending and securing in jail those concerned in the rescue. — They discovered some twenty or more. CARLISLE, Feb. 28, 1768. May it please your Honor: Your commands per Capt. William Patterson of the 20th inst. came to hand on the 24ih. On receipt, a number of the justices met the same evening, at Carliste, (Mr. Montgomery assisting) to concert measures, how to execute your Honor's injunctions in the most effectual manner. As it appeared to us utterly impossible that these licentious people who rescued Stump, would, or ever had it in their power to return to justice the perpetrators of the late murder on the Indians, and as the best in- telligence we can gain, renders it matter of scruple whether he be lu our county, we proceeded to take information on oath, and issue war- rants to the proper officers for apprehending and securing in jail these villains, who were concerned in the rescue. We have transmitted a copy of your Honor's injunction to the justices of the upper end of the county with our advice to exert themselves; as it appeared to us pro- bable that the murderers might take that way to Virginia where ic is thought they will seek refuge. We cannot sufficiently acquit ourselves in not acquainting your Ho- nor, yet we can assure you the sheriff, justices and several of the prin- cipal people here, have r-xerled themselves with all their might, to re- gain Stump and Ironculter, though we have not had success, we are persuaded all pains will be used by the proper officers to apprehend the rioters and that the magistrates will be aiding hereunto with all their influence. With all wise and good men, we abhor the base insult on govern- ment, sensible of the direct tendency of such a crime, to the subversion of order, justice and propriety. We are concerned your Honor's order and the chief justices warrant were not immediately complied with, which we conceived might hare been done with safety before these licentious people had time to cabal and contrive their plan, this, we think, might have prevented such disagree- able consequences, nor can we conceive why it was not done. But your Honor no doubt has had reasons laid before you. We are with many others highly pleased with the brave conduct of Capt. William Patterson, (he did honor to our county) and the notice your Honor has taken of merit in the manner of expressing your ap- probation, we persuade ourselves, will influence not only the young man himself, but others to behave worthily. We gratefully respect your Honor's goodness in repeating your in- juQctioQS of the 4ih inst,, as most of us had not the pleasure of seeing INTRODUCTION. 189 them before. We shall willingly receive from time to time, what com- mands your Honor may think proper.* We are your Honor's most obedient and humble servants, Jonathan Hogk, Jas. Galbiieatu, Andw. Calhoun, ^ Jno. Btf.rs, Jno. McKnight, Herms. Alhicks. Copy of a list of names enclosed in the original letter, preserved at Harrisburg. James Murry, John Murry, Andw. Jones, James Hamilton, Richd. Shenky, Richd. Irwin, Neilson, Francis Irwin, Joseph Chiiders, James Rody, Wm. Adams, Thos. Huitt, Jno. Glass, James Ferguson, Joseph McDowel, William Williams, Jno. Clark, Wm. McGary, Jno. Beard, Matthew Gregg, Joseph Goldon, James Eakles, Wm. Willson. The murdering of the Indians and the subsequent rescue of Stump and Ironcutter, produced a great excitement, not only at Carlisle, but through the whole country. The mag- istrates and sheriff, it appears had been censured.f But, the Compiler inclines to think, in examining some documentary evidence that the officers, sheriff and magistrates, did not favor the prisoners. In support of this opinion the following is submitted. On the 26th of February, 1768, Governor John Penn, wrote to Col. John Armstrong, desiring him to appear before the Board of the Provincial Council. — Prov. Rec. Vol. T. 291. On the 19th of March, the Governor informed the Board that both John Armstrong and John Holmes, the sheriff of Cumberland, were in town to attend the Council, in order to be examined with respect to their conduct. They appeared — "each related the circumstances respecting the detention of Frederick Stump in the jail at Carlisle, the reasons for taking that measure, as well as the manner and cause of his rescue, and then laid before the Board sundry depositions in proof of what they respectfully alleged. " It appearing in their examination, that they disagreed in • Prov. Rec. T. 294-5. f If tradition, as a late Sabido, would, is to be credited, rather than documentary testimony, then it would appear that "The sheriff and jailer were principal actors in freeing Stump and Ironcutter."— Sacudido. 190 INTRODUCTION. some particnlars, and that Robert Miller and William Lyon, Esqrs., Justices of the Peace, were also concerned in pre- venting the execution of the Chief Justice's warrant ; the Council were of opinion init they also should be examined with respect to their cor^^uct and knowledge in this matter, before any proper judgment can be given on it." The Board advised the Governor to have Miller and Lyon to appear before ihem. They were accordingly commanded to appear before the Board in the monlh of May. — Pro. Rec. T. page 298. On the 6th of May, Col. Armstrong, Miller, and Lyon, Esqrs., appeared before John Penn, William Logan, Benja- min Chew, Richard Penn, and James Tilghman, members of the Board of Council, and "were severally examined with respect to their own conduct in the detention of Frederick Stump in the jail at Carlisle, as well as all that they knew in regard to his rescue from the hands of justice. The Board agreed to take this matter into further consideration and ap- pointed a meeting of the Council to be held the 12th of May, in order to come to a final result on the subject. — Prov. Rec. T. 319-20. Depositions, still on file at Harrisburg, had been presented on the 19th of March and on the 6th of May ; affording the Council some aid to come as it is not unreasonable to sup- pose, to a correct conclusion as to the guilt or innocence of the persons accused in the detention and rescue of Stump — and it is also not incredible to believe that Gov. Penn, who had evidence before him of the true state of the case, would not shrink to pronounce a true verdict — not exculpate, or acquaint the sheriff if he was indeed a principal actor in freeing the prisoners from jail, and rescuing them from the justices. The 12th day of May the Board met, and came to a final result on the subject. What that was, the reader may learn from the following extract from the Provincial Records. " At a Council held at Philadelphia, on Thursday the 12th of May, 1768— present : The Hon. John Penn, Esq., Lieut. Gov. &c. WilUam Logan, James Tilghman, Esqrs. Mr. Armstrong, Mr. Miller, and Mr. Lyon appearing at the Board, agreeable to the Governor's appointment, the following admonition, which was read to them, viz : Col. Armstrong, Mr. Miller, and Mr. Lyon — Upon the INTRODUCTION. 191 rescue of Frederick Stump, and John Ironcutter, who had been arrested for the murder of ten Indians, I was informed that you, as magistrates of Cumberland: county, had inter- posed to prevent their being broUj^iit to Philadelphia, in obe- dience to the Chief Justice's wari/;^t, in the hands of the sheriff; and that in particular, Col. Armstrong, had himself, discharged the sheriff's guard, after he (the sheriff) had re- fused to do it; and committed the prisoners to the county jail, which was in a great measure the occasion of the rescue, as it gave the persons who committed that bold and daring in- sult upon the laws of the Government, time to consult mea- sures for the execution of it. The matter was of such con- sequence, and the reputation of the Government so much concerned in it, that I could not pass it by, without making an enquiry into it, and upon hearing you and the sheriff, and considering the several proofs, which both you and he have laid before me, I find, that on Monday the 2oth day of Jan- uary last, the sheriff was ready to set off with the prisoners from Carlisle, under a guard of eight or ten men, in order to bring them to Philadelphia, as the warrant required — that the people of Carlisle, thinking the rights and privileges of their county would be infringed, by the prisoners being brought to Philadelphia, grew uneasy under these apprehen- sions, and did apply to you, and press you to interpose in the affair, until they could have an opportunity of remonstrating upon the occasion, which was first warmly opposed by Col. Armstrong ; but that at length, partly to quiet the minds of the people, and partly from an apprehension of danger of a rescue, in case the sheriff with the prisoners, should be de- tained on the banks of the Susquehanna, which was then hourly expected to break up, you were induced to cause the prisoners to be examined, and, upon their examination, they were committed by Col. Armstrong and Mr. Miller to Car- lisle jail ; in order, that the Government, informed by ex- press, which was determined to be sent on that occasion, should give further orders respecting them. " Tho' the transaction has not been proved in the aggra- vated light in which it was represented to me, yet, it was un- doubtedly officious and beside your duty to interpose at all in the affair, as it was unjustifiable in the sheriff to pay any re- gard to your interposition, and your conduct, upon the occa- sion, was in itself an obstruction of justice, and is not to be 192 INTRODUCTION. justified ; however, it may in some measure be excused by the motives of it. But as I am satisfied from the evidence, that both you and the sheriff were far from having any in- tention either to favor the prisoners, or to offer the least contempt to the authority of the Chief Justice's warrant, and that you acted for the best, in a case of perplexity, not expecting, but rather intending to prevent the consequences which followed. I shall take no other notice of the matter, than to admonish you for the future, to be very careful, in confining yourselves with the bounds of your jurisdiction, and not to interfere again in matters which belong to supe- rior authority." — Pro. Rec. vol. T. page 321-2. CHAPTER XIV. SON OF SENECA GEORGE, SHOT (1769). Son of Seneca George shot by one Reed — Proceedings of council — Con. ference held at Shamokin, August 1769. The last death of an Indian, caused by a white man, to be noticed in this connection, is that of an only son of Sene- ca George, who was shot by one Reed. This happened within the borders of Cumberland at that time. Mr. Reed was arrested, and lodged in jail. The governor, to concili- ate the relatives of the deceased, proposed a conference to be held at Shamokin. The proceedings had there, being so in- teresting, are inserted at length, from which all the particu- lars touching the death of Seneca George's only son may be learned. Minutes of a Conference held at Shamokin or Fort Au- gusta, by Col. Francis on the part of the government of Pa. with Indians in and near Shenago, in order to condole with, and make a present to Seneca George and his relatives on account of the death of George's only son, who was shot sometime since by an unknown person, near the mouth of Middle creek, on Susquehanna. INTRODUCTION. 198 Saturday, August 19, 1769, a little before noon, Seneca George Gen-gu-ant, and about fifty-three more Indians of different tribes, being chiefly Nanticokes and Conoys, landed from their boats, and sent a message to Col. Francis to know when they might speak to him, who immediately returned an answer, that in the afternoon that he would be glad to see his brother, Seneca George, and the friends and brethren he had brought with him. Col. Francis then proposed to re- ceive the Indians, and desired the Rev. Doctor Smith, of Phila., who happened to come to the fort about half an hour before the Indians, to give his assistance in taking the min- utes. Aug. II, P. M. Present, Col. Francis, Rev. Smith and about 50 inhabitants on and near Susquehanna ; Seneca George, Last Night, the Conoy King; Gu- en-gu-ant an Onondago, and 22 more warriors and young men. Isaac Still, Interpreter. Seneca George, speaks : Brother : You sent a letter some days since inviting me to this place. I invited my brother Gu-en-gu-ant one of the Onondagoes to come Mviih me, and likewise some of my children of the Nanticokes and Conoys. I also found other young men waiting for me to come down ; and now we are all here before you as you was the Governor, for you could not expect me to come alone. Brother : We have met among ourselves this day with many tears, but now see you, our tears begin to dry up a little, and we are ready to hear what you have to say, and you may appoint the time as soon as you please ; and when you speak, all of us will consider one with another what you say to us. Brother : I will speak one word more. I desire you would stop all your strong drink awhile, for you and I can neither speak nor smoke to- gether rightly, if our young men should get drink at this council fire, kindled by the Governor at Shamokin. Brother : You and I are friends, and know each other, and you likewise very well know what the custom is when the Governor meets his bre- thren at any place where he appoints a council fire — Now you see your brethren here, and we desire you will give us something to eat, for this; is always the custom when we meet the Governor at a council fire — we have no more to say at this time. Col. Francis was going to make some reply, and to express his plea- sure at meeting his brethren, and to tell them, that they should hear 17 194 INTRODUCTION. good things from the Governor, on Monday ; but Seneca George got up and desired Col. Francis would not speak then, it being better to con- sider what had been said to him till Monday. The Indians then went to their camp and provisions were sent them. This evening, Joseph Shippen, Esq., Provincial Secretary, arrived at the Fort. Sunday, Aug. 20, 1769. The Indians having understood that Doctor Smith was to have divine service to white people, assembled at the Fort, Seneca George sent no- tice that his people worshipped the same God with the English, and would attend divine service ; which they did accordingly, with great decency, and Isaac Still interpreted the conclusion of the discourse, which was particularly addressed to them. Monday, Aug. 21, 1769. Present, Col. Francis, Joseph Shippen, Dr. Smith, Chas. Stewart, and near one hundred inhabitants ; and all the Indians that had attended on Saturday. Isaac Still, Interpreter. Seneca George speaks. Brother, and all you, my Brothers : This day we are all met here together ; some chief men, my bro- thers, are come with me, and some young men, to this council fire, kin- dled by the Governor. You have sent for me to come from Shenango, and now I am come to hear my brother, and I suppose you have some- thing within your heart to tell me. Gives a String. ColonerFrancis spoke then, as follows : Brother Seneca George, and all you, my brethren : I am glad to see you here, and that you received the letter I sent you, soon enough to meet me here, at the very time I wished to see you. My grief for what has happened has been equal to yours, but on seeing you here, in so friendly and good a disposition, my grief is now so much removed that I have been able to light this council fire, and to acquaint you with what is contained within the Governor's heart, on this occasion. Gives a String. Now brethren, open your ears and listen — I am going to deliver to you what the Governer desired me to speak to Seneca George, and his friends, on this sad occasion — Attend then brethren ; for it is now the Governor speaks. Brethren : I take this opportunity by Col. Francis to give you my kind and hearty salutations, and by this string desire you will hearken to the message I send you by him, A String of Wampum. Brethren : It is not above a month ago, that Col. Francis came from Shamo- kin, on purpose to acquaint me of the death of one of our Indian bre- thren, and that the man who was supposed to have committed the crime was apprehended and secured in Lancaster jail. On this information, I ordered the man to be sent to the jail of this city, to be kept secure, till he can be tried. INTRODUCTION. 195 Brethren : Col. Francis further acquaiuts me that, the Indians, who were in the cabin with our deceased brother, at the time he was killed, were present when the offender was taken, and were satisfied with Colonel Francis' conduct in this affair, and were kind enough to lake a mes- sage from him, to give you an account of what had been done, and to tell you he was hastening to Philadelphia, to lay the same before me, and would bring in a month, or six weeks, my message to you, on this melancholy occasion, and desired you to be at Shamokin, in order to receive it. Brethren : Knowing that by treaties between this government and the Indians, we are obliged to inform each other of any accidents that happen, which may be likely to disturb the peace subsisting between us ; as soon as I had made myself acquainted with the particulars attending this matter, I lost no time in sending account thereof to Sir Wm. John- son, that he might relate the real truth, so far as was come to my know- ledge, to the Indians of the Six Nations, and assure them, that the per- son apprehended should be taken great care of, and safely secured, and receive his trial in the same manner as if the deceased had been a white man, and by his trial it will appear whether the affair was acci- dental or designed. Brethren: We are sensible that whilst the body of our deceased brother lies above ground, your minds cannot be easy. We therefore, by these strouds, bury his body, and cover it so deep that your eyes may never more see it. Brethren : With these handkerchiefs we wipe away all the tears which run down your cheeks, and take the sorrow from your hearts, and desire you would grieve no more. Handkerchiefs. Brother: With this belt we scrape up all the blood that has lain on the ground, or may have stained the bushes. We collect them together, bury ihem under ground, that neither your nor your friends eyes may more beheld them, as you pass and re-pass the place where the acci- dent happened. A Belt. Brethren : As we have now buried the body of our deceased brother, we de- sire you will suffer no uneasiness to remain in your minds, that may cause the least ill will towards your brethren of the English. A Bell. Brethren: As you are the relations of our deceased brother, as a token of our affection for you, and to comfort your hearts, we desire you would accept of this present of goods. Delivered the Goods. Signed John Penn. Seneca George speaks. Brother: Now I have heard what the governor has to say to me on this oc- 196 INTRODUCTION. casion; my young men and the chiefs that are come with me have likewise heard it and are very glad that they have heard the Governor of Philadelphia speak. Now I will return to my fire place, and to-mor- row will give an answer to what the Governor has said to us. Tuesday 22nd Aug. — The Indians sent word they could not be ready to answer the governor's message till to-morrow in the afternoon. Wednesday 23rd Aug. — Having met ; Seneca George spoke as follows : Brothers : We have met here on this good day, and as the Governor of Phi- ladelphia has sent you here to speak to me, I shall look upon you as in the governor's room. I am glad to hear what my brother the governor has said, and so are also my young men, and I doubt not your young men are likewise as well pleased as our young men are with what the governor has said. Brother : I let you know. I am not a king, but a captain of the Six Nations. But here is a king (pointing to Last Night, the Conoy King) you will hear him speak good things. His words and mine are one. Brother : You may see that the occasion which has called us to meet here, IS not from a bad spirit on our part, but on yours. The Great and Good Spirit put it into the hearts of our grand-fathers and yours to lay strong foundations for peace with each other; we must follow what they have done, and if we hide any thing in our hearts from one ano- ther, this Great Spirit, whom you call God Almighty, will know it. The Conoy King then speaks. Brother : I am really glad to see you at this fire which the governor has placed at Shamokin, and to hear what my brother the governor has said ; and to see all these young men that are come with you. My young men are likewise all glad on the same account. A string of four rows. Brother : I now speak to the governor, by you, Col. Francis. I have put into my heart what the governor has said. My young men have done the same. We all believe what the governor has said to Col. Francis has really come from his heart. I will, therefore, now open my heart, and you shall hear my good things. 2d string of four rows. Brother: I am well pleased the governor takes this method to bury our grief under ground. I need not repeat what you said to us. I am glad you have wholly wiped away that stain from the face of the earth, and I now assure you, I will look on you, my brothers, as I used to do, and think well of you. Brother : As I told you, we are all glad to hear our brother, the governor. But I assure you, brother, I do not know what to do on the affair w« are met about, I have considered this sad breach, and should know IKTRODUCTION. 197 what to do in it if any of my people had committed the like against any of yours. Brother : You know best how to manage such of our people as have been overcome by the Evil spirit, and therefore I leave this matter wholly to you. A belt vf seven rows. Brother: Let me now speak one word to my brother the governor, and to you Col. Francis. I would have my brother, the governor, be strong, to hold fast that good friendship, whereof our forefathers laid fast foundations when you first came into this country. Sir William John- son is but lately come — But we had in old time a very firm peace, and you and I used always then to speak to one another. Now, as I said, brother, we then laid a firm foundation fur peace, and this was one great arti- cle of that peace ; that we should have pity on our young men and also on our women and children ; because we all came from one woman, as you may easily kn(>w by the mark — " That our Utile children lohenbom have all the same shapes and limbs as yours, altho' they be of a different col- our." Wherefore, I would have you be strong, and in good earnest to preserve this our ancient friendship, so that our young men, whoever they meet on a journey or hunting about in the woods, may always be glad to see one another. ^ Brother : There was also another mark in this, our old friendship, that if we had one loaf of bread, when we meet each other in the woods, we would cut in two, and divide it with one another. Let us all then cast our eyes to the great Good Being, to bless our endeavors to preserve this, our ancient friendship. A belt of eight rows. Brother: You know that our Grandfathers made a road between each other, which passes by my door and reaches to Onondago. We have now kindled a council fire at Shamokin. Let us then be strong, that our young men, women and children may pass and repass, and always be glad to meet one another as they hunt in the woods. L'rother : You may perhaps hear bad stories from other nations, but I would not have you listen to them, but let you and I still hold fast the an- cient friendship. Brother : You and I are brothers. The Nations to which I belong, the Nan- ticokes and Conoys, never yet, since the beginning of the world, pulled one scalp, nor even one hair from your heads ; and this, I say, gives us a right to call ourselves brothers. Although you have done me some hurt, I have never yet cast my eye upon that, but have always looked steadfastly to our ancient friendship. Brother : Now we have healed this sad breach, and you see all my youn^ men here, are satisfied it is so made up, and I hope your youno- men are also pleased. But, brother, I would have you tell your young men 17* 198 INTRODUCTION. never to make the least breach of our friendship again, and I will tell our young men the same: A belt of seven rows. Brother : Now you have heard all your brothers had to say to you on this good day. There is, as I told you, a council fire at Shamokin, which is the door of the Six Nations. When I go home all your brethren shall know, what you have said, and Sir Wm. Johnson shall also know it. Brother : We, the Nanticokes, and Conoys have wiped away all the grief from the eyes of our great warrior Seneca George. We show you this belt, wherewith we joined you in wiping his eyes. Brother : Last fall, Sir Wm. Johnson and all the Governors kindled a coun- cil fire at Fort Stanwix. They sent for all his Indian brethren, as far as Allegheny, to meet at this council fire. It was his business when they met to find provision for them, and he did so. But they killed one six years old steer for me, and 1 have had no satisfaction for it. — If you think proper to consider this matter and allow me satisfaction, I shall think well of it. Brother : To-morrow I intend to leave you. I was in hopes you would send me a squaw to me to warm me at night. Perhaps you have one lo keep you warm ; but as you did not send me one, 1 must go home lo my own as fast as I can. But you know the custom is, that you must give me a little bread to eat on the way. Col. Francis then spoke as follows; Brothers, Seneca George, Last Night, and all you my brethren : I am really rejoiced to hear all the good things you have said, and to find that the governor's message to you with his small present of goods, have wiped away aUlhe tears from your eyes, and confirmed in your hearts the old friendship and good will you have your brothers, the English. All who are present with me rejoice on ihe same account. You see I have caused to be written down on paper all the good things you have said, that I may send them directly to the governor, who will put them in his heart and remember them the first time you speak together. Brother : As to what you say about a squaw, I have really none here. We keep all ours in Philadelphia, and we are as desirous to get home as you are. I am sorry that we have so little provisions here ; but you shjill, this very evening, have all that I can get for you. I will kill one of our best cattle for you. I will send you all the flour I have left to make cakes on your wa)', and I will give some powder and shot lo your young men to kill a little deer to eat with your cakes as you go along. I shall likewise send you a little imlking slick (the Indian phrase for rum) and I am sorry I cannot make it long enough for a setting poie,: INTRODUCTION^. 199 but really our rum keys begin to run very low — however, I will make the stick as long and strong as I can. Brother Last Night, I will con- sider what you say about your steer, and look what there is in my purse when I go home to my lodgings from this council fire. Col. Francis having finished the above which was received with great cheerfulness and many signs of approbation by the Indians. Mr. Frederick Weiser desired Col. Francis that he would be pleased to de- liver the folowing short speech to Seneca George: Brother Seneca George : Now the business of the Governor is finished — the son of yonr old brother and friend, Conrad Weiser, desires me to speak a few words to you. Myself and ail the children of Conrad have had great grief and many tears for the unhappy death of your son, and our tears have run down our cheeks in greater abundance, because a cousin of ours, the sister's son of our father Conrad has been suspected of the mischief. He is soon to be tried by the English laws, and if he should be proved guilty, which we hope he may not be, we are willing he should sufl^er the same punishment as if he had commiiled the crime against a white man. Brother : This matter has grieved and surprised us greatly, for neither the man who is said to have done this, nor any of our family, have ever had any difference with our Indian brethren, and time will show whe- ther this man is guilty or not; and as we do not wish to screen him from justice, we desire you will not entertain in your hearts any ill will against any of the family or children of our old friend and broth- er, Conrad Weiser, on accoynt of this one man, who, if he is guilty, must have been carried away by a very evil spirit towards the Indians, and different from the spirit of all his family. As a mark of our love to you, I, who am the eldest son of your old friend Conrad Weiser, de- sire you will accept this small present from his family, to wipe all tears from your eyes. A present from Mr. Weiser. Seneca George having sat after (his speech three or four minutes in a deep silence, with his eyes fixed on the ground, and tears visibly flowing from them, got up and spoke as follows : Brother: I have really been pleased with what the governor has spoken by you. Col. Francis, for making up this sad affair. Now, as to what ha.-? been said by the son of Conrad Weiser, I am glad to see one of his sons, and to hear him mention a little of the old friendship and love that was betweeu us and our brother, his father. Yes, old Conrad was in- deed my brother and friend. He was a counsellor of the Six Nations, and knew all that passed between them, or was in their hearts. I am very glad the tears have flowed from the eyes of his children, as they have done from mine, on account of this unhappy affair, which has certainly been a great grief to me: for, he that is lost, was a son that lay near to my heart. He was all the child that I had; and now I am old, and the loss of him has almost entire y cut away my heart. But I am yei pleased my brother Weiser, the son of my old friend, has taken 200 INTRODUCTION. this method to dry my tears. I assure my brother Weiser, this matter shall be remembered no more against his family to their hurt, but I will look upon it that an evil spirit got into the mind of the person who did it. All the while Seneca George was delivering the above, he kept ad- vancing still nearer and nearer to the table where Col. Francis, Mr. Weiser, and the other gentlemen sat, and his action and whole beha- vior was surprisingly great. That part especially where he spoke of his son, wasjunderstood, even before interpreted, by the tone and man- ner in which it was delivered. When he came to the last part, where he declared he had no ill will to the family of the Weiser's, he sprang forward with a noble air of forgiveness ; and shaking Mr. Weiser by the hand, I have, said he, no ill will to you, Mr. Weiser ; nor to you, Col. Francis ; nor any to you, father, (meaning Dr. Smith) ; nor any to you, (meaning Mr. Stewart); and shaking everyone by the hand, then spreading out his arms, and turning quite round to all the com- pany ; nor have I any ill will to any of you, my brothers, the English. That manly spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation which Seneca George showed on this occasion, by his looks and gestures, and whole action, made some of them at the table cry out, as he ran up, holding out his hand to them, " This is noble ;" for here his speech stood in need of no interpreter. A conference with the Delawares, inhabiting the Big Island and West Branch of Susquehanna. During the conference with Seneca George and his friends, Colonel Francis had great uneasiness on account of the Delaware chief Neva- leeka, and about 42 of his friends, who had come down the West Branch on a rumor that there was to be a general treaty at Shamokin, and that the governor was to be there. The Nanticokes and Conoys refused to admit them into the confer- ence, and said they had no business with it, while the others complained that they had wailed many days last past of their hunting season, and were now starving for hunger. Col. Francis s-ent Isaac Still to bring three or four of their chiefs to a private conference; who being come, told him that since they could not see the governor, nor hear from him, they intended to proceed to Ohio. Col. Francis told them the governor was not at Philadelphia, but gone on a long journey, but that he would carry any message they had to the governor, and that they might not be wholly disappointed, he v/ould give them some provisions and a little " Walking Siick," to help them back to their hunting-place. The Chief then desired Col. Francis to carrv this message, viz : That they would return home and hunt awhile a few skins to make a pair of breeches for the governor, which they would bring down in the fall, to have a talk with him according to an old custom, for they now longe-d to see him. and had many things to say. It was then found necessary to give them some flour, &c., and to get them away as well pleased as possible, for the inhabitants became apprehensive that they would kill cattle or do some hurt, for want of provisions, and on account of their disappointment in their journey. — Prov. Bee U. p. 70-73- CHAPTER XV. DAUPHIN COUNTY. Preliminary remarks — Erection of counties — Dauphin separated from Lancaster county---Original extent and boundary of Lancaster— Er- ection of townships within the limits of Dauphin and Lebanon, viz ; Peshtank or Paxlon, Lebanon, Derry, &c. Names of taxables 05 1750, or of early settlers — Miscellaneous — Hanover township erect- ed ; early settlers in. As early as 1682, three counties were organized in the Province of Pennsylvania, viz : Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester. In 1723, Lancaster county was erected ; and it then comprised all the territory west and north of Chester county, between the Schuylkill, north of the boundary line of Chester and the Susquehanna, and all west of the Sus- quehanna. Lancaster county was gradually reduced ; first by the separation of York county, in August, 1749; (Cum- berland in 1750, Berks in 1752, Northumberland, which was erected out of parts_of Lancaster, Cumberland, Berks, Bed- ford and North^rabiib*Iand, in 1772 : and by the organization of Dauphin county, which was separated from Lancaster, by the acts of March 4th 1785, and by erecting Lebanon in 1813, formed out ot parts of Lancaster and Dauphin. The extent and boundary of Lancaster, at the time of its organization is given, in the following extract from the Pro- vincial Records. " At a council held at Philadelphia, May 2d, 1729 : pre- sent, the Honorable Patrick Gordon, Esq., Lieut. Governor, Richard Hill, William Fishbourn, Clement Plumsted, Thos. Lawrence, and Samuel Hazel, Esqrs. A return being made by the order of Council, dated the 202 HISTORY OT DAUtHIN COUNTY. 20th February last, for running a division line in the county of Chester, and settling the boundaries of the county to be erected in the back parts of this province towards Susque- hanna, pursuant to the minutes of council of the 20th of said February, the same was read, approved and confirmed, and is in these words : Pursuant to a warrant from the Hon. Patrick Gordon, Esq. Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, and counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, upon Delaware, bearing date the 22d day of February last past (1729) — We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, met together, on the 17th day of March, 1728-29, near the head of the northern branch of Octoraro creek, and with the assistance of John Taylor, surveyor of the county of Chester, run a line from the said branch to the river Schuylkill, according to the courses following, viz : Beginning on a corner, marked white oak standing on the eastern side of the said branch, on the land of John Minshall, thence northeast by north, five hun- dred and eighty perches to a chestnut oak, standing on the top of a barren mountain, at the head of the branches of the said Octoraro creek, thence along the said mountain, north- east by east, three hundred and forty perches to a chestnut tree ; thence north, northeast, four hundred and forty per- ches to a white oak by a branch of Pequea creek, thence continuii'g the same course along the said mountain four hundred and eighty perches to a chestnut oak, thence north by east seven hundred perches to a white oak tree near a small branch of Erandywine creek, thence north by west six hundred and sixteen perches to a chestnut tree standing on the top of a mountain at the head of the w^estern branch of said Brandywine creek, thence east northeast along the said mountain two thousand two hundred and twenty perches to a chestnut tree near the western branch of the French creek, thence northeast by east three hundred and fifty perches to a red oak, thence northeast one hundred and ninety perches to a chestnut oak, near another branch of the said French creek, thence northeast by north two thousand one hundred perches to a corner marked white oak, standing by the said river Schuylkill, about three quarters of a mile below the house of John Burroughs. — Signed Henry Hayes, Samuel Hollingsworth, Philip Taylor, Eli- sha Gatchel, James James, John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 203 Samuel Blunston, Andrew Cornish, Thomas Edwards, John Musgrove. And the upper parts of the province described as afore- said, are hereby declared to be erected, and are accordingly erected into a county by the name of Lancaster county." When Lancaster county was laid off from Chester, John Wright, who had settled on the present site of Colum- bia, some time in 1726, named it Lancaster, after the county Lancashire, England, where he came from in 1714. John Wright had first settled on his arrival in the Province, in the lower part of Chester county. — His. Lan. co. 240. Soon after Lancaster had been organised, the magistrates, viz : John Wright, Tobias Hendricks, Samuel Blunston, An- drew Hornish, Thomas Edwards, Caleb Pierce, Thomas Reid and Samuel Jones, Esq., inhabitants of the county, met, to settle and agree upon the names and boundaries of townships. This meeting was held June 9th, and the Court confirmed the names and boundaries, at the August term of 1729. The names of the townships then organized, are Drumore, Sadsbury, Martock, Conestoga, Hempfield, Earl, Warwick, Manheim, Lancaster, Leacock, Lampeter, Salis- bury, Derry, Peshtank, and Lebanon. The boundaries of the three last were as follows : Derry, the township of Derry, beginning at the mouth of Cone- wago, thence up Susquehanna to the mouth of Suataaro, thence up Suataaro to the mouth of Quetopohello, thence south on a direct line to Conewago, and down the same to the place of beginning. Peshtank — The township of Peshtank, beginning at the mouth of Suataaro, thence up the river to Kehtohtoning hill above Peter Allen's, thence eastward by the south side of said hill to the meridian of Quetopohello mouth, thence on a south course to the mouth of the same at Suataaro, and down Suataaro to the place of beginning. Lebanon — Lebanon township, beginning under the afore- said hill, at the northeast corner of Peshtank, thence by the said hill easterly to the meridian of the west line of Tolpe- hockan manor, thence southerly and by the said line to the hills bounding Warwick township, thence by the said hills and township westerly to the corner of Derry and Conewa- go, thence northerly by Derry and Peshtank to the place of beginning. 204 HISTORY Of dauphin county. Derry township was divided prior to 1750 into the "West End of Derry," and the " East End of Derry." The names of taxables and early settlers in the East End in 1750, are the following, viz : James Semple, James McKee, Joseph Candor, Thomas Hall, James Clark, Randel Boo, John Allison, James Shaw, Robert Ramsey, James Russel, Thomas Boman, James Chambers, Hugh Carrithers, James Carrithers, Robert Brat- chey, Hugh Black, Thomas Black, David Black, Robert Chambers, James Long, David Campbel, James Ireland, Pat- rick Down, John Vanlier, Robert Carrithers, William Bradin, Charles Neely, Arthur Chambers, John Tice, John Laird, David Caldwell, Andrew Morrison, John Thomson, Alex. Robeson, John Nicom, John Kerr, William Blackburn, An- drew Lockert, David McNair, James Wiley, Christian Sad- dler, William Mitchel, Moses Wilson, Michael Howry, Mo- ses Patterson, James Russel, Wilham Sterret, Robert Arm- strong, John Welsh. The taxable and early settlers of the "East End of Der- ry," at the same period, were James Galbreath, Esq., James Wilson, James Campbell, James Walker, John Walker, H. Walker, John McCord, David McCord, William Robeson, Archibald Walker, David Tyler, John Orr, John Rinagel, William Wilson, James Miller, VVilliam Boyd, Robert Boyd, John Cosh, William Sayers, George Eby, David Mitchel, Leonard Denie, John McColloch, Charles Conway, David Shenk, David Kleim, Michael Hover, Honnes Palmer, Henry Peters, Hans Ketrin, Charles Clark, Thomas Mackey, An- drew Moore, James Foster, Robert McClure, Hugh Hall, Thomas Rutherford, William Rea, John McQueen, John Rea, Neal McCallester, Christian Schneider, Neal Daugherty, Thomas Logan, George Miller, John McCallester, Joseph White, John McClelland, Robert Mordeck, Moses Potts, Da- vid Jonson, Jacob Reif, Jacob Longnecker, Andrew Rowan, Hugh Hayes, Patrick Hayes, John Kerr, Duncan McDon- nell, Thomas Wilson, James Wilson, John Campbel, Mr. McClan, Mr. Sloan, John Mabcn, Patrick Kelly, James Dun- can, William Hays, John Foster, Robert Foster, David Fos- ter, Wilson Cooper, John Strean, John Cochran, Hans Adam Nei, Jacob Sailer, Hugh Miller, John Godfrey, Thomas Ai- ken, Anthony Hempel, Conrad Wisan, John McColloch, John Gingericli, William Miller, John Moor, John Hays, William HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 205 Huston. Peshtank, was divided into the " West Side of Paxton," the " South End of Paxton," and the « Narrows ot Paxton." The taxables and early settlers of the West Side, in 1750, were the following: William Thorn, Hugh Montgomery, Robert Dugan, Tho- mas Sturgen, John Johnson, John Harris, James McNight, James Reed, James Armstrong, Robert Chambers, John Da- vis, James Harris, David Carson, William McCalley, James loland, Andrew Steen, John Cochran, Alexander Jonson, Ihomas Foster, Esq. James Aiken, James Allcorn, Thomas Simson, James Polke, James Potts, George Gillesny, Alex- ander McCay, John Cavit, Andrew Caldwell, John Scott, Samuel Price, Patrick Gillespy, Jeremiah Sturgeon, Robert Montgomery, John Caldwell, Robert Smith, Jos- White, John Neal, John Dougherty, George Gabriel, John Carson, Sam- uel Hunter, John Daily, Samuel Simpson, Samuel Marthi, Ihomas McArther, James Colier, Thomas Larnar, Andrew Stuart, Samuel Campbell, Alexander Sanders, Robert Curry, Moses Warn, Jos. Ross, John Smith, James Thorn, William Armstrong, William Calhoun, Thomas McCormick, John VV iggins, John Wiley, Andrew Cochran, Robert Potter, Wil- liam Thorn. „xT,!^^ *^^^^b^e« and early settlers of the South End, were William Kirkpatnck, Thomas King, Thomas Meays, Wil- liam Steel, Robert Tyler, Hugh Stuart, Peter Fleming, John Shields, Kennedy Kanix, John Gray, William Harris, Rich- ard McClure, John Wilson, Oliver Wiley, Samuel Galbreath, Martin Shults, David Shields, Moses Dickey, H. McKinney, H. Seller, Valentine Starn, Thomas Dugan, Alexander Brown, James Lusk, John Means, Andrew Hanna, George Shiets, Timothy McNight, William Sharp, H. McElroy, John John- ston, Charles Gonlon, John Montgomery, Timothy Shaw, Matthew Gordon, Andrew Huston, Samuel Woods, John Welsh, Alexander White, John Morrow, James McNight, Francis Jonson, James Wilson, William Dickey, Patrick Kinney. Taxable and early settlers of the Narrows were John Kelton, Mr. Murray,Robert Armstrong, John Armstrong, Thomas Gas- ten, William Foster, Thomas Clark, John McKenne, Robert Clark, Thomas Adams, Halbert Adams, John Watt, George Clark, James Reed, James English, John Geven, James Bas- 18 206 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. kins, Thomas McKee, Charles Williams, John Mitchell, John Lee, a trader. At the August Court, 1729, at Lancaster, James Pattison, Edmond Cartlidge, Peter Chartier, John Lawrence, Jonas Davenport, Oliver Walhs, Patrick Boyd, Lazarus Lowry, William Dunlap, William Beswick, John Wilkins, Thomas Perrin, and John Harris, prayed to be recommended to the Governor to trade with the Indians. Their prayer was grant- ed, and they recommended. March 5, 1730 — ordered that Thomas Gardener, consta- ble of Pashtank, be allowed 18 pence. Taxes assessed in Paxton township for 1736, amounted to £22, 10, 7. For 1737, £21, 2, 10. Samuel Montgomery was collector this year. For the year 1738, £27, 0, 6. For 1739, £13, 5, 9— WilUam McMullin, Collector. For 1740, £9, 13, 8— John Willson, collector. October 30, 1739, the county commissioners agreed to hold an appeal, January 4th, 1739-40, at Thomas Lenix's, in Paxton, for the upper end of Lancaster. January 8, 1744, the commissioners held an appeal at the house of John Harris, in the township of Paxton. December 30, 1747, the commissioners again held an ap- peal at the house of John Harris. — Com. Book of Lancaster CO. in Secretary's Office, Harrisburg. At the February session, 1736-7, upon a petition of the inhabitants of Lancaster county, Hanover township was er- ected — divided on the west from Paxton to Beaver creek, from its mouth to the mountain, from Lebanon on the east, and Derry on the south by Suataaro creek, from Beaver mouth to the forks, thence by the north branch thereof to the mountain. Prior to 1750, Hanover township was divided into the " West End of Hanover" and the " East End of Hanover." The taxables and early settlers in 1750 ot the West End, were the following — Joseph Rogers, Seth Rogers, Hugh Rogers, Samuel Ster- ret, Jas. McKoit, James Beard, Robert Porterfield, Mathew Thornton, William Rogers, William Thomson, Samuel Todd, George Jonson, John Brown, John McCavit, James McCav- it, Thomas French, James French, James Finney, Thomas Sharp, John Sharp, John Dobbins, Mr. McCowen, John Hill, Philip Robeson, James Brown, WilUam Erwen, Samuel Bar- net, Alexander Montgomery, Thomas Bell, Samuel Robeson, HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 207 James Riddle, Thomas McQuire, John McCord, Robert Houston, John Gamble, John Henry, Thomas McClure, Wil- liam Barnet, Andrew Wallace, Richard Jonston, Josias Wi- ley, John Snodey, John Cooper, Thomas Cooper, Francis McClure, Michael Neal, H. Hart, Robert Humes, James Robinson, James Rippert, Mathew Snodey, John McCormick, James VMIson, John Strean, Robert Park, Hugh Wilson, Jas. Wilson, Robert Wallace, Robert Snodgrass, Wm. Mc- Clenahan, David McClenahan, sen., Danl. Shaw, Samuel Stuart, Robert Love, William Laird, John Hutchinson, Sam- uel Young, James Finney, John McNealey, James McCon- nel, Thomas Russel, Charles McClure, John Woods, Andrew Woods, Matthew Tyler, Andrew Walker, Robert Martin, James Wilson, George Miller, John Miller, John McClure, Patrick Gracy, William Cooper, Thomas Martin, John Stu- art, Thomas Robeson, James Wallace, Michael Wallace. The taxables and early settlers of the East End of Hano- ver, at the same period, w^ere the following, though many of them would now fall within the limits of Lebanon county : Jacob Musser, Peter Hettrich, Melchior Henry, Thomas Proner, Henry Bachman, Conrad Clatt, Anthony Rosebaura, Jacob Mosher, Esau Ricker, William Clark, John Sibbins, John Schwar, James Young, John Gilleland, Peter Hailraan, Widow Work, Frederick Hoak, Jas. Sloan, Widow Gille- land, Jacob Sops, John Sops, Rudolph Hake, Joseph Hoof, Benj. Clark, Killion Mark, George Tittel, Isaac Williams, Adam Clannean, John Casnet, James Williams, Anthony Tit- tel, Dennis Keril, Mathias Boor, John Sloan, Daniel Ankel. William Young, Abraham Williams, James Clark, Martin Lichty, Adam Roth, Ludwig Shits, John Stewart, John Fos- ter, John Andrew, Walter McFarland, Joseph Brechtbiil, WilUam Robison, Philip Kolps, Onwal Jagel, Thomas Croil, Alexander Swan, Alexander Thomson, John Graham, Samu- el Ainsworth, John Martin, Barnet M'Night, Widow Brown, John Humes, Andrew M'Keehan, Thomas Brewster, John Thomson, James Graham, John Cunningham, William Cun- ningham, Christopher Sies, John Meyers, Patrick Brown. John Andrews, John Strein, Antony M'Crath, George Shet- ley, Walter Bell, Leonard Long, Adam M'Neely, John M'- Clure, John Henderson, William Woods, John Porterfield, Robert Haslet, John Crawford, William Watson, Henry Gantz, James Greenleaf, John Craig, Hugh M'Gowen, Johii 208 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Dickson, Joseph Willson, Adam Miller, Edward M'Murray Jacob M'Cormick, John Rarasej, James Stewart, Humphrey Cunningham, Robert Kirtwood, James M'Coorey, William Thomson, Thomas Strain, Mathias Plank, Jacob Steiner, William Stoner, James Todd, John Young, James Dixon, Robert Bryson, William Bryson, Daniel Andrew^, David Ste- venson, William Cathcart, William Crosby, Benjamin Ains- worth, Patrick Bowen, Adam Harper, Lazarus Stewart. In noticing the remarkable incidents and leading events that transpired before the erection of Dauphin county in 1785, the writer does not confine himself to the present limits of the county, but embraces those that happened within the limits of Lancaster, north of the present southern boundary of Dau- phin county. The same course will be pursued in the history of Cumberland and the other counties. CHAPTER XVL Dauphin County established, &c. Dauphin county erected and named — Boundary in 1785 — Reduction of, in 1813 — Present boundary — Variety of geological features — Geology of — Acres of land in — Productions — Live stock — Cereal grains, &c., &c, — General statistics — Synopsis of the census of 1840 — Descrip- tion of streams — Public improvements, &c. Dauphin county, named in honor of the son of Louis xvi., King of France was separated as stated above, from Lancas- ter, by an act of March 4, 1785, and then bounded as fol- lows : " Beginning on the west side of the Susquehanna river opposite the mouth of Conewago creek; thence up the middle of the said creek to Moor's mill ; and from thence to the head of said creek ; and from thence by a direct line to the south- east corner of Heidelberg township, where it strikes the Berks county line ; thence northw^est by the line of Berks county to Mahantayo creek ; thence along the same by the line of Northumberland county, and crossing the river Sus(jue» HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUMY. 209 hanna, to the line of Cumberland county, and that part of the line of York county to the place of beginning, on the west side of the river Susquehannah." Dauphin was afterwards reduced, by an act of Feb. 16 1813, erecting Lebanon county out of parts of Dauphin and Lancaster. Dauphin is now bounded, north by Northumber- land, northeast by Schuylkill, east by Lebanon, and sooth hy Lebanon and Lancaster, and on the west by the Susque- hanna, separating it from the counties of York, Cumberland and Perry; the whole stream, however, being within the county, the course of the river through it, which is iortv- eight miles. The length of the county is thirty-three miles, and mean width sixteen miles; it contains an area of five hundred and twenty-eight miles ; containing 341,120 acres Population in 1810, 31,883; 1820, Lebanon having been separated 21,663 ; 1830, 25,303 ; 1840, 30,118- AjreZl amount of property taxable in 1844, was $8,197,491 00 This county presents a great variety of geological features as well as a variety of soils, viz : limestone, yeJJow and red shale, gravel sandy, &c. The limestone region, in the south- ern and southeastern part of the county, has a rich, loamv soil, highly productive, where well cultivated. The slate formation between this and the Blue mountain, is more hilly and less fertile ; but by proper improvement and the free u."^ of lime as a manure, may be made a fine agricultural reaion Much of It has been reclaimed. " Formerly, and not more than twenty years ago. Lower Paxton and the Hanovers could boast of as poor land, as carelessly cultivated, as any tract of the same extent on the face of the earth. 'The vovth all emigrate, and the poor all starve,' was the remark com- monly made use of, when describing this now smiling region " As said, the geological features of this connty are various- lor in It, says Trego, we find nearlv, if not quite all the rock lormations, from the white sandstone which overlies the nri raary rocks, upwards to the coal. ^ The Conestoga hills, in the southern part of the county are composed of trap rock: north of these we find the mid iUe secondary shale and sandstone, extending as far as High spire, on the Susquehanna, six miles below Harrisbura, where It overlaps the great limestone formation of Cumberla^nd Val- iey. ihe limestone formation is a broad belt of limestone winch may be traced from the Delaware river, at and above 210 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Easton, through Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland and Franklin counties, and so passing southwestward through Maryland and Virginia. The lime- stone formation is seen in some other counties of this state. The limestone in this county ranges from Lebanon across Dauphin to the Susquehanna ; its northern limit on the river being at the lower end of Harrisburg, and the line of junc- tion between the hmestone and slate passing thence eastward to the Swatara creek, north of Hummelstown, and so on to the Lebanon cou^y line near Palmyra. Some belts of slate are contained within the range of this limestone, one of which may be observed passing from the Swatara west of Hummels- town, south of the poor house, and extending nearly to the Susquehanna. North of the limestone is a broad slate formation, having a hilly and rolling surface, which occupies the region between the northern limit of the limestone, and the southern base of the Kittatinny* or Blue mountain. Some thin strata of lime- stone are found in certain parts of this slate range. This range extends all along the Blue mountain from the Delaware river through Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dau- phin, Cumberland and Franklin counties, to the southern line of the state. The rocks of the Blue mountain consist chiefly of the hard, compact, white, gray and reddish sandstone, which lies next in order above the last mentioned slate, and which forms so many of the mountain ridges in middle Pennsylvania. This rock constitutes that long, narrow, nearly level and continu- ous ridge which stretches from near the Hudson river, not far from Kingston, across New York and New Jersey, and which entering Pennsylvania at the Delaware water gap, is known from that place to its termination in Franklin county, by the name of Kittatinny or Blue mountain. On the northern slope of this mountain, and in the valley between it and the second mountain, are the red variegated shales, resting on the sandstones just described, with the over- lying limestone, of an argillaceous blue; the fossiliferous sand- stone, of various thickness ; the olive slate, occupying but a small space, because the strata are nearly perpendicular ; and along the south side of the Second mountain, the red and • Kittatinny, originally called by the Indians, Kau-ta-tin'Clmnk, i. e. the Main, or Principal Mountain. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 211 gray sandstones, and red shale next in position. The olive slate and red shale rocks appear in Armstrong's valley, around Halifax. In order to account for the small space occupied by so many formations, some of which in other parts of the state occupy of themselves a wide extent of country, it must be recollected, that the strata here are vertical, or in truth thrown rather beyond a vertical position, so that their order of super- position is inverted, and the strata w^iich really lie upper- most in place appear to dip steeply beneath those which are actually below them. Rock Strata which are vertical can only occupy an area equal to their thickness, while those which approach the horizontal position, usually spread over a wide region. The Second mountain is mainly composed of a coarse, hard, grayish sandstone, which is also found in Peters', Ber- ry's and Mahantany's mountains; all these being in fact but the same ridge which winds round recrosses the several twins. The rock next in order is the bright red shale, which under- lies the coarse pebbly conglomerate next below the coal bear- ing strata. This red shale is found encompassing all the an- thracite coal fields, and from its softness and liability to de- composition, has been worn down so as usually to form valleys around the high, sharp ridges, which bound the coal basins. Accordingly it is found extending down Stoney creek valley, between the Second and Third mountains, and folding round on the Susquehanna above the town of Dauphin, again fol- lowing up the valley of Clark's creek, thus enclosing the coal field of the Third and Fourth mountains. Pas«.ing round the junction of Peters' and Berry's mountains on the east, it en- ters Williams' valley and stretches down Wisconisco creek again to the Susquehanna at Millersburg. The whole of Ly- kens' valley, which lies between Berry's and Mahantany's mountains, is of this red shale, the northern division of which extends up the valley of Pine creek into Schuylkill county, enclosing between it and the Williams' valley division, the Bear valley coal basin. The Third and Fourth mountains are composed of the coarse conglomerates and sandstones, w^hich immediately un- derlie the coal, and it is in the high narrow depression be- tween those ridges that the coal of the Stoney creek coal re- gion is found. Owing, however, to the displacement conse- 212 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. quent upon the highly upheaved position of the rocks below it, and to the crushing effect near the junction of the uniting ridges, the coal beds towards the western extremity of this basin, are confused and uncertain. Further eastward the prospect is better, and excellent coal has been obtained, soft of which is so soft and free burning as to approach the bitu- minous character. .j The Big Lick and Bear mountains, in the northeastern part of the county, are also cemented pebble or conglomerate rock, and in like manner enclose a coal basin, the western end of which extends into this county. It is commonly known by the name of Bear valley coal region, the western point of which is at the junction of the two last named mountains, about twelve miles east of the Susquehanna. Most of the coal obtained from this valley has been mined at Bear's gap, an opening in the Big Lick mountain through which Bear creek flows southward towards Wisconisco creek. The mountains which bound the coal basin on the north and south are here about seven hundred and fifty feet in height above the level of Bear creek, and contain numerous coal strata Mhich de- scend towards the centre of the narrow valley at an angle of about forty-five degrees. The gap made by the passage of Bear creek through the mountain, has exposed the coal on both sides of the stream, and affords great facilities for min- ing it advantageously. One of the beds opened is eleven feet thick, two of seven feet, and others of less size. Several coal seams are known to exist here which have not yet been fully explored ; one has been ascertained to be twenty-four feet thick. Shafts have been sunk on the slope of the mountain, north of the valley, and beds of 24, 12, 10, 8, and 7 feet of coal have been found there. The mining operations at Bear gap are carried on by a company, and a railroad sixteen miles in length, has been constructed from the mines to Millersburg on the Susquehan- na. Here the coals are ferried across the river to the Penn- sylvania canal on the west side, and the coal discharged into canal boats, being chiefly transported to Baltimore by way of the Pennsylvania and Tide water canals. The completion of the Wisconisco canal, (now in progress, 3844,) on the east side of the river, from Millersburg to the head of the Eastern division of the Pennsylvania canal, at Clark's feiry on Dun- can's island, will greatly facilitate the coal trade from this HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 213 region, offering a more convenient means of transportation, and one by which the troublesome necessity of ferrying the loaded cars across the Susquehanna may be avoided. — Trego, This county contains about three hundred and foi'ty thou- sand acres of land ; whereof, according to the best data, se- venty thousand are limestone; the other portion shale and gravel, excepting the flats along the Susquehanna which are generally sandy, and the mountainous and rocky portions, the latter of which are scarce fit for cultivation. The flats or river bottomsof Londonderry, upper and lower Swatara, Sus- quehanna and Middle Paxton, are very rich, and highly pro- ductive, amply repaying the husband for his care bestowed upon them in a judicious course of culture. Many of these bottoms are preferred to limestone soil, yielding with more certainty, if not more abundantly. This county produces an- nually three hundred thousand bushels of wheatj four hun- dred thousand bushels of oats, two hundred thousand bushels of rye, three hundred thousand bushels of corn, one hundred thirty thousand bushels of potatoes, from twenty to twenty-five thousand tons of hay, twenty-five thousand bushels of buck- wheat. By a proper course of culture and the liberal appli- cation of vegetable, animal and mineral manures, the county may soon yield double the quantity it does at present. According to the census of 1840, there were in this county three furnaces, which produced three thousand tons of cast iron ; three forges and rolling mills, and produced four hun- dred and sixty-six tons of bar iron; the furnaces and forges consumed five thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven tons of fuel ; employed two hundred and twenty-four men, including mining operatives ; capital invested, $120,000. The furnaces and rolling mills have since increased. There were mined or dug, eight thousand tons of anthra- cite coal ; in which thirty men were employed ; capital in- vested, $150,0('0. Live Stock : five thousand eight hundred and fifty-two horses and mules, seventeen thousand four hundred and twen- ty-nine neat cattle, fifteen thousand seven hundred and four- teen sheep, twenty-seven thousand eight hundred and seven- teen swine, poultry of all kinds estimated at $13,784. Cereal Grains : Two hundred and seventy-seven thousnnd two hundred and forty-eight bushels of wheat, one thousand nine hundred and eighty bushels of barley, three hundred and 214 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. ninety-eight thousand five hundred and forty-four bushels of oats, two hundred and two thousand seven hundred and sev- enty-one bushels of rye, twenty-four thousand and thirty-nine bushels of buckwheat, three hundred and seven thousand three hundred and sixty-three bushels of corn. Various Products: Twenty- four thousand and twenty-one pounds of wool, six hundred and four pounds of hops, one thousand pounds of beeswax, one hundred twenty-five thou- sand and fifty-one bushels of potatoes, eighteen thousand and eight tons of hay, three tons and one-fourth of hemp and flax, gathered forty-six thousand seven hundred and thirty pounds of tobacco, three hundred and twenty-two pounds of silk co- coons, sold nine thousand and twenty-four cords of wood. The value of the product of the dairy $54,208, value of the products of the orchard $18,959, one hundred and sev- enty-two gallons of wine were made, the value of home made or family goods $13,330. Value of manufactured tobacco $5,000 ; eight persons em- ployed, capital invested $3,250. Value of hats, caps and bonnets manufactured $118,50; nineteen persons employed, capital invested $7,350. Twenty tanneries, which tanned fourteen thousand nine hundred and thirty-five sides of sole leather, six thousand and forty-four sides of upper, employed fifty-eight hands, capital invested $82,200. All other manufactories of leather, sad- dleries, &c., twenty-six; value of manufactured articles $58,- 800 ; capital invested $28,610. Twenty thousand pounds of soap, sixty thousand pounds of candles, capital invested $4,500. Seventeen distilleries, which produced one hundred and forty-seven thousand gallons ; four breweries, which pro- duced four hundred sixty-six thousand nine hundred and twenty gallons. Four potteries ; value of manufactured arti- cles $2,300, five men employed, capital invested $850. Value of produce of market gardens $4,850 ; value of nur- series of florists $800 ; twenty-six men employed, capital invested $2,000. Three commission houses, capital $23,500. Retail dry goods, grocery and other stores, one hundred thir- ty-three ; capital invested $479,110. Ten lumber yards ; capital invested $59,000 ; forty-seven men employed. Twen- ty-six butchers ; capital invested $19,400. Value of lumber produced $1,228. Fifty barrels of tar manufactured, one man employed. Value of machinery manufactured $2,000, HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 2l5 three men employed . Forty-seven small arms made. — Value of bricks and lime manufactured $21,219 ; ninety-one men employed. Nine fulling mills ; six woollen manufactories ; value of manufactured goods S6,215, thirty-one persons employed, capital invested $4,056. One paper manufactory, twelve printing offices, six binderies, eleven weekly newspapers, one hundred and thirteen men employed, capital invested $73,500; two rope walks, value of produce $7,000, eleven men em- ployed, capital invested $2,800. Carriages and wagons manufactured $13,185, fifty-one men employed, capital $5,040. Twenty-nine floufing mills, which manufactured fifteen thousand four hundred and thirty- one barrels of flour ; thirty- five grist mills, seventy-six saw mills, two oil mills. Value of furniture manufactured $14,- 750, forty-four men employed, capital invested $6,040. Six- teen brick and stone houses built, thirty-seven wooden houses built, employed one hundred and ninety-three hands, value of constructing or building $72,790. Value of all manufactured articles not enumerated $5,120, capital invested $39,025. Total capital invested in manufactures $357,315. The following tables exhibit a synopsis of the census of 1830 and 1840, of each township; population, of different ages, males, females, &c — Furnaces, forges, rolling mills, mills of various descriptions, tanneries ; various kinds of pro- ducts, &c., &c. -=^i'-^S2i^i-r.? = OO'TSS- Cfl ^ p pj 2 p i-! 3 5" ^ ^ t3 1 (D h3" "^ o Qo a.i p P ^ < (T) r; H 5 ^ 1 o 2 a- p ':f' a O X S; - s to ct X o) 003~-^^D^^o bSC»05ai»OCn4^COO-OMOOCD050i;^Ol03 ot>^oooocx>oi:o^tfioo>-jio.p^cjccooo 00 1— H- 05 1— t5 #>. t5«5i-'OD>-'COODP^^'!00>!DOitn05CC 00 viOifa.o i< ^if^ooooai-'tsoootgeo<{OD-JOODH^o oo^a^so^-'^-'^^ooo^^^5*>■t^^soK! I I I ^1 I I I I I I CO ^ „ „ ^ ^ ^ ,__, ^^ 05 ^5 J_, ^ tn Ol o (7) fO »5 00 (— • 05 ^s 05 CD M O K) 05 ^ 05 ^ Oi o M O *" Oi' 05 >f^ OD Oi I-" tn H^ ti OU o 03 Oi >^;:>O^Q0tf>--— OOOO^if.. — ^5(SD005»^*-COOOD05l:;l-5- 1— ^30l«c*^)f^^^tSO^>f^tD0500i— Oi 15 and under 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 g > 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 70 and under 80 80 and under 90 90 and underlOO under 5 5 and under 10 10 and under 15 15 and under 20 ts-joovip—oDoioicnoioitDOii— aI — ^^ qoI^O and under 40 cDto CDO — Ola5^5 O C3 tn 1^ _w to H- p to 00 -J OS tn *». CO to ►- =r S ^ r^ ^ J 'B ■a T3 J3 r> o ir. T 3- 00 s V 93 o p> X d (U -^ S3 " ^ a? a.: CO (D f^ S K- S! OOP O '-^ O '-'OOOOOO^OO »-'000^00000 O O H- o o o H- CO >;^ I-' O en O tnOtSOOOi— Mtn o © ^ ^ ^- K_ CO ^ ^ ^ ^ ai o (D CO ^^ CO c o CO ►^ 00 o> ~^ o ^ ^ I^ ^ O CO CO o^ o -^ o o o => o o o o — o O o c ^^COCOi-itOi-iO O O t3 CO CO ti Furnaces. Forges, rol. mills Flouring mills. Grist mills. Saw mills. Oil mills. Tanneries. o Q 218 HISTORY OF DADPHIN COUNTY. STREAMS OF THE COUNTY. Dauphin County possesses abundance of water power. — The streams of this county are numerous. The recipient of them all is the Susquehanna, which the Indians called the Sa-os-qua-ha-na-unk, i. e. Long-crooked-river, according to Heckeweleder ; and is emphatically " the river of Pennsyl- vania," rises both in New York and Pennsylvania. The north eastern or greatest branch rises in the northern ridge of the Catsbergs, from the Ostego lake. The west branch rises in Cambria county. These two branches unite at Nor- thumberland, and form a stream of 4,285 feet, the breadth of which, at Harrisburg, is 2,876 feet. It flows in^a southern direction into the Chesapeake bay. It forms the entire west- ern boundary of Dauphin county, flowing along it for a dis- tance of about forty-eight miles. In its course along this county it embraces a number of islands, the principal of which are Duncan's, Haldeman's, Cox's, Foster's, Hill's, Eliot's, Shelly's, and other islands. There are several bridges across it within the limits of this county ; one at Duncan's island and one at Harrisburg. There were two here, but on the 4th of December, 1844, the Cumberland Valley Railroad bridge was destroyed by fire — it is now rebuilding. The Susquehanna is one of the most important streams in Pennsylvania. The scenery along this majestic river is grand— unsurpas- sed by any in the State, if not in the Union. The other prominent streams are numerous, and with their several tributaries, afford much water power, of every de- scription, to the county. These are noticed below. The Susquehanna, as it washes the western portion of Dau- phin, receives from the county the following considerable creeks, with their numerous tributaries, viz : Mahantango creek, Wisconisco creek, Armstrong creek, Powel's creek, Clark's creek, Swatara creek, and ('onewago creek, besides some twenty smaller streams that empty into it. Some of the larger creeks receive scores of smaller streams in their course through the county. Tke Mahantango creek rises in Schuylkill county, and flows west southwest, twenty-five miles into the Susquehanna river, about thirty above Harrisburg ; and for twelve or thirteen HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 219 miles above its mouth, it forms the dividing line between Dau- phin and Northumberland counties, and in its course along the county receives a number of smaller streams; the largest of which, is that passing through Hain's gap of the Mahan- tango mountain. Mahantango affords considerable water water power for mills. The Wisconisco creek rises in Schuylkill county and flows westward through Williams' and Wisconisco valleys, about sixteen miles, and empties into the Susquehanna river at Mil- lersburg; in its course through the county it receives Bear creek, Rattling creek. Little creek, the Little Wisconisco, and several rivulets of less size. There are some ten or twelve grist mills, saw mills and factories, on the Wisconisco. Armstrong's creek rises in the Short mountain, and has a south western course of ten or tw^elve miles through Arm- strong valley, and empties into the Susquehanna about one mile above Halifax — it affords water for five or six mills. — Near its mouth stood fort Halifax, which had been erected by Colonel Clapham in 1756. — See Halifax, infra. Powell's creek rises in Powell's valley, between Short and Peter's mountain, flowing along the base of the last mentioned mountain, receiving in its course several small tributaries, and enters the Susquehanna river opposite Dun- can's island. It is a good mill stream. Its whole length is about twenty seven miles. Clark's creek rises in Clark's valley between Peter's and the Fourth mountain, flowing down said valley, nearly equi- distant between Peter's, the Fourth and the Third mountains, and falls into the Susquehanna river. Its whole course is about twenty eight miles. Stoney creek rises south of the Fourth mountain, and flows south west, betw^een the Second and Third mountains, in its course it receives the waters of the Cold spring, Yellow spring, Green spring, and other smaller streams, and turns several mills near its mouth, and empties into the Susque- hanna at Dauphin, eight miles above Harrisburg. Fishing creek rises near Smith's Gap, in the Blue moun- tain, flows south west between that mountain and the Second mountain, about ten miles into the Susquehanna, at McCal- lister's. Paxton creek rises in Lower Paxton township, at the base of the Blue mountain four miles north of Linglestown, 220 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. whence it receives several branches, and flows west into the centre of Susquehannah township, thence running south, it passes the borough of Harrisburg, into Swatara township, and unites with the Susquehanna two miles below the bor- ough. It turns three or iour mills before it enters the first alluvial flats. Spring creek rises in Lower Paxton township, flows south into Susquehanna township, thence running south west through Swatara township, it falls into the Susquehanna about one third of a mile below the mouth of Paxton creek. It turns several mills. Suiatara creek rises in Schuylkill county on the south side of the Broad mountain, in its course towards its recipient it receives the Little Swatara, Quitopahilla creek, and many small streams, before it enters Dauphin county ; in its course through this county, for a distance of eighteen or twenty n)iles, it receives, on the north. Bow run, INIanady creek. Yellow run, Beaver creek and several smaller streams ; on the south. Spring creek, L. Mine run and other small streams. It falls into the Susquehanna river at Portsmouth. Its com- parative course is between fifty and sixty miles. The valley of this stream, as far as the Quitopahilla, forms the channel of the Union canal. Bow run rises in West Hanover township, about two miles north west of Hanover church, flows south, about six miles, and falls into Swatara creek, aff'ording water to one or two grist mills. Manady creek rises north of the Blue mountain ; its east branch rises in Lebanon county ; its west branch near the Second mountain, a few miles north of Smith's gap — the two branches unite and pass through Manady gap, and the creek in its course south through West Hanover township, receives Walnut run on the west, and several small streams on the east, and falls into the Swatara. It is a good mill stream. Its entire course is about thirteen miles. Yellow run is a small stream that rises in a southern part of West Hanover, and flows south into the Swatara. Beaver creek rises on the south side of the Blue mountain, and about a mile west of Smith's gap; flowing a southern di- rection, it receives in a course of ten miles, ten or twelve small tributaries. It falls into the Swatara, a few miles west o£ Hummelstown. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 221 Spring creek (there are two streams of this name in this county) rises in Londonderry township, Lebanon county, en- ters Londonderry of this county, flows a northwestern course through the township, and falls into the Swatara. It is not more than five miles long, but has several mills and a forge on it. L. Mine run rises near the " Round Top," in Derry town- ship, and empties into the Swatara. Conewago creek rises in Londonderry township, Lebanon county, and flows southwest along the north base of the Co- newago hills to the Susquehanna river, at the village of Fal- mouth, Lancaster, forming the boundary between Lancaster and Dauphin counties, having a course of about twenty-two miles. These streams afford abundant water power to mills, &c., viz. : to some thirty flouring mills, forty grist mills, between seventy and eighty saw mills, clover mills, forges, furnaces, &.C., &c. The public improvements, such as canals, railroads and turnpike roads, passing through this county in various direc- tions are numerous. The Union canal, made by a company, which was incorporated in l-^ll, passes through this county, following the Swatara creek for a distance of twenty miles, and connects with the state canal at Portsmouth, on the Sus- quehanna. The Pennsylvania canal extends along the Susquehanna river from the southern extremity of this couty to Duncan's island, sixteen miles above Harrisburg, where it crosses the river. The Wisconisco canal, commenced a few years ago, abandoned for a short time, but now drawing towards com- pletion, extends from Clark's ferry to Millersburg, at the mouth of Wisconisco creek, a distance of twelve miles. — This canal when completed will afford great facilities to transport the immense quantities of coals from the northern portion of the county. The Lyken's valley rail road, a single track of flat rails, is for the transportation of coal from the mines at Bear gap to the Susquehanna at Millersburg, a distance of sixteen mileS' The Williams valley road, it is anticipated, will, before many years be in operation. The Harrisburg and Lancaster rail road extends from 19* 222 HISTORY OF DAUPHIX COUNTY. Harrisburg to Dillerville, near Lancaster city, where it con- nects with the Philadelphia and Columbia rail road. The Cumberland valley railroad, crossing the Susquehanna river, passes through the borough of Harrisburg and connects with the Harrisburg and Lancaster rail road. There are turnpike roads leading from Harrisburg in vari- ous directions; three leading from the Capitol to Philadel- phia ; one by way of Reading ; one by way of Ephrata and Downingstown ; one through the city of Lancaster. There are two turnpikes from Harrisburg to Pittsburg ; one by the southern route through Carlisle ; the other by the northern route, up the Susquehanna, crossing at Duncan's island, thence up the Juniata, &c. There is also a turnpike road from Harrisburg to Baltimore, through Middletown and York. Another to York, down the west side of the Susque- hanna. These, and the common roads, with some exceptions, are kept in good order. Several fine bridges extend across the Susquehanna and other streams of the county. Two at Harrisburg ; the one built in 1812 to 1817, by a company, in which the State was a stockholder to the amount of $90,000, but since sold her interest. The bridge and toll houses cost $192,138.00.— See Article Harrisburg for an interesting sketch of this bridge. The other erected by the Cumberland Valley Railroad Company ; at a cost of $95,000.00, was destroyed by fire in December 1844 ; but is now (September 1845) rebuilding, and it is anticipated to be passable by August 1846. The third is at Duncan's island or Clark's ferry, built by the State, having a tow path attached to the south side for the purpose of drawing canal boats across the river at that place. CHAPTER XVII. Dauphin County — Harris settled at Peixtan or Pesh- TANK, &C. John Harris settled at Peixtan— Indian towns — Gov. Evans and others at Peixtan, in 1707, and apprehend one Nicole — Harris traded exten- sively with the Indians — Harris paid attention to agriculture. Ac- cording to tradition, some Indians attempted to burn the elder Har" ris. Harris attempted to improve lands at Choniata — Harris died, 1748 — The' Penn's made Harris an offer for a large tract of land — Anecdotes of Esther Harris— Incident illustrative of the Indian char- acter—Harris's Ferry a celebrated place— Harris an active patriot — Bears seen in the river near Harrisburg by Robert Harris, now liv- ing—Wild turkeys abundant about Harris's in 1777-1785— Indians encamped near Elder's mill — Harrisburg sickly in 1793— Landis's mill the cause of it — Mill-dam removed ; mill purchased, &c.— Gray- don, in his memoirs, alludes to the sickness that prevailed—Old hou- ses — Rev. Montgomery — Chief Justice McKean — General Washing- ton's head quarters in 1794— Extract from the court Records— Names of the first jury—Harns's Ferry changed to Lewisburg— Seat of gov- ernment, «&c. — Miscellaneous facts, &c., &c. The first settlement, within the limits of Dauphin, chiefly consisted of emigrants from the north of Irehind and Scot- land, who commenced the improvement of farms prior to 1719 or 1720 ; for, it is evident, from authentic sources, that the Presbyterians organized the Paxton church and Derry church in 1720.* If tradition may, in this case, be relied on, John Harris, a native Yorkshire, who, it is said, was the first set- tler of the Conewa^o hills, must have commenced a settlement at or near the present site of Harrisburg, prior to 1719. The following, from the pen of George Washington, Har- ris, Esq., a great-grand-son of John Harris of Yorkshire, appeared a few years ago in " Mr. Napey's Harrisburg Bu- * See Harrisburg. Presbyterian church, infra. 224 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. siness Directory, to which some intercalated and foot notes are added. " The first John Harris is said to have been a native of Yorkshire, England. He was a middle aged man when he immigrated to America, and he first settled in Philadelphia. He was there married to Esther Say, an English lady, and who was a woman of rather extraordinary energy and capa- city. They first moved to Chester county; thence to, or near the mouth of Conoy creek, on the Susquehanna, about the present site of Bainbridge, in Lancaster county, and finally to the present site of Harrisburg. At this place was born, about the year 1726, his son, John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, and who, it is said, to have been '^ the first white child born in Pennsylvania, west of tke Conewago hills J" About the time of the settlement of John Harris, at (Peix- tan) Harrisburg, Indian Towns were existing near to Squire Will's stone house, (in Cumberland county) opposite Harris- burg, and at the mouth of the Conedoguinnett and Yellow Breeches creeks. There had been one on the low ground on the river, about the lower line of Harrisburg, and another at the mouth of Paxton creek. These two last are supposed to have been abandoned at the time of making his settlement. The Indians, who resided in this neighborhood, were of the Six JVations ;* and, it is said, that at one time, by firing a * Six Nations. Passing by the traditions touching the former resi- dence of the several Indian Nations, prior to their "Union," I would remark, that the great western confederacy of Indian Nations, has gen- erally been styled by the French, Iroquois, (Les Iroquois sont partager en ring cantons, scavoir les Tsonontoua7is, les Goyogoans, les Onnotagucs, les Onv- yants, el les Jignies), generally at first called "The Five Nations," afterward " The Six Nations." The MoH\.WKS are said to be the oldest of the confederacy, and that the Onoyants, or Oneidas, joined first with the Mohawks ; the Onnota- gw€s," or Onondagos were the next ; then the Tsononttians, or Senecas, (Sinkers ;) then the Goyogoans, or Cayugas. The Tuscaroras, from Ca- rolina, placed themselves under the protection of the Five Nations, in 1713 or 1714, but were not formally admitted till above 1722 or 1723. The Six Nations called themselves by the name of Aquanusthioni, i. e. " United People." The Shawanese, who lived on the West Branch of the Susquehanna and in Cumberland county, were not of the confederacy, but were call- ed brothers by ihem; nevertheless, they looked upon them as infe- riors. They occupied, says Drake, before tho French wars, a great extent of country, some of their towns being eighty miles asunder. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 225 gun, six or seven hundred warriors could be assembled at the present site of Harrisburg- The Indian village was called Peixtan, as appears from the following extract from the Provincial Records. And from it, we also learn, that the Honorable John Evans, Esq. Lieu- tenans Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, accompa- nied by Messrs. John French, William Tonge, Michel Be- zaillion, one Mr. Grey, and four servants, visited Peixtan, in June, 1707. On Tuesday, the 1st July, 1707, we went to Conestogo and lay there that night, and the next morning proceeded on our journey, and arrived in the evening within three miles of an Indian village, called Peixtan. The governor had recei- ved information at Peqiiehan, that one JSicole, a French In- dian trader, was at that place, against whom great complaints had been made to the governor, of which he acquainted the Chief Indian at Peixtan, as also of his design to seize him : who willingly agreed to it ; but advised the governor to be ve- ry cautious in the manner : there being only young people at home, who, perhaps might make some resistance, if it were done without their being first told of it ; for this reason we lay short of the village that night ; but early in the morn- ing, we went within a half a mile of the town, and leaving our horses, marched a foot near the same ; from whence the governor sent Martine to the village ; ordering him to tell Nicole that he had brought two caggs of rum with him, which he had left in the woods, for fear any christians were there ; and withal to persuade Nicole to go with him and taste the rum. Martine returned with James Letort and Joseph Jessop, two Indian traders, but could not prevail with Nicole ; upon which Martine was sent back, with or- ders to bring down some Indians, and Nicole with them — then we drew nearer to town, and laid ourselves in the bushes, and Martine returned with two Indians, whom the governor acquainted with his intent of taking Nicole, telling at the same time, he had spoken with the uncle of one of them upon that head, who ordered the Indians to submit to the governor's commands, with which they were contented, tho' we perceived too well the contrary, by their inquiring how many we were, and how armed ; and the concern they seemed to be in, when they found we were more men in num- ber than they : but still Nicole was wanting ; it was there- 226 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. lore, resolved to try once more if he could be got into the woods; accordingly Martine went again to the place and brought Nicole where we lay conclealed, and asking him to drink a dram, he seized him ; but Nicole started from him, and run for it, when immediately we started out and took him, and presently carried him to the village (Peixtan) through which we were obliged to pass ; and there we found some Indians, with guns in their hands, who looked much displeased at what we had done; but being in readiness against any surprise, they thought it not fit to attempt any thing. Here we staid about half an hour, and then parted for Turpyhocken — having mounted Nicole on a horse, and tied his legs under the belly, we got within a mile of Turpy- hocken at about two of the clock. On Friday morning, about seven, the governor went to the town, from thence we went to Manatawny that night, and the next day to Phila- delphia. — Colonial Records, ii. p. 404, '5. "John Harris fixed his habitation on the bank of the river, below the grave yard, and he dug the well now existing there • About twenty years ago the cellar of one of his buildings was visible. He traded extensively wilh the Indians, and had connected with his house, a large range of sheds, which were sometimes literally filled with skins and furs, mostly ob- tained by him in traffic with the Indians, and stored there by ths Indian traders, who brought them from the western country. These skins and furs were carried, at an early day, on pack horses to Philadelphia. John Harris experienced much difficulty at his first settlement, as his supplies could not be had nearer than Philadelphia, and had thence to be transported on pack horses to his place of residence, " His attention, however, was not confined to trading with the Indians ; he engaged extensively in agriculture, and from the statement of old Parson Elder to William Maclay, ' he was the first ]jerso7i ivho introduced the plough on the Sus- quehanna.' " An incident in his life has excited considerable interest, and been the subject of much inquiry : '* On one occasion, a band of Indians, who had been down the river, or as is said, to the East, on a trading excursion, came to his house. Some, or most of them, were intoxicated- They asked for lum, meaning West India rum, as the mod- ern whiskey was not then manufactured in Pennsylvania. — HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 227 Seeing they were already intoxicated, he feared mischief, if he gave them more; and he refused. They became enraged and seized and tied him to the mulberry tree to burn him. — Whilst they were proceeding to execute their purpose, he was released, after a struggle, by other Indians of the neigh- borhood, who generally came across the river. How the alarm was given to them, whether by firing a gun or other- ■ wise, or by whom, is not now certainly known. In remem- brance of this event, he aftei wards directed that on his death, he should be buried under the mulberry tree, which had been the scene of this adventure. Part of the trunk of this tree is still standing. It is ten feet up to the lowest limb, and the stump is eleven feet, six inches in circumfer- ence. The writer (G. W. Harris,) of this has eaten mulber- ries from this tree, which was one of the largest of its species." It would appear that John Harris had commenced clearing a plantation to carry on trade at the mouth of Choniata (Ju- niata river) prior to 1732 or 1733. June 19, 1733, at a council held at Philadelphia, Shickalamy, a chief, by Conrad Weiser, as interpreter, asked whether the Proprietor had heard of a letter which he and Sassoonan sent to John Har- ris, to desire him to desist from making a plantation at the mouth of Choniata, where Harris has built a house and is clearing fields. They were told that Harris had only budt that house for carrying on his trade; that his plantation, on which he has houses, barns, &c., at Pextang, is his place of dwelling, and it is not to be supposed he will remove trora thence ; that he has no warrant or order for making a settlement on Choniata. Shekallamy* said that though Harris may have built a house for the conveniency of his trade, yet he ought not to clear fields To this it was answered, that Harris had pro- bably cleared as much land only as would be sufficient to raise corn for his horses. Shekallamy said he had no ill will to John Harris, it was not his custom to bear ill will, but he * Shekallamy was an Indian of much consequence among the Five Nations. He was the father of the celebrated Logan. It appears he was a Cayuga sachem, and styled by Loskiel, " first magistrate and head chief of all the Iroquois Indians living on the banks of the Susquehan- na, as far as Onondago. He died at Shamokin, his residence, in 1749. He had been a great friend to Moravian missionaries. 228 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. is afraid that the warriors of the Six Nations, when they pass that way, may take it ill to see a settlement made on lands which they had always desired to be kept free from any per- son settling on. He was told, in answer, that care should be taken to give the necessary orders in it. — Col. Rec. in., p. 541. " John Harris died about the year 1748, and was buried where he had directed — under the shade of his own memor- able tree ; and there his remains still repose, with those of some of his children. The title to the grave yard, to the extent of fifteen feet square, is secured by conveyance from the Commissioners who laid out the town. The Deed is re- corded in book A. in the Recorder's office at Harrisburg. — In the words of Parson Elder, who knew him w^ell, "he was as honest a man as ever broke bread." " It may be curious now to know that John Harris was once offered by the Penns, all of the land from the river to Silver Spring, and extending across the Cumberland Valley, from mountain to mountain, for £5,000. He offered £3,000 refused to give more. At his death he owned about nine hundred acres of land, including the present site of Harris- burg and Maclaysburg, and extending down to the upper line of Fulton's place — also, two hundred acres on the op- posite shore from Harrisburg, now owned by Messrs. Hum- mel and Lebkicher and including the Ferry, and Gen. Simp- son's place below Yellow Breeches, extending to the South mountain, and including Shriners Island ; and seven or eight hundred acres at the mouth of Conedoguinnett creek on the upper side, where the old Indian town had once been. "Of Esther, the wife of John Harris, several anecdotes are told which establish her promptness and energy of character. " The Mansion House, situated on the river bank, as be- fore mentioned, was surrounded by a stockade for security against the Indians. An English officer was one night at the house, when by accident the gate of the stockade was left unfastened. The officer, clothed in his regimentals, was seat- ed with Mr. Harris and his wife at the table. An Indian entered the gate of the stockade and thrust his riMe through one of the port holes of the house, and it is supposed pointed it at the officer. The night being damp, the gun simply fiashed. Instantly Mrs. Harris blew out the candle, to pre- vent the Indian aiming a second time, and he retreated. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 229 " It has been observed that John Harris kept articles for trade with the Indians. At one period Mrs. Harris had an Irish girl in her employ. On one occasion, she was sent up stairs for some purpose, and she took with her a piece of lighted candle without a candlestick. The girl soon came down without the candle, and on Mrs. H. asking what she had done with it, she said she had stuck it into the barrel of flaxseed. This, however, happened to be a barrel oi powder. Mrs. Harris instantly rose, and without saying a word, for fear of alarming the girl, went up stairs, and advancing to the barrel, cautiously placed her hands under the candle and lifted it out — and then coolly reproved the girl for her carelessness. These occurrences prove her to have been well fitted for the life of a pioneer. "An incident is related to have happened at the present site of Harrisburg, which is highly illustrative of the Indian character and superstition: "A party of Indians from the Susquehanna went off on a war or predatory excursion against the Southern Indians. In the course of the expedition, a hostile Indian was killed, and one of his relatives determined on revenge. He is said to have come from the Catawba in South Carolina. He came alone, and eventually reached the bank of the river opposite to the present site of Harrisburg. He there secreted himself, to observe the fording place, and watching an opportunity of glutting his revenge- Having observed the ford below the Island, he one night crossed the river, and cautiously ap- proached the Indian Town, a short distance below. As he advanced a dog barked, and an aged squaw came to the door of one of the wigwams to ascertain the cause of the distur- bance. The Indian leaped forward and sinking his hatchet into her brain, drew his knife and scalped her ; then raising the war whoop, he ran to the river, leaped into a canoe, and 'made across the river. The Town was aroused and the war- riors gave chase; but, though closely pursued, it is said he escaped, and bore awny in triumph the bloody trophy, the evidence of his courage and barbarity. "John Harris, the Founder of Harrisburg, died July 29tii, 1791, and is buried in the grave-yard of Paxton church. He was about 65 years of age, and was consequently born, at least as early as 1726. " Under the will of his father, and bv purchase, he became 20 230 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUKTY. the owner of seven hundred acres of land, on a part of which Harrisburg is now laid out. It extended up to the lower line of Maclaysburg. He was an active, energetic and industrious man. He farmed extensively, and also traded with the whites and Indians, for skins and furs ; and his son, the present Ro- bert Harris, has seen ten or a dozen wagon loads of skins and furs in his father's storehouse, belonging to him and to Indian traders. In his time Harris' Ferry became a celebrated place. It is said to have been so well known in Ireland, England anp Germany, that letters were directed from those countries " to the care of John Harris, Harris' Ferry, N. America." He was successful in business, and had an extensive acquain-" tance throughout Pennsylvania. " He had strong faith in the advantages of the position of his property here. It is said that twenty or more years before the Town was laid out, he observed to a gentleman, Mr. Hollenback, who afterwards settled at Wilkesbarre, that this place would become the centre of business in this section of country, and would be the Seat of Government of Penn- sylvania. " When the Town was laid out in 1785, he conveyed, with other property, to the Commissioners, for laying out the Town, viz : Jacob Awl, Joshua Elder, Andrew Stewart, Jameb Cowden, and William Brown, the four acres of ground on Capitol Hill, to the east of the present State buildings, 'in trust for public use, and such public purposes as the Leg- islature shall hereafter direct.' "That he was patriotic, the following incident will es- tablish : " When Independence was agitated, he thought the De- claration premature. He feared that the Colonies were une- qual to the task of combating with Great Britain ; but when Independence was declared, the present Robert Harris ob- serves, that his Father took his Mother aside, and in the presence of his son, read to her the Declaration from a Phi- ladelphia newspaper. When he concluded it, he observed, 'that the act was now done, and that we must take sides, either for or against the country. The war in which we are about to engage, cannot be carried on without money. Now, we have £3,000 in the house, and if you are agreed, I will take the money to Philadelphia and put it into the Public Treasury to carry on the war. If we succeed in obtaining HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 231 our Independence, we may lose the money, as the Govern- ment may not be able to pay it back, but we will get our land.' She agreed and he carried the money to Philadel- phia and deposited it in the Treasury, and took certificates. After the war, he sold these certificates for 17s. 6d. in the pound. After the debt was funded, certificates rose to twen- ty-five shillings for the pound. " The law erecting Dauphin county and declaring Harris' Ferry the seat of Justice, was passed 4th March, 1785. " The Town of Harrisburg was laid out in the Spring of the same year. William Maclay,* who was the son-in-law of John Harris, laid out the Town and made the draft of the plan and drew the various conveyances from John Harris to the Commissioners. " The Ice-flood happened in the winter of 1784-5, and the Pumpkin-flood in the fall of 1787. Duriug the Ice-flood, the low ground about the grave yard was covered with wa- ter, and the Ferry-flats were tied to the bars of the cellar windows of the iStone House. On that occasion, the water rose into the first story of Judge Carson's house, above Har- risburg, and a considerable part of the river ran around that house and down Paxton creek. The fences on its route were generally carried away. During the Pumpkin-flood, the ground about the grave yard was also covered with water, and the pumpkins carried off chiefly from the Yankees in Wyoming Valley, were strewed in profusion over the low ground below Harrisburg. " The bricks of Judge Carson's house were made in its neighborhood, but the shingles and boards used in its con- struction, were brought from Philadelphia. " When the Town was laid out, the old orchard extended up to about the line of Mulberry street, and down to near the stone house. About the intersection of Mulberry and Second streets, was a ridge, from which the ground descend- ed from six to ten feet to the present Market Square, and the water ran from the Square upwards and into the river, along the channel which is under the bridge, now erected across Front street above Walnut street. When the Town was laid out, the ground above Market street was chiefly in woods. • William Maclay with Robert Morris, afterwards represented Penn- sylrania, ia the first Senate of the U. States, under the Constitutiion. 232 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. " The present Robert Harris has frequently seen several bears killed in the river in one day. In the fall of the year they would come down from the mountains to the corn fields, and were quite abundant in the neighborhood. It was quite common to see them whilst riding along the roads. In the year preceding the Revolution, they abounded more than usual in this neighborhood. The farmers when going out to plough, would frequently take their guns to guard against their depredations. " When Robert Harris and Mrs. Hanna were children, they were one day playing at the river at the mouth of the run, at the end of Walnut street. A thicket of bushes ex- tended up along the run. Some boys came running from the barn on the bank, and called to them that two bears were coming down the run. They scampered up the bank, and presently the bears came along and took into the river. " This occurrence is trifling in itself, but may be consider- ed interesting as having joccurred on the site of the present Capitol of the State. "On one occasion, a man named Rennox, with some others, went out on the river in a canoe in pursuit of a bear. When the canoe approached near to it, Rennox made a stroke at the bear with his socket pole, but missed it. He either lost his balance, or was drawn overboard by the weight of the pole, and the bear struck him with his paw, and tore his cheek open. " Wild Turkeys were also abundant about Harrisburg dur- ing the revolution and after it. Mrs. Hanna has seen her father John Harris, shoot wild turkeys from the door of his stone house. Beaver and Otter were then and afterwards, killed along Paxton creek and on the Islands in the neigh- borhood. Otters were, however, more abundant than Bea- ver, and were very plenty. " On one occasion, a party of Indians came down the river to murder the people of this settlement. They formed a camp in a thicket, back of Mr. Elder's mill dam. They de- signed falling on the people when at worship in Paxton church. They are supposed to have come on Monday, and after waiting several days, they came to the conclusion that the congregation would not assemble, and they went off. — They left the settlement by the way of Indian-town-gap. — On their way off, they murdered several persons and took a HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 533 prisoner, from whom it was afterwards ascertained that they had been encamped here several days. The late Joshua El- der has seen the encampment. The people of the Congrega- * tion before and afterwards came to the church armed ; and Mr. Elder, the pastor, also carried his gun into the pulpit. — Mr. Elder was pastor of that church when it was built, about 106 years ago, and preached to that congregation, and in the Derry church, upwards of sixty years. He was Col. of the Paxton Rangers, whose duty it was to keep a look out for the Indians, and range the settlements for their pro- tection, from the Blue mountain to the river. " The late Judge Buchei's father,* who was a clergyman in Lebanon, was also a Colonel in the same kind of service. " Parson Elder wore a small cocked hat, and such were usually worn by clergymen in this day. " About the year 1793, Harrisburg was exceedingly sickly. A fever of a violent character prevailed, especially amongst the new settlers or foreigners. At the same time the yellow fever was prevaihng in Philadelphia, and fears were enter- tained of its introduction into Harrisburg. A patrol was ac- cordingly established at the lower end of the Town, to pre- vent infected persons from Philadelphia coming into it. A considerable number of Irish emigrants died, and some of the citizens ; but most families of the place were to some extent afflicted. A mill dam owned by two men named Landis, was generally thought to be the cause of this sickness. — The citizens, after various meetings, resolved in March, 1795, on its removal, and a subscription was set on foot to raise money to pay the Landis' for the property. The site of the mill, dam and race had been bought from John Har- ris. His heirs, David Harris, Robert Harris, William Maclay and John A. Hanna, paid 81,600, the purchase money, or perhaps something more than the amount, which the Landis' had paid for the property, and the citizens generally contri- * The Rev. John Conrad Fnrher was a native Swiss — came to Ame- rica in 1755, took up hu abode at Carlisle — was commissioned as a Lieutenant, April 19, 1760 — promoted to a captaincy of the Pennsylva- nia Regiment of foot, July 31, 1764. A more indefatigable minister of the gospel, never labored in the German Reformed Church, than the Rev. Bucher. He was one of the most devoted ministers of the day ; truly apostolic in all his labors. He was a shining light, consuming itself, as it illuminated others by its splendor. He died, August 15, 1780 — and is buried at Lebanon. — Contpiler, 20* 234 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. buted in addition. The money raised was tendered to the Landis', who refused it. The citizens then prepared for the forcible removal of the dam, and the Landis' threatened to use force to prevent it. The citizens accordingly marched in a body to the dam, on a cold snowy day in March. The owners were there with several men, armed with guns, threatening to fire. The citizens, however, advanced into the water, and the dam was soon demolished. The Landis' threatened suit, and the citizens handed to them a list of sev- eral hundred names to be sued ; but, the proprietors finally took the money.* "Moses Gilmore, Stacy Potts, Capt. John Sawyers, Adam Boyd, Robert Harris, John Kean, Samuel Weir, Gen. John A. Hanna, Alexander and Samuel Berryhill,and many others, were active in the above proceedings. " It may be remarked that some citizens of Harrisburg, who refused to contribute to the subscription, were obliged to leave the place. No violence was offered to them, but no one would employ them in their several pursuits, and they at length went elsewhere. "The mill was erected about one quarter of a mile below Harrisburg — about as low down as the white house,- which is situate on the old mill road and the canal ; and the race extended up along or nearly along the present route of the Pennsylvania canal, to a lane which ran across to the Hill, about the upper line of Mr. Dowding's brick yard lot, where the dam was erected. " The Town as laid out by John Harris, extended as far down the bank as Mulberry street, and the lot belonging to the late Valentine Egle, on the upper corner of Front street and Mulberry street, was numbered one on the plan of the Town. In the course of one, two or three years afterwards, he extended the plan as low down as Mary's Alley, which bounds the stone house lot on the upper side. His executors in 1792, extended the plan of lots further down. " There is no house, except the stone house, now standing within the present limits of Harrisburg, which is certainly known to have been erected before the Town was laid out. The log house, erected in the rear of Hise's brewery, on • See the Notes, Remarks, &c., at the conclusion of this Chapter — (xvii.) HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 235 Front street, was built abount tbe time the Town was laid out ; but whether it was begun before that time, is not re- collected. " John Hamilton erected the first permanent embellishment to the Town, after Harris' stone house, by building the brick house on the corner of Front street and Blackberry Alley ; and also, the large establishment for his store, on the corner of Market Square and Market streets, now known as the " Washington Hotel.*' He was an extensive trader. In place of the present rapid modes of conveying merchandize and passengers to Pittsburg, he kept large numbers of horses and mules, and every few weeks his caravans set out " for the west," laden with salt, powder, lead, &c. " The first Clergyman established in Harrisburg, was the Rev. Mr. Montgomery, a Presbyterian. His first discourse, we have heard, was delivered in the lot on which the Pres- byterian church is now erected, on a pleasant afternoon in June. The congregation — the whole Village — were shelter- ed by two or three large apple trees, and some noble oaks, the primitive growth of the forest. "Chief Justice M'Kean, resided here for some time, at least while Congress sat at York. He Hved in a substantial one-story log house, a short space above what is now Locust street. He wore an immense cocked hat, and had great de- ference shown him by the country people, and the straggling Indians who had their village on what is now M'Kees' place. This was in 1778-'79; after the country quieted, when he and the other Judges of the Supreme Court came to Harris- burg to hold a court, numbers of the citizens of the place would go out on horseback to meet them and escort them to Town. Sometimes one or two hundred people would attend for the purpose. The Sheriff with his rod of office, and other public officers, and the Bar, would attend on the occa- sion — and each morning, whilst the Chief Justice was in Town, holding court, the Sheriff and Constables escorted him from his lodgings to the Court Room. "The Chief Justice, when on the Bench, sat with his hat on, and was dressed in a scarlet gow^n. " Gen. Washington's head quarters, while at Harris' Fer- ry, on the Western expedition, were in a small frame house, which stood until the last few years, at the corner of Vine and Paxton streets. 236 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. " The writer of this has heard his grandmother say, that the whole extent of country, from the west bank of the Sus- quehanna to Carhsle, and beyond, was without timber upon it, when she was young. That the centre of the Valley had not a tree to be seen on its surface from the South to the Blue mountain. Now it is called a well timbered country. " The building in which the first Court was held still stands — the dilapidated log house in the rear of what was Hise's brewery. The Courts were afterwards held in the log house erected on the east or lower side of Market street, on the corner of Market street and Dewberry Alley, which is nearest to the river. " The earliest record of a Court reads: — At a Court of Quarter Sessions holden near Harris' Ferry, in and for the county of Dauphin," &c., on the " Third Tuesday of May, in the year of your Lord 1785," before " Timothy Green, Samuel Jones, and Jonathan M'Clure, Esq'rs., Justices of the same Court." "The Sheriff of Lancaster County exercised the same office for this, then, new county. " The names of the Jurymen were : " James Cowden, (Foreman,) Robert Montgomery, John Gilchrist, Barefoot Brunson, John Clark, Rowan M'Clure, John Carson, John Wilson, William Crane, Archibald M'Al- lister, Richard Dixon, John Pattimore, James Crouck, Jacob Awl, William Brown, Andrew Stewart, James Rogers, Sam- uel Stewart, John Cooper, Alexander Berryhill. " Joshua Elder was the first Prothonotary ; Anthony Kel- ker the first Sheriif ; Rudolph Kelker Deputy Sheriff. " On the juries for the next three or four terms, we recog- nize the names of many of the ancestors of our present citi- zens — the Cox's — the Keller's — Krause's — Hamilton's — Forster's — Bucher's — Elder's — Rutherford's — Orth's — the Fox's, &c. " The earliest record of a punishment is the account of one inflicted on Wm. Courtenay and Jesse Rowland, who were sentenced to receive eighteen lashes and pay fifteen shillings sterling, on the 18th of August 1785, between " the hours of four and six o'clock in the afternoon." Several re- cords occur in which punishment was inflicted by lashes and " standing in the pillory." " At the August sessions of 1786, we find noted, that the HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 237 name of the Town had been changed from Harris' Ferry to Louisburg, by " order of the Supreme Executive Council." At what time it was changed back again, we can find no note. " The law for locating the Seat of Government at this place, was approved 21st February, 1810. The offices were removed from Lancaster 12th October, 1812, and the Com- missioners tor the purpose were, Robert Harris, George Hoyer, George Zeigler. " The Town of Harrisburg, auspiciously begun, has stea- dily advanced. The prophecy of John Harris has been ful- filled, and it is now the Seat of Government of Pennsyl- vania." LANDIS'S MILL. Notes, Remarks, &c., see page 234. April 16th, 1790, John Harris sold to Peter, John and Abraham Landis a mill seat, the privileges of a dam and mill race, containing three acres of land : subsequently, they purchased a small piece of land from Gen. John A. Hanna, in addition to that purchased from Mr. Harris, whereupon they erected a mill, &c. In 1792, in autumn, the sickness alluded to before, commenced. May 9, 3794, the Landis's proposed to the citizens of the borough of Harrisburg, to sell them the mill and all the other privileges belonging thereto, for the sum of £2600 : the first payment of £1600 to be paid in wheat ; whereof £530 belonged to the estate of John Harris, deceased. The balance was to be paid as follows, viz: £500 May 1st, 1765, with interest from date : £500 May 1st, 1796. The Landis's, in this proposition, reserved (.he house and lot for one year. In the fall of 1793 and 1794, the fever was of a very ma- lignant character. The citizens of the borough entered upon decisive measures for the speedy removal of what they con- ceived as the cause of the epidemic. Meetings were held, 238 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. committees appointed, funds were raised and tendered to the Landis's, the mill dam removed, the mill purchased, &c., as will appear from the following extracts from papers, kindly furnished me by Judge J. C. Bucher, procured by Mr. R. F. Kelker. At a meeting of the inhabitants of the Borough of Harris- burg, on the 16th day of January, 1795, it was unanimously agreed, that two thousand and six hundred pounds be imme- diately assessed on the property of the citizens of the said Borough ; that one thousand and six hundred pounds of the said sum be collected on or before the first day of March next ; that the remaining one thousand pounds be secured to be paid with interest, in two equal annual instalments, and that the whole (to wit, the sixteen hundred pounds in cash, and the residue in bonds,) be tendered to Peter & Abraham Landis, or either of them, proprietors of the mills and other waterworks, with the appurtenances thereto belong, near the Borough aforesaid, as a full compensation for their property in the same : and, that in case they refuse to accept the said sura as a full compensation for the said mill with the appur- tenances ; that then we unanimously agree to prostrate the dam erected on the waters on Paxton creek, for the purpose of conveying water to said mill, and pay our proportionable parts of all legal expenses and damages, that may accrue on any suit or suits, indictment or indictments, that may be brought or prosecuted in consequence of such act or acts. Witness our hands and date aforesaid. W. Graydon, Galb. Patterson, John Wyeth, Samuel Weir, Robert Harris, J. Bucher, Henry Baeder, Frederick Youse, G. Fisher, Stacy Potts, Alex. Berryhill, Wm- Wallace, Geo. Ziegler, Michael Kapp, jr., Patrick Murray, John Hocker, Thomas Murray, John Norton, Jacob Zollinger, Irwin and Howard, George Hoyer, Tho. Forster, George PfefFer, Adam Boyd, Valentine Horter, Anthony Riehl, William Ingram, Christian Ewig, John Benner, John Pool, jr., Joseph Bener, Jacob Wain, Balthazer Sees, Christopher Suesz, Charles Miller, Thomas Bennet, Henry Isett, Thomas Gregg, Law- rence Bennetch, William Glass, John Balszle, Johannes Zinn, Henrich Ruthrauff, George Waltz, Herman Anthony Leyer, John Shields, George Fritle, John Weir, John Dentzel, An- drew Forrest, John Heisz, Archibald McAlister, John Hoge, Benjamin Fenton, Anthony Seyfert, Samuel Hill, Hugh Ste- HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 239 phen, William Mears, Christian Kunkle, Simon Schneider, Jacob Schneider, Jacob Reitzel, Henry Sayler, Tobias Sey- both, George Youse, John Shock, John Gillum, Moses Gil- mer, James Duncan, Jacob Youse, Alexander Cummins, John Cummins, Andrew Armstrong, Conrad Bombach, Michael Kapp, John Gilchrist, J. Montgomery, Peter Gray bill, (?) John A. Hanna, Philip Brindle, Jacob Welshance, James Sayers, William Graydon, Gawin J. Beatty, John Romjeau, Peter Fahnestock, B. Kurtz, Geo. Wiltberger, John Ebbert, Samuel Berryhill, Andrew Ream, Robert Barr, Adam Hoo- ker, Simon Wingert, John Dralley, George Hatz, Mathias Hutman, Peter Walter, Peter Denig, Edward JSurke, J. Kean. We, the subscribers, do promise to pay the sums annexed to our names, to Conrad Bumbaugh, Esq., as a gratuity to- wards paying the expense of the purchase, or the reduction of the mill dam on Paxton creek, next the Borough of Har- risburg, and that when called upon. Witness our hands, Jan. 21, 1795. William Crabb $20, Maj. Swiney 15, George Whitehill 10 Jacob Burckhart 8, George Reitzel 6, Solomon Markel 4, John Peiffer 16, Anthony Seyfert 10, John Maclay 20, Samuel Elder 6, Nathaniel R. Snowden 15, Peter Reitzel 4, Benjamin Hunt 10, Jacob Fridley 2, John Patterson 4, John Gilchrist 6, Joseph Wiegley 8, John Spangler 8, Thomas Gregg 10, Thomas Dickey 2, Mordecai McKinney 4, Sam- uel Awl 4, Irwin & Howard 12, William Patterson 4, John McFarland 4, Anthony Kelker 2, Robert Boal 2, Edward Crouch 2, William Stewart 2, Samuel Finney 2, John Weid- man 2, James Byers 2, John Martin 1, Peter Lein 1, Simon Basler 1, George Lutz 50 cents., William Krebs.l, Jacob Ziegler 1, Jacob Fetter 1, William Porter 2, C. B.'l, Peter Bobe 1, Christian Walborn 1, Thomas Trousdale 1, William Allen 2, Robert Freckelton 2, Jacob Houck 6, Charles Ro- wen 2,33 cts., Rudolph Kelker 4, James Reed 1. At a meeting of the committee of seven appointed to su- perintend, and direct the appropriation of the monies raised for the demolition of the mill dam, and for the further re- moving the nuisance in Paxton creek, April 8th 1795. At Brindles — present. Potts, Gilmore, Berryhill, W. Gray- don, Dentzell, Bucher, Kean. John Kean was appointed Secretary and Treasurer — Or- 240 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. dered that the treasurer take up the bonds due to Adam Boyd and to George Allen- Adjourned to Saturday even- ing next at 6 o'clock at M. Berryhill's. Saturday 11th, the committee met and viewed the dam, and adjourned till Monday evening at 6 o'clock, at Berry- hill's. Monday 13th met, and the members mentioned the names of persons wishing to borrow money — agreed that the mo- ney be retained in the treasury lor a few days longer. — Agreed that on Saturday next at 1 o'clock, the bell be rung and the inhabitants assemble and demolish the rem. of the dam. Saturday ISth, the committee met, and proceeded with a number of the inhabitants to the dam. Committee hired four persons to open the bed of the creek twelve feetvwide, which was done, and the persons employed were paid six dollars which was raised by voluntary contribution on the spot. Saturday 25th April 1795, the committe met, Peter, John and Abraham Landis attended, and offered to take £2000 for the water right, which the committee positively refused. April 25, 1795, Peter Landis, John Landis and Abraham Landis, sold to Stacy Potts, Moses Gillmore, Wilham Gray- don, Jacob Bucher, John Kean, John Dentzel and Alexander Berryhill, of the borough of Harrisburg (a committee chosen at a public meeting of the inhabitants of the said borough at the Court Room, on the 7th of April) sold and conveyed to them their mill, &c., for £2,633, 4s. 6d.— "To hold and to have the said two pieces of lands, houses, mills, mill-ma- chinery," &c., &c. The following Duplicate exhibits the amount each citizen, &c., was taxed towards paying the Landises. The payments were made in three annual instalments ; one half of the amount assessed was paid in 1794; one half of the balance in 1795, and the balance in 1796. For example, a citizen taxed £4. had to pay £2. in 1794; £1. in 1795, and £1. in 1796. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 241 AN ESTIMATE Of the proportion of each citizen of Harrishurg to purchase the Mill belonging to 'the Landis family, in order with divine favor, to restore the Borough to its former state of health and prosperity. Awl Jacob, Exec, £ 15 Allen Jacob 4 Allen George 4 Allen Joseph 4 Alcorn James 1 Armstrong Andrew 14 Abbott's house 2 Bener John 4 Bennet Thomas 2 Boyd John 2 Boyd Adam 23 Bucher Jacob 6 Bruner Henry 6 Brindle Philip 7 Boyd Widow 5 Bader Henry 7 Bombauch Conrad 20 Berryhill Alexander 12 Bolinger Widow 1 Bombach John 1 Bleymire John Beatty Gawin 1 Barr Alexander 7 Brooks James 8 Berryhill Alexander, sr. Berryhill Samuel 3 Baker Peter 3 Burmister Charles Brooks John 7 Beatty James 12 Balzly John 9 Bennage Lawrence 4 Barr Robert 4 00 Brua Peter 00 Clark Widow 16 Crabb William 4 Conrad Henry 4 Cummins John 12 Chambers John Exe. 14 Carson William 2 Clunie James Exe. 4 Cassel George 14 Cairns James 2 Comfort John 14 Culp Mark 6 Degar Jacob 12 Duncan James 8 Downey Charles 4 Denning Peter Exec. 4 Davis Samuel B 12 Drawly John 16 Dentzel John 4 Dickey W^illiara Dickey Thomas 00 Ebright Jacob 4 Elder John 00 Earnest John 16 Ebbert John 14 Eiteneyer Widow 00 Elliot James Ensminger Michael 16 Elder Joshua 00 Fisher George 12 Fulton Henry lO Fenton Benjamin 4 Feger John 21 6 6 1 4 4 8 10 16 1 4 1 10 1 4 17 00 3 00 12 6 18 2 8 2 00 20 14 2 8 6 00 2 16 2 16 5 00 1 4 2 00 16 10 4 16 3 00 11 16 1 4 2 8 1 16 45 00 40 00 16 16 6 12 1 16 242 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Feder John File John Fridley G & Barney Ford Henry Firestone George Forrest Andrew Fogelsanger John Foster Thomas Graydon Alexander Gregg Thomas Greiger Barnhart Greenawalt Christian Gilmore Moses Gillum John Gibson Ruben Glass William Graybil Peter Graydon William Girt Frederick Galbreath John Greegor Martin Hess George Horning Stephen Hamilton Widow Hamilton John Exec. Hoge John Hocker John Horter Valentine Hoyer George Hume John Hocker Adam Hocker Christopher Hilligas Conrad Hill Samuel Heafly John Heis John Hutman Mathias Hartman George Hatz George House Joseph Heaning Jacob Holstein George 4 10 2 8 Horning Conrad Irwin Robert 12 00 7 4 Issett Henry Ingram William 7 4 Irwin & Howard 6 18 Kaup William 6 00 Kunkle Christian 14 8 Krause John & And 18 00 Kunkle Peter 6 12 Kreamer John 4 4 Kapp Michael 4 10 Kean John 12 12 Kurtz Benjamin 6 14 Knatcher Michael 2 4 4 16 Kapp Michael jr King Charlotte 6 14 Koftinan Andrew 4 16 Klickner Frederick 3 00 Luther John 1 00 LafFery Justinia 2 4 Lever Nicholas 7 00 5 12 16 16 36 18 Lawyer Adam Liphart Henry Lever George Little's house 9 00 McCart Robert 16 4 MaChemay John 7 4 23 14 4 10 Murry William McCarty Benja. Mish Jacob 13 10 Maclay John 13 10 3 00 Mooney Abraham McManus Patrick 10 00 McLaughlin Alex. 3 6 Murray Patrick 10 00 2 8 Mytinger Lewis Mitchel James 2 14 3 S Murphy Barny Miller John 2 00 Morse Moses 9 00 9 00 Montgomery Alex. Miller Jacob 2 8 20 8 6 18 3 8 12 00 1 00 22 18 10 4 1 6 4 00 18 00 11 4 3 00 2 14 6 00 1 4 9 00 1 00 19 16 1 16 7 16 1 4 3 00 2 8 3 00 1 4 5 8 3 12 2 16 15 18 3 12 1 16 2 8 1 00 1 16 1 4 7 4 18 12 00 2 8 2 4 2 00 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 243 Moore Thomas Montgomery Joseph Martin J & Thomas Mackey James Miller Charles McAlister Archibald McCaslin John Newman John Norton John Newman Nicholas Newman Andrew Ott Nicholas Petry Henry Peffer George Peifer John Potts Stacy Poat Joseph Patterson Galbreath* Pool John Pancake Valentine Pancake George Patterson Robert Pool^John jr Pfleager Frederick Porter William Peters Michael Rymuth Philip Ritezei Jacob Reel Anthony Reel Philip ' Ritz John Romjeau John Riehm Andrew Redding George Reamer's Executors RothrofF Henry Saur Charles Snyder Simon Stoehr's house Sweeny Major Stehly, Widow 3 00 15 00 5 14 16 12 4 2 2 15 00 2 18 2 18 10 00 1 4 9 00 2 00 6 00 10 16 1 3 2 2 6 5 3 2 12 16 10 16 18 6 10 4 18 6 18 3 12 6 8 12 Seez Balthazer 4 4 Seez Christopher 7 16 Stephen Hugh 2 4 Smith Nicholas 18 Smith Casper 9 Sweigart Daniel 2 14 Shoch John 1 10 Smith's Miss. 5 2 Shields John 1 4 Scarlet David 1 10 Sawyer James 6 18 Shrom Jacob 2 14 Saur's Casper house 2 16 Syfert Anthony 3 12 Sheets John 1 Smith Widow 1 4 Snyder Adam 1 10 Sayler Henry 4 16 Syboth Tobias 9 Snyder John 2 8 Sealy John 15 Staugh & Voglesanger 1 4 Tresen: ider Conrad 8 Ungar Peter 2 4 UpdegrafF Abraham 18 Whitehill George 4 10 Willson William 7 4 Wain Jacob 1 Walter Peter 8 2 Whitehill Robert 2 14 Wickersham Hannah 6 4 Wear Samuel 4 Weatherhold widow and George 6 Wingert widow 8 8 Welchhance Jacob 7 4 Waltz George 2 4 Weathrup John 3 V/a Iters Christopher 2 4 Wingert Simon 2 Wilson John 1 4 Subscribed £20. 244 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Wallace Benjamin 10 Wilhelm Jacob 2 8 Wyeth John 2 8 Williams Vincent 1 4 Williams Christopher 2 Youse Jacob 2 8 Youse Frederick 2 14 Youse George 6 Young Robert 1 4 Zolinger Jacob 14 14 Zinn John 10 Zeigler Geo carpenter 15 Ziegler George 2 Zerver Frederick 2 SINGLE MEN. Thomas Elder 6 Samuel Leard 6 Andrew Mitchel 6 John Patterson 6 Doctor Spangler 6 Joseph Wageline 6 William Wallace 6 Jacob Bener 3 12 Adam Brady 3 12 Jacob Burkhart 3 12 John Burkenbine 3 12 Jacob Bretz 3 12 Jacob Feger 3 12 Jacob Glass 3 12 Robert Hunter 3 12 Philip Horing 3 12 George Hacker 3 12 Bryan Hooper 3 12 John Irwin 6 Michael Krehl 3 12 Anthony Leyer 3 12 Peter Reitzel 3 12 James Shaw 3 12 William Wanless 3 12 William Martin 3 12 William Brown 3 12 Michael Kuntz 2 8 John Lehr 2 8 Duncan McGachin 2 8 James Elliot 2 8 John Over 2 8 James Simpson 2 8 JohnUmholtz 2 8 John Weaver 2 8 William Porter 2 8 Wlliam Irwin 2 8 Mathias Henderson 6 FOR LOTS OF GROUND. Thomas Forsler 1 16 Thomas Murray 1 16 Samuel Wier 1 16 Moses Gilmore 1 16 John Elbert 1 16 Henry Bruner 1 4 George Hoyer 2 8 Christian Kunkle 1 Michael Kapp 1 George Reddich 1 Wm Maclay's land within the borough Peter Lyeth Edward Burk's house W^ear's our house John Wear's house Alexander Miller Peter Pancake James Ross Ritezel's house Harris' Executors ) Snyder's house j Mengel's Exect Shouffier for Shoch's house 5 8 Henry Issets tor Smith's house 3 12 Conrad Bombaugh for Seyffort's house 9 6 Brindle& Montgomejy 4 10 Haller's house 6 10 10 12 14 20 16 8 12 4 Robert Hill 1 16 Casper Smith 1 ]6 John Boyd 10 4 Thomas Grey 8 2 Leys 10 16 Rody Fraizier 6 William Glass 1 18 LANDLORDS WHO DO NOT LIVE IN TOWN, OR IN OTHER HOUSES Martin Gregor £2 Margaret Bolinger * 2 Mar. Stiller 3 4 Chamber's Executors 4 16 William Wallace 7 4 Andrew Stewart 6 8 Henry Sailor 1 Humes James 5 12 John Steinmetz 12 HISTORY OP DAUPHIN COUNTY. 245 Joshua Elder 22 10 Col Shouffler 16 4 Michael Kapp 15 Samuel Berryhill 3 Edward Lynch 8 4 Samuel Grimes 18 Widow Witherold 18 Joseph Dritt 7 16 Tobias Seyboth 3 Welshoffer 5 8 County of Dauphin 72 Bricker's house 8 8 Dr. Fahnestsck 8 14 Fred. Youse 9 6 Rev Nathaniel Snowden6 Rev Shaffer's house 8 Rev. Hautz 8 Mr. Graydon, m his Memoirs, alludes to this sickness and consequent great mortality, caused by the mill pond, speak- ing of the pestilential yellow fever that raged at Philadel- phia : "Measures were taken, says he, in almost everv town and village to prohibit the entry of persons suspected of in- fection; and even fugitives from the seat of it, though in health, were regarded with a jealous eye. Some of the peo- ple of Harrisburg were for following the example of their neighbors, though a malady not less fatal than that in Phil- adelphia, was raging among themselves. But the difference was, that one was called a plague, the other but a simple lever. It is somewhat remarkable, that if the yellow fever IS of foreign origin as insisted upon by many, that a disease ot a similar type, should make its appearance at the same time on the banks of the Susquehanna, at the distance of an hundred rades. Shall we say, that the state of the atmo- sphere which generated the one, was favorable to the diffu- sion of the other ? This, I believe, is the doctrine of those who contend that the yellow fever is of exotic growth, and always imparted when it appears among us: I would venture however, no opinion on the subject. With respect to the mortality produced by the two diseases, that at Harrisburg was, I believe, in proportion to the population of the place' 21* 246 HISTORY Of dauphin county, as great as that at Philadelphia. I cannot take upon me mi- nutely to describe the symptoms of the Harrisburg disease, nor were they the same in all that were sick, but a general one was, an affection of the stomach, or nausea with violent reachings and a yellowness of the skin. Some were ill a week, some longer, some died in two or three days from the time of their being seized, and others who were walking about with symptoms only of the ague, suddenly took ill and expired. The black vomit, which has sometimes been supposed pecu- liar to the yellow fever, appeared in some cases. I was at- tacked with a quartan ague about the middle of September, but had none of the grievous symptoms of the malignant fe- ver which prevailed. " The matter which produces agues, i. e. miasmata, caus- ed by vapors from low and marshy situations and waters, rendered baneful from certain adventitious circumstances, may be pronounced to be the support or aliment of all diseases, more particularly of the latter perhaps, when the exhalations are rendered more than commonly noxious from the general state of the atmosphere, — this cause existed at Harrisburg. A mill dam had been erected the season before on the Pax- ton ; rather a turbid and sluggish stream, within five or six hundred yards of the middle of the town on its eastern side. The obstruction must have spread the water over a surface of from eight to ten acres ; and this co-operating with a state of the atmosphere unusually morbid this season in such situ- ations, may fully account for the fear which prevailed. " In the fall of the year 1792, there were some cases of it, and still more in that of 1794, equally malignant; after which the mill dam was removed. I have been the more particular on this subject, though without being able to offer any thing satisfactory, from knowing it to have been a matter of some interest with the physicians of Philadelphia to ascertain the nature of the Harrisburg disease, thence to deduce data to- wards the solution of the question whether the yellow fever, as appearing in our cities, be, or not, a malady of exclusively foreign origin." CHAPTER XVIII. Harris' Ferry. It is thought William Penn visited John Harris — Penn's proposals for a second settlement on Susquehanna river — Road from Harris' lerry, &c. — Indians leave their canoes at Harris' Ferry — Harris' or^Paxton a public place — Conrad Weiser writes from Paxion, Nov. 28, 1747 touching public business — Half-King arrives here, sickens, dies, buri- ed, «fcc. — Harris' letters touching Half-King's death, &c. — Notice of Monacatootha, &c. — Harris writes to Edward Shippen — Company of soldiers raised — Conrad Weiser at Harris' Sept. 1755 — Gov. nor, Hamilton at Harris' in 1755— Harris' letter to R. Peters, 1755 — Har- ris cuts loop-holes in his house ; erects a stoccade around his old house; Ed. Shippen mentions it in a letter April 17, 1756— Conrad Weiser at Harris' Dec. 1755, and held a council, &c. — The Revd. Barton writGs from Harris' — Harris continued a guard, &c. — Harris recommended the use of batteaux in preference to canoes, on the river — Gov. Morris had an interview with some Indians at Harris', January 1756— Conrad Weiser at Harris', January 1756 ; his letter touching his meeting Belt in his cabin, and interview with some Indians, &c. — Governor Morris at Harris' in May 1756, where he signed several bills, acts, &c. — Fort at Harris'— George Croghan at Harris', in January 1757 — Present at a meeting of the Six Nation Indians and their allies, April 1757 — Refugees from Wyoming at Harris', July 1778— Matthew Smith's letter. This chapter, composed of miscellaneous facts, " made up of shreds and patches," presented in chronological order, is intended as a continuatim of some things mentioned in the preceding chapter. The facts and incidents noticed, in this connection, had happened before Harrisburg was laid out. — Those paragraphs marked with a W, have been taken from Watson's Annals. •. ^ Robert Harris thinks that John Harris (R's grandfather) saw William Penn here, or at Conois creek ; he had always 248 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. heard that he (William Penn) visited hira on the Susquehan- na ; and that he did much business for Penn's interest, and even talked of buying lands of hira, over on the other side down to the Yellow Breeches creek. Watson says that Mr. Harris and Miss Say, afterwards Mrs. Harris, were both born in Yorkshire, England, and came out to Philadelphia as first emigrants with William Penn. Whether William Penn and John Harris came together to Conois creek, is not to be decided with certainty. It might be. In 1690, William Penn issued proposals for a second settlement or city in the Provinee upon Susquehanna river. " It is now, says William Penn, my purpose to make another settlement, upon the river Susquehanna, that runs into the Chesapeake, and bears about fifty miles west from the Delaware, as appears by the common maps of the Eng- lish dominion in America. There I design to lay out a plan for building another city, in the most convenient place for the communication with the former plantations in the east : which by land is as good as done already, a way being laid out between the two rivers, very exactly and conveniently, at least three years ago ; and which will not be hard to do by water, by benefit of the river Scoulkill ; for a Branch of that river lies near the Branch that runs into the Susque- hannagh river, and is the common course of the Indians with their skins and furrs into our parts, and to the provinces east and west Jersey and New York, from west and north- west parts of the continent from whence they bring them." The road from John Harris' on the Susquehanna, in or near Paxton, towards Philadelphia, by wayof Lancaster and Chester counties, was procured, in 1736, by petition of sun- dry inhabitants in said counties. In 1742, a party of Indians, consisting of twenty-one On- ondagoes and seven Oniedas, under the command of a cap- tain of the former nation, made an excursion against the Tallapoosas, resident in Virginia, and on arriving at Harris' Ferry they left their canoes here, and, procuring a pass, or letter of protection from a magistrate of Lancaster county, travelled peaceably through the province, obtaining provi- sions from the inhabitants. (Gordon's Pa. 245.) They ob- tained this pass from Jonathan Hoge (now Cumberland co.) through which they passed, in Virginia. — Compiler, HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTy. 249 Harris' or Paxton, was repeatedly frequented by the In- dians, Indian agents, &c., for the transaction of public bu- siness. Conrad Weiser, a distinguished Indian Agent, &c., from 1730, the year he arrived in Pennsylvania, till 1760, when he died, visited Harris' Ferry, repeatedly to transact bu- siness with the Indians and others. Paxtow, Nov. 28, 1747. To Richard Peters, Esq. Sir: Last night I arrived here with the Indians, all in good health but Canachquasy, the speaker, who took sick by the way to my house, and one of the women, but I hope not dangerously. This day I delivered the goods to them, and they are well pleased for my adding two half barrels of powder to the four which they were to have. George Croghan was present, and he undertook to find men and horses to carry the powder and the lead with two casks of liquor for them to Ohio. I was obliged to allow ihem the liquor, because they all followed my advice, and did not get drunk, neither in town (Phila- delphia) nor by the way. Scaiohady, after they had received the goods, spoke to me in the fol- lowing manner : Brother: — I am very glai that our brethren in Philadelphia took into their serious consideration what we have said to them. The French parly is very strong among us, and if we had failed in our journey to Phila- delphia, or our expectations would not have been granted by our breth- ren in Philadelphia, the Indians would have gone over to the French to a man, and would have received presents (or supplies) from the French, who have offered it; but now I hope we have got the better of them. Let me desire, you to set out early in the spring with the supplies our brethren have been pleased to promise us, and send some- body before you, to give us timely notice, that we may meet, for we are scattered up and down the country, and we will send three or four men to meet you by the way, and to convey you to the place appointed. Pray don't miss, and let us, that are for our brethren the English, not be ashamed ; the French party who speak now under ground will speak above the ground, if you should miss, but if you arrive early in the spring, all the Indians will unite heartily, and the French party will be brought over to us." Then he spoke to George Croghan and me, who must be my guide. I made answer that nothing should be wanting that I could do, and if I was alive and well, I hoped to see them in their country next spring before the grass comes out, or at farthest when they begin to plant their corn. Scaiohady pressed upon me to put the government in mind of what he had said against the traders in rum, that it might be suppressed ; for the Indians, said he, will drink away all they have, and not be able to do any thing against the enemy for want of ammunition ; and if 250 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. rightly considered, death without judge or jury, to any man that carries rum to sell to any Indian town, is the only iremedy to prevent that trade ; and a just reward to the traders, for nothing else will do. It is an abomination before God and man, to say nothing of the partic ular consequences: it is altogether hurtful to the public, for what lit- tle supplies we can give them to carry on the war is not half sufficient, thev must buy the greatest part with their hunting, and if they meet with rum, they will buy that before any thing; and not only drink away their skins, but their clothing, and even every thing they may get of us; in short, the inconveniences occasioned by that trade are numerous at this very time, the English and French party will fall out in their drunkenness and murder- one another, and the English will be chajged with the mischief thereof. I must leave off before I wear out your patience. Sir, Your very dutiful, Conrad Weiskh. P. S. Scaiohady told Shikalamy at my house, very privately, that Pe- ter Chartier and his company had accepted of the French hatchet, but kept it in their bosom, till they would see what interest they could make in favor of the French. Kalf-Hing, of whom frequent mention is made in the Provincial Records and Votes of Assembly, arrived sick at John H arris', the 1st of October, 1754, and died on the night of the 4th, and was buried by John Harris. During^ Half-King's sliort illness, the Indians present sent for a con- juror to inquire into the cause of his sickness and death — they believed the French had bewitched him. John Harris wrote the following letter to Governor Ham- ilton, on the death of Half-King : Paxton, October 2, 1754. May it Please your Honor: At the earnest request of Monacatootha, one of the Chiefs of the Six Nations, I take this opportunity to inform your Honor of the death of Half-King, who departed this life last night. There are about twenty Indians here, who wait to see him buried, and then intend for Aughwick immediately; he likewise desired that the melancholy news might be forwarded with all possible despatch, to his Honor, the Governor of Virginia. Those Indians that are here, blame the Freneh for his death by bewitching him, as they had a conjurer* to inquire into the cause a few days before he died; and it is his opinion, toge- ther vviih his relations, that the French had been the cause of this great man's death, by reason of his striking them lately, for which they seem to threaten immediate revenge, and desired me to let it ba known. All the Indians that are here are in great trouble, especially his rela- • Conjuror. See Appendix G. ' - HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 251 tions. I have sent an account to Conrad Weiser, at Shamoliin, this day, who I expect will be down upon notice. I humbly presume, that his is a very great loss, especially at this critical time. I am Your Honor's most obedient And most humble servant, John Harris. Jfote. — Half-King also called Tanachrisson was a man of much note among the Indians. He had his residence at Loggs Town, on the Ohio, fourteen miles below Pittsburg on the opposite side. George Washington visited him in 1753. When Washington first called at his cabin, Half- King had been out at his hunting cabin, on Little Beaver creek, about fifteen miles off. As soon as he returned from his hunting place, Washington invited him privately into his tent, and desired him to relate some of the particulars of a journey he had shortly before made to the French com- mandent. He gave him the particulars as to the best way of going to the French commandent ; and also informed him that he, Half-King, had met with a cold reception ; that the French officer sternly ordered him to declare his business. In a treaty held at Carlisle, with Indians, Belt alludes to this cold reception — See Appendix L. and a note appended, where Belt speaks of Half-King's interview with the French commandent. JVIr. Harris enquired of Manacatootha, one of the Chiefs of the Six Nations, and others present, where they chused to bury him, and in what manner. They answered, that he might bury him as he thought proper, which Harris did, much to their satisfaction. The Government allowed Har- ris for his expenses and trouble in burying Half-King. John Harris wrote the following letter afterwards to Rich- ard Peters, Secretary, while at Philadelphia : Philadelphia, Oct. 29, 1754. Sir— On the first of this instant, Monacatootha, and several others, the chiefs of the Six Nations, came to my house, and brought fthe Half-King and his family along with them, who were, in general, in a very low condition, particularly himself, who died in a few days ; af- ter which I asked Monacatootha* and others, where they chused to • Monacatootha was an Indian of some note. Washington, in his expedition to the French on the Ohio, in 1753, called to see him, at 252 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. bury him andlin what manner, or if they wanted nny thing necessary for his funeral 1 Their answer was, that they looked upon him to be like one of ourselves, and as he died amongst us, we might bury him as we thought proper ; that if he was buried well, it would be very good — which I did, much to their satisfaction. Immediately after, Monacatootha and the chiefs set off for Augh- wick, leaving the Half-King's family and relations under my care, say- ing that in some short time there should some horses and Indians come down for them, which they had not yet done, and I have been at ex- penses for their provisions and his funeral. My account I shall send down, which I hope you will be pleased to lay before the Assembly. — I shall continue to give his family provisions till they remove, and should be satisfied how soon that might be. I conclude, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, JoHX Harris. December 17, Post Meridian, 1754. The Committtee of Accounts reported a balance of ten pounds, fifteen shillings and four pence, due to the said John Harris, for his expenses, and five pounds for his trouble, &c., in burying the Half- King, and maintaining sundy Indians that were with him. — Votes of Assem. iv. 342. Half-King's family was still at Harris', at the close of De- cember. In a letter addressed by Andrew Montour to Rich- ard Peters, dated at Paxton, December 30, 1754, he makes mention of this fact : Sir — I design to-morrow to march with my men, raised here, for Willis' creek, by way of Aughwick. I leave under theicare of John Harris, two Indian families, one of which has been at his house since the death of Plalf-King, and has been so kindly treated that they don't care to move to Augh- wick at this cold season, and they may be as cheap main- tained here. Logstown. "As soon as I came into town," says Washington, "I went to Monacatootha, as the Half-King was out at his hunting cabin, on Little Beaver Creek, about 15 miles oiT, and informed by John David- son, my Indian interpreter, that I was sent a messenger to the French general, and was ordered to call upon the sachems of the Six Nations to acquaint them with it. I gave him a string of wampum and a twist of tobacco, and desired him to send for the Half-King, which he prom- ised to do by a runner in the morning, and for other sachems. I invit- ed him and the other great men to my tent, where they staid about an hour, and returned. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 253 John Harris writes to Edward Shippen at Lancaster. Paxton, December 28, 1754. Sir : This week Captain Andrew Montour has made his interest so good with my brother William Harris, as to persuade him to go with him to our camp, and he engages that he shall receive a Lieutenant's command under him, upon the strength of which, and the willing- ness to serve his king and country, he resolves lo go. Their com- pany of white men I expect to have completed by Monday next or day following, ihey expect to march for Wills' creek by the way of Aughwick, in order to take a number of Indians with them ; some Indians that are here leave their families and set off with them with all cheertulness : and I'll assure you, upon my brother's in- clining to go, the young men about here enlisted immediately, with the small encouragement I gave them, which was but my duty, and I hope that this company will act their part so well as to be a cre- dit to our River Men, of which almost the whole consists. It is rumored here that there are now taken prisoners lately at our Camp, fifteen French Indians, upon what I hear our Indians at Aughwick are to go and determine their fate, either death or liberty. I only mention this, but am not yet certain of the fact. [Excuse blunders.] I am sir, Your very humble servant, John Harris. Letter to Richard Peters from Captain Andrew Montour. Paxton, December 30th, 1754. Sir: I design, to-morrow, to march with my men raised here for Will's creek by the way of Aughwick. I leave under the care of John Harris two Indian families, one of which has been at his house since the death of Half-King, and has been so kindly treated that they don't care to move to Aughwick at this cold season, and they may be as cheap maimained here. I ordered John Harris to provide for them after the frugalest manner. All the men of the aforesaid In- dian families go to the camp with me cheerfully, and are of the Min- goes, and were at the skirmish when Laforce was taken and his men. I expect to take a number of Indians along with me from Aughwick to the camp, where I design to be with them. I'll assure you, John Har- ris's kind usage to the Indians this fall has been of much service, and ought to be properly recorded. I hope Monacatootha has before this time left your city on his way for the Six Nations. The good accounts from England lately will spirit up our Indians much, and I trust have its desired effect. I am, sir. Your most obedient And humble servant. In September, 1755, Conrad Weiser, in his letter to the Governor, states, that on the 7th inst., he went by orders to 22 254 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. meet the Indians at John Harris' ferry. He found several had gone up the river to settle about Shamokin. He found there, however, " the Belt" and Seneca George, and five or six other elderly men, and fifty or sixty others. The Belt said the Six Nations were now resolved to revenge the death of Braddock, and drive away the French, " which the great general could not do, because of pride and obstinacy, and for which the Most High had thus punished him." Mr. Hamilton informed the council, that in Novem. 1755, he was at John Harris', and finding the people there collect- ed in the utmost confusion, and in continual fear of being fallen upon by a large body of French and Indians, who were said to have passed the Alleghany hills, in their march to- wards this province, he was induced to offer a great reward to (Aroas) Silver Heels, to go up the east side of Susquehan- na, as far as Shamokin, to ascertain the facts in the case, and he being since returned and now present, was asked to relate the facts of his journey. He had gone as far as Nes- copecka where he found one hundred and forty warriors in their dance, and expressed much anger against the English, and an intention to fall upon them to the eastward. — Wat- son''s Annals. Paxton, October 28th, 1755. 1 Sir: I received your letter, and shall observe the contents. Here is melancholy news, which I have wrote to his Honor, our Governor. If there was encouragement lor 1000 or 1500 men to meet the ene- my, and build a fort up Susquehannah, I imagine a number of men will go at their own expense to assist. I am sir, Your most humble servant, John Harris. P. S. I shall endeavor to keep out a few Mohawks that are here, as spies. The Belt of Wampum promised to cend out some ; but it was our river Indians and some scouts from the French army, attacked us at Penn's creek. Yours, J. H. In a letter, dated October 29, 1755, he says, I have this day cut loop-holes in my house, and am determined to hold out to the last extremity, if I can get some men to stand by me. John Harris erected a block-house and stoccade during the French and Indian war, at Harris' Ferry. Robert Har- HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 255 ris, now living, saw the remains of the block-house and stoc- cade when he was young. "Robert Harris' grandfather had a stoccade round his old house (in front of the present one). There an Indian came in with his gun, and fired upon the British officer therein ;* his gun flashed. His grandmother, there then, blew out the candle for concealment. This was in the log-house, before the present residence. — IV. "Edward Shippen, in writing to Governor Morris, under date of April 19, 1756, says, John Harris has built an excel- lent stoccade around his house, which is the only place of security that way, for the provisions of the army, he having much good cellar room, and as he has but six or seven men to guard it, if the government would order six men more there to strengthen it, it would, in my opinion, be of great use to the cause, even were no provisions to be stored there at all — though there is no room for scarce any in Captain McKee's fort. "The first old log-house was gone before Robert Harris was born : he was born in the present stone house in 1768. "Robert Harris' grandmother rode once, on urgency, to Philadelphia, the same horse, in one day ! At one time, when at Big Island,! on trade, and hearing of her husband's ill- ness, she came down in a day and a night, in a bark canoe. — Watson's Annals. To Governor Morris. Heidelberg, Berks co. Dec. 22, 1755. Honored Sir : Last night I arrived from John Harris's Ferry, and herewith in- form 3'ou that I did not reach my house in Heidelberg till the 14th inst. I sat out on the 16th for Harris's Ferry, where I found no Indians but the Old Belt and another Sinecker, called commonly " Broken Thigh," a lame man. Their young men, about six or seven in number, being sent out by John Harris, to fetch scalps from Ohio, but stopt at Aughwick by Mr. Croghaa. I sent for Thomas McKee, John Carson and Samuel Hun- * Perhaps Watson alludes to the following : We hear, says the editor of the Pennsylvania Gazette, July 20, 1758, from Harris' ferry that on Sunday night last, as Mr. Harris and some people were sitting in a room, a gun was attempted to be fired at them through a loop-hole, but luckily it happened not to go off, upoa which the neighborhood was alarmed by some guns from the fort, and the next morning the track of an Indian was seen. f On the West Branch of the Susquehanna river. 256 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. ter to John Harris's, to consult with them how to send yonr Honor's message to the Indians on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. They recommended one Hugh Crawford to me, on whom I prevailed to go to Aughwick with the message, and from there send Indians to the W. Branch of Susquehanna with it; and if the Indians thought it advisa- ble, to go with them and conduct them down the river, either himself or James Patterson, who is to go along with him to Aughwick. I had the two old Indians in council with me. They received the message from me and Hugh Crawford; the wampum I gave and neces- saries for them, and the written invitation from me, in presence of the above named gentlemen. I hope he will go through with it. Upon my first arrival at John Harris's, I gave a string of wampum to the two old Indians above mentioned, requesting them to look upon me as a public messenger from their Brother Onas, and desired them in his behalf to let me know all that they knew about this war, and who it was that murdered Onas' people 1 And for what reason 1 Next morning they made answer to the following purport: Brother : We are very glad to see you here once more at these troublesome times. We look upon you here as our Brother Onas' messenger as we always did. The author of the murder of the people of Pennsylvania is Onontio ; he employs his children for that purpose, and they come to this river (Susquehanna) to murder. We are sorry to tell you that they have prevailed upon our cousins, the Delawares, living about half way from Shamokin to Schantovmno (Wayomack) in a town called Nts- copeckon. Those Indians have given their town (in defiance of us their uncles) to Onontio's children as a place of their rendezvous, and had undertaken to join and guide them the way to the English. That there- upon the Shickalamys and others of the Six Nations, fled towards the Six Nation country. That a report was spread among the Delawares, on that river, that the Pennsylvanians were coming with thousands to destroy the Indians on Susquehannah, which had occasioned the Six Nation Indians^before named to fly, becausethey would not fight against their Brethren, nor against the Indians, and that every thing was in a great confusion. Honored Sir, Your most obedient And humble servant,' CONHAD WeISEB, P. S. Your Honor will have heard by this time that the Paxton peo- ple took an enemy Indian on the other side ol the Narrows, above Sa- muel Hunter's, and brought him down to Carson's house, where they examined him. The Indian begged his life and promised to tell all he knew to-morrow morning, but (shocking to me) they shot him in the midst of them, scalped him, and threw his body into the river. The Old Belt told me, that as a child of Onontio, he deserved to be killed; but that he would have been very glad if they had delivered him up to the governor, in order to be examined stricter and better. Yours &c. CoifRAD WkISBH. Prov. Rec. N. p. 335-6. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 257 The Rev. Thomas Barton writes from Paxton to the Governor, as follows : At 3 o'clock in the morning, Not. 2, 1755. I am just come from Carlisle. You may see by the enclosed in what a situation I left it. The Great Cove is certainly reduced to ashes. Andrew Montour charged Mr. Buchanan last night (at John Harris's) to hasten home and remove his wife and children. I suppose by to- morrow there will not be one woman or child in town. Mr. Hans Hamilton marches this morning with a party of sixty men from Carlisle to Shippenstown. Mr. McConaughy came over with me to raise reinforcements in order to join Mr. Hamilton immediately. I intend this morning to return to Carlisle with a party of men to guard that town. The gentlemen there desire me to request your as- sistance without delay. I am, &c. Thomas BARxotr. In Dec. 1755, John Harris of Paxton township, in conse- quence of instruction from George Croghan, continued a guard of thirty-two men upon the frontiers of said township for the space of eighteen days. — Votes of Assem. iv. 239. Mr. Harris, to carry provisions and men up and down the river, for the defence of the frontiers, recommended the use of batteaux in preference to the common canoes. He w^rote the following letter on this subject to Edward Shippen, at Lancaster : Paxton, April 17, 1756. Sir: The canoes that must be employed for the service on our river, are in general too small ; therefore, it is absolutely necessary to have a small number of battoes (batteaux) immediately made, as they will carry a much larger burden, keep but the same number of hands em- ployed in working them up the river as out small canoes will, and will certainly answer the people better, as the sides will be higher to keep out the waves in our falls, many of which will be always to pass thro', and in high winds, which may sometimes happen. There will not be the least danger of passing up and down this river in a battoe, when a canoe must be unloaded or damage her cargo; therefore, as I think myself a judge of our river navigation and the most necessary and serviceable vessels to be employed in it, I think it my duty to write you this letter, and also to inform you that William Chestnut will sup- ply you with suitable plank, upon getting directions to make the bat- toes ; the boards, I imagine, are not to be sawed after the common manner. I am, in haste, Sir, your most obedient servant, John Harris. P, S. Be pleased to write me a line, if your Honor may think to say, !/'s. J. H. 22* 258 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Governor Morris, came from Philadelphia, by way of Reading, and arrived at Harris' Ferry, and held a council at the house of John Harris, January 8th 1756. Present — the Hon. Robert Hunter Morris, Governor James Hamilton, Richard Peters, Joseph Fox and Conrad Weiser, interpreter ; two Indians of the Six Nations, called '• The Belt of Wam- pum," a Seneca ; and " The Broken Thigh," a Mohock. The governor finding here only two Indians and their families ; he sent for them into council, and spoke as follows : Brethren ; I am glad to see you and your families in good health. You have ever been esteemed our hearty friends, and you show you are really so by residing amongst us, at a time when so much mischief is done on every side of the Province. I sent Mr. Weiser to acquaint you that I had kindled a council fire here, and had invited the Indians on Susquehannah to meet me the be- ginning of this moon, and that I expected yon would stay here till I should come, and afford me your assistance in council. I thank you for staying here. You see that agreeable to my mes- sage, I come at the time appointed, but I find no other Indians here than you two, and indeed, I expect no more, as I believe my messengers were prevented going to Wyominkby the ravages of the Indians, which began in their neighborhood at the time they were preparing to set out on their journey. Brethren : The public business requires my presence at Carlisle, where I am now going, and I invite you to go along with me. If you incline to take any of your families with you, I shall readily agree to it, and provide a carriage for them and you. To this the Belt replied. Brethren: I thank you for sending for us to council, and for your kind speech. What you have said is very agreeable. Brethren : The sky is dark all around us. The mischief done to you, I consider as done to the Six Nations, and am sorry for what has happened, and heartily condole with you upon it; but be not disheartened. As the public business is committed to you, nothing should be suffered to lie on your minds that night, in any wise, impair your judgment, which is now more necessary than ever. Let me, therefore, by this string entreat you to put away all grief from your heart, and to dry up your tears, thatyoU may think and see clearly when you come to council. I accept your'invitation, and shall follow you to Carlisle. Gave a Strino. From the minutes of the treaty or conference held at that time, it appears there was but one single house and few con- veniences to hold a treaty at Harris' — "Mr. Weiser was HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 259 called in and asked if it might not be better to hold it at Carlisle, where all the business of that county could be done at the same time, and proper entertainment provided, as well for the governor and his company, as for the Indians, should they prove numerous." They then went to Carlisle. — See Appendix L. for the minutes of the treaty. Conrad Weiser wrote from Heidelberg township, Berks county, to Governor Morris. January 29, 1756, I set out from my house with a hired man, arrived at Harris' Ferry the 30th, being rainy weather. Met the Indians that evening, acquainted them that I was sent by the governor of Pennsyl- vania with a message to them. Next morning was appointed for me to deliver it; Aroas being not at home. January 31. Early in the morning we met in the Belt's cabin; there was present the Belt, Garisdoony, Jagrea, Newcastle. They desired me to repeat to them the speech the governor made to them in Carlisle a few days ago, laying before me the two belts they received there from the governor. I made answer that I could not depend on my memory, and that I had no copies of those papers relating to it ; that they must excuse me till another opportunity ; however, the principal beads they remembered. A messenger was immediately sent for Aroas, who ar- rived in a few hours after. I then delivered the message from the governor, with the addition that I could not leave the place before I saw two of them set off. It was immediately agreed that Aroas, by us called Silver Heels, and David, a Mohock Indian, should prepare for the journey to Ncskopccka* &c. Ac- cordingly, on the second day of February, they setoff in the mornino-, being rainy weather ; they desired me to send John Davis and Thomas Grimes along with them over Peters' Hill to Robert Armstrong's place, now the last settlement, to conduct them safe, which I did ; I sent also a string of wampum, all white, to Jonathan and John Shickalamy, and his brothers, to invite them to come to my house, if they could be found. I gave a written pass to Aroas and David, and ordered them to carry a silk handkerchief upon a stick on their return, and that only two should come before, and keep the path. The Old Belt gave them a long lesson ; they all looked very serious. Aroas said he would be back in ten days, or in fifteen at farthest; if not then, we might think he was dead. So far as to the message. On the 31st of last month, one James Young came over from Tobias • Neskopecka was on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Nescopecka creek, Luzerne county, where the Moravians had missionaries labor- ing at the time. Von Zeit zu Zeit, says Cranz, thaten die Brueder von Bethlehem eine Reise nach Wajonick, Neskopaeko und andere Orte ander Susquehannah, besuchten die von ihnen getauftcn, wenn sis sich dort auf der Jagd befanden, und predigten denen daselbst woh- nenden Indianern, welche auch oft nach Bethlehem zum Besuch kam- en, das Evangelium zu hoeren. Cram' Brueder Ges. 580. Loskiel, P. ii. p. 151. 260 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Hendricks, and told me privately, in the presence of John Harris, that above fifteen men with arms, came that day to Tobias Hendrick's (now Bowman's) in order to come to this side of the river to kill the Indians at John Harris', judging them of being guilty, or privy to ihe murder committed a few days ago in Shearman's valley ; and that he had much ado to slop them, and desired me to take all the care I possibly could. I thereupon sent a letter with said Young express to the magistrates and principal inhabitants in Carlisle, to desire them to caution the people of Cumberland against such imprudent behavior, of which nothing but- a general war, with all the Indians, could be the issue. A copy of their answer is hereunto annexed. I took for granted what they said, and sent immediately another express by James English and Jagrea, now called Satacaroyies, to bring the Indians that remained in Carlisle, smce the last treaty, away to John Harris' ferry,* there to remain with the rest till the governor's order should be known. I wrote to those gentlemen to hire a wagon for the Indians, if needful. I thought it not prudent to inform the Indians of this affair, but seve- ral people that came from over the river knew of it, and the Indiana came to hear of it. I had a good deal of trouble to quiet their mind (if I did at all). Batacaroyies and Newcastle went to Michael Taeff's that night, and Newcastle got in the night light-headed; he looked upon ev- ery person as an enemy, and would persuade Satacaroyies to run away with him. He himself made off privately next morning, and had not been heard of when I left John Harris's, which was on the 2d of Feb- ruary in the afternoon. Michael Taeffand Satacoroyies declared before now that he had no liquor, and I am persuaded Satacoroyies would not have come back so sober in the morning as he did, if they had had any liquor. I sent word all about to the people to take care of the said Newcast le, if he should be seen any where ; he had no arms with him. I think it highly necessary that the said Indians should be taken care of, deeper within the inhabitants ; for should they suffer by our foolish people, we should lose all confidence and honor with the rest of the Indians. Submitted to his Honor the Governor, his council and the assembly, by their faithful Indian interpreter. CoJTRAD WeISKK. Heidelberg, Feb. 4, 1756. During the recess of the Assembly (having adjourned April 16, 1756) Robert Hunter Morris, Esq., Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, was at Harris' Ferry in the early part of May (1756), issued a message, dated Harris' Ferry, May 9, 1756, summoning the members of Assembly to convene immediately at Philadelphia ; twenty-three of whom met on the 11th May — In the conclusion of his mes- • At a conference held with the Indians at Carlisle, January, 1756, it was left to the Indians' choice, till a fort had been erected at Shamo- kin, to reside at one or other of the forts then building, or at Harris' or Conestoga Manor; they made choice of Harris'. See Appendix L. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 261 sage, the governor says, " The affairs of the frontiers, and the particular expedition for building a fort at Shamokin, which is of great importance to the province, requiring my personal care and attendance here for some time longer, it gives me concern that I cannot be at Philadelphia at this time ; but you may be assured, I will give all the dispatch imaginable to any bills you may propose, which the Secreta- ry will send me from time to time by Express." — Votes of Assem. iv. 558. The governor signed several bills at Harris' Ferry, having with him " and affixed the Great Seal to the transcribed co- py." While here, he received letters from governor Dinwid- die and governor Sharpe, giving an account of the miserable situation of their frontiers, and the danger they were in from the numbers of Indians and French that had already pene- trated as far as Winchester. These letters w^ere laid before the Assembly by the Secretary, according to a message da- ted Harris' Ferry, May 12, 1756. In the conclusion of his message to the Assembly, dated, Camp at Harris' Ferry, May 23, 1756, the governor says : "I propose to leave this place to-morrow, or on Tuesday at farthest, and hope to be with you by the time you can have any business prepared to lay before me." — Votes of Assem. iv. 561. Abm. Smith of Carlisle, writes : Carlisle, May 20, 1756. Sir— On Monday last McConnaughy and myself arrived at Harris' Ferry, and delivered the bill to the governor, according to order, together with the message of the house ; and the governor was pleased to say, he would immediately pass the bill into a law, in our presence. We asked if that would do ; he said it would do well enough, and requested that we would stay and see him affix the Great Seal to it; and accordingly we did stay. I am, sir, &c. John Smith. To Isaac Norris, Esq. Votes Assem. iv. 561. I have examined a number of letters dated Fort at Harris', one of many, directed to Gov. Morris, is given. Fort at Harris' July 14, 1756. May it please your Honor : The Col. has ordered me to go to Fort Halifax, at Armstrong's, to 262 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. take care of the stores there ; but they are all takea up to the Camp at Shamokin, only what are left there to maintain that garrison — and if I go there it renders me incapable of taking care of the stores now at Harris', and hereafter to be sent there, by my being so far distant from them ; and by your Honor's warrant, which you gave me, I am to go no farther than McKee's store ; but if it be your Honor's pleasure that I shall go up there and leave these stores, I am still ready and willing, but as it extends farther than my warrant, I wait your Honor's orders. I am your Honor's humble servant, VVm. Gaibheath. George Croghan, Esq., Deputy Indian Agent to the Hon. Sir William Johnson, writes to Gov. Denny. Harris' Ferrt, Jany 25, 1757. Sir — I have dispatched two of the Conestogoes to Ohio, with messages to the Six Nations, Delawares and Shawonese there. The messengers I sent to Diahogo are not yet returned, but as this river is now open, I suppose they will soon be down ; as soon as they arrive, I will give your Honor notice, &c. — Prov. Rec. P. p. 149. He writes again to Governor Denny. Harris' Ferrt, April 2, 1757. Sir — Thursday last, the 29ih of March, I got here and found one hundred Indians, chiefly Six Nations. The messengers sent to Ohio are not yet returned. Teedyuscung was gone to the Seneca country, when these set out, and is expected soon in with not less than two hundred In- dians, &c.— Prov. Rec. P. p. 196. On this occasion Croghan had come to Harris' to attend a conference with the Indians. The following are the min- utes of their proceedings here. "At a meeting of the Six Nations and their allies, and George Croghan, Esq,, Deputy agent to the Hon. Sir Wil- liam Johnson, Baronet, his Majesty's sole agent and superin- tendent of affairs of the Six Nations, their allies and depen- dants, and by his special order, at John Harris', the 1st day of April, 1757. Present — The Revd. John Elder, Captain Thomas M'Kee, Mr. James Armstrong, Mr. Hugh Craw- ford, Mr. John Harris, William Prentup, Interpreter. Mokawhs; Tihansorea, Connadagaughia, Sogeohanna, Peter, with thirty-one others, men, women and children. Oneidas; Thomas King, Scarroyady, Tawnaquanagis, with thirty otheis, men, women and children. Tuscaroras; Reet King, with twenty-six others, men, wo- men and children. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 263 Onondagoes; Ossaratonqua, and his two brothers, with eighteen others, men, women and children. JVanticokes; Robert White, Joshua, with fourteen more, men, women and children. Cayugas; Ogarawtawrea, Orranoquare, Jenkasarone, with twenty others, men, women and children. Delawares, Samuel, Joseph Peepy, Thomas Evans, Jona- than, with twenty men, women and children. Senecas; George, with eight more, men, women and children. Connestogoes ; Sahays, Captain John, with twenty-nine men. women and children. The greater part of the proceedings were at Lancaster — the following were at Harris' Ferry. Brother : You and our brother Onas wisely considered the ancient custom of our forefathers, in condoling with us, and mixing your grief with ours. And as we make no doubt but some of your wise connections are dead, since we were here, and many of our brethren have been killed by the evil spirit, we wipe the blood off your council seats, and put them in order with this belt of wampum. (Gives a belt.) Brother: After wiping the blood off your council seats, we, with those few skins, wrap up the bones of our brethren that died or were killed by the evil spirit, and cover their graves. (Gave a small bundle of skins.) Brother: We, by this belt of wampum, wipe the tears from your eyes, and desire you may mourn no more. (Gave a belt of wampum.) Brother : We, with this belt of wampum, disperse'the dark clouds, that the sun may always shine upon us in friendship ; we heal your heart and free your mind from troubles, that we may meet each other in council, and brighten the chain of friendship made by our forefathers, and that the council fire may burn clear we throw a few chips on it. (Gave a belt.) This evening I had a meeting of the Sachems, and proposed the go- ing to Philadelphia, to hold the treaty ; but I could not prevail on any of them to go there, except, the Mohawks, the rest were afraid of sickness. When I found they wereixot to be prevailed on to go there, I called a council, and, with a belt of wampum, I removed the council fire to Lancaster: to which place they all agreed to go, and wait the arrival of Teedyuscung, with the Senecas, Delawares and Shawanese. Gave a belt to remove the council fire to Lancaster. April 7, arrived at Lancaster, from John Harris'. 264 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. George Croghan wrote to Governor Denny : Harris' Ferry, April 2, 1757. Sir- Thursday last, the 29th of March, I got here, and found about 160 Indians. The messengers sent to Ohio are not yet returned, and Tee- dyuscung* was gone to the Seneca country when these set out, and is expected soon in with no less than 200 Indians* As it is not certain whether he will come in at Easton or here, I have sent a messenger to Bethlehem to meet him, with a message. I have met with some difficulty in removing the Indians from here, as many of their chiefs are dead since they had a meeting in this Province, and several of their people have been carried off by the small pox in Philadelphia. I was obliged to condole with them, which ceremony took up three days ; and I have just now prevailed on them to set off for Lancaster. They are much afraid of sickness, and say, they always lose many of their people in Philadelphia. These Indians are in great want of clothes, and I am of opinion that they should have some ordered before the general present can be given. George Croghan. A'report prevails that their families were cut off in Conocochege, near Colonel Chambers' mill. G. C. — Prov. Rec. P. 196-'7. In the month of July, 1778, refugees from the Wyoming Valley fled from the scene of the dreadful devastation of those settlements of murder, and sought protection at Har- ris' Ferry. Mr. Smith, in a letter to George Bryan, Esq., makes mention of these refugees here, and of the scenes of distress : Paxtang, July 12ih, 10 o'clock, 1778. Sir— I am this moment arrived at Harris' Ferry, and just now behold the greatest scenes of distress I ever saw, the numerous poor ran away from their habitations and left their all, and several families lost, part killed and scalped on their retreat; the most cruel butcheries ever known are practiced, wounded and others thrown into fires while yet living. The Inhabitants, however, are much distressed ; the Wyoming people are undoubtedly, by the last accounts, entirely defeated. Nor- thumberland county is evacuated. Not more than one hundred men with Col. Hunter at Sunbury; the Blue mountain is now the frontier, and I am afraid Lancaster county will shortly follow the example of the other county. The stores at Carlisle are something very consid- erable. I doubt not their object is to destroy that place. I am informed there is not that care taken that should be. I think it would be neces- • See Appendix H. Teedyuscung. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 265 sary to appoint some careful officer at that place, that would do the duty more punctually. This party is large, have Colonel Butler at their head, one hundred regular troops at first; about the same number of Tories, but is in- creased to two or three times that number; seven hundred Indians, all armed in a most formidable manner, every one of them, exclusive of guns and tomahawks ; as usual, each one has a large spontoon, and as soon as engaged, rushes on in a most dreadful manner. It is said they have field pieces, or swivels ; and a number of light horse. It is the earnest request of all friends to their country, as well as your humble servant, that something shall be done in the greatest haste. Be pleased to send an order for what arms are ready at Lancaster and Hummelstown, also for ammunition, and I shall exert every nerve in forwarding matters to the spot the men shall collect. I am Your Honor's most obedient And most humble servant, Matthew Smith.* CHAPTER XIX. Hasrisburg, at present. Situation — Population, males and females — General statistics of — Ar- ticles of consumption— Public buildings, viz: court-house, jail, school-houses. Masonic Hall, Bank and Savings Institution, Market- house, State-house, State Arsenal, Mount Airy Water-works, Bridges, — Harrisburg bridge ; a number of interesting incidents, &c. — Edu- cation, &c.— Names of papers and editors— History of the churches. Harrisburg, a pest town, a borough, the seat of justice of Dauphin county, and the Capitol ot the State of Pennsyl- vania, is very pleasantly situated on the left or east bank of the Susquehanna river, in north latitude 40 degrees, 16 min- utes ; east longitude from Washington city, 5 minutes and 30 seconds, and 76 degrees and 50 minutes west longitude from Greenwich, England ; ninety-seven miles from Philadelphia ; thirty-five from the city of Lancaster, and one hundred and • See Appendix O. Dtvastation of Wyomitig. 23 266 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. ten from Washington city. It was laid out, as stated above^ in 1785, by John Harris, and made the seat of Justice of the county. It was then called Harris' Ferry. In 1786, the Supreme Executive council named it Louishurg, in honor of Louis, XVI. of France. This name, however, was changed for Harrishurg, in honor of John Harris, the original found- er. In 1810, February 21st, it was by law, established as the seat of Government of Pennsylvania, and the public offices were removed from Lancaster, where the legislature had assembled for many years, October 12, 1812. The population was in 1800, 1,472 ; in 1810, 2,287 ; in 1820, 2,990; in 1830, 4,311; in 1840, 6,020; in 1845, 6,193, whereof 712 are colored persons. Harrisburg in 1840, had 6,020 of population, of the fol- lowing ages : White Males, 360 under five years ; 271 of five and under ten ; 254 of ten and under fifteen ; 293 of fifteen and under twenty ; 664 of twenty and under thirty ; 390 of thirty and under forty ; 257 of forty and under fifty; 158 of fifty and under sixty ; 47 of sixty and under seventy; 14 of seventy and under eighty ; 4 between eighty and ninety. White Females, 328 under five ; 278 of five and under ten ; 280 of ten and under fiften . 359 of fifteen and under twenty ; 629 of twenty and under thirty ; 3l2 of thir- ty and under forty ; 213 of forty and under fifty ; 129 of fi'fty and under sixty ; 58 of sixty and under seventy ; 25 between seventy and eighty ; 9 above eighty and under nine- ty ; one above ninety. Coloured Population : Males, \mder ten, 85 ; ten and un- der twenty-four 74; of twenty-four and under thirty-six 81; of thirty-six and under fifty-five 44 — twelve above fifty-five. Females, 81 under ten ; 105 of ten and under twenty-four ; 96 of twenty-four and under thirty-six ; 54 of thirty-six and under fifty-five ; 14 of fifty-hve and under one hundred ; one above a hundred. Number of persons variously employed ; one in mining, fourteen in agriculture, ninety-six in commerce, six hundred and sixty-one in manufactures and trades, one in the naviga- tion of the ocean, thirty-four in the navigation of canals and rivers, fifty-nine in the leared professions and engineers, two revolutionary pensioners, whose husbands performed military services, Anna Maria Keefer, then aged seventy, and Justina Weiser, aged eighty-two, one blind person, three academies HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 267 and grammar schools) twelve primary schools. Five white }>ersons above the age of twenty w^ho could neither read nor write. There are, according to the census of 1840, three commis- sion houses in foreign trade, with a capital of $23,500 ; sev- enty-six retail stores, with a capital of $319,860 ; five lum- ber yards, capital $25,000 ; six coal and wood yards, capi- tal $50,000 ; twenty-five butchers and packers, employing a capital of $8,800 ; the manufacture of caps and bonnets, employed a capital of $70 "0 ; of leather, a capital of $24,- 600; of beer and ale, a capital of $10,000 ; eight printing offices, employed 113 hands, and a capital of $73,500 ; two rope walks, employed a capital of $2,800 ; thirty-nine hands occupied in making carriages, employed a capital of $3,900; twentj-seven hands employed in making furniture, a capital of $4,650 ; making a total amount of mercantile and manu- facturing capital of $553,660. The following is the amount produced of the several arti- cles of manufacture : Machinery, $2,000 ; bricks, $7,550 ; tobacco, $4,500 ; hats, caps, and bonnets, $10,750 ; boots, shoes, and other leather manufactures, $48,650 ; candles and soap, $8,000; beer and ale, 465,000 gallons, $10,000; ropes and cordage, -$7,000 ; carriages, $10,600 ; furniture, $11,700; other manufactures, $74,700 ; making the total amount of article produced, $195,450. The borough contained about 1300 families (in 1840) averaging six persons to each, who consume on an average, the following amount of articles, to which the cost is added : Butter, 338,000 pounds, cost $50,700 ; lard, 65,000 pounds $6,500 ; flour 9,100 barrels $45,500 ; meat and poultry, 810,000 pounds $73,450 : potatoes and garden vegetables $33,800 ; fruit and articles not enumerated $38,800 ; milk and cheese $19,500 , corn, oats, and buckwheat $16,00 ; tallow $8,450 ; hay and straw $6,500 ; wood 6, 500 cords $26,000 ; making a total of consumption in the borough, in families to the amount of $321,100 ; to w^hich should be ad- ded, for taverns and boarding houses $38,900 ; so that the whole market of Harrisburg alone, amounts to $360,000 • the supply of which furnishes profitable employment to the inhabitants of the surrounding country. The court house is a large and commodious edifice, which was erected in 1794. It is built of brick, two stories high, 268 HISTORY Of dauphin COUNTY. surmounted by a cupola with a bell, and contains the halls of the courts and county offices. It was occupied for several years, by the State Legislature. The county jail is a splendid affair of its kind, provided with solitary cells. The building is Gothic style ; and hav- ing in the rear a spacious yard enclosed by a high stone wall. The cost of the iail, finished in 1841, is upwards of $40,000. The several public school houses are large, especially the Xiancasterian school house. The Masonic Hall is a large and handsome building. The Plarrisburg Bank, and the Harris- burg Savings Institution, are the two monied institutions in the borough. The Market-house, in an open square, at the intersection of the two principal streets, is quite commodious and kept cleanly. The Borough contains twelve churches, of each of which, a detailed notice, so far as it could be obtained, is given in the sequel. There are within the limits of the borough, or near it, a steam grist and saw mill, rolling mill, and an ex- tensive furnace. The rolling mill is owned by M. Pratt, & Co.; the furnace by David R. Porter, Esq., late governor of Pa.,&Co. _ , 4. S The State House is on an elevated spot, from which one has a commanding view of the Susquehanna, and surround- ing country "studded thick" with hovses and villages. It is a large, splendid building, yet modest in appearance, fa- cing the river, to which there is a gradual descent. The main building is 180 feet front, by 80 feet deep, and two stories high ; the lower story contains the vestibule and stair- case, the chambers of the Senate and House of Represen- tatives, and several smaller apartments for the accommoda- tion of the members of Assembly and its officers. The se- cond story is appropriated for a court room, in which the Su- preme Court is held, Canal Commissioners officers, several committee rooms of large dimensions, aud two rooms appro- priated to the State Library, comprising rising of eight thou- sand volumes. The main entrance is by a circular portico, the whole height of the building, supported by six Ionic columns of red sand-stone painted white, four feet in diameter, and thirty-six feet high, the portico reaching thirty-seven feet to a circular wall. From the floor to the top of the cornice is 46 feet, HISTORY OP DAUPHIN COUNTy. 269 and the whole height of the front is 50 feet 6 inches. From the top of the cornice to the top of the dome is 57 feet 6 inches, making the whole height 108 ieet. The wings, wJiose fronts stand somewhat in advance of the principal building, and range with the inner columns, are appropriated to the public offices. The Senate Chamber in the main building is 75 by 57 feet, and 21 feet high ; and the Representative chamber is of the same length and height, and 68 feet wide. The w^hole are fitted up with convenient desks for the mem- bers, slighty raised one above another. The wings which are smaller than the main building, have porticos of a similar form, and j>resent a symmetrical appearance ; and the whole exterior, with its surrounding railing and ornamental grounds, presents a grand and imposing apjoearance, and is every way worthy to be the capitol of the " Key-Stone State." The State Arsenal, also on the public ground, is a fine brick edifine. Twenty years before the town w^as laid out, and nearly half a centuary before it became the seat of government, John Harris, the original proprietor, predicted that Harris- burg would become the capitol of the State ; and in 1785 conveyed to the commissioners, " in trust for public use " the Sour acres on Capitol hill, on which the Arsenal now stands, south-east of the State-house, and public offices, The Mount Airy Water Works, supply the borough with water. The water is taken from the Susquehanna river by a forcing pump worked by a steam engine, and thrown into a basin, ninety feet above the river, and north of the Capitol. The basin will hold, when filled, 1,532,195 gallons- The water is distributed through the borough in metal pipes, from twelve to two inches in diameter ; seven or more miles of which have already been laid in the streets of the borough. The total cost of the Water Works was $120,000. The borough has several important bridges. The Harris- burg Bridge connects Market Street with Forster's Island, and the Island with Cumberland county. I am indebted to Joseph Wallace, a gentleman ever ready to communicate when addressed, for the following, touching the Harrisburg Bridge. The Cumberland Valley Railroad Bridge will be noticed in connection with the Railroad in the sequel. 22* ?70 HISTORY OP DAUPHIN COUNTY. Dear Sir : I have received your letter of the 13th inst., requesting me to in- form you when, and by whom the Harrisburg Bridge was built ; its first cost ; the amount of stock held by the State ; the annual cost of repairs, and the amount of tolls received annually: Also stating, that any "other facts of a general character connected with the Bridge, would be thank- fully received." In answer to your queries, - easiness of the officers and men. I was ordered by the com- missioners to pay all the men up to the 1st of July, deducting half their pay for their clothing ; but the captain refused to receive it on such terms, and presented me a paper, setting forth their reasons, of which I sent you a copy. I being ap' 322 History of dauPhiK county. prehensive of a general desertion, and considering that the Province had the same security for the clothing complied with their demands, and thereby have broken my orders from the commissioners. I shall be extremely sorry if I am blamed for so doing ; for nothing but the good of the service (and so I judged it to be) would have induced me to act con- trary to my instructions. The subalterns would 'not grant me receipts for their full pay, but in part. If I have done wrong, I beg your pardon, and that you will continue that friendship to me, I have already so largely experienced, and shall ever gratefully acknowledge. Capt. Loyd was to set out soon after me for Philadelphia, to lay their grievances before your Honor. I left Shamokin early on Friday morning in a battoe; we rowed her down to Harris's before night, with four oars. There is but one fall above those you saw, not so bad as those at Hunter's ; it is about 4 miles from Fort Halifax. I came here yesterday noon, hoping to find money sent by the commissioners, to pay the forces on this side the river, as they promised ; but as yet none is come, neither is Colonel Armstrong come, and I find but 16 of his men here, the rest are gone to Shearman's valley, to protect the farmers at their harvest ; so wnen the money comes, I shall be at a loss for an escort. I am informed that a number of men at the Forts, whese time of three months is expired, agreeable to their enlistments, have left their posts, and expect their pay when I go there, this may be of bad consequence, and I hear- tily wish there were none enlisted for less than twelve months. I am persuaded the officers would find men enough for that time. I am with great respect, sir. Your most obedient and humble servant, James Young. From the following, furnished by a great grand son* of the writer of the letter, it appears that John Carson was sent, by the governor of the province, in the autumn of 1756, to open a trade with the Indians at Shamokin. • John Carson, a clerk in the Secretary's office of Pennsylvania. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 323 Fort Augusta, December ITth, 1757. May it please your Honor : I beg leave to acquaint your Honor that I arrived at Fort Augusta on the 30th of November, and on the 8th cur- rent opened a trade with the Indians, the store not being fit to receive the goods sooner, and I have disposed of some of the goods and received a small parcel of skins, the amount of which I now enclose for your Honor's perusal. Accord- ing to the best of my judgment I have calculated the prices of the goods that the profits may defray the charges of the Trade. I have not been able to put an equal profit on all the goods, the Indians having heretofore had stroud blankets and match coats at a very low rate, therefore I have charg- ed the other goods something higher. If it appears to your Honor that I have over-charged any of the goods or sold at too low a rate, please to favor me with your sentiments for my future direction, and I shall act agreeably thereto. I am your Honor's most humble servant, John Carson. The following letters written at Fort Auo-usta are here in- troduced m connection with the preceding, as having rela- tion to the same subject, and containing some important facts. Fort Augusta, July 1st 1758. May it please your Honnor. Your favor of the 21st past was delivered me by Mr- Holland, agent for the Indian affairs, who arrived here last Wednesday evening, and observe what your Honor says with respect to supplying such Indians as Tedyuscung shall direct with provisions, Indian corn, powder and lead, and conforming to the orders you gave to the commandant offi- cer respecting the friendly Indians that came to trade with provisions, all which I shall punctually observe. Capt. Trump has received no orders from Col. Bouquet or any other person concerning a flag to be used by our friend- ly Indians or our own people ; neither have any such flags been sent here. Agreeable to your Honor's orders I wrote down to George Allen, master of the batteaux, by a man that went down yesterday morning, and acquainted him, that you had ordered me to take all the batteaux men into the service again, and that they were to be paid by the general. 324 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. and ordered hira immediately to set about collecting Ihem together ; but I understand, as soon as they were discharged, a great many of them engaged with Sir John St. Clair to go upon the expedition, some as horse drivers, and others with wagons, &c. I do not doubt but Capt. Allen will pick up a sufficient number of them. It is not every man that is Ht for that ser- vice, they ought to be well acquainted with the river pok- ing. I understand Croston is expected this night at Harris's with a drove of cattle ; a party goes down from here to-mor- row to escort them and the batteaux up; if the latter should be ready and not wanted below to ferry over troops, &c., if that should be the case, I have desired Capt. Allen to get as many of them as can be spared to bring up the cannon, pow- der, ball, and sundry other necessaries, which are much want- ed here, and have lain there a long while. When I was com- ing up, I asked Sir Allen McClain, who was then at Harris's, if he could not spare four of the batteaux to bring up some necessaries that were much wanted at Fort Augusta, he said, by no means, as there were troops, baggage, &c-, coming daily, and that they must not be detained. If the batteaux can't come up at present, the party is ordered immediately to escort up the bullocks, as so many men cannot be spared long from this weak garrison. We have now about two hundred men here; seventy of them came up with me, and are part of Captain Eastburn's and Capt. Jackson's companies; thirty of their men were left at Hunter's fort, and what were here before we came — one hundred and twenty odd are the callings of the whole battal- ion, and several of them sick and lame ; so that we have but a very weak garrison- Your Honor has doubtless heard of the French building a fort upon the West Branch of this river, at a place called Shingelaclamoos. And by a letter Capt. Trump has receiv- ed from Col. Burd, wherein he acquainted him that from the intelligence he has had, he has great reason to believe the French intend to attack this fort. I desired Capt. Young to acquaint your Honor that there was neither surgeon nor doctor here ; since which he informs me there is one appoii>- ted for us, I hope he will be here soon, as several of our men are suffering for want of one. I believe Doctor Mor- gan left us but few drugs, as the shop looks very thin. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 325 Agreeable to your Honor's orders by Mr. Peters concern- a flag that Tedyuscung took from Bille Sock, I enquired of Capt. Trump, whether he knew how he came by it ; he said he did not ; that he came here with his brother and a Mo- hawk Indian man and a squaw on the 26th of May, and brought with him cags of rum which he said he got from the inhabitants ; but would not say from whom : he went away the next day and said he was going to Tyahogah to see his friends and sell his rum ; that he should return here in the fall to hunt — this is all the conversation passed be- tween Capt. Trump and him ; but upon enquiring of Lieut. Broadhead, if he knew any thing about it, he informed me, that he was down at Hunter's fort and saw Indian Jegra have such a flag as Mr. Peters, in his letter to me, describes, and he thinks that the word " union" was written with ink in the middle of it ; and Capt. Patterson, the commander of the fort, informed him he gave them to Jegra ; Bill Sock, his brother, and another Indian were there at that time and they all that evening went away, and the next morning Jegra returned to the fort, beaten in a most cruel manner, of \^hich he died the next day. Lieut. Broadhead saw no more of the flag. Your Honor's most obedient humble servant, Peter Bard, P. S. Just as I had finished my letter, nine Indians came here in two canoes from Wyomuig, for Indian corn — there is none yet come up — they desire to have same flour for the present which shall be given them» To Hon. Wm. Denny, Esq, 28 CHAPTER XXI. MiDDLETOWN, PORTSMOUTH, HuMMELSTOWN, &C. Middletown laid out by George Fisher, Esq., 1755 ; First settlers ; Place of note during the Revolution ; Kreider appears at, with the first ark ; Town incorporated. Portsmouth; George Frey ; Notice of Germans from New York bound for Tulpehocken. Hummelstown laid out in 1762, &c.; Rocktown, Franklin, Cox's Town, Highspire, Linglestown, Greensburg, Millersburg, &c.; Berrysburg, Gratztown, Wisconisco, Snyderstown, Oak Dale, Duncan's Island, &c., Present condition of; Indian relics discovered; Settled byHuling; Visited by the Rev.Rrai- nerdin 1745; Incidents touching it; Clark's Ferry. Middletown, post town and borough of Swatara township, is the oldest town in the county, having been laid out thirfy years before Harrisburg, and seven years before Hummels- town, and is nine miles by the turnpike road south-east of Harrisburg, near the junction of the Susquehanna and Swa- tara, at which the Pennsylvania and Union canals unite. It was laid out in 1755 by George Fisher, Esq., (father of George Fisher, Esq., who resides near the place on a well cultivated farm*) "in the centre of a large tract of land, bounded by the Swatara and Susquehanna, conveyed to him by his father John Fisher, a merchant of Philadelphia. The site was that of an ancient Indian village, founded by the Susquehanna Nation. Middletown derived its name from its local position, mid-way between Lancaster and Carlisle. " The proprietor being a Friend, several of this denomi- nation from the city and the lower counties followed him ; and these, with several Scotch and Irish merchants, formed the first inhabitants of the village, who enjoyed, up to the period of the revolution, a very extensive and lucrative trade with the nations and others settled on the Susquehanna and Juniata, and also with the western traders. Several of the • George Fisher, Esq., prepared this interesting, early history of this town originally for the " Historical Collections of Pa." HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 327 Scotch and Irish merchants entered the army, whence few returned. During the war a commissary department was es- tablished here, when the small boats for General Sullivan's army were built, and his troops supplied with provisions and military stores for his expedition against the Six Nations. " After the war, trade again revived, and flourished ex- tensively until 1796, after which it gradually declined. — Until then, the mouth of the Swatara was considered the termination of the navigation of the Susquehanna and its tributary streams. So far down, it was considered safe ; below this it was believed to be impracticable, on account of the numerous and dangerous falls and cataracts impeding its bed. In 1796, an enterpiising German miller by the name of Kreider, from the neighborhood of Huntingdon on the Juniata, appeared in the Swatara with the first ark ever, built in those waters, fully freighted with flour, with which he safely descended to Baltimore, where he was amply com- pensated for his meritorious adventure. His success becom- ing known throughout the interior, many arks were built, and the next year, many of them, fully freighted, arrived safely at tide-water. This trade increasing, a number of enterprising young men were induced io examine critically the river liom the Swatara to tide, by Vv'hich they became excellent pilots. The enterprise of John Kreider thus di- verted the trade of this place to Baltimore, where it princi- pally centred, until the Union canal was completed in 1827, when it was again generally arrested at its old post. It would probably have so continued, if the Pennsylvania ca- nal had not been continued to Columbia, by which the prin- cipal obstruction in the river, the Conewago falls, was com- pletely obviated. Middletown, or rather Portsmouth, laid out in 1814, by the son of the original proprietor, at the junction of the Union and Pennsylvania canals, again de- clined. A large trade, however, in lumber and other arti- cles of domestic produce, is still intercepted here, supplying the valleys of the Swatara, Quitapahilla, Tulpehocken, and the Schuylkill. It may fairly be presumed, from the local advantages c ajoyed by this town, that it is destined ere long to become one of much importance," The town was incorporated in 1829, and contains about 150 dwellings, several stores and taverns, a bank, four churches, Lutheran, German Reformed, Methodist, and 328 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. " Church of God " or Bethel, several school houses ; the usual number of handicrafts. The first settlers, were Irish, English and some Scotch ; but the present population is principally German. Portsmouth, between Middletown and the Susquehanna, was laid out, as stated above in 1814, by George Fisher, Esq., son of Mr. Fisher, who laid out Middletown. The Union canal, the Pennsylvania canal, the Harrisburg and Lancaster railroad, all intersec there. Close by these are 2 blast furnaces, one foundry, two extensive flouring mills, and three saw mills, all propelled by the waters of the Swatara. Between Portsmouth and Middletown, on the plain, stands the Emmaus Institute, devoted to the education of poor or- phan children, where, it is said, the children " are to be care- fully trained in the doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Instruction is given in the German and English languages, and the charter has been so altered by the legis- lature as to permit the establishment of a literary and scien- tific department in connection with the orphan house, in which all the branches of modern learning are taught. The institution owes its origin to the liberality of Mr. George Frey, formerly a distinguished citizen of Middletown. It has only been recently erected, after many years of expensive and vexatious litigation, since the death of the donor, seme forty years since. The life of Mr. Frey was marked with not a little of romance. His name, by the way, was not Frey, but Everhart." " When Mr. Fisher, the founder of the town, first came to the place, he used to hire George, who was then a penni- less German lad, to assist in ploughing his fields and clearing up his new land. George lived with Mr. Fisher some years until he had saved a little fund ; but his ambition looked above the plough, and investing his money in a stock of trin- kets, finery, and other articles for Indian traffic, he mounted his pack, and started up the Susquehanna. Passing the mountains, he encountered a party of soldiers from the garri- son at Fort Hunter, who arrested him as a runaway redemp- tioner, (a servant who had been sold for a time to pay his passage from Europe,) a character common in those days, and far more consistent with George's appearance and language than that of a pedler ; for what pedler, said they, would risk life and property thus alone, and on foot, on this dangerous HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 329 frontier? *'Ich bin frey, ich bin frey," (I am free,) repeated George earnestly, in German, in reply to their charges. He succeeded in convincing them of his independence, and went with them to the garrison, where he became quite a favorite, the soldiers knowing him by no other name than " Frey," which they had caught from his first reply to them. He sold out his pack at a fine profit, and continued to repeat his ad- ventures, still passing as George Frey, until he was able to start a little store in Midilletown, and he afterwards erected a mill. Near the close of the revolution, when the old con- tinental money was gradually depreciating, George, who al- ways kept both eyes open, contrived to be on the right side of ihe account, so that, instead of losing, he gained immense- ly by the depreciation; and, in short, by dint of untiring in- dustry, close economy, sharp bargains, and lucky financier- ing, George at lenglh became, on a small scale, the Stephen Girard of the village, and owned a great part of the real es- tate in and around j:he town. He had not, however, all the good things of this life ; although he was married, heaven had never blessed him with children — a circumstance which he bitterly regretted, as certain worthy fathers of the Luth- eran Church can testify. The property, therefore, of the childless man, was destined to cheer and educate the father- less children of a succeeding age. He died in 1S07 or 1808, and a splendid seminary, erected about the year 1840, is the monument of George Frey's benevolence." The reason why Middletown was so noted a mart for the sale of grain, brought down the Susquehanna in keel bottom boats and canoes was, the Conewago falls pr-evented their further descent. Much of the grain that was sold here, was ground into flour at Frey's mill, or stored up, and sold to the millers in Lancaster county. In 1790, there were 150,000 bushels of wheat brought down the Susquehanna, and passed through Middletown for the Philatlelphia market.— Haz. Reg. II. p. 131. About the year 1794 or '95, the first vessel, in the shape of an ARK, but of small dimensions, arrived at Harrisburg, from Huntingdon, on the Juniata, the Conewago falls were run with safety by it. About the same time that arks were introduced, the Conewago canal at York Haven was com- menced, and on its completion in 1797 or 1798, keel bottom boats were passed through; then Columbia became a mart 28* 330 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. of some importance, and a great portion of business, in the sale and purchase of wheat, was drawn away from Middle- town. But in a few years afterwards, boats ventured beyond the rapids below, and reached tide water, and thus this kind of trade was measurably diverted from both Middletown and Columbia. It is worthy of remark here, that in the year 1723, some Germans, from the province of New York, leaving Schoha- rie, wending their faces in a southwestern direction, travel- ling through the forest, till they reached the Susquehanna, where they made canoes, freighted them with their families, &c., and floated down the river to the mouth of the Swatara creek, thence worked their way up, till they reached a fer- tile spot on Tulpehocken creek, where they settled amidst the Indians. The names of some of those families are still preserved, viz: Yans, Ritt, Schitz, Serbo, Sab, Shaver, Shart, Pacht, Cricht, Pisas, Falborn, (Walburn) Filler. — His. of Berks, p. 99. Hill Island and Shelly's Island, are immediately below Portsmouth. Passing, it might be remarked, that in Novem- ber, 1844, a number of " Millerites," dressed in Ascension robes, spent a cold night on this Island, waiting to go hea- venward ! Hummelstown was laid out October 26th 1762, by Mr. Frederick Hummel, and was long named Frederickstown ; but the name has been changed to Hummelstown. It is situ- ated in Derry township, nine miles east of Harrisburg, on the turnpike road leading to Reading ; seated in a tiertile limestone region, highly cultivated by wealthy and industri- ous Germans. It contains about one hundred dwellings, five stores, two taverns, one Latheran Church, one " Union Meeting house," three school houses, the town being divided into three school districts, each of which conti ins one large school. The pre- sent (1845) population is about five hundred and thirty. — There are, says Mr. George Fox, who has furnished the facts, twenty-five different kinds of mechanics in this place, engaged in the following occupations, viz : 3 butchers, 3 saddlers, 3 blacksmiths, 1 watch and clock maker, 5 tailors, 4 cabinet maicers, 6 shoe ujikers, 2 lumber merchants, 3 physicians, 1 tobacconist, 3 coopers, O joineis and house car- penters, 1 barber, 3 wheelwrights and^ chair makers, 3 plas- HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 331 terers, 3 blue dyers and weavers, a coverlet weaver, 3 dro- vers, 2 stone cutters, 1 wagon maker, 1 coach maker, 3 painters. " The following are a few of the oldest settlers of the town now living : Jacob Hummel, sen., John Fox, Freder- ick Hummel, George Gish, George Fox, Christian Spade, Frederick Richert, Daniel Baum, Adam Dean." During the Revolution of '76, Hummelstown was made a place of deposit for arras, ammunition, &c., whence the gar- rison on the west branch were supplied. The Swatara creek, along which the Union canal lies, runs close by the town. On the banks of the Swatara, a short distance from town, is a remarkable cave, about half a mile in length ; it is much visited in the summer serson ; The visi- ter, as in all subterranean caverns, receives, on entering it, in summer, " a cold reception." It abounds with stalactites and stalagmites. Not far from this cave, rises the lofty iso- lated mountain called Round Top, from whose height a fine prospect of the surrounding scenery can be had. High Spire, post town of Swatara township, on the bank of the Susquehanna, was laid out about thirty years ago ; it contains about thirty houses, a store and two taverns, two churches and a mill. It is on the turnpike road leading from Harrisburg to Middletown, six miles from the former and three from the latter. The Pennsylvania canal and the Har- risburg and Lancaster railroad pass through it. The inhab- itants are distinguished for industry. Roc/down, appropriately named, is a small town in Lon- donderry township, on the " Conewago Hills,'' two miles south of Middletown, on the turnpike road, and consists of a few houses. Franklin, also Londonderry township, is a small village, consisting of four or five dwellings, and tavern* The elec- tion is held here. Coxtown, a pleasant little village, in Susquehanna town- ship, on the bank of the Susquehanna, containing ten or twelve houses, a Methodist church, a school house, two tav- erns and several mechanic shops. The village received its name from Mr. Cox, the proprietor. It is on the turnpike road four miles north of Harrisburg. Linglestown, a post town of Lower Paxton township, laid out by Mr. Lingle, after whom it is called, is a small village S33 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. but pleasantly situated, south of the Blue mountain, on the road leading from the Susquehanna to Jonestown, in Leba- non county. It contains between twenty and thirty dwell- ings, a Lutheran church, meeting house and several houses, two stores and two taverns- Paxton creek rises a few miles north-east of it, and passes near it. Greensburg or Dauphin, formerly called Port Lyon, is a post village in Middle Paxton township, was laid out about twenty years ago by the late Hon. Innis Green, it is on the turnpike road from Harrishurg to Clarks Ferry, eight miles from Harrishurg, at the confluence of Stoney creek, with the Susquehanna- It is a thriving village, consisting of about one hundred dwellings, many of which are commodious, and substantially built. It contains two stores, four taverns, two churches, a Methodist, and a Germau Reformed, two school houses, and one of the most extensive tanneries in the inte- rior of Pennsylvania. It is on the south side of the creek. In 1830 it was carried on by Eld ridge and Birch, of Phila- delphia — now owned by Mr. Patton, & Co. of Phila. Four miles above this place is Emaline Furnace, at the mouth of Clarkes creek, in a fine valley, pretty well im- proved. Millershurg, a post town of Upper Paxton township, north of Berry's mountain, at the confluenee of the Wiscon- isco creek with the Susquehanna, twenty -three miles north of Harrishurg, on the road leading to Sunbury. It was laid out by Daniel Miller, formerly of Lancaster county, in 1805 or '6. It stands on an elevated spot, a short distance from the river ; contains between seventy or eighty dwellings, two stores, two taverns, three churches; a Methodist, a Luther- an, and an Evangelical ; one mill ; and three mills near it. Millershurg will, ere long, become a place of some impor- tance, being Situated near the coal regions, with which it communicates bythe Lykens valley railroad, and with Hariis- burg by the Wisconisco canal, and the " Main Line." The first settlers of this region were Huguenots. Fran- cis Jacques, or Jacobs, resided some time at Halifax, but afterwards located here, where he had taken up several thousand acres of land. Among others, Kleim Larue, (La- roi) Shorra or Jury, Werts, Stoever,* (Stoeverling) Shutts, • Daniel Stoerer shot r wolf (1817) from his porch, that was in pur- suit of his cattle ; two miles above Millershurg. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 333 were early settlers here. Lycans, William, Revalt, Fer- rees, and others, settled higher up the valley. At Lycan's, on the Wisconisco creek, the Indians fired upon Lycan and Revalt, (March 7, 1756,) while foddering the cattle. For the particulars, see chap. vii. Berryshurg, a post town, in Miffiin township, on the road leading from Millersburg, through Ly kens' valley into Schuylkill county; it is 35 miles from Harrisburg; contains be- tween 20 and 30 dwellings, several stores and a tavern. Gratztown, a post village of Lykens township, was laid out by Mr. Gratz, after whom it is named, between 30 and 40 years ago. It is on the road leading from Millersburg to Read- ing, and contains between 40 and 50 dwellings, several stores and taverns, and the usual number of handicrafts, found in country villages. It is 30 miles from Harrisburg. Wiscojiisco is a small village, started since the mining oper- ations have commenced at Bear Gap. It contains 20 or more miner's houses, mechanics' shops, &c. It is quite a bustlina; place. ^ Snyderstown, in Mahantango township, is a very small village. Oak Dale was laid out in 1830 or '31, and is contiguous to the coal mines: in 1831 it had an excellent public house, called "Oak Dale," opened by Mr. Burr, son of the cele- brated bridge builder. Duncan's Island, as the place is now called, remarkable for many interesting incidents in the early history of this county, is at present a flourishing settlement, at the mouth of Choniata, Juneauta, or as now spelled Juniata river, four- teen miles above Harrisburg. This island and Haldeman's are near the western shore of the Susquehanna, which is here nearly a mile wide, and is crossed by a substantial wooden bridge— the second one erected here— the first having been destroyed by a remarkable freshet seven or eight years ago. A dani across the river just below the bridge, creates a pool, on which boats cross by means of a double or two story towing path attached to the bridge. The canal continues up Duncan's Island— at the junction it diverges into the Juni- ata and Susquehanna divisions. Duncan's Island is nearly two miles long, at the lower point of which the small village is situated. "This Island says Watson was the favorite home of the 334 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Indians, and there are still many Indian remains. At the angle of the canal, near the great bridge, I saw the mound covered with trees, from which were taken hun- dreds of cart loads of human bones, and which were used ■with the intermixed earth, as filling materials for one of the shoulders or bastions of the dam. What sacrilege I There were also among them beads, trinkets, &c." — WatsojCs Jin- nals, ii. 192, '3. The Swedish family of Hulin? came originally from Marcus Hook, and settled this fine island — "Mrs. Duncan's (late proprietor of the Island) grandfather to Marcus Huling, was one of the earliest settlers in this section of the country. He settled, (possibly as early as 1735,) on the upper end of the island. Her other grandfather. Watts, was also another settler in this vicinity. Mr. Hulings established a ferry across the mouth of Juniata, and built a causeway at the upper end of the island for pack-horses to pass. A Mr. Baskin established a ferry across the Susquehanna at the foot of the big island, (Haldeman's.) The trade was at that time carried on entirely with pack-horses. When the hostile Indians broke in upon the frontier in 1756, Mr. Hurlings left here and went out to Fort Du- quesne, and afterwards became proprietor of the point where Pittsburg now stands. Becoming discontented with his situation in that disturb- ed frontier, he sold out for £200, and returned to Duncan's island, where he re-established his ferry and made further improvements. A bloody fight occurred on the island between the whites and Indians about the year 1760. On one occasion news came to Mr. Hulings that the Indians were coming down the river to attack the settlement. Hu- lings packed up a (ew of his valuables in great haste, and putting his wife and child upon a large black horse, fled to the foot of the island, ready to cross over at the first alarm. Thinking that perhaps the In- dians might not have arrived, he ventured back alone to the house to try to save more of his effects. After carefully reconnoitering the house, he entered and found an Indian up stairs, coolly picking his flint. Slopping some time to parley with the Indian so that he might retreat without being shot at, his wife became alarmed at his long de- lay ; and, fearing he had been murdered by the Indians, she mounted the black charger, with her child on her lap, and swam the Susque- hanna.* This was in the spring when the river was up. Our mod- ern matrons would scarcely perform such an achievement. Her hus- band soon arrived, and in his turn, became alarmed at her absence; but she made a signal to him from the opposite side, and relieved his anxiety. — Day's His. Col. p. 290. David Brainerd a distinguished missionary among the Indians visit- ed them here and elsewhere on the Susquehanna in the autumn of 1744 ; again in May 1745, when he visited many towns and settlements of the Indians; some seven or eight tribes, and preached to difierent nations by different interpreters. On the 17 May he left Shamokin. The 19 • She came down to Fort Hunter, now McAllister's. A Mrs. Berry- hill got safe to the same place ; but her husband was killed and scalp ed. — Watson. HISTORY OF DAUIHIN COUNTY. 335 he visited an Indian town called Juneauta situated on an island in the Susquehanna. Was much discouraged with the temper and behavior of the Indians here ; although they appeared friendly when I was with them the last spring, and then gave me encouragement to come' and see them again. But they now seemed resolved to retain their pagan notions, and persist in their idolatrous practices. Sept. 20. — Visited the Indians again at Juneauta island, and found them almost universally very busy in making preparations for a great sacrifice and dance. Had no opportunity to get them together, in order to discourse with them about Christianity, by reason of their being so much engaged about their sacrifice. My spirits were much sunk with a prospect so very discouraging; and especially seeing I had this day no interpreter but a pagan, who was as much attached to idolatry as any of them, and who could neither speak nor understand the language of these Indians ; so that I was under the greatest disadvantages imagina- ble. However, I attempted to discourse privately with some of them, but without any appearance of success : notwithstanding, I still tarried with them. In '.he evening they met together, nearly 100 of them, and danced around a large fire, having prepared ten fat deer for the sacrifice. The fat of the inwards they burnt in the fire while they were danc- ing, which sometimes raised the flame to a prodigious height ; at the same time yelling and shouting in such a manner that they might easily have been heard two miles or more. They continued their sacred dance nearly all night, after which they ate the flesh of the sacrifice, and so retired each one to his own lodging. I enjoyed little satisfaction ; being entirely alone on the island, as to any Christian company, and in the midst of this idolatrous revel; and having walked to and fro till body and mind were pain- ed and much oppressed, I at length crept into a little crib made for corn, and there slept on the poles. Lord's day, Sept. 21. — Spent the day with the Indians on the island. As soon as they were well up in the morning I attempted to in- struct them, and labored for that purpose to get them together ; but soon found they had something else to do; for near noon they gathered together all their powaws, or conjurers, and set about half a dozen of them playing their juggling tricks, and acting their fran- tic, distracted postures, in order to find out why they were then so sickly upon the island, numbers of them being at that time disor- dered with a fever and bloody flux. In this exercise they were engaged for several hours, making all the wild, ridiculous, and dis- tracted motions imaginable, sometimes singing, sometimes howling, sometimes extending their hands to the utmost stretch, and spread- ing all their fingers; they seemed to push with them as if they design- ed to push something away, or at least keep it ofl" at arm's end ; some- times stroking their faces with their hands, then spurting water as fine as mist; sometimes sitting flat on the earth, then bowing down their faces to the ground ; then wringing their sides as if in pain and anguish, ' twisting their faces, turning up their eyes, grunting, puffing, &c. Their monstrous actions tended to excite ideas of horror, and seenaed to have something in them, as I thought, peculiarly suited to raise the devil, if be could be raised by anything odd, ridiculous, and frightful 336 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. Some of them, I could observe, were much more fervent and -devout in the business than others, and seemed to chant, peep, and mutter with a great degree of warmth and vigor, as if determined to awaken and en- gage the powers below. I sat at a small distance, not more than thirty feel from them, though undiscovered, with my bible in my hand, resolv- ing, if poss.ble, to spoil their sport, and prevent their receiving any answers from the infernal world, and there viewed the whole scene. They continued their horrid charms and incantations for more than three hours, until they had all wearied themselves out; although they had in that space of time taken several intervals of rest; and at length broke up, I apprehended, without receiving any answer at all. After they had done powawing, I attempted to discourse with them about Christianity; but they soon scattered, and gave me no opportu- nity for anything of that nature. A view of these things, while I was entirely alone in the wilderness, destitute of the society of any one who so much as "named the name of Christ," greatly sunk my spiri's, and gave me the most gloomy turn of mind imaginable, almost stripped me of all resolution and hope respecting further attempts for propagat- ing the gospel and converting the pagans, and rendered this the most burdensome and disagreeable Sabbath which I ever saw. But nothing, I can truly say, sunk and distressed me like the loss of my hope re- specting their conversion. This concern appeared so great, and seemed to be so much my own, that I seemed to have nothing to do on earth if this failed. A prospect of the greatest success in the saving conversion of souls under gospel light would have done little or nothing towards compensating for the loss of my hope in this respect; and my spirits now were so damped and depressed, that I had no heart nor power to make any further attempts among them for that purpose, and could not possibly recover my hope, resolution, and courage, by the utmost of my endeavors. The Indians of this island can, many of them, understand the Eng- lish language considerably well, having formerly lived in some pari of Maryland, among or near the white people ; but are very drunken, vicious and profane, although not so savage as those who have less acquaintance with the English. Their customs, in various respects, differ from those of the other Indians upon this river. They do not bury their dead in a common form, but let their flesh consume above the ground, in close cribs made for that purpose- At the end of a year, or sometimes a longer space of time, they take the bones, when the flesh is all consu Tied, and wash and scrape them, and afterwards bury them with some ceremony. Their method of charming or con- juring over the sick, seems somewhat different from that of the other Indians, though in substance the same. The whole of it among these and others, perhaps, is an imitation of what seems, by Naaman's ex- pression, (2 Kings V. 11,) to have been the custom of the ancient hea- then. It seems chiefly to consist in their "striking their hands over the diseased," repeatedly stroking them, " and calling upon their god ;" except the spurting of water like a mist, and some other frantic cere- monies common to the other conjurations which I have already men- tioned. When I was in this region in May last, I had an opportunity of learn- ing many of the notions and customs of the Indians, as well as observ- ing many of their practices. I then travelled more than 130 miles HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 337 apon the river, above the English settlements ; and in that journey met with individuals of seven or eight distinct tribes, speaking as many different languages. But of all the sights I ever saw among them, or indeed anywhere else, none appeared so frightful, or so near akin to what is usually imagined o( infernal powers, none ever excited such images of terror in my mind, as the appearance of one who was a devout and zealous reformer, or rather restorer of what he supposed was the ancient religion of the Indians. He made his appearance in his pontifical garb, which was a coat o{ bearskins, dressed with the hair on, and hanging down to his toes ; a pair of bear-skin stockings, and a great wooden face painted, the one half black, the other half tawny, about the color of the Indians' skin, with an extravagant mouth, cut very much awry; the face fastened to a bear skin cap, which was drawn over his head. He advanced towards me with the instrument in his hand which he used for music in his idolatrous worship ; which was a dry tortoise-shell with some corn in it, and the neck of it drawn on to a piece of wood, which made a very convenient handle. As he came forward he beat his tune with the rattle, and danced with all his might, but did not suffer any part of his body, not so much as his fingers, to be seen. No one would have imag- ined from his appearance or actions, that he could have been a hu- man creature, if they had not had some intimation of it otherwise. When he came near me I could not but shrink away from him, al- though it was then noonday, and I knew who it was; his appearance and gestures were so prodigiously frightful. He had a house conse- crated to religious uses, with divers images cut upon the several parts of it. I went in, and found the ground beat almost as hard as a rock, with their frequent dancing upon it. I discoursed with him about Christianity. Some of my discourse he seemed to like, but some of it he disliked extremely. He told me that God had taught him his reli- gion, and that he would never turn from it, but wanted to find some who would join heartily with him in it; for the Indians, he said, were grown very degenerate and corrupt. He had thoughts, he said, of leav- ing all his friends, and travelling abroad, in order to find some who would join with him; for he believed that God had some good people somewhere, who felt as he did. He had not always, he said, felt as he now did ; but had formerly been like the rest of thelndians,until about four or five years before that time. Then, he said, his heart was very much distressed, so that he could not live among the Indians, but got away into the woods, and lived alone for some months. At length, he said, God comforted his heart, and showed him what he should do; and since that time he had known God, and tried to serve him; and loved all men, be they who they would, so as he never did before. He treated me with uncommon courtesy, and seemed to be hearty in it. I was told by the Indians, that he op- posed their drinking strong liquor with all his power; and that, if at any time he could not dissuade them from it by all he could say, he would leave them, and go crying into the woods. It was manifest that he had a set of religious notions which he had examined for himself, and not taken for granted upon bare tradition ; and he rel- ished or disrelished whatever was spoken of a religious nature, as it either agreed or disagreed with his standard. While I was dis- coursing, he would sometimes say, "Now that I like ; so God has 29 338 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. taught me," &c.; and some of his sentiments seemed very just. Yet he utterly denied the existence of a devil, and declared there was no such creature known among the Indians of old times, whose religion he supposed he was attempting to revive. He likewise told me that departed souls went southward, and that the difference between the good and bad was this : that the former were admitted into a beauti- ful town with spiritual walls, and thai the latter would for ever hover around these walls in vain attempts to get in. He seemed to be sincere, honest, and conscientious in his own way, and according to his own religious notions ; which was more than I ever saw in any other pa- gan. I perceived that he was looked upon and derided among most of the Indians as a precise zealot, who made a needless noise about reli- gious matters ; but I must say that there was something in his temper and disposition which looked more like true religion than any thing I ever observed among other heathen. But, alas ! how deplorable is the state of the Indians upon this river! The brief representation which I have here given of their notions and manners is sufficient to show that they are led captive by Satan at his will," in the most eminent manner ; and methinks might likewise be sufficient to excite the compassion and engage the prayers of God's children for these their fellow-man, who. " sit in the region of the shadow ol death." — Memoirs. On the 23d of September Brainerd left the Indians and returned to the Forks of Delaware, (Bucks county, now Northampton). The following interesting facts were furnished by Mitchell Steever, Esq., of New Port, Perry county : "At one time when Mr. William Baskins, grand uncle to Cornelius and James Baskins, having a crop of grain on what is now called Duncan's Island (having however previ- ous removed his family to Fort Hunter for security) return- ed with part of his family to cut the grain; and while en- gaged, all on a sudden they were startled by the yell or whooping of Indians, who were hard by ; however, on dis- covering that they were neighbors, their alarms were quiet- ed ; but, alas ! they were deceived ; for the barbarous sava- ges, as soon as near enough, gave them distinctly to under- stand that their object was their scalps! At this moment, they all fled in consternation, hotly pursued, towards the house, and when there, Mr. Baskins, in the act of getting his gun, was shot dead and scalped ; his wife, a daughter of about seven, and a son three years old, were abducted. A Mr. McClean who was also in the field, plunged into the river and swam the Juniata, at what is called the " Sheep Island," and concealed himself in the cleft of rocks, on the opposite side, and thus eluded the pursuit of the savages and sared his life. Mrs. Baskins effected her escape from the Indians some HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 339 where near Carlisle; the daughter was taken to the Miami country, west of the Ohio, then an unbroken wilderness, where she was detained for more than six years, when in conformity to a treaty made with the Indians, she was de- livered up, and returned. She was afterwards married to Mr. John Smith, whose son James is now residing in New Port, Perry county, and to whom I am indebted for this in- teresting tradation. The lad, that was taken at the same time, was carried to Canada, where he was raised by Sir William Johnston, not knowing the name of the boy, when he was baptised by a missionary, was named, Timothy Mur- phy. He was afterwards discovered by Alexander Stevens, Mr. James Stevens' father, who resides in Juniata township, Perry county, by some peculiar mark on his head. He has visited his friends in Perry. James Smith, his nephew, when at Canada in defence of his country, during the late war, visited him and found him comfortably situated near Maiden in Upper Canada, and the owner of a large estate." — See Chap. vii. The present Clark's Ferry, near Duncan's Island, was called Queenashawakee by the Indians, and the Juniata near by it was spelled Choniata. This ferry was once a great fording place — a little above it, at the White Rock, on the river side, John Harris had, in 1733, a house and some fields cleared, which was complained of by the Indians. CHAPTER XXII. Original settlers — Present population — Education — Relief of the Poor. In preceding pages it has been stated that settlements had been made within the present bounds of Dauphin, prior to 1719 or 1720. Prior to 1729, or 1730, all that portion south of the Blue mountain, was settled. James Logan, in a letter to John Penn, Esq. dated February 27th, 1731-2, says, " I must further observe that almost all the lands on Susquehanna, south of the hills above Pextang, that bound what is habitable on the east side of the rivers are generally settled by our people, though the Five Nations still claim them.— Haz. Reg. of Pa. iii. 210. The townships in the southern and eastern portion of the county, (then Chester county) were settled prior to 1719 or 1720 ; Pextang, or Harris's, at an earlier period, and Mc- Callister's, then Chambers's, prior to 1729 or 1730. The first settlers, with few exceptions, were from the north of Ireland ; some from Scotland, and were usually called " The Scotch Irish." They possessed all the indispensable qualities requisite to make good pioneer settlers. Dauntless and valorous were they. Educated as Presbyterians, they had strong hopes of becoming the undisturbed possessors of the lands still, to some extent occupied by the tawny sons of the woods ; this they did, but at the cost of many a helpless child, an endeared bosom companion, a father, a mother, or some friend or relative; for during the French and Indian w^ar, from 1755 to 1763, many fell victims to the cruel sav- ages then marauding the frontier settlements, as the attentive reader will have observed from Chap, vii.-xi., pp. 85, 88, 95, 100, 102, 103, 118, 123, 126, 128, 130, 133, 141. Owing to the want of fire arms, ammunition, &c., and not living as contiguous as people in older settled countries, they were obliged to abandon their houses and farms. Perhaps all would have left this region of country, had it not been for some bold and daring men amongst them, of this number none was more conspicuous than Rev- John Elder, HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 341 who shared in the sufferings of the settlers. At that event- ful time, "he collected around him th%aged, and the women fled to him for succor. Here by day and night, under the wide canopy of heaven, with true confiding faith in God, with rifle in hand, he poured forth his eloquent aspirations for the safety of his congregational charge- To attack him was not even attempted by the hostile and merciless savages, who that day made a descent down the Susquehanna, and fell upon the unsuspicious, murdering and scalping with savage butch- ery, the exposed settlers. " On Sunday he preached to his congregation ; every man had his loaded rifle — two rifles were in the pulpit. As was expected, the Indians approached them, laying in ambush, sent a spy to reconnoitre, who reported that two rifles were in his desk; they then hastened away, committing many mur- ders on their return." The Revd. Elder, as well as other pastors of congrega- tions in various parts of the frontiers, animated the people to manfully resist the hostile foe. Richard Peters, in writing under date of Philadelphia, May '3d, 1758, to George Stevenson, of York, Pa., says, "The ministers should be desired, in diff"erent and proper parts of the county, and at proper distances, as their congregations may be seated, to appoint meetings, and animate the people to raise levees with all possible despatch, as they are design- ed, by one vigorous effort to dispossess the enemy, regain the Indians, and establish a durable and advantageous peace." Mr. Stevenson, in answer to Mr. Peters, under date of York, May 21st, 1758, says, "The Revd. Mr. Craddock gave me the pleasure of a visit, and preached an excellent war sermon from Mr. Lishy's* pulpit, on Friday last, in the hearing of the Revd. Barton, Bay and Lishy; he went with Mr. Barton yesterday ; is to deliver another sermon to the same purpose to-day, from Mr. Barton's pulpit." This contracted war and its concomitant scenes, infused a military and adventurous spirit into the young men, and we find them ready, at any moment, to repel the enemy, protect at imminent hazard of their lives, fathers, mothers, brothers * The Rev'd. Lishy had charge of several German Reformed con- gregations, in York county at the time, viz : Yorktown, Kreutz creek Codorus, and at Bermudiau creek. — His, York co. p. 694. ' 29* 342 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. sisters and relations ; for that purpose ranging along the bor- ders of the exposed fj^ntiers, watching the clandestine or se- cret movements of the enemy, (who, they knew would steal upon them in the dead of night, in the unguarded hour of re- pose — while at meal, at work in the field ; and that the in- nocent and helpless, would alike, without respect to sex or age, fall victims to the savages)-cutting off occasional sav- age parties, and breaking up their secret haunts. Circumstanced as they were, they knew of no other course to pursue than to protect themselves against all whom they had reason to suspect as principals of, or accessaries to, the numerous murders committed upon the whites ; and, it may be, it was under the apprehension that the Indians at Cones- togo, in Manor township, Lancaster county, were not " free from the blood of the whites," that induced the Paxton Boys to make that dreadful onslaught, they did, of which some account has been given in a preceding page. — See Chap. vii. The following, from the pen of Mr. R. C, a gentleman of more than ordinary research, is here introduced, as being to the point. In ] 760 the inhabitants of Lancaster county were in con- stant alarm, from murders and depredations committed by the Indians. They represented to the Assembly " that large bodies of hunters killed deer and other game upon the Indian Hunt- ing Grounds ; that this land was given to the Indians by treaty ; that the hunters treated the defenceless Indians with great cruelty ; that the resentment of the Indians was roused ; they therefore requested the Government to protect them from the Indians, hy the payment of scouting parties, as not only their property but their lives were threatened." A company of rangers was raised by the settlers, to act as a guard upon the borders of the county, and prevent any in- cursions by the Indians. 1761 general alarm and consternation prevailed among the settlers, from murders committed on the whites, with the burning of the cabins at night ; such were the acts of atro- city committed by the Indians, at the time when their un- suspected victims were asleep. The Indians always appear- ed where the inhabitants were unprotected, or in fancied se- cnrity ; they showed no mercy. HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 343 Imagination cannot conceive the perils with which the set- tlement of Paxton was surrounded from 1754 to 1756. To portray each scene of horror would be impossible — the heart shrinks from the attempt. The settlers were goaded on to desperation; murder followed murder ; scouts brought in the intelligence that the murderers were traced to Conestogue. Riflles were loaded, horses were in readiness. The mounted ; they called on their pastor to lead them. He was then in the 57th year of his age. Had you seen him then, you would have beheld a superior being. He had mounted, not to lead them on to the destruction of Conestogue, but to de- ter them from the att( mpt ; he implored them to return, he urged them to reflect; "pause, pause, before you proceed." It was in vain; "the blood of the murdered cries aloud for vengenance; we have waited long enough on government ; the murderers are within our reach, and they must not es- cape." Mr. Elder, reminded them that the "guilty and the innocent could not be distinguished." "Innocent! can they be called innocent who foster murderers?" Mr. Elder rode up in front, and said, "As your pastor, I command you to relinquish your design." "Give way, then," said Smith, "or your horse dies," presenting his rifle ; to save his horse, to which he was much attached, Mr. E. drew him aside, and the rangers were off on their fatal errand.* A palhating letter was written by the Rev. Mr. Elder to Gov. Penn, in which the character of Stewart is represented as humane, liberal and religious. The Rev. Mr. Elder died at the advanced age of 86 years, in 1792, on his farm adjoining Harrisburg, beloved in life, and in death lamented. He frequently visited the Indians at Conestogue, Pequehan, and the Big Island, and was much re- spected by them. He had frequently represented to the Christian Indians the wrong they were doing to the whites by admitting stranger Indians among them ; conduct which made them suspected of treachery. Extract of a letter from the Rev. Mr. Elder, to Governor Hamilton, dated September 13, 1763: • Upon what authority Mr. R. C. makes this slaiement, I know not; if it \smere tradition, there maybe a mistake (see Rev'd Elder's letter p. 163, 164. It is recorded in a very popular work, that the people of Cumberland county, took an active part with the Paxton Boys." The following extract shows how far they were concerned. 344 HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. " I suggest to you the propriety of an immediate removal of the Indians from Conestogue, and placing a garrison in their room. In case this is done, I pledge myself for the fu- ture security of the frontier." — See p. 164. Carlisle, Dec. 28, 1763. I have the pleasure to inform your Honor that not one person of the county of Cumberland, so far as I can learn has either been consulted, or concerned in that inhuman and scandalous piece of butchery — and I should be very sorry that even the people of this county should attempt avenging their injuries on the heads of a few inoffensive superannuated savages, whom nature had already devoted to the dust. JouK Akmstuoko. Gov. John Penn. Companies, each consisting of an officer, and fifteen men, were stationed, as late as June, 1764, in various parts of this and adjacent counties east of the Susquehanna river. In Pax- ton township, at Fort Hunter, was Ensign James Foster ; at David Patten's, Capt. S. Hunter. In Hanover township, Manady Gap, was Lieut. J. Lycans ; at John Cameron's, Capt. Timothy Green ; at John McFarling's, was Lieut. Charles Stewart: at Godfried Young's, was Ensign Thomas Cambleton. Farther eastward, in Bethel township (Leba- non,) was Capt. P. De Haas, with eighteen men ; at Reh- rer, in Bethe) township, (Berks,) was Lieut. J. Seely, with fourteen men. Present population. Though, at present, the majority of the inhabitants are Germans, but few had settled within the limits of it prior to 1745 or 1750. Among the earliest German settlers, are found the names of Gabriel, Schultz, Stern, Musser, Rosebaum, Ricker, Schwar, Boor, Lichty, Roth, Schitz, Hailman, Sues, and others. Shortly prior to, and imiTiediately after the revolution of '76, the Germans were numerous. At the opening of the revolution, most of the Paxton, Derry, and other early settlers, sought the ranks of the army, from which but few returned to live in Paxton, &c. Consequently, comparatively few of the Scotch Irish's descent'ants are to be found in this county. Not less than two-thirds are Germans; and of those, nearly all speak the language of their Vaterland — and nearly all speak, or at least understand English ; and these reside most numerously on the borders of Lebanon and Schuylkill, and in the upper part of the county. In several parts of the county, some French HISTORY OF DAUPHIN COUNTY. 345 descendants, principally Huguenots, are to be found. In the upper part of the county, near and about David's church, are several families of Huguenot descendants. Education is on the advance since the introduction of the Common School system, which is now (1845)almost general- ly adopted m the county. Lykens and Bush townships,have not accepted the provisions of the law. Nineteen school dis- tricts have adopted the system, in which ninety-eight schools are kept open about five months and a half in the county, and twelve months m the borough of Harrisburg. Teachers receive from $13 to $15 per month. The Religious Denominations are Presbyterian, German Reformed, Lutheran, Methodist, United Brethren in Christ, Mennonites, Episcopalian, Baptist, Evangelical Association' Dunkard, German Baptist, or Taeufer, Univeralist, Church of God, Roman Catholic. Poor House. Ample provision is made for the support of the unfortunate poor. There is a poor house, to which a \yell improved farm is attached, about two miles east of Har- risburg, near to, and south of the turnpike road leading to Reading. It is said the affairs of the establishment are well managed. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXIII. CUMBERLAND COUNTY Cumberland county, Act erecting it, &c. ; Trustees to define the boun- dary between York and Cumberland, appointed ; The Trustees disa- greed ; Boundary determined; Petition touching it; Ch'ambers' letter in relation thereto ; Shavvanese, and other Indians in Cumberland, their villages, &c. They complain, &c. ; report relative thereto; Paxton or Louther Manor, resurveyed ; Influx of immigrants ; Pe- tition for, and, a road laid out, &c. ; Pennsboro, and Hopewell town- ship erected ; Antrim township erected; Extracts from the Commis- sioners' book of Lancasler county; Early settlers, and taxables in 1751. Cumberland county, named after a maratime county of England, on the borders of Scotland, was erected in 1750. It was then the sixth county in the State : Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester having been established in 1682, Lancas- ler in 1729, and York in 1749. This county was separated from Lancaster county, upon the representation by a petition presented to the Assembly by James Silver and William Magaw of the inhabitants of the North Valley, then so call- ed, residing in the western part of Lancaster county, west of the Susquehanna, of the great hardships they laid under, by being very remote from Lancaster, where the courts were held — some of them one hundred miles distant — and the pub- lic officers kept ; and how hard and difficult it was for the " sober and quiet part " of the North Valley to secure them- selves against thefts and other abuses, frequently committed by idle and dissolute persons, who, to escape punishment, re- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 347 sorted to the more remote parts of the province, and owing to the great distance from the court or prison, frequently es- caped — considering all these things, it was provided by the Assembly, January 27, 1750, to remedy the inconveniencies complained of, as set forth in the petition ; and a county was erected — bounded as follows, " That, all and singular lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, to the westward of Susquehanna, and northward and westward of the county of York, be erected into a county, to be called Cum- berland; bounded northward and westward with the line of the Province, eastward partly with the river Susque- hanna, and partly with said county of York ; and south- ward in part by the line dividing the said Province from that of Maryland. The ample limits of Cumberland were at different periods, subsequently reduced. Robert McCoy, Benjamin Chambers, David Magaw, Jas. McEntire, and John McCormick, as trustees, all of the coun- ty aforesaid, yeomen, or any three of them, were authorized to purchase and take'assurance to them and their heirs of a piece of land, situate in some convenient place in the said county, to be approved of by the Governor, in trust and for the use of the inhabitants of the said county, and thereon to erect and build a court-house and piison, sufficient to ac- commodate the public service of the said county, and for the ease and conveniency of the inhabitants. The commissioners and assessors were authorized to raise a sura of money, not to exceed three hundred pounds, to purchase the land, and furnishing the court-house and prison. By the same act, Benjamin Chambers was appointed col- lector of the Excise of the said county. And, to the end the boundaries of the said counties of York and Cumberland may the better be ascertained, it was further enacted, that it shall be lawful to and for the trustees named in this act, and the act of Assembly by which the said county of York* was erected into a county, or to and for a majority of each of them, and they are hereby requir- ed and firmly enjoined, within the space of six months next after the publication of this act, to assemble themselves together, and with the assistance of one or more surveyors, • The trustees of York county were Thomas Coi, Michael Tanner, George Swope, Nathan Hussey and John Wright, jr. 348 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. by them respectfully to be provided, to run, mark out, and distinguish, the boundary line between the said counties of York and Cumberland ; and the charges thereof shall be de- frayed equally between the inhabitants of the said counties, and to that end levied and raised by the said inhabitants, in such manner as other public money, for the use of the said counties, by law ought to be raised and levied. When the Commissioners or Trustees of Cumberland and York county met, to tlx the boundary line, they disagreed. Those of Cumberland wished it, that the dividing line com- mence opposite the mouth of the Sw^atara creek, and run along the ridge of the South mountain, while those of York county claimed that it should follow up the Yellow Breeches creek. The difficulties were settled by an act, passed Feb- ruary 9th, 1751 . The act says, " But for as much as the ridge of mountains, called the South Mountain, along which the lines, dividing the said counties of York and Cumberland, were directed to be run by the several herein before men- tioned acts, before the river Susquehanna, to the mouth of a run of water, called Dogwood Run, is discontinued, much broken, and not easily to be distinguished, whereby great differences have arisen between the trustees of the said coun- ties, concerning the manner of running said line ; by which means the boundaries of said counties, between the river Susquehanna and the mouth of aforesaid run of water called Dogwood Run, are altogether unsettled, and so likely to continue, to the great injury of the said counties, and to the frustrating the good purposes by the herein before mentioned acts of Assembly intended, for the preventing hereof, it is hereby enacted. That the creek, called Yellow-breeches creek, from the mouth thereof, where it empties into the ri- ver Susquehanna aforesaid, up the several courses thereof, to the mouth of a run of water, called Dogwood Run, and from thence on one continued straight line, to be run to the ridge of mountains, called the South mountain, until it intersect the Maryland line, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the Boundary line between said counties of York and Cumber- land." A petition from the commissioners of Cumberland county, appointed with the commissioners of York county to run the division line between the said counties was presented to the Assembly; setting forth that the York commissioners refus- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 349 ing to run the line, agreeable to the act of Assembly, the pe- titioners conceived it their duty to do it themselves, and ac- cordino-ly began opposite to the mouth of Swahatara, on Sasquehannah river, and then took the courses and distances along the highest ridge of the mountain, without crossing any running water, till they struck the middle of the rnain body of the South Mountain, at James Caruther's plantation; a true draught whereof is annexed to the petition. That the draught of the line, and places adjacent, laid before the house by the York commissioners, as far as relates to the waters, and courses, is altogether imaginary, and grounded on no actual survey ; those commissioners having no survey- or with them, nor so much as attempting to chain an part of it. That the petitioners would willingly agree to the pro- posal of making Yellow-breeches creek the boundary, if that draught had any tryth in it ; but as it is altogether false, and the making that creek the line would actually cut off a great part of the North Valley, reduce it to a point on Sasque- hannah, and make the county quite irregular ; the petition- ers pray, that the line in the draught to their petition an- nexed may be confirmed, or a straight line granted from the mouth of Swahatara, to the middle of the South Mountain; was presented to the house and read — ordered to lie on the table.— (Votes Assem. iv. 154. 8th mo. 18th 1750.) The following letter from Mr. Chambers to Richard Pe- ters, Secretary, bears upon the subject in. controversy, and shows his reason why he was opposed to a change or altera- tion in the division line: Cumberland county, Oct. 8th 1750. "- Sir — I received your letter in which you enclosed the draughts 'of the line run by the Commissioners of York county and ours; and if the branches of the Yellow britches and Great Canewago interlocked in the South Mountain, as laid down in the aforesaid draught, I would he of opinion with the Assembly that a line consisting of such a variet}' of courses could not be a good boundary between two counties. I can assure you that the courses that we, the Commissioners of Cumberland, tun, we chained, and have returned by course and distance the Ridge of the mountain, and can send our deposition, that we crossed no run- ning water above ground, and that we have run it past Capt. Dills, ilH we are in the middle of the mountains as laid down in the red line in their draught, so that our draughts will show you that theirs is but an imaginary of the waiers, done by some friend of York county, who had DO regard for our country's welfare ; for we sent our return to I? laid before the Assembly, at the same time that York county laid this on^ before them; that your Honor was pleased to send me, but our mes- 30 350 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNt,. senger did not deliver our return to the House, or if he had, I suppose they would not have troubled, his Honor, the Governor, to send any further instructions to us, for I humbly suppose that there cannot be any better boundary than the Ridge of the mountain, for were there a line run to cross the heads of the waters of both sides and the marks grown old it would be hard for a hunter to tell which county the wolf was killed in, but he may easily tell whether it was killed on the de- scent of the north or south valley waters. Likewise a sheriff, when he goes to any house, where he is not acquainted, and enquires at the house whether that water falls into the north or south valley, can tell whether they live in his county or not, which he could not tell by a line crossing the heads of the waters of both sides till he made him- self acquainted with said line; so that if you will give yourself the trouble to enquire at any of the authors of that draft that was laid be- fore the Assembly, you will find that they never chained any part of their line to know the distance, and therefore cannot be capable to lay down the heads of the waters. Sir, I hope you will send me a few lines to let me know, if our re- turn be confirmed, or we must run it over again ; but you may believe that the Ridge of the mountain, and heads of the waters are as laid down in our return ; and we run it at the lime we went wiih you to Mr. Croghans, and did not expect to have any further trouble; and I yet think, that his Honor, the governor , will confirm our return, or order them to disapprove of it by course and distance. Sir, I am your Honor's most humble servant, Benjamin Chambers. The Six Nations, calling themselves, Aquanuschioni, i. e. The United People, had not yet sold the lands, within the bounds of Cumberland, to the proprietaries, when the Irish and Scotch Irish, first commenced settling in the North Val- ley, or Cumberland Valley. The Indians were still numer- ous ; the Shawanes, called brothers, by the Iriquois or Six Nations, were at one time quite a conspicuous people inhab- iting the woods on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and parts of Cumberland county; as well as the Valley of Wyoming. The Shawanese, it would appear, formerly lived in Flori- da, and were reduced to a small number, by their wars with the Moschko nation. The greater part of them retired to the Ohio, and the rest to the Susquehanna, without an fixed habitation at first. Those from Georgia and Carolina came into the province of Pennsylvania about the year 1689, and settled at first, by the consent of the Susquehanna Indians and William Penn, on the flats of Conestogo ; but after- wards consented to leave Conestogo and occupy lands west of the Susquehanna on the Conodoguinette creek ; and under HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 351 the more immediate protection of the Susquehanna Indians, and were called, by them, nephew, in common with the Mo- hikans. Owing to some misdeeds of their young men, about the year 1726 or 1727, and fearing the Six Nations, the greater • part of them, removed to the river Ohio, about 1728 or 1729, and then afterwards put themselves under the protection of the French ; and in common wHth the Delawares, took up the hatchet against the English. As early as 1730, the French made efforts to disaffect the Shawanese towards the English and secure their influence themselves. Governor Goi don in a message to the Provin- cial Council, August 4, 1731, says, "That by advices late- ly brought to him by several traders (from Ohio) in those parts, it appears that the French have been using endeavors to gain over those Indians (Shawanese) to their interest, and for this end a French gentleman had come among them some years since, sent as it was believed, from the governor of Montreal, and at his departure last year, carried with him some of the Shawanese chiefs to that government, with whom they at their return appeared to be highly pleased. That the same French gentleman, with five or six others in com- pany with him, had this last spring again come amongst the said Indians and brought with him a Shawanese interpreter, was well received by them. — Prov. Reg. iii. 428. Hdaquantagechty a distinguished chief, said, in a council held at Philadelphia August 25, 1732 " That last fall (1731) the French interpreter Cahichtodo, came to Ohio river (or Allegheny) to build houses there, and to supply the Indians with goods &c. At the same conference with the Indians (August 26, 1731) among other things, "They were told that the Shawanese who were settled to the Southward, being made uneasy by their neighbors, about sixty families of th^m came up to con- estogoe, about thirty-five years since (1697 or '98) and de- sired leave of the Susquehanna Indians, who were planted there, to settle on that river ; that those Susquehanna In- dians applied to this government that they might accordingly settle, and they would become answerable for their good be- havior. That our late proprietor arriving soon after the chief of the Shawanese and of the Susquehannahs came to Phil- adelphia and renewed their application ; that the proprietor 352 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. agreed to their settlement, and the Shawanese thereupon came under the protection of this government ; that from that time greater numbers of Indians f( Jlowed them, and settled on the Susquehanna and Delaware ; that as they had joined them- selves to the Susquehanna Indians who were dependent on the Five Nations, they thereby fell also under their protec- tion. That we bad held several treaties with those Shawan- ese, and from their first coming were accounted and treated as our own Indians, but that some of their young men having between four or five years since (1727 or 1728) committed some disorders, though we had it fully made up with them, yet being afraid of the Six Nations, they had removed back wards to Ohio, and there had lately put themselves under the protection of the French, who had received them as their children. That we had sent a message to them to return, and to encourage them had laid out a large tract of land on the- west of the Susquehanna, round the principal town where they had been last settled, and we desired by all means they ■would return thither."— Prov. Rec. iii. 471, '72. When the whites commenced settling, about the year 1730 or 1731, in Cumberland, though the lands had not been pur- chased, it was nevertheless by permission from the Indians, whom the first settlers conciliated ; and encouragement from the proprietary agents. The Indians had towns and wigwams in various parts of Cumberland valley. There were several of these in the low- er parts of the county, on the banks of the Susquehanna, Yellow Breeches, Conodoguinette and other places in the valley which was then without any timber on it. There was an Indian town opposite Harris's (a little north of Esq. Will's) just where are heaps of muscle shells— they ate them much. Another town was at the mouth of Conodo- guinette creek, two miles above ; and there was one at the mouth of the Yellow Breeches creek, or Haldiraan's bridge, which was once James Chartiers' landing place. — Watson's Annals, ii. They also had a number of wigwams on the banks of the Conodoguinette creek, north of the turnpike, three miles from the Susquehanna, on land, late the property of Michael Ruby deceased. There were also several cabins half a mile north of Frieden^s Kirche, near Daniel Scherbahn's, Hamden town- ship. An aged aunt, the surviving consort of Martin Rupp, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTlf. 3-53 late of Hamden township, informed me that she remembers well the evacuated Indian huts, north of Frieden's Kirche, and those at Ruby's. The Indians had a path, crossing the Conodoguinette, near those wigwaras, through lands now owned by John Rupp, ■ George Rupp, sen., John Sheely, Daniel Mohler, and others, towards Yellow Breeches. The Shawanese and JDelawares, as has been stated, were seduced by the French, and greatly disaffected towards the English, and afterwards headed by Shingas and Capt. Ja- cobs,* both Delawares, took up the hatchet against them, as- signing as a reason for that course of conduct, that satisfac- tion had not been made them for lands, surveyed into the Proprietary's Manor, on Conodoguinette creek. A committee was appointed to consider their complaints, and investigate the validity of their claims. The following is the commit- tee's report, given entire. " By order of the council of the 19th day of November, 1755 — to enquire particularly whether the chiefs of the Shawanese did not, in 175'^, complain to this government, that satisfaction had not been made to them by the proprie- taries for a large tract of land, part of which was surveyed into the Proprietary Manor on Condoguinette, and whether they were not promised that application should be immedi- ately made to the proprietaries, in their behalf, to obtain the satisfaction they desired ; and whether such application had been made, and tlie satisfaction obtained and given. This matter being referred to us, as a committee of said council, to examine all proper persons, and to inspect the council books, Indian treaties, and other books and papers that could furnish us with any lights into the subject matter — * Capt. Jacobs wa? dauntless and reckless. When Col. Armstrong routed the Indians at Kittaning in the summer of 1756, Capt, JacobE, with some warriors took possession of his house in Kittaning town, de- fended themselves for sometime, and killed a number of men. As Jacobs could speak English, our people called on him to surrender. He said, that he and his men were warriors, and ihey would all fisht while life remained. He was again told that they should be well used if they would surrender; and if not, the house should be burnt down over their heads. Jacobs replied he could eat fire — John Ferguson, a soldier, set fire to the house — and when the house was in flames, the Capt. a«d all with him, cameout inafighting position — his squaw wielded a tomahawk afew minutes before she fell — they were all killed that came out of the hoase. 30* 354 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. and to make our report thereon, We now report, that we have perused the printed treaty held by Richard Peters, Isaac Norris, and Benjamin Franklin, Esq., by special com- mission from this government, with the said Delaware and Shawanese Indians, &c., at Carlisle, in October 1753, which we suppose was the time and place alluded to by the As- sembly in their second message, of the said Indians making- such complaint of their not having received satisfaction for the said large tract of land, expecting to see some notice ta- ken therein of such complaints; but not finding in it any mention made thereof, we applied to the said Mr. Peters, to know whether he remembered any such complaint to have been made by the said Indians at Carlisle, or elsewhere, or of any promise to make an application for them to the pro- prietaries for such satisfaction; to which he answered, that he did not remember ever to have heard at Carlisle, or else- where, of any such complaint being made by the said In- dians, or any of them, or that any promise was ever given of making application on their behalf to the proprietaries for such satisfaction; and that he never understood that the Shawanese had or could have any right to the said land, or any other land in this Province. That in order to find what right the said Indians had or claimed to the said large tract of land, and whether there was any just foundation for such a complaint, we have in- spected all the minutes of the council, and other books and papers that we conceived could assist us in the said enquiry, and find, that the nation of Iiidians, called the Shawanese, are Southern Indians, who, being rendered uneasy by their neighbors, came up to Conestogo about the year 1698, mak- ing about sixty families, and desired leave of the Susque- hanna Indians, who then lived there, to settle on that river. That the Susquehanna Indians applied to this government, that the Shawanese might be admitted to settle, and said, that they would become answerable for their good behavior. That the first Proprietary, William Penn, Esq., arriving soon after this transaction, the chiefs of the Shawanese and Susquehanna Indians came to Philadelphia, and renewing their said application, the Proprietary agreed to their settle- ment there ; whereupon the Shawanese came under the pro- tection of this government. From that time greater num- bers of those Indians followed them, and settled on Susque- HISTORY OP CUMBERLAJUD COUNTY. 355 hanna and the Upper parts of Delaware. That as they had joined themselves to the Susquehanna Indians, who were de- pendent on the Five Nations, they thereby fell also under their protection. That several treaties were held with those amongst the other Indians at different times by this govern- ment ; and from their first coming, they were accounted and treated as our own Indians. That some of their young men, about the year 1727, committed some disorders in this pro- vince, and though the government had fully forgiven them for these outrages, yet, being on that account threatened by and therefore afraid of the Six Nations, they removed to the Ohio river in the year 1728 or 1729, and, there soon after, put themselves under the protection of the French, who re- ceived them as their children. That messages were sent from this government to them to return to us; and applica- tions were made to the Six Nations to interpose and prevail on them to do so. And the better to induce and encourage them to leave the French, a large tract of land was offered them on the west side of Susqnelianna, where they had been settled before, and they were desired by all means to return thither. That the Proprietary Thomas Penn, upon his ar- rival in the year 1732, again pressed them to return and live on this land, which he promised should be always kept for them, and their children, if they would come and live upon it ; but they declined it, saying, they were afraid of their enemies, the Tuteloes, and that it was not convenient for their hunting, but desired that the land might be kept for them, which it has ever since been. But we find the Assembly are mist.iken in their said se- cond message, in saying. That part of the said large tract . was surveyed into the Proprietary Manor on Cono.loguinelte;. for the fact was, that in order the more elfectually to keep off any other settlers on the large tract, the proprietaries caused the whole of it to be surveyed as a Proprietory Ma- nor. And in looking into many of the Proprietory Indian purchases, we find that this land had been bought over and over again by the proprietaries, as well of the Susquehanna Indians as of the Six Nations to whom it did belong. We thought proper to report these matters thus particu- larly, that it might appear evident that the Shawanese did not originally belong to this province, and never had any fight to any lands in it, or made any pretentions thereto, 356 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTT. but that the proprietories, from favor, and to encourage those Indians to remove from the neighborhood of the French, and live among us, offered them the said lands for their habitations." Robert Strettell, Joseph Turner, Thomas Cadwallader. The Manor on Conodoguinette was, as will appear from the following, kindly furnished by Col. R. M. Grain, Esq., sur- veyed and divided, and sold by the proprietors to those first named after the No. and acres. This Manor embraced all the land between the Conodoguinette and Yellow Breeches creek, extending as far west as the road leading from the Conodoguinette to the Yellow Breeches, past the Stone church or Frieden's Kirch, and immediately below Shire- manstown. Manor of Paxton or Louther, surveyed at an early date. In 1765 this Manor was surveyed by John Armstrong and divided ; and in 1767, it was resurveyed by John Lukens. The Manor was di- vided in twenty-eight lots or parcels, each of from one hundred and fifty to five hundred acres and upwards. The following exhibits, at one view, the No. of each lot; acres; names of first purchasers, &c. No. 1. 530 acres: Captain John Stewart, late John Rupley, Jacob Rupley and Jacob Moltz; now Haldeman's, George Rupley's heirs and others. No. 2. 267^ acres: John Boggs, !ate Christian Erb and others. 300 acres: Casper Weber, late Jacob Eichelberger and Wormley, now Brenneman and others. 256 acres: Col. John Armstrong, late John Wormley, Howard Moore and others, now Hummel and Lebkicher. — 227 acres: James Wilson, now Alexander Wills, and the heirs of H. Falton. 227 acres: Robert Whitehill. (la'ely occupied by Col. R. M. Grain,) now Michael Feree, and the town of Whitehill. No. 3. 200 acres. No. 4. 206 acres: Moses Wallace, now Alexander Wills. No. 5. 200 acres: John Wilson, now the heirs of William Mateer, and others. No. 6. 267 acres: No. 7. 283 acres : John Mish, now Zimmerman and others. No. 8. 275 acres: Richard Rogers, late Jacob Weaver and others, uow Markel and others. No. 9. 195 acres: Late Conrad Renninger, now Renninger's heir.s, and John Sheely. No. 10. 183 acres: Casper Weaver, now John Heck, late Solomon Oorgas, now Gorgas' heirs. No. H. 134 acres: Casper Weaver, since Keaseckers, Zook, late Geo. Fahnestcck, now John Heck. No. 12. 181 acres: William Brooks, now William Brooks, John Weaver and others. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 357 No. 13. 184 acres: Samuel Wallace, now Joseph Best. No. 14. 153 acres: Late Christopher Gramlich, afterwards John Heck, now Weaver. No. 15. 205 acres: James McCurdey, late George and Adam Eich- elberger, then Miller, now Urich. No. 16. 237 acres : Isaac Hendrix.lale Henry Rupp and others, now George Rupp, and the heirs of Gorgas. No. 17. 213 acres: Robert Whitehill, now Dr. Joseph Grain -.id Jo- seph Saddler. No. 18. 311 acres : Philip Kimmel, afterwards Kutz, Heck, now Jo- nas Rupp, John and Geo* Bowman. No. 19. 267 acres : Andrew Kreutzer, now Joseph Saddler and Abra- ham Oyster. No. 20. 281 acres : David Moore, now George and Abraham Oyster. No. 21 and 22. 536 acres: Edmund Physick, now Samuel Bowman, Solomon Oyster and others. No. 23. 282 acres : Edmund Physick, afterwards Hershberger, Funk, Nichols, Bollinger, now Jacob G. Rupp, late Michael Ruby, Shopp and o'.hers. No. 24. 287 acres: Rev. Willi'am Thompson, now Daniel Scherbahn and others. No. 25. 150 acres : Alexander Young, late Robert Young, now Dr. R. Young. No. 26. 209 acres : Jonas Seely, afterwards Mannesmiih, Schnebele, now John, Samuel, Jacob and David Shopp. No. 27. 243 and No. 28. 180 acres : Jacob Miller, afterwards Long, and Kobers (Coovers) now Jacob Long, Reeser, Graaf, Shopp, iate John Bitner and others. Passing, it may be remarked, that only No. 4, 12 and part of No. 17, are now owned by any of the heirs or representatives of the original purchasers. The influx of immigrants into North or Kittatinny Valley increased fast after 1734. In 1748 the nuraberof taxables was about 800, and the population rising of 3000. As early as 1735, a road was laid out from Harris's Feriy, towards the Potomac river. Nov. 4 1735, the court at Lancaster, ap- pointed Randle Chambers, Jacob Peat, .James Silvers, Thos. Ea.stland, John Lawrence and Abrm. Endless, to lay out said road. These gentlemen made report Feb. 3, 1736, of their view of the road, which was opposed " by a considerable number of inhabitants on the west side of Susquehanna in those parts," and praying for a review. The court then or- dered that William Rennick, Richard Hough, James Arm- strong, Thos. Mayes, Sam. Montgomery and Benj. Cham- bers, view the road and to make such alterations in it, as to them may seem necessary for the public good, and report their proceeding to next court. J358 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. They made the following report, May 4, 1736 : " That they had reviewed the easternmost part of the said road, and find it very crooked and hurtful to the inhabitants, &c., and therefore have altered the said road, and marked it in the manner following, to wit : From the said Ferry, near to a southwest course about two miles, thence a westerly course to James Silvers' then westward to John Hog's mea- dow, then westward to a fording place, on Letort's spring, a little to the northward of John Davison's thence west north- erly to the first marked road in a certain hollow, thence about southwest, a little to the south of Robert Duning's, to the former marked road, thence along the same to the Great Spring head, being as far as any review or alteration to them appeared necessary, which so altered as above said, and al- tered from the return to go by James Silver's house, was al- lowed to be recorded. In 1735, the North Valley, (now Cumberland and Frank- lin) was divided into two townships, Pennsborough & Hope- well. The dividing line between the townships is thus de- fined in the court records, " That a line running northerly from the Hills to the southward of Yellow Breeches (cross- ing in a direct line by the Great Spring) to Kightotinning mountain, by the division line; and that the easternmost town- ship be called Pennsborough, and the western Hopewell." Hopewell was divided in 1741, " by a line beginning at the North Hill, at Benj. Moor's, thence to widow Hew- res's and Samuel Jamison's, and on a straight line to the South Hill, and that the western division be called Antrim, and the eastern Hopewell." The following, exhibits the names of townships organized, and tax paid prior to the erection of Cumberland county, in the North Valley, from 1736 to 1749. Pennsborough paid in 1736, X13 17s. 6d. James Silvers, collector, Hopewell paid 5/. 2s. Pennsboro' paid in 1737, 13/. 9s. 9d. E. part of Hopewell paid 3/. 2s. W. part of Hopewell paid 21. 19s. Pennsboro' paid in 1838, 20/, 14s. E. part of Hopewell paid 10/. 3d. W. p. of Hopewell paid 7/. 7s. 9d. Pennsboro' paid in 1739, 23/. 16s. 8d. ; William Tremble, collector. S. p. of Hopewell paid 11/. 8s. Id. ; Ja- cob Snebly, collector. N. p. of Hopewell paid 6/. lis. Qti\. ; Abraham Endless, collector. W. p. of Pennsboro' paid 11/. 4s. 7d. ; Robert Dennin, collector. E. p. of Pennsboro' paid HISTORV Ui CJMBERLAND COUNTY. 359 14/. 18s. 7d. ; John Walt, collector. East Hopewell paid 4/. 2d. ; James Laughlin, collector. West Hopewell paid 4/. 19s. 3d. ; Philip Davis, collector. Pennsboro' paid in 1741, 17/. 15s. lOd. ; Robert Redock, collector. Hopewell paid 3/. 8s. 9d. ; John Montgomery, collector. Antrim paid 9/. 3s. 2d.; Robert Hamilton, collector. W, End of Pennsboro' p. in 1742, 11. 19s. 2d. ; William Weakly, collector. E. End of Pennsboro' p. 16/. 7s. 8d. ; John Swansey, collector. Hope- well p. 5/. lis. 4d. ; David Herren, collector. Antrim p. 8/. 18s. 2d.; Robert Cronckleton, collector. E. end of Penns- boro' p. in 1743, 9/. 6d. ; John Sempel, collector. W. end of Pennsboro' p. 10/. 7s. 3d.; Robert Miller, collector. Hope- well p. 6/. 16s. ] Id. ; Henry Hallam, collector. Antrim paid 19/. 10s. 7d. ; David Scott, collector. W. end of Pennsboro' p. 22/. 4s.; John Mitchell, collector. E. end of Pennsboro' p. 17/. 12s. 7d. ; Thomas Fisher, collector. Hopewell p. 10 . I6s. 2d-; Thomas Montgomery, collector. Antrim p. 22/. 4s. 7d.; John McClelland, collector. West Pennsboro' paid in 1745, 23/. Is. lid. ; James Chambers, collector. East Penns- boro' p. 13/. 4s. ; John McCrackin, collector. Hopewell p. 12/. 10s. 4d. ; William Thompson, collector. Antrim p. 16/. 14s. 8d.; Williaai Nugent, collector. E. Pennsboro' paid in 1746, 10/. 5s. ; John Rankin, collector. W. Pennsboro' p. 13/. 4s, 8d.; James McFarlin, collector. Hopewell p. 9/. 17s. 9d.; John Erwin, collector. Antrim p. 14/. 13s. 8d.; John Linsey, collector. E. Pennsboro' p. in 1747, 10/. 12s. ; Joseph Green, collector. W. Pennsboro' p. 13/. 18s. 6d; ; Pat- rick Davis, collector. Hopewell p. 12/. 7s. 7d.; John Cur- rey, collector. Antrim p. 11/. Is. 2d.; Thomas Barnet, col- lector. E. Pennsboro' p. in 1748, 12/. 2s.; Christopher Hus- ton, collector. W. Pennsboro' p. 14/. 14s. 6d. ; William Dun- bar, collector. Hopewell p. 13?. 13s. 6d.; James Walker, collector. Antrim p. 11. 19s. 4d. ; Charles McGill, collector. E. Pennsboro' p. in 1749, 23/. 16s. 6d.; Tobias Hendricks, collector. W. Pennsboro' p. 28/. 8s. 9d. ; Archibald McAl- lister, collector. Hopewell p. 43/. 3s. 9d.; John Kirkpatrick, collector. Antrim p. 21/. 18s. 8d. ; John Mushart, collector. Taxables of East Pennsboro in 1750. — Tobias Hendricks, widow Jane Woods, Sam'l Calhoun, Thomas Kenny, Thos. Spray, James Shannon, James Dickey, John Bigham, Sam'l Chambers, James Irwin, Wm. Barrehill, Wm. Noble, Wm. 360 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Crawford, Wm. McChesney, Richard Fulton, John McClel- lan, Wm. Rose, Adam Colhoun, VV^m. Shannon, John Sem- ple, Charles West, Christopher Hewston, Walker Buchanan, David Ree»l, James Armstrong, Hugh Wharton, Edward Eliot, Francis McGuire, Wm. Find ley, Josias McMeans, Hugh Mahool, Robert Carrithers, Wm. Ross, Henry Quigly, Wm. Morton, John Armstrong, John Buchanan, Nathrniel Nelson, John Nailer, Andrew Armstrong, Thomas McCor- mick, John Dickey, John McCracken, widow Clark, widow McMeans, Robert Eliot, Robert Eliot, jr., James Carrithers, Wm. Gray, Alexander Lamferty, John Willey, Robert Dun- ing, Joseph Junkin, Wm. Walker, Alexander Armstrong, Moses Star, James Crawfsrd, Roger Cook, Hugh Cook, Wm. Miller, John McCorraick, James Silvers, John Stevenson, James Coleman, Daviil Waason, John Hunter, Wra. Doug- las, John Mitchel, Andrew Milekin, John Milekin, Patrick Holmes, James Finley, Peter Shaver,* John Erwin, Wm. Carrithers, widow Quilgy, Sam'l Martin, Wra. Hamilton, Robert Samuels, John VV augh, Thos. Rankin, Richard Ran- kin, John Clendeniij, Jas. Waugh, widow Roberts, Thomas Henderson, Wm. Hamilton, VVm. Marshal, Wm. Miller, Wilson Thomas, Alexander Crocket, widow Branan, Thos. Calvert, Wm. Griffiith, Robert Bell, Wm. Orr, James Mc- Connel, John Bowan, Robert McKinley, Sam'l P^isher, Titus Hollinger, Samuel McCormick, Rowland Chambers, Robert Kelton, Isaac Rutlidge, Ftowland McDonald, Walter Grego- ry, widow iftewart, James McTeer, Peter Leester, Peter Title, Joseph Willie, Anthony Mc< ue, James Beaty, Wm. CroL-ket, Andrew Miller, Robeit Roseborough, Joseph Green, James Douglas, widow Steel, widow McKee, and Joseph Reynolds, jr. Freemen. — Wm. Hogg, Geo. Croghan, Esq., Jonathan Hogg, Sam'l Huston, John Gilkeson, Robert Airs, Abraham Hendricks, Archibald Armstrong, Jos. Ferret, Clime Moral, Daniel Campbell, Wm. McDonald, Matthew Lindham, J. Armstrong, Cornelius Brown, Hugh Shannon, Robert Wal- ker, Nath'l Wilson, Matthew Brown, [Two silver-smiths at Wm. MeChesneys,] John Adams, David Kenworthy, James * Peier Shaver, was a trader among the Indians. In the fall of 1744, Gov Thomas employed him to carry letters to the Shawanese Indians on the Ohio, inviting ihem to come to Philadelphia. — Votes Assem. iv. p. 9. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 361 Gaily, Wm. McTeer, Edward Ward, Arthur Erwin, James Clark, William Cranula. West Pennshorough 1751. — William Queery, Wra. La- ment, Archibald McAllister, Wm. Carithers, John Davison, Allen Leeper, Neal McFaul, John McClure, (the less,) Wm. Logan, John Atchison, Thos. McCoy, Charles Gillgore, An- drew Giffin, Wm. Dunbar, Wm. Harkness, Wm. Patton, Samuel McCIure, Rob. Walker, James Kirkpatrick, John Swansy, Arthur Clark, Adam Hays, Jas. McMeans, John Deniston, John Mclntire, James McFarland, Wm. Laughlin, Robt. Brevard, Robt. M'Queston, Jas. Peebles, John M'Clure, (mountain,) Alex. McClure, John Langley, John Gordon, Wm. Livingston, Robt. Guthrie, Wm. Anderson, John Glass, Jon. Logan, Will. Duglass, Alex. Erwin, Alex. Logan, Wm. Tviwnsley, Wm. Parker, Margaret Parker, And. Forbush, John Morrison, David Kollogh, Geo. Brown, Francis Cun- ningham, Alex. Robb, Anthony Gillgore, Jacob Peebles, Sam- uel Wilson, Allen Scroggs, David Kenedy, Mary Dunning, Wm. Carithers, John Carithers, John Chestnut. Thos Patton, And. Ralston, John McCIung, Ezekiel Dunning, James Lea, John Lusk, Alexander McBride, Jas. McNaught, Wm. Black- stock, Jas. Crutchlow, \^ m. Dunlap, Thos. Evans, Steven Cesna, Jas. Weakly, David Hunter, Josh. Cornelius, Alex. VVeyly, Lewis Hutton, Jas. Warnock, David Dunbar, David Miller, John \^ ilson, Josh. Thomson, Josh. Dempsay, Sam- uel Lindsay, Paul Piercy, Owen McCooI, Pat. Robeson, Thos. Parker. — Freeman: Samuel Wilson, Jas. McMunagle, David McCurdy, Pat. Reynolds, And. McAdams, John Mc- Curdy. Middleton, 17ol. — William Trent, Thomas Wilson, Jonn Elder, John Chambers, Robert McNutt, James Long, John Mahafy, James Reed, John Moor, John Craighead, James Dunlop, Patrick Hawson, Walter Denny, Jas. Gillgore, Pat- rick Davison, Thomas Elder, Henry Dinsmore, John Mitch- el, Samuel Lamb, James Williams, James Matthews, Alex. Sanderson, James Henderson, Matthew Miller, John Davis, W^m. Graham, Wm. Campbell, Wm. Parkeson, Francis Mc Nichley, John McKnaught, John Calhoun, Wm. Peterson, John Robb, Robert Graham, Samuel McLucass, Daniel Will- iams, George Sanderson, Alexander Sanderson, Joseph Clark, John McClure, Jonathan Holmes, James Chambers, Thomas Armstrong, Wm. Waddel, James McConnell, Richard Nich- 31 362 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. olson, John Neely, John McGw?^,'' John Stuart, Archibald Kenedy, John Jordan, Wm. Jordan, George Templeton, Jas. Stuart, Richard Venable, Wid. Wilson, David Dreanan, John Dinsmore, Samuel Gauy, Wm. Davison, Samuel Big- ger, Thos. Gibson, John Brown, John McKinley, Robt. Campbel, John Kinkead. Samuel Wilson, Robt. Patterson, John Reed, Robt. Reed, Wm. Reed, James Reed, Wm. Arm- strong, James Young, Robert Miller, Wm. Gillachan, Josh. Davies, Wm. Fleming, John Gilbreath, Richard Coulter, Richard Kilpatrick, Andrew Gregg, Robert Thomson, John Dicky, Jas. Brannan, John McClure, John Buyers, Arthur Foster, Hermanns Alricks, John Armstrong, John Smith, Wm. Buchanan, Wm. Blyth, John McAllister, Wm. Mont- gomery, John Patterson, Robt. Kilpatrick, Archibald Mc- Curdy, Wra. Whiteside, John Woodle, Wm. Dilhvood, Wm. Huston, Thomas Lockward, Thomas Henderson, Jos. Thorn- ton, James Dunning, Wm. Moor, Geo. Davison, Alex. Pat- terson, John McBride, Robt. Robb, Dennis Swansy, Daniel Lorrance, Jon. Hogg, Oliver Wallace, John Bell, Arthur Buchanan, Robert Guthrie, Berry Cackel, Cornelius McAd- ams, Andrew Mclntire, Alex. Roddy, Josh Price, Hugh Laird, Wm. Ferguson, Widow Duglas, Abraham Sanford, Moses Moor, Joseph Gaylie, Charles Mahaufy, Wm. Kerr, Hugh Creanor, William Guilford, Wm. Stuart, Wm. Chad- wick. Freemen in Middleton and Carlisle. — Andrew Holmes, Jon. Kearney, Francis Hamilton, Jon. Donnel, Wm. Wilson, Pat. Loag, Rob. Patterson, Wm. Kinaird, Geo. Crisp, Hugh Laird, Wm. Braidy, Jas. Tait, Pat. Kearney, Arthur Fos- ter, Jas. Pollock, Thos. Elmore, Robt. Mauhiny, Jonathan Hains, William Rainiston, Jas. Gambel, John Woods, David Hains, Henry Hains. Hopewell Township, 1751. — -"Robert Gibson, David Her- on, Moses Donald, Thomas Donald, Francis Ignue, Daniel M'Donald, John Eliott, Alexander M'Clintock, James M'- Farland, Joshua M'Clintock, Hugh Terrance, Hugh Thom- son, Josh. Thomson, Josh. Thomson, jr., Robert McDowell, James McDowell, Robert Rusk, John Scrogs, William Wal- ker, William Corhahan, Thomas Gawlt, James Hamilton, John Laughlen, Josh. Gaii, Samuel Williamson, Samuel Smith, David Kidd, John Hodge, Robt. McCombs, Thomas Micky, John Wray, Richard Nicholson, Andrew McHvain, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 363 George Hamilton, John Thomson, Wm. Gambel, Samuel Montgomery, Robert Simson, John Brown, Allen Nisbit, John Nesbit, jr., John Nesbit, sen., James Wallace, And. Peeble, John Anderson, Patrick Hannah, John Tremble, Moses Stuart, William Reigny, John Moorhead, James Pol- lock, Samuel Stuart, Robert Robinson, David Newell, James M'Cormick, Charles Murray, Joseph Boggs, John Lysee,' Andrew Leckey, John Montgomery, John Beaty, James Walker, William Smyley, James Chambers, Robert Meek, Dr. Wm. M'Gofreck, James Jack, James Quigly, Robert Simonton, John M'Cune, Charles Cumins, Samuel Wier, John M'Cune, jr., Josh. Martin, James Carrahan, Allen Kollogh, James Young, Francis Newell, John Quigly, Robert Stuart, Samuel Montgomery, Daniel Mickey, Audrew Jack, Robert Mickey, Hugh Braidy, Robert Chambers, William Thomson, Edward Leasy, Alexander Scrogg, John Jack, James Laugh- lin, John Lau'ghlin, jr., Robert Dinney, David Simrel, Sam- uel Walker, Abraham Walker, James Paxton, James Uxley, Samuel Cellar, W. M'Clean, James Culberlson, James M'- Kessan, John Miller, Daniel O'Cain, John Edmonson, Isaac Miller, David M'Gaw, John Reynolds, Francis Gamble, William Anderson, Thomas Edmonson, James Diinlop, John Reynold, jr., William Dunlop, Widow Piper, George Cum- ins, Thomas Finley, Alexander Fairbairn, John Mason, Jas. Dysert, William Gibson, Horace Brattan, John Carothers, Patrick Mullan, James Blair, Peter Walker, John Steven- son, John Aiger, John Ignue. Freemen: John Hanch, Josh. Edmonson, John Callwell, John Richison, skinner, P. Miller. CHAPTER XXIV. CUMBERLAND COUNTY REDUCED, ETC. Present boundary of Cumberland; population; Geology of the county; Different kinds of land, cleared, uncleared, fit for cultivation, &c.; General statistics ; Synopsis of the census of 1840 ; Streams, natu- ral curiosities, &c.; Public improvements ot various kinds ; Pack horses, and western carriers ; their indignation at the first wagoners; Promiscuous notices. The ample limits of this county, when first established, comprising all of the province west of the Susquehanna, ex- cept the territory of York, then embracing Adams, have since been much reduced, by taking the following counties therefrom, viz : Bedford, March 9th, 1771 ; Northumberland, formed of parts of Lancaster, Cumberland, Berks, North- ampton, and Bedford, erected March 21, 1772 ; Franklin, September 9, 1784 ; Mifflin, September 19, 1789 ; and Per- ry, March 22, 1820 — and is now bounded on the north by Perry county, on the east by the Susquehanna river, sepa- rating it from Dauphin ; south by York and Adams counties; and on the west by Franklin county. Length thirty-four miles, breadth sixteen ; area, five hundred and forty-five square miles. Population in 1790, 18,243 ; in 1800, 25,- 386 ; in 1810, 26,757 ; in 1820 (Perry be separated) 23,- 606 ; in 1830, 29,226 ; in 1840, 30,953 ; at present (1845) about 33,000. Aggregate amount of property taxable was $9,092,674,00, The geological feature of this county is not so diversified as that of Dauphin. " The ridges of the south mountain are almost wholly composed of hard white sand stone, and have a meagre rocky soil, mostly covered with timber, which yields fuel for the furnaces and foiges in that region. At Fine Grove furnace, on Mountain creek, is a detached bed of limestone, of limited extent, surrounded by the mountain sandstone ; and connected with a deposit? of bro\vp pr^uillfi* HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY'. 365 ceous and hematite iron ore, which is productive and has been worked for many years. "At the northern base of the south mountain commences the great limestone formation of the Kittatinny Valley, which extends northward until it meets the next dark forma- tion of slate, situate between the limestone and Kittatinny mountain. " Along the northern side of the South mountain, near the contact of the white sand stone with the limestone, iron ore is abundant, and is extensively mined for the supply of furnaces. Further north, and wholly within the limestone formation, pipe ore and other varieties of excellent quality may be obtained in many places. "The rocks of the Kittatinny mountain are course, grey and reddish sandstones, next in order above the slate, and are not particularly valuable either for their utility or their mineral contents. In the neighborhood of Lisburn, or Yellow Breeches creek, the middle secondary red shales and sand stones pass across from York county, overlapping the limestone to a limited extent. Large beds of the calcareous conglomerate belonging to the upper portion of this forma- tion are visible along the steep banks of the creek ; but the material is generally too silicious to be worked and polished as the Potomac marble, with which it is identified in other respects. Some ridges and dikes of trap rock are also appa- rent in the same neighborhood, connected with the great trappean range in the north of York county. A remarkabl* trap dike issues from the South mountain near Carlisle Iron works, and extends norhtward through the limestone and slate, forming an abrupt stoney ridge quite across the county to the Blue mountain, east of Sterrett's Gap. This dike is believed to pass through the Blue mountain, being probably the same which is seen near the Susquehanna in Perry coun- ty, and again east of the river in Lykens Valley above Mil- lersburg in Dauphin county." Iron ore is found in various parts of the county. In Al- len township, on the farm of VVillam R, Gorgas, Esq., is an excellent quality, and supplies in part, D. R. Porter's fur- nace at Harrisburg. Rising of seven thousand tons have already been taken out here. During 1845, upwards of three thousand tons were mined. 31* 366 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The annexed table, compiled from the Fourth Annual Report of Pennsylvania State Geologist, will be found con- venient for reference: TJ 5" S" g^ 3.2. -»^^ pOg § - vT S^ ^t^r'^j^W^ x'g3 ^S"_ o5 1= P^ to — ~ J5 hrjOr^:^^ f^^ 3 2 g3 e n en I I I o I o< o o o a3H^«)^c^a!„ 0D|<}| lOD^Iccnco F SS -S 3 3 ^§ <^:^o CO I o I I ^ ? I CO CP o {>B r!o^ ^^ ^^ "> '^S, cn> I ' I I cs I 6::) 4^ ? to OS GO I I I o I I 00 >;^ o 4i^ _?r?-a)^T ^2^„^ CO '3 Cn 00 2- tJ-f^ <;00 GO 0«3*>. 3-? — 00 '?^P' r^ rf^ o» I I I c;< I I to o GO r HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 367 This county lying principally within Cumberland, or Kit- tatinny valley, is comparatively level, except along the north, northwest and southwest, and in those portions where slate or shale abounds. Much of it is limestone; the land is fer- tile, and in many parts well cultivated. The limestone abounds in the following townships, viz: Allen, East Penns- boro, Hampden, Monroe, Silver-spring, North Middleton, South Middleton, &c. &c. According to the agricultural statistics of 1838, there were 74,300 acres of cleared lime- stone land, 35,430 uncleared limestone, 38,060 slate land cleared, 12,950 slate land unchared, 23,940 gravel land cleared, 5,560 gravel land uncleared, 12,205 sand land un- cleared, 80,715 mountain or rockland, 3,6 10 known to con- tain iron ore. The whole quantity of cleared land of all kinds is 284,100 acres, uncleared land, but fit for cultivation, is 48,400; uncleared land not fit ior cultivation, is 48,600 acres. The average value of cleared land was in 1^38, $33 per acre; the average value of wood land $27; the average value of wood land unfit for cultivation $8. The whole value of all the cleared land $4,833,500 ; of all the un- cleared land $1,336,000; the whole number of farms one thousand four hundred and seventy-four ; the average size of one hundred and ten acres each; the average yield of wheat per acre, thirteen bushels; of rye, ten; of oais, twen- ty-two; of barley, twenty-one; of corn, nineteen; though on some farms from fifty to sixty bushels is considered a good or fair yield; potatoes, sixty; though from two hundred to two hundred and fifty bushels have been raised in some favorable seasons; turnips, fifty-five ; buckwheat, twelve; hemp, dress- ed in pounds, eighty ; flax, ninety pounds. The whole num- ber of stone farm houses, two hundred and ninety-eio-ht ; brick farm houses, one hundred and forty-four ; wooden farm houses, nine hundred and ninety seven ; tenant houses on farms, not farm houses, eight hundred and twelve; the whole number of stone barns two hundred and ninety-two; seventy one brick barns; wooden barns, one thousand one hundred and eleven; and many of them are thatched with straw; the whole number of acres of wheat the crop of 1838, twenty-two thousand nine hundred and fifty ; of rye, eigh- teen thousand seven hundred and sixty acres ; of oats, four- teen thousand three hundred acres; five hundred and eighty acres of barley ; of corn, nine thousand seven hundred 068 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. acres; twenty-one thousand nine hundred and twenty acres of clover ; four thousand one hundred and sixty acres of timothy ; natural meadow^, two thousand one hundred and seventy acres; one thousand eight hundred and ten acres of potatoes; one hundred and ten acres of turnips; seven hun- dred and sixty acres of buck wheal ; fifteen acres of hemp ; one hundred and ten acres of flax. According to the census of 1840, there were, in this coun- ty, six furnaces, which produced two thousand eight hundred and thirty tons of cast iron ; five forges and rolling mills, which produced two thousand one hundred and fifty tons of bar iron ; the furnaces and forges consumed ten thousand six hundred tons of fuel; employed four hundred hands, includ- ing mining operations; capital invested $110,000. The value of other metals produced ^i140,o23. Value of furniture manu- factured $22,850, fifty-seven men employed ; capital invested $12,8o0. Brick and stone houses built, thirty-three; wood- en houses built, thirty-four; two hundred and seven men em- ployed ; value of constructing or building $58,270. Value of all other manufactures not enumerated $40,465 ; capital invested $12,870. Total capital invested in manufactures «390,601. ' Q- 3 tn o >. --^ o a >- .Oi-'00a3Wtn05»COii-3H- ~ >>S CO ~^ -v}gjOii-^tJOi-'OimOi^^t-SMtJ>^ 15 and under 20 lO I— ' ^ >— ►— — — ' I—' >— li n u> ts wotn»owa. OS ts tn oc _^~^,b.tnencoco c^i(^ao©oo ■. 01 00 en ;^ *>• © © en©enenf>. >f^ ^ O) a> © h-4 Ol •^ .F- — W 00 as tn ^ CO H- — CO >c^ ^ 00— '©©coco©© 00 i*i. © ^ CO CO w M H- iO 05 ^ 00 10 CO ts © © © tS ►- .--►-' M CO ^ »5 — -1 rfi- Ol -} *• ^ CO ^ M -J CO CO Oi >f>. © •-• *. 00 1— ODCnMen^JMW CO © © CO *- ^ -- — ^ © CO © — ©>-ts©©woco © © ^5 to M — ~} ^ © to as 00 o © CO M CO © © ^- — ^^ ts CO — ^uten©>-© 1— eni— '©©c;i©-j IS <- rfi. © en 00 00 to © — <( n! 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For£fes,rol. mills rf^ ts o — ,- ,<^ O' ^ " i tJ o ,— O lO H-i M ,-^ O ►- ^ to — ..- M O t-5 C ►-OOSCJOCO^WC Flouring mills. Grist mills. Saw mil Oil mills. Tanneries Distilleries CO *^ O 05 1 GO .i^ *» ^ to tn in CO to M CO — en 00 CO — — ' — oo ts 00 —! O 00 O ^5 Cn fv C5 M — 00 en — W CJ CO ~J en 4^ — *. O 'X 00 00 © 00 as — o o to to 00 o ^ CO OS o to 00 00 en OT OS o — o en .- oi o to O to CD — o 00 en o to 00 en CO — 35 .i^ to 05 •— .*^ M c c O — £35 tC 35 C — O — _ H- ,-. to CD oencBOCo ^o^sco•— oo sootoco — t-ien to o — 05 05 ^^ 00 »o — — ^ c to en 05 ^^ CO to 00 — Oi JO *>• c ^ -- 05 o en to O Ci ^ — Oi ^ en en CO 00 ^ ■ ^ CO M O .— Ji. C5 ■— 00 CO ^ to ^ CO to *- OD C to o ^ en en CO .£. 00 CT> to to 00 — 3D to '- — ' to *>■ to to 05 *. — to CO OS CO ^C'- 00 to O en to CO •— H- to CO to c;i s >^ en to o5 o CO ^ >f' — to 00 — rfi ^ m CO to o to 05 to — to -J — CO 35 *>■ O to ^ OD to ^ f». — to .^ CO CJ5 to to *> 00 en 00 ■ ,' en — " to M ^ 00 05 o en to to Bushels (if Wheat. Bushels of Rye. Indian corn. Oats. Barley. Potatoes. Tons of hay. Pounds of wool raised. — — — "^ to __ _ to -n on c;' ,^ m M to CO 4^ JB ^ to ^ © CO o> to © © CO © ^ CO to -i rf^ 35 CO to CO © ^^ © 'XI *>■ o CO to ~ © GO en CO-^tntn^-^-OO ^ OiCO >f»-lO0035 -J — O5t0«O>f'*'-Jto — Cn — CO — •— w^if^ O o 5 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 373 Streams in Cumberland county. — Besides the Suequehan- na on the east, which is the recipient of all the streams that drain this county, the Conedogwinet is the main creek in the county. It rises in Horse valley, near Jordan's Knob in Franklin county, and flows thence, at an average distance of five mdes, south of the Blue mountain, through this county: passing about a mile north of Newville, nearly two miles north of Carlisle, and falls in the Susquehanna at Fairview, about two miles and a half above the Harrisburg bridge, having a comparative course of nearly sixty miles ; but as its course is very serpentine, its entire course may not fall short of eighty miles, following the meanders of the stream. In its course through the county, it receives a number of small streams, such as Means run, in the western end of the coun- ty ; Big Spring, Letort creek, Hoges run. Silvers' Spring, and others. Means run rises at the foot of the South mountain, flows north along the boundary line between Franklin and Cum- berland counties, through Shippensburg ; after flowing a distance of eight or nine miles falls into the Conedogwinet creek. Big Spring rises about a mile northeast of Stoughs- town, passing by l>lewville, falls into the Conedogwinet creek. Letort creek rises in South Middleton township, from a large fountain as its source, gives motions to several mills, passes through the borough of Carlisle, and empties into the Conedogwinet three miles north east of Carlisle. — Hoges run rises near Hogestown, and empties into Conedog- winet. Silvers' spring* rises principally from a large fountain on the plantation of George Rupp ; flows north about one mile, and falls into the Conedogwinet. It affords ample wa- ter power in its course to two flouring mills. The Yellow Breeches is the next considerable stream, it rises on the north side of the South mountain. Its course is eastward, receiving Mountain creek from the south and sev- eral small streams, such as Boiling spring, Switzers run. Ce- dar run, and other smaller tributaries. It forms the south boundary of the county for a distance of ten or eleven miles. It affords water power to some forty flouring, giist and saw *This spring derives its name from James Silvers who settled near, or on i", prior to 1733. In 174-4 Aug. 15 Mr. Silvers obtained a war- rant for a large tract of land here. — Compiler. 32 374 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. mills. It falls into the Susquehanna at New Cumberland about three miles below the Harrisburg bridge. Mountain creek, the principal tributary of the Yellow Breeches, rises on the borders of Adams county, flowing along and winding round the South mountain, after a course of ten or twelve miles, falls into its recipient. JBoiling Spring, rises near the eastern boundary of South Middleton town- ship, contiguous to Ege's iron works, and after running a short distance, empties into Yellow Breeches creek. Cedar Spring rises in Allen township on the plantation of Jacob Markel, flowing eastward, affording power to a large flouring mill, saw mill and clover mill, falls into the Yellow Breeches immediately below Milltown. The streams now noticed and other smaller ones, afford water power to rising fifty flouring mills, twelve or fifteen grist mills, between sixty and seventy saw mills, several oil mills, fulling mills, clover mills, woollen and other factories. Natural curiosities. — Among the natural curiosities of this county may be appropriately classed a well known cave on the banks of the Conedogwinet, about a mile and a half north of Carlisle. The entrance to it is a semi-circular archway, about eight feet high, in a limestone cliff of about twenty feet perpendicular elevation. There is such perfect symme- try displayed in the arch to this subterraneous cavern, as to strongly incline the visitor to the belief that art must have given it the finish ; and such an opinion receives some sup- port from the fact that the surface of the interior has, at some time, received a dressing, or smoothing. From the vaulted passage, or ante-chamber which is hrst entered, there is a nearly straight passage of about two hundred and sev- enty feet to a point where it branches into three directions. The passage is high enough to admit the visiter erect, till he reaches the tri-furcation. The passage on the right is broad and low, and not easy of access, owing to the great humidity of the stones. It leads to a chamber as large as the first, which bears the singular name of his satanic ma- jesty, " The Devil's Dining Room." The centre passage from the ante-chamber is very narrow and tortuous, some- what similar to a winding- stair, and cannot be entered more than about thirty feet, where it terminates in a perpendicu- lar excavation ; the height of which, has not, as I know, yet been measured. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 375 The left hand passage, at a distance of three or four feet, turns, at a sudden to the right, and measures in length about ninety feet, with a sufficient opening to permit a small lad to creep along it, but it becomes thenceforth too strait for fur- ther progress. About seven feet from the entrance of this gallery are several small pools — Those fond of poetical sem- blances, say, there are " seven springs." Those pools are formed by the drippings of the roof, which huxe been mis- taken by the credulous for springs. The Carlisle Sulphur Springs, of some celebrity, are three miles north of the borough in North Middleton township. — It is a place of some considerable resort in the summer season. Public Imp7'ove7nents. — The Cumberland Valley Railroad passes through the centre of a finely cultivated part of the county. It was required by the charter of the company, in- corporated in 1834, that it should pass by way of Carlisle and Shippensburg. It not only passes through these towns, the points named, but hard by Shiremanstown, through the borough of Mechanicsburg ; one half mile south of Newville. The whole length of the road from the borough of Harris- burg is fifty-one miles. It was estimated that this road, when completed would yield a handsome per centage on the capital stock invested. The local trade of Cumberland val- ley was estimated, to make an aggregate of carriage, of fif- ty-one thousand nine hundred and fifty tons, annually. We have not the data to determine, whether these anticipations were fully realized. The aggregate receipts were estimated at 1-204,647.00 annually. The road has now been in opera- tion for eight or nine years; and the stockholders have met with some reverses ; for in December 1844, that noble su- perstructure across the Susquehanna, was destroyed by fire. One man lost his life at the time. Turnpikes. — The turnpike road from Harrisburg to Cham- bersburg, made by an incorporated company, was began in 1816; and crosses the county southwest by way of Hogues- ton, Kingston, Middlesex, CarHsle, and Shippensburg, and was, before the completion of the rail road, much travelled. The Hanover and Carlisle turnpike road, commenced in 1812, runs from the borough of Carlisle southeast by way 376 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. of Petersburg, in Adams county, to Hanover, thence to Bal- timore. The Harrisburg and York turnpike road, passes along the west side of the Susquehanna. These roads and all the highways, are usually kept in good order, by means of which, and the numerous bridges in the county every portion is easily accessible by wagons, or vehicles tor plea- sure. The modes of transporting or conveying produce and other articles of commerce, have been, like the highways, thorough fares, or public roads, much improved within the memory of many now living, west of the Susquehanna. Six- ty or seventy years ago five hundred pack horses had been at one time in Carlisle, going thence to Shippensburg, Fort Loudon, and further westward, loaded with merchandise, also salt, iron, &c. The pack-horses used to carry bars of iron on their backs, crooked over and around their bodies — barrels or cags were hung on each side of these. Colonel Snyder of Chambersburg, in a conversation with the writer (August 1845) said, that he cleared many a day from six to eight dollars in crooking, or bending iron, and shoeing horses for western carriers, at the time he was car- rying on a blacksmith shop, in the town of Chambersburg. The pack horses were generally led in divisions of twelve or fifteen horses, carrying about two. hundred weight each, all going single file, and being managed by two men, one going before as the leader, and the other at the tail, to see after the safety of the packs. Where the bridle road passed along declivities or over hills, the path was, in some places, washed out so deep that the packs or burdens came in con- tact with the ground, or other impeding obstacles, and were frequently displaced. However, as the carriers usually tra- velled in companies, the packs were soon adjusted, and no great delay occasioned. The pack horses were generally furnished with bells, which were kept from ringing during the day drive, but were let loose at night, when the horses were set free and permitted to feed and browse. The bells were intended as guides to direct their whereabouts in the morning. When wagons were first introduced, the carriers considered that mode of " transportation," an invasion of their rights — their indignation was more excited and they manifested greater HISTORY OF DAUPHIK COUNTY. 377 rancor, than did the regular teamsters when the line of sin- gle teams was started some thirty years ago. CHAPTER XXV. THE WHITES INTRUDE UPON INDIAN, OR UNPURCHASED LANDS, &C. Icflux of immigrants increased ; Irish and some few Germans intrude upon Indian lands north of the Kittatinny mountain, &c.; Indians become irritated and threatened to do themselres justice ; Confer- ence held in Peunsborough touching the Indians' complaints ; Rich- ard Peters and others proceed to remove the intruders; Several cabins burnt on Juniata river, Shearman's creek; Peters and others proceed to Shippensburg, thence to Tuscarora Path, and burn several cabins; Proceed to Big Cove, «&c. ; Brief sketch of early- settlements. Immigrants in their westward course entered the " North Valley " about the year 1730 or 1731 ; their number stea- dily increased till it had reached, in 1740, several thousand ; for in 1749, the number of taxables were eight hundred and seven ; and so rapid was the increase of first settlers that in 1751, the taxables numbered eleven hundred and thirty-four. So great was the number, and rapid the progress of settle- ments, as to alarm the Indians ; for many of the pioneers were so iinpatient of the delays of the land office, that they pushed settlements beyond the bounds of the purchase o{ October 1736 (see pa. 32, ante,) and were viewed, by the Indians, and justly too, as intruders. These were chiefly Irish, and some few Germans, who seated themselves on the Juniata river, Shearman's creek, Tuscarora Path, or Path Valley, in the Little, and Big Cove, formed by the Kittatin- ny and Tuscarora mountains; and by the Big and Little ConolloM^ays. The first of the intruders commenced settle- ments on the unpurchased lands about the year 1740' arid 32* 378 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. increased despite the complaints of the Indians, the laws of the Province, and the proclamations of the governor. The Six Nations having consulted in council on this sub- ject, sent a grand deputation from every tribe to Philadel- phia, to present their remonstrances. The Senecas arrived first, and having been attentively heard, were dismissed, with a present of one hundred pounds, and with instructions, should they meet their compatriots, to report what they had done, and to persuade them to return. But the Senecas either did not meet the other deputies, or were unable to change their determination. They arrived shortly after- wards in the city, and on a short conference, were dismissed, with a present of fifty pounds. Upon their return, the ef- fect of the rival attentions of the Europeans was plainly visible upon the Indians. Their respect for the whites was much diminished, and their conduct was marked with wan- toness and insolence. They killed the cattle of the inhabi- tants as they passed through the country, and mischievously wasted their orchards. Even the property of Conrad Weiser (residing near the present site of Wommelsdorf, Berks coun- ty) who was personally known to, and esteemed, by them, was not respected by the Tortuloes ; who were, on his com- plaints, driven off by the Seneca chiefs. The depredations they committed along their route were repaired by the As- sembly, that the people, satisfied with their indemnity, might bear more patiently the insolence of their visitors. The threats of the Indians to do themselves that justice they despaired to receive from the government, produced prompt and decisive measures. The Secretary of the Pro- vince, Mr. Richard Peters, and the interpreter, Mr. Conrad Weiser, were directed to proceed to the county of Cumber- land, in which the new settlements lay, and to expel the in- truders. They were joined by the magistrates of the county, the delegates from the Six Nations, a chief of the Mohawks and Andrew Montour, an interpreter from Ohio. The com- missioners met with little resistence in the execution of their duty ; a few only of the settlers, under an apprehension of imprisonment, making a show of opposition. All readily en- tered into recognizance for their appearance at the next ses- sions, and many aided to reduce their own habitations to ashes in the presence cf the magistrates and attendant In- dians. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 379 Mr. Peters displayed on this occasion great pruduce and humanity. To the needy he gave money, and proffered an asylum on farms of his own ; and to all he granted permis- sion to establish themselves on a tract of two .millions of acres, purchased from the Indians on the east side of the Susquehanna, in the preceding year, for the proprietaries — But, notwithstanding this evidence of the resolution of the government, and the determination of the Indians, new of- fence Mas given to the latter, by new encroachments, within a few months. — Gordon. The proceedings alluded to above, are inserted at large, as being full of interesting and historical incidents. To James Hamilton, Esq. Governor of Pennsylvania. May it please your Honor: Mr. Weiser and I having received your Honor's orders to give information to the proper magistrates against all such as had presumed to settle and remain on the lands beyond the Kittochtinny mountains, not purchased of the Indians, in contempt of the laws repeatedly signi- fiied by proclamations, and particu'arly by your Honor's last one, and to bring them to a legal conviction, lest i^or want of their removal a breach should ensue between the Six Nations cf Indians and this Province. We set out on Tuesday, the 15th of May 1750, for the new county of Cumberland, where the places on which the trespassers had settled, lay. At Mr. Croghan's we met with five Indians, three from Shamokin, two of which were sons of the late Shickcalamy, who transact the business of the Six Nations with this government; two were just arrived from Allegheny, viz : one of the Mohock's nation, called Aaron, and Andrew Montour, the interpreter at Ohio. Mr. Montour telling us he had a message from the Ohio Indians and Twightwees to this government, and desiring a conference, one was held on the the 18lh of May last, in the presence of James Galbreth, George Croghan, William Wilson, and Hermanns Alricks, Esqs., justices of the county of Cumberland ; and when Mr. Montour's business was done, we, with ,the advice ^of the other justices, imparted to the Indians the design we were assembled upon, at which they expressed great satisfaction. Another conference was held, at the instance of the Indians, in the presence of Mr. Galbreth and Mr. Croghan, before mentioned, whereia they expressed themselves as follows: Brethren, we have thought a great deal of what you imparted to us, that ye were come to turn the people off who are settled over the hills ; we are pleased to see you on this occasion, and as the council of Onondago has this affair exceedingly at heart, and it was particularly recommended to us by the deputies of the Six Nations, when they parted from us last summer, we desire to accompany you, but we are afraid, notwithstanding the care of the governor, that this may prove like many former attempts ; the people will be put ••^i 380 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAKD COUNTY. off now, and neil year come again ; and if so, the Six Nations will no longer bear it, but do themselves justice. To prevent this, there- fore, when you shall have turned the people off, we recommend it to the governor, to place two or three faithful persons over the mountains, who may be agreeable to him and us, with commissions, empowering them immediately to remove every one who may presume after this to settle themselves, until the Six Nations shall agree to make sale of their land. To enforce this they gave a string of wampum, and received one in return from the magistrates, with the strongest assurances that they would do their duty. On Tuesday, the 22nd of May, Matthew Dill, George Croghan, Benjamin Chambers, Thomas Wilson, John Finley and James Gal- breath, Esqs., justices of the said county of Cumberland, attended by the under sheriff, came to Big Juniata, situate at the distance of twenty miles from the mouth thereof, and about ten miles north from the Blue Hills, a place much esteemed by the Indians for some of their best hunting ground ; and there they found live cabins or log houses, one possessed by William White, another by George Gaboon, another not quite yet finished, in possession of David Hiddleston, another pos- sessed by George and William Galloway, and another by Andrew Lycon ; of these persons, William White and George and William Galloway, David Hiddleston and George Cahoon appeared before the magistrates, and being asked by what riaht or authority they had possessed themselves of those lands, and erected cabins thereon ? They replied, by no right or authority, but that the land belonged to the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. They then were asked, whether they did not know they were acting against the law, and in contempt of frequent notices given them by the governor's proclamation 1 They said they had seen one such proclamation, and had nothing .o say for themselves, Shut craved mercy. Hereupon the said William White, George and William Galloway, David Hiddleston and George Cahoon, being convicted by said justices on their view, the under sheriff was charged with them, and he took William White, David Huddleston and George Cahoon into custody, but George and William Galloway resisted, and having got at some distance from the under sheriff, they called to us : You may take our lands and houses and do what you please with them; we deliver them to you with all our heart.s, but we will not be carried to jail. The next morning being Wednesday, the 2.3rd of May, the said justices went to the log house or cabin of Andrew Lycon, and finding none there but children, and hearing that the father and mother were expected soon, and William White and others offering to become security, jointly and severally, and to enter into recognizance, as well as for Andrew's appearance at court, and immediate removal, as for their own ; this proposal was accepted, and William White, David Hiddleston and George Cahoon, entered into a recognizance of one hundred pounds, and executed bonds to the Proprietaries in the sum of five hundred pounds, reciting, that iney were trespassers, and had no 'jmanner of right, and had delivered possession to me for the Proprietaries. When the magistrates went to the cabin or log house of George and William Galloway, (which they had delivered up as aforesaid the day before, after they were convicted, and were flying HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 38l from the sheriff) all the goods belonging to the said George and William were taken out, and the cabin being quite empty, I took possession thereof for the Proprietaries; and then a conference was heid, what should be done with the empty cabin ; and after great deliberation, all agreed that if some cabins were not destroved, they would tempt the trespassers to return again, or encourage others to come there, should these trespassers go away; and so what was doing would signify nothing, since the possession of them was at such a distance from the inhabitants could not be kept for the Proprietaries; and Mr. Weiser also giving it as his opinion, that if all the cabins were left standing, the Indians would conceive such a contemptible opinion of the government, that they would come themselves in the winter, murder the people, and set their houses on fire. On these considerations the cabin, by my order, was burnt by the under sheriff and company. Then the company went to the house possessed by David Hiddleston, who had entered into bond as aforesaid, and he having voluntarily taken out all the ^things which were in the cabin, and left me in possession, that empty and unfurnished cabin was likewise set on fire by the under sheriff, by my order. The next day being the 24th of May, Mr. Weiser and Mr. Galbreath. with the under sheriff and myself, on our way to the mouth of Juniata, called at Andrew Lycon's, with intent only to inform him, that his neighbors were bound for his appearance and immediate removal, and to caution him not to bring himself or them into trouble by a refusal. But he presented a loaded gun tn the magistrates and sheriff; said he would shoot the first man that dared to come nigher. On this, he was disarmed, convicted, and coma.iited to the custody of the sheriff. This J^ whole transaction happened in the sight of a tribe of Indians, who by accident had in the night lin.e fixed their tent on that plantation ; and Lycons' behavior giving ihem great offence, the Shickcalamies insisted on our burning ihe cabin or they would burn it themselves. Whereupon, when every thing was taken out of it (Andrew Lycon all the while assisting) and possession being delivered to me, the empty cabin was set on fire by the under sheriff, and Lycan was carried to jail. Mr. Benjamin Chambers and Mr. George Croghan had about an hour before separated from us; and on my meeting them again in Cumberland county, they reported to me they had been at Sheerman's creek, or Little Juniata, situate about 6 miles over the Blue mountain, and found there James Parker, Thomas Parker, Owen M'Keib, John -M'Clare, Richard Kirkpatrick, James Murray, John Scott, Henry Gass, John Cowan, Simon Girtee and John Kilough, who had settled lands and erected cabins or log houses thereon ; and having convicted thera of the trespass on their view, they had bound them in recognizances of the penalty of one hundred pounds, to appear and answer for their trespasses on the first day of the next county court of Cumberland, to be held at Shippensburgh, and that the said trespassers had likewise entered into bonds to the proprietaries in five hundred pounds penalty, to remove off immediately, with all their servants, cattle and effects, and had delivered possession of their houses to Mr. George Stevenson for the proprietaries use ; and that Mr. Stevenson had ordered some of the meanest of those cabins to be set on fire, where the families were not large, nor the improvements considerable, 382 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. On Monday the 28th of May we were met at Shippensburg by Sam- uel Smith, William Maxwell, George Croghan, Benjamin Chambers, Robert Chambers, William Allison, William Trent, John Finley, John Miller, Hermanns Alricks and James Galbrelh, Esqrs., justices of Cumberland county, who informing us that the people in the Tuscaro- ra Path, in Big Cove, and at Aucquick, would submit, Mr. Weiser most earnestly pressed that he might be excused any further attendance, having abundance of necessary business to do at home ; and the other magistrates, though with much reluctance, at last consenting, he left us. On Wednesday the 30th of May, the magistrates and company, being detained two days by rain, proceeded over the Kittochtinny mountains, and entered into the Tuscara Path or Path Valley, through which the road to Alleghany lies. Many settlements were formed in this valley, and all the people were sent for, and the following persons appeared, viz; Abraham Slach, James Blair, Moses Moore, Arthur Dunlap, Alexander McCariie, David Lewis, Adam McCartie, Felix Doyle, Andrew Dunlap, Robert Wilson, Jacob Pyatt, Jacob Pyatt, jr., William Ramage, Reynolds Alexander, Samuel Patterson, Robert Ba- ker, John Armstrong and John Potts, who were all convicted by their own confession to the magistrates, of the like trespasses with those at Shearman's creek, and were bound in the like recognizances to appear at court, and bonds to the Proprietaries to remove with all their fami- lies, servants, cattle and effects, and having all voluntarily given pos- session of their houses to me, some ordinary log houses, to the number of eleven, were burnt to the ground; the trespassers most of them cheerfully and a very few of them with reluctance, carrying out all their goods. Some had been deserted before, and lay waste. At Aucquick, Peter Falconer, Nicholas De Long, Samuel Perry and John Charletcm, were convicted on the view of the magistrates, and having entered into the like recognizances and executed the like bonds, Charlton's cabin was burnt and fire set to another that was just begun, consisting on+y of a few logs piled and fastened to one another. The like proceedings at Big Cove (now within Bedford co.) against Andrew Donnaldson, John Macclelland, Charles Stewart, James Dow- ny, John Macmean, Robert Kendell, Samuel Brown, William Shepperd, Roger Murphy, Robert Smith, William Dickey, William Millican,Wm. Macconnell, Alexander Macconnell, James Campbell, Wm. Carrell, John Martin, John Jamison, Hans Patter, John Maccollin, James Wil- son and John Wilson ; who coming before the magistrates, weie con- victed on their own confession, of the like trespasses as in former cases and were all bound over in like recognizances and executed the like bond to the Proprietaries. Three waste cabins of no value were burnt at the north end of the Cove by the persons that claimed a right to them. The Little Cove (in Franklin co.) and the Big and Little Conollo- ways, being the only places remaining to be visited, as this was on the borders of. Maryland, the magistrates declined going there and de- parted for their homes." About the year 1740 or 1741 one Frederick Star a German with two or three more of his countrymen made some settlements at the very place where we found WilliamWhite, the Galloways and Andrew Lycon (on Big Juniata, situate at the distance of twenty miles from HISTORY OF CUMBTRLAND COUNTY. 383 ihe mouth thereof and about ten miles north of the Blue Hills, a place much esteemed by the Indians for some of their best hunting ground. — Votes Assem. vol. iv. p. 138.) which (German settlers) were discovered by the Delawares at Sharaokin, to the deputies of the Six Nations as they came down to Philadelphia in the year 1742 to hold a treaty with this government ; and they were so disturbed at, as to enquire with a peculiar warmth of governor Thomas if these people had come there by the orders or with the privity of the government; aliedging that if it was so, this was a breach of the treaties subsisting between the Six Nations and the Proprietor William Penn, who in the most solemn manner, engaged to them not to suffer any of the people to settle lands till they had purchased them from the Council of the Six Nations. — The Governor, as he might with great truth, disowned any knowledge of these persons' settlements ; and on the Indians insisting that they should be immediately thrown over the mountains, he promised to issue his proclamation and if this had no effect, to put the laws in exe- cution against them. The Indians in the same treaty publicly expressed very severe threats against the inhabitants of Maryland for settling lands for which they had received no satisfaction ; and said, if they would not do them justice they would do justice to themselves ; and would certainly have committed hostilities if a treaty had not been on foot between Maryland and the Six Nations under the mediation of Governor Thomas ; at which the Indians consented to sell lands and receive a valuable consideration for them, which put an end to the danger. The Proprietaries were then in England, but observing, on perusing the treaty, with what asperity they had expressed themselves against Maryland, and that the Indians had just cause to complain of the settlements at Juniata, so nearShamokin, they wrote to their governor in very pressing terms, to cause those trespassers to be immediately removed ; and both the Proprietaries and governor laid their commands on me to see this done, which I accordingly did in June, 1743 ; the governor having first given them notice by a proclamation served on them. At that time none had presumed to settle at a place called the Big Cove — having this name from its being enclosed in the form of a basin by the southernmost range of the Kittochtinny Hills and Tuscarora Hills, which last end here, and lose themselves in other hills. This Big Cove is about 5 miles north of the temporary line and not far west of the place where the line terminated. Between the Big Cove and the temporary line lies the Little Cove, so called from being likewise encircled with hills ; and to the west of the Little Cove, towards Potowmec, lie two other places called the Big and Little Conollaways, all ol them situate on the temporary line, was it to be extended toward Potowmec. In the year 1741 or 1742 information was likewise given that people were beginning to settle in those places, some from Maryland and some from this Province. But as the two governments were then not on very good terms, the Governor did not think proper to take any other notice of these settlements, than to send the sheriff to serve his proclamation on them, thought it ample occasion to lament the vast inconveniences which attend unsettled boundaries. After this thg French war came on, and the people in those parts taking advantage 384 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. of the confusion of the times, by little and little stole into the Great Core ; so that at the end of the war it was said 30 'families had settled there; not however without frequent prohibitions on the part of the government, and admonitions of the great danger they run of being cut off by the Indians, as these settlements were on lands not purchased of ihem. At the close of the war, Mr. Maxwell, one of the justices of Lancaster county, delivered a particular message from this government to them, ordering their removal, that they might not occasion a breach with the Indians ; but it had no effect. These were to the best of my remembrance all the places settled by Pennsylvanians in the unpurchased part of the Province till about three years ago when some persons had the presumption to go into Path Valley or Tuscarora Gap, lying to the east of the Big Cove and into a place called Aucqnick, lying to the northward of it; and like- wise into a place called t5hearraan's creek, lying ail along the waters of Juniata, and is situate east of the Path Valley through which the present road goes from Harris' Ferry to Allegheny; and lastly they extended their settlements to Big Juniata; the Indians all this while repeatedly complaining that their hunting ground was every day more and more taken from them ; and that there must infallibly arise quar- rels between their warriors and these settlers which would in the end break the chain of friendship and pressing in the most importunate terms their speedy removal. The government in 1748 sent the sheriff and three magistrates with Mr. Weiser unto these places to warn the people: but they notwithstanding continued Iheir settlements in oppo- sition to all this; and as if those people were prompted by a desire to make mischief, settled lands no better, nay not so good, as many vacant lands within the purchased parts of the Province. The bulk of these settlements were made during the administration of president Palmer ; and it is well known to your honor, though then in England, that his attention to tbe safety of the city and lower counties would not permit him to extend more care to places so remote. Finding such a general submission, except the two Galloways and Andrew Lycon and vainly believing the evil would be effectually taken away, there was no kindness in my power which I did not do for the offenders ; I gave them money where they were poor and telling them they might go directly on any part of the two millions of acres lately purchased of the Indians ; and where the families were large, as I hap- pened to have several of my own plantations vacant, I offered them to stay on them rent free, til! they could provide for themselves; then I told them that if after all this lenity and good usage, they would dare to stay after the time limited for their departure, no mercy would be shew- ed them but that they would feel the rigor of the law. It may be proper to add, that the cabins or log houses which were burnt, were of no considerable value ; being such as the country peo- ple erect in a day or two and cost only the charge of an enteriainuient. July 2d, 1760. Richard Petkhk. CHAPTER XXVr. Carlisle, Early Incidents, &c. Courts removed from Shippensburg ; excitement occasioned:' Firs county officers : Extracts from the Court Records, from the Commis- sioners' books, &c.: Carlisle laid out: O'Neal's letter: Indian treaty at Carlisle, 1753 : Governor Morris at Carlisle, 1755 : Braddock's letter and Governor's answer : Citizensof Carlisle alarmed: Indian treaty held here, 1756 : Col. Burd, Commissary Young, Col. Arm- strong's letter, &c., extracts from their letters : Corporaiion of Phi- ladelphia confers honors of distinction upon Col. Armstrong: Che- rokee Warriors here, 1757: Col. John Stanwix encamps here: In- dian John, alias Doctor John, killed : Citizens terror stricken : Arm- strong's, Penn's letters, &c.: Bouquet returns captives : Affecting in- cident, Dec. 1764: Frederick Stump and John Ironculter, rescued from jail, 1768: Attempt to rescue Col. James Smith, 1769: Boston Port Bill meeting, 1774 : Promptness of the citizens in emergenies : Marsh Miasmata: Riotous gatherings in 1787: Washington and other distinguished officers at Carlisle, 1794 : Reception of Wash- ington, &c.: Volunteer companies of 1812. After the county had been erected, John Porter, Esq., was appointed Sheriff, and Hermanus Alricks, Esq. Clerk of the Peace ; and the following persons as Justices of the Common Pleas of the county, by a commission bearing date March 10, 1749-50— Samuel Smith, William Maxwell, Geo. Croghan, Robert Dunning, Mathew Dill, Benjamin Cham- bers, William Trout, Hermanus Alricks, John Miller, Robert Chambers, John Finley, and Thomas Wilson. The court of Common Please and the criminal court were first held at Shippensburg, the oldest town, except York, west of the Susquehanna, within the Province of Pennsylva- nia. In 1751, after Carlisle had been laid out, they were removed to Carlisle, and at first held in a temporary log oo 386 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. building, standing on the north east corner of the centre square. The Orphans' Court during 1750 to * 5d was not fixed to any certain place, " but seems to have followed the persons of the judges — it was held at Shippensburg, Carlisle, and several other places. June 12, 1751, at Peterstown (Peters township, now in Franklin township) — January 4th, 1752, in Antrim township (Franklin county) — Match 5, 1755, at William Anderson's; afterwards regularly at Carlisle. The remoVal of the court of Common Pleas, (or the county seat) from Shippensburg to Carlisle produced quite an excitement among the inhabitants of the western part of the county, and drew forth much complaint ; especially from those of the Coiiecocheague and Falling Spring Settlements. Their complaiiits are set forth in the following petition pre- sented to the Assembly in 1751 : A petition from the commissioners and assessors of Cum- berland county, in the behalf, and at the desire of the far greater part of the inhabitants of the said county, was presented to the house setting forth that a majority of the trustees, in pursnance of the act of Assembly, whereby that county was erected had made a return to the Governor of a plan at a branch of the Conecocheague creek, about eigh- teen miles from Shippensburg, by the Great Road to Vir- ginia, praying a location for a court house and prison there, and withal submitting Shippensburg to the Governor's choice, which they were fully persuaded would have quieted the whole country, although it be north east of the centre : yet it has pleased the Governor, to remove their courts of justice of Le Tort's Spring, a place almost at one end of the county, there it seems intending the location of a court house and prison, to the great grief and damage of the far greater part of the county, and by means whereof the end of their being erected into a county can never be obtained ; which was principally to free them from the very grievous fatigue and expence occasioned by their great distance from Lancas- ter; from which they hoped to be eased, but instead of ease their yoke is likely to be heavier , for being but few in num- ber, it will be very expensive for them to erect and maintain a new county, especially if they are laid under such disad- vantages as will ensue upon the placing of the county town at Le Tort's Spring, for it will always impoverish them to HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 887 carry and expend their public money at the extremity of the county, where it will never circulate back again ; it will al- so occasion great oppression to the poor to pay the costs of law suits by reason of far travel, as well as much prevent their annual elections, the poorer sort not being able to at- tend ; that these difficulties will be much increased to those who may settle over the North mountain, in the Cove, cr the Path Valley, when these lards shall be purchased ; that It does not appear to them, that it will be to the proprietor's advantage, or the prosperity of the town of Carlisle, for it wdl necessitate the back inhabitants to traffic in Maryland to the damage of this province ; and that they can easily make it appear, that no good wagon road can be had over the North mountain, until they go beyond Shippensburg up the valley, where wagons have already passed over without any cost or trouble in clearing roads, and which is withal the nighest way to Allegheny ; that though they have made frequent supplications to the Governor on this head to no purpose, yet being still in hopes of relief, they had thought It best to defer building a prison, for want of which, escapes are made both by felons and debtors, to the great danger of the county. They therefore pray that this house would take their grievance into consideration, and grant such relief as to them shall seem most meet.— Votes Assem. iv. 190, 191. ''Several citizens of the eastward of the county, on the other hand, denied, in a WTitten communication to the As- sembly, that no good road could be made over the mountain from Shippensburg downward, for that they had, in compa- ny with Daniel Williams, their representative, viewed and considered the Gap called Stevens', and were satisfied that as the whole ascent was but sixty or seventy pershes, by traversing it once or twice, ordinary wagons might have an easy passage over it. " The Governor, on his part, directed his Secretary to say to the Assemb[y that he never saw any paper from the Cumberland Trustees, such as referred to by the petitioners, and therefore admires at the boldness of the petitioners who must have asserted that part upon hearsay. Here this con- troversy tripartite seems to have terminated, and the courts remained at Le Tort's Spring, whither the Governor had re- moved them."— CAar^er, ^-c, of Carlisle. 388 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The following is a literal copy of the first record in the Court of Quarter Sessions : At a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace held at Shippensburg for the County of Cumberland the twenty- fourth day of July in the twenty -fourth year of the Reign ot his Majesty King George the Second Annoq. Dora. 1750. Before Samuel Smith Esquire and his Bretheren Keepers of the Peace of our said Lord the King and his Justices as- sign'd to hear and determine divers Felonies, Trespasses, &c. The Sheriff returns the writ of Venire to him directed with the Panel thereto annexed and thereupon the following per- sons sworn on the Grand Jury, viz William Magaw, John Potter, John Mitchell, John Davison, Ezekiel Dunning, John Holiday, James Lindsay, Adam Hoops, John Forsyth, Thomas Brown, John Reynolds, Robert Harris, Thomas Urie, Charles Murray, Robert Meek. Domiiius Rex ) Sur Indictmt. for Larceny, not guilty vs > & now ye deft ret her pi and submits Bridget Hagen ) to ye Ct. And thereupon it is consid- ered by the Court and adjudged that ye sd Bridget Hagen restore the sum of Six pounds seventeen shillings & sixpence lawful money ofPenna nnto Jacob Long ye owner and make fine to ye Governor in ye like sum and pay ye costs of pros- ecution & receive fifteen lashes on her bare back at ye Pub- lic Whipping post & stand committed till ye fine & fees are paid. The town of Carlisle was laid out, in pursuance of letters of instruction, and by the direction of the Proprie- taries, a re-survey of the town and lands adjacent was made by Colonel Armstrong, in 1762. When the town was first located, it extended no further than the present North, South, East and ^^'est streets. All the surrounding country now within the borough limits was purchased back by Mr. Cookson from the settlers, for the Proprietaries, and was designed as commons. Subsequently, however, principally in the years 1798, 1799, and 1800, the " additional lots " and " out lots " were laid out and sold to the citizens, but not without the remonstrance of a number of the inhabitants, who held a town meeting on the subject, and declared that the original lots had been purchased from the Proprietaries upon a condition verbally expressed, that the Proprietaries' lands adjoining the towp sjiould remain for HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNXr. 889 ever for the benefit of the poor. Because of this dissatisfac- tion, the payments of quit-rents, which had been annually collected by the agents of the Penns, was interrupted for many years, and eventually their recovery was judiciously determined to be barred by lapse of time. The first tax upon the citizens of Carlisle, of which we have any account, was laiJ in December, 1752, and amount- ed to £25, 9, 6(1."— Charter, &c. of Carlisle. In 1753 Gov. Hamilton despatched John O'Neal to this place, on public business, when here he wrote the following to the governor under date, Carlisle May 27, 1753. Dear Si. — I reached this place a few days since, without accident ; having previously embraced an opportunity which presented itseh '^f learning the Indian character by attend- ing the great Indinn talk in Path Valley — the particulars of which ydu will receive from Le Tort. The garrison here consists only of twelve men. The stoc- cade originally occupied two acres of ground square, with a block house in each corner — these buildings are now in ruins. As Carlisle has been recently laid out, and is the established seat of Justice, it is the general opinion that a number of log buildings will be erected during the ensuing summer on spec- ulation, in v/hich some accommodation can be had for the new levies. The number of dwelling houses is five. The court is at present held in a temporary log building on the North East cornei^of the centre square. If the lots were clear of the brush wood, it would give a different aspect to the town. The situation, however is handsome, in the centre of a valley, with a mountain bound- ing it on the north and south, at a distance of seven miles. The wood consists principally of oak and hickory. The limestone will be of great advantage to the future settlers being in abundance. A lime kiln stands on the centre square* near what is called the deep quarry, from which is obtained' good building stone. A large stream of water runs about two miles from the village, which may at a future period be rendered navigable. A fine spring flows to the east, called Le Tort, after the In- dian interpreter who settled en ils head about the year 1720 The Indian wigwams in the vicinity of the great Beaver pond, are to men an object of particular curiosity. A larce number of the Delawares, Shawaiiese asd Tuscaroras con- 33* 390 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tinue in this vicinity ; the greater number have gone to the west. I am desirous of learning their customs, habits, and manners ; as it may assist me in the object or pursuits in which I am engaged — the confidence of the chief, I shall en- deavor to obtain. I gave captain Joel the commission ; it was well bestowed ; his band may be of vast use hereafter in checking the incur- sions of the Indians. David Scott is entitled to much praise for the liberal offer he has made of paying the expenses in- curred by them. If the French are enabled to strenghten their positions on the western frontiers, the situation of the country will be critical indeed. The Irish emigrants have acted with inconsiderate rash- ness, in entering upon Indian lands not purchased. It is a matter of regret that they do not conciliate and cultivate the good will of the Redman. I have directed several block houses to be erected agreeably to your desire. — Haz. Reg. IV, 389. Captain Joel, mentioned in the preceding letter, was a remarkable character, as appears from the following extract of a letter, dated at Carlisle, 1754 : "Captain Joel is one of the most remarkable characters in the province of Pennsyl- vania. He emigrated at an early period to the west : bold, daring, intrepid, ardent in his affections, zealous in his occu- pations as a hunter : when the Indians assumed a warlike attitude, he formed an association of the settlers to defend the settlements from this aggression. On a given signal they would unite. On the Conococheague and Juniata, are left the histories of their exploits. At one time you may hear of the band near fort Augusta, next at fort Franklin, then at Loudon, then at Juniata — rapid were the movements of this hardy band. The very name of Joel strikes terror in his enemies. He is at present defending the settlements on the Conococheague." — Haz. Reg. iv. 890. In the same year, 1753, another ' stoccade' of very curi- ous construction was erected, whose western gate was in High street, between Hanover and Pitt street, opposite lot number one hundred. This fortification was thus construct- ed. Oak logs, about seventeen feet in length, were set up right in a ditch, dug to the depth of four feet. Each log was about twelve inches in diameter. In the interior were plat- forms made of clapboard, and raised four or five feet from HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 391 the ground. Upon those the men stood and fired through loop-holes. At each corner was a swivel gun, and hred as occasion required, to let the Indians know that such kind of guns were within. — Haz. Reg. iv. 390. Three wells were sunk within the line of the fortress, one of which was on lot number 125 ; another on the line be- tween lots numbered 109 and 117; and the third on the line between lots numbered 124 and 116. This last was for many years known as the ' King's Well.'' Within this fort, called " Fort Louther," women and children from the Green Spring and the country around, often sought protection from the to- mahawk of the savBge. Its force, in 1755, consisted of fifty men, and that of Fort Franklin, at Shippensburg, of the same number. At a somewhat later day, or perhaps aboui the same time, breastworks were erected a little north-east of the town — as it was then Umited — by Colonel Stanwix, some remains of which still exist. — Char. &c. of Carlisle. Robert Hunter Morris was at Carlisle, for the purpose, as he proposed to the council, June 5th, 1755, "in order to be nearer to the army, (Braddock's) to give such directions as occurrences should render proper," — (Prov. Rec. N. p. 90,) and while here received the last letter ever written to him by Edward Braddock, which, with the governor's answer to it are here inserted. From the Camp at the last crossing of the Yau£;hyaiighani. June 30ih, 1755. Sir : As I shall very soon be in want of supplies from your province, I must beg you would onier all possible dispatch to be made use of in finishing the new road as far as the Crow Footof the Yaughyaijghani, and immediately afterwards send forward to me such articles of pro- vision as shall be in your power. Some of the inhabitants near Fort Cumberland having been killed, and taken prisoners by straggling parties of Indians, the people in these parts have been detered from coming to the camp. My chief defence must therefore be upon vour province, where the road will be secure from insults or attacks of that kind; and lest it should not be in my power to send a sufficient num- ber of wagons or horses, to bring up from the Magazine at M'Dowell's mill, the provision I may have occasion for, I must desire you to direct Mr. Swaine or some proper person, to have in view such a number of them as may answer that purpose, which shall be conducted to the camp under a proper escort ; but I would not have any contract or po- sitive agreement made till further orders, as I am in hopes this mea- sure may not be necessary, and the expense consequently avoided. I hope soon to have an express from you, with an exact account of the place fixed upon for the communication between the two roads. And am sir, your most humble and most obedient servant, E. Braddock. 392 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Carlisle, July 14, 1755. Sir:— I have this minute the favor of yours of ihe 30th of last month, from the last crossing of the Yohiogany, upon which I congratulate you, and hope this will find you in possession of Fort Du Quesne." The opening of the road has been somewhat interrupted by some Indians who have killed some of the wagoners and people employed in carry- ing them provisions, which has greatly alarmed this part of the pro- vince. And Mr. Burd writes me from Allegheny mountain that thirty of his n en had left him for the want of arms. As soon as possible after the people that escaped the Indians returned, a number of settlers were procured, and with a proper quantity of flour, were sent under the protection of sixty-four volunteers, who I imagine will meet the thirty men in their way home and carry them back to their work. As soon as I am informed that the new road is nigh joining your route, which, as I have wrote, I imagine will be about the Gr^at Crossing, I shall send forward a parcel of oxen, some pork, and some flour, as much of the two last articles as I can procure wagons to carry : and propose stay- ing in this part of the province (where I came to forward and secure the Magazine) till that be done. The letter herewith I wrote at Phila- delphia, but the bearer has been detained a long tin e on the road on account of the murders committed by the Indians, and in hopes of an escort from me ; but lor want of militia it is not in my power — so he goes round by Winchester, and may be some time before he reaches you with the good news he is charged with. I am your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant, RoBKRT H. Morris. In the autumn of 1755, the citizens of Carlisle were much alarmed in consequence of numerous massacres by the Indians. John Armstrong -writes Gov. Morris, Nov. 2d, " I am of opinion that no other means than a chain of block-houses along or near the south side of the Kittatinny mountain from Susquehanna to the temporary line; can secure the lives and properties of the old inhabitants of this county; the new settlements being all fled, except those of Sherman's valley, who, if God do not preserve them, we fear, will suffer very soon." The following letter, Armstrong addressed to Richard Peters : — • These fond hopes proved delusive ; Braddock's army was defeated, himself mortally wounded, July 9ih, so that he died on the 13th, 1755; the French retained possession of Fort Du Quesne till Nov. 24, 1758, when they blowed up their Magazine, burnt their Fort to the ground, and abandoned the place. — Compiler, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 893 Carlisle, Sunday night, Nov. 2, 1755. Dear Sir: Inclosed to Mr. Allen, by the last post, I sent you a letter from Harris'; but I believe forgot, through that day's confusion to direct it. You will see our melancholy circumstances by the governor's letter and my opinion of the method of keeping the inhabitants in this coun- ty, which will require all possible despatch. If we had immediate as- surance of relief a great number would stay; and the inhabitants should be adveriised not to drive off, nor waste their beef cattle, &c. I have not so much as sent off my wife fearing an ill precedent, but must do it now, I believe, together with the public papers and your own. There are no inhabitants on Juniata, nor on Tuscarora by this time, my brother William being just come in. Montour and Monaghatootha are going to the Governor. The former is greatly suspected of being an enemy in his heart— 'tis hard to tell— you can compare what ihey say to the Governor with what I have wrote. I have no notion of a large army, but of great danger from scouting parties. In the month of January, from the loth to the 22d, 1756, there was another Indian treaty of amity held in Carlisle. — See Appendix, L. Mr. Burd write Geo. Morris. Carlisle, April 19, 1756. Sir: I arrived here on Friday evening and began immediately to recruit ; but found few volunteers ; all that I have been able to enlist, are four men for twelve months, and althou^ih I told the commissioners again and again, candidly, thai there would he a good deal of difficulty in filling up the company, with advance money, yet they were of opin- ion that there would be men enough got without running the risque of advancing ; but I must beg leave to inform your Honor that the Com- missioners are deceived in this, as they will be in the dependences they may have or assistance from the country, from people who are not in their pay. On Saturday afternoon, Capt. Mercer arrived here, and is recruit- ing for the company at Fort Shirley, and as he was a stranger in town, I have procured him thirty pounds from Mr. Francis West, upon my obligation, and for which Cap. Mercer gives Mr. West a draught upon the commissioners— this r thought myself under obligation to do for the good of the service, which is an interest I shall always have at heart. I intended to have marched this morning for Fort Granville; but the creeks are so high that the carriers cannot attempt to get their horses and loads over; but hope to be able to go to-morrow morning. I shall return here with Mr. Salter towards the^latter end of this week or the beginning of the week following, in order to recruit my com- pany. I am informed that they are entirely out of all manner cf provisions at Fort^ranville, which is a very bad situation, as the enemy are con- stantly visiting them ; they have wounded two men within sight of the Fort, and one of the men's life is despaired of— they would have car- ried off one of them had not Lieut. Ward rushed out of the Fort and rescued him. Mr. Ward sent a detachment under the command of George Clark after the enemy ; but could not come up with them. 394 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. I could wish we had a surgeon and medicines— we shall loose one half -of our nien with perhaps slighf wounds, purely for want of assis- tance. I am glad that I have not disagreeable news of late incursions by the enemy to sting your Honor's ears with ; but I am convinced that unless these garrisons arc re-inforced to one hundred and fifty men each, and sufficient stores of ammunition and provisions, that this part of our province will be forced. Commissary Young writes : Carlisle, July 22, 1756. Sir: By the Winchester Post we have advice that the 20th instant in the morning a party of Indians surprised two of Capt. Steel's men as they were guarding some reapers (bur miles on this side McDow- ell's mill ; they killed and scalped one, the other they carried off; the reapers made their escape ; also that one of the foldiers from Max- well's mill that went with two women to the spring for some water, is missing; the women got in safe to the fott, and almost at the same time a man and a woman were scalped a few miles on the other side the mill; and, yesterday morning eight Indians came to the house of Jacob Peebles, near the Great Spring and McClure's Gap, about ten miles from this place, on this side the mountain, they killed an old wo- man and carried off two children ; and an old man is missing; they pursued a boy who was on horse back a long way; but he escaped. There were some people reaping a small distance from the house but knew nothing of what was doing at home ; for the Indians did not fire a gun, they carried odall the clothes and bedding that was in the house; a party went from this town to bury the dead and are returned again ; they informed me that the country people are leaving their houses to come down as there is great reasons to fear many more Indians will soon be among them. The money which the Commissioners were to send, is not yet come, nor is Col. Armstrong ; and I am now at a loss what to do when it does come, as no doubt there are several parties of Indians within our Forts, and we have only a small party of men in each Fort, the others being all scattered in small parties, at a considerable distance from each other, to protect the country people at harvest, so it will be im- possible to collect the men together to muster them without greatly distressing the country people and disappoint them of reaping their grain ; for they will all leave it if the men are taken from them ; nei- ther can I be supplied with proper escorts from the forts without leav- ing them empty ; I shall therefore be glad to have your Honor's further orders, whether I shall proceed in the best manner I can. or when the money comes to leave it in the charge of Col. Armstrong, or Mr. John Smith, with orders to pay the several Captains, or any of their officers as an opportunity may offer, any sum that will not exceed the pay for their respective companes to the 1st of July, about £250 per each company, mure or less according to their accounts stands which I have with me, and I may muster the men and settle their accounts the next time I come up when harvest will be over. Capt. Potter was here yesterday; I paid him £100 of the money I had left from Colonel Clapham's regiment (see p. 321) in case I should not get up to him. Lieutenant Callender came last night with 20 of his men : he left eleven in Shearman's valley to protect the reapers ; he, with Capt. Aamstrong and 40 men, have been on a scout as far as HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 895 Shamokin ; from thence they went 50 miles due west, and then down to Patterson's fort, but saw no enemy. He informs me that last Mon- day two Indian Squaws that were at Fort Shirely went off with one of our men, a fellow that has formerly been an Indian trader; the Squaws are the daughters of the Indian Half King who was killed last winter. I fear that fellow may be of bad consequences to us, as he knows our situation well. I have endeavored to put this large Fort in the best posture of de- fence I can, but am sorry to say the people of this town cannot be pre- vailed on to do any thing for their own safety. I proposed to them to associate and to place a picket guard at a small distance from the Fort to prevent being surprized; but to no purpose; they say they will guard when there is danger ! though the enemy is now committing murder but ten miles from them ! They seemed to be lulled into fatal security ! A strange infatuation which seems to prevail throughout this Province." Carlisle, July 23d, 1756. Col. Armstrong wrote Gov. Morris : Honored Sir — Being but just got home, I am unable to furnish your Honor with the occurences of these two days past, in which time the Indians have began to take advantage of the harvest season. Seven people on this side the Kittatinney Hills, being killed and missing with- in this county, and two on the South side of the Temporary line. The enemy have not yet attacked any of the people over the Hills, but pass- ed them by; probably on account of finding them better guarded and disposed of. As soon as Capt. Young concludes whether to cross the Hills or not, I shall visit the out guards, and endeavor to keep the people in larger companies. Wheat harvest is more than half done. I shall send to Harris's for the saddles and clams, and in my next, write the Commissioners of the powder last sent here ; the advantage and necessity of strengthening the new arms &c. The Indians are not in large parties, but distributed in different places of the frontier." August 20, 1756, Col. Armstrong writes — "Lyttleton, Shippensburg, and Carlisle (the two last not finished) are the only forts, now buili, that will, in my opinion, be serviceable to the public. The duties of the harvest have not permitted me to finish Carlisle Fort with the soldiers; it should be done, otherwise the soldiers can- not be so well governed, and may be absent, or without the gates, at a time of the greatest necessity. He adds — " To-morrow I shall set out for Shearman's valley, for Fort Shirley" — He alludes to his expedition to Kittanning where be routed the Indians most signally. The corporation of Philadelphia, on the occasion of this victory, to show their esteem for this valiant and brave sol- dier, presented him a piece of plate or medal. So well mer- ited complement is entitled to be noticed somewhat in detail. The following extracts are from the minutes of the Common Council of the city of Philadelphia. 396 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. October 5, 1756 — It being proposed that this Board should give some public testimony of their regard and esteem for Col. John Armstrong and the other officers concerned in the late expedition against the Indians at Kittanning, and the courage and conduct shown by them on that occasion, and also contribute to the relief of the widows and children of those who lost their lives in that expedition. Resolved, that this board will give the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds out of their stock in the Treasurer's hands, to be paid out in pieces of plate, swords, or other things suitable for pres- ents to the said officers and towards the relief of the said Widows and Children. The following is a description of the medal sent to Col. Armstrong. Occasion. In honor of the late General Armstrong of CarUsle, Pennsylvania, for destroying Kittaning Indian towns. Tievice. An officer followed by two soldiers : the officer pointing to a soldier shooting from behind a tree, and an In- dian prostrate before him. In the back ground, Indian houses are seen in flames. Legend. Kittaning destroyed by Colonel Armstrong, Sep- tember, 1756. Reverse. Device — The arras of the corporation of Phila- delphia. These consisted of four devices: on the right hand a ship under full sail : on the left, a pair of scales, equally balanced in the right, above the ship, a wheat sheaf: in the left, two hands locked. Legend. The gift of the corporation of the city of Phila- delphia. The following correspondence (taken from Pa. Gazette of Feb. 17, 1757,) passed between the corporation and Colonel Armstrong. To Colonel John Armstrong. Sir: The corporation of the city of Philadelphia greatly approve of your conduct and public spirit in the late expedition against the town of Kittanning, and are highly pleased with the signal proofs of courage and personl bravery given by you, and the officers under your com- mands, in demolishing of that place. I am therefore ordered to return you and them the thanks of the board for the eminent service you have thereby done your country. I am also ordered by the corporation to present you, out of their small public stock, with a piece of plate and silver medal, and each of your officers with a medal and a small sum HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 397 of money to be disposed of in the manner most agreeable to them ; which the board desire you will accept as a testimony of the regard they have for your merit. Signed by order, Attwood Shcte, Mayor. January 5, 1757. To the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common Council of the Cor* poration of the city of Philadelphia. Gentlemen— Your favor of the 5ih instant, together with the medals and other genteel presents made to the officers of my batallion by the Corporation of the city of Philadelphia, I had the pleasure to receive by Capt. George Armstrong. The officers employed in the Kittanning expedition, have been made acquainted with the distinguished honor you have done them, and de- sire to join with me in acknowledging it in the most public manner. The kind acceptance of our past services by the Corporation, gives ns the lightest pleasure and furnishes a fresh motive for exerting oursel- ves on every future occasion for the benefit of his Majesty's service in general, and in defence of this province in particular. In behalf of the officers of my batallion, I have the honor to be. Gentlemen, Your most obedient and obliged humble servant, JoHJi AnMsxnoNG. Carlisle, January 24, 1757. In May 1757, a number of Cherokee warriors was at Carlisle, who had come from the South, to aid the English against the French and their allied savages. Col. Armstrong wrote Governor Denny the following touching these Indians. Carlisle, May 4, 1757. Honored Sir: A lislof what was thought most desired by the Cher- okee Indians, I sent down with their speeches to your Honor, and would beg leave to alledge that a considerable part of the present ou<'ht to be wampum, with some beads, and next to these an assorimenl\'f some silver trinkets, with three laced hats, as it is probable that three captains will be there— two or three coals with tinsel lace might be very well, but those I think will be more expedient at a future time, and nearer the approach of cold weather. I have ordered my brother, who yesterday returned, to write your Honor the several sorts of goods given by the governor of Maryland, that yours may have a convenient variation. That province has given about £280 in value ; and, though I should be glad Pennsylvania would a little exceed it; yet am fully of opinion that a number of Indians will actually assist us this summer, and more of their nation come to these provinces, which will require future rewards, as from time to time prudence may direct. Your Honor will no doubt, order a present for Mr. Paris, the inter- preter. I hear Governor Sharp's secretary, who delivered his speech and present, had orders to offer Paris a captaincy in pay of that pro- 34 398 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. vince ; and that he is inclined to accept of it, which 1 hope will be of use to this — I am sorry your Honor cannot either come, or send your •Secretary to the Southern Indians ; for however necessary Mr. Croghan may be where he is acquainted, neither he nor the Indians, 'tis said, he brings with him can be so, in the present case, and the consequen- ces in my opinion are not very promising ; but farther is not becoming me to say. Carlisle, June 2d, 1757. May it please your Honor, Your favor of the 21st of May was delivered me by Col. Stanwix - who encamped here on the 30th ult — all well. In regard to an excursion to the enemy's country, it will be expe- dient to know the minds of the Cherokees, after the receipt of their presents; and it is necessary that some person be employed to promise them rewards for future service. Mr. Croghan says, he has not that power, which is very strange ! — the other governments being so ex- plicit on that point. To-morrow, Capt. Croghan sends an express to the Cherokees to come to meet him ; and, I believe, designs to augment the provincial present. Co!. Stanwix treats me with much civility. I do according to your Honor's orders, assist him in every thing I can — I shall obey his orders. — Camp, near Carlisle, June 12, 1757. Dear Sir. A few days ago Col. Armstrong left this place, with fifty of the Pro- vincials for Fort Loudon, under which party the Indian presents were guarded ; and Mr. Croghan set out two days before him. Col. Arm- strong seemed inclined to meet the Southern tribe, and have some con- ference with Capt. Paris, and to try if these people would join a scont towards Raystown ; to all which I consented, though really as to the Indian matters, you must know I can be but a stranger, and I find that all those employed as agents, very jealous of one another, and I can percieve Mr. Croghan so of Col. Armstrong ; and by the enclosed you will find Mr. Atkins so, of them all, as well as of the Province. The inclosed is a copy of one yesterday from Col. Armstrong which would not have been worth an express; but as one is returning from Phila- delphia, I give you this trouble, which may be a satisfaction to you, as our accounts, till I got this letter, gave out that Lieut. Hollyday, with fifteen of his party, were all either killed by the Indians, or taken prisoners. Believe me &c. John Stanwix. P. S. I send out scouting parties here, three or four times a week, but have yet met with no Indians — I find a few of the Provincials, joined with me on these occasions, very useful, as they are really good men, and know the country.— Prov. Rec. P. p. 309-'10. Stanwix writes under date, Camp near Carlisle, June 13, 1757. Dear Sir. I write this, and enclose these accounts, ready to send you, when an opportunity offers, which is always uncertain, as there is no post to Lancaster. Mr. Atkin's account is long; and as I have no clerk, I send it as I recieved it, without keeping a copy, when you have read it, please to return it, as I may have further occasion to peruse it. I HISTORY OF CUMBTRLAND COUNTY. 399 send you a copy of Col. Armstrong's letter with his last account of the last skirmishes with, and surprise by the Indians &c." He writes again, June 19. By this express, I am to let you know that I only wait for wagons to march to-Shippensburg, but when I shall be able to set out it is im- possible for me to say, as in two days notice I have yet been able to get but two wagons, and these my quartermaster stopped himself; how- ever, the magistrates give me to hope, I shall be supplied in a day or two. The reason of my moving is the hearing of intelligence from <^aptain Dagworthy, who commands at Fort Cumberland.— Prov. Rec. P. p. 312. See also pa. 133, ante. Col. Armstrong, writes under date, Carlisle 30th June 1757. Colonel Stanwix has begun and continues his entrenchment on the north east part of this town, and just adjoining it.— See pa. 133, ante. Camp, near Carlisle, July 18, 1757. J^ear Sir, Since my last letter there is nothing worth mentioning to you, except the inclosed letter and information from Fort Cumberland should prove so. I give it to you just as I have recieved it without any of my ob- servations. y> hat enemy Indians may remain about this border, I cannot say ; but do every thing in my power to make their situation uneasy to them. Two days ago, Capt. Munster and two officers of the five Companies and seventy men with one officer, and eight provincials (all the rest of these last being either upon harvest parties or small scouts) returned from- a scout but without seeing any of the enemy. They were out three days marching between the cre^k and the North Mountain as far as the Susquehanna, they crossed over the North Mountain and returned through Sherman's valley, saw the track of some Indians: propose to make another good scout very soon. I have no doubts but skulking Indians may do mischief; but can do little harm if the peo- ple would do a small matter, defend themselves, and think upon these. The Indians here are upon the move with their presents to Fort Lou- don, to join their Brethren, where a distribution will be made by the person deputed by Mr. Croghan ; but they are very much out of hu- mor at hearing of Col. Washington's putting some of their Brother prisoners at Winchester— the cause is not directly known. I have been obliged to send Mr. Smith with a guide to Col. Washington to see how this affair stands, and he is to return and meet them at Fort Loudon. This they insisted on. The chief of these Indians tells me they can bring down five hundred warriors ; but if sending for them should ever be thought a proper measure, a commissary with provi- sions should be first settled for them, and presents ready to be deliver- ed them on their services performed agreeable to the numbers em- ployed. Believe me, Joux Stanwix. Camp, near Carlisle, July 35, 1757. Dear Sir, As Col. Armstrong will give a particular account of the misfortune of some obstinate people who were through that and their careless- ness surprised and murdered by the Indians towards Shippensburg. 400 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. at their harvest, I shall add nothing to this relation 1 have had two Captains piquets out these three days, one scouring the country up as far as Shippensburg, and the other up as far as the Susquehanna, but expect them both in to morrow or next day. Col. Armstrong has so few men here that I could only get six of them to each piquet by way of guides at present, they being much better acquainted with this portion of the woods. In spite of our blood, the Indians still do us mischief, but the last effect does really proceed from both obstinacy and carelessness of which Col. Armstrong will give the governor a particular account as he has it from Shippensburg. I am at work at my entrenchments, but as I send out such large and frequent parties, with other necessary duties, I can only spare about seventy working men a day, and these have been very often interrupted by frequent violent gusts, so that we make but a small figure yet, and the first mouth was entirely taken up in clearing the ground, which was all full of monstrous stumps &c. - I have built a hut in Camp, where the captains and I live to- gether, and as you have promised to come this way about August. Mr. Allen came here, he and Capt. Stewart are both on the scout for some days; the first towards Shippensburg; the latter towards the Susquehanna; and am sorry all this will not do, but skulking Indians still hover about us. — See p. 135, ontc. Jouii Stanwix. To Mr. Peters. The town of Carlisle, in 1760, wits made the scene of a barbarous murder. Doctor John, a friendly Indian of tlie Delaware tribe, was massacred, together with his wife and two children. Captain Callender, who was one of the in- quest, was sent for by the Assembly, and, after interrogating him on the subject, they offered a reward of one hundred pounds for the apprehension of each person concerned in the murder. — See p. 158-161 About noon day, on the 4th of July, 1763, one of a party of horsemen, who were seen rapidly riding through the town, stopped a moment to quench his thirst, and communicated the information that Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, and Venango had been captured by the French and Indians. The great- est alarm spread among the citizens of the town and neigh- boring country. The roads were crowded in a little whilp with women and children, hastening to Lancaster for safety. The pastor of the Episcopal church headf d his congregation, encouraging them on the way. Some retired to the breast- works. Colonel Bouquet, in a letter addressed to the Gov- ernor, dated the day previous; (See p. 145 ante: see also p. 139-143 ante,) at Carlisle, urged the propriety of the HISTORl' OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 401 people of York assisting in building the posts here, and 'secur- ing the harvest,' as their county was protected by Cumber- land. — Charter &.c., of Carlisle. Extract from a letter dated Carlisle, Dec. 14, 1763. The people drove off by the enemy from the north side of the moun- tains, forms the frontiers as they are mixed with other settlers on the north side, where of consequence the motions of the ranging party are required : at the same time those who were drove from their habitations have some part of their efl'ects yet behind and their crops stacked in the field through the different valleys at a considerable distance be- yond the mountains — to these distressed people we must afford cover- ing parties as often as they require them, or will convene in small bodies in order to thrash out, and carry over grain wherewith to sup- ply their families — this last mentioned service necessarry as it is, greatly obstructs that uniform course of patrolling behind the inhabi- tants, that otherwise might be performed. Joiiy Ah.mstboico. To John Penn- In 1763, the congregation of Christ's church and St Peter's (in Phil.) raised the sum of £662 for the relief of the frontier inhabitants, especially in Cumberland county. WilUara Thomson, a missionary at Carlisle at this time writes*. We find the number oi the distressed to be seven hundred and fifty families, who have abandoned their plantations, many have lost their crops, and some their stock and furni- ture, and besides these we are informed that about two him- dred women and children are coming down from Fort Pitt. The unhappy sufferers are dispersed through every part of this county, and many have passed through into York. In this town and neighborhood, there are ujiwards of two hun- dred families, and having the alTliction of the small pox snd flux to a great degree. — See p. 17 J -'2. Florida Like ! Extract of a letter from John Penn, Esq. Lieut. Gov. to James Young, Esq. Paymaster — John Penn hud latelv arrived from England. Phil. Jan. 28, 1764. ^ When you arrive at Carlisle you will immediately engage the gunsmiths or arraorors in and about that place,, and order them to repair such arms of the Provincial troops as are out of order, as fast as they arrive there. You will acquaint the captains that every soldier will le allowed three shil.ings per month, who brings wilh him a strong dog that shall be judged proper to be employed in 34* 402 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. discovering and pursuing the savages. It is recommended to them to procure as many as they can, not exceeding ten per company ; each dog is to be kept tied and led by his owner.' The terror of the citizens subsided but little, until Colonel Eouquet conquered the Indians in the following year, (in the month of November) 1764, and compelled them to sue for peace. One of the conditions upon which peace was granted, was that the Indians should deliver up all the women and children whom they had taken into captivity. Among them were many who had been seized when very young, and had grown up to womanhood in the wigwam of the savage. — They had concentrated the wild habits of their captors, learned their language and forgotten their own, and were bound to them by ties of the strongest affection. Many a mother found a lost child ; many were unable to designate their children. The separation between the Indians and their prisoners was heart-rending. The hardy son of the forest shed torrents of tears, and every captive left the wig- wain with reluctance. Some afterwards made their escape, and returned to the Indians. Many had intermarried with the natives, but all left to freedom of choice, and those who remained unmarried had been treated with delicacy. One female, who had been captured at the age of fourteen, had become the w^ife of an Indian, and the mother of several children. When informed that she was about to be delivered to her parents, her grief could not be alleviated. " Can I," said she, "enter my parents' dwelling? will they be kind to my children? will my old companions associate with the wife of an Indian chief? and my husband, who has been so kind, I will not desert him ?" That night she fled from the camp to her husband and children. A great number of the restored prisoners were brougl/t to Carlisle, and Col. Bouquet advertised for those who had lost children to come here and look for them. Among those that came was an old woman, whose child, a little girl, had been taken from her several years before; but she was unable to designate htr daughter, or converse with the released cap- tives. With breaking heart, the old woman lamented to Col. Bouquet her hopeless lot, telling him how she used, many years ago to sing to her little daughter, a hymn of HISTORY 01 CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 403 which the child was so fond. She was requested by the Colonel to sing it then, which she did in these words : Allein, und doch nicht ganz alleine, Bin ich in raeiner einsamkeit; Dann wann ich gleich verlassen scheine, Vertreibt mir Jesus selbst die zeit: Ich bin bey ihm, und er bey mir, So komrat mir gar nichts einsam fuer.* And the long lost daughter rushed into the arras of her mother. This happened December 31, 1764. — Hallische J^ach. 1033. In January 1768, the citizens of Carlisle and vicinity were greatly excited, in consequence of one Stump and Iron- cutter being rescued from jail. — See p. 173, 178 ante. A similar attempt was pbout being made in the autumn of 1769, to rescue James Smith, who was accused of having killed a man in a scuffle at Fort Bedford. — See chap, xxxvi. When Great Britain, by way of forcing the Colonies into compliance, and when the first vials of displeasure were be- ino- poured out upon this country, especially upon the Bosto- nians, the inhabitants of Carlisle and vicinity, ever vigilant and active, manifested more than ordinary sympathy for their suffering brethren in the east, and were prompt and decisive. A public meeting was called, the minutes of which given be- low, show what manner of spirit they breathed: At a respectable meeting of the freeholders and freemen from several townships of the Cumberland county in the province of Pennsylvania, held at Carlisle in the said county, on Tuesday the l2th day of July 1774; John Montgomery Esq., in the chair. 1. Resolved, That the late act of the parliament of Great Britain, by which the port of Boston is shut up, is oppres- sive to that town, and subversive of the rights and liberties of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; that the principle up- * Translation of Allein, Sec. Alone, yet not alone am I, 'I'hough in this solitude so drear : I feel my Saviour al«'ays nigh, He comes my dreary hoars to cheer; I'm with him, and he with me, Thus, cannot solitary be. 404 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. on which that act is founded, is not more subversive of the rights and hberties of that colony, than it is ol all other British colonies in North America; and therefore, the inhabi- tants of Boston are suffering in the common cause of all these colonies. 2. That every vigorous and prudent measure ought spee- dily and unanimously to be adopted by these colonies for ob- taining redress of the grievances under which the inhabi- tants of Boston are now laboring; and security from griev- ance of the same or of a still more severe nature, under which they and the other inhabitants of the colonies may, by a further operation of the same principle, hereafter labor. o. That a Congress ot Deputies from all the colonies, will be one proper method for obtaining these purposes. 4. That the same purposes will, in the opinion of this meeting, be promoted by an agreement of all the colonoies not to import any merchandize from nor export any mer- chandize to Great Britain, Ireland, or the British West In- dies, nor 10 use any such merchandize so imported, nor tea imported from any place whatever till these purposes shall be obtained ; but that the inhabitants of this county will join any restriction of that agreement which the General Congress may think it necessary for the colonies to confine themselves to. 5. That the inhabitants of this county will contribute to the relief of their suffering brethren in Boston, at any time when they shall receive intimation that such relief will be most seasonable. 6. That a committee be immediately appointed for this county, to cori-espond with the committee of this province, or of the other provinces, upon the great objects of the public attention; and toco-operate in every measure con- ducing to the general welfare of British America. 7. That the committee consist of the following persons, viz: James Wilson, John Armstrong, John Montgomery, William Irvine, Robert Callender, William Thompson, John Calhoon, Jonathan Hoge, Robert Magaw, Ephraim Blane, John Allison, John Harris and Robert Miller, or any five of them. 8- That James Wilson, Robert Magaw and William Ir- vine, be the Deputies appointed to meet the Deputies from other counties of this province at Philadelphia, on Friday HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 405 next, in order to concert measures preparatory to the Gen- eral Congress. John Montgomery, Chairman. When the threatened storm approached, they were equal- ly firm in their determinations to resist all oppression. They organized for defence. Preparatory measures were adopted. A gentleman writing from Carlisle, May 6, 1775, says: Yesterday the County Committee met from nineteen town- ships, on the short notice they had. About three thousand men have already associated. The arms returned amount to about fifteen hundred. The committee have voted five hundred effective men, besides commissioned officers, to be immediately drafted, taken into pay, armed and disciplined, to march on the first emergency ; to be paid and supported as long as necessary, by a tax on all estates, real anil per- sonal, in the county ; the returns to be taken by the town- ship committees ; and the tax laid by the commissioners and assessors: the pay of the officers and men as usual in times past. This morning we met again at eight o'clock ; among other subjects of inquiry this day, the mode of drafting, or taking into pay, arming and victualling immediately the men, and the choice of field and other officers, will among other mat- ters, be the subject of deliberation. The strength, or spirit of this county, perhaps may appear small, if judged by the number of men proposed; but when it is considered that we are ready to raise fifteen hundred or two thousand, should we have support from the Province ; and that independent, and in uncertain expectation of support, we have voluntarily drawn upon this county, a debt of about <£27,000 per an- num, I hope we shall not appear contenoptible. ^^ e make great improvements in military discipline. It is yet uncer- tain who may go. — Jim. Archives, ii, 516. "During the war Carlisle was made an important place of rendezvous for the American troops, and in consequence of being located at a distance from the theatre of war, British prisoners were frequently sent hither for secure confinement. "Of these were two officers, Major Andre, and Lieutenant Despard, who had been taken by Montgomery near Lake Champlain. While here, in 1776, they occupied the stone house on lot number one hundred and sixty-one, at the cor- ner of South Hanover street and Locust Alley, and were on parole of honor of six miles; but were prohibited going out of the town except in military dress. 40G HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. "In the immediate neighborhood lived Mrs. Ramsey, an unflinching whig, who detected two tories in conversation with these officers, and immediately made known the cir- cumstance to William Brown, Esq., one of the county com- mittee. The tories, being pursued, were arrested somewhere between the town and South mountain, brought back, tried instantc)\ and imprisoned. Upon their persons were discov- ered letters written in French; but no one could be found to interpret them, and their contents were never known. "After this occurrence, Andre and Despard were not al- lowed to leave the town. They had in their possession, fowling pieces of superior w^orkmanship, with which they had been in the habit of pursuing game within the limits of theii' parole; but now, being unable to use them, they broke them to pieces, declaring that "no d — d rebel should ever burn powder in them." During their confinement here, a man by name Thompson, enlisted a company of militia in what is now Perry county, and marched them to Carlisle. Eager to make a display of his own bravery and that of his recruits, he drew up his soldiers at night in front of the house of Andre and his oompani'^n, and swore lustily that he would have their lives, because as he alledged, the Ame- ricans who were prisoners of war in the hands of the Brit- ish, were dying by starvation. Through the importunities, liowever, of Mrs. Ramsey, Captain Thompson, who had formerly been an apprentice to her husband, was made to desist; and as he countermarched his company, with a me- nacing nod of the head he bellowed to the objects of his wrath, "you may thank my old mistress for your lives." "On the following morning, Mrs. Ramsey received from the British officers a very polite note, expressing their grati- tude to her for saving them from the hacking sword of the redoubtable Captain Thompson. They were afterwards rt- raoved to York, but ^before their departure, sent to Mrs. Ramsey a box of spermaceti candles, with a note request- ing her acceptance of the donation, as an acknowledgment of her many acts of kindness. The present was declined, Mrs. Ramsey averring that she was too staunc*i a whig to accept a gratuity from a British officer. Despard was exe- cuted at London in 1803, for high treason. \N ith the fate of the unfortunate Andre, every one is familiar. "The town of Carlisle was incorporated, and its present HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 407 boundaries fixed, by an act of Assembly, passed the l3th of April, 1782 ; but the charter was supplied by a new enact- ment of the 4th of March, 1814. Under the old charter, the style of the corporation was " The Burgesses and In- habitants of !he town of Carlisle." Having no council, all corporate business was transacted in town meeting. The early borough records are somewhat imperfect, and the at- fairs of the corporation appear to have been loosely mana- ged. V\ hen the yellow fever, however, in 1793, was cora- raittmg Its ravages in Philadelphia, there was no lack of ac- tive exertion, by the inhabitants of Carlisle, to keep from amongst them the scourgings of the epidemic. "An ordinance of the 18th of September of that year, en- acted that no inhabitant should receive into his house or family any sick person from Philadelphia or elsewhere, un- til after examination by a physician of the borough, and a certificate from him that such person was "not infected." Men were employed to guard the passes from Philadelphia, and stop all wagons entering the town, conducting them past the borough "by the commons." A tent was authori- zed to be erected at a distance from the borough, for the re- ception of individuals supposed to be infected. "The funeral bell was ordered not to be tolled, lest it might alarm the sick, and an unfortunate negro, who had arrived in town from Philadelphia, despite the vigilance of the citi- zens, and which he eluded for two days,' had a reward ol ten dollars offered for his apprehension, that his body might be secured and his clothing buried. "The inhabitants were at the same time suffering under a disease which they termed the "March miasmata,"* and the prevalence of which they attributed to the unhealthy condition of Le Lort's spring. Tan-yards and mills were attacked, dams declared public nuisances and razed, and the channel of the spring dragged and cleansed, to remove the stagnant water Irom the adjoining low grounds, and prevent its future accumulation. The fever in Philadelphia, and the miasma here, shortly afterwards subsided, and with them the terror and excitement of the people of Carhsle.— CAar- ter, Src of Carlisle. In March, 1786, Generals Butler and Parsons, commis- • Similar case at Harrisburg, see pa. 233, 245, 246. 408 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNY. sioners of Indian affairs, and a Seneca chief, Cap. O'Bail, -wilb five young men of his nation arrived here. On the 28th, a meeting was held in the court-house, where the chief ad- dressed Gen. Butler, and to whom he responded.— See Ap- pendix, N. In December 1787, a fracas occurred between the Con- stitutionalists and Anti-Constitutionalists- A number of citi- zens from the county assembled on the 26th, to express, in their way, aided by the firing of cannons, their feelings on the actions of the convention that had assembled to frame the constitution of the Uniled States, when they were as- saulted by an adverse party : after dealing out blows, they dispersed. On Thursday, the 27th, those who had assem- bled the day before, met again at the court house, well armed with guns and muskets. They, however, proceeded without molestation, except that those who had opposed them, also assembled, kindled a bonfire and burned several effigies. For that temerity, several, styled rioters, were ar- rested and snugly lodged in jail. They were, subsequently, on a compromise between the Federalists and Democrats, liberated. The Federalists were the Constitutionalists. In 1794, several thousand troops were assembled at Car- lisle, on their way westward to quell the "Whiskey Insur- rection." On the 1st of October, the Governor of the State arrived at Carlisle, and in the evening delivered an animated address in the Presbyterian church. On Saturday the 4th, Geo. Washington, President of the United States, accom- panied by Secretary Hamilton and his private Secretary, Mr. Dandridge, and a large company of soldiers, besides a great mass of yeomanry, numbers of the Senate and Houseof Repre- sentatives arrived. A line was formed, composed of cavalry with sixteen pieces of cannon, vv-ith the infantry from vari- ous parts of Pennsylvania, amounting in the whole to near 3000 men. The court house was illuminated in the evening by the Federal citizens, and a transparency exhibited with this inscription in front: "Washington is ever triumphant." On one side; "The reign of the Laws." On the other: "Woe to anarchists." On Monday, a number of the principal inhabitants pre- sented Washington the following address: HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 409 To Geoige Washington, Esq., President of the United States. Sir: — We, the subscribers, inhabitants of this borough, on behalf of ourselves and fellow citizens, friends to good order, government and the laws, approach you at this time, to express our sincere admi- ration of those virtues which have been uniformly exerted with so much success, for the happiness of America; and which, at this criti- cal period of impending foreign and domestic troubles, have been manifested with distinguished lustre. Though we deplore the cause which has collected in this borough all classes ot virtuous citizens, yet it affords us the most heartfelt satisfaction to meet the father of our country, and brethren in arms, distinguished for their patriotism, their love of order, and attachment to the constitution and laws; and while on the one hand we regret the occasion which has brought from their homes men of all situations, who have made sacrifices, unequalled in any other country, of their private interests to the public good; yet we are consoled by the con- sideration, that the citizens of the United States have evinced to our enemies abroad, and the foes of our happy constitution at home, that they not only have the will, but possess the power, to repel all foreign invaders, and to crush all domestic traitors. The history of the world affords us too many instances of the des- truction of free governments by factious and unprincipled men. Yet the present insurrection and opposition to government is exceeded by none, either for its causeless origin, or for the extreme malignity and wickedness with which it has been executed. The unexampled clemency of our councils in their endeavors to bring to a sense of duty the western insurgents, and the ungrateful returns which have been made by that deluded people, have united all good men in one common effort, to restore order and obedience to the laws, and to punish those who have neglected to avail themselves of, and have spurned at, the most tender and humane offers that have ever been made to rebels and traitors. We have viewed with pain the great industry, art, and misrepresen- tations which have been practiced, to delude our fellow citizens. We trust that the effort of the general government, the combination of the good and virtuous against the vicious and factious, will cover with cont~usion the malevolent disturbers of the public peace, and afford to the well disposed the certainty of protection to their persons and property. The sword of justice, in the hands of our beloved President, can only be considered as as an object of terror by the wicked, and will be looked up to by the good and virtuous as their safeguard and pro- tection, / We bless that Providence which has preserved a life so valuable through so many important scenes — and we pray that he will continue to direct and prosper the measures adopted by you, for the security of our internal peace and stability of our government; and that after a life of continued usefulness and glory, you may be rewarded with eternal felicity. To which he was pleased to return the following answer. 85 410 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Gentlemen : I thank you sincerely for your affectionate address. I feel as 1 ought, what is personal to me, and I cannot but be particularly pleased with the enlightened and patriotic attachment which is manifested to- wards our happy constitution and the laws. When we look around and behold the universally acknowledged prosperity which blesses every part of the United States, facts no less unequivocal than those which are lamented, occasion our present meeting, were necessary to persuade us, that any portion of our fel- low citizens could be so deficient in discernment or virtue, as to at- tempt to disturb a situation which, instead of murmurs and tumults, calls for our warmest gratitude to Heaven, and our earnest endeavors to preserve and prolong so favored a lot. Let us hope that the delusion cannot be lasting ; that reason will speedily regain her empire, and the laws their just authority, where they have lost it. Let the wise and virtuous unite their efforts to re- claim the misguided, and to detect and defeat the arts of the factious. The union of good men is a basis, on which the security of our in- ternal peace and stability of our government may safely rest. It will always prove an adequate rampart against the vicious and disorderly. If in any case, in which it may be indispensable to raise the sword of justice against obstinate offenders, I shall deprecate the necessity of deviating from a favorite aim, to establish the authority of the laws in the affections of all, rather than in the fears of any. Geo. W^gHisoTOK. "Nothing of special interest has occurred since the Whis- key expedition in the town of Carlisle, worthy of particu- lar remark; nevertheless, passing, it might be mentioned that in the breaking out of the war in 1812, the citizens of Car- lisle manifested a commendable zeal in volunteering for the defence of our common country. Four fine companies were soon raised, viz: The "Carlisle Infantry," under Capt. William Alexander, and a "Rifle Company," under Capt. George Hendel, served a term of six months on the northern frontier. The "Carlisle Guards," under Capt. Joseph Halbert, marched to Philadelphia, and the " Patriotic Blues," under Capt. Jacob Squier, were for some time, in the intrenchments at Baltimore." During the prevalancy of the cholera in this country, in 1832, the dwellings of several families were invaded by death, under this form. The names of the victims of this disease, are Mrs. Holmes, a child of Mrs. Holmes, Susan Swartz, Adam Swartz, George Swartz, William Swartz, Andrew Jackson Hood, Mrs. Elliott's child, William Curry, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 411 Samuel McKira, and others whose names are not now re- membered. None of these lived more than sixty hours after the first attack. CHAPTER XXVII. Borough of Carlisle. Situation— Synopsis of census of 1840— Surrounding country— Public buildings— Court house [and county offices— Jail— Market house- Town Hall— Common School buildings— Dickinson College and Institute— Churches; Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal, German Reformed, Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Associate Pres- byterian, African— Banking House, United Stales Barracks. Carlisle, a post town, and the Capitol of Cumberland county, is situated in latitude 40 deg. 12 min. north, longi- tude 77deg. 10 min. west, on the principal road from Phila- delphia to Pittsburg, one hundred and eighteen miles from the former, and one hundred and seventy-eight from the lat- ter: and eighteen miles south west of Ilarrisburg. Its popu- lation in 1830, 3708; 1840,4,350, whereof 2,046 were \\2iite males, 1,989 white females, 138 colored males, and 177 colored females. Synopsis of the Census o/ 1840.— White males, under 5, 223; o and under 10, 240; 10 and under 15, 261; 15 and under 20, 322; 20 and under 30, 528; 30 and under 40,174; 40 and under 50, 135; 50 and under 60, 86; 60 and under 70, 41; 70 and under 80, 30; 80 and under 90, 6. White females, under 5, 245; 5 and under 10, 207; 10 and under 15, 245; 15 and under 20, 268; 20 and under 30, 422; 30 and under 40, 206; 40 and under 50, 178; 50 and under 60, 110; 60 and under 70, 68; 70 and under 80, 31; 80 and under 90, 8; 90 and under 100, 1. Colored males, under 10, 30; 10 and under 24, 42; 24 and 4l2 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. under 36, 39; 36 and under 55, ]9; 55 and under 100, 7; 100 and upwards, 1. Colored females, under 10, 33; 10 and under 24, 74; 24 and under 36, 47; 36 and under 55, 20; 55 and under 100, 3. Of tlie entire population, in 1840, 3 were engaged in rain- ing, 124 in agriculture, 75 in commerce, 288 in manufac- tures and trades, 33 in navigation of the ocean, 80 of the learned professions and engineers, 3 pensioners for revolu- tionary services, 2 blind, 3 insane idiots at private charge,! at public charge, 135 students. The following, by J. S. Gitt, Editor of the Pennsylvania Statesman, presents the "local statistics" of the Borougli. January 1st, 1846: There are in this place, thretj pi inting offices, from which the following named papers are issued • The Herald & Ex- positor, edited by Mr. Beatty, issued weekly, devoted to the cause of the Whigs; the American Volunteer, edited by Messrs. Boycrs and Bratton, Democratic; the Pennsylvania Statesman, by J. S. Gitt, issued semi-weekly, Dtmocralic. The first paper established in this coimty was edited and published by Mr. Kline, in 1785, railed "Kline's Carlisle Weekly Gazette." There are here 10 churches and 12 congregations; 48 stores, and a number of shops ; 4 ware houses ; 12 physi- cians; 3 foundries ; Common Schools sufTicient to suit the wants of the j)eopIe. Dickinson College, under the super- intendence of the Methodist E. Church, a flourishing insti- tution ; a beautifully superb and commodious new Court House, with all the necessary county offices, built for ^45,- 000; 25 shoe establishments; 4 hatter do., 18 tailor do., 2 tallow chandleries, 2 licensed auction stoies, 7 cabinet ma- kers, 16 carpenters, 2 coach-makers, 3 brick-makers, 20 bricklayers and masons, 2 bread bakeries, 5 cake bakers, 1 ropewalk, 1 grist mill, 12 taverns, 3 distilleries for yielding tlie "liquid fire," would to God there were none, for a great deal of the misery of human life which is daily seen raging our streets would be prevented; 5 tinners and coppeismiths, 5 tanners, 6 saddlers, 5 coopers, 2 breweries, 9 butchers, 6 painters, 3 chairmakers, 11 plasters, 3 dyers, 5 weavers, 2 silver plates, 1 locksmith, 2 gunsmiths, 1 limeburner, 3 wag- onmakers, 3 stone cutters, 14 blacksmiths, 5 watch makers, 2 barbers, 8 Dentists, 1 clock maker, 3 jewelry shops, 1 ma» HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 413 trass maker, 2 threshing machine manufactories, 3 board yards, 3 livery stables, 2 book binderies, 2 spinning -wheel manufactories, 1 brush maker, 2 pump makers, 5 gardeners, 1 milk dairy, 1 stocking weaver, 2 segar makers, 9 mantua makers, 6 milliners, 1 bird stuffiing establishment, 5 music teachers, 4 justices of the peace, 12 male school teachers, G female school teachers. A large market house, and as good a market, for all the luxuries of life, as can be found in any inland town of the same size in Pennsylvania. The mem- bers of the Bar are numerous, 15 in number, and of the highest standing in the profession, as also the professors of Medical science. The Gospel Ministers are zealous in the cause of their Divine Master; they are "in season and out of season," daily ministering in the good work. There are numerous societies for the promotion of moral and religious instruction, composed of both females and males. There are temperance societies, and two Divisions of the "Order of the Sons of Temperance" here, laboring to restore the unfortunate to the paths of rectitude, sobriety and usefulness. Mechanics of every description, almost, are to be found here, all busily engaged in their different avo- cations. There- is about a half mile from town, a military depot for recruits of the U. States, constantly preparing for the service, by learning the art of war. A detachment of ar- tillery are stationed there just now." The town is handsomely .situated : the streets are rectan- gular, and are all sixty feet wide — except High & Hanover, which are in breadth eighty feet. High and Hanover streets intersect in the centre of the Borough. Four streets run parallel with High street ; Louther and North street, on the North; Porafretand South street, on the South. Four streets run parallel with Hanover street ; Bedford and East street, on the East ; Pitt and West street, on the West. In 1760, the commissioners of Cumberland county returned to the Assembly, sixty-four lots, in Carlisle, as belonging to the Proprietaries, and one hundred and sixteen as held by the inhabitants. The town and adjacent country are healthy and well wa- tered. Le Tort's spring runs along the eastern side of the town. It has its source two miles south of it, and empties into the Conodogwinet, about three miles northeast of the 35* 414 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. borough. Trees have been planted within the last six or eight years, which add much to the beauty of the place. Through High street runs the Cumberland Valley railroad. The Public Buildings. — The court house, now building, (Messrs. Bryant and Wilt, of Harrisburg, builders,) diagon- ally in the rear from the site of the former, in the west angle of the public square, is, as I have been informed, seventy feet front, ninety deep, with a colonnade in front, surrounded by a cupola, in which, a clock made by Mr. Erb, is to be put up. The building, when finished, will cost $45,000. The former court house — a brick building — was situated on the southwest of the centre square, and had been erected about the year 1766. At a later period, the building that contained the county offices, was erected. The cupola which surmounts the court house, and contained the clock, was ad- ded in 1809. The court house, the building occupied by the county offices, and the town hall, in 1812, contiguous to the court house, were destroyed by fire on the night between the L>:]rd and 24th of March, 1845. The first courts held in Carlisle, were held, according to a letter of John O'Neal, May 27, 1753, "in a temporary log building, on the northeast corner of centre square." At present the courts are held in the Education Hall, on lot No. 99; and the public offices are kept in Beetem's Row, north of the Main street, and on the west end of the public square. Judging from one of the "prints" of the place, much dis- satisfaction is manifested from some quarter, as to the court house, now building. Dissatisfaction, perhaps better found- ed, was also manifested when the former court house was about being built — Proof: " Pursuant to leave for that purpose, Mr. Allen presented to the chair a bill for purchasing a lot, and erecting a court house thereon, which being read the first time, was ordered to be laid on the table— Feb. 9, 1762. " Sundry inhabitants of Cumberland county presented a petition, setting forth that the Trustees appointed to erect a court house and jail, have not fully answered the end of their appointment, praying for the removal of those trustees, and the appointment of others" — March 16, 1762. Votes Ass V. p. 193 & 209. "The jail is a stone building, standing upon the northwest HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, 415 corner of High and Bedford sts. It was erected in 17^4, and enlarged in 1790. The citizens of Cumberland county peti- tioned the Assembly in 1755 for aid to complete the prison, but their application seems to have received no further notice from the honorable member than an order ' to lie on the ta- ble." In 1754, stocks and a pillory were also erected on the square, and remained until that inhuman method of pun- ishment was abolished. Some of our old citizens yet remem- ber having seen the ears of * cropped' culprits nailed to the pillory." — Charter, &c. of Carlisle. The Market House is located east of the Court House, was built in 1837: and is the third buildinor of the kind which has been erected in the borough. It is on that part of tiie square, of which Mr. O'Neal, in 1753, says, "a lime kiln stands on the centre square, near what is called the Deep Quarry, from which is obtained good building stone." School Buildings : one of these, a large brick building, on Church alley, was formerly the house of worship of the Methodist Episcopal Congregation, who conveyed it to the " Society of Equal Rights," and by the society it was sold to the School Directors. It accommodates on the lower floor three Schools. The upper is appropriated to exhibitions, lectures, and other pub- lic meetings. At present (1845) occupied occasionally to hold courts in. The other building is in Liberty alley, and was formerly used as a college. It was purchased five or six years ago, by the School Directors, and accommodates four schools. The Common School system is in full operation in Car- lisle. The whole number of schools is fifteen, in which are taught 520 male and 440 female scholars, at an annual ex- pense of f>3,020,76, raised by district tax, and, $804.00, State appropriation, making the whole cost of instn.ction $3,374,75 ; of fuel $259.00, employing 4 male and 11 fe- male teachers The male teachers receive an average salary of $25,87 per month, and the females $18.12. The schools are open eleven months. They constitute a progressive series, in which "the branches are taught from the alphabet to the higher studies of an English education." l^he Carlisle Female 5^emzwary, under the superintendance of Misses Phoebe and Charlotte Paine, in which the higher branches are taught, is deservedly popular. 416 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dickinson College. 6f Institute. — The original charter of the institution was granted by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, in 1783. By that instrument it was determined — "that in memory of the great and important services rendered to his country, by his Excellency, John Dickinson, Esquire, Presi- dent of the Supreme Executive Council, and in commemor- tion of his very liberal donation to the institution, the said college, shall be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Dickinson College." The Faculty was first organizeil in 1784, by the election of the Rev. Charles Nisbet, D. D., of Montrose, Scotland, as President, and the appointment of Mr. James Ross, as Professor of Languages; to whom were added in the fol- lowing year, the Rev. Robert Davidson, D- D., as Professor of Belles Lettres, and Mr. Robert Johnston, Instructor in Mathematics. The college, under the administration of Dr. Nisbet, flourished, as much perhaps, as the times would allow. In 1798, the spot now occupied by the college buildings, between High and Louther street and west of West street, was selected, and the first edifice erected and ready for use in 1802. The edifice was destroyed by fire in 1804, but the trustees proceeded to erect another, which was completed in September, 1805, and is now known as the west college. — Before the completion of this building, the college sustain- ed a heavy loss in the death of Dr. Nisbet, which occurred on the 14th of February, 1804. The office of Presi«Jenl was exercised pro tempore by Dr. Davidson, until, in 1809, the Rev. Jeremiah Atwater, D. D., was elected to fill the vacancy. The institution was prosperous under his direc- tion, and the class of 1812 was the largest that had gradu- ated for twenty years. In 1815, President Atwater resign- ed, and the following year the operations of the college were suspended, and were not renewed till 1821. In that year, the Rev. John M. Mason, D. D., was called to preside over the institution, and during the first part of his administration there was a considerable influx of students; but previously to his resignation, which took place May 1, 1824, the col- lege began to decline, and continued to languish, except for brief intervals, while under the presidency of Drs. Neill, and Howe, until 1832, when the trustees determined that the operations of the institution should cease. HISTORY OF CUMfERLAND COUNT!'. 4J7 In 1833, the control and direction of the college was transferred to the Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New Jersey Annual Conferences of the Methdist Episcopal Church, by the resignation, from time to time, of some of the trustees, and by the election of others, named by the said conferences, in their stead, until finally a complete change was effected in the management of the institution. J3y this change the col- lege took a fresh start, and the organization of the faculty was commenced by the election of the Rev. John P. Dur- bin as President, and the establishment of a Law Depart- ment, under the charge of the Hon. John Reed. About the same time, a Grammar school was opened, under the direc- tion of Mr. Alexander F. Dobb. On the 10th of May, 1834. Merrilt Caldwell, A. M., was chosen Professor of the Exact Sciences, and Robert Emory, A. M., Profes.'^or of An- cient Languages. The requisite funds having been obtained, (he grounds improved, the buildings repaired, and an important alteration affected in the charter, the operations of the college com- menced again by the inductions into office, on the'lOth of September, 1834, of the President and two professors elect, and by the admission of twenty students, there being at the same time about seventy pupils in the grammar school. On the 18th of July, 1837, the faculty was enlarged, by the addition of the Rev. John JVTcClintock, A. M., as Professor of Mathematics, and William H. Allen, A. M., as Professor of Natural Science. Since this period, several changes have occured in the board of instruction.— Professor Emory having resigned. Professor McClintock assumed his duties, and in July, 1840, Colonel Thomas E. Sudler, A. M., was called to fill the chair of Mathematics, vacated by Professor Mc- Clintock. "^ Mr. Dobb was succeeded in the charge of the grammar school by the Rev. Stephen A. Rossel, A. M., who occupied the station several years, assisted by John L. Carey, A.M., Rev. John F. Hey, and the Rev. James Bunting. After the resignatiou of these gentlemen, the Rev. Levi Scott, A. M. was chosen Principal, and the Rev. Thomas Bowman, A, M. assistant, under whose efficient management the school still continues. Dickinson College, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church, and under the direction of its able faculty, has hitherto been prosperous, and bids fair to 418 HISTORY or CUMBERLAND COUNTY. realize the hopes of its early founders. A new and commo- dious edifice has been erected for the accommodation of the faculty and students, and a suitable building for the use of the grammar school, called Dickinson Institute. A large ad- dition has been made to the libraries, to the chemical and philosophical apparatus, and to the mineralogical cabinet. The number of students has gradually increased, and at this time there in the college proper 107, in the grammar school 40. Total 147. The Board of Instruction is as follows : Rev. Robert Emory, A. M., President, and Professor of Moral Philosophy. Merrit Caldwell, A. M., Professor of Metaphysics and Political Economy. William H. Allen, A. M., Professor of Chemistry and Na- tural Philosophy. Rev. John McClintock, A. M., Professor of Languages. Thomas E. Sudler, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and (•ivil Engineering. Hon. John Reed, LL. D., Professor of Law. Spencer F. Baird, A. M., Professor of Natural History and Curator of the Mi.seum. Rev. George R. Crooks, A. M., Principal of the Grammar School. .Fohn K. Stayman, A. M., Assistant. Edward L. Walker, Professor of Music. The course of study is liberal and thorough; perhaps equal to any other in this country. Terms of admission to the Collegiate Department. Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class, must be well acquainted with Arithmetic; Geography, Outlines of Ancient and Modern History ; the English, Latin and Greek Grammars; Caesar's Commentaries; Virgil's iEneid ; Cice- ro's Select Orations ; Roman Antiquities and Mythology ; Jacob's Greek Reader, and the Historical Books of the New Testament. Candidates for any other class will be examined on the studies previously pursued by such class. Candidates for a partial course will be examined only as to their qualifications to pursue such a course. It is particularly recommended, however, that all, whose circumstances will justify it, should prosecute the full course HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 419 of study, being that which long experience has proved to be best suited to accomplish the great end of education — the developing and disciplining of the mind. The character of a student's preparation for admission will materially affect the whole of his subsequent course, as many of the elementary studies cannot receive that attention in college, which their prime importance demands. It is ear- nestly desired, therefore, that candidates will adhere ligidly to the course of preparatory studies here prescribed, and that they will rather endeavor to perfect themselves in these, thau anticipate studies which can be pursued to much greater ad- vantage in college. It is, in general, poor economy, to at- tempt to prepare for admission into one of the higher classes; as it is reasonable to suppose that, with the faciUties afforded at college, students will be advanced there, more rapidly and thoroughly,- than they could be by teachers less favorably situated. The Grammar School of the institution presents peculiar advantages to those who wish to be thoroughly pre- pared for admission. No one will be admitted to the Freshman Class, until he has completed his fourteenth year, nor to a higher class with- out a corresponding increase of age. And it is very desira- ble that the candidates should be still older, that ihey thus may be fitted, by greater maturity of mind and stability of character, better to appreciate the studies of their course, and to exercise that self-control, which is necessary for every college student. All candidates for admission must produce testimonials of good moral character ; and if from another college, a certifi- cate of honorable dismission. They may present themselves for examination, at any time; but it is particularly desired, that they do so either at the commencement of a session, or during the week after Christmas. Annual Expenses.— Co//eo-e Fees— The College bills are to be paid to the Treasurer in advance, per session : and are as follows, viz : Tuition fee, first session, $20,00 ; second session, $13,00. Room rent, 1st ses. $3,00; 2d, ses. $2,00. Warming and use of recitation rooms, 1st ses. $2,00 ; 2nd ses. $1,00. Printing, 1st ses. 75 cts.; 2d ses. 25 cts.^ To- tal amount, first session, $27,75 ; second session, $16,25. Libraries. — The College Library contains about 3,800 vols. The Belles-Lettres 4,500 vols. The Union Philoso- 420 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNY. phical 3,700 vols. Total, 12,000 vols. All of these are accessible to every student. Religious Instruction. Prayers, with reading of the Scrip- tures, are attended in the chapel, on the morning and even- ing of every day, except Saturday and Sunday, when the evening service is omitted. The students are also required to attend public worship twice on the Sabbath — in the morn- ing, at such church, always, as their parents or guardians may designate in writing. Terms and Vacations. — The collegiate year is divided in- to two sessions. The first, beginning on the 15th of September, and end- ing on the Friday before the first of April; the second, be- ginning at the termination of the first, and ending at Com- mencement, on the second Tuesday in July. The only regu- lar vacation, then, is the interval from Commencement till the 15th of September; to which may be added, at the dis- cretion of the Faculty, a few days recess at Christmas, and at the end of the first session. The government of the institution is strictly parental. It is designed to secure attention to study, and correctness of deportment, not so much by the enforcement of rigid enact- ments, as by cultivating in the student, a taste for intellec- tual pursuits, and virtuous habits. But while youthful in- discretion will be treated with lenity, it is resolved that in- curable indolence, bad morals, and pecuniary extravagance, shall not be suffered to remain to exert their corrupting in- fluence within the walls A faithful record is kept of the standing of each student, and a report of it is sent monthly to his parent or guardian. For the benefit of indigent students, it has been provided, that in cases where the Faculty are satisfied that a student of approved character is unable to pay his tuition money, the Treasurer may take his note or bond for it, which shall not bear interest until two years after his leaving College, and shall never be put in suit." Presbyterian Churches. — Upwards of a century ago, the Presbyterians built a log church on the Conodogwinet creek, at a place now called the " Meeting-house Springs." The first pastor was the Rev. Samuel Thompson. No vestige of this building now remains. In the burying ground are to be seen several grave-stones emblazoned with coats of arms. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 421 Shortly after Carlisle was laid out, a Presbyterian congrega- tion was organized in it. A church was built,* and George Duffield, D. D., ordained pastor in 1761. About 1760, a license was obtained from Governor Hamilton, authorizing the congregation to raise by lottery " a small sum of money to enable them to build a decent house for the worship of God," and in 1766, the minister and others petitioned the Assembly for the passage of an act to compel the " managers to settle," and the "adventurers to pay;" the settlement of the lottery having been for a "considerable time deferred" by reason of the " confusions occasioned by the Indian wars." The act prayed for was passed. A short time afterwards, the congregation in the country, then under the care of the Rev. Mr. Steele, constructed a two story house of worship in town ; and some time before the Revolution erected the present First Presbyterian church, on the northwest corner of the centre square. The two church parties differed somewhat in doctrinal views, and were called the "Old Lights" and "New Lights." Mr. Duffield's con- gation erected a gallery in Mr. Steele's church, and the two parties worshipped separately. After the removal of Mr. Duffield to Philadelphia, and the death of Mr. Steele, the two congregations united, and called, in 1785, the Reverend Robert Davidson. By act of Assembly of 1786, the congregation thus united was incorporated. In 1833, a portion of the congregation, by reason of a doctrinal dispute, organized another congregation, and wor- shipped in the County-hall till 1834, when they built the Second Presbyterian church, on the corner of South Hano- ver and Pomfret streets. The new congregation was incor- porated in the latter year. St. John's Church. — The church edifice is situated on the northeast corner of the public square. Its corner stone was laid in 1825. *Extract of a letter from John Armstrong to Richard Peters, Carlisle, 30 June, 1757. To-morrow we begin to haul stones for the building of a meeting house on the north side of the square ; there was no other convenient place. I have avoided the place you once pitched for a church. The stones are raised out of Colonel Stanwix's entrenchment, we will want help in this political as well as religious workJ 36 422 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Robert Callender, George Croghan, Thomas Smallman & Thomas Butler, presented to the Assembly, in 1765, a peti- tion in behalf of the " members oi the church ot England in Cumberland county," representing that they had " in part erected a church in Carlisle, wherein to worship Almighty God ; but from the smallness of their number, and distressed state of the country consequent upon the Indian wars," they were unable to finish it, and praying the house to consider their condition and grant them such relief as they in their wisdom should deem meet. The same year an act was passed authorizing them to raise a sufficient sum for the desired pur- pose by lottery; but whether they availed themselves of it, does not appear. The church then erected stood until the present one was built near the same spot. An itinerant missionary for the counties of York and Cum- berland, was maintained by the " Society for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts," for several years after these counties were founded. This office, as late as 1766, was held by the Rev. William Thomson, son of the first Presby- terian pastor at the " Meeting-house Springs." German Reformed and Evangelical Lutheran Churches. — The German Reformed and Evangelical Lutheran congre- gations, were organized about 1765 ; the latter under the pastoral care of the Rev. Mr. Butler. They worshipped on alternate sabbaths in the same church, — which stood on the present German Reformed burying ground, — until 1807, when each congregation erected a house of worship for its own use. The Lutherans built theirs on the corner of Lou- ther and Bedford streets. It is their present place of wor- ship. Their church was incorporated in 1811. The German Reformed church was located on the lot now occupied by the Preparatory school building of Dickinson College. Having sold it, they built, in 1827, a church at the corner of High and Pitt streets, which they afterwards sold to the Methodist Episcopal congregation, and in 1835 erected the one which they now occupy in Louther street. They were incorporated in 1811. Metlwdist Episcopal Church. — Soon after the Revolution, the Methodist ministers commenced their labors in Carlisle, worshipping first in the market-place, then in the court house, and subsequently in a small building in Pomfret street, in which last place they formed a class of about 12 members, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 423 in 1792 or 1793. Their number increased, and in a few- years afterward they built a small stone house in Pitt street, in which they worshipped a short time, and then erected a brick edifice in Church alley. Having sold this in 1835, they purchased from the German Reformed congregation the stone church on the corner of Pitt and High streets, which they have much improved and beautified. In this they now wor- ship. The congregation was incorporated in 1838. Roman Catholic Church. — This edifice is built in the fig- ure of a cross. Its location is on Pomfret street. It was erected in 1807, and enlarged in 1823. The lot upon which it stands was at an early day owned by the Jesuits of Cone- wago, who had upon it a small log church, in which the Roman Catholic congregation worshipped until the present one was built. Associate Presbyterian Church. — The Associate Presby- terian congregation of Carlisle was organized in 1798. The lot on West street, upon which the church is built, was con- veyed, in consideration of £6, by the Messrs. Penns, in 179B, to Wm. iBlair, Wm. Moore, John Smith, and John McCoy, trustees of the Associate Presbyterian congregation, adher- ing to the subordination of the Associate Presbytery of Penn- sylvania, of which the Rev. John Marshall & James Clark- son were then members. The building was put up in 1802, and the Rev. Francis Pringle, their first pastor, called the same year. African Churches. — These are situated, two in Locust alley, and the third in Pomfret street. United States Barracks. — The barracks are located about one-half mile from the town, but within the borough limits. They were built in 1777. The workmen employed were Hessians captured at Trenton. The barracks will garrison 2000 men. A school of cavalry practice has recently been estabhshed at them, by the Government, and the buildings handsomely fitted up under the direction of Capt. E. V. Sum- ner, commanding the post. The Carlisle Bank. — The Banking-house stands on North Hanover street, near the public square. The institution was governed by thirteen directors, and had a capital paid in of .1^230,000. Business hours from 9 A. M. till 2 P. M. ; and discount day Tuesday. The charter of the Bank expired in 1845. CHAPTER XXVIII. BOROUGHS, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Shippensburg, Newville, Stoughstown, Newburgh, Springfield, Centre- ville, Smoketown, Papertown, Mecharicsburg, Trindle Spring, Hogueslown, Kingston, Lisburn, Churchtown, Worleystown, Shep- perdstown,Centre Square, Shiremanstown, New Cumberland, Bridge Port, Wormleysburg, Fairview, Whitehill, Milltown, Frogstown' Sporting Hill. Shippensburg, the. oldest town, except Yoik, west of the Susquehanna river, in Pennsylvania, is a post town and bor- ough, situated on the western boundary of this county, twen- ty-one miles south west of Carlisle. It is surrounded by a fertile, limestone country, well improved, and now principal- ly cultivated by Germans, though originally wholly settled by Irish, a few of whose worthy descendants still occupy the farms of their forefathers, the first pioneers of the country. When Cumberland was first organized, 1750, the Courts were held here ; and when removed to Carlisle, a great ex- citement was produced, by reason of the removal of the courts, throughout the upper part of the county. In 1755, the government commenced erecting a fort in this place. — During the French and Indian war, two forts. Fort Morris and Fort Franklin were erected ; the remains of one of these were, until lately, still to be seen. The incidents in the early^ history of this place, are replete with thrilling interest; many of which have already been noticed in the preceding part of this compilation. In addition to these, the following letters, relating to m- cidents and facts, of days gone by, are4iere introduced. In the spring of 1755, Richard Peters, Secretary, was in Shippensburg, on business connected with the opening of the road from Carlisle westward to Youghieghany, and while here, wrote the following letter to Governor Hunter. Shippensburg, 18th May, 1755. Sir— I desired to John Armstrong to write to you ; and as he is per- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 425 lectly acquainted with the -whole affair of the roads, his information and sentiments will be sufficient for you to proceed upon. Perhaps a new commission will not be necessary, and may breed contention. I may send an express, if necessary, alter seeing one on the spot, or at least send a letter to Carlisle to go by the next post. I hear one half of the horses from the county of York are poor and unfit for service and will be rejected. Mr. John St. Clair went to discover a new road, but finding none, returned to the General (Braddock at Fort Cumberland,!, d. h.); they concluded to take the old road to the Meadows. I shall not wait on the General till I have settled the matter of the roads. It will take me three days at least. I hear but a poor account of the Indians of this province. Mr. Callender says he metJMr. Gist in his return from Carolina, and he brings an account that four or five hundren Southern Indians will en- gage with and assist General Braddock, but I doubt it. P. S. I am at a loss how a letter will find me. I believe the Camp is the likeliest place, where I suppose to be sometime this week, and to stay il convenient. Mr. Charles Swaine, wrote Governor Morris, Shippensburg, June 14th, 1755. May it please your Honor : I arrived at this place on Monday, and judge there are sufficient buildings for storing the provisions without erecting any; these will want but a small repair, except the fastings, and to be had on easy terms, as they are all left to be possessed by anyone who will inhabit them. The owners do not seem inclined to take any advantage of their being wanted on this occasion. 1 find not above two pastures here ; those but mean as to grass, from drought; but there is a fine range of forage for upwards of four miles in the woods, quite to the foot of the South mountain ; also a good run of water, that the cattle will be continually improving after they come here; I shall use the methods practiced here for k-eeping their beasts together; have a con- stant watch on them ; daily see them myself. I can find but little cellaring here, for securing the pork, but have pitched on a shady and dry spot in the woods for making a cellar, for, what I cannot store in such cellars as are in the town. There are no bricks here, and little lime at present, so the making ovens would be difficult, and if made of clay, then there would be some iron work wanting. But if his Ex- cellency has ordered bread, as I mentioned in my former letter, I be- lieve it may be contracted for in Lancaster county. The principal expense which seems to attend the Magazine here, will be the hire of some persons to attend the cattle, also to watch the stores and pork, for ihey assured me there are many ill disposed per- sons in these parts, who would both take the pork andTjreak into the stores, if not watched. I shall act with the greatest prudence and re- gard as to the expense, in this, or any other part of my commission, and in taking care to make no further expense than what is immedi- ately necessary. Quarter Master Lesley* called on me yesterday and * Mr. Lesley was Assistant Commissary to Sir John St. Clair, Depu- ty Quarter Master General under Gen. Edward Braddock. Mr. Mat. thew Lesley was vaynded, on the 9th July, 1755, at Braddock's defeat. 426 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. informed me ihat he had seen Scott, the miller, who advised him to ac- quaint me thai he had brought up almost as much wheat as to make the flour I should want. The coopers in these parts have plantations, and they but occasionally work at their trades, have at present but few staves by them, those thin and green, and it would take up a consid- erable time to procure any quantity. The mills also here have no bolting cloths, so that they make only a coarse flour. I can hear no- thing as to the express, any more than that he is arrived at the camp; but I propose, if I do not see him to-day, to return towards Lancaster, in hopes to find your Honor's orders, and also give an account of the post of what is done to the flour. In another letter, dated July 4, 1755, Mr. Shippen says, " I shall give orders to Mr. Burd's servant, a cooper, to take charge of some cattle, as Mr. Swaine shall direct ; the cattle are provided with a range of pasture. But the place which shall be agreed on by the General (Braddock) for the magazine, ought to be protected by at least 20 or 30 soldiers; and there should be a blockade built ; otherwise they may easily destroy the cattle, for they (the Indians) can march through the woods undiscovered, within twenty miles of Shippensburg ; and they may come these twenty miles, one way, on a path, leaving Jacob Pyatt's, near Tuscarora moun- tain, on the right hand, and see but two houses, till they are •within two miles of my place." After General Braddock's defeat. Col. Dunbar, after stay- ing some time with his army on the frontiers, received orders from Gen. Shirley, upon whom the command of the Ameri- can forces devolved, on the death of Braddock, to repair with his men to Albany. Previously, however. Col. Dun- bar requested a conference with Governor Morris, at Ship- pensburg. The Governor addressed him a letter, to which the Oolonel replied, as follows : Shippensburg, August 17, 1755. Sir; — I had the favor of your letter by the express that brought me General Shirley's orders. The condition, both officers and soldiers are in, makes it absolutely necessary to repair many deficiencies, be- fore we proceed on such a march, or voyage, as you will see us in about twelve days. I will say no more on that head. We have not half the tents we should have — we should have shoes, shirts, stockings, camp kettles : and flasks are iew. Every thing ta- ken to the place of action is absolutely lost. Neither oflicer nor sol- dier saved more than was on their backs — more than half the arm> are lost.— Prov. Rec. N. 203. James Burd writes to Ed. Shippen, at Lancaster, Nov. 22, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 427 1755. " We, for these tMo days past, have been working at our Fort here, and believe we shall work this day (Sun- day). This town is full of people." (See p. 92.) Many of the frontier settlers, in their flight for life, from the Indians, took refuge here. In July, 1763, there were here, one thousand three hundred and eighty-four, of those poor, distressed inhabitants. Of these, three hundred and one were male adults, three hundred and forty-five women, and seven hundred and thirty-eight children ; many of whon'i were obliged to lie in stables, barns, cellars, and under old, leaky sheds ; the dwelling houses being all crowded (p. 142)! Tho inhabitants were kept in constant alarm for eight or ten years, not knowing at what moment they would be surprised by a blood-thirsty enemv. " The 19th of March, 1764, the Indians carried off five people from within nine miles of Shippensburg, and shot one man through the body. The enemy, supposed to be eleven m number, were pursued successfully by about one hundred provincials. The houses of John Stewart, Adam Simms, James M'Cammon, William Baird, James Kelly, Stephen Caldwell and John Boyd, were burnt. These people lost all their grain, which they had thrashed out, with the inten- tion to send it, for safety, further down among the inhabit- ants."— GorcZon'^- His. Pa. p. 624. Shippensburg was once an exceedingly brisk place, made so by hundreds of wagons stopping here on their way to, and from Pittsburg, and Philadelphia ; but since the railroad has been in successful operation, wagoning, through this place, has measureably ceased ; and, Shippensburg, feels the effects ; but owing to its peculiar locality, will always com- mand a reasonable share of business. A number of houses have lately been erected in this ancient town. At present it contains nearly three hundred dwellings. The town was incorporated, January 21, 1819. The pop- ulation in 1810, was 1,159 ; in 1820, 1,410; in 1830, 1,308- m 1840, 1,473; at present (1845) about 1,525. It contains eighteen stores, several taverns, one printing office, from which a weekly paper is issued, entitled 'The Weekly News,' edited by Mr. J. L. Baker. The churches are, Presbyterian, Associate Reformed, Lutheran and German Reformed, Union Bethel, Catholic, Methodist, and an African church. In 1844, there were six schools, with upwards of three hundred 428 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. scholars in the Borough. The Cumberland Valley railroad passes through this place ; also a turnpike. McMean's run, a branch of the Conodogwinet creek passes through the town, and turns several mills. Newvilee, a post town and borough, in Newton town- ship, on Spring creek, twelve miles from Carlisle, in the northwest part ot the county, within half a mile (north) of the Cumberland Valley railroad. It is a place of some con- sideiable business ; it contains about one hundred dwellings, several mills, taveins and churches, viz : one Presbyterian, one Seceder, and Lutheran. The town was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, 26th February, 1817 ; and accord- ing to the census of 1840, its population was 564, and con- tained six stores and three taverns. There are three public schools in the borough, with about one hundred and fifty scholars, supported at an expense of $441,04, paid to teach- ers, and $38,58 for fuel. Stoughstown, a post village, in Newton township, on the turnpike road leading from Carlisle to Chambersburg, near the eastern boundary of the township, fourteen miles west of Carlisle, and seven east of Shippensburg, contains twelve or fifteen dwellings, one store and a tavern, kept for many years by the late Colonel Stougb, and by his son at present. Near this place is a large spring, from which a fine mill stream issues. Newburgh, a post village in Hopewell township, laid out some twenty or more years ago by Mr. Trimble, contains twenty or more dwellings, two stores and a tavern. Springfield. — This village derives its name from a large spring, that throws out a volume of water sufficient to turn several mill wheels, within a few rods of the spring, and forms a considerable stream, having its banks studded with mills. It is fourteen miles southwest of Carlisle, and con- tains about fifty dwellings, a store, a tavern and school house. The situation and vicinity are very romantic. The inhabit- ants are distinguished for industry. Centreville, is a small village on the Walnut Bottom road, leading from Carlisle to Shippensburg, and is in a well improved, fertile region of country; it contains a store and tavern. Smoketown, on the road leading from Carlisle to New- ville, consists of a few houses. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 429 Papertown, south of Carlisle, on the Carlisle and Hano- ver turnpike, laid out some years ago by Barber & Mullen, owners of an extensive paper mill, at this place. Mechanicsburg, post town and borough, situated in Sil- ver Spring township, in the heart of the most fertile and best improved regions of Cumberland Valley, on the Trin- dle Spring road leading from Harrisburg to Carlisle, eight miles from the former and ten from the latter ; it is next to Carlisle and Shippensburg, one of the most flourishing towns in this county; its local advantages are many, being accessi- ble, and intersected by well improved roads, from various sections of the country ; the surrounding vicinage is densely settled, and the population in general distinguished for their indu:?try. As a place of business, it is one of no ordinary importance. The town is of comparatively recent origin. — Forty years ago the greater part of the site of the town was covered with woods; a few straggling houses were to be seen, of which only one or two of the first remain. It is not more than thirty years since the first brick house was erected in the place. This was built in the western part of the town, by Lewis Zearing, Esq., shortly after the late war. A number of houses had been erected before any lots were regularly laid out. About twenty-five years ago, John Gosweiler, laid out a number of lots in the eastern part of the town, where soon some six or eight houses were erected. In the year 1828, Henry Stouffer laid out some lots in the central part of the town ; and a new impetus was given to the place; a number of dwellings were erected. In 1829, '30, and 31, between twenty and thirty houses were put up. In December 1831, Major Henry Lease and David Breni- zer, having purchased eight or ten acres from George Stein- bring, laid out thirty-three lots on the south side of Main street. From that time forward the town has gtadually in- creased, till it numbers at present (1845) one hundred and thirty-three comfortable dwellings, whereof 41 are of bricks, 67 frame, and 25 plastered ; a number of mechanics shops, four churches, viz : a Union Church, Methodist, Lutheran, and another, styled a '' Union Bethel," a commodious school house in which three public schools are taught, 6 stores, 2 apothecaries, 3 taverns, 3 ware or store houses on the rail road, 4 tailor shops, 2 milhners, 3 mantua makers, 2 hatters, 4 shoe makers, 3 saddlers, 4 cabinet makers, 4 carpenters, 430 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 3 weavers, 1 silk dyer, 2 tinners, 2 chair makers, 1 painter, 1 cooper, 2 coachmakers, 3 blacksmiths, 3 butchers, a foun- dry and machine shop, with a population rising ol 800. In 1830 the population was 554, in 1840, 670. The Cumberland Valley Railroad passes through the bo- rough, north of Main street. The town was incorporated as a borough, by an act passed April 12, 1828. In pursu- ance of which, a Burgess and Town Council were elected, of which Lewis Zearing, Esq., was President, and Dr. Jacob Baughman, clerk. Sometime in 1835 or '36 Dr. Jacob Weaver, established the first printing office in the place. He edited and pub- lished a spirited, literary paper, entitled, " The Microcosm," but for the want of adequate patronage, it was suspended ; and shortly afterwards, A. F. Cox, commenced the publica- tion ot " The School Visitor." This shared the fate of its predecessor. Lately, another paper has been started by Mr. Sprigraan, entitled " The Independent Press." Trindle Spring, one mile west of Mechanicsburg, is named after one Trindle, an early settler. Here is a cluster ot houses, a tavern, a tan yard, and a church contiguous. — The church is a neat brick building held in common by the German Reformed and Lutherans. RoxBERRY, partly in Silver Spring ; but principally in Monroe township, is a small village, consisting of "a long string" of houses, along the road leading from Mechanics- burg to Carlisle, seven miles east of the latter place. There are here sixteen dwellings, and several mechanics' shops, situated in a rocky place. Paul Reamer, about thirty years ago, erected the hrst house. HoGUESTOWN, a post village, in Silver Spring township, is nine miles west of Harrisburg, on the turnpike road lead- ing to Carlisle ; it is a handsomely situated village in a fer- tile and well improved limestone country, and contains be- tween twenty and thirty dwellings (a few of which are ot brick) including those contiguous, two stores, three taverns, a school house, an extensive tannery, several mechanics' shops. A small stream called Hogues run flows hard by the village and empties into the Conodogwinet creek not far off. Middlesex, in Northmiddleton township, on the turnpike road from Harrisburg to Carlisle, at or near the confluence HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 431 of Le Tort's creek with the Conodogwinet, three miles east of Carhsle, is a cluster of houses, consisting of 11 dwellings, in one of which a tavern is kept ; a grtst mill, a saw mill, and plaster and oil mill, a woollen factory, principally owned by Charles B. Penrose, Esq. There is also a small store here. Mrs. Murphy, who died at the age of 100, in 1803, re- membered that the first " Indian track" to go westward was to cross at Simpson's Ferry, four miles below Harris's, then across Conodogwinet, at Middlesex, thence up the mountain across Croghan's. (Sterret's Gap,) thence down the mountain and across Shearman's creek, at Gibson's, thence by Dick's Gap, thence by Shearman's valley by Concord, to the burnt cabbins, thence to the west of the Alleghany. — Watson's Annals, ii. 122. There were several paths westward. John Harris, who had been westward prior to 1754, notices the following points, with the intermediate distances. "From my Ferry to Geo. Croghad's, 5 miles; to Kittatin- ny mountains 9; to Andrew Montour's o; Tuscarora hill 9; Thos. Mitchell's sleeping place 3 ; Tuscarora 14 ; Cove spring 10 ; Shadow of Death 8 ; Black Log 3 — 66 miles to this point. The road forks to Raystown and Frankstown ; we continued to Raystown. To the Three Springs lO; Sid- ling Hill Gap 8 ; Juniata hill 8 ; Crossings at Juniata 8 : Snake's spring 8; Raystown 4; Shawana cabins 8; Alleghany hill 6; Edmunds swamp 8; Stoney creek 6; Kicheney Paulin's house (Indian) 6; Clearfields 7; to the other side of Laurel hill 5; Loyal Hanning 6; Big Bottom 8 ; Chestnut ridge 8 ; to the parting of the roads 4; thence one road leads to Shan- oppintovvn, the other to Kiscomenettas Old Town — To Big Lick 3; Beaver dams <5; James Dunning's sleeping place 8; Cockeye's cabin 8; Four mile run 11; Shanoppintown on Al- legheny river 4; to Logstown down the river 18; distance by the old road 246 miles." " Now beginning at the Black Log — Frankstown road to Aughwick 6, Jack Armstrong's Narrows (so called from his being murdered here) 8, Standing Stone (about 14 feet high and 6 inches square) 10 : At each of the last places we cross- ed Juniata — the next and last crossing of Juniata 8, Branch of Juniata 10, Big Lick 10, Frank's (Stephen's) town 5, Beaver dams 10, Alleghany hill 4, Clearfield's 6, John 432 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNY. Hart's sleeping place 12, Shawanese cabins 24, Shaver's sleeping place at two large licks 12, Eighteen mile run 12, Ten mile Lick 6, to*Kiscomenettas town on the creek which runs into the Alleghany river six miles down, almost as large as Schuylkill 10, Chartier's landing on Alleghany 8, &c." COMFILER. Kingston, a post village in Silver Spring township, on the turnpike road from Harrisburg to Carlisle, six miles from the latter and ten from the former, is situated in the heart of a well improved, fertile country; and consists of twenty dwel- lings, two stores, two churches, one Lutheran, and one held by the Evangelical Association, and the usual number of handicraft found in country villages. The town receives a supply of water conducted in pipes, a distance of 1100 feet, from a spring or well on Peter Kissinger's farm. The village was laid out by John King, about twenty years ago, after whom it is named. LisBURN, a post village, in Allen township, on the Yellow Breeches creek, on a public road leading from Carlisle to York, sixteen miles from the former, and eighteen from the latter ; and seven miles from Harrisburg, in the southeastern part of the county, consists of 40 dwellings, principally log buildings, two stores, one tavern, a grist mill and saw mill, a Union church and school house, and has the usual number of mechanics, commonly found in country villages. It is an old town, part of it, north of the public road, having been laid out 80 years ago by Gerard Erwin, and that part south of the road in 1785, by Alexander Frazer and James Oren. Churchtown, a post towm, in Monroe township, is so named because a church, held by the Lutherans and Ger- man Reformed, had been built here some tfen or fifteen years before the town commenced. It is pleasantly situated in a fertile portion of the county, on the main road from Shippensburg to Mechanicsburg ; six miles from Carlisle. It consists of forty-one dwellings, several of which are fine, substantial brick buildings, four stores, two taverns, one school house, a church. Jacob Wies built the first house here about forty years ago. Some of the early settlers in the vicinity of Church- town were, the Messrs. Strach, Weis, Bricker, \^ olf, Ran- kin, Martin, Scott, Johnston, Crocket, Thornberry, now Ege's forge. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 433 WoRLEYSTOWN, in Monroe township, on the main road leading from Carlisle to Dillsburg, three miles and a half from the latter, and seven from Carlisle, was laid out about 30 years ago, and consists of 10 or 12 dwellings. It is near the Yellow Breeches creek. Shepperdstown, a post village, in Allen township, on the State road, leading from Gettysburg in Adams county, eight miles from Harrisburg and twelve from Carlisle, five from Dillsburg in York county, and three from Mechanics- burg ; situated on an elevated spot, having a commanding view of Cumberland Valley. It consists of 18 dwellings, one store, one tavern. Near it is a Union church, also occupied by a common school. Centre Square, a mde west of Shepperdstown, consists of a cluster of eight dwellings and several shops, and a tav- ern and store. This place had its origin about 25 years ago, when Messrs. John Berkey and Jacob Berkey, each erected a small log house. Shiremanstown, a post village, partly in Hampden and partly in Allen township, on the main road leading from Car- lisle to New Cumberland, usually called Simpson's Ferry road, is five miles w^est of Harrisburg, and twelve miles east from Carlisle, and situated in a fertile and highly improved portion of the county, the soil being limestone and well cul- tivated. The first house erected here was built by Daniel Scherbahn, executor of George Schnebely, for the widow of the deceas- ed, in the summer of 1813. When the first house was built, all on the south side of the road, was one dense forest. In 1814 John Davis erected the house now occupied by Dr. Mateer. Both these are on the north side of the road. A few years after, Henry Zearing erected one on the south side of the road, now owned by George Rupp, jr., and occupied as a public house. Shortly afterwards, Martin Zearing erected a brick house north of the road. George Sipe', Isaac Goshert and Christian Shroll, each erected a house, soon after the brick one had been built. About the year 1827 and 1828 several more, by Jacob Rupp and others when it was called Shiremanstown, after Daniel Shireman, deceased, who held considerable property here at the time. On the death of Shireman, John Rupp, and George Rupp, jr., executors of Shireman, laid out an additional number of 37 434 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. lots in 1841, since which the town has steadily increased, and now numbers about 60 dwellings, two stores, one tavern, a school house and Union church. This fall (1845) Jacob Markel laid out some additional lots, and several houses have already been built on 'Markel's Addition/ The Cumberland Valley railroad passed by, im- mediately north of the village. Population 275. There are two churches in the immediate vicinity of this town : Salems Church, ow^ned by the German Reformed and Lutherans, half a mile north of it ; and another, one-fourth of a mile east of the town, owned by the United Brethren in Christ. The former was erected nearly fifty years ago. Friedens Kirch, or Salems Church. — Fifty years ago a German Reformed congregation was organized in the lower part of Cumberland county, by the Revd. Anthony Hautz. In 1797 this congregation agreed, as appears from documen- tary evidence, to build the house (now exclusively occupied as a school house) for the purpose of holding their religious meetings in it, and for school purposes, till a church would be built. The following is a copy of the original subscription paper. "Den 4 Tag April, A. D. 1797, ist die Gemeinde einig worden rait dem Johannes Schopp fuer sein alt Haus fuer ein Schulhaus, und eine Zeitlang fuer Kirch darin zuhalten ; und er hat der Gemeinde das Haus erlaubt fuer fuenfzehn Pfund. "Wir Unterschreiber versprechen auch dazu zubezahlen ; wir mit unserer eigener Hand. "Friedrich Lang £2, 5s. Jonas Rupp £2, os. Johannes Schopp £3. Johannes Schnevely 15s. George Wuermle 15s. George Wild 7s, 6d. Conrad Weber 7s, 6d. Martin Thomas 3s. Johannes Schwartz lis, 4d. Philip Heck 7s, 6d. Adam Viehman 7s, 6d. Jacob Colp £1, 10s. John Merkle £3. Casper S warts 7s, 6d. Christyan Swartz 7s, 6d. Abraham Wolf 7s, 6d. Friedrich Schweitzer 7s, 6d. Martin Hausser £o. Johannes Eberly £4, 17s, 6d. Elisabeth Lang, Witt- frau 15s." "On the 26th of May, 1797, the congregation obtained deeds for the land connected with the school house, from Henry Snevely, and Nicholas Kreutzer. In 1798, the church was erected under the superintendence of the follow- ing building committee, viz: Friedrich Lang, Jonas Rupp, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. AoD Leonard S warts, and the Revd. Anthony Hautz, then sta- tioned at Carlisle and Trindle spring. "Martin Rupp and Thomas Anderson were the builders. "A Lutheran congregation had been organized about the year 1791 or 1792, who had a house for public worship in Louther Manor, several miles northeast of 'Friedens Kirch.' This congregation made overtures to the vestry of the Ger- man Reformed congregation, May ]8, 1806, to pay them £405, 17s, 3d, being one-half of the cost ofFriedens Kirch, land, and building of school-house, and inclosing the grave yard. This sum, it was proposed to put on interest for the use of the German Reformed congregation ; part of which, however, was taken to pay the organ, which cost $466,67. It was purchased of Conrad Doll, of Lancaster, July 6th, 1807. At the time of the sale of one half of the church to the Lutherans, the following persons constituted the vestry of the congregations. German Reformed, Frederick Lang, Jonas Rupp, Frederick Schw^eitzer, Christian Swiler, Henry Man- essraith and Martin Rupp. Lutherans, Nicholas Kreutzer, John Wormley, Christoph Eichelberger, Andrew Shuely, Christofel Gramlig and Daniel Scherban. The joint congregations purchased, April 20, 1812, five acres more, on which the present dwelling house, contiguous to the church, is erected. In 1830, another small parcel of ground was purchased to enlarge the grave yard. [Commu- nicated by John Rupp]. New Cumberland, formerly called Haldeman's town, having been laid out by Jacob M. Haldeman, about twenty five years ago, is a post village, and thriving borough in Al- len township, three miles below the Harrisburg bridge, at the confluence of the Yellow Breeches creek with the Sus- quehanna river; seventeen miles from Carlisle. It contains about forty dwellings, principally brick buildings, four stores, two churches, one tavern, two saw mills, one for sawing laths, a patent pump factory, and flouring mill, a Methodist church. Population in 3840, 284, at present (1845) about 315. The York turnpike road passes through this borough. Some years ago, Jacob M. Haldeman owned and carried on a forge; and at a later period, Mr. Pratt, had an exten- sive nail factory in oprratioii here; but has moved it to Fair- view. The lumber trade is carried on extensively. An ex- 436 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tensive tannery is in operation here. In the height of the Multicaulis mania, an association for the manufacture of silk was started in this town. In the early part of the last century the Shawanese In- dians had a town here. It was for many years the landing place of Peter Chartier, a Shawanese, an Indian Agent, and an individual of some notoriety. He owned at one time six hundred acres of land, bounded by the Yellow Breeches creek and Susquehanna river, as appears from the following extracts taken from the Records in the Land office at Harrisburg. "By virtue of a -warrant dated, May 5th, 1739, there was surveyed on the 2d May last (1740) unto Peter Char- tier of the county of Lancaster, a tract of land situate with- in our Manor of Paxtan, in the said county : Beginning at a Beech tree on the Banks of the said (Susquehanna) river, and extending thence by the other part of the said Manor, south fifty-four degrees, west two hundred and fifty perches to a post, and south thirty-six degrees, two hundred and fifty-five perches to a white walnut tree by the side of the creek called Yellow Breeches creek ; thence down by the same several courses two hundred and ninety-two perches to Susquehanna river; thence up the several courses of the same three hundred and ninety perches, to the place of be- ginning, containing six hundred acres." This tract of land embraced the present site of New Cum- berland, Messrs. Freeman's, Haldeman's and Martin's farm. A few years after this survey had been made Peter Char- tier settled on, or near the Allegheny river, about forty miles above Pittsburg, at what was called Old Town or Chartier's Old Town.* He subsequently proved treacherous to the English. In 1744, he accepted a military commission under the French and prevailed upon some Shawanese Indians of Old Town to move to the French settlements on the Mis- sissippi. In the spring of 1744, April 18, at the head of four hun=- dred of Shawanese, well armed with guns, pistols, and cut- laeses, he surprised and took prisoner two Indian traders, James Dinnew and Peter Tostee, on the Allegheny river, robbed them of all their effects to the amount of £1600, • Weiser's Journal, Aug* 174^, j HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 4o7 Sometime afterwards a few of the seduced Shawanese re- turned again to the English, and acknowledged they had been misled, and had carried on a private correspondence with the French. — Votes. Assem. iv. 13. Prov. Rec. K. 347, L. 362, 420, 437. Governor George Thomas, in his message to the Assem- bly, April 25, 1745, says: "I have just received informa- tion that Peter Chartier, after disposing of his etfects in this government, is gone to the enemy (F'rench). His conduct for some years past has rendered him generally suspected ; and it seems my reprimanding him for some very exception- able parts of it, is made use of amongst other things to ex- cuse his inhdelity. Had he been punished as he deserved, for the villainous report he spread two years ago, among the back inhabitants, in order to spirit them up against such of the Six Nations as should happen to travel through those parts of the country, he would not have been at this time with the enemy ; but an apprehension that the Shawanese, whose perfidious blood partly runs in Chartier's veins, might resent upon our traders any severities to him, restrained rae from making use of such, and induced me to use the gentle method of reproof, which his brutish disposition had construed into an affront. " I am likewise informed, that he has persuaded a consid- erable number of the Shawanese to remove from their okl town, to a greater distance upon another river, and it is not to be doubted but that a savage person of his temper, will do us all the mischief he can. If you think it worth w^hiie, I will send a special messenger to persuade those Shawnese to return to their former place of abode, or I will take any other method you shall advise; though it is my opinion, the advantages of the trade excepted, the further these people remove from our borders, the better it will be for us. I have written letters from time to time to the Shawnese chiefs, in- viting them down to Philadelphia, and particularly a very kind one last fall, which Peter Shaver tells me he deliv- ered ; but that I have of late received no answer, may be imputed to Chartier's influence over them; and it is too pro- bable that he will make use of it to defeat future attempts we shall make to revive their friendship with us." — Vote^ Ass. iv. 2. Fridge Port, at the west end of the Harrisburg bridge. 438 HISTORV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. consists of four or five dwellings, and one tavern, owned by Mr. Church. WoRMtEYSBURG, was laid out by John Wormley, Esq. in the fall of 1815, after whom it is called; and is in East-penns- borough township, on the right bank of the Susquehanna, immediately above the Harrisburg bridge. It contains about fifty dwellings, one tavern, two grocery stores, a school house, a Methodist meeting house, and the usual number of handicrafts, common in small villages. From its peculiar situation, and being contiguous to the Cumberland Valley railroad depot, a fine lumber trade is carried on here. The principal, and best dwellings, were erected by the proprietor and his sons. It is worthy of notice that Mr. Wormley was for many years the proprietor of the Ferry known by his name. Population about 280. [S. Oyster]. Fairview, was laid out by Abraham Neidig, Esq. 1815. It is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Conodogwi- net creek, with the Susquehanna river, about two miles above the Harrisburg bridge, in East-pennsboro township; and con- tains about fifty dwellings, one store, school house, a church recently built belonging to the United Brethren, and a num- ber of mechanics' shops. Population about 250. Contiguous to it, are an extensive rolling mill and nail factory, owned by Mr. Pratt & co., giving employment to at least one hundred hands, which has contributed much to the late and rapid im- provements of the town. From its former torpid state, it has been roused into activity, by this factory. The Conodogwi- net is crossed here by a substantial wooden bridge. In 1700, to 1720, the Indians had a town here. — See p. 352. • White Hill, a post village, in East Pennsboro' town- ship, on the rail road, one mile west from the Susquehanna river, consists of seven dwellings. This has sprung up with- in the last three or four years; and is named after the Hon. Robert Whitehill, who had been for many years an active representative of the inhabitants of Cumberland county in our State, as well as National hall, of legislation. Robert Whitehill, son of James and Rachel Whitehill, was born, A. D., 1738, July 29th in the Pequea settlement, Lancaster county, where his parents had settled, before lian- caster county was organized. He enjoyed, when a lad, the advantages of a good school edacation, such as the best com- mon schools aflforded ; but subsequently, he enlarged his HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 4S9 stock of useful information, which proved alike beneficial to him and serviceable to his country. In 1770, Mr. Whitehill purchased from the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, two tracts of land in Laulher Manor, viz: No. 17 and part of lot No. 2. (see page 356), In the spring of 1771 he left Lancaster cor.nty and settled in Cumberland, a few miles west of the Susquehanna. On his land thus purchased, he erected the first stone house in the Manor, ad which he occupied, till April 8th, 1^13, when he died. When M. Whitehill first settled here there were but few houses in Lauther Manor,* which contained from eight to ten thousand acres. Mr. Whitehill long represented Cumberland county in various capacities. He was elected a member of the con- vention held in Philadelphia, in July 1776, in which the Dt- claration of Independence by Congress was approved, and other highly important measures were adopted, among which were the Constitution of Pennsylvania, the Bill of Rights, &c., &c. He was also a member of the Asssembly held in Philadelphia, in November 1776, which continued in session until the 18th of September 1777, when it was removed to Lancaster, and assembled there the 29th September, 1777, and continued in session until the 11th Sept. 1778. Subse- quently to this he was occasionally a member of either branch of the Legislature. He was a member of the Convention that adopted the late constitution of Pennsylvania (in the printed constitution his name does not appear, he was so much opposed to some of its provisions, that he refused to affix his name to it). He was also a member of the conven- tion that agreed on the part ot Penna. to the constitution ot the United States. Mr. Whitehill was a member of the House of Represen- * The reason why this part was not settled at an early period, m as probably, because the proprietors had for many years reserved it for the Indians ; as it was not re^urveyed and divided into lots till 1766. Much of the land immediately west of the Manor had been taken lip and settled thirty years before Mr. Whitehill moved to Cumberland, In 1772 Dec. 3d, George Thawly sold a tract of land, 211 acres, to my pa- terual grandfather, Jonas Rupp, which had been taken up December 10, 1742, and settled by Wm. McMeans. This tract is known in the early recrds as " Providence Tract," now in Hampden township, five miles west of the Susquehanna, late the farm of Martin Rupp, deceas- ed ; at present occupied by his sons, John and Henry Rupp. — Com- PILSH. 440 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND CX)UNTY, tative during the stormy sessions of 1798, 1799, and 1800. In 1801 he was elected to the Senate: was the Spea- ker during the trial on impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court. In 1805 he was elected to Congress, and was four times re-elected, and was a member at the time of his death. It is said he served longer in a representative capacity than any other man in Pennsylvania, and it was his proud boast that he never intrigued for a nomination nor solicited a vote." — Communicated. In this connection, the following interesting communica- tion, though long, is introduced, which will, it is believed, be acceptable to many; Whilehill, December 16, 1846. Sir — On your passing my door a few days ago, and handing my daughter, that cherished book, the Westminister Confession of Faith* ofA. D. 1647; and printed by Benjamin Franklin, a century ago, I was forcibly reminded to redeem the promise made you some months since, "To furnish something for your Historical Collection of our native county." The facts, incidents, &c., I communicate, I record as they occur to my mind. I will confine myself to my youthful neighborhood, and such facts as I heard related by those who have, by reason of age, gone beyond the bourne whence not return. I need not inform you that the first settlers of new countries have to encounter trials, hard- ships and dangers. These my ancestors in common with others, ex- perienced on their first coming into this county. Notwithstanding their multiplied trials and difficulties, they had ever in mind the fear and worship of our common Creator. An ancestor of mine, who early immigrated to America, was a student of theology under the Revd. Tuckney of Boston, who had been a member of the General Assembly at Westminister. You will find on consulting the history of the Pres- byterian church of ihis country that the name of Craighead appears at an early period. In establishing churches in this country, Craig- head appears as one of the first ministers. The first sermon preached west of the Susquehanna, was delivered by the Rev. Thomas Craig- head, then residing, as I believe, in Donegal township, Lancaster coun- ty. Soon after these [congregations were organized, in what is now Cumberland and Franklin ; viz ; one in the lower settlement near Carlisle, one at Big Spring near Newville, and one in the Conego- cheague settlement. Thomas Craighead preached at Big Spring. When divine service was first held, the settlers went with their gun.s to hear preaching. These defensives were then deemed necessary to deter the Indians from attacking them. However, the peaceful dis- • This copy of the work has descended to the fifth generation. It properly belongs to my better half, who, though of the " Blue stockiiig order," is of high birth. Mary Sterrett, my wife, was born on tiie htighii of the Blue mountain, at Sterret's gap. [T. C. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 441 position or the true christian had its salutary influence upon the un- tutored Indian — the Indian feared and respected the consistent profess- or of religion. Religious influence was felt — At Big Spring, protrac- ted meetings were held for public worship. So powerful, it is said, were the, influences of the spirit, that the worshippers felt loath, even after having exhausted their stores of provision, to disperse. I have heard it from the lips of those present, when Thomas Craighead, de- livered one of the parting discourses, that his flow of eloquence seem- ed supernatural — he continued in bursts of eloquence, while his audi- ence was melted to tears — himself however exhausted, hurried to pro- nounce the blessing ; waving his hand, and as he pronounced the words, farewell, farewell, he sank down, expired without a groan or struggle. His remains rest where the church now stands; as the only monument of his memory. John Craighead, a cousin of Thomas', settled at an early dale, on Yellow Breeches creek, near Carlisle. His son John ofhciaied, a short time as pastor at Big Spring. He then removed to Conegocheague and was there placed as pastor. When the Revolution was the ab- sorbing question of the day, he an ardent whig, and fearless of conse- quences, the government had an eye on him ; but the people were with him; he preached liberty or death from the pulpit, the young men's bosoms swelled wiih enthusiasm for military glory — they march- ed to the tented field, and several were killed. Still he urged them not lo be daunted. On one occasion he brought all his eloquence to bear on the subject until" his congregation arose lo their feet, as if ready to march. An old lady who had lost a son in battle, hallooed out, "Stop, Mr. Craighead, I jist want to tell ye, agin you loss such a puny boy as I have, in the war, ye will na be so keen for fighting; quit talking, and gang yersel to the war. Yer always preaching to the boys about it ; but I dina think ye'd be very likely to gang yersel. Jist go and try it—" He did try it; and the next day he and Mr. Cooper — I think — a preacher also, set about to raise a company ; they did raise one, of the choicest spirits that ever did live. Marched in short order; joined the army under Washington, in the Jerseys ; he fought and preached alternately; breasted all danger, relying on his God and the justice of his cause for protection. « One day, going into battle, a cannon ball struck a tree near him, a splinter of which nearly Knocked him down. "God bless me," says Mr. Cooper, "you were nearly knocked to staves." "Oh, yes, (says he very coolly) though you are a cooper, you could not have set me up." He was a great humorist. The Revd. Mr. Caihcart, of Little York, who is still living, knew him well. When he marched his com- pany, they encamped near where I am now writing, at the Hon. Robt. V\ hitehili's, who opened his cellar, vvfhich was well stored with pro- visions and barrels of apple brandy. Col. Hendricks' daughters as- sisted in preparing victuals for them. They fared sumptuously, with this brave man. They next encamped at Boyd's, in Lancaster county: he fell in love with Jenny Boyd, and married her. He died of a cancer on his breast, leaving no children. His father, John, had been educa- ted in Europe for the ministry; but, on his return, he found preaching a poor business to live by. He slopped at Philadelphia, took to tailor- ing; took good care when he went into good company, to tie up his forefinger, for fear of his being discovered ; but being a handsome liltle 442 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. man, avid having a good education, he was courted by the elite of the day. He fell in with an English heiress, of the name of Montgomery, I think ; married her and spent the fortune, all but a few webs of lin- en, with which he purohased from the Proprietor 500 acres of land on Yellow Breeches, which is now descended to the fifth generation by inheritance, and the sixth is born on it. Some of the remains of his cabin may be found to this day. His other two sons, Thos. & James, were farmers ; they had great difficulty in paying the balance due on their land. They took their produce to Annapolis (no business done in Baltimore then) — prices got dull; they stored it; the merchant broke ; all seemed gone ; they applied for more time ; buill a sawmill; they had made the money, but the war came on. Thomas was drafted; his ?on, John, 13 years old, and my father, drove the baggage wagon. It look the money to equip, and bear their expenses, while going to, and in camp. Thos. took the camp fever, and his son the small pox. General Washington gave them a furlough to return home. A younger son, James, met them below Lancaster and drove the team home. He often stopped and looked into ihe wagon to see if they were still living; but he got them home, and they both recovered. By some mistake in recording their furlough, there was a fine imposed on Thomas for leaving camp a few days before his time was up: when the bailiff" came to collect it, he was up on a barrack building wheat; the officer was on horseback ; he told him he would come down and pay him: he came down, took a hickory-wiih that happened to lie near, caught his little horse by the tail, and whipped the officer, asking him if he was paid ; until he said he was paid. That settled the fine. He was paid off with Congress money; broke vp again, with a chest full of money. B^ this time, things began to go up, all prospered. John Craighead, his father, had been an active member of the Stony Kidge convention; which met to petition parliament for redress of grievances : he was closely watched by the Tories; and one Pollock was very near having him apprehended as a rebel, but the plot was found out, and Pollock bad to leave the county. Near the place where this convention met at the stony ridge, one Samuel Lamb lived on his land, there was a block house, where the neighbors flew for shelter, from hostile Indians. This is now Hartzler's farm. Lamb was a stone mason ; buill stone chimneys for the rich farmers, who became able to hew logs and put up what was called a square log house. They used to say he plumbed his corners with aspitih; that is, he spit down the corner to see if it was plumb. Indeed, many chimneys are standing to this day, and look like it; but he had a patriotic family. When the army rendezvoused at Little York, four of his sous were in the army; two officers and two common soldiers. His daughters had a web of woollen in the loom; they woof colored with Sumach berries, and made it as red as they could; for all war habiliments were dyed red as possible: made coats bv guess for their brothers, put them in a tow cloth wallet, slung it over their young broiher, Samuel, to take to camp ; he hesitated, the country being nearly all forest, and full of wolves, bears, &c. One of them, Peggy, who is still living, asked him. What are you afraid of? Go on, sooner come home a corpse than a coward. He did go on, and enlisted during the war: came home, married Miss Trindle of Trindle spring; removed to Kentucky; raised a large family, (he was on the Jury that tried the Nugenis' at Carlisle). It seems as if there was HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 443 something in the blood ; as one of his sons in the last war was a mounted volunteer in Gen. Harrison's army. At the battle of Tippecanoe, he rode a very spirited horse, and on reining him, to keep him in the ranks, his bridle bit broke, being an athletic long leged fellow, and his horse running at full speed towards the ranks of the enemy, he brandished his sword, ^hallooing, "clear the way ! I am coming;" the ranks opened, let him through, and he escaped safe, and got back to his camp. Peggy Lamb deserves a notice; she afterwards married Captain William Scott, who was a pri- soner on Long Island, and she now enjoys a Captain's half pay; lives in Mechanicsburg, near her native place, a venerable old lady, in full strength of intellect, though more than four score years have passed over her. She well deserves the little boon her country bestows upon her. The first horse I remember to ride alone, was one taken in the revolution by William Gilson who then lived on the Conodoguinett creek, where Harlacher's mill now is — he was one of Hindman's Ri- flemen, and after the battle of Trenton, he being wounded in the leg, two of his brother soldiers were helping him off the field, they were pursued by three British Light Horsemen, across an old field and must be taken, they determined to sell themselves as dear as possible, Gil- son reached the fence and propped himself against it, " now says he, " man for man, I take the toremost," he shot him down, the next was also shot, the third was missed, the two horses pursued their course and were caught by Gibson and his companions and brought into camp; his blue dun lived to a great age; Gilson was offered 1600 pounds for him. Gilson removed to Westmoreland county ; his wife was also a Trindle; he left a numerous and respectable family. I wish I was able to do those families more justice, for their patriotism and integrity to their country. They have left a long line of offspring, who are now scattered far and wide over the Union. If they but would all take their forefathers for examples. I come now within my own remem- brance of Cumberland county. I have seen many a pack horse loaded with nail rods at Ege's Forge, to carry out to Sommerset county, and the forks of Yougheigany and Red Stone Fort, to make nails for their log cabins, &c. I have seen my father's team loading slit iron to go to P^ort pitt: John Rowan drove the team. I have known the farmers teans to to haul iron from the same Forge to Virginia, load back corn for (eed, at the Forge. All the grain in the county was not enough for its own consumption. I have Itnown fodder so scarce, that some farmers were obliged to feed the thatch that was on their barns to keep their cattle alive. James Lamb bought land in Sherman's valley, and he and his neighbors, had to pack straw on horses across the mountain. He was on the top of the mountain waiting until those going over would get up, as they could not pass on the path; he hallooed out, " have they any more corn in Esypt 1" I saw the first Mail stage that passed through Carlisle to Pittsburg. It was a great wonder— the people said the proprietor was a great fool. I think his name was Slough. I happened a short time ago to visit a friend, Jacob Ritner, son of that great and good man Ex-Gov. Rilner, who now owns Captain Denny's Farm, who was killed during the revolutionary war. The house had been a tavern, and in repairing it, Mr. Ritner found some books, Sic. which are a curiosity. Charge, breakfast, £20, dinner, horse feed £30. Some charges still more extravagant ; but we know in was paid with 444 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Congress money. The poor soldier, on his return, had poor money ; but the rich boon, Liberty, was a prize to him far more valuable. So late as 1808, I hauled some materials to Oliver Evans' saw mill at Pittsburg. I was astonished to see a mill going without water. Mr. Evans satisfied my curiosity, by shewing, and explaining everything he could to me. He looked earnestly at me and said "you niay live to see your .wagons coming out here by steam." The words were so impressed, that I have always remembered them. I have lived to see them go through Cumberland county, and it seems to me, that I may see them go through to Pittsburg; but I have seen Mr. Evans' prophesy fulfilled, beyond what I thought possible at that time; but. things have progressed at a rate much faster than the most gigantic minds immagined, and we are onward still. * » » • Yours, truly, &c., Thomas Craighead, Jr. MiLLTOWN, or Cedar Spring mills, on Cedar Hill, in Allen township, consists of a cluster oi some 14 or 15 houses, a church, grist mill, saw mill, clover mill, several mechanics' shops, pleasantly situated in a dell, three miles south w^est of ilarrisburg. Casper Weber erected a mill here more than seventy-five years ago Frogtown, at the head of Cedar Spring, three fourths of a mile south of Shiremanstown, consists of a few^ houses, all owned by Jacob Markle. Sporting Hill, or " Kreutzer's Stand," consists of a cluster of six houses, a store, tavern, 5h miles from Harris- burg, on the turnpike road leailing to Carlisle. During the French and Indian war, a man was shot by the Indians near this place. Several persons had met on public business, at Mr. Wood's, late John Eberly's; one of the company went down towards McMean's (Kreutzer's) spring, when he was shot and scalped. He had been re- cently married — they sent for his wife — she was, to use the language of Mr. Silvers', present at the time, almost dis- tracted, casting herself upon the corpse of the deceased, ex- claiming, "Oh! Oh! my husband I my husband I" (Mr. Silvers communicated the facts to George Rupp, senior, more than fifty years ago, from whom I have them.) HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 445 At the time when the first immigrants settled in this coun- ty they were surrounded by Indians in aUiance with the Six Nations, with whom they lived on terms of intimacy for some years. The pioneer settlers were principally from the north ot Ireland, with some few from Scotland, and some from England. They were, with few exceptions, Presby- terians, and ardently attached to the church of their fathers ; to that end they early made provisions for the support of spiritual instructors, and the erection of churches at suitable places. In the lower part of the county a church was built, at Silvers' spring ; one on the Conodoguinet creek, called the Meeting House spring ; not a vestige of either of the two, remains ; another was built near Newville ; and one at Middlespring, in the vicinity of Shippensburg — and several in the western part of the county (now Franklin). Silvers^ Spring Church — The present one was built in 1783. A wooden one had been erected here forty years be- fore. The Cemetery is the oldest place of interment in the lower part of the county. The following epitaphs I copied Dec. 1844. Here lies the body of William MacMean, who departed this life in the year 1747, aged 35 years. Here lies the body of John Hamilton, who departed this life Dec. 29, 1747, aged 47 years. In memory of James Wood, who departed this life, Feb- ruary, 24, 17-50, aged 41 years. In memory of the Revd. Mr. Samuel Gavon, who depart- ed this life, Nov. 9, 1750, aged 49 years. Beneath this tomb are deposited the remains of Margaret, wife of Samuel Mateer, born in the north of Ireland, county Down, departed this life, July 3d, 1802, aged 100 years. Besides Presbyterians were some of the Church of Eng- land, or Protestant Episcopal Church, and a few Catholics. Of the latter there were in Cumberland county, 1757, twelve; six males, and six females (see pa. 49). A few German Reformed and some Menonites, had settled in Antrim town- ship (now Franklin county ;) some of the latter were Swiss. The custom and habits of the first settlers were, " as the country," susceptible of change. Men wore hunting shirts and moccasins, homespun and home-made. From necessity, they practised, upon the principles ; 38 446 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Selbst gesponnen, selhst gemacht ; Rein dahey, ist Bauern Fracht. Or, as a certain writer of that day expressed himself: Despicit exoticas que dapes, vestesque superhas^ Contentus modicus vivere pace suis — Esuriens dulces epula9 depromit inemptas Et proprio vestes vellere taxta placet, Parva humilisque domus, etc., etc. Which when versified, reads — He scorns exotic foods, and gaudy dress. Content to live on homely fare, in peace — Sweet to the taste his unbought dainties are. And his own homespun, he delights to wear. His lowly dwelling, &c. Carpets they had none. The floors were not made of sawed and planed boards, but of split wood and hewed ; and many a cabin had the earth for a floor. " Their chairs were benches," their tables of the rudest kind, and the furniture of the table for several years after this county had been set- tled consisted, among those in easier circumstances, of a few pewter dishes, plates and spoons ; those in more ordinary circumstances, also had dishes, plates, and spoons, bowls, trenchers, noggins, but theirs were all made of wood. And as substitutes, gourds and hard shelled squashes, made to suit their wants, were deemed sufficient. Iron pots, knives and forks, especially the latter, were never seen of different sizes and sets in the same kitchen. For some thirty or forty years when they first settled in the lower end of the county, and for a longer time in the western part of it, bears, wolves, deer, panthers, wild cats, squirrels, wild turkeys, &c., were abundant in the woods and copse. The otter, muskrat, and other amphibious ani- mals, were numerous on, and along the rivers, creeks, and rivulets, which teemed with the finny race. The luscious shad, in countless myriads, came up the Susquehanna, and its tributaries — fish of all kinds were taken in boundless profusion, in almost all the streams, both small and large. — Thousands of shad were taken in the Conodoguinet creek, some ten or twelve miles up from its mouth, within the re- collection of some of our old citizens. Many of them, as HISTORY ( F CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 447 well as other fish, were taken with rude nets or seines, made of boughs or branches tied to grape vines. A seine of this kind was called a "Brush net." The first settlers were for some years greatly annoyed by the ravenous wolf, which attacked sheep, calves and cows. Several individuals are still living in the lower part of the county, who well remember when wolves came prowling about their houses at night and looked through the openings of their rude, log dwelUngs, howl about the premises, and destroyed sheep and cattle, that were not protected or sta- bled. The compiler's father, an aged man, informed him, that when he was a lad, he saw from his father's house, wolves pursuing deer a mile or more in the direction of Mechanics- burg. It shoukl be borne in mind that the region of country between the Conodoguinett and Yellow Breeches, from the Susquehanna, to ten or twelve miles westward, was a Bar- rens ; not a tree to be seen on a thousand acres. Wolves were not easily taken with a steel trap ; pens, built of logs or stout poles, shelving inwards on all sides, were preferred. After the pen had been erected, a hait, usu- ally a half devoured carcass of a sheep, upon which they had previously a meal, was placed in it. The wolt could easily clamber up the exterior of the trap, and enter at the top, which was left open ; but when once at the bottom, glutting his voracious appetite, he was held " in durance fast." Mr. Graralig, an old gentleman, pointed out to me, on my lather's farm, more than thirty years, the spot where a wolf was taken in this way by his venerable father — and it was the last taken in the lower end of Cumberland. The sufferings, difficulties and trials the first settlers en- dured from the privations of the luxuries of life, if they ever had enjoyed them, bear however no comparison with the suf- ferings they had to endure during the French and Indian war. To attempt to describe these would prove a failure. The reader may form a more adequate idea of their suffer- ings, &c., by carefully reading the preceding part of this compilation. The present population is composed of the descendants of the early Irish, Scotch, English and German settlers ; and descendants of French Huguenots — of these are the Scher- bahns. Youngs, and Le Fevres- The Germans began to 448 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND CODNTY. immigrate into this country about the year 1760. Their de- scendants, at least many of them, still speak the language of their fathers — however, not with that purity. The German, as now generally spoken, is a kind of fatoi, or as we would say in German, kauderwaelsch, i. e. jargon. Taken collec- tively, the inhabitants of this county, are a moral and indus- trious people, favorably disposed to encourage institutions, having for their object the advancement of education, relig- ion, arts and sciences. Education. — The common school system has been adopted in every township in this county. There are eighteen school districts, and one hundred and twenty-two schools in the county. In these schools, one hundred and eight males, and nineteen female teachers are employed. In 1844, 4,192 males, and 3,074 females received instruction. Of this num- ber, only 24 were learning German. A district tax of $12,673 27 was raised, and the state appropriation was S7,033 90. Total cost of instruction, $14,107 04 ; fuel and contingencies, $il,191 95. These schools, with their powerful auxiliaries. Sabbath schools, lyceums, &c., aided by an independent press, if pro- perly conducted, must prove the cordon to ignorance and its concomitants, vice and immorality. Religious denominations. — These are Presbyterian, Pro- testant Episcopal, Lutheran, German Reformed, Associate Reformed, Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Protestant, Uni- ted Brethren in Christ, German Baptists, Mennonites, Re- formed Mennonites, Evangelical Association, Disciples of Christ, New Jerusalem Church, Church of God, and Advent- ists. These all have regular and stated places of worship. Provision for the Poor. — About 2 miles west of Carlisle is the Poor House; and, says Miss Dix, remarkably well sit- uated, and has a well managed, productive farm. In October (1844) there were one hundred paupers, seven of which were insane. At that time none were constantly in close confine- ment* The "crazy cells," in the basement, I consider unfit for use in all respects. Chains and hobbles are in use I HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. CHAPTER XXX. FRANKLIN COUNTY ERECTED, ETC. Franklin erected — Act touching the boundary, &c. — Lines of division defined — Trustees for the county appointed — Present boundary — Geological aspect— Geology of the county— Land, different kinds of; limestone, slate, &c. — General statistics, agricultural, &c. — Synop- sis of census of 1840— Streams, descnptiye of— Natural curiosities — Public improvements, railroad, turnpikes— Common roads— Tax- ables in 1752. Franklin county is, in time of order, the thirteenth county organized in the state, and was established by an act of As- sembly, September 9th, 1784 ; having previously been the southwestern part of Cumberland county; designated by the name of "The Conococheague settlement," so called from the principal stream, tne Conococheague creek. The following counties had been organized before Franklin, viz : Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester, in 1682; Lancaster in 1729, York 1749, Cumberland 1750, Berks and Northampton 1752, Bedford 1771, Northumberland 1772, Westmoreland 1773, Washington 1781, Fayette 17S3, then Franklin. The first section of the act says, "Whereas, many of the inhabitants of the southwestern part of the county of Cumberland have, by their petition to General Assembly of this Stale, represented the inconveni- ences and hardships which they suffer, by the large extent of the said county of Cumberland, and the great distance at which the said peti- tioners dwell from the town of Carlisle, where the courts of justice, and the public offices of the same county are held, and kept, and that by reason of snch remoteness of the said courts and offices, the recov- ery of their just debts is rendered difficult and disagreeable, and and in some cases is unequal to the pains and costs which they would be put to in prosecuting and suing for them; and that felons, misdoers, and other offenders, from the same causes, often escape the puuis^h- ment due to their demerits. — Smith's Laws. ii. 264. 38* 450 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. The boundaries and limits in the act are, " Thai all and singular the lands lying, and being within that part of Cumberland county, which are bounded as foUoweth, that is to say; beginning on the York county line in the South mountain, at the intersection of the line be- tween Lurgan and Hopewell townships, in Cumberland county; thence by the line of Lurgan township (leaving Shippensburgh to the east- ward of the same) to the line of Fannet township; thence by the lines of last mentioned township (including the same) to the line of Bedford county; thence by the line of Bedford county, southwardly, to the Ma- ryland line ; thence by the said line, east, to the line of York county; thence by the line of York county, along the South mountain, to the place of begmning, be, and hereby are erected into a county, named, and hereafter to be called, the county of Franklin." James Maxwell, James McCalmont, Josiah Crawford, David Stoner and John Johnston were appointed for the county, who were directed to take assurances of and for two lots of ground, in the town of Cham- bersburg or Chamberstown, in Guilford township, for the seats of a court house and a county jail or prison — and thereupon to erect a court house and prison, sufficient to accommodate the public service of the county. The line between Franklin and Cumberland, being doubtful, it was explained by an act of March 27, 1790, in Ihe following manner, "that a line beginning at York county line, in the South mountain, at the intersection of Lurgan and Hopewell townships; thence by a line composed of part of the original line of Lurgan township, and one to be run, so as to leave the tract of land, now, or late of Edward Ship- pen, whereon the town of Shippensburg is erected, within the county of Cumberland, to the line of Fannet township ; thence by the lines of the last mentioned township (leaving the same in Franklin county) to the line of Bedford county, shall be the boundary line between the countips of Cumberland and Franklin." By an act of 29th March, 1798, "all that part of Bedford, commonly called the Little Cove, and lying eastward of a line to begin in the Maryland line, near the Great Cove, or Tuscarora mountain ; thence running northeasterly, along the summit of said mountain, until it in- tersects the present line between Bedford and franklin counties, was annexed to Franklin county, and to be considered as part of Montgom- ery township." Commissioners were appointed to run the boundary line at the ex- pense of Franklin county. — Smith's Laws. Franklin county is bounded on the west by Bedford ; northwest by Huntingdon ; northeast by Perry and Cumberland ; east by Adams, and south by the State of Maryland. Its greatest extent from North to South is .38 miles, and from east to west 34 miles, containing an area of 734 miles, or 469.760 acres. Population in 1790, 15,655; in 1800, 19,638; 1810, 23,173; 1820, 31,892; 1830, 35,037; 1840, 37,793— at present 40,000. Aggregate amount of property taxable in 1844, was Jll.600,143 00. The first court was held September 15, 1784, before Humphrey Ful- lerton, Esq., Thomas Johnston, Esq., and James Finley, Esq. — Ed. Crawford, clerk. December 2, 1784, the second court, was held before William Mc- Dowell, Esq., Humphrey Fullerton, Esq., and James Finley, Esq. Jer- HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 451 emiah Talbot, sheriff. The Grand Jury was James Poe, Henry Paw- lin<», William Allison. Wm. McDo-well, Robert Wilkins, John McCon- nell, John McCarny, John Ray, John Jack, jr., John Dickson, D. Mc- Clintick, Joseph Chambers and Joseph Long. The county belongs to the great central transition formation, and the greater part consists of an extensive valley of fertile land, well cultivated and highly improved, amply repaying the husbandman for the labor bestowed upon it. The eastern portion of the county; especially parts of South Hamp- ton, Green, Guilford, Quincy and Washington townships, are hilly, bordering on the South mountain, the elevation of which, above the middle of the valley, is from 600 to 900 feet. The north and northwestern townships are mountainous. The Tus- carora mountain forms the boundary between Bedford, Huntingdon and Juniata counties. In Fannet township are several prominent hills, besides the Kittatinny mountain ; such as the Round Top, near Con- cord ; the Dividing mountain ; Clark's knob. Metal township lies be- tween the Tuscarora mountain and the Kittatinny. Jordan's knob and Parnell's knob, about two miles south of Loudon, which is said to be nearly 1200 feet high, are both in Peters' township. Cove mountain separates Warren and Montgomery townships. In the south and west- ern part of the latter township, are two prominences, called Clay Lick and Two Top Mountains. In the mountainous and hilly portions are several villages, such as Burns' valley, between the Round Top and Dividing Mountain ; Path valley, partly in Fannet and partly in Metal township, is bounded northwest by the Tuscarora mountain, which is about 1700 feet above the middle of the valley, and southeast by the Dividing mountain, which separates it from Ambcrson's. which lies between the Kittatinny and Dividing mountain. In 'Amberson's valley is a noted Sulphur Spring. Horse valley extends from St. Thomas township into Letter- kenny. The geological features are briefly stated in the following extract — "The irregular chain of hills, called the South mountain, consists, in this county, almost entirely of the hard white sandstone, which lies next above the primary rocks. In the valley westward of this is the great limestone formation, extending throughout the whole length of this valley, from Easton on the Delaware line. In this county, as else- where, interposed beds of differently colored slates are found in lime- stone, and sometimes also sandstones are met with in a like position. Along the eastern side of the limestone range, and its junction with the mountain sandstone, are valuable and extensive beds of iron ore, which supply the furnaces in operation in that region. Ore is also found at many places ia the valley, most of which of that variety called pipe ore, is of superior quality. The soil of the south mountain is sandy and sterile, and not favora- ble to the culture of grass or grain. It is a wild and desert region, covered with forests which yield fuel for iron works on its borders, and offers but little attraction to any except the woodcutter and the hunter. But on reaching the great limestone valley, on the west of these hills, a most striking contrast is presented. A soil of almost unsurpassed fertility, highly cultivated farms, neat and even elegant buildings, an industrious, intelligent, and happy population, gladden 452 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. the eye of the traveller as he passes through this beautiful, favored region. On the northwest and west of the limestone formaiion next above it in geological position, the line of junction passing from a little north- ward of Shippensburg, soulhwestward by Chambersburg and Green- castle, to the Maryland line. In the southwestern part of the county, however, in the neighborhood of Mercersburg, owing to the disturbance consequent upon the elevation of the mountain chains, we find the limestone again appearing in belts which stretch across east of the Cove mountain, between Parnell's and Jordan's knobs on the north, and Two Top and Clay Lick mountains in the south. The mountain ranges in the north and west of the county, are com- posed of the gray and reddish sandstones which belong to the forma- tion next in order above the dark slate last mentioned, and which is found in most of the valleys at their base. In Horse valley, however, there is a synclinal axis, where the moun- tain sandstone, dipping from both sides towards the centre of the val- ley, is overlaid by the red shale, next above in position. So in the Lit- tle Cove in the southwest corner of the county, we have tne same red shale, together with the overlying limestone and the olive slate. A furnace has been erected in this secluded valley, which is supplied •with ore from its immediate vicinity." Franklin county, lying between the North and South mountain, is characterized for its diversity of aspect and soil. The greater propor- tion of it is limestone. It abounds in the following townships, viz: Antrim, Guillord, Montgomery, Washington, Quincy, also to some ex- tent in Greene and Metal, &c. According to the agricultural statistics of 1838, there were limestone cleared, 101,020 acres; limestone un- cleared 31,140 ; slate land cleared 72,640 ; slate land uncleared 40,840; gravel land cleared 19,560; gravel land uncleared 13,930; sand land uncleared 12,670; mountain or rock 98,250; known to contain iron ore 1,530. The whole quantity of cleared land of all kinds 204,720 acres; the whole of uncleared land, but fit for cultivation, 67,010 acres; unfit for cultivation and not cleared 86,870 acres. A greater proportion of all the cleared land is in a high state of cultivation, and principally by the owners of lands themselves. The farms are of different sizes, from one to three hundred acres. The average value, per acre, of cleared land is $35; of uncleared land $30 ; though some of the best improved farms would sell for $100 per acre. The average value per acre, of woodland, unfit for cultiva- tion, is $4 and $5. The whole of the cleared land was valued in 1838 at $6,656,430 ; of all the uncleared land $1,898,130. The whole num- ber of farms two thousand and sixty-four. According to the census of 1840 there were 8 furnaces in this coun- ty, which produced 3,810 tons of cast iron ; 11 forges, bloomeries and rolling mills, produced 1,125 tons of bar iron ; the furnaces and forges consumed 8,552 tons of fuel, and afforded employment, including min- ing operations, to 518 hands; employing a capital of $258,500. Silk. — Sixty-four pounds of reeled silk, valued at $115; a capital invested of $1100. Tobacco. — Value of manufactured articles $6,200; employed seventeen hands, with a capital of $3000. Hats, caps, bon- nets, &c. — Value of hats and caps manufactured $20,300; value ot HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 453 bonnets §500 ; giving employ to 35 persons ; capital invested $9,900. There were 37 tanneries ; tanned eighteen thousand and seventy sides of sole leather; eight thousand and seventy sides of upper ; era- ployed 94 men ; capital invested $90,000. All other manufactories of leather, saddleries, &c., 21 ; value of manufactured articles $50,200; capital invested $8,300. Soap and Candles. — Number pounds of soap 28,642; tallow candles 39,334 pounds ; employed 2 men ; with a cap- ital of $3000. Distilleries 40; which produced 522,000 52 gallons of spirituous liquors ; one brewery which produced 13000 gallons of beer; the distilleries and the brewery employed 75 hands ; capital $73,500. There were 5 potteries ; the value of manufactured articles amount- ed to $4,200 ; employed 5 men ; with a capital of $1,540. Retail dry goods, grocery, and other stores 111; with an aggregate capital of $524,400; employed 191 men. Bricks and lime manufactured to the value of $7,860; employed 17 hands. Seven fulling mills ; 9 woollen manufactories; value of manufactured goods $6,950 ; employed 41 persons; capital invested $2,150. One paper manufactory; value of all other manufactures of paper $15,000; employed 38 hands ; capital invested $105,000. Four printing offices; three binderies ; 4 weekly and 1 semi-monthly newspaper ; employed 24 hands; capital $8,800. One ropewalk; value of produce $3*^00; employed 6 men; capital $1500. Carriages and wagons; value of manufactures $23,700; employed 60 men; capital invested $11,500. Flouring mills, 33; barrels of flour manufactured 63,943 : 64 grist mills ; 119 saw mills; 7 oil mills ; value of manufacture $18,192 ; employed 144 men; capital $109,020. Furniture manufacturr-d to the value of $5,000 ; employed 22 hands; capital invested $2,300. Brick and stone houses built 119; wooden houses 89 : employed 58 men ; value of constructings the buildings $20,950. Value of all other manufactured articles not above enumer- ated $400 ; capital invested $600. Total capital invested in manufac- tures $436,610. o -5 o' 3 Antrim, Greencastle boro' Chambersburg, Fannet, Green, Fayetteville, Guilford, Hamilton, Letterkenny, Lurgan, Metal, Fannetsburg, Montgomery, Mercersburg, Peters, Loudon, Quincy, St. Thomas, Southampton, Warren, Washington, Waynesboro' o en •a en « n -s 2 o " ■ s 2 ^^M0^O^Q0OCnC0 under 5 to ^ H- — H- — to ►- — M h-K-H- — OtO*».^tni^«C — tOCDi— tOQOC0^»fi.i— Cn05Wif>- — »0 — ;S — ~3— W~}^C0aD0TO^05)f^»-^00>-C0t5 10 and under 15 o irkCocooDotststDOSifi- — c;'O5000DM^^•— o>»»-.f>.cn ^aoo5aoo5*•rf».lf».^^-ao^5C^Ol^•^^s-'^^ ^^►-co ts Otfo;Mi.yiMtoajifi©to^oocno:i:>(^0505H-05>(^ 00500tOMQDyi^MtSCnC5i*^00«*^'»tSCO'- WQOO 20 and under 30 10 CO'-WODOD.;^. — <105WH-OsCntDtD~.!M>f».ODQO>t^y 30 and under 40 05 -N!ooa^oJi^s*>■ooo5aD^-^stn^50*^>f>.co^tno 40 and under 50 00 en -^a'0■-UlO^^»oc5tnc5^>— 50 and under 60 ►-Wi— MtSJO M ^^ ^-'►-^50^l*>. MCOCO — CO iO«CnO>— COtO — ^if^i— OOi7lCn>f^Om-~jK-Oi65J.i 60 and under 70 ^ ■ _ — to H- — H- to ^ H- ►- 1— O'OlOODO'-'OtOCO — MC;»C;t'»JON-rf:ki— 00*»..^ 70 and under 80 2 tOtOOO — *>.C:tOtOWOCOCO«;^OiMO*-QD*^ — Oi 80 and under 90 (3 to H->-'tO ►- JO >— H-h-^s tOi—tO to O5C0Wlt0>^- — tOtOOSOTtOOQOOtOCOCO — l^'OlOSOl ^— 00050~^tOtOCOl*itDtOOO>f>..;i.(X3MO>— -:!'— GO under 5 to o 1^ i^O^'tOCO^tOi^if^OH-^OOIlO — H-COtnooOOtno •<'3itO — tOH- — Oifi-CO — WC5*>-WCOC0'-'>^^Wi—. 5 and under 10 43 ^1 C0CTh^OOC0t0 — 0503H-— 03ifi.M tOOQ0^65CO^Oi— tOC5>f>-i^ — 005i— ts — «p>-co^ 10 and under 15 o >AC0CiOl£)©t0H-050i>— O5O5H-O50DH-C0K>00CnCT) <•^o»oc5e«swo5co^^^ooal^*>.f^totoco 15 and under 20 •— — — to — to H- — — to to — CO to ■^•<*ktn*>c5to^«5totooooa5if^oohfc^.*».a>c300-^ ti.i'COOO*'- 05 — COOiaiOOCDCOCOWOl^-OlOiOl 20 and under 30 o a c rfk — CJODOOCO- 00>^CJ — ^OSOOOCntOtOOQOlC^tfl oocn — ^:^niocotn — otooo>r>-aotO!0 — ojoooDo-. 30 and under 40 CO CO oo coaototn^oo — c>05 — — wi^cnCT'O — «oo5 — oio ■^«t0»i.00;CCn-»JO3QDOC000.f»Cnt0 — OltOOSOlO 40 and under 50 — CT- i^tOiJ^- CO — .Cn 05*^050005 C;i^_.>jl_0>U,tO«50500tO— CO~5lr>-a)-s}CJ. >->.OOiOCOCOtOtOWOOOOCO-^CO;D05050^lOCO 60 and under 70 s o OQ005^SC005O^000l^SOO — O00t0CBO«05«i 70 and under 80 5_ tOCOCtntn — otO*.otOOCO — — Otfi^OOtOCO 80 and under 90 o CO ,. to — — QO^O^CntD- Cnt0OO0D- — 0505 GO — 05.ii.tO 00050COOSMC;iC;iQOO-Oi-qCT.SS*^tOWM;&OT Females &c. Antrim & G'n'castle, Chambersburg, Fannet, Green, Guilford, Hamilton, Letterkenny, Lurgan, Metal, Mont'y & Merc'burg, Peters, Quincy, St. Thomas, Southampton, Warren, Wash, & Wa'ns'boro' CENSUS OF 1840 OF FRANKIIN COUNTY. TOWNSHIPS, F.TC. ©►-t3 — ^>— o>— ©ooo^ooo Furnaces. O>-OOW03O>— -'OOO^-' — oc Forges, rol. mills 050 H-oc3eoccoo>-"-^^«oo®** Flouring mills. — o^5C5^s. — OlOS^5W«20DO0D Saw mills. o©o►-OH-oo^9o©oo^^OH- Oil mills. CO^^t^^^^^tjOiOO — t«— w Tanneries. ^On-tacOCOOCnOO^^^-tSMOW Distilleries. o^5tn050505^atnw05lf».O0D05 co 000DOC0*^^>f^^CntnC0i^ Horses & Mules ■t>-Qo;o — c»^(MWCo^^oo>c»oo)•^H- eoo^^rfi■M^c>^5^50>f».03Qo«ltoCTltn Neat Cattle. ^«^^o«4^^cocnto^DOoa<05H-^^^l— OiOoocoQOOlQotn^5o>tn(r>eo«^o~^ Sheep. ^►-^s^5«lW05^s^-^5r-rfi.co^^ ~j •— <0C0O©t3 05^ OW'-MCn^i^Cn Swine. triQ000©^C000O5>— ^^-Ii^OlsO »- ^5lfe•©m000000HJO^O5CB•^MCOO»-J CCUi0^05UiC^^WWtn©tOMOi ^5^^(»otn!Cl^^05"-©cDODiocclylC5 Bushels of Wheat. w^^^s©4o~:!©>*^«;ollCDC)>— 00 Cj ^o«504^oo50«^cD^5^ — f^tO'.O — tnoo ©oitDcncncnH-tn— '*>.05t0M00O — Bushels of Rye. 0> — tf>.*«.C0O>©W — M»SM>f>-CO — ■<(H-CDUi^^rfi.O~J-J>(^©.— »^S-'OD ^00«3O5^UiQ0— C0t!1(£l^^02OO — ^soo>— o^oiH-oi^t-SH-o — ^05M CnUi©cn©CnWW>(^t5»0©>-- Indian corn. 03tOH-.©aDeoQO.£>-H-ao >&. C0CnQDtnO500«Ct00JtO>*>-O>*'C--tOC — OD*>■COtC.050>*^a>0'^5W^.i— totso to t;iao©totOif^.©^CDC5^.«o©t:^H-^tOO'—C;itO Tons of hay. COh--tS»UtO*.-f>-O5H-if^WQ0t0O5O>00tn~J©tO i^o>cotnt0f-©ai'-05os>— toyio>fe- Pounds of wool raised. to tOtOtOtOCOCO — C0t3*>.C0t0 CI *»oocniX)00ooooooincoie'Cotoo» to ►-00>-©t0-JCn©«3^00tOtTt7itSi-'UiOi«0*»>f^»0<00*' Value of the products of the dairy. CO O O a a in O 00 o O > O O »— I hi 456 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Streams. — In Fannct township, rises a branch of the Tuscarora, runs in a northern direction by Concord, and steals its way through the Tus- carora mountain and unites with the main branch of the Tuscarora creek. Amberson's run rises in the same township, and flows south- westwardly through the whole extent of the township and empties into the West Branch of the Conococheague creek, the latter of which flows south of Tuscarora mountain, through Metal, Peters and Mont- gomery townships, and unites, about three miles on this side of the Pennsylvania and Maryland line, with the East Branch of the Cono- cocheague, receiving in its coarse numerous small tributaries, princi- pally on the north, such as Dickey's run, Licking creek, Welsh run and a few others ; and affords water power for some fifteen or more grist mills, some saw mills, several forges and a furnace. The head waters of the Conodoguinett rise in Fannet, Lurgan and Letlerkenny townships ; one of these streams rises in Horse Va'ley, the other between the Blue mountain and Kittatinny, and unite a few miles north west of Roxbury, and in their onward course in Franklin county from the dividing tine between Lurgan, Letterkenny and South- ampton townships ; receiving several small tributaries, such as Read's run, Boyd's run, Spring run and others. The East Branch of the Conococheague rises in Adams county, flows through Green township, through the borough of Chambersburg ; and Its southern course forms the dividing line between Hamilton, Guil- ford, St. Thomas, Antrim and Montgomery townships; in its course receives many tributaries, such as Falling Spring at Chambersburg, Back creek, a considerable stream ; Brown's run ; the West Branch of the Conococheague, and then wends its way through Maryland and falls into the Potomac river at Williamsport. Back creek, a tributary of the above, rises in Hamilton township, receiving Rocky Spring, Dickson's run, Campbell's run and a few smaller ones in its course, and unites with the East Branch of the Conococheague creek at the south west corner of St. Thomas township. The Anticturn creek, consists of two main branches, both rising in Quincy township, flowing in a southern direction and uniting near the Pennsylvania and Maryland line. The Anticturn with its several tributaries, affords water power tor some fifteen mills, and several forges and furnaces within Franklin county. Licking creek, which rises in Bedford county, flows through War- ren township and receives Cove run, a little stream that runs the whole length ot this township along the south base of the Tuscarora mountain. Marsh run, which runs southward, separating Washington from An- trim township. These streams afford an abundant water power to numerous mills, viz: to 33 flouring mills, 64 grist mills, 120 saw mills, 7 oil mills, 7 tailing mills, 9 woollen factories, clover mills, paper mills, &c. Natural Curiosities. — A Cave in Peters township was discovered in 1832, and is graphically described by a writer in the Christian Advo- cate. "A few days ago, Mr. Reese, of Peters township, Franklin co., living on the base of the North mountain, was about digging for water: and as there is a very large spring issuing out of the rocks, at the foot of a hill of considerable height, and a kind of sink hole some distance above the spring, he thought he could probably come on the stream — HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 457 accordingly he commenced digging in the sink hole, and had proceed- ed but a few feet, when he could plainly hear the water running, seemingly with great rapidity; and at the distance of about twenty feet from the surface, came to the water, at the lower extremity of a fissure in the rock, which immediately expands into a large and beau- tiful cavern, the entrance of which is partially obstructed by loose rocks, which after advancing a little distance, entirely disappear, and instead of loose rubbish, solid rocks appear with spar of different co- lors. In every direction are to be seen the most beautiful icicles — stalacliles— suspended from its noble, and in some places, ma- jestic ceiling. Concretions without number, and of almost every co- lor, size and dimension, are seen pointing downward from the ceiling, and inward from the sloping walls — some white, some red, some brown, some green, and others as transparent as glass, and all solid as mar- ble. They threaten the curious adventurer with being torn to prices by their craggy points, if he attempts penetrating any further into it; and indeed, in some places he is obliged to proceed in a stooping po- sitiou, in order to avoid them. In proceeding up this subterraneous passage, you are obliged to walk in the run nearly all the way. The run is in some places dry, at the present season of the year. — Yet it is evident from the bed of the run and other visible marks ot the water, that in some parts of the year the water must flow through the different channels in large quantities. Even at this time, there is a great deal running through it, but mostly through channels alongside the principal one, as is evident from the great noise it makes, in fall- ing over the craggy rocks which impede its progress. There are in the principal channel several falls, which might very properly be denominated cataracts (cdscades) — the extent of the cave IS as yet unknown, as it has been but partially explored ; the greatest distance any person has been up it, is about eight hundred feet, at which distance there was no appearance of its termination. In as- cending the cave, the eye is most agreeably struck with its grandeur; at every step new wonders present themselves — here is the spar found in trees, shrubs, «fec. which makes it have the appearance of a petrifi- ed grove — in some places the spar is formed into the likeness of men. birds, beasts, All- worth Charles McGlea Christian Irwin Charles Stewart David Watson. David Heron David Paxon Dennis Cotter David Johnson David Mc- Cright Francis Heron Francis Brain Gustavus Henderson Geo Mitchel Gavin Mitchel Geo Gin ley Geo Pumroy Humphrey Montgomery Hugh Wier Henry Machan Joseph Culbertson John Finley sen John Kirk- patrick John Kirkpatrick jr Joseph Thomson John Jones John Weyley John Finley esq John Miller esq James McCamont James Brecken- ridge John Kerr John Erwin James Norrice John McKeaney John Mc- Call James McCall John Lowrie James Henderson John McCrea John McKee John Cesna James Callwell John Wier John Crawford John Johnson John Cumins John Mitchel John Boyd James Patterson James Boall John Rippie James Mitchel John Mitchel jr John Leckey Jacob Donelson John McCrea John Waid James Tait John Finley sawyer Josiah Ramage James Kirkpatrick John Machon James Boyd John Wilson John Gaston John Kenedy John Evans Joshua Henderson James Culbertson Joseph McKibben James Reed sen Isaac Grier John McNaught James Henry John Graham James Ortan James Reed jr * During the year 1830 Broad wheeled wagons 6641 Narrow wheeled " 495 Single horse " 761 Carriages 138 Two horse wagons 318 Gigs 18 1834 1830 1834 6359 Riding horses 3116 2817 374 Draft horses 39824 42330 1243 Heads of cattle. 5834 6457 107 Sheep 2180 2852 779 Hogs 1180 40 00 Corts 18 00 HISTORY OP FRANKLIN COUNTY. 459 James Reed John McCappin James Sharp James Finley James Lawder Jamci Allison John Montgomery John McCombs Laird Burns Mahan McCombs Mat McCreary Nathaniel Wilson Nathaniel Cellar Oliver Culbertson Oliver Wallace Robert Kerr Robert McConnell Robert Gabie Robert Boyd Robert Long Robert Scott Robert L^rie Robert Mil- ler Robert Finley Ranald Slack Robert Machan Samuel Culbertson Samuel Cochran Samuel Rippie Samuel Buckenstos Samuel Jordan Samuel Laird Steven CoUwell Thomas Jack Thomas Urie Thomas McComb Thomas Neal Thomas Gner Thomas Minor Thomas Alex- ander William Kerr William Erwin William Young William McCon- nell William Barr William Reed William Linn William Linn jr Wni Cox VVilliain Greenlee William Turner William Devanner William Mitchel William Breckenridge William McNutt William Jack Wm Withrovv William McCall William Baird turner Wm Baird at Rock- spring William Woods William Cochran William Chambers William Walker William Guthrie Robert Reed cordwainer Nathaniel Johnson Davi'.i Linn John Grier Mr Reily at Mr Hoops David Carson John Kennedy Charles Murray John Hawthorn John Burns Joseph Mitchel Arthur Graham— i-Vecwioi; Geo McKeaney James Hawthorn George Ross William Milrea Morgan Linch Charles Moor John Tait. Antrim, 1751. — Samuel Smith Joseph Waller Jas. Jonston Wm. Ali- son Wm McGaw Sam. McFaran John Reynolds Wm. Grimes John Mitchel Thomas Brown John Scott Robt. Southerland Wm. McAlmo- rey Wm. Mearns John Smith Wm. McClean Geo. Martin Wid. Leeper Jacob Batierly Peler Leeper Wm. Erwin John Mouk James Scott Jas. Ramsey John Mooihead .John Chambers Jacob Piskacker Kath. Leath- erman Edward Nichols Paulus Harick Dietrich Lauw Nicholas Gulp James Lilou David Scott John McMath Thomas Patterson George Cai- sil John Pritchet Wm. Dunbar Thomas Poa Wm. McBriar David Mc- Briar Thos. Nisbet Wid. Adams Jas. McBride Josh. McFaran David McClellan John Gyles Henry Pauling Abraham Gabriel John Staret David Kennedy John Willocks Wm. Clark Wm. Cross Henry Stall Peter Johnston Thomas Long James McClanahan John Roal Joshua Coal Thos. Davis Josh. Crunkleton jr. Robt. Harkness Wm, Hall Hugh McClellan Lorence Galocher Wm. Rankin John Potter Wm. Ramsey Nath. Harkness Josh. Alexander Patrick Mclntire John Roass Arch'd McClean Jas. Paile John Davies Peter Craul Henry Dutch Henry Ke- fort Mathias Ringer Kath. Thomson Jacob Snider Wm. Shauon Thos. Grogan George Gordon Samuel Monagh lacob Snively John Crunkle- ton Anthony Thomson Wm. McClellan John Moor John McCoon Jos. Roddey John McDowell Alex. Miller Jas. Ker Christian Hicks John Stoaner Wm. Brotherton Robt. Erwin David Duncan James Jack Mo- ses Thomson James McKee Robt. Hamilton Wm. Patrick James Fin- ley Pat. McClarin Jas. Pattro John Wallace Adam Hoops. Freemen .- Jacob Gabriel Hugh Galocher E. Alexander W. Campbel Alex. Cook, James Ross Adam Murray Jas. Young Hugh McKee Daniel McCoy Daniel McCowan Chas. White Wm. McGaughy Jas. McGowan John Snively Joseph Morgan. Peiers' township, 1751. — Daniel Alexander Andrew Alexander Wil'm Armstrong Hez. Alexander Adam Armstrong Arthur Alexander John Baird James Blair Alexander Brown Thomas Barr Ann Black, widow Thomas Boal Samuel Brown William Barnett Joshua Bradner John Black .lohn Baird jas. Black widow Brown Robert Barnet David Bow- 460 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. cl John Blair George Brown Hugh Kerrell Wni. Clark Robert Clogage William Campbel Michael Carsell Samuel Chapman Thomas Calhoun Michael Campbell Robert Crawford Patrick Clark'Wm. Campbel Ro- bert Culbertson Charles Campbel Thomas Clark John Dickey james Dickey widow Donelson Wm. Cunwoody John Docherty Samuel Da- vis David Davis james Davis widow Davis Philip Davis Joseph Dun- Jop Arthur Donelson David Davis Nath. Davis josh. Davis Thomas Davis joshua Edwards John Erwin Malhew Erwin .lames Erwin wid- ow Farier john Flanaghin james Flanaghin Moses Fisher james Gal- breath john Gillmore widow Garison Samuel Gilespie james Galaway JOsh. Hariss john Hariss Jeremiah Hariss Charles Hariss widow Hus- ton James Holland John Huston john Hamilton joseph How John Ho- Jyday William Holyday Wm. Hanbey David Huston John Hill james Holiday Alexander Hutchison Messech james Wm. Lowrie Henry Larkan Wm. Maxwell james Mitchell james Sloan john Morlan John Martin james Mercer john Mercer Wm. Marshall Wm. Moor widow McFarland Andrew Morison John McDowell Alexander McKee Robt. McClellan Wm. McDowell jr. Wm. McClellan John McClellan Andw. Moor Wm. McDowell james McConne) Robert McCoy Wm. Mclllhal- ]on jas. McMahon james Murphy Wm. Morrison james McClellan Robt. Newell Victor Neeley james Orr Thos. Orbison Thomas Owins Kathan Orr Matthew Patton john Palton Francis Patterson Dav. Rees .lames Rankin Alex. Robertson Wm. Semple Richard Stevens Andrew Simpson Wm. Shanon Hugh Shanon Wid. Scott Alex. Staret Collin Spence john Taylor jas. Wright Wm. Wilson john Wilson john Win- ton james Wilkey james Wilson Math. Wallace Moses While John Waason Joseph Williams John Woods Joseph White Thos. Waddel. Freemen: Samuel Templeton Wm. Taylor james Wilson jas. Wallace And. Willabee Oliver Wallace Robert Anderson Gayin Cloggaga Robt Banefield David Alexander james Coyle james Brown Alex. McCon- nel james Carswell james Blair Alex. Hutchison Ed. Horkan William Gueen john Laird David Wallace. Guilford township 1751. — Henry Thomson Charles McGill George Cook James Jack Patrick Jack Wm Adams John Henderson Solomon Patterson Wm McKinney Nathaniel Simpson James Lindsay John Mushet Benjamin Gass Benjamin Chambers John Anderson Frederick Craft Peter Coaset John O'Cain John Noble Wm Newjant John Lind- say James Crawford Edward Crawford Marjant Duff Thomas Baird Robert Patrick John Forsyth — Freemen: Robert Uart Henry Black Archibald Duglass Alexander McAIister. Hamilton township 1752. — Joseph Armstrong John Eaton Wm Mc- Cord Josh Eaton James Eaton Samuel McCarnish Thomas Patterson John Campbell Josh Barnet Jas Barnet Thos Barnet jr James Denny Jas Hamilton Patrick Knox Samuel Moorhead John Swan Geo Rey- nolds las Boyd Robt Donelson Thos Barnet Widow Swan Robt Eliot Johnston Eliot John Hindman Wm Rankin And Brattan Adam Carson Aaron Watson Josh Blain John Dixon Math Dixon Math Arthur John Thorn Edward Johnston Wm Boal Joshua Pepper Robert Barnet Al- exander Hamilton Wm Eckery John Galaway — Freemen: Josh McCa* mish Dennis Kease. CHAPTER XXXI. FALLING SPRINGS, CHAMBERSBURG, MERCERSBURG, &e. Falling Spring settlement commenced by Benjamio Chambers — Cham- bers' mill — Fort at Falling Springs — Young's letter — Chambersburg — Synopsis of census of 1840 — Freshet at Cumberland 1831 — Early incidents, «Stc., by Geo. Chambers — Mercersburg — Histcy of Theo- logical Seminary and College — Incidents, &c. &c. Falling Spring, is the name by which the first settlement in the wes- part of Lancaster county, was known for many years. As early a-- 1730, Benjamin and Joseph Chambers, two brothers, visited a spot at the confluence of Falling Spring and Conococheague creeks. Benja- min, a younger of several brothers, settled permanently at the Springs, erected a house, which was, while he had been absent on a visit, re- duced to ashes, " for the sake of the nails," by being set on fire by sone unprincipled hunter — an act which the Indians at that time, though still numerous, would not have been guilty of; for with them Mr. Chambers was on terms of intimacy. Mr. Chambers had not been here long before he erected a mill to meet the wants of the times. When the Indians had become troublesome, after Gen. Braddock's defeat, Mr. Chambers erected a private Fort, garrisoned it with a few men;provided with some cannons. Which on one occasion, he refuseil to deliver to Col. Armstrong, who speaks in consequence of the refu- sal, in unkind terms of him in a letter to the Governor. It appears from a number of letters in the State archives, which I have examined, that Mi. Chambers was a ready writer. He was fre- quently called on to write ; and he never failed to express himself freely. (See his letters p. 90, &c.) Mr. James Young, in a letter to Gov. Denny makes mention of Chambers' private lort. Harris' Ferry October 17, 1756. * * In our journey to Fort Littletown, we stopped at Mr. Cham- bers' mill, ten miles beyond Shippensburg, towards McDowell's, where he has a good private Fort and on an exceeding good situation to be made very defenceable, but what I think of great consequence to the government, is, that in said fort are two four pound cannon mounted, and nobody but a few country people to defend it. If the enemy should take that fort they would naturally bring those cannon against Shippensburg and Carlisle, I therefore would presume to recommend. It to your Honor, either to have the cannon taken from thence or a;, proper garrison stationed there. Pardon this liberty from Chambehsbuug, post town, borough and seat of justice of Franklin county, at the junction of Falling Spring and Conococheague creeks, 39* 462 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. situated in north latitude 39 deg. 57 min., 137 miles west of Philadel- phia; 77 north west of Baltimore, 92 from Washington city, 48 south west of Harrisburg, population 1820, 2300 ; 1830, 2794; 1840, 3239— within the borough at present about 3600. It is one of the most plea- sant inland towns in Pennsylvania — it is in a prosperous and flourish- ing condition — in the midst of a healthy, fertile, highly cultivated country. It was laid out in 1764, by Benjamin Chambers. Synapsis of the Census of 1840. — White males, under 5, 230; 5 and un- der 10, 169; 10 and under 15, 131; 15 and under 20, 145; 20 and under .30, 315; 30 and under 40, 188; 40 and under 50, 107; .50 and under 60, 59; 60 and under 70, 35; 70 and under 80, 18; 80 and under 100, 4. White females, under 5, 267; 5 and under 10, 187; 10 and under 15, 164; 15 and under 20, 182; 20 and under 30, 336; 30 and under 40, 188; 40 and under .50, 1 16; 50 and under 60, 67; 60 and under 70, 37; 70 and under 80, 18; 80 and under 90, 8. Colored males, under 10, 23; 10 and under 24, 28; 24 and under 36. 26; 36 and under 55, 20; 55 and under 100, 9. Colored females under 10, 26; 10 and under 24, 58; 24 and under 36. 41; 36 and under 55, 24; 55 and under 100, 12; 100 and upwards, 1. Of the above population 3 were engaged in agriculture, 434 in man- uiactures and trades, one in the navigation of the ocean, 36 in the learned professions and engineers, one pensioner, 2 insane and idiots at private charge, 4 academies and grammar schools, 120 scholars. In 1844 there were in operation 11 public schools, open 75 months, 5 male and 8 female teachers, 305 male and 316 female scholars; 58 of whom were learning German. The district tax raised $1088.86 ; State appropriation $988.00; cost of instruction $1,713.33; fuel and contin- gencies. Several Female Seminaries are in successful operation. The public buildings are a splendid court house erected in 1843, ai a cost of $44,545.00, built of bricks, with an Ionic colonade in front, surmounted by a beautiful cupola, with a statue of Benjamin Frank- lin to crown it ; a substantially built jail, a large brick structure erec- ted at a cost of $30,000 ; a banking house, a market. house, a spacious academy, ten churches, viz : Associate Reformed, Presbyterian, Ger- man Reformed, two Lutheran, (one of which was originally built by the German Reformed) Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, United Breth- ren, and two African churches ; there are four newspapers published here, viz : The Weekly Messenger, edited by the Rev. R. S. Fisher ; The Zeit-Schrift (semi-monthly) edited by Rev. B. S. Schneck; The Repository & Whig, edited by Joseph Pritts, Esq., and The Chambers- burg Times, edited by F. G. May, Esq. These papers are all conduc- ted with more than ordinary ability. There are a nnmbor of well kept hotels and houses of entertainment kept here. The water power here is unsurpassed ; east of the Alleghany, Fall- ing Spring and the Conococheague afford an abundance of water pow- er, and drive 2 flouring mills, 2 fulling mills, a straw paper mill, a cotton and woollen manufactory, oil mill, carding machines, and the machinerv of the most celebrated edge tool factory in the State. It is estimated that the water power in, and within 5 miles of Chambers- burg, is equal to the propelling 100 pair of mill stones. In times of excessive freshets these streams become flush, and transcend their usual bounds. This was the case in the summer of 1831, when the damage done by the mighty rush of these waters was estimated at forty thousand dollars. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 463 The following, written in 1832, by the Hon. George Chambers, con tains many interesting incidents touching the early settlements of Falling Springs and Conococheague — " James, Robert, Joseph and Benjamin Chambers, 4 brothers, emi- grated from the county of Antrim, in Ireland, to the province of Penn- sylvania, between ihe years 1726 and 1730. They settled and built a mill shortly after, at the mouth of Fishing creek, now in Dauphin co., on the Susquehanna, and appropriated a tract of very fine land at that place, which was lately owned and occupied by Archibald McAlister; though the land office of Pa. was not open for the sale of lands west of the Susquehanna, as they were not purchased of the Indians till Oct. 1736, yet the proprietary offices and agents were disposed to en- courage settlements west of that river with the consent of the Indians, who were conciliated by the settlers. These settlements were incited and recognised, though without official grants, in order to resist the encroachments of the Marylanders, on what was considered part of the province of Pa. This policy, and the fine country forming that part of the Kittatinny valley extending from the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Conodoguinet, along the waters of the beautiful Conoco- cheague to the Potomac, induced men of enterprise to seek and locate desirable situations for water works and farms, in the valleys of tho^e two streams and of Yellow Breeches creek. These adventurous broth- ers were among the first to explore and settle in this valley. James made a settlement at the head of Green Spring, near Newville, Cum- berland ; Robert at the head of Middle Spring, near Shippensburg; and Joseph and Benjamin at the confluence of Failing Spring and Conoco- cheague creeks, where Chambersburg is situated. These settlements and locations were made about or before 1730. Bv an arrangement among the brothers, Joseph returned to their property at the mouth of Fishing creek, and Benjamin, the younger brother, improved his set- tlement at the Falling Spring. He built a hewed log house, which he covered with lapped shingles, fastened by nails, a style of building out of the common mode of round logs and clapboard roofs secured by beams. Some time after, Benjamin being induced to visit the east side of the Susquehanna, left his house unoccupied for a short tune, and on his return, he found it burned to ashes. This was afterwards ascertained to be the work of an unprincipled hunter, who was in- duced to do it for the sake of the nails, which at that day, in this wild region, were esteemed no ordinary prize. "Benjamin prosecuted anew his improvements, building houses, clearing lands, and soon after the commission from the proprietary go- vernment to Samuel Blunston, allowing licences for the settlement of lands west of the Susquehanna, on 30th March, 1734, Benjamin ob- lained from Blunston a license authorizing and securing his settlement by a grant of lour hundred acres of land at the Falling Spring's mouth on both sides of the Conococheague, for the conveniency of a grist mill and plantation, then Lancaster county. Having acquired the art and business of a millwright, he built himself, immediately, a saw mill at the mouth of Falling Spring. This was an important improvement lo himself and others disposed to settle in the surrounding wilderness. In a few years, he erected a flouring mill ; an accommodation which contributed much to the comfort of the early settlers, and had consid- erable influence in inducing settlements in the vicinity. 464 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. " Benjamin Chambers was about 21 years of age when he made hii settlement on the Falling Spring. He had, when living east of the Susquehanna, been attracted to the spot by a description he re- ceived from a hunter, whs had observed the fine waterfall in one of his excursions through the valley. He was the first white settler in what is now Franklin county. From his acquaintance with the business of a millwright, and the use and value of water power, his attention was directed to advantageous situations for water- works. He married shortly after his settlement a Miss Patterson, residing near Lancaster, who was the mother of his eldest son, James. "He maintained a friendly intercourse with the Indians in his vicinity, who were attached to him ; with them he traded, and had so much of their confidence and respect that they did not injure or offer to molest him. On one occasion, being engaged in haymaking in his meadow below Chambersburg, where the foundry and brick- yards now are, he "observed some Indians secretly stalking in the thickets around the meadow. Suspecting some mischievous design, he gave them a severe chase, in the night, with some dogs, across ..he creek and through the woods, to the great alarm of the Indians, who afterwards acknowledged they had gone to the meadow for the purpose of taking from Benjamin his watch, and carrying off a ne- gro woman whom he owned ; and who, they thought, would be useful to raise corn for them : but they declared that they would not have hurt the colonel. "He used his influence with his acquaintances to settle in his neighborhood, directing their attention to desirable and advantageous situations for farms. His first wife lived but a few years. Some time afterwards he married a Miss Williams, the daughter of a Welsh clergyman, residing in Virginia. She was born in Wales, and brought over to this country when very young. By her he had 7 children, viz: Ruhannah, married to Dr. Colhoun-William, Benjamin- jane, married to Adam Ross — Joseph, George — and Hetty, married to Wm. M. Brown, Esq. Col. Benjamin Chambers was commissioned a justice of the peace, and also a colonel of the militia under the royal government at an early period. As an arbitrator he settled many con- troversies between his neighbors, and from his reputation for judg- ment and integrity, he was appealed to for direction and advice by the early setllers. He gratuitously prescribed and administered medicine to many, and as there was no regular physician in the neighborhood. It is said he was called upon to bleed and extract teeth for the relief of his acquaintances. " During the controversy between Lord Baltimore and the Penns, relating to the boundary between the provinces, Benjamin Cham- bers, who will hereafter be designated as Col. Chambers, was pre- vailed on to visit England to assist by his knowledge and testimony :n terminating this controversy, which was embarrassing and protract- ing the settlement of these provinces. "From England he visited Ireland, his native soil, and prevailed on a number of acquaintances to accompany him, with their families-, and settle in his neighborhood, having afforded them assistance. As the western Indians, after Braddock's defeat, in 1755, became trouble- some, and made incursions east of the mountains, killing and making HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 465 prisoners of many of the white inhabitants, Col. Chambers, for the se- curity of his family and his neighbors, erected, where the borough of Chambersbarg now is, a large stone dwelling-hoHse, surrounded by the water from Falling Spring, and situated where the large straw paper-mill now is. The dwelling house, for greater security against the attempts of the Indians to fire it, was roofed with lead. The dwell- ings and the mills were surrounded by a stoccade fort. This fort, with the aid of fire-arms, a blunderbuss and swivel, was so formidable to the Indian parties who passed the country, that it was seldom assailed, and no one sheltered by it was killed or wounded ; although in the country around, at different times, those who ventured out on their farms, were surprised and either slaughtered or carried off prisoners, with all the horrors and aggravations of savage warfare. "A man by the name of McKinney, who had sought shelter with his family in the fort about 1756, ventured out in company with his son to visit his dwelling aud plantation, where the Hollowell paper-mill is, on the creek below Chambersburg. They were discovered, how- ever, by the Indians, and both killed and scalped, and their dead bo- dies brought to the fort and buried. Col. Chambers was active in organizing the militia, and was of much assistance to Gen. Forbes in 1758, in giving him information and aiding him in the opening of a road, as well as affording him supplies in his march through the valley, and across the mountains, in his campaign. His saw and flour mills were of such accommodation and notoriety in the Conococheague settlement, that they were long known and spoken of for a great distance around as the milh. The first flour-mill, built in part with logs, was burned, and a stone mill was afterwards er- t'Cted by the colonel, part of the walls of which are incorporated iu those of the fulling-mill and cotton factory of Thomas Chambers. "In 1764, Col. Chambers laid out the town of Chambersburg ad- joining his mills. The intercourse with the western country being at that time very limited, and most af the trade and travel along the val- ley to the south, he was induced to lay his lots in that direction, and the town did not extend beyond the creek to the west. Some of the old trees of his orchard are still standing (1832) on the west of the creek, on the grounds of joseph Chambers and Mr. King's heirs. The in- creasing trade with the western country, after the revolution, produced an extension of the town on the west side of the creek, which was lo- cated by Capt. Chambers, son of the colonel, about 1791. The first stone house erected in the town is still standing at the corner, built by J. jack, about 1770, and now owned by L. Denig, Esq. The first courts holden in the county were in this house, up stairs and on one occasion the crowd was so great as to strain the beams and fracture the walls, causing great confusion and alarm to the court and bar. "Chambersbttrg remained but a small village until after the erection of Franklin into a separate county in 1784, since which period it has progressively improved. " Col. Chambers had appropriated to the use of the public for a bu- rial-ground a romantic cedar grove on the banks of the creek. This spot still retains some of the beauties of nature and rural scenery. This, with some additional grounds, he conveyed by deed of gift to P. Varen and others, as trustees, on the 1st January, 1768, in trust for the Presbyterian congregation of the Falling Spring, now professing 466 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. amd adhering to, and that shall hereafter adhere to and profess the Westminster profession of faith, and the mode of church government therein contained, and to and for the use of a meeting-house or Pres- byterian church, session house, school-house, burying-place, grave- yard, and such religious purposes. Of this congregation he was an efficient, active and attentive member. He also continued a member of the board of trustees until 1787, when, on account of his advanced age and infirmities, he asked leave to resign. "The first settlers who were possessed of farms, were mostly emigrants from the north of Ireland, and members of the Presbyte- rian church. It would seem that the Falling Spring congregation were more numerous in 1786 than in 1832, though at the latter period the population of Chambersburg was tenfold that of 1786. After the revolutionary war and peace, a German population supplanted the first settlers, and possessed themselves of most of their choice plan- tations by purchase, and the families and descendants of these settlers moved west of the mountains. "At the commencement of the revolutionary war, in 1775, Col. Cham- bers was so infirm and advanced in years, being then about 70 years of age, as to be incapable of the fatigues and exposure of a campaign so distant as the heights of Boston. Patriotism shone forth in his family. His eldest sun, James, raised a company of infantry from the neighborhood, which he commanded as captain, and in 1775 marched, accompanied by his younger brothers William and Ben- jamin as cadets, to join the American army, then encamped on the iiigh ground of Boston, where the royal army was besieged: (Wil- liam was about 22 years old and Benjamin 20). His three sons re- mained in the army during that campaign; James having been ad- vanced to the rank of colonel, and William and Benjamin to that •I captain. They were also with the army during the arduous and ; I ving campaigns of '76-'77 in the Jerseys, as well as at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown in 1778. On account of the infirmity ol their father, and the embarrassed situation of his property and pe- cuniary affairs, which had been deprived of the necessary attentions of the young men, the younger brothers, William and Benjamin, re- turned home and attended to the farm and mills. They occasionally, however, assisted in the pursuit of Indians who had dared at times io make incursions upon the settlements about Bedford and Huntingdon. •'James remained in the army until the close of the revolutionary war, and afterwards was appointed a general of the militia, a brigade of whom, including a number of volunteers he commanded in the army to suppress the Western or Whiskey insurrection in Pennsylvania in 1794. ^ "Shortly after the peace of 1783, William, Benjamin and George, erected a furnace in the Path valley, called Mt. Pleasant, the oldest furnace in the county. None of them had any experience in the bu- siness, but by industry, perseverance, and judgment, they were suc- cessful, and established in the woods an extensive manufactory of iron which was not only profitable to themselves, but highly advantageous to a considfrable extent of country. " Col. Benjamin Chambers, the father of the settlement, died 17th Feb, 1788, aged 80 years. Jane, his wife, died in 1795, aged 70 : Capt. Benjamin Chambers died in 1813. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN *COUNTY. 467 " Col. James Chambers erected a forge where Loudon now is, af- ter the revolution, and with his son Benjamin, and son-in-law A. Dunlap, Esq. erected a furnace about a mile from Loudon. "In 1760 Col. Benjamin Chambers lived in a small log house near the mill-race at the west end of the garden of George Cham- bers, near the alley and race. "From old Henry Snider, aged 75, in 1834, Mr. Chambers learn- ed that his father, Peter Snider, came to the county before 1760 That he was born where he now lives, in 1759. "A man by the name of Somerfield kept the first store on the northwest corner of Front and Queen streets. "The first tavern was kept by Robert Jack, in the-little log house which stood where the Chambersburg bank now is." Mehcersbchg, a post town and borough, in Montgomery township, on the turnpike road leading from McConnellstown to Waynesboro", fifteen miles south west from Chambersburg, eighty-three miles north west from Washington city. The town, for its elevated situation, com- manding view of picturesque scenery, fertility of soil of the surround- ing country, salubrity of air, can vie with any in the State. The town was laid out about the year 1780, by Mr. Smith, and named in honor of Conrad Mercer, a distinguished officer of the revolution- ary army. It was incorporated as a borough by an act passed in April 1831, and contains about 150 dwellings, many of them large and com- modious ; five churches; Presbyterian, Lutheran, Seceder, Methodist and 2 German German Reformed ; one of which has recently been erected. Marshall College, the Theological Seminary of the German Refor- med Church, and affiliated institutions are located here. The towr; contains 4 dry goods stores, 1 grocery, 2 druggists, 3 confectionaries,4 tailor shops, 6 shoe makers, 2 hatters, 2 wagon makers, 1 coach ma- ker, 1 plough maker, 2 weavers, 2 silversmiths, 3 butchers, 2 liverv stables, 2 oyster cellars, 4 tan yards, I distillery, 1 pottery, 3 hotels, 4 rough carpenters, 6 house joiners, 4 cabinet makers, 5 chair makers, 4 Saddlers, 4 coopers, 4 blacksmiths, 1 public school, 1 Female Semi- nary, 1 flouring mill, 2 brick yards, 7 physicians. A weekly paper is published here by Messrs. McKinstry and Doyle. The paper is called "The Mercersburg Visitor." Theological ScMiNAnr of tbe Ger. Ref. Church. — This Institution was established originally at Carlisle. It went into operation first in the spring of 1825, with five students, under the care of the Rev. Dr. Lewis Mayer, who had been previously elected Professor of Theology by the Synod of the Church, At the same time the Rev. James R. Reily, under an appointment from the Board of Directors sailed for Europe, to collect funds and books for the infant interest. His mission proved on the whole quite successful, and resulted particularly in the acquisition of a respectable library. Great remissness however was shown at home, in carrying forward the undertaking. For years it was left to languish, in the midst of difficulties which continually threatened its dissolution, and severely tried the faith and patience of the excellent man who was placed at Its head. After a short time, the Institution was transferred to York. Here a Grammar School wat established in connection with it, in the year 468 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 1832. This lell under the care particularly of Dr. Frederick A. Rauch, who had been called in to assist the Professor of Theology, in his ar- duous work. To the hands of the same gentleman, was committed subsequently the department of Biblical Literature in the Seminary. It was resolved finally, in view of a liberal offer made from the place, to locale the institutions permanently at Mercersburg. The Grammar School accordingly was transferred to this village in the fall of 1835 ; where it was raised the following year to ihe dignity of a regular College. In proper season afterwards, the same transfer took place in the case of the Seminary also. The removal was followed in the course of a short time, by the resignation of the ProfesEor, whose name had been identified with all its fortunes from the begin- ning. The vacancy thus created was filled by the appointment and call, on the part of the Synod, of the Rev. Dr. John W. Nevin, who was Professor at the time in the Western Theological Seminary at Pitts- burg. He came to Mescersburg in the spring of the year 1840, and has been actively engaged in the service of institution from that time to the present. A great calamity was sustained the Allowing year, in the death of the Professor of Biblical Literature, who was at the same time Presi- dent of the College. By this event, the Seminary was left again with only a single Professor, a-; at the beginning; a diflSculty for which no remedy has been provided until quite recently. Early in the year 1843, at a special meeting of the Synod convened for the purpose, at Lebanon, a call was made out for the Rev. Dr Krummacher, of Elberfeld, in Prussia, the distinguished author of Elijah the Fishbite, and other popular works, to occupy what is term- ed the German Professorship of Theology in the Institution; and two members of the Synod, the Rev. Dr.Hoffeditz and the Rev. Mr. Schneck crossed the Atlantic soon after, as the commissioners of the Church, to place the call in his hands. This movement served greatly to bring both the Seminary and the Charch into notice, both in Germany and in this country. Dr. Krummacher found himself reluctantly constrained to decline the invitation. The great object of the mission however, may be said to have been secured notwithstanding. After special in- quiry and conference with the best advisers in Germany, the delegates returned prepared to recommend a different man for the vacant station; and the consequence was the unanimous election, at the meeting of the Synod in Winchester, in the fall of 1843, of the Rev. Dr. Philip Schaf, private lecturer at the time in the University of Berlin, to fill the post. A call accordingly was soon after forwarded to him, and ac- ceptpd. He reached the country in July 1844, and is now laboring in the Seminary as Professor of Church History and Sacred Literature. His lectures are delivered in the German tongue. i.- The Seminary buildings are handsomely situated on an elevated piece of ground, a short distance east of the town ; and by the traveller from the west in particular, may be seen with great advantage, a great way off. They consist of a main edifice 120 feet in length and 4 stories high, and two handsome dwelling houses for professors. The front of the main building is rendered more imposing, by a portico standing out from the central section, with large columns carried up to the roof. The property altogether may be rated at a value of twenty-five thous- and dollars. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 469 The Library of the Seminary is estimated at about 7000 volumes. Many of these are very valuable. The proportion of English books is comparatively small. The number of students in attendance at the institution has been lat- terly from fifteen to twenty. The regular course of study extends over a period of two years and a half, embracing the branches that are usu- ally taught in institutions of this kind. To the students the instruction IS all free ; and the opportunities of the Seminary are open alike to all denominations, so far as there may be a disposition in any case to em- ulate them. Marshall College. — Originally, as we have already seen, a mere dependency of the Theological Seminary, the College has since risen to high separate importance, and bids fair yet to throw its parent com- pletely into the shade. No institution perhaps in the country, has within the same short period of time exhibited the same measure of success, or accumulated an equal amount of promise. Marshall College, (so called in compliment to the memory of the late Chief Justice of that name,) was founded, under a charter from Legislature of Pennsylvania, in the year 1836. It sprang, as before mentioned, from the High School established in connection with the Seminary of the German Reformed Church; which had been removed ten years before from the borough of York to Mercersburg. It stands of course in intimate connection with the Seminary still. The prima- ry object of the two institutions may be regarded as one and the same. The church needs ministers, and she is concerned to have them prop- erly educated for their high and responsible work. It is her zeal for this interest which has given birth to Marshall College. Harvard Uni- versity, Yale College, and Nassau Hall, owe their origin to a similar zeal mainly, on the part of the religious denominatious by which they were founded. The College is the daughter of the Church, and as such consecrated to the service of religion as well as letters. Like the Institutions which have just been named however, it aims at more than simply to meet the want which is felt with regard to the sacred ministry. It is design- ed to promote the interest of education generally within the bounds of the German church. At the same time its privileges are not restricted in any way to these limits. Though founded by the Reformed church and looking to it mainly of course for patronage and support, its con- stitution is altogether catholic and free, as much so as that of any of the colleges of New England. The church as such exercises no eccle- siastical supervision over it, more than the Presbyterian Church does over Nassau Hall. The Presidency of the Institution at the beginning fell by the election of the Board of Trustees, on Dr. Frederick A. Rauch. In point of per- sonal dignity, scholarship, and general cultivation, few men could have been found more worthy of the station. He had enjoyed and improved all the advantages of a thorough and complete education in Germany. No one could well be more devoted to the interests of sci- ence. For philosophy in particular, his zeal might be said to amount to a passion. He was fully at home in the metaphysical speculations of modern Germany; beyond all other men probably in this country. He was admirably qualified moreover for the business of teaching; being full of order himself, and having a happy talent for inspirin°^ 40 470 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. others, young men especially, with similar animation. All his pupils remember him with more than common respect. His interest in the college was large and constant, and terminating only with his life. — He has left behind him a very favorabie monument of his scholarship in his Psychology, or Cinv of Ihc Human Soul, which was published the year before his death. This may be regarded as the first creditable at- tempt to present the German style of thinking, in the department to ■which it belongs in this country, under an English form. Nor is it saying too much, to affirm that no work equal to it, on the same subject, has yet been produced in the country. The system indeed owes much to the philosophy of Hegel; but cannot be charged properly with He- gel's errors. It was a favorite object with Dr. Rauch, to transfer the fruits of German speculation, so far as they may be considered whole- some, into English forms of thought, and to make them available thu^, for the interests of science and religion, particularly in his adopted country. His Psychology, in accordance with this idea, was intended to be followed by a System of Moral Philosophy, and a System of Ethics. It is to be regretted that he was not spared to carry this pur- pose into execution. Few men have been so well qualified for writing on these subjects with advantage. When we remember that his know- ledge of the English language was all acquired alter his removal to this country, and consider at the same time the nature of the work, and the peculiar difficulties that were to be encountered in bringing English terminology to adjust itself to ideas of foreign growth and structure, the Psychology must be regarded as a production of more than common genius as well as talent and learning. In these circumstances, the death of Dr. Rauch was a loss to the country, and well as to the college which honored him as its head. — This took place to the great grief of all his friends, on the 2d of March in the year 1841. His grave is found in a secluded corner of the tract of ground belonging to the college, which has been set apart as a place of burial for the use particularly of the institutions. It is surrounded and overshadowed with forest trees, and is ofter visited as a consecra- ted spot. On the removal of Dr. Rauch, by the special request of the Board of Trustees, Dr. John W. Nevin consented to act as President of the College, and this relation has continued from that time to the present. According to the late catalogue, the Faculty consists now of the fol- lowing Professors and Instructors. Rev. John W. Nevin, D. D., Pre- sident and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy; Samuel W. Budd, jr., A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Mechanical Phil- osophy; William M. Nevin, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages and Belles Lettres, and Rector of the Preparatory Department ; Traill Green, M. D., Professor of Natural Science; Rev. Philip Schaf, Ph. D., Professor of Aesthetics and German Literature; Theodore Apple, A. B., First Tutor; George D. Wolfl", A. M., Second Tutor; Maximilian Stern, German Teacher ; Jeremiah H. Good, A. B., Sub-Rector of the Preparatory Department; George L. Staley, A. B., and George W. Aughinbaugh, A. D., Asssistants. To these must be added also, the Hon. Alexander Thompson, L. L. D. as Professor of the Law School, which is a separate department of the Institution kept at Chambers- burg. The number of students connected with the Institution during the year is given in the summary ; Resident Graduates 18, Law Stu- HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 471 dents 4, Under Graduates 102, Preparatory Department 80. Total 204 The number in actual attendance is about 150. Of the Under Gradu- ates, 6 belong to the Senior Class, 23 to the Junior, 22 to the Sopho- more, and 36 to the Freshmen. The Seminary edifice is used at present for the purposes of the col- lege. Many of the students of course board in private families, in the town. A large tract of ground however has been purchased, ad- joining the village on the south, for the separate use of the college ; on which a fine edifice has already been erected to accommodate the Pre- paratory Department, and also a Professor's house ; and where the other college buildings are expected to appear in due time. The two literary societies are now engaged in putting up, on this ground, se- parate Halls for their own use. These when completed, as they will be in the course of a few months, will form a great ornament to the ground. They are built to correspond with each other, one on either bide of where the main building is expected hereafter to stand ; each of Ionic structure, 40 feet in front and 55 in depth, with a portico and pillars. This enterprise of the Diaguothian and Goethean Societies is enti- tled to special admiration. The following notice of it is extracted from the College Catalogue: "Never before has the country beheld such an example of daring zeal for the interests of learning, in the same cir- cumstances. There is but one other College in the land, it is believ- ed, where such Halls have been erected by its literary societies; and that is one of the oldest among the whole, with its Alumni, rich and influential in all parts of the Union. But in the present case, the en- terprise proceeds from the youngest of all our Institutions. Bold how- ever as the undertaking may appear, it is already in the way of being crowned with triumphant success. One of tl\e Halls is now under roof; while the other is expected to go forward with equal rapidity in the spring. The friends of the Institution have responded generously to the call which has been made upon them by the students for their assistance, thus far; and full confidence is felt that this will continue to be the case, till the work is completed. The enterprise is worthy of the patronage of all who take an interest in letters. These Halls cannot fail, when completed, to give powerful support to the general interest comprised in the college; while each of them may be expect- ed to become hereafter separately, by means of its library and muse- um, an ornament to the State. Great account is made of the socie- ties, in the general conduct of the college. They include a depaninent t-'f education, that is, to say the least, fully as important as any other b"elonging to the system. By having their separate Halls, it is believ- ed they will be borught to feel still more than before their true weight and dignity; and that in this manner much will be gained, in the way of promoting among the students that manly sense of self-respect and personal responsibility, which the government of the college is so rauchjconceined to cultivate, as well as in the way of literary improve- ment generally. Each Hall will furnish room for a large museum of some sort, as well as for an extensive library, on the first floor; the second being appropriated altogether, as a stately chamber, to the re- gular sittings of the society." The Seminary and College have an interest in a new, large and handsome church, on Seminary street, recently erected. It is owned 472 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. exclusively by the German Reformed. The edifice measures seventy feet in front, and is fifty feet in breadth. The site is a very eligible one, about half way between the Seminary and the town, exhibits a more than common fine appearance. Altogether the village has been greatly improved, in an indirect way, through the influence of the in- stitutions, as well as by the edifices erected immediately for their use. During the past year, the Presbyterian church has been remodelled, within and without, and so much improved as hardly to look like the same building. A number of fine brick houses besides have been put up, at ditferent points in the town ; and others still are expected to be put up from year to year. As it regards the peculiar character of Marshall College, and the claims it is supposed to have upon the favor of the public, we cannot do belter perhaps than lo present in conclusion the following state- ment which we find in its recent catalogue: The Institution has been called to struggle with many difficulties and trials. These, however, have been thus far happily surmounted; and its friends now feel themselves fully authorised to commend it to the attention of the public, as an interest in all respects worthy of its con- fidence and patronage. On the State of Pennsylvania it may be said to have special claims. Never before, it is believed, has a better foundation at least been presented in the State, for the creation of a literary interest that may be expected in the end to be worthy of its name. The grounds on which the college may be recommended, are in general the following: 1st. Its advantageous location, in a merely outward view. The whole State probably could not furnish one, in all respects, more eli- gible. Mercersburg, is a village of about twelve hundred inhabitants, situated in Franklin county, in the midst of a fertile limestone region, at the distance of an hour's walk from the base of what is called the North mountain. The scenery formed by the mountains, which bend round it like a vast crescent or amphitheatre, contrasting as it does with the rich open country below, is absolutely splendid. This itself is of high account. Scenery is always educational; and no parent, who is possessed of proper intelligence and right feelings, can be in- different to its influence in selecting a school or college for his son. — The objects that surround the spirit in the years especially of college life, work upon it continually with a plastic force, the impression of which can never afterwards be wholly lost. They stamp their image into the very constitution of the soul. It is a matter of immense ac- count, therefore, whether a student shall hold communion during his college course, with the loveliness and freedom of nature in her brightest forms, or be shut up to the irksome prosaic fellowship of mere brick and mortar in a large town, or some insipid flat prospect of barren sameness on all sides in the country. In this respect Mar- shall Cullege is highly favored. Strangers, who are possessed of any taste, are always much taken with the attractions of the place. It might well be selected indeed for a summer retreat, by such as wish to make their escape from the city during the hot months, without ■ caring to follow the crowd to more fashionable, but less graceful places of resort. 2nd. The location is besides, to a proper extent, retired. It is indeed within a few miles of the great thoroughfores of travel on different HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 473 sides ; and has the advantage moreover of a daily mail through which to communicate with the world at a distance. But in other respects, it forms a full retreat from the stir and noise of public life. So it should be always in the case of a college. The less .excitement and distraction it may be exposed to from without, the better. Students cannot fail to suffer, where their situation brings them into daily con- tact with the busy world. Few Seminaries of learning are so well situated, in this respect, as the college at Mercersburg. All its con- nections and relations are favorable to the great object for which it is established ; while occasions for intellectual or moral dissipation, are wanting almost altogether. 3rd. There is not, at the same time, a more healthy location in any part of the State. In point of air, water and general climate, it is ail in this view Ihat the most anxious parents could desire. 4th. The Faculty of the Institution is well filled. All who are ac- quainted with it know it to be worthy of the position it is called to oc- cupy, and justly entitled to the reputation it has begun to win in every direction. 5th. The government of the college is paternal and free. It is con- ducted on the principle of training ihe students to govern themselves. Pains are taken to win the judgment and the heart in favor of what is right, and to invigoratp character by treating it with proper confidence and trust. More is lost than gained, in any case, by a system of rigid college police. A discipline which tends to overthrow self-respect on (he part of the student, must ever be pernicious and false. No attain- ments can compensate for the injury that is inflicted in this way. No part of his education, in the case of a young man is half so important, as that by which he is taught to become a law to himself. 6ih. The spirit which reigns among the students of Marshall college is in all respects answerable to the favorable influences thus far des- cribed. The institution is characterised by a tone of order, regulari- ty, and gentlemanly feeling, beyond what is common in colleges gen- erally. A wholesome public sentiment prevails, that serves to dis- courage what is wrong, more effectually than any disciplinary res- traints that could be employed for the same end. The relation between the students and the Faculty, is one of mutual confidence and love. — It is worthy of remark, that during the whole of the last collegiate year, there has been no occasion for what is ordinarily understood by an act of discipline. A striking peculiarity with the Institution, is the inter- est which is taken in it almost universally *^y the students themselves. One of the surest omens of its future prosperity, is presented in this fact. The honor of the college is felt generally to be a personal in- terest, and all seem inspired with a common zeal to do as much aa in them lies to carry forward the enterprise, towards the glorious desti- nation It is expected ultimately to reach. Such a feeling itself speaks volumes for the institution. There is no college in the country, it is believed, in which the same zeal, at once so general and so ardent, is found to prevail. The power of it has been exemplified, on a large scale, in the spirit with which the two literary societies have recently embarked in the great work of erecting Halls, for their separate use. 7th. The peculiar genius of the college as an Anglo-German insti- ttition, should commend it to favor, especially in the State of Pennsyl- rania. It is well known that the colleges of this country generally ex- 40* 474 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. hibit only the English system of thinking. The case, however, plainly requires, that the education of the country should not be restricted to these limits. The German order of thought especially, should be brought into combination with the English. And particularly might this seem to be demanded, by the German spirit of Pennsylvania. — Such a union, or marriage of these two different interests accordingly, is aimed at in the course of education established in Marshal! college. The college has more of a German character, than any other in the country. This does not consist simply in the encouragement that is given to the study of the German language. It is of little account in- deed to provide for the study of the language, as is done now in a num- ber of American colleges, if the entire system of instruction at the same time, be exclusively English in its spirit and form. To make such study of any value, it must be surrounded, to some extent at least, with the life and power of German thought. It is in this sense, that Marshall college aspires to the distinction of being a German Institu- tion. The English language forms of course the regular medium of instruction, as in all other American colleges. Bui the literature and philosophy of Germany are expected still to shed their influence large- ly on the whole course. At the same time provision is made for the delivery of lectures, in interesting departments of literature before the higher classes, in the German language itself; and on every alternate Sabbath the same language is employed in the religious services of the chapel. These exercises are all conducted in such a style as to be worthy of the highest cultivation of Germany itself; the language, un- lier its finest form, serving its prsper purposes as a vehicle of rich in- struction for the soul. In such circumstances, the ^tudy of the Ger- man language, as a part of the regular course in the lower classes, may be expected to proceed with due life and spirit. Every student finds himself urged to master it, at least so far as to be able to under- stand the German exercises of the Junior and Senior years; and this is an object which all can accomplish with very little difficulty. Then the exercises themselves prove subsequeiUly the best help that could be had, for rendering the acquisition still more large and complete. It is not easy to conceive of circumstances, in an American Seminary more favorable to the cultivation of the German language and Ger- man literature, in a living and effective way. Dr. Schaf, to whose hands the care of this interest may be said more immediately to fall, has probably no superior as a German scholar in this country. There may be some probabjy, who still entertain the prejudice that whatever bears the German character and name, must be of inferior •worth ; to whom accordingly the advantage here urged in favor of the college at Mercersburg, will seem to have little weight. But the time of such ignorance, it is to be trusted, is fast passing away. It is coming to be generally understood, throughout the country, that to be at all thorough and complete, an education must now embrace some acquaintance with German learning. No modern language so well deserves to be studied as the German, in view simply of its own con- stitution and life. The claims of the French in comparison, are en- titled to no respect whatever. But as a key to the literature and science of Germany, it is of course, more important still. Say what we may, the course of thought in the land of the Reformation forms HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 475 Still an essential part of the main stream, in the onward flow of the world's true historical life ; and it is perfectly idle to dream of a solid culture in art, science, or religion, where it is left out of view. The signs of the time show clearly, that this is likely to now to be felt and acknowledged more fully every year. It may be proper to add, that where parents desire it, the student can be excused from studying the German. The course is as com- plete in other respects, as is usual in the best colleges of the country; while the opportunity is furnished at the same time for all to secure this accomplishment besides, under the most advantageous form-. — Such an opportunity, it is believed, few intelligent parents will be dis- posed to undervalue. 8th. It may be noticed lastly, in recommendation of Marshall college, that the expenses, to which a student is subjected in the institution, are low. By referring to the statement of the terms and rates, it will be seen that the cost of an education is brought within the compass of the most moderate means. In the early days of this county, Smith's (Mercersburg) was an im- portant place, where an extensive trade was carried on with the In- dians and first settlers on the western frontier. It was nothing uncom- mon to see here from fifty to one hundred pack horses in a row, laden with salt, iron, and other commodities, for the Monongahela country. In the life and travels of Colonel James Smith, an interesting inci- dent, having some relation to this place, is mentioned. — The King's proclamation was then circulated, prohibiting any person from trading with the Indians until further orders. Notwithstanding all this, about the 1st of March, 1765, a number of wagons loaded with Indian goods, and warlike stores, were sent from Philadelphia to Henry Pollen's, Conococheague, and from thence, sev- enty pack horses were loaded with goods, in order to be carried to Fort Pitt. This alarmed the country, and Mr. William Duffield raised about fifty armed men, and met the pack horses at the place where Mercersburg now stands. Mr. Duifield desired the employers to store up their goods and not proceed until further orders. They made light of this, and went over the North Mountain, where they lodged in a small valley called the Great Cove. Mr. Duffield and his party follow- ed after, and came to their lodging, and again urged them to store up their goods : he reasoned with them of the impropriety of their proceed- ings, and the great danger the frontier inhabitants would be exposed to, if the Indians now should get a supply : he said, it was well known that they had scarcely any ammunition, and were almost naked, to supply them now would be a kind of murder, and would be illegally trading at the expense of the blood and treasure of the frontiers. Notwithstand- ing his powerful reasonings, these traders made game of what he said, and would only answer him by ludicrous burlesque. When I beheld this, and found that Mr. Duffield would not compel them to store up their goods, I collected ten of my old warriors, that I had formerly disciplined in the Indian way, went off privately after night, and encamped in the woods. The next day. Smith and his men brought the traders to their own terms — prevented them from carrying the goods to their place of destination — Incidents of Border Life, S^cp. 61 and 62, as published by Joseph Pritts, Esq. CHAPTER XXXII. LOUDON. Loudon — Numerous incidents at, &c. — Gen. Forbes here, writes to Gov. Denny — Smith and others assaulted Indian traders — Assault Major Grant — Letters showing the " spirit of the lime," viz : Grant's and other letters — Singular advertisement — Thomas Gage's letter — Cal- lender's letter. /.oMf/ort, a post town in Peters township, on the turnpike road from Ohambersburg to Pittsburg, twelve miles from Chambersburg and five from McConnells town, near the base of the Cove mountain, contains about seventy dwellings, several stores and taverns, and one church and school house. It is in a highly inproved limestone valley, bound- ed by mountains from 900 to 1200 feet high. Here or near was for- merly the site of a fort, one of a line of forts during the French and Indian war. Some of the prominent military characters of that day were here occasionally. Numerous are the incidents that transpired here and in its vicinity, of which however, little has been preserved except by "doubtful, uncertain, and conflicting tradition," upon which one cannot safely rely. The earliest records, and subsequently printed accounts, seem to be discrepant. Passing by many tradition^, I have preferred to present the reader extracts from public records, and let- ters, written at the time, and carefully preserved in the Secretary's office at Harrisburg. Captain Thompson, in a letter to Col. Armstrong, under date at Lou- don, April 7, 17-58, inentions the arrival of forty Cherokee Indians at Fort Loudon, and that more were daily expected, and desires Governor Denny's immediate directions, in what manner the Indians were to be treated and how to be supplied, as they had come without arms or clothes. These Indians had coine for the general service of the colo- nies. — Votes Assem. iv. 816. General Forbes, on his way to Fort Du Quesne,to expel the French and their savage allies from the frontiers, while here addressed a letter t<» Gov. Denny, urging the importance of a hearty co-operation of the governor and people of the province of Pennsylvania, to ensure suc- cess against the enemy. On the 9th of September, 1758, he wrote the governor, "Every thing is ready for the army's advancing; but thai I cannot do, unless I have a sufficient quantity of provisions in the magazines at Raystown." Soon afterwards he steadily advanced till he reached Fort Du Quesne, which the French evacuated, Nov. 24, 1758. It has been stated that Smith brought certain Indian traders to Aw ttrrm. The next day, says Smith, a« usual we backed and painted, and waylaid them near Sidelong hill. I scattered my men about forty HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 477 rods along the side of the road, and ordered every two to take a tree, and about eight or ten rods between each couple, with orders to keep a reserve fire, one not to fire until his comrade had loaded his gun — by this naeans we kept up a constant, slow fire upon them, from front to rear. We there heard nothing of these traders merriment or bur- lesque. When they saw their pack horses falling close by them, they called out " pray, gentlemen, what would you have us to do !" The re- ply was, collect all your loads to the front, and unload them in one place; take your private property, and immediately retire. When they were gone, we burnt what they left, which consisted of blankets, shirts, Vermillion, lead, beads, wampum, tomahawks, scalping knives, and so forth. The traders went back to Fort Loudon, and applied to the com- manding officer there, and got a party of Highland soldiers, and went with them in quest of the robbers, as they called us, and without ap- plying to a magistrate, or obtaining any civil authority, but barely up- on suspicion, they took a number of creditable persons prisoners, (who were chiefly not any way concerned in this action) and confined them in the guard-house in Fort Loudon. I then raised three hundred riflemen, marched to Fort Loudon, and encamped on a hill in sight of the fort. We were not long there, until we had more than double as many of the British troops prisoners in our camp, as they had of our people in the guard-house. Captain Grant, a Highland oflicer, who commanded Fort Loudon, then sent a flag of truce to our camp, where we settled a cartel, and gave them above two for one, which enabed us to redeem all our men from the guard-house, without further diffi- culty. After this Captain Grant kept a number of rifle guns, which the Highlanders had taken from the country people, and refused to give them up. As he was riding out one day, we took him prisoner, and detained him until he delivered up the arms; we also destroyed a large quantity of gun powder that the traders had stored up, lest it might be conveyed privately to the Indians. The king's troops, and our party had now got entirely out of the channel of the civil law, and mahy unjustifiable things were done by both parties. This c* nvinced me more than ever I had been before, of the the absolute necessity of the civil law, in order to govern mankind. The following letters &c., containing much of interest are here in- troduced as showing the state of aff"airs and exhibiting the " spirit of the time." Carlisle, June 1st 1765. I received letters from liieutenant Grant, commanding at Fort Lou- don, complaining much of some late insult received from the rioters near that post. He says, on the 28th ult. (May) he was taking the air on horse back; and about half a mile from his post, was surrounded by five of the rioters, who presented their pieces at him. The person who commanded them, calling to them to shoot the bugger— that one of them fired at him, frightened his horse, that he ran into the bushes and occasioned his being thrown upon the ground. They then dis- armed him, carried him fifteen miles into the woods, and threatened to tie him to a tree, and let him perish, if he would not give them up some arms, which, by his orders were taken from the first party of rioters,* that had appeared ot his post. * A party alluded to in March, 1765. 478 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. When he saw that they were determined to put their threats in ese- cuiion, he thought it was best to promise them their arras ; and was made to give security, to deliver them up in five weeks, under a pen- alty of forty pounds, which being obtained in that manner certainly cannot be binding. Mr. Grant has also sent me a copy of a very singular advertisement,* which was found posted up by the rioters, at some distance from his post; which I have taken the liberty to enclose. The express, who brought the dispatches from Loudon, tells me, he was stopped by some ot these fellows on the road, who would have tak- en his letters from him; but being armed with a broadsword, and his companion having a pistol, they stood on theirdefence and would not submit. Fort Loudon, June 4th, 1765. The first rendezvous of the rioters was at Justice Smith's about five miles from Fort Loudon, the 6th day of March last. From thence ihey followed the first convoy of goods, consisting of eighty-one horse loads twelve miles further, and burned and pillaged sixty-three loads. Capt. Callender applied to Lieut. Grant for a sergeant and twelve men,which he agreed to, who saved the remaining loads chiefly consisting of liquor; and made some of the rioters prisoners, who were afterwards^released upon bail, and took eight rifles; in all which Lieut. Grant is justified by Brig. Bouquet, in his letter of the 14lh of .March, who desires him to keep the rifles in his possession till the owners names shall be found out, which was accordingly done. Lieut. Grant, in his letter to Brigadier Bouquet of the 9lh of March, *ADrKRTisF.MENT. Thesc are to give notice to all our Loyal Volun- teers, to those that has not yet enlisted, you are to come to our Town and come to our Tavern and fill your Bellys with Liquor and your Mouth full of swearing and you will have your pass, but if not your Back must be whipt and your mouth be gagged; you need not be dis- couraged at our last disappointment, for our Just'ce did not get the goods in their hands as they expected, or we should all have a large Bounty; but our Justice has wrote to the Governor and every thing clear on our side and we will have Grant the oflicerwhip'd or Hang'd, and then we will have orders for the goods so we need not stop, what we have a mind and will do for the Governor will pardon our crimes, and the Clergy will give us absolution and the country will stand by us, so we may do what we please for we have Law and Government in our hands and we have a large sum of money raised for our sup- port, but we must take care that it will be spent in our Town, for our Justice gives us, and that have a mind to join us, free toleration for drinking, swearing, Sabbath breaking and any outrage what we have a mind to do, to let those strangers know their place — It was first Pos- ses (Black's Town) and we now move it to Squire Smith's Town, and now I think I have a right to call it, and will still remain till our pleasure, and we call it Hells town in Cumberland county the 25th May 1765. Peters' Township. Your scripture says that the Devil is the Father of sins, but I assure you this is the plain truth what I say. God bless our brave Loyal Volunteers and success to Hellstown — Prov. Rec. T. 6.5-66. HISTORY OP FRANKLIN COUNTY. 479 informs that he was threatened if he did not deliver up his prisoners, that two hundred men in arms would come and burn the Fort, and rescue them by force, which obliged Lieut. Grant to keep his garrison under arms a whole night, being in expectation of an assault : and upon their being admitted to bail. Smith, the ringleader of the rioters, had the assurance to come into the Fort, and told Lieut. Grant that they were were determined to fire upon ihe troops, in case they attempted to carry these men prisoners to Carlisle. Several horses loaded with liquors and necessaries for the troops on the communication, belonging to Joseph Spears, arrived at Fort Loudon, where the goods were deposited, and the drivers carried their horses as usual into the woods to feed, where they were altacked by about 30 of the rioters, in disguise, wiih their faces blacked, who tied them up and flogged them severely; killed five of their horses, wound- ed two more, and burned all iheir saddles. One of the drivers, who made his escape, returned to the Fort, and implored the protection & assistance of the{commanding officer, in his rescuing his companions and preventing the horses from being killed. Lieut. Grant thought it his duty to send a sergeant and twelve men for that purpose ; the riot- ers finding themselves pursued fired upon the parly, who returned the fire and slightly wounded one of them in the thigh. The lOih of May, about 150 of the rioters, in arms, commanded, as 1 am informed, by James Smith, and attended by three justices of the peace, appeared before the Fort, and demanded to search the goods, with an intention, it is believed, to plunder and destroy them, as they had done before. Lieut. Grant suspecting their design, told the justices that the goods were under his protection, by order of the commander- in chief, (Gen. Gage) who had been pleased to send him instructions to have an inventory of the goods taken by the Justice of Peace, and that he intended to apply to one of their number to have it done, but did not think it safe in presence of such a mob, whom he had reason to suspect. To which the Justices made answer, that they would not come again ; and immediately said, they were not under the General's orders; but it is the Governor's they are to obey. The Justices fur- ther told Lieut. Grant that they would pay no regard to any military officer's pass, of whatever rank he might be, and that no goods what- ever, could be safe in going along the communication, without a pass from a Justice of the peace. After this declaration, it cannot be doubted that some of these ju«;- tices have encouraged the rioters, and even protected them in their lawless measures. None of the Justices has taken any notice of this outrage and violence committed on Lieut. Grant, and the 2 sergeants I made mention of in my last ; on the contrary, Smith, who heads these rillains, together with the rest of the party who committed these vio- lences, have appeared, ever since, openly at Justice Smith's house, and were seen there by Lieut. Grant himself, who complained of them to the said Justices, but could obtain no redress. Mr. Maxwell, a Justice of the peace, who has always disapproved of the measures of the rioters, had the assurance to confess to him, the day before they ap- peared in arms before the Fort, that they were determined, by force, to seize upon the goods and plunder them; which, he says, the rioters made no secret of. Mr. Maxwell also says the common place of ren- dezvous for them, is at Justice Smith's, who, he believes, encour- ages them. 4S0 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. I have seen some passes signed by Justice Smith, and his brother- in-law; not only for traders, but even for soldiers of the garrison, who are not safe to go any where about their lawful affairs by a pass from their own officer. They use the troops upon every occasion with such indignity and abuse that flesh and blood cannot bear it. A party of them had the impudence again to intercept the express I mentioned in my last, on his return from Carlisle to this place — used him cruelly, and detained him all day yesterday. One Wilson who seemed to head the party, told the express that they were determined to stop the cloth- ing of the regiment in its way from Carlisle." Governor Penn cited June 27, 1765, Justice Smith and Maxwell, to appear at Philadelphia to clear up this matter. The day appointed to hear them was on Friday July 30. The Governor at the same time en- joined it upon all the Justices of Cumberland county, to be constantly diligent and active in exerting all their powers, influence and endeavors to quell and suppress the first appearances of anv riots and disorders in the county, to preserve the public peace and to bring the offenders to justice. The following letter from Gen. Gage to Governor Penn alludes to the trial of some of the rioters, of March 1765. New York, July 5, 1765. Sir — I have been honored with your lelter of the 28th ult., together with the several depositions concerning the destruction of the goods on Sidling Hill, in March last. The difficulty you lay under to bring the persons concerned in the attack upon the convoy, to punishment, are very obvious, for it is probable that many of the Jury who tried the people, who were prosecuted for the riot, were themselves concerned in it ; and the acquittal of these people, no doubt, rendered them more bold and audacious afterwards. They have acted ever since without any reserve, and with as much confidence as if their actions had been legal and warrantable,' keeping regular scouts and guards upon the roads. I herewith transmit you copies of Passes given by Justice Smith and Lieut. Smith. With respect to the Advertisement, which you resent with so much justice, it appears to have been the contrivance of some Leader of the rioters, in order to encourage them, and to endeavor to sanctify their proceedings by every means, however false and audacious. And I most sincerely wish you may be able to discover the author of so doing an insult. The Governor issued, January 15, 1766, a svpcrscdcas to remove W. Smith from the magistracy ; and a writ to apprehend James Smith, as a ringleader of the riots. It would appear from the following let' ter addressed to Messrs. Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, by R. Callen- der, that the rioters had become desperate. The letter is under date, Pennsborough, March 2d 1766. Since my return home I have been informed by sundry persons that the rascally part of the Conococheague are determined, and are now laying a plan to do you some piece of injury by either stopping, or de- stroying some part of your last cargo that yet remains with the carri- ers in that neighborhood on account of Justice Smith's discharge from the Magistracy, for which they entirely blame your house, thinking thaf it is you alone have excited the Governor to do it. As you have HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 481 already experienced so much of their villainy Ihey are not to be trust- ed farther than seen, and, therefore, I have advised Irwin to go imme- diately to that neighborhood and stop the proceedings of the carriers till there is some method fixed upon for the safe conveyance of these goods, now in their charge, lest the Devil should tempt them to commit some outrage of that kind, which I have great reason to believe they will. Gov. Penn wrote to Justice Smith and Maxwell that they should ap- pear at Philadelphia, to clear up this matter — i. e. charge alleged against them — the above communications. — They were requested to appear on July 30 — on Tuesday, at Philadelphia. The Gov. at the same time wrote to all the Justices of Cumberland county, enjoining it upon them, to be constantly diligent and active in exerting all their power, influence and endeavors to quell and suppress the first appearances of any riots and disorders in the county, to pre- serve the public peace and to bring the oflTenders to Justice. — Prov. Rec. T. 68. CHAPTER XXXIII. Greencastle — Exhumation of human remains — Crunkelton — Funks- town — Quincy — Marion — Waynesboro — Snow Hill — Society at, no- tice of— Greenville — Fayetteville— Upton — Bridgeport — St. Thomas — Orrstown — Roxburg — Concord — Upper Strasburg — Fannetsburg. Greencastle, post town and borough, in sotithern part of the coun- ty, in Antrim township, on the rail road from Chambersburg to Hagers- town, ten miles from the former, fifty-nine miles south west from Har- risburg, seventy north west from Washington city. It is situated in the heart of a fertile, limestone country, well watered and highly im- proved, the rail road, the turnpike road from Mercersburg to Wayns- boro, passes through the borough. Green Castle is a very flourishing place. The town was la:d out by (Colonel John Allison in the year 1782. Among the first settlers here were Crawfords, Statlers, Nighs, MoCuUoghs, Carsons, Clarks, Wat- sons, Grubbs, Lawrence, McLellands. Doctor McLelland, now aged eighty-four, a resident of that place, was the first regularly bred phy- sician in this part of the county. His medical visits extended into the interior of Bedford, Huntingdon and adjacent counties — a distance of some sixty miles. The town was incorporated by an act 25ih March 1805, and now contains nearly two hundred dwellings, five stores, three taverns, five churches belonging to the following denominations; Presbyterian, Lutheran, German Reformed, Methodist, and United Brethren — the three first named Congregations are large, the others small. There are also 41 482 HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. five schools here, with upwards of two hundred scholars, one of « hich is a classical school ; and a nunmber of mechanics' shops, viz : 3 black- smiths, 3 wagonmakers, 4 saddlers, 3 hatters, 7 shoemakers, 1 copper- smith, 2 tinners, 2 tanners, 2 druggists, 5 tailors, 2 coopers, one blue dyer and weaver. These shops give employment from two to four hands each. There are also five physicians to administer to the afiiicted. Population at present is between 1100 and 1200. The town is on the increase, and bids fair to become of considerable importance. Near this place, a horrid murder was perpetrated by the Indians, in August 1764, upon a schoolmaster and his scholars.— See A. B.Ran- kin's letter p. 149-151, «H^r. CauRKELTON, in Antrim township, on the turnpike road, one mile and a half east of Greencastle, contains a few houses. As early as 1786, a public house was kept here by John Lawrence. James Clark, late Canal Commissioner, passed his youthful days here. FcNKSTowN, in Quincy township, contains 12 or 15 dwellings. Al- ton Furnace is a mile from this village. North of Funkstown are the Pine Lands. QuiNCT, a post village, consists of some 12 or 15 dwellings, one tavern and a store ; about 3 miles from Hugh's furnace. Mahiox, formerly called Smokelmm, a post village in Guilford town- ship, on the road from Chambersburg to Greencastle, midway between both ; contains 14 dwellings, 2 stores, a temperance hotel, several me- chanics' shops. The Chambersburg railroad passes near. It is in the heart of a fertile country. WATNESBono, formerly called Wayncsburg, a post town and borough, in Washington township, on the turnpike road leading from McCon- nellstown, Bedford county, by way of Mercersburg, Greencastle, Waynesboro, to Emmittsburg, Md. It is a flourishing town, situated in a very fertile, highly cultivated, and very productive limestone coun- try. It is only 2 miles from the Maryland line, 9 from Greencastle, 15 from Chambersburg and 19 from Mercersburg. The borough contains about 100 dwellings, 4 taverns, (one temperance house) 4 stores, 3 churches, viz: German Reformed, Lutheran, Presbyterian and Metho- dist. There are 2 public schools, and an academy, here. A weekly paper — Waynesboro Circulator — is published by M. C. Grate. A Mr. Wallace laid out the town, about 45 years ago, and for some time, it was named after him — Wallacetown. It is said the first hoube of the town, occupied by Messrs. Tritle and Davidson, was erected by Michael McCoskrey. Snow Hill or Schnecbtirg, in Washington township, is on Anticturn creek, near the South mountain. It is a pleasant situation. It is prin- . cipally a German, Seventh Day Baptist settlement, and in quite a flour- ishing condition. They keep up the institution, as originally establish- ed, at Ephrata, Lancaster county. The German Seventh Day Baptist Society originated with Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany, about the year 1728. He had been, originally, a Presbyterian ; afterwards connected himself with the Dunkards or German Brethren ; but conceiving that they erred in ob- serving the first, instead the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath, he seceded from them ; having previously published in 1725, a tract, entering into a discussion, as to the observance of the Sabbath, which created no small excitement, and consequent disturbance among the HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 483 Brethren — Upon which, says Dr. Fahnestock, he retired — went secretly into a cell, on the banks of the Cocalico creek, in Lancaster county, which had been previously occupied by one Elimelich, a hermit. His plan of retirement was unknown for a long time to the people he had left, and when discovered, many of the Society at Mill creek, (with which Beissel had been connected) who had been convinced of the truth of his proposition for the observance of the Sabbath, settled around him in solitary cottages. They adopted the original Sabbath — the Seventh day — for public worship, in the year 1728, which has ever since been observed by their descendants, unto the present day. "In the year 1732, the solitary life was changed into a conventicle one, and a Monastic Society was established as soon as the first build- ings erected for the purpose were finished— May, 1733— constituting, with the buildings subsequently erected, the irregular, enclosed village of Ephrata." After the decline of the Institution at Ephrata, they commenced the one here at Schnecberg or Snow Hill. For the particulars of this So- cielv, see " He Pasa Ekklesia, printed at Philadelphia, 1844. Upton, a post village, in Montgomery township, on the turnpike road leading from Waynesboro to McConnellstown, 4^ miles from Greencastle, and five and a half from Mercersburg. It consists of 6 dwellings, 1 store, 1 tavern and several mechanics' shops. Peter Cook is the principal owner of the village. About 2 miles from here, in Peters' township, reside the Mr. McCulloughs whose ancestor had been abducted by the Indians. Bridcje Port, in Peters' township, on the left bank of the Conoco- cheague creek, 3 miles from Mercersburg, consist of about 18 dwell- ings, a saw mill, grist mill, fulling mill, 1 store, and a house for public worship. Here is a substantial stone bridge across the Conococheague, contiguous to Hoover's mill. The town is of recent origin ; started about 20 years ago. St. Thomas, a post village, in St. Thomas township, is on the turn- pike road lead from Chambersburg to Pittsburg. It is a pleasant vil- lage, 7 miles from Chambersburg; contains about 75 dwellings, 2 stores, 4 taverns,'a German Reformed & Lutheran church, and school house. It was laid out about 50 years ago. The surrounding coun- try is well cultivated and very productive. OuRSTow?«, a post village, in Southampton township, on the Three Mountain road, south bank of Conodoguinette creek, five miles west of Shippensburg, five east of Sirasburg, six miles north of Green village, is situated on an elevation, and its location, which is beautiful, is ren- dered quite imposing by the surrounding country. It was laid out by Messrs. John and William Orr in 1834, after whom the village has been called. It contains thirty dwellings, nearly all built within five or six years ; two stores, a tavern, a very extensive tannery, a school house, and a number of mechanics' shops ; also two brick churches, one held by the German Reformed, and the Presbyterians in common, and the other by the so styled Winebrennerians. Population about 180. In this thriving village the people are remarkable for their industry and enterprise. RoxBURY, post town, in Lurgan township, on the Conodoguinette creek, on the east side of the Blue Mountain, twelve miles north of Chambersburg, contains some ten or fifteen dwellings. 484 HISTORY* OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. Concord, a post village, in Fannet township, upon the Tuscarora creek, and in the head of the Valley, consits of several dwellings. Upper Strasburg, a post town, in Letterkenny township, in a fork ofHerren's branch of Conodoguinette creek, ten miles north west of Chambersburg, thirteen of Shippensburg ; fifty n>iles west of Harris- burg, consists of thirty dwellings, three stores, two taverns, two chur- ches, one held in common by the Lutherans and German Reformed, in which the Presbyterian congregation, enjoys the privilege to wor- ship, and one held by the United Brethren, three tanneries, and two schools, male and female. One grist mill. The town was laid out by Mr. Deweld Kiefer, about the year 1791 — Population 230. Fanxetsburg, a post village, in Metal township, on the road from Upper Strasburg to Bedford, twelve miles in a direct line north west from Chambersburg, in a secluded, fertile valley, called Path Valley, two or three miles wide, bounded on the east by the North Mountain, and west by the Blue Mountain. The town consists of about thirty dwellings, stores, taverns, &. CHAPTER XXXIV. < FIRST SETTLERS. First settlers — Prairie — Schlatter's allusion thereto — Difficulties and sufferings of first settlers — Presbyterians &c. &c — Character of the Nugents and others — Education — Provision for the poor. The first white settlers were Scotch, and of the Scotch-Irish race. Many of their descendants still remain ; but the German population, which has more recently come in, is fast gaining in numbers over the descendants of the pioneers. It is a tradition well supported, that a great part of the best lands in the Conococheague valley were, at the first settlement of the country, what is now called in the western states prairie. The land was without timber, covered with a rich, luxuriant grass, with some scattered trees, hazel-bushes, wild plumbs, and crab-apples. It was then called gener- ally the barrens. The timber was to be found on or near the water- courses, and on the slale soil. This accounts for the preference given by the early settlers to the slate lands, before the limestone lands were surveyed or located. The slate had the attractions of wood, water- courses, and water-meadows, and was free of rock at the surface. Be fore the introduction of clover, artificial grasses, and the improved system of agriculture, the hilly limestone land had its soil washed off, was disfigured with great gullies, and was sold as unprofitable, for a trifle, by the proprietors, who sought other lands in Western Pennsyl- HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 485 vania. It is now under German cultivation, the most beautiful and fertile section of the county. The Revd. Michael Schlatter, a German Reformed minister, passed through here in 1748. In his Tage Buch May 9, he alludes to the prairie covered with fine grass. " Woselbst ich den 8ten zu Friederichton, eineneu angelegte stadt, in dem Schulhause eine Vorbereitungs-Predigt that, und denselbigen Tag meinen Weg in Gesellschaft eines Aeltesten dieser Gemeine, der sich freyvvillig anerbote mich durch Virginien zu begleiten, noch 34 Meilen weiter forlzetzte bis an Canogogee, da wir ueber das so gen- annte Blau Gebirge zogen, so dass wir nicht vor dem 9tn des Morgens um 2 uhr zu Canogogee in dem Hause eines ehrlichen Schweizers* eine angenehme Ruhe genossen mit Danksagung. Ich predigte alldor- ten noch den selben Tag. Diese Gemeine, gelegen gegen Mitternacht von Marienland, und also nochunter Pennsylvanien gehoerend, wurde von dem Prediger Monaccacy koennen bedient werden. " Hier um diese Gegcnd sind sehr frucht bare Bau-und-Weidfelder, die beinahe ohne Duenge Tuerkisch Korn hervorbringen, worrunter Halmen sind von zehn und mehr Schuhen lang, und ein ueberaus shoenes Grass. Daherum wohnen noch viele Indianern, oder alte Einheimische des Landes, die sehr gutartig und dienstreich, und den Christen nicht ungeneigt sind, wenn sie nur durch starkes Getraenke nicht trunken gemacht wurden." The first inhabitants were, as already remarked, from Ireland, Scot- land, and a few from Germany and Switzerland. Benjamin Chambers, the first settler, induced others, his countrymen, to immigrate to the Conococheague settlement. Soon afterwards, some Germans & Swiss descendants, principally from the lower part of Lancaster county, found their way into this settlement : since then they constitute a great proportion of the present population of this county. Many of the Ger- mans speak the language of their fathers; but of late years the English has the preference with many whose grand-parents immigrated from Germany. The first settlers of this count)', experienced, in common with the frontier settlers, the difficulties and privations in new settlements — to these difficulties and privations, were superadded the horrors of war in its worst form. For eight or nine years, after the defeat of Brad- dock, in July 1755, the whole frontier of this county was exposed to * Eine f ehrlichen Schwcitzers. The Revd. Schlatter does not name the " honest Swiss." It may have been Jacob Snevely, a Swiss Mennonite, who had emigrated from Switzerland, and settled at first at Conestogo, (now Lancaster county); but moved to the Conococheague settlement about the year 1737 or 1738. He had been tax collector for the south pan of Hopewell township in 1739. The dale of his warrant for land, bounded by land of King and Brown, is 1743. When Mr. Snevely set- tled here he was surrounded by Indians. He was, as I have been in- formed, the grandfather of Joseph Snively, Esq.; and the progenitor of all those, numerous as they are, who bear the name Snively in Frank- lin county. During the hostile incursions of the Indians into this re- gion of country, Mr. Snevely retreated, for security, to Lancaster. The original homestead of Jacob Snevely is now occupied by An- drew Snively, Esq., in Antrim township. 41* 486 HISTORV OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. the incursions of Indian war parties, who, as is their custom, were marauding the country, and would often surprise the inhabitants, and many of whom were massacred in the most cruel manner, and others abducted, and inhumanly treated by the savages. So artful were these enemies, that notwithstanding the vigilance of the settlers, and the nu- merous stocades and forts they had erected to protect themselves, many of them fell victims, by day as well as by night, to these barbarians, whose desire for blood and revenge knew no bounds. The character of these hardy settlers is graphically sketched, by the hand of another. — Patriotism was a predominant trait among the early Presbyterians of Conococheague, as well as the whole Kittatinny val- l«y. They were conspicuous among the provincial troops in the old French war; and throughout all the Indian wars, they sustained near- ly the whole burden of defending the frontier. When a new purchase was made (sometime before), they were the first to make an opening in the wilderness beyond the mountains; and when the alarm of the American Revolution echoed along the rocky walls of the Blue Mountain, it awakened a congenial thrill of blood of that race which years before, in Ireland and Scotland, had resisted the arbitrary powers of England. Though the great body of them was patriotic, moral, industrious, and by no means diffident in any thing that should characterize a free and independent people, there were still some whose principles were rotten and whom neither reason could sway nor law restrain, as ap- pears from the subjoined extract. During the French war of 1755, the war of the Revolution, and the intermediate Indian war, Chambersburg was a small frontier village, almost the outpost of civilization. A considerable trade was carried on with the more remote settlements on the Pittsburg road, by means of pack-horses. In time of peace some traffic was carried on with the Indians. The vicinity of an Indian frontier is not the purest school of morals. The restraints of law and religion become relaxed. The laws of the provincial legislation were ill suited to the sudden and an- alogous emergencies of frontier life, and the people were very apt to make a law unto themselves, and institute a code of morals that would not be tolerated in better organized communities. The rigid discipline of the Scotch Presbyterians was introduced at a very early period into the Conococheague settlements, but it surpassed its powers to curb the wild and lawless spirit of the Indian traders and frontier men. As a consequence of this state of things, the Conococheague towns were in- fested during the revolution with a band of desperate marauders and counterfeiters, who bid defiance to all laws. They had an organized line from Bucks county through Chester and the Cumberland valley, into Virginia. The Doanes of Bucks county, Fritz of Chester county, and the men of Conococheague, (whose names might be mentioned if it were thought necessary,) together with other confederates in Virgin- ia and Carolina, drove a brisk trade during the revolution by stealing horses and cattle, and disposing of them to the British. When the British retired, they carried on an extensive trade among themselves, by stealing horses at the south; passing them along the line to the north where they could not be recognized, and exchanging them for others stolen at the north ; thus at that early day anticipating the gold- en dreams of our modern financiers, by equalizing the ezchanges. HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY. 487 The long narrow valleys and secluded coves behind the Blue Mountain afforded a convenient route, and secure hiding places. These were no shabby villains: they wore the finest dresses, sported the best horses, and could display more guineas and jewelry than any others in the settlement; and though the source of their sudden wealth was suspec- ted, no one dared to prove it against them. When not engaged in the more important department uf the trade, they resorted to counterfeiting continental money, and sauntering around the towns, where they would amuse themselves by putttng tricks upon travellers. Wo betide the unlucky Doctor Syntax who in those days hitched his horse in the di- amond after night. If fortunate enough to find him at all, he would have great difficulty in recognizing him, with his mane, tail, and ears cropped, and possibly a little paint added by way of ornament. And equally unfortunate was any man who resisted or threatened to bring ihem to justice. His barn or his crops would be destroyed by fire. They thus for a long time defied public sentiment by threats, or eluded justice by concealment. At last two of them near Chambersburg, meeir ing a man on the highway with a bottle which they presumed to be whiskey, demanded it of him; he gave it up without remark, and on tasting they found it to be 'yeast ! They broke it over his head in a rage, and otherwise abused him. This led to their arrest, and the de- tection of other crimes; and they were hung at Carlisle. On being called out to execution, they refused to come ; but a smoke ol brimstone made in the cell brought them to speedy submission. The state of education is improving. The common school system has been adopted in every district except one township, Warren. The schools are in operation in 13 districts, in which 112 schools are open about five months and a half in the year, employing 96 male, and 17 female teachers, at an average salary of $17,72, of the latter $11,21 per month ; in these schools 3,282 male, and 2,711 females are taught, 70 of whom are learning German. A district tax has been raised of $11,- 781 74— the State appropriation was $8,136 00 — cost of instruction !J10,490 74; fuel and contingencies $904 70, for the year 1844. Besides the public schools, other literary institutions, already no- ticed, exert a salutary influence upon the several classes of society. The religious denominations are Presbyterian, Associate Reformed, German Reformed, Lutheran, Methodist, United Brethren in Christ, German Baptist, Mennonites, and Church of God. Pcorhouse. — Ample provision is made for the support of the poor. The poor house Bear Chambersburg, contains on an average about 100 paupers. There is a farm connected wjih it of 188 acres, and is very productive. HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXV. BEDFORD COl'NTY. Bedford county erected — Extracts from Court Records, &c.— Limits of Bedford reduced — Surface of the county diversified — Description of, &c. — Geology of the county — General statistics of 1840 — Synopsis of census of 1840 — Streams described — Public improvements. Bedford county, originally a part of Cumberland county ,'was taken from it by an act of the Legislature, passed March 9, 1771 ; the boun- dary and limits of which were thus defined by said act, " Thai all and singular the lands lying and being within the boundaries following : that is to say, beginning where the province line crosses the Tuscaro- ra mountain, and running along the summit of that mountain to the Gap near the head of Path Valley; thence with a north line to the Ju- niata; thence with the Juniata to the mouth of Shaver's creek; thence northeast to the line of Berks county; thence along the Berks county line northwestward to the west boundary of the province; thence southward, according to the several courses of the western boundary of the province, to the southwest corner of the province to the place of beginning. By the sixth section of the same act it was ordained, "That it shall and may be lawful to and fur Arthur St. Clair, Bernard Dougherty, James Coulter, William Proctor and George Woods, Gent, or any of them, to purchase and take assurances to them and their heirs of a piece of land, situate in some convenient place in the said town (Bed- ford) in trust, and for the use of the inhabitants of the said county, and thereon to erect a court house and prison." Robert McCrea, William Miller and Robert Moore, were appointed to run, mark out and distinguish the boundary lines between Cumber- land and Bedford counties. The first Court of General Quarter Session of this county was held at Bedford the I6th of April, 1771, before William Proctor, Robert Cluggage, Robert Hanna, George Wilson, William Lochery & William McConnell, Esqrs. Justice of our Lord the King, to hear and determine divers felonies and misdemeanors committed in the said county. The Grand Jury consisted of the following gentlemen — James Anderson, foreman : Charles Cesna, James McCashlin, Tho- mas Kenton, Allen Rose, George Millekin, John Moore, Robert Cul- bertson, George Funk, John Huff, Rinard Wolfe, Vallentine Shadacer, HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. 489 Thomas Hay, Samuel Drennin, Edward Rose, Samuel Skinner, Wil- liam Parker, Christopher Miller, Thomas Croyal, Adam Sam, Jacob Fisher, David Rinard. The first Justices of the Peace for the county appointed by the Gov- ernor, March 12, 1771, were : John Frazer, Bernard Daugherty, Arthur St. Clair, William Crawford, James Millingran, Thomas Gist, Dorsey Penticost, Alexander McKee, Wm. Proctor, jr., Robert Hanua, Williaiu Lochery, George Wilson, Robert Cluggage, Wra. McConnell and Geo. Woods. April term 1771— Tavern keepers recommended to the Governor were: Margaret Frazer, Jean Woods, Frederick Naugle, Geo. Funk, John Campbell. July 1771 — James Anderson, Andrew Bonjour, Thomas Campbell, Joseph Irwin, John Miller, Samuel Paxton. January Session ol 1783 the Court fixed the following in Bedford county. One bcfwl of West India rum toddy Do. Continental or other rum Du. Whiskey Each bowl to have one half pint of liquor Half a pint of West India rum Do. Continental rum Do. Whiskey Beer and cider each per quart Dinner supper and breakfast each Horse and hay per night The above to be the rates of tavern expenses and to be set up to public view in every tavern in the county ef Bedford. Done by the Court the 17th of July 1783. Baunaud Daughertt, President. The following attorneys appeared and were admitted, on motion of Bernard Daugherty, Esq., Robert Magaw, Andrew Ross, Philip Pen- dleton, Robert Galbraiih, David Sample and James Wilson, and at the July term, July, 16, 1771, David Grier.David Espy and Geo. Brent. Arthur St. Clair was the first Prothonotary, Recorder of Deeds, Re- gister and Deputy Register for the Probate of Wills. The first Commissioners were Robert Hanna, Dorsey Pentecost and John Stephenson ; the Assessors were James Pollock, Samuel Miller, Solomon Sheppard, Joseph Bealer, James Cavet and Richard Wells, jr. At the same session the Court appointed the following township officers, viz : Air township — Jacob Rush Constable, John Burd Supervisor, James Galloway William Lata, Overseers of Poor. Armstrong township— Edward Cahil Constable, Geo. Leazer Super- visor, William Styphel lames Craig, Overseers of Poor. Barru township — Wm. Shirley Constable, Samuel Anderson, Su- pervisor, James Siple John Wilson, Overseers of Poor. Bedford township— John Rodes twp. Henry Creiton town Constables, Thomas Kenton Supervisor, John Miller Samuel Drenrim, Overseers of Poor. Brother Valley township — John Huff Constable, Henry Rhode, sen., Supervisor, Red. Wells Gabriel Rhode, Overseers of Poor. vern rates. £. s. d. 1 6 1 I 1 6 6 6 1 6 490 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. Colerain township — John Moore Constable, Samuel Moore Super- visor, Oliver Miller Wm. Parker, Overseers of Poor. Cumberland township — Thos. Davis Constable, Thos. Jones Super- visor, Thos. Coulter Sam'l Barrel, Overseers of Poor. Dublin township — James Foley Constable, Jas. Cluggage Supervi- sor, Benj. El iot Charles Boyle, Overseers of Poor. Fairfiekl township — Robert Loughlin Constable, John Campbell Su- pervisor, Thos. Jameson Garrett Pendegrass, Overseers of Poor. Hempfield township — Wendel Urie Constable, Joseph Erwin Super- visor, Joshua Meek James Bird, Overseers of Poor. Mt. Pleasant township — Wm. Perry Constable, Jas. Fletcher Super- visor, Joseph Rone John Shepeard, Overseers of Poor. Pitt township— Wm. Troop Constable, Wm. Elliot Supervisor, De- vereaux Smith Con. Wend. Miller, Overseers of Poor. Ross Straver township — Wm Lynd Constable, Rob. Thompson Su- pervisor, Henry Spears Rob. McConnell, Overseers ot Poor. Spring Hill township — Lewis Seltzer Constable, Charles Burkham Supervisor, Jno. Wm. Province Luke Collins, Overseers of Poor. Tyrone township — Sam'l Lyon Constable, Lawrence Harrison Su- pervisor, Ebenerer Zane John Stinson, Overseers of Poor. Tullyleagu" township — Andrew Boys Constable, Supervisor none. Overseers of Poor, none. When the county was first organized it included the whole north- western and southwestern part of the province. Since, it has been gra- dually reduced to its present limits. It was first reduced by annexa- tion of a part of it to the county of Northumberland, March 21, 1772, which was erected out of parts of Lancaster, Cutnberlaml, Berks, Nor- thampton and Bedford; then by the establishment of Westmoreland in 1773, of Huntingdon in 1787, and Somerset in 1795; and is now bounded as follows: on the north by Huntingdon and east by Frank- lin counties; south by the Stateof Maryland, and west by Somerset and Cambria counties. Length about 44 miles; breadth 34; area 1,52() square miles. Population 'in 1790 was 13,124; in 1800 12,039; in 1810 15,746 ; in 1820 20,248 ; in 1830 24,502; in 1840 29,335. Aggre- gate amount of property taxable in 1844 $3,294,386 00. The county is at present divided into the following townships, viz: Air, Bedford, Bel- fast, Bethel, Colerain, Cumberland Valley, Dublin, Greenfield, Hope- well, Londonderry, Napier, Hrovidence, Southampton, St. Clair, Woot'- berry, Broad Top, East Providence, West Providence, Union, North Woodberry, South Woodberry, Licking Creek, Middle Woodberry, Monroe and Harrison, and several boroughs, which will be mention- ed in the sequel. The face of the country is greatly diversified ; mountainous, uneven, broken, undulating and level. Numerous mountains or high ridges intersect the county, passing across it in a direction nearly north and south, which are separated by vallies of irregular width. The first prominent mountain that presents itself is the Cove or Tuscarora mountain. The Tuscarora separates Franklin from Bedford. A small^ valley or rather Cove intervenes between this and Scrub Ridge, which is not so high as the first mentioned ; then we next meet with Sideling Hill, which extends from the Maryland line across the county, and into Huntingdon county as far as the Juniata river, a distance of more than 50 miles. Next is Broad Top, extending northeast from Hopewell HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. 491 township, into Union township, Huntingdon county — coal obounds in this county. South of Broad Top or Harbour mountain, Ray's Hill, Clear Ridge, and several other ranges extending southward into Mary- land. Immediately west of these is Warrior Ridge, which extends from the souih boundary of the county, northeast through Southampton and Providence townships, to the Raystown branch of the Juniata river. Next is Tussey's mountain, stretching quite across the coun- ty, and thence northward through Huntingdon and Centre counties towards the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Further west is Dunning's mountain, a continuation of Eviti's mountain from the vici- nity ot Bedford. Evitt's mountain rises in Maryland, north oi the Po- tomac, and runs into this county to the Raystown Branch, dividing Cumberland Valley and Bedford townships, from Southampton & Cole- rain. Its length is this about 19 miles. Wills' mountain, also rises in Maryland on the north side of Wills' creek, runs into this county a short distance north of the fov n of Bedford; and beyond then is the Allegheny, which forms part of the western boundary of the county. Besides these mountains are a number of knobs and elevated, rugged ridges, that contribute much to the diversified aspect of the country. Nor is the aspect of the country more diversified than are the geologi- cal features. Though the aspect of the country is rugged and forbidding, and a goodly portion unproductive, nevertheless, there are to be found be- tween lofty ridges and mountams, delightful valleys, studded with comfortable dwellings; healthy and prolific families, with all the com- forts of life in abundance, and every thing that renders life comfort- able. Limestone is found east of Tussey's mountain, crossing the Juniata at Bloody run; and also about the town of Bedford, from which it extends on the west of Evitt's mountain to the Maryland line. Another long narrow belt of the same limestone, ranges from the southern boundary of the state up Wills' creek on the west of Wills' creek on the west of Wills' mountain, stretching north eastward quite across the country to Juniata near Hollidaysburg. The fossiliferous sandstone will generally be found to accompanv the limestone last mentioned, commonly forming sharp rough hills along the side of the valley which contains the limestone. The dark and olive colored slates, with the gray and red sandstones and red shales of the next two formations, and occupy most of the country between Scrub Ridge and Sideling Hill, and also from the latter to Warrior ridge. In the western part of the county there is also a broad belt of these formations extending from the limestone and fossiliferous sandstone to the Alleghany mountain. The coarse gray sandstone of the next formation is found in Sideling Hill, Rays Hill, Harbour mountain, and on the eastern front of the Alleghany. The red shale next below the coal measures is seen at the base of Broad Top in Wells' Valley, and westward in Ground Hog Valley. The sandstone which lies immediately below the coal of the Broad Top region, differs from the general character of the same formation below the other coal measures of the State, having less of the pebbly conglomerate character, and more resembling the sandstone between the coal beds themselves. 492 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. Broad Top mountain, only a part of which is in this county, is a broad, irregular jj/a^eaM, having several spurs running out towards the bounding valleys. Beds of coal have been opened on it in many pla- ces, and have been found to be from 3 to 8 feet thick ; yielding coal of good qualiiy, though less bituminous than that west of the Alleghany mountain. This region has been but imperfectly explored, and the number of coal seams, with their extent and relative positions, has not been fully ascertained. Iron ore occurs in many parts of the county, and is extensively mined in several places for the supply of furnaces. The best kind is found in Morrison's Cove. According to the statistics of 1840, Bedford county contained 9 fur- naces, which produced 7,765 tons of cast iron; 2 forges produced 8398 tons of bar iron ; 14,497 tons of fuel consumed in the manufacture of iron, employing 821 men including mining operations, capital invested $253,000 ; coal dug 8,100 bushels, employed 10 hands, capital invested §900; horses and mules 8,098, neat cattle 53,213, sheep 82,055, swine 95,716 value of poultry $10,320; wheat 347,704, barley 5,531, oats 591,371, rye 295,051, buckwheat 52,851, corn 329,956, pounds of wool, 66,699, hops 3,516, 3,516, wax 2,146, bushels of potatoes 284,222, tons of hay 33,384, tons of flax 5;|, pounds of sugar made 3,207, cords ol •wood sold 2^200, products of the orchard valued at $5,667, home-made goods $10,544, stores of all kinds 40, capital invested $120,900 ; value of machinery manufactured $2,700; bricks and lime $4,900, hands employed in making brick 16, capital invested $650 ; 1 1 fulling mills, I woolen factory, value ol manufactured goods $9,700, 18 hands em- ployed, capital $11,500 ; various manufactures $26,770, persons em- ployed 94; capital invested $8,334; value of hats and caps manufac- tured $3,200; 10 persons employed, capital $1,1000; 22 tanneries; tanned 6,546 sides of sole leather, 4,847 upper; 43 hands employed ; capital $35,200, 26 hands employed, various other manufactories ef leather; $93,525 value of manufactured articles, capital $6,735 ; 9 dis- tilleries, manufactured 40,600 gallons, 9 hands employed, capital $,600; I powder mill, made 4,000 pounds, 2 men employed, $800 capital ; value of drugs, paints, ^c, $1,200, capital $35,005 ; 12 potteries, $5,- 350 val. of articles, 17 hands employed, capital $1,900 ; 2 printing of- fices, 5 men employed, $4,800 capital; value of carriages and wagons manufactured $8,025 ; 27 hands employed, capital $4,205; 19 flouring mills, made 8,400 barrels of flour, 12 grist mills, 43 saw mills; value of manufactures $17,065, 74 men employed, $69,620 capital ; furniture manufacture $11,850, 38 men employed, $3,790 capital; houses built II brick, 7 wooden, 117 men employed, value of constructing build- ings $32,050. Total capital invested in manufactures $192,039. ^.-^ & 2- S: :^ = 2 =. _ C a ^ en ^ 3 ^ ^ - o ?.=:.P- ■ 5' i/J — = = 2i '^^^ , %j vw 'w en -^^ o =. — w -►^. 5 3 c :? 3 rt> — ■ — . ill -5 T O 3 S S^ B' i!;2 crq a- p. 2" 5" 3 ^ O ^' s p «-'t3OOCn~JCa0C0tn'— MCO -»}C50D»— OOSCitO'-'ggv'' under 5 5 and under 10 10 and under 15 15 and under 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 Cn>f^OtDOl»SCT>a;QOtOCOOD 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 ol0^c^<(X)'-'0'<^lf>■l;^Oll— cots 60 and under 70 s; I - f^~JCn~30DOC0»— ^3■-■>— cnoooco O •- ts -J^ — CO © o to to to ■^ © to to — to © ito- CO to to to -;! CO C3D o © 00 03 © CO CO CJi CO CD to to CO 00 © © to to o © to to © *» ^ CO © 4^ © © © CO o rfi. 1- to en CO to 00 1^ to Oi © CD © cc CO Ui CO 00 . © en to © 00 00 e> © © o 0-1 © to 00 CO en >(^ 00 to CO to 03 o to 00 en © CO tn CO © *I <1 OS 00 00 en © 00 to CO 00 1— o CO CO ts © tn CO CO <1 CD 05 00 © © to CD a> •P' CO CO © en © to .©coi— if'Qoeicocowto to co©to^— COtOtOi-'COCOif'tOCOCO coto.^^ cocoto>-tototo en I coenmto-f'O'Oto— 'cotoen©rf^eto©©if'coco— -©CO 15 and under 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 en©co©©co©»f><}cj©en©o>>^4'^ oo © >— © oi 60 and under 70 j^ \ - 1- - CO I cooo>fa''f'toooen©cn»j;;i©ODif'~joii— ©toco©i-'if>co 70 and under 80 © i-'Co — — ©ts*'H-©c;ii*'to>-H-i--© — tstocoto©--i-- to en ^-^1— ii— ^— >— COUitO co©©>— ©►-©©e;n©coooo>>f'©©oto© — >fen©oo 80 and under 90 Males of all ages. o -- to —' _ ©1 -'if^O^ — en to _ ^ _ •-■ tn to Females &c. 494 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. Though Bedford county contains no mighty rivers, yet it is well watered. — Every valley has its stream, fed by mountain springs, and these uniting, furnish abundance of water power for all milling and manufacturing purposes. The following are the streams of any note. The Juniata riveii, one of the main tributaries of the Susquehanna rises by two principal branches, Raystown and Frankstown branches, in this county. The Raystown Branch rises on the east side of the Alle- gheny mountain, and its course through this county receives, Dun- nings creek, Buffalo creek, Shovers creek. Cove creek, Tussey's run, Clear creek. Shavers and Brush creek. Tub Mill run, Harbour run. Yellow creek. Six Mile creek and some smaller streams with their sev- eral tributaries, among which are, Bobs creek. Alum creek, Adams creek. Grass Lick run, Beaver Dam Branch, Middle Branch, Meadow Branch, Three Spring Branch, and numerous other rivulets. The Frankstown Branch rises near the south east corner of Greenfield town- ship, and flows along the west side of Dunnings mountain north about twelve miles, to the Frankstown gap, through which it passes to Hun- tingdon county ; in its course through this county it receives the Three Springs, and several other tributaries. Besides the Juniata branches several other streams rise in this coun- ty; Aughwick creek which rises in Hopewell and Dublin township?, receiving several tributaries in its course through this part of the coun- ty ; and flows onward through Huntingdon county. In the southern part of the county, are a number of streams, tributa- ries of the Potomac — beginning at the Franklin county line, and pass- ing along the Maryland line, we meet with Licking, North Branch, Conallaway, Buck, Sideling Hill, Fifteen Mile, Town, Hinlston, Evets and Wills creeks, with their numerous small tributaries, such as Little creek, Pattersons run. Burns run. Barrets run. Five Lick run. Little Conallaway, Lybersgore run, Hughs Camp run, and others of less im- portance. These several streams though not large, many of which are mere mountain streams, afi'ord many excellent mill seats, and many are employed as such. Bedford springs will be noticed in the sequel. This county has no canals, nor rail roads. The turnpike road from Philadelphia passes through it from east to west, entering the county between Loudon and McConnelstown. Near McConnelstown another turnpike road by way of Mercersburg from Waynesburg, connects with the Philadelphia pike ; and a little beyond Bedford the turnpike to Somerset, branches from it. The common roads are generally good, except in the mountainous regions, where they are usually very rough, and little attention is paid to them, by way of repairing them. — In many places the travelling in wheel carriages is exceedingly difficult, and very unpleasant. In some instances thedanger of upsetting a vehicle is great, along the acclivity of mountains. Lately, however, considerable attention has been paid to improve them so as to avoid accidents from upsetting, owing to the narrowness as well as the roughness of the roads. CHAPTER XXXVI. BEDFORD BOROUGH. The locality of Bedford— Synopsis of the census of 1840 — Fort erected here proving a link in chain of forts &c— Garret Pendegrass receives a grant of lands — Armies here several times during the French war —Joseph Shippen's letter to Richard Peters— Captain Ourry station- ed here — Refugees resort hither for protection against the enemy — rs'umerous interesting incidents noticed — Whiskey insurrection «Stc — Armies here in 1794 — President Washington and other distinguish- ed men here — Extracts from sundry letters &c — Bedford medicinal springs, briefly noticed. Bedford is a flourishing borough, situated near the head of the Raystown Branch of the Juniata river, on the main turnpike road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. The town was laid out by order of the proprietor, in 1766. The order was given to the Surveyor general, John Lukens, who himself saw the order executed. The plan of the town is that generally adopt- ed by the Penns ; straight streets and a large square in the centre. It IS 95 miles east of Pittsburg; .54 west of Chambersburg ; 31 south of Hollidaysburg. and 30 north of Cumberland. The country around it that is not mountainous, is rich limestone land. Bedford can vie with any interior town, in Pennsylvania, for its beautiful site, and the unsurpassed salubrity of its atmosphere. It is nearly surrounded by mountains, pouring their limpid streams into the valley, shaded by forests, which, in the summer afford refreshing breezes and " lustrated air," so desirable in the hot season of the year. The site of Bedford, says the Revd. R. Weiser, in a communication to the compiler, is in the estimation of all who love the sublime and romantic one of the most beautiful and picturesque m the state. It is almost entirely surrounded by the sides or sloping ends of high moun- tains. The most beautiful view is from the elevation on the turnpike, as the traveller rises up from the Great George through which the Juni- ata, and the turnpike pass. As you approach the summit of the hill, Bedford bursts into view, with its spires, and brick walls, an astonishing contrast with the rug- ged scenery through which you have passed for near 50 miles. The spot on which it stands, seems to have been scooped out of the moun- tains by the hands of God. 496 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. We might adopt the language of Moore in relation to its physicial character — "The bright eyes of angels only Can look upon us, and behold A paradise so pure and lonely." Here in this lovely spot, watered by the clear waters of the Juniata, and fanned by the salubrious breezes of the Allegheny, Ray seems to have pitched his tent. Who this Ray was, or where he hailed from, or what became of him, no one knows. The probability is that amid those scenes of carnage and blood, he and his family were massacred — and none was left to tell the sorrowful tale of his fate. No monu- ment was ever erected to tell the passer by where rest the remains of the first settlers of Bedford. There is no person living who knows any thing about Raystown. The oldest person, born in Bedford, now living is Mrs. Ernst, now 85 years old; and, she says, that when she was a little girl, the Fort of Bedford was full of soldiers, and the houses outside of the Fort were called Raystown. In 1771, the old regular fort was in a state of dilap- itation, according to the united testimony of a number of our oldest citizens. But still we are told after 1771, even up to 1782, the whites were in the habit of running to the fort when alarmed by the Indians. If the fort was in a state of ruin, how could it protect the whites ? We have a solution of this apparent contradiction, in the well authentica- ted fact that, George Woods, the great grandfather of E. S. Anderson, Esq. had a fort made around his own house — a picket fort, and this was called Fort Bedford, and it was into this fort the alarmed whites generally ran after 1771. The Borough contained in 1830 a population of 879, of whom 417 were white males, 405 white females; 27 black males, and 80 black females— and by the census of 1840, it contained 1,036*, of whom were 498 males; 471 females; 29 black males, and 26 black females. Of this population 7 were engaged in agriculture, 85 in manufactures and trades ; 20 in the learned professions, and the others variously employed. At present (1845) according to an account furnished by the Revd. Weiser, there are in Bedford 225 buildings used as public and private houses. The public buildings are, the Court house, the jail, several churches, viz : Presbyterian, Lutheran & German Reformed, Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, African meeting house, two for primary schools. The professional men are, 7 Clergymen ; the Revds. Thos. Heyden, Catholic ; Jacob Riegler, German Reformed ; Reuben Weiser, Luther- an ; J. M. H. Hall, Presbyterian ; W. Bergstresser, Episcopal Metho- dist; 2 Physicians ; Drs. J. H. Hofius, B. F. Barclay; W. H. Watson, "The town of Bedford has extended beyond the limits of its corpora tion, and hence the population acording to the census of 1840 seems very small, i. e 1,036. Bedford like most country towns has its su- burbs. On the west we have Boydstown, with a population of 50 ; on the east, we have a foundry and the poorhouse, and a number of other houses, with a population of nearly 100; then on the south west, we have Grand Hill with a population of 40 or 50, making upwards of 200, who are not counted in the population of Bedlord, and yet they are a part and parcel of our population.— R. W. HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. 477 J. G. Hamill, and G. H. Keyser, 3 Attorneys at Law; J. M. Russell, Job Mann, S. M. Barclay, Wm. Lyon, Alex. King, John A. Blodgel, John Mann, S. L. Russell, J. W. lohnson, David H. Hofius, Samuel H. Tate, Francis Jordan, Jchn Cesna, Wm. P. Schell, Oliver C. Hartley, Esqrs. Two Dentists ; Dr. C. H. Hickok, James M. R.Russell, 10 dry goods stores, 2 hardware, 2 drug stores, 3 confectionaries, 8 hotels and tav- erns, 7 cabinet makers, 3 chair makers, 4 blacksmiths, 1 whitesmith, 2 watch makers, 2 house painters, 1 painter and glazier, 1 stage man- ufacturer, 1 clock maker, 1 brewer, 1 iron foundry, 1 copper and tin smith, 2 coopers, 6 house carpenters, 3 masons, 2 plasterers, 1 paper hanger and upholsterer, .5 bout and shoe makers, 4 tailors, 1 hatter, 2 wheelwrights, 2 turners, 1 machine maker, 2 tobacconists, 3 saddlers and harness makers, 1 potter, 3 butchers. We have, continues Mr. Weiser, two papers published in Bedford, viz: The Bedford Gazette edited and published by Genl. G. W. Bow- man ; The Bedford Inquirer by Wm. T. Chapman jr.; the former de- voted to the interests of the present administration, the latter opposed to it. These papers are both ably edited and well sustamed. The means of instruction, are not perhaps surpassed by any other town in the State. There are 7 schools in existence and all well pa- tronised. 1. The Academy where the classics are taught. 2. The Bedford Female Seminary, by Thos. H. Davis, R. Weiser, Principal. Prof. Holeman, Teacher of Music, Miss H. N. Hunter, Instructress. — 3. Mr. Harris, private school. 4. Mrs. Mower's private school for fe- males. 5. Miss McDowel's private female school, and two primary schools. These schools continue during the whole year. The people of Bedford see and appreciate the importance of educating their children. The far famed and celebrated medicinal springs are in the vicinity of the borough, and add much to the liveliness of the place during the hot season of the year. Bedford was at an early period of the French and Indian war, a frontier military post, and formed a link in a chain of Forts erected on the frontier settlements west of the Susquehanna river. The following is a list, with the names of the places and principal forts at the time alluded to. Fort Shirley, on Aughwick branch, a creek that empties into the Ju- niata a short distance below Huniinsdon, Huntingdon county. Fort Littletown, in Dublin towubhip, east of Bedford. Fort Loudon, on the Conococheague creek, Franklin county. These three forts ranged in a nurth and south line. From Fort Shirley there was an Indian path to Fort Augusta, near Sunbury, Northumberland county. There was another range of forts going westward. Fort Bedford, Fort Ligonier, Hannastown, and Fort Pitt. From Fort Pitt southward was another range at Red Stone creek, on Monongahe- la, stood Fort Burd, near which there had been two Indian forts. Proceeding due north from Fort Pitt, on the Allegheny, at the mouth of French creek was Fort Venango ; and northeast from thence stood Fort Le Boeuf, at the mouth of Le Boeuf creek, and onward further north, stood Fort Presque Isle, on the margin of Lake Erie. A similar range of Forts was erected on the east side of the Susque- hanna river. 42* 498 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. Prior to the French and Indian war, one Garret Pendergrass had settled at Raystown (Bedford) by permission of the chiefs of the Six IVations; but during the French war he fled and took shelter at Fort Littletown, where one of his daughters was killed by the Indians in June, 1757; and before he could safely return to this place, others had settled here, on his land, and to atone for his disappointment, several of the Indian chiefs granted him a large tract of land opposite Fort Pitt, as appears from the subjoined deed of settlement, which I copied from the records at Bedford ; and which it appears had been recorded Sept. 19, 1772. Know all men by these presents, that whereas a certain Garrett Pen- dergrass, senior, of Bedford settlement, in the province of Penna. «Scc. of Cumberland, was settled some number of years past, by leave of the chiefs or deputies of the Six Nations of Indians, on a tract of land ■where Bedford now is situate, while the said land was yet the property of us, and our said chiefs and deputies, said Pendergrass being dis- possessed of said land, in time of the war between the French and English, and before said Pendergrass could safely return to live on said land, it was entered upon by people, who have from time to time, and yet continue to keep said Pendergrass from the enjoyment of said tract of land, said Pendergrass at the last treaty held at Fort Pitt with the representatives of the said Six Nations, informed our said chiefs, or their representatives or deputies, that he was deprived of the above tract of land as above mentioned, whereupon we, and our deputies, did then, at said treaty, give him the said Pendergrass our leave in writing, under our hands, to settle on a tract of land called the l^ong Resch, near the mouth of Youghagain, but the said last mentioned tract, being at the time of the said treaty, or before, improved by some other person or persons, contrary to our expectation, for which rea- son, he, the said Pendergrass, has not obtained possession of the lat- termentioned tract, and cannot quietly enjoy neither of the two above mentioned tracts, know ye, therefore, that we the under, or within bound subscribers, who have hereunto caused our names to be set, and have put our marks ; the first of us, assigning one of the chiefs, and the other, two deputies of the said Six Nations, do give and grant. to the said Garrett Pendegrass, his heirs and trustees forever, our full leave and liberty of us, and for behalf of the Six Nations, to settle on a tract of land on the north side of Aligaina river opposite to Fort Pitt; to join the said river on the one side, and to extend one mile and a half from the landing on the north side of the said river Allegheny oppos- ite to Fori Pitt, in form of a semi-circle, from said landing, hereby granting to him, and his trustees and assigns, full liberty to build hou- ses, make improvements and cultivate the said tract of land, or any part thereof, and that he, the said Pendergrass may the more quietly enjoy the said land, and any benefit that he, his heirs or assigns, shall make or can make thereby; we do for ourselves, and in behalf of said Six Nations, discharge all people whatsoever from molesting or dis- turbing him, the said Pendergrass or his heirs, or trustees, or assigns, in the possession or quiet enjoyment of the said land, or any part thereof, and we do by these presents firmly engage and promise to an- swer all objection that any Indian tribe or tribes have to making of the above settlement. AwowauiT, Emshsherd, CoNJfEHHACAHECAT. HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. 499 In 1758 England determined to humble her enemies on the Ameri- can continent. The plan of the campaign was well considered and wisely matured. Abercrombie, instead of Loundon, who had been re- called, was the Commander in chief; Amherst, was his Second, Wolfe and Forbes, Brigadiers. Several strong points were to be simultane- ously attacked. General Forbes was to assail fort Du Quesne with a detachment form General Abercrombie's army, strengthened by the Southern militia, the whole computed at seven or eight thousand men, viz: four companies of, 350 Royal Americans; 1200 Highlanders, thirteen companies ; 2600 Virgin-ans ; 2700 Pennsylvanians ; 1000 wagoners, sutlers, and followers of the army. Forbes began his march from Carlisle in July 1758, to join Bou- quet, who was posted at Rayslown (Bedford). This was a stirring time at Bedford — an army of many thousand men to assemble here, Colonel Bouquet, who had been here some lime, with several thousand soldiers, advanced to Loyel Harmer, with two thousand five hundred men. The main body delayed at Raystown for several weeks, in consequence of the difficulty of procuring car- riages and military stores, and the tardiness with which the orders to the Virginia Regulars, under Colonel Washington, to join, had been given. Joseph Shippen, in a letter dated at this place, to Richard Peters, mentions that there were some Cherokee and other Indians here at this time, to aid the English. Camp at Raystown, August 16, 1758. Dear Sir : I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter with the commissions for Major and Lieut. Col. for which I am very much obliged to you. When I wrote to you about them from Carlisle I beg leave to assure you I did not mean to impute any neglect to you. I have shown those commissions to Col. Bouquet, which was my duty to do, that he might know my rank in the Pennsylvania regiment, with which he was pleased. I think it absolutely necessary to take them with me, as many circumstances may require me to produce them before the campaign is over. I find my duty as Brigade Major keeps me continually employed; I am therefore prevented from writing so frequently and fully to my friends, as I intended. It is very uncertain what number of Indians we shall have with us; it seems little dependence can be put on any of them. I believe there have been above one hundred and forty Cherokees at this place since the army first formed a camp here ; but they have all left us except twenty-five of them. Besides these we have Hambus and three Dela- ware warriors, who came two days ago from Fort Augusta and two or three ot the Six Nations ; and Col. Bouquet expects Capt. Bullen (a Catawba captain) with thirty of his warriors to join us very soon. I understand they are to come from Winchester by the way of Fort Cumberland. The army here consists now of about 2500 men exclusive of about 1400 employed in cutting and cleaning the road between this and Loyel Harmer; a great part of which I suppose by this time is fin- ished. So that I am in hopes we shall be able to move forward soon 500 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. after the General comes up, who we hear is at Shippensburg on his way up. Colonel Montgomery with part of his batallion, is with him. Col. Washington and 400 of his regiment have not yet joined us, nor has any of Col. Byrd's (of Virginia) except two companies. We have a good stoccade built here, with several convenient and large store houses. Our camps are all secured with a good breast work and a small ditch on the out side ; and every thing goes on well. Colonel Burd desires his compliments to you. I am, very respectfully, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and humble servant, Joseph Shipped. Before the detachment under Bouquet proceeded further west, Maj. Grant was detached with 800 men, to reconnoitre the fort and vicini- ty. He however met with a considf-rable loss of men, and himself made prisoner. Colonel Bouquet still remained at Loyal Harmer. The enemy, inspired by their want of success, resolved to attack him in his camp. De Vetri made an attack upon him, October 12th. He repeated his attack, but not with as much success as in the day — 67 of Bou- quet's men were killed and wounded. On the 24 October, General Forbes proceeded from Raystown to Loyel Harmer, where he continued till the seventh of November. — On the r2ih, Col. Washington, being out with a scouting party, fell in with a number of the enemy, several miles from the camp, whom he attacked ; killed one, took three prisoners, among whom was one John- son, who had been captured by the Indians, in Lancaster county. Col. Bouquet again passed along the Raystown road in 1763. This summer Fort Pitt was literally entrenched by the enemy. Gen. Am- herst appointed Col. Bouquet for their relief. He commenced his march in July, from Carlisle. His object was first to relieve Fort Ligonier ; and as Bedford and Ligonier were now the principal deposites for mil- itary stores ; he did not proceed farther with his wagons than Ligonier, thence he proceeded with pack horses. At that time there was a gar- rison of soldiers at Bedford under the command of Captain Ourry. Here distressed families, for miles around sought protection, leaving most of their effects a prey to the savages. All the necessary precau- tions were taken hy the commanding officer to prevent surprise, and repel open force, as also to render ineffectual the enemy's fire arrows. He armed all the fighting men, who formed two companies of volun- teers, and did duty with the garrison till the arrival of two companies of light infantry, detached as soon as possible from Col. Bouquet's lit- tle army. These two magazines being secured, the colonel advanced to the remotest verge of our settlements, where he could receive no sort of intelligence of the number, position, or motions of the enemy — not even at Fort Bedford, where he arrived with his whole convoy on the 25th of July; for though the Indians did not attempt to attack the fort, they had by this time killed, scalped, and taken eighteen persons in that neighborhood — and their skulking parties were so spread, that at last no express could escape them. • * * In this uncertainty of intelligeuce under which the colonel labored, he marched from Fort Bedford the 28rh of July, and as soon as he reached Fort Ligonier he HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. 501 determined, prudently, to leave his wagons at that post, and to proceed only with the pack-horses. Col. Smith, who has been mentioned before, performed a daring ex- ploit, at this place; an account of which is given in his own language. In the year 1769 the Indians again made incursions on our fron- tiers ; yet the traders continued carrying goods and warlike stores to them. The frontiers took the alarm, and a numbpr of persons collec- ted, destroyed and plundered a quantity of their powder, lead, «Scc., in Bedford county. Shortly after this some of these persons, with others, were apprehended and laid in irons in the guard-house in Fort Bed- ford, on suspicion of being the perpetrators of this crime. Though I did not altogether approve of the conduct of this new club of black boys, yet I concluded that they should not lie in irons in the guard-house, or remain in confinement by arbitrary or military power. I resolved therefore, if possible, to release them, if they even should be tried by the civil law afterwards. I collected 18 of my old black boys that I had seen tried in the Indian war, &c. I did not desire a large party, lest they should be loo much alarmed at Bedford, and ac- cordingly be prepared for us. We matched along the public road in daylight, and made no secret of our design : We told those with whom we met that we were going to take Fort Bedford, which appeared to them a very unlikely story. — Belore this I made it known to one Wil- iiam Thompson, a man whom I could trust, and who lived there: him I employed as a spy, and sent him along on horseback, before, with orders to meet me at a certain place near Bedford, one hour before day. The next day a little before sunset we encamped near the cross- ings of the Juniata, about 14 miles from Bedford, and erected tents, as though we intended staying all night, and not a man in my company knew to the contrary, save myself. — Knowing that they would hear this in Bedford, and wishing it to be the case, I thought to surprise them, by stealing a march. As the moon rose about 11 o'clock, I ordered my boys to march, and we went on at the rate of 5 miles an hour, until we met Thompson at the place appointed. He told us that the commanding officer had frequently heard of us by travellers, and had ordered 30 men upon guard. He said they knew our number and only made game of the notion of 18 men coming to rescue the prisoners; but they did not ex- pect us until the middle of the day. I asked him if the gate was open? He said it was then shut, but he expected they would open it as usual at daylight, as they apprehended no danger. I then moved mv men up privately under the Juniata, where we lay concealed about 100 yards from the Fort gate. I had ordered the men to keep a profound silence until we got into it. I then sent off Thompson again to spy. At day- light he returned and told us that the gate was open, and 3 sentinels were standing upon the wall — that the guards were taking a morning dram, and the arms standing together in one place. I then concluded to rush inte the Fort, and told Thompson to run before me to the arms. We ran with all our might, and as it was a misty morning the sentin- els scarcely saw us until we were within the gate and took possession of the arms. Just as we were entering two of them discharged their guns, though I do not believe they aimed at us. We then raised a shout, which surprised the town, though some of them were pleased with the news. We compelled a blacksmith to take the irons off the 502 HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. prisoners, and then we left the place. This I believe was the first Brit- ish fort in America that was taken by what they called American rebels. Smith was subsequently arrested, on a charge of murder; as one of the men in the scuffle of the Bedford affair, was accidentally shot. He says — Some time after this I took a journey westward in order to sur- vey some located land I had on or near Yohogany. As I passed near Bedford while I was walking and leading my horse, I was overtaken by some men on horseback, like travellers. One of them asked my name and on telling it they immediately pulled out their pistols and presented them to me, calling upon me to deliver myself or I was a dead man. I stepped back presented my rifle and told them lo stand off. One of them snapped a pistol at me, and another was preparing to shoot when I fired my piece: one of them also fired near the same time, and one of my fellow travellers fell. The assailants then rushed up and as the gun was empty, they took and tied me. I charged them with killing my fellow traveiier, and told them he was a man that I had accicentally met with on the road that had nothing to do with the jtublic quarrel. They asserted that I had killed him. I told them that my gun blowed or made a slow fire — that I had her from my face be- fore she went off or I would not have missed my mark ; and from the position my piece was in when it went off it was not likely that my gun killed this man, yet I acknowledged that I was not certain that it was not so. They then carried me to Bedford, laid me in irons in the guard-house, summoned a jury of the opposite party and held an in- quest. The jury brought me in guilty of wilful murder. As they were afraid to keep me long in Bedford, for fear of a rescue, they sent me privately through the wilderness to Carlisle, where I was laid in hea- vy irons. Shortly after I came here we heard that a number of my old black buys were coming to tear down the jail. I told the sheriff that I would not be rescued, as I knew that the indictment was wrong: therefore I wished to stand my trial. As I had found the black boys to be always under good command I repeated I could prevail on them to return, and therefore wished to write to them — to this the sheriff readily agreed. I wrote a letter to them, with irons on my hands, which was immediate- ly sent ; but as they had heard that I was in irons they would come on. When we heard they were near the town, I told the sheriff I would speak to them out of the window, and if the irons were off I made no doubt but I could prevail on them to desist. The sheriff ordered them to be taken off and just as they were taken off my hands the black boys came running up to the jail. I went lo the window and called to them and they gave attention. I told them as my indictment was for wilful murder to admit of being rescued would appear dishonorable. I thanked them for their kind intentions an ri told them the greatest favor they could confer upon me would be to grant me this one request. Mo withdraw from the jail and return in peace;' to this they complied and withdrew. While I was speaking the irons were taken off my feet and never again put on.* Before this party arrived at Conococheague there were about three hundred more on the way coming to their assistance and were resolv- • See article Carlisle. HISTORY OF BEDFORD COUNTY. 503 ed to take me out; they then turned and all came together to Carlisle, ine reason tney gave for coming again was because they thought that government was so enraged at me that I would not get a a fa?r trial • ,n np™Z ^'^'^^'^^^"^ myself together again prevailed on them to return m peace.— Loudon's Nar.i. 258. In the fall of 1794, a number of distinguished personages, and a nu- merous force to quell the Western Insurrection, assembled here. The ollowing extracts are presented in this connection, as they cannot fail to be read with mterest: „ p " Bedford, October 19, 1791. frnnnr'''I!^"u ^° ^" ^'■'■''"^^°'^"' ^°'' ^^'^ purpose, the Pennsylvania Dre?p!lin F J^^^P^'^^fj*^" ''-'«'^' a°d which had arrived the preceding Friday evening, [the Governor with part of the army arrived on Saturday, Oct. 18] met the Governor about one mile from Bedford. He iramediately took the head of the whole column and proceeded to the own. This spectacle was superb. It was the quota of Pennsyl- vania, including cavalry, infantry, artillery and riflemen, marchin- in the most complete order, and brought to the spot of their destinatio'n to await the further orders of the President. Here had the Governor the exalted satisfaction of depositing this great mass of patriotic exertion, and of evincing to the world that Pennsylvania, although tainted bv some licentious men in the extremities of her extensive territory, is Sim amongst the foremost in public virtue, and in her punctual obedi^ ence to every continental requisition. The encampment is very spacious— the town is in the centre of an amphitheatre. Lofty hills at a small distance appearing on all sides to surround it. The tents spread out on the cleared ground on the oases of some of those hills, and occupying the common adjoining the town, form, particularly at night when the fires are lighted, a beautiful "Ppca.r3,ncG. The President is expected here this evening from Fort Cumber- ,v Bedford, October 19, 1794. vve are encamped at this place about seven thousand stron _ 5' ?r p- p ^ -1 Oq O O 3 c 3 OS 3 ° 2 ;r. Ti S " ? "3 5 a o • (4 en © to CO OS to 00 ^ CO OS -^ OS -J 00 en ^5 to I^ c;i © to CO to CO CO to CO <} OS CO o 05 00 ox 00 •~} CO y^ OS o -J CO CO o CO OS CO © CO 03 to © © © .- CO - CO CO CO © OS CO © CO © CO © CO © en 00 o © -4 CO OS 00 CO M OS CO *3 tn 00 OS © en OS QO c;i 00 OD CO CO en ^ © CO © 1*- CD CO CO CO 00 00 OS ^ CO CO CO CO CO 00 o 00 CO CO 00 to © CD © -1 ^ CD *» under 5 5 and under 10 cotncn-~J>f^^CO't^>^©i^©-^to©c;iCOC;' to CO oo>;>.i^en4^QDC0 ©©to©coto©© tSCOCO>f^tO©^COi*!'tOtOCn((i.i— (fi.C0C0t0 QO ^ ,-. >(i. CO -J 00 >^en©cDrf^©tJ©©>-'en CO 2! := to tn to en Ip- CO 00 CO © © to to 00 en © © to to ^ to Si CO © if>- 1^ CO en © to en 00 to c ►1^ CO if"- (O ^ en SI - © - to -- ~J CO CO to *» - CO CO J^ CO lf>- to o c;»Qo~Jcooo©©-^i— '>— '©eotoco— '©©►— c;i © o 00 00 o©ootf>-o©cneototoooocn W©©tO©-«?>f^©©©'^t0^pf>.tO-^OlOO ^ H- CD if' © ©r^©co©cji'— i^cno©;^© 10 and under 15 15 and under 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 70 and under 80 80 and under 90 under 5 osooen©c;ico>^©OD©©©©co©c;'en© OS c;i © if' -3 "^ © en.©toco©©if'C--!en>f'Co>f'©©^ if>.©c;i-^*»t5Coen00'— 'tooo©cn^ ifk ip.. .— en©tOif>©en^©©'-.*«"»!>f'~jcocoenenif'Oof't0t0»'O^-^©©^C^t0t0t0©0D tocotoo3to©i-t3tf'cotocoeo>^cotoco CO ^ © enc;'to©en.~JOD>— co©©co-^ H-.i-'h-'COi-'tO I— OSl-'tOtStO tO'— >— to if^ op -^ © ento©©co^to©toeni<^enip>-if' t Oto©~icntooo<;©oo^co>f>-cnooi—tooo CO © © OH^cocoi-'©totocnco>-'tocoH^to to ©i-' toi— >-cji©cn k-© J-; to©eno^tn©co©iooo s©©enoienio CjSCO^-'tO H-rf!k ©'-•i-'CTi o©o©©0500oo-^co©c;icoH-to-^~ioo 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 70 and under 80 80 and under 90 Males of all ages, Females &c. 1. Berwick, 2. Conewago, 3. Cumberland, 4. Franklin, 5. Freedom, 6. Gettysburg, 7. Germany, 8. Hamilton, 9. Hamilton Ban. 10. Huntingdon, 11. Latimer, 12. Liberty, 13. Menallen, 14. Mountjoy, 15. Mount Pleasant, 16. Reading, 17. Strabane, 18. Tyrone, o tn H p o a o ^ 2 << oooooooootooo^-oooco Furnaces. ^►-OCOt5 0D*>.OOH-K-'050t005W#>.M Flouring mills. •— l-•oo^^soo©^ft.lwoo•£>•©^^0l^■cno3 Grist mills. Saw mills. OCOO©>-^0»0000^-000000 Oil mills. OtS— OOOOOM050WM OCTji— OtO Tanneries. O — ©>— O — ^5>-'OOC0•-'O•— OtOtSM Distilleries, j H orses «& Mules Neat Cattle. Sheep. ao^o-'^05«D050o — ooo!ca50oa)W~}O^^M^W'--aioco Swine. tO — CBCDODtn tSOi^-iP^O) ODCOOQD coui>^«Doootowoo«)'-ta>— enOt'St5^05i»oiocnh^-tnoio*»*'a5W B ushels of Wheat. 0>>— CTlCD^W0000>--tDQ0O COQDi 103 ^9lii.lfe.05^sool^co^scc>w©^f»■o^oaooo B ushels of Rye. QOOi— 05t9t3 ^ ti,— H-h- to *^T e3>©^^c*&4v^^^o^ — t5-• O5-^i000tn^©C;i^>f»-CB©M©ts©Cn>P' Oats. 00 ^ ■t' C©©©OO©©©00O05©O©C^5© BarleJ^ Ci©in©»3C0 Oito40i^ts>— ^JOscnW »^^atf>■cooo<^©^3^5^o*>■(c*©--05*'Olt5lf>-t^tO P Tons of hay. >— cota>— 1—' mh-os'-' frs >-' -' ©00©— ^t!l MCO'— en Ol©0000tS©©Ci3Cn©35aJ©©<3500 — o ounds of wool raised. ■^W05a>-05«OH- WODCn «" ►— OtnC00'--I010it0*>-Q00i©O*>0l© B ushels of Buckwheat. i-.rfkMWi-'i-i ►-i ►-— —• Ml— enooi&oM© *-oo ©^>- cstsMO "Value of the products of the dairy. HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 525 The streams, though numerous, are not large. The Bermudian creek rises in Cumberlaud county near the boundary line ; flowing through Tyrone, Hunting and Latimore townships ; it receives several small streams in its course — it continues its way into York county, and emp- ties into the Conewago creek. Its entire length is 22 miles — affording water power to 6 or 8 mills. Latimore creek rises in Cumberland county, flowing a southerly di- rection, and empties into the Bermudian. Muddy creek rises in Hun- ting township; flowing in a northeastern direction, it forms the boun- dary line between Reading and Latimore townships, and empties into the Bermudian in York county. Conewago creek rises south of Green Ridge in this county — receiv- ing in its course, Oppossum creek. Plum run, Miley's run on the north; Beaver dam run, Swift run. Little Conewago, Deep run and Beaver f.reek on the south side — running north and northeast enters York co., between Paradise and Washington townships — emptying into the Sus- quehanna. It affords abundance of water power for mills, &c. Oppossum creek rises near the northern boundary of the county, in Menalien township, and empties into the Conewago. Plum run— there are 2 streams of this name in this county, one a tributary of Rock cr., on the line between Strabane and Mount Pleasant townships ; one of which rises near the head of Muddy run and is a tributary of the Con- ewago. Miley's run rises in Reading — flows south a few miles and empties in the Conewago creek west of East Berlin. Beaver dam run rises in Straban township, flowing a circuitous course by Hunterstown; Jt empties into the Conewago creek. Little Conewago creek rises in the southern part of the county, in Germany township, near the Mary- land line ; flowing in a northern direction receives many smallstreams. Its whole course is 16 miles. Swift run rises in Mount Pleasant twp., and in its course receives Brush run, and empties into Big Conewago. Deep run rises in Berwick township, and empties into Conewago crk. Beaver creek rises in the Pigeon Hills; flowing northward, and emp- ties into the Conewago creek, affording water power to several grist mills, saw mills, and one or two factories. Rock creek rises in Stra- ban twp.; flows southward, and receives in its course, eastward. Plumb run, Little's run, and several other streams: its entire course through this county is 14 miles. Little's run rises near Little's tavern, in Ger- many township, and flows 3 or 4 miles westward, and empties into Rock creek. Rock run rises in Cumberland twp.; flowing a southern course of 4 miles, and falls into Rock creek. Hunter's run rises in Mountjoy twp. flows 6 miles in a southern course, enters Maryland & unites with Rock creek. Piney creek rises partly in Maryland and partly in Germany twp. In its course, it flows 5 or 6 mile;; through the southern part of this county, and then enters Maryland. Mar.-^h creek rises south of the Green Ridge; in its course receives North Branch and Willoughby's run. Its course within this county is about 17 miles. Willoughby's run rises in Franklin twp.; flows 6 or 7 miles south and empties into Marsh creek. Middle creek rises south of Green Ridge in Hamilton and Dan twp,, flowing south, and receives in its course Muddy run and several smaller streams. Fiat run is a small stream, rising in Liberty twp. and flows into Maryland. Tom's creek rises north of Jack's mountain in Hamilton and Ban twp. ; flowing south through Liberty twp. it receives several streams. 526 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. The several streams of this county afford ample water power for 40 or 50 flouring mills, 45 grist mills, 80 saw mills, numerous oil mills, and factories of various kinds. The public improvements are several turnpikes. — The York and Gettysburg rail-road was commenced in 1818, is about 29 miles long. It was Cdmpleted 1820 at a cost of $4,000 per mile. The turnpike road from Hanover to East Berlin passes through the eastern part of the county ; another from Carlisle to Hanover, passes through the north- eastern and eastern part, by way of Petersburg and York springs. The Ohambersburg and Baltimore turnpike passes nearly diagonally from the north western to south east part of the county. There is also an- other from Gettysburg to Mumraasburg. There is'an unfinished rail- road, the far-famed Gettysburg Extension, which was designed as a connecting link between the Philadelphia and Columbia rail-road at "V ork, and the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, and the Chesapeake and Oh'o canal near Williamsport, Maryland. More than half a million of dollars were expended upon in grading the road, before it was sus- pended, or perhaps abandoned. From its circuitous route, some whose optics were '• vermiculated," styled it "The Tape Worm." The common roads are usually kept in good condition, these with the turnpikes, and some 15 or 20 well built bridges, afford access to every portion of the county, adjacent counties, and to the metropolis of this Slate, and Maryland; the latter being the principal market whither the farmers go to sell their surplus produce, and the merchants to lay in stocks of goods. CHAPTER XL. GETTYSBURG, PETERSBURG, &C. Gettysburg, the county town, its locality, census of 1840, &c.— The Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary — Pennsylvania Col- lege, &c — Petersburg — York sulphur springs — East Berlin — Ab- botstown or Borough of Berwick — New Oxford — Hampton — New Chester or Pinetown — Hunterstown or Woodstock — Fairview or Mil- lerstown — Cashtown — Mummasburg — Heidlersburg — Bendersville, or Wilsonsville— Bonaghton — Little town or Peterstown or Peters- burg — McSherrystown. Gettysburg is within sight of the South Mountain, and cannot be surpassed lor its beautiful scenery and salubrious air. It has ever been esteemed as one of the healthiest districts in Pennsylvania. It is the county seat, and rather in the southern part of it, in Cumber- HITORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 527 land township between Marsh creek and Rock creek. It is one of the best and most travelled routes between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, being 114 miles distant from the former, and 180 from the latter place. It is about 52 miles from Baltimore, 25 from Frederick city, 30 from Hagerstown, and 35 from Harrisburg; with all these places the com- munication by public stages is frequent anJ easy, so that it offers pe- culiar facilities to persons desirous of passing through, or coming to it, from every point of the compass, east, west, north or south, or any intermediate point, or from the interior part of Pennsylvania. It is as favorable a location, as any other in the Union, for literary and theological institutions. Its advantages, in that respect, are presented in the sequel. The boroughof Gettysburg contained in 1830, a population of 1,473 ; in 1840, 1,908. The town contains about 300 dwellings, which are generally neat and substantial, though not expensive. The public buildings, the Court House and public offices are of brick. The inhabitants are in- dustrious and enterprising, many ot whom are devoted to mechanical pursuits, and particularly to the manufacture of carriages of every de- scription, a branch of business which has been commenced here since 1817. Previous to 1818, not a saw was drawn, not a plane pushed, neither auger nor wimble turned, a burnisher or a paint brush used, by the hand of a Coach Maker in Gettysburg. — In that year, an old shed was occupied as a shop, and in which two hands were engaged in making repairs to old stages; depending exclusively upon repairing and now and then a new stage, for support. — For two years the proprietor had to twist and screw to get ahead — and withal, failed in his enterprise. — Soon, however, another attempt was made ; and in 1830, there were no less than ten or eleven shops, great and small, in successful operation, giving at the different branches connected with the business, employ- ment to 1.30 workmen. The amount of work sold, is not much short of $40,000 — principally disposed of in Maryland and Virginia. According to the census of 1830, the town contained 9 stores, one furnace, 1 foundry, 2 tanneries, 1 brewery, 1 pottery, 4 printing of- fices, 3 weekly newspapers, 1 periodical, 2 colleges, 190 students, 1 academy, 42 students, 8 schools, 330 scholars. At present (1844) it contains 7 schools, 3 male and 4 female teachers; 190 male and 160 female scholars; district tax raised $1,613 84; state appropriation $390 00 ; cost of instruction $1,353 00 ; fuel and contingencies $167 00. The town contains 8 churches, viz: Presbyterian, Lutheran, Union, Methodist, German Reformed, Independent, Catholic, and African. Literary and Theological Institutions, — Gettysburg is distinguished for the highly respectable institutions of learning and piety of the place, & which constitute the prominent local source of its prosperity. Among these, the oldest is the " Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States." This in- stitution, which stands related to the Lutheran church at large, and is also open to students of all denominations, was established in 1825. The early ministers of the Lutheran Church in America, having them- selves been educated in the Theological institutions of Germany, and having been among the most learned and pious ministers of any de- nomination in their day, were deeply impressed with the conviction of 528 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. their utility, and often expressed a desire to establish one in this coun- try. Sundry preparatory measures were adopted by individual Syn- ods, which were however not attended with the desired effect. Among the motives which led to the establishment of the General Synod, was the desire of concentrating the energies of the Church, that they might be adequate to the establishment of a respectable Thological Semina- ry. Accordingly, at their third session, held at Fredericktown, Mary- land, November 1825, the General Synod resolved no longer to defer this important matter ; took measures to obtain the necessary funds, elected a Board of Directors, and also the Revd. S. S. Schmucker, D. D., then pastor of a church in Virginia, as their first professor. At a meeting of the Board, held in Hagerstown, the institution was located at Gettysburg, not only as having made the largest pecuniary offer, but principally as being most central to the whole body of the church. By the active and laudable exertions of the Revd. Benjamin Kurtz, D. D., who visited Germany for this purpose, about $10,000, and a very respectable collection of books were contributed by the Lutheran chur- ches in the Father-Land, to aid in establishing this Insliiulion, The Professor elect spent the summer of 1825 in visiting the prin- cipal Atlantic cities, and then, and in several extended efforts since, obtained subscriptions to the amount of more than $25,000, the greater part of which has been realized. The Revd. J. G. Schmucker, D. D., the Revd. J. Herbst, Revd. Benjamin Keller and Revd. Ruthrauf, sen. at the same time visited the Lutheran churches in the interior of our country; as has also since been done by the Revds. C. Weyl, F. Ruth- rauf, W. Heilig, S. Sprecher, & F, W. Conrad, and thus a secure foun- dation was laid, by the divine blessing, for the successful operation of the institution. The inauguration of Professor Schmucker took place September 5, 1826, and the instruction of the institution forthwith comirenced. Up- wards of two hundred students have already enjoyed the benefits of this institution ; the greater part of whom are now preaching the gos- pel in the different parts of the Middle, Southern and Western States ; and one, the Revd. Gunn, is laboring as a missionary among the Tela- goos in Hindostan. According to the last Catalogue, the number of students connected with the institution, during the current year, was 30. At the same time there were between 60 and 70 others in the College & Grammar School of the town, preparing to enter the Seminary. The Seminary edifice is a plain, but handsome four story brick build- ing, 100 by 40, situated on a commanding eminence about half a mile to the west of the town, of which it commands a beautiful view. A number of rooms have been furnished by congregations and benevo- lent individuals, by which the expenses of the indigent students are materially diminished. At a short distance on each side of ihe Semi- nary are the Professor's houses, likewise constructed of bricks. By the industry and taste of the students, the yard around the Semi- nary edifice was, at an early day, beautifully improved by flower beds and ornamental trees. Handsome walks, shaded by trees, were also more recently made from the Seminary to the public roads, which pa'ss equi-distant on either side of it ; and within the present year, a larger avenue, 40 feet wide, lined by two rows of ornamental trees, has been opened by them, directly in front of the Seminary, extending about a HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. 529 quarter of a mile to the turnpike. The following gentlemen have beea appointed Professors of the Institution, according to dates, as follow : S. S, Sc.hmucker, D. D. 1825, E.L. Hazelius, D. D. 1830, C.P.Krauth, D. D. 1833, H. J. Smith, A. M. 1839, C. A. Hay, A. M,, 1844. The pres- ent Faculty are Samuel S. Schmucker, D. D. Chairman of the Faculty and Professor of Didactic and Polemic, Homeletic and Paste; a! Theolo- gy. Charles P. Krauth, D. D. Professor ol Sacred Philology and Exe- gesis. Charles A. Hay, A. M. Professor of Biblical Literature, &c. The Library of the institution is one of the most valuable collections of Theological works in this country, containing about 7,500 volumes, three-fourths of which, written in all the languages of Europe, and treating of every branch of Theological science, were procured in Germany by the Revd. Benjamin Kurtz, D. T). and the remainder, con- sisting of the latest and best works of English and American Theolog- ical Literature, were obtained by the exertion of Dr. S. S. Schmucker. There are two Societies in the Seminary; one the Society of Inquiry on Missions, and the other the Theological Society. Tuition, use of Library and rooms, are gratis. The Seminary is in a flourishing condition, and the healthiness of the situation, the moderate expense, the advantages of a good library, the acknowledged high standing of the faculty, warrant the hope, that this institution is destined to become, yearly, more useful to .the cause of the Redeemer. The government, design and character of this institution may be more fully learned from the following extracts from its Statutes and Constitution. Whereas, The General Synod regard it as a solemn duty imposed on them by their Constitution, and due from them to their God and to the ("hurch, to provide for the proper education of men ofpiety and talents, for the Gospel Ministry: — Therefore, Resolved, That the General Synod will forthwith commence, in the name of the Tffune God, and in humble reliance on his aid, the e.s- tablishment of a Theological Seminary, which shall be exclusively vle- voted to the glory of our Divine Redeemer, Jesus Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever. And that in this Seminary shall be taught, in the German and English languages, the fundamental doctrines of the Sacred Scriptures, as contained in the Augsburg Confession. That this Institution shall be under the sole government of a Board of Directors, which shall regularly meet semi-annually, and as often at intermediate times as they may think expedient. This Board are not, in any respect, under the control of the General Synod ; but each member is responsible, individually, to the Synod by which he is elec- ted. That this Board consist of five Directors, viz : three pastors aod two laymen from each Synod, which is connected with the General Synod,- aud contributes pecuniary aid to the support of the Seminary. That the General Synod elect the first Board of Directors agreeably to the preceding article, whose term of service shall be determined by their respective Synods; after which, the several Synods shall elect their Directors in such manner, and for such time, as may be deemed most expedient by themselves: Provided always. That one half of their quota of Directors vacate their seats at one and the same time. That a Professor shall be elected by the General Synod, after wbiea 45 530 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. the Board of Directors shall forever have the exclusive authority of electing additional Professors and filling up all vacancies. Any Professor may be impeached, at any time, for fundamental er- ror in doctrine, immorality of deportment, inattention to the duties of his office, or incapacity to discharge them; and, if found guilty, may be dismissed from office, by two-thirds of the Directors present : Pro- vided always. That a motion for impeachment be made at one semi- annual meeting, and lie over for consideration until the next ; and that the Secretary of the Board of Directors be required to give written no- tice to every Director absent from said meeting, within four weeks after the meeting at which such motion was made. The Directors are responsible lor their conduct to the respective Synods by which they were elected, and may be removed for such causes, and in such manner as said Synods shall specify. Constitution.— The design of this institution is, to provide our churches with pastors who sincerely believe, and cordially approve of, the doctrines of the Holy Scriptures, as they are fundamentally taught in the Augsburg Confession, and who will therefore teach them in op- position to Deists, Unitarians, Arians, Antimonians, and all other fun- damental errorists. To meet the exigencies of our Churches, many cf which require Ministers capable of preaching in both the German and English lan- guages. To educate for the Ministry poor young men of piety and talents; by affording them gratuitous instruction, and, as far as the funds will ad- mit, and their necessary requires, defraying also their other necessary expenses. To make the future ministers of the Church devoted, and deeply pious men ; by educating a number of them ^jnid circumstances most favorable to the growth of genuine godliness, and affording the most powerful stimulus to its attainment. To make the future Ministers of the Church zeaRius and learned men ; workmen that need not to be ashamed, being qualified rightly to divide the word of truth, and to give unto each hearer his portion, both of instruction and edification, in due season. To promote unanimity of views and harmony of feelings, among the Ministers of the Church, by having a large number educated by the same teachers, and in the same course of study; and thus to ena- ble them to co-operate more effectually in promoting the kingdom of the Redeemer. To increase the number of Ministers, and make it commensurate with the increasing wants of the Church. The Board of Directors shall inspect the fidelity of the Professors, as well with regard to the doctrines actually taught, as to the manner of teaching them. If any just reason be given them to suspect the orthodoxy, or piety, or habitual diligence, or capacity of a Professor, or his devotedness to the Lutheran Church, it shall be their sacred duty to institute an investigation at the next regular meeting; or, if the case be one of fundamental heterodoxy, they shall call a special meet- ing for the purpose. If, after candid and deliberate examination, they shall judge any Professor guilty of either of the above charges alleged against him, it shall be their sacred duty to depose him from office, to appoint immediately some suitable Minister of our Church to conduct. HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. 531 pro tempore, the instruction of the Seminary, (requiring of him the same doctrinal profession, and oath of office, as of the Professor) and to take^the earliest constitutional measures to elect a new Professor. At every stated meeting of the General Synod, the Board shall for- ward to said Body in writing, a detailed and faithful account of the state of the Seminary. In their efforts to promote the grand designs of this Seminary, and in short, in all their official acts, the Directors shall conform to the Constitution of the Seminary, and the statutes on which it is founded: and if, at any time, they should act contrary thereto, or transcend the powers therein granted them, the party deeming itself aggrieved, may have redress by appeal to the judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- vania, who are hereby constituted and authorized to judge in such ca- ses, and a majority of whom may declare null and void any decision of this Board, from which an appeal is made to them, and which, after mature deliberation, they believe to be contrary to the Constitution of this Seminary, or the Statutes on which it is founded, and with which itniustever harmonize. Every Professor elect of this Institution.shall on the day of his inaug- uration, publicly pronounce and subscribe the oath of office required efthe Directors, and also, the following declaration: "I solemnly de- clare in the presence of God and the Directors of this Seminary, that I do EX ANiMo, believe the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be the inspired word of God, and the only perfect rule of faith and prac- tice. I believe the Augsburg Confession and the Catechisms of Lu- ther to be a summary and just exhibition of the fundamental doctrines of the word of God. I declare that I approve of the general principles of church government adopted by the Lutheran church in this coun- try, and believe them to be consistent with the word of God. And I do solemnly promise not to teach any thing, either directly or by insinua- tion, which shall appear to me to contradict, or to be in any degree more or less remote, inconsistent with the doctrines or principles avowed in this declaration. On the contrary, I promise, by the aid of God, to vindicate and inculcate these doctrines and principles, in oppo- sition to the views of Atheists, Deists, Jpws,Socinians, Unitarians, Ari- ans, Universalists, Pelagians, Antinomians, and all other errorists, while I remain a Professor in this Seminary." The preceding declaration shall be repeated by each Professor at the expiration of every term of 5 years, in the presence of the Direc- tors : and at any intermediate time, if required to do so by a vote of the Board of Directors. And no man shall be retained as Professor who shall refuse to make and repeat this declaration, in the manner and at the times above specified. Course of Study, Exavmiaiion and Vacation. — The regular course of in- struction and study in the Seminary, shall embrace the following bran- ches : Greek and Hebrew, Philology, Sacred Geography, Sacred Chro- nology, Biblical and Profane History corrected, Jewish Antiquities, Philosophy of the Mind, Evidences of Christianity, Biblical Criticism, Exegetical Theology, Biblical Theology, Systematic Divinity, Practi- cal Divinity, Ecclesiastical History, Polemic Theology, Church Gov- ernment, Composition and Delivery of Sermons, and Pastoral Theology. Particular attention shaU be paid to the German language, and the 532 HISTORY OF ADAMS COUNTY. course of studies shall be so regulated, that a due portion of them may be pursued in the German language by all the students who wish. There shall be two vacations in each year, of six weeks continuance each, to commence on the third Thursday of April and September. When the third Thursday of April falls into the week of Good Friday, the spring vacation shall begin one week later. Of the devotional exercises of Students. — It ought to be considered as an object of primary importance by every student of the Seminary, not to lose that inward practical sense of the power of godliness which he may have attained, nor to suffer his intellectual pursuits at all to im- pair it ; but on the contrary, to aim at constant growth in piety and enlightened zeal for the interests of religion. Religious exercises shall be performed every morning and evening during term time, either by the Professors, or such Students as they shall appoint. In the morning a devotional chapter or psalm shall be read, and a prayer offered up. In the evening a hymn shall be sung, and the services concluded with prayer. Every Student shall constantly, and punctually, and seriously, at- tend these religious exercises ; as well as all the stated public worship in the Church. This important institution has received several small legacies from the friends of religion, and it is to be hoped will hereafter be similarly remembered by those who feel it a duty and a privilege to consecrate a portion of their early substance to the cause of the Redeemer. Pennsylvania College. — This had its origin in the want of the German community in general, and especially of the Theological Seminary. Some of the applicants for admission to that institution, being found deficient in classical attainments, they resolved May 16 1827, to estab- lish a Preparatory School, to be under their direction, and appointed S. S. Schmucker, D. D., and the Revd. J. Herbst to select a teacher and carry their resolution into effect. The Revd. D. Jacobs, A. M., was chosen, and in June, 1827, the school went into operation, as a prepa- ratory department of the Seminarv, although students of every descrip- tion were always received into it. From this humble beginning it gra- dually rose to importance and influence. In 1829, when the County Academy, in which the school was held, was sold for debt, it was pur- chased by Dr. Schmucker, who divided the price of the cost to him, into shares of $50, and invited the prominent ministers in different pares of our country to purchase shares, and join with him under cer- tain articles of agreement, giving to the stockholders the management of the fiscal interests, and to the Directors and Professors ot the The- ological Seminary, the selection of teachers and regulation of the course and study and discipline, and assuming the title of Gettysburg Gymnasium. Under this concentration of interest, the number of pu- pils grew with increasing rapidity. In 1830, Revd. Mr. Jacobs died, and was succeeded in 1831 by Revd. H. L. Baugher, A. M. As the pros- pects of successfulness, especially to the German community of our country, who were at ihat time without any collegiate institution of their own, continued to brighten, measures were adopted, chiefly thro' the exertions of Dr. S. S. Schmucker, to obtain a charter from the Le- gislature, by which the Gettysburg Gymnasium was erected into a College, under the name of Pennsylvania College. Under these fa- vorable auspices, the College was organized on the day of Americaa HISTORY OP ADAMS COUNTY. 533 f nd€p€ns, common roads and bridges.. This county was a part of Cumberland until 1820, when it was, by an act of the Legislature, passed March 23, organized into a separate county; it is bounded north by Juniata county, east by the Susquehan- na river, v/hich separates it from Pauphin county ; south by Cumber- land and west by Franklin county. Owing to its natural boundaries, mountains and streams, enclosing it in a form of a triangle, its length is .38 miles ; breadth 14; the area ^Z9 square miles. Population ia 1820 11,342; in 1830 14,257; in 1840 17,096. Aggregate amount of property taxable in 1844 was ^^2,875,758 00. The first Court of Common Pleas in Perry county, was held in Lan- disburg, on the 4th of December, 1820. Hon. John Reed, President Judge ; William Anderson and Jeremiah Madden, Esqrs. Associates. Daniel Starabaugh, Esq. High Sheriff. The lollowing is a list of lawyers admitted shortly after the organi- zation of ihe county: ____^ George Metzger, John Creigh, William Ramsey, David Haling, Nich- olas B. Woods, Frederick M. Wadsworth, Samuel Alexander, James Hamilton, John D. Mahon, Isaac B. Parker, E. L. Benedict, Andrew Carothers, Willia .. N. Irvine, William H. Breckenridge, Alexander Mahon, William McClure, George A. Lyon, Alexander A. Anderson, John Williamson, Samuel Riddle, Charles B. Penrose, Chas. W. Davis. The following is a list of the first Grand Jury: William English, Juniata town.ship ; Andrev/ Lynn, Tyrone; Henry Beslin, Juniata ; Peter Mosses, Tyrone ; Jacob Weibley, Juniata; Con- rad Rice, Saville; William Brown, Juniata; Philip Fusselman, Tyrone; Christian Simons, Tyrone; Samuel Willis, Rye; Wm. Albigost, Green- wood ; William Porter, Buffaloe ; John Milligan, Saville; Daniel Mat- zer, Toboyne; Henry Hippie, Tyrone; Thomas Milligan, Saville; Moses Oatley, do.; Jacob Bird, do.; Nicholas Bird, Toboyne; Jacob Kogaii,do. Joshua Jones, Juniata; Thomas Kennedy, Tyrone ; John Eaton, do.; Jacob Kiser, Saville. List of Constables, same time : George Fetterman, Buffaloe township ; John O'Brian, Greenwood ; 46* 546 HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. Thomas Martin. Juniata ; Daniel McAIister, Rye ; Mathias Moyer, Sa- Tille ; John Cree, Tyrone ; Abraham Kisller, do.; James McKim, To- boyne. County Commissioners — 1st Board : Robert Mitchell, Thomas Adams, Jacob Huggins. Prolhonotary — Wm. B. Mitchell. This county lies entirely within the central transition formation of the State. Geologically or physically viewed, the county is bounded on the south by the Blue mountain or Kittatinny; the Tuscarora forms the northwestern boundary, the Susquehanna the eastern ; these three prominent and well defined boundaries, enclose the county in the form of a triangle. The surface of this county is truly diversified, viz: moun- tainous, hilly, broken, undulating and level; this variety also gives character to the soil ; the richest and the poorest is to be met with in this county. The soil, where it is not too much broken by stony ridges is generally productive ; that portion formed from the calcareous rock^, is very fertile, and produced, when well cnltivated, very abundantly, wheat, rye, oats, corn, &c. The geological character of the county has been investigated, and is thus described by Mr. Trego, Assistant State Geologist. " The geological character of this county will perhaps be best un- derstood by considering the several rock formations which it contains in a descending order, beginning with the highest. Two synclinal axes or lines of depression, pass across from the troughs of the coal basins on the east of the river, rising gradually to the southwest, and causing the rocks extending around their ends to dip and disappear, succes- sively in this direction. Thus we find the red shale which underlies the conglomerate floor of the coal fields, extending across the Susquehanna above the town of Dauphin or Greensburg, and occupying a little nook or cove on the west side of the river; and again above Millersburg the same forma- tion, the red shale of Lykens' valley, crossing into Perry county and occupying a triangular area enclosed by Buffalo mountain. The sandstone next in order below this red shale encloses it in Cove mountain, which is the union of Peters' and Sp.cond mountain; and in the north of Buffalo, which is an extension of Mahontongo mountain, joining with Berry's. Outside of these enclosing ridges, we have red shales and sandstones, extending for some distance on the river, and then uniting at the western points of the mountains, and stretching for some miles up Sherman's and Buffalo creeks. The next inferior series composed chiefly of olive colored slates, with strata of gray sandstone, beginning on the Susquehanna near the mouth of Fishing creek, ranges westward, widens east of Laudisburg, and thence sweeps round on the north of the red shale and sandstone of Sherman's creek, again reaching the Susquehanna above' Halifax. Here it unites with the corresponding formation of the northern basin, which extends westward on the north of Bloomsfield to a point on the head of Sherman's creek, northeast of Moreland church, whence its northern division passes north eastward, crosses the Juniata below Millersiown, and reaches the Susquehanna above Liverpool. The ex- terior limit of the area occupied by the last mentioned series, is gene- ally marked by a range of hills and ridges, containing the coar.^e fos- siliferous sandstone, with the accompanying limestone next below in geological position. HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. 547 These extend on the north of the Blue Mountain as far as Wagner's gap, where they pass northward near LanJisburg, and then northeast- ward by Bloorafied across the Juniata on the east. Frona the neighbor- hood of Bloomfield, the northern division of these formations passes westward to near Germantown, and then, folding back to the north- east, across the Juniata near Millerstown, and extends by Pfoutz's val- ley to the Susquehanna. The red and variegated shales lying between the last mentioned lime- stone and the sandstone of the Kittaiinney and Tuscarora mountains, are seen in a narrow belt along the northern side of the former, until widening out in the neighborhood of Landisburg, it extends northeast- ward nearly to Bloomfield, and up Sherman's creek to the foot of Con- DCocheague ridge, and thence northeastward along the base of Tusca- rora mountain to Juniata, and so on towards the Susquehanna. Iron ore is found in many parts of the county, furnishing several furnaces. Perry county lies between two prominent ranges of mountains, and the face of the country between these mountains is broken by a num- ber of hills and ridges. The soil where it is not too much broken by stony ridges, is generally productive, especially the portions formed from the decomposition of calcareous rocks, is fertile, and when care- fully cultivated amply repays the husbandman by abundant crops. Ouly a small proportion however of the soil is limestone; slate and gravel predominate. The following table exhibits, at one view, the quantity of different kinds of soil. Limestone cleaned land 13,410 acres. Limestone uncleared 6,050 " Slate land cleared 46,660 " Slate land uncleared 58,120 " Grav«l land cleared 53,100 " Gravel land uncleared 21,610 " Sand land uncleared 5,040 " Mountain or Rock 68,240 " Known to contain iron ore 40 " The whole quantit> of cleared land of all kinds in acres, 139,000; the whole quantity of uncleared land, but fit for cultivation, 54,000; unfit for cultivation 74,100 acres. The average value per acre of cleared land was in 1838 estimated at $25 an acre; of woodland fit for cultivation $10; average value of woodland unfit for caltivation $5. The whole value of all the cleared land $1,527,000 ; of all the unclear- ed land $737,000; the whole number of farms 1,424; average size 140 acres; average yield of wheal per acre fourteen bushels ; rye ten ; oats seventeen ; barley eighteen ; corn twelve. According to the census of 1840, therein this county, eight furnaces, which produced 2,951 tons of cast iron; 2 forges and rolling mills ■which produced 1,300 tons of bar iron ; furnaces and forges consumed 16,152 tons of fuel; employed 339 men including mining operations ; capital invested $303,150. Live Slock — Horses and mules 4,383 ; 15,043 neat cattle ; 16,932 sheep; 21,485 swine; poultry of ail kinds, estimated at $6,403. Cereul grains —200,638 h\ishe\s of wheat; 411 bushels of barley; 192,- 258 bushels of oats ; 143,519 bushels of rye ; 37,052 bushels of buck- wheat ; 150,095 bushels of Indian corn., Farious Crops— 28,929 pounds of wool ; 1,359 pounds of hops ; 968 548 HisToar of perry oouwtt. pounds of flai ; 89,369 bushels of potatoes ; 13,007 tons of hay ; 5J ton* of hemp and flax. Four thousand, four hundred and eighty-two cords of wood sold the value of the products of the dairy, estimated at 814,329; ralne of the products of the orchard $9,374 ; value of home made or family goods $20,934. Twenty-three tanneries, tanned 9,720 sides of sole leather; 4,814 sides of upper leather ; employed 58 men ; capital invested $56,S50 ; all other manufactories of leather, saddleries, &;c. 31 ; value of articles manufactured $14,715; capital invested $6,385 ; 13 distilleries, which produced 31,475 gallons ; capital invested $8,590 ; 4 potteries, value of manufactured articles $2100; capital invested $245. Retail dry goods, grocery and other stores 57; capital invested $169,- 200; 5 lumber yards ; capilalinvested $1600 ; 57 men employed ; 60 men engaged in internal transportation ; value of the produce of fish- eries $14,335; 22 barrels of tar manufactured $1893; 5 men employed. Value of bricks and lime manufactured $7269 ; 7 falling mills ; 5 wool- len manufactories; value of manufactured goods $4370; capital invested $8700: 2 printing offices — 2 weekly papers ; capital invested $2000. One rope walk; value of produce $3000; capital invested $2200; carri- ages and wagons; value of manufactures $2000; capital invested $695. 24 flouring mills, which manufactured 1 1,200 barrels of tlonr ; 26 grist mills; 120 saw mills : value of manufactured furniture $3679; capital invested $1760; 8 brick and stone houses built ; 77 wooden ones; value of constructing or building $38,842 ; value of all other manufactures not enumerated $14,910 ; capital invested $5,905. Total capital invest- ed in all other manufactures $264,024. o B) TJ o "3 G_ PI 5 Buffalo, Buffalo boro' Bloomfield, Centre, Carroll, Greenwood, Millerstown, Juniata, Liverpool, Liverpool boro' Madison, Oliver, Newport, Penn, Petersburg, Rye, Saville, Toboyne, Tyrone, Wheatfield, o en X IS ► >^ — 5 O • ■"*! ? S . O 3> CD 05(M»OMOD>—0Cnt5Cn-qOsaoOtn>t»- under 5 CO 00 ^ -A r-' a itS uiH-oitowoitotsoicsoooiO'— oi ^Cn«OWifi-OOtOQOO)OlODW~1^00JW — tsco 5 and under 10 to *^>f>.04owtotoi— cD^so>H•to^3^^^;^!35CD*>.•e>• 10 and under 15 o w 15 and under 20 05 a500tOtOMCOtOc3505tDCOOl003a»05-J^3'-'Cl ^n^st^al>^tD©^^c;^tI' — »ocn-^05Mtcto*>--■~^^oaDOi»-too5^^►-toolOOotD 30 and under 40 MOitOOSJO^JM*'!"'— 0505^>—i—t0t00'^~1 40 and under 50 w to 50 and under 60 »3 1 ,£,.^3— K-— ►-to to— ^ aoSo*'WOOo^*--f>'*'005t9eo4^^*>. — ►- 60 and under 70 o 1 rT»t]Tio«De>wo3>->f^o5 — w.P'OMtowwoM 70 and under 80 to" 1^ 1 o^».*. — CO — O — OWM — —COi-©© — 80 and under 90 tT> under 5 »0 o rfi3'»*©W'-OJM«'00WO5H-»Oi*>.tO^W>-'— t^>^>•^^^^ — ^3W'«»•oocn0- 1^ CO to CO en CO CO )« CO to CO to *J 00 © 00 to to to c © to QD O 0) W 05 to Vi CO to to CO 00 00 CO Oi to to *.. OS to to - to ►- — CO u= <>• «- to ^ «e to © CO a» O M t« CO o - - © © o - - ^ '-' © CO - © © "- «~ C" 1- >»>■ © CO o ~J © C7< to 00 © H- to o ^ CO — o to 0»S>>©"-'0»>-O>Oa0Q0C0O*-'3>O>-»S"-O© 15 and under 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 70 and under 80 80 and under 90 Males of all ajjes. Females &c. 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CO O o ffi o Of a CO o OD o o o w HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. 551 The streams of this county are numerous. Besides the Susquehanna already noticed, which forms the eastern boundary, and receive all the streams that water this county, there are many in it; the largest of which is the (Choniato) Juniata, a main tributary of the Susquehanna river, which rises by two distinct branch- es, called the Frankstown and Qaystown branches; after running a circuitous and sinuous course rising one hundred miles, enters this county, a few miles above Millerstown, pursuing a southeastern course of twelve miles, and empties into the Susquehanna at Duncan's Island, and in its course through the county, receives Wild Cat creek and several smaller streams on the north ; Racoon creek, Buffalo creek, Little Buffalo and a few smaller streams on the south. Burger's run rises in Wild Cat valley, after running a northeastern course for about 5 miles falls into the Susquehanna river at Liverpool. Hunter's run rises south of Buffalo mountain and falls into the Sus- quehanna at Mount Patrick. Cackalamus creek rises at the foot of the Shade mountain, in Juniata county, running a south east course of twelve miles, falls into the Juniata river at Millerstown. Wild Cat run rises in Racoon valley, a few miles north east of Ickesburg, meandering its course for eight miles through the valley of its own name, falls into the Juniata, opposite Millerstown. Buffalo creek rises in Liberty valley, at the base of Ttiscarora mountain, winding its way eastward between Racoon Ridge and Middle Ridge, for about eighteen miles, it falls into the Juniata. Little Buffalo creek rises near Middle Ridge, passes down between this ridge and Limestone Ridge, and empties into the Juniata at New Port. Little Juniata rises in Mahony Ridge, runs a southeastern course for 7 or 8 miles, and empties into the Susquehanna at Petersbnrg. Sher Jian's creek has its fountain head in Franklin county, near the Round Top — flows an eastern course this county, more than 40 miles, receiving numerous tributaries, and empties into the Susquehanna im- mediately below the mouth of the Little Juniata. Patterson's run, Brown's run, Huston's run, and Limestone spring, in the western part of the county, constitute the heads of Sherman's creek, Montour's run & other tributaries. Cove run rises at the Cove mountain and falls into the Susquehanna. Fishing creek rises southwest of the Cove moun- tain ; flows an eastern course for 8 or 9 miles, and empties into the Susquehanna, at the north base of the Blue mountain. The several streams afford ample water power to 50 or 60 flouring and gristmills, to 125 saw mills, and a number of factories, forges, furnaces, &c. The Warm Spring — The waters of which have some celebrity as to their medicinal properties and healing virtues. In cures o/ scrofulous affections and cutaneous diseases they have proved beneficial. A visitor, in 1831, thus describes the place — These springs are on the farm of Mr. Kennedy,whose house at some distance from, until lately, offered the only accommodation to visiters; and the approach to either was difficult and rugged enough. Mr. Hippie, however, has erected & spacious, and in every way comfortable boarding house at the springi, and furnished as good cheer at the table and the bar as is to be found at any other watering establishment thai has come under our inspec- tion. The chief advantage of those springs to those who are sick, but re- 5^ HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. tire from town in order to enjoy the country, are the luxury of the bath and the scenery of country that surrounds you. Mount Pisgah nods in front, and the mountain from whence the spring issues, is in the rear while the waters of Sherman's creek flow between. The springs rise at the foot of Quaker Hill, and emit about 90 gallons a minute. The temperature of the water is nearly that of river or creek water — in the summer. The Springs are in a romantic jnd healthy situation about eleven miles north of Carlisle, twenty-two from Harrisburg, eightTrom Ster- relt's Gap, and four from Wagner's Gap, and four from Landisburg. The accommodations at present are good — charges moderate. Two lines of public improvements pass through this county. The Pennsylvania canal crosses the Susquehanna in a pool or dam, at Duncan's Island and divides one branch the Susquehanna division passes along the eastern boundary of the country, ascending the right bank of the Susquehanna. The Juniata division extends up the right bank of the Juniata river for a distance of fifteen miles, where it crosses the river by a rope ferry and passes up the right bank. Since the opening of the canal. Perry county has been greatly im- proved. Where there was a dense forest twenty years ago, are now well cultivated and productive farms. The Harrisburg and Huntingdon turnpike road runs along the left bank of the Juniata. The county is intersected by many roads, many of which are kept in good repair. Several fine bridges cross the lar- ger streams. New roads are opening, and new bridges building. Ere many years, Perry may vie with her mother, old Cumberland. CHAPTER XLIV. TOWNS. Bloomfield — Millerslown — Milford or Jonestown— New Port — Peters- burg — New Buffaloe — Liverpool — New Gefmantowri, Ickesburg — Landisburg — Loysville or Andersonsvilie. BtooMFiBtD, the seat of Justice, was located on a tract of land he- longing to Mr. George Barnett, (a wealthy and highly respectable citi- zen, still residing in the borough) and was so called from the name as given to the tract in the patent. The name of the post office is New Bloomfield. The town has since been extended westward upon lands once the property of Jacob Lupfer and Michael Shuman. The town IE pleasantly situated in a narrow valley near the centre of the coun- ty; 5 miles from the Juniata river, II from the Susquehanna, 18 from Carlisle and 26 from Harrisburg. It contains about 120 houses, mostly HISTORV OF PERRY COUNTY. 553 frame, and has a population of over 600 souis. The public buildings are a court house, jail, academy, school house*, 3 churches — German Reformed & Lutheran, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Methodist. There are 5 stores and 5 taverns — 2 clergymen, 2 physicians, and 9 lawyers; 3 printing offices belonging to as many weekly political newspapers; the country immediately around the town is hilly, and not very fertile; and from its isolated position, but little business is done in the place, except such as is peculiar to a seat of justice. The inhabitants are intelli- gent and sociable. MiLLERSTowjf, a post town in Greenwood township, on the left bank of the Juniata river, opposite the mouth of Raccoon creek, 10 miles northeast from Bloomfield, and 29 miles west of Harrisburg, contains between 80 and 90 dwellings, a Presbyterian church, 5 stores, 3 tav- erns, a school house, a number of mechanics' shops. Population in 1840, 371. The town was laid out about 45 years ago. The Juniata is crossed here by a wooden bridge — the western turnpike passes through it. When the canal was excavated here, the workmen found a number of human bones, supposed to have been the remains of Indians. MiLFORD or Jonestown, in Juniata township, is on Big Buffalo crk., 5 miles north of Bloomfield. The town was laid out about 1814 or '16, and numbers 8 or 10 dwellings. Population 64. New Pout, known for many years as Reiderville, is a post village in Oliver township, was laid out hy one Reider about 1814. Its growth was very tardy till the canal was made, 15 years ago, since which it has steadily improved. When the county had been divided from Cum- berland, it was fixed on as the county town, when it received its pres- ent name — New Port. The town consists of 100 dwellings, 3 taveras, 4 stores, a school-hdusc and a Methodist church. New Port bids fair of bearing a place of some importance, being di- rectly on the bank of the canal, and being accessible by good roads, which pass through the best portions of the county. Near it are a grist and saw mill. Petersburg, a post town and borough in Penn township, on the west bank of the Susquehanna river, 12 miles northwest of Harris- burg, is a flourishing and pretty town. It is 8 miles southeast of Bloom- field. Population 420. It contains 3 churches, viz: Presbyterian, Methodist, and Lutheran, 2 stores, 1 tavern, and a temperance house. Immediately below town is the Little Juniata, on which is Mr. Jones' merchant mill. About a mile and a half below, Sherman's creek emp- ties into the Susquehanna.where is situated Ddncanxox, a flourishing manufacturing village. Messrs. Fisher & Morgan, own here one of the most extensive iron establishments in the interior of the State. — The works consist of a rolling mill and nail factory. From 80 to 90 tons of iron ore manufactured weekly. The Nailery contains 25 or more machines, capable of making 800 kegs of nails per week. This place (Duncannon) contains a population of 290. New Buffalo, a post village in Buffalo township, is on the west • The school in 1844 engaged 2 male teachers at $20 per month. There were 88 male and 62 female teachers attending ; a district tax of $2,65 97 was raised; the State appropriation was $95; cost of tui- tion $280 ; school open 7 months. Fuel and contingencies $35. ■: 47 554 HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. bank of the Susquehanna river, 12 miles northeast of Bloomfield, and 20 miles above Harrisburg. The town contains between 30 and 40 dwellings ; a Methodist, and Presbyterian church, 3 stores, 2 taverns. Population 200. The town was laid out in 1800, by Jacob Baughman. The township, says Mr. Steever, is divided by the Half-full moun- tain, which is noted on account of the singular discoveries that have been made, on and about it, as well as the wealth it is supposed to possess. The present inhabitants can recollect distinctly, that when their fathers used to have shooting matches, in which the Indians gen- erally participated, in case the lead would get scarce, the Indians would pick up their tomahawk, run to the mountain, and in a few mo- ments return with a supply of lead, in a crude state, they always in- sisted that there was more wealth in that mountain than any other in the State. LivEKPooL, a post town and borough in Liverpool township, is an important town on the Susquehanna, 16 miles northeast of Bloomfield, 30 above Harrisburg. It contains 140 dwellings ; four taverns, five stores, two churches ; German Reformed, and United Brethren, and 2 schools. Population 650. The Susquehanna division of the Pennsyl- vania Canal passes through, or along the town. Liverpool was incor- porated 8 or 9 years ago. Considerable trade is carried on here. The Wild Cat creek is immediately below the town. There are several mills within three-fourths of a mile from the borough. New Germantown, a post town in Toboyne township, 20 miles west of Bloomfield, contains between 20 and 30 dwellings, several stores, and a tavern. There are 2 German churches in the vicinity of th's place. The soil in this region is limestone and gravel, and well im- proved. IcKESBURG, a post viUagc in Saville township, 9 miles northwest of Bloonafield, contains about 20 dwellings, 2 stores. There is a Pres- byterian church near it. Population between 60 and 70. LANoisBuas, a post town and borough in Tyrone township, contains about 60 dwellings, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 3 churches, viz: Presbyterian, Methodist, and Church of God. Population about 400. The first court was held here. LoTsviLLK or Andersonville, laid out in 1840 by Michael Loy, is a brisk hamlet — one tavern, three stores, a Union church. Population between 50 and 60. It is in Toboyne township, 9 miles from Bloom- field, CHAPTER XLV. FIRST SETTLERS, &C. First settlers and their settlements— Removed by Secretary Peters' «Scc.— Measures to prevent other intruders— Andrew Montour li- censed for that purpose— He settles on Sherman's creek— His let- ter— Weiser visits him— Settlers in Sherman's valley surprised by the Indians— Robinson's narrative, «&c.— Present population, &c.— Common Schools — Poor-house. The first settlers of this county were principally Scotch-Irish, with some Germans, English, and their descendants. At a very early day, prior to 1733, John Harris, of Paxton, had cleared some lands and erected a house, near Juniata, of which the Indians complained to the provincial council. Not many years after— about 1740 or '41— one Frederick Star, a German, with several of his countrymen, made some small settlements on the Big Juniata, 25 miles from the mouth thereof, and about 10 miles north from the Blue hills. In 1742 the Indians urged their removal. The example of Star and his neighbors was soon followed by others ; but the Indians persisted on their im- mediate removal. For that purpose, the government in 1748, sent the sheriff of Lancaster county, and three magistrates, with Conrad Wei- ser, to these places, to warn the people to leave immediately; but the settlers, in opposition to all this, continued their settlements, till 1750, when more decisive measures were adopted. On the 22d of May, 1750, Richard Peters, Maihew Dill, George Croghan, Benja- min Chambers, Conrad Weiser, Thomas Wilson, John Finley & Jas. Galbrelh, Esqrs., having been appointed for that purpose by the Gov- ernor, alter holding a council, a few days before, at the house of Geo. Croghan, Pennsboro' township, Cumberland county, accompanied by the under sheriff of Cumberland county, went to the place where Ly- can, Gaboon, Gallaway and Hiddleson had settled, and where they found 5 cabins or log houses, look some of the settlers into custody, and set fire to their cabins. Thence they proceeded to Sherman s creek, where they found James Parker, Thomas Parker, Owen Mc- Keeb, John McClare, Richard Kirkpatrick, James Murray, John Scott, Henry Gass, Simon Girty and John Kilbaugh, who had settled lands and erected cabins thereon— whose cabins or houses were also set on fire. They took the men into custody, bound them in recognizaBce of one hundred pounds each, to appear and answer for their trespass, on the first day of the next county court to be held at Shippensbnrg. Fearful that attempts would again be made to proceed with settle- menis by the whites, before these lands were purchased from the In- dians, Andrew Montour, by a commission, dated April 18, 1752, was 556 HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. licensed to settle and reside in any place he should judge convenient and central, and to preserve the lands from being settled by others, and warn all off who had presumed to go on them, and to report the names of all such as settled there that they might be prosecuted. Montour took up his residence on Sherman's creek. While he was residing here, he addressed a number of letters to the Governor and Council. The following I copied from Montour's autograph letter preserved in the Secretary's office at Harrisburg. Sherman's creek, 16th May, 1754. Sir — I once more take upon me the liberty of informing you that our Indians at Ohio are expecting every day the armed forced of this pro- vince against the French, who, by their late encroachments, is likely to prevent their planting, and thereby render them impossible of sup- porting their families. And you may depend upon it, as a certainty, that our Indians will not strike the French, unless this province (or New York) engage with them ; and that, by sending some number of men to their immediate assistance. The reasons are plain; to wit ; that they don't look upon their late friendship with Virginia, sufficient to engage them in a war with the French ; I therefore think, with sub- mission, that to preserve our Indian allies, this province ought in- stantly to send out some men, either less or more, which I have good reason to hope, would have the desired effect; otherwise, I doubt there will, in a little time, be an entire separation ; the consequences of which, you are best able to judge, &c. I am informed, by my brother, who has lately come from the Lakes, that there is at that place a great number of French Indians, preparing to come down to the assistance of the French, at Ohio. I am likewise informed, by a young Indian man, (who, by my brother's directions, spent some days with the French at Monongahela) that they expect a great number of French down the river, very soon. I have delayed my journey to Ohio, and waited with great impatience for advice from Philadelphia, but have not yet received any. I am now obliged to go to Col. Washington, who has sent for me many days ago, to go with him to meet the half- king, Monacatootha, and others, that are coming to meet the Virginia companies; and, as they think, some from Pennsylvania— and would have been glad to have known the design of this province, in these matters, before I had gone. I am, sir, your very humble servant, Andrew Montube. To Gov. H. R. Morris. It has already been shown in a preceding part of this work, where many incidents are given in detail, and to which the reader is referred, that the early settlers of this county, with all the frontier settlers,were frequently surprised by the Indians, some of them murdered and scalp- ed, others carried into captivity. The following extract, from a narrative of Robert Robison, one of the early pioneers of Sherman's valley, is presented in this connection (though given in substance) to show what the state of things was at thai time in this county. Conrad Weiser called at the house of Andrew Montour, in August, 1754, on his way to Aughwick, to hold a treaty with the Indians. HISTORY OF FERRY COUNTY. 557 In his Jonrnal, he says — "Sept. 1st, crossed the Kittatinor mona- tain, at George Croghan's (Sterrett's) Gap, and Sherman's creek, and arrived that day at Andrew Montour's accompanied (from Harris's fer- ry) by himself, the half-king, and another Indian, and my eon. I found at Andrew Montour's, about 15 Indians, men, women and children ; and more had been there, but were gone. Andrew's wife had killed a sheep for them some days ago; she com- plained that the Indians had done great damage to the Indian corn, which was now fit to roast ; and I found that there were, most every day, Indians, of those that came from Ohio, with some errand or other, which always wanted victuals in the bargain. I gave him ten pounds of the government money." The next day Weiser, accompanied by Andrew, and those who were with him before, went toward .\ughwick. — [Prov. Rec. The next I remember of was in the year 1756, the Woolcomber fam- ily, on Sherman's creek: the whole of the inhabitants of the valley were gathered to a fort at George Robison's ; but Woolcomber would not leave home ; he said it was the Irish who were killing one another; these peaceable people, the Indians, would not hurt any person. Be- ing at home, and at dinner, the Indians came in, and the Quaker asked them to come aud eat dinner; an Indian answered that he did not come to eat, but for scalps ; the son, a boy 14 or 15 years of age, when he heard the Indian say so, repaired to a back door, and as he went out he looked back and saw the Indian strike the tomahaw-k into his father's head. The boy then ran over the creek, which was near to the house, and heard the screams of his mother, sisters and brothers. The boy came to our fort and gave us the alarm ; about forty went to where the murder was done, and buried the dead. In the second war, on the 5th July, 1763, the Indians came to Juni- ata, it being harvest time, and the white people were come back to reap their crops: they came first to the house of Wm. White, it was on the Sabbath day ; the reapers were all in the house ; the Indians crept up nigh to the door and shot the people lying on the floor, and killed Wm. White, and all his family that were there, excepting one bo}', who, when he heard the guns, leaped out of the window and made his escape. The same party went to Robert Campbell's on Tuscarora creek, sor- prised them in the same way, shot them on the floor where they were resting themselves ; one George Dodds being there harvesting, had just risen and gone into the room and lay down on the bed, sitting his gun beside him ; when the Indians fired, one of them sprung into the house with his tomahawk in his hand, running up to where a man was standing in the corner ; Dodds fired at the Indian not six feet from him ; the Indian gave a halloo and ran out as fast as he could. There being an opening in the loft above the bed, Dodds sprung up there and went out by the chimney, making his escape, and came to Sherman"? valley. He came to Wm. Dickson's and told what had happened, there being a young man there which brought the news to us, who were harvesting at Edward Elliott's; other intelligence we got in the night. John Graham, John Christy, and James Christy, were alarmed in the evening by guns firing at Wm. Anderson's, where the old mat was killed with his Bible in his hand; supposed he was about wor- ship ; his son also was killed, and a girl that bad been brought up 47* 553 HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. from a child by the old people. Graham and the Christys came about midnight. We heariug the Indians had got so far up the Tuscarora ▼alley, and knowing Collins' family and James Scott's were there about harvest, 12 of us concluded to go over Bigham's gap and give those word that were there ; when we came to Collins' we saw that the Indians had been there, had broke a wheel, emptied a bed, and ta- ken flour, of which they made some water-gruel ; wc counted thirteen spoons made of bark; we followed the tracks down to James Scott's, where wp found the Indians had killed some fowls ; we pursued on to Graham's, there the house was on fire, and burned down lo the joists. We divided our men into two parties, six in each, my brother with his party came in behind the barn, and myself with the other party came down through an oats field ; I was lo shoot first; the Indians had hung a coat upon a post on the other side of the fire from us ; I look- ed at it, and saw it immoveable, and therefore walked down lo it and found that the Indians had just left it ; they had killed four hogs, and had eaten at pleasure. Our company took their track, and found ihat two companies had met at Graham's, and had gone over the Tusca- rora mountain. We took the run gap ; the two roads meeting at Nicholson's, they were there first, heard us coming, and lay in am- bush for us ; they had the first fire ; being 25 in number, and only 12 of us — they killed five, and wounded myself. They then went to Al- exander Logan's, where they emptied some beds, and passed on to George M'Cord's. The names of the 12 were Wm. Robison, who acted as captain, Robert Robison, the relater of this narrative, Thomas Robison, being three brothers, John Graham, Charles Elliott, William Chrisiy, James Christy, David Miller, John Elliott, Edward McConnel, William Mc- Alister, and John Nicholson ; the persons killed were William Robi- son, who was shot in the belly with buckshot, and got about half a mile from the ground; John Elliott, then a boy about 17 years of age, having emptied his gun, he was pursued by an Indian with his toma- hawk, who was within a few perches of him, when Elliott had puor- ed some powder into his gun by random, out of his powder horn, and having a bullet in his mouth, put it in the muzzle, but had no time to ram it down ; he turned and fired at his pursuer, who clapped his hand on his stomach and cried, och ! then turned and fled. Elliott had lan but a few perches further, when he overtook William Robi- son, weltering in his blood, in his last agonies ; he requested Elliott to carry him ofl^, who excused himself by telling him of his inability to do so, and also of the danger they were in ; he said he knew it, but desired him to take his gun with him, and, peace or war, if ever he had an'opportunity of killing an Indian, lo shoot him for his sake. — Elliott brought away the gun, and Robison was not found by the In- dians. Thomas Robison stood on the ground until the whole of his people were fled, nor did the Indians ofler to pursue, until the last man left the field ; Thomas having fired and charged a second time, the Indians were prepared for him, and when he took aim past the tree, a number fired at him at the same time ; one of his arms was broken ; he took his gun in the other and fled ; going up a hill he came to a high log, and clapped his hand, in which was his gun, on the log to assist in leaping over it ; while in the attitude of stooping, a bullet entered his HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. 559 side, going in a triangular course ihrongh his body ; he sunk down across the log; the Indians sunk the cock of his gun into his brains, and mangled him very much. John Graham was seen by David Mil- ler sitting on a log, not far from the place of attack, with his hands on his face, and the blood running through his fingers. Charles Elliott and Edward McConnel took a circle round where the Indians were laying, and made the best of their way to Buffalo creek, but they were pursued by the Indians ; and where they crossed the creek there was a high bauk, and as they were endeavoring to ascend the bank they were both shot, and fell back into the water. A party of 40 men came from Carlisle, in order to bury the dead at .Inniata ; when they saw the dead at Buffalo creek they returned home. Then a party of men came with Capt. Dunning; but before they came to Alexander Logan's, his son John, Charles Coyle, Wm. Hamilton, with Bartholomew Davis, followed the Indians to George M'Cord's, where they were in the barn ; Logan and those with him were all killed, except Davis who made his escape. The Indians then returned to Logan's house again, when Capt. Dunning and his party came on them, and they fired some time at each other ; Dunning had one man wounded. I forgot to give you an account of a murder done at our own fort in Sherman's valley, in July, 1756 ; the Indians waylaid the fort in har- vest-time, and kept quiet until the reapers were gone; James Wilson remaining some time behind the rest, and I not being gone to my busi- ness, which was hunting deer for the use of the company, Wilson standing at the fort gate, I desired liberty to shoot his gun at a mark, upon which he gave me the gun, and I shot; the Indians on the upper side of the fort, thinking they were discovered, rushed on a daughter of Robert Miller, and instantly killed her, and shot at John Simmeson; they they made the best of it that they could, and killed the wife of James Wilson, and the widow Gibson, and took Hugh Gibson and Betsy Henry prisoners. While the Indian was scalping Mrs. Wilson, the narrater shot at and wounded him, but he made his escape. The reapers, being 40 in number, returned to the fort, and the Indians made off. I shall relate an affair told me by James McClung, a man whom I can confide in for truth, it being in hi:; neighborhood. An Indian came to a tavern, called for a gill of whiskey, drank some out of it ; when there came another Indian in, he called for a gill also, and set it on the table, without drinking any of if, and took out the first Indian, dis- coursing with him for some time; the first Indian then stripped him- self naked, an-d lay down on the floor, and stretched himself; the other stood at the door, and when he was ready, he stepped forward with his knife in his hand, and stabbed the Indian who was lying down lo thiP heart ; he received the stab, jumped to his feet, drank both the gills of whiskey off, and dropped down dead ; the white people made a prisoner of the other Indian, and sent to the heads of the nation; two of them came and examined the Indian, who was a prisoner, and told them to let him go, he had done righl. — Loudon's Narrative, ii. The present inhabitants are chiefly of Irish, Scotch and German or- igin; the latter are numerous in some parts of the county, and gener- ally speak their own language; but nearly all understand English. The prevalent religious denominations are Pres'byterians, Lather- 560 HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY. ans, German Reformed, Methodist, United Brethren, and Church of God. These, collectively, have between 30 and 40 places of public worship. Common education had been much neglected; however, it has late- ly received more atleniion, and the public school system has met with a favorable reception, having been adopted in every district except in Madison township. Several schools of advanced standing are found in this county. In 1844, 14 districts had adopted the system, in which 67 schools were open for the reception and instruction of scholars ; 67 male and 6 female teachers were employed ; the former at an average salary per month of ^17,40, and the latter at $7,16 per month; 1,896 male and 1.5.5.5 females were taught 2 months in the year; a district tax of $4,133 22 was raised; and the state appropriation was $3,226 00. Provision is made for the unfortunate poor. Near Landisburg are fine buildings, on a well improved aad productive farm, for their maintanance and comfort; where from 40 to 50 are supported. HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. CHAPTER XLVI. SOMERSET COUNTY. Somerset county erected — Limits and population — Geological aspect — Streams — General statistics — Synopsis of the census of 1840 — Public improvements — Somerset, the county town — Berlin — Stoys- town — Extract from Post's journal — Petersburg — Smythfield — Salis- bury— Mil ford— Jennersville — Lexington — Shenksville — Early set- tlements — Washington opens a road — Bouquet's road — Forbes' ar- my passes through the county — Several engagements — Religious denominations — Education. Somerset County was established by an act passed April 17th, 1795. The boundaries were then defined : — " That all that part of Bedford county, lying and being westward of a line to be drawn along the top of the Al- legheny mountain, from where the Maryland hne cross- es the same, to where the line of Huntingdon county crosses the same mountain." The Circuits of this coun- ty were afterward changed, and its extent considerably reduced. In 1800, part of Bedford county was annexed, to Somerset; and in 1804 part of Somerset was taken with part of Huntitigdon to form Cambria county. At present this county is bounded on the north by Cam- bria county ; east by Bedford ; south by the state of Ma- ryland; west by Fayette, and north-west by Westmore- land. Great length, 38 miles ; mean width, 28 ; area, 1066 square miles; and contains 682,240 acres of land. Population in 1800,10,188; in 1810, 11,284; in 1820, 13,890; in 1830, 17,741; in 1840, 19,650. These were variously employed ; in mining, 5; in agriculture, 3,556; in commerce, l02; in manufacture and trade, 914; in navigation of the ocean, 57; in the learned professions and engineers, 34. 47 562 HiSTORr OF somerset couNxr. The physical aspect of the county is diversified. The greater proportion of this county lies west of the main ridge of the Allegheny, and the whole is embraced by that ridge and the Little Allegheny mountain on the east, and the Laurel hill on the west; afld is therefore witliin the great secondary formation of the state. Salt, coal and iron, are found in varions parts of the county. The first is most abundant in the eastern and northern sections; the others may be obtained in every township. Besides the mountains we have named, there is a consider- able elevation running in from Maryland, through nearly half the county, which is called Negro mountain, and forms a dividing ridge for the waters. Yet, the county cannot be termed very hilly; part is rolling, and part lev- el; the soil generally of loam, is well adapted to grain, and the clayey portions peculiarly fitted for meadow grasses. Few counties in the state are better watered. In Somer- set and Stoney Creek townships, the streams are divided, and form the elevated land which separates them; they flow north and south. Towards the north runs Stoney creek, a chief constituent of the Conemaugh river, which unites at Johnstown with the little Conemaugh. Stoney creek receives from the county on the left, the Quemaho- ning creek, which has two considerable forks, and several smaller tributaries; and from the right. Shade creek, which has also numerous ramifications. In the south-eastern part of the county, Castleman's river rises in Greenville township, near the state line, and flowing north-west through a gap of the main Allegheny, receives in Mifilin township Cox's creek, which runs southward by the town of Somerset to meet it ; thence deflecting south-west, the fiver flows to the western boundary, and unites with the Youghiogheny. Laurel creek rises in Somerset township, and running southward parallel with the Laurel moun- tain, also pours its waters into the Youghiogheny river, within a mile below the mouth of Castleman's river. Bituminous coal is found in abundance in many parts of this county. In the rough and irregular valley between the Little Allegheny and Savage mountain, is a coal bed several feet thick, which is worked in several places, and yield coal of a superior quality. It is found in sev- eral other places. HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. 563 Iron ore is also found in various parts of the county. Not far from the mouth of Will's creek, and in the same neighborhood of Stoney creek, are localities— it is also found on Shade creek, where a furnace has been erected for the purpose of working it. There were in this county in 1840, one furnance, and one forge, which produced 20 tons of bar iron: 65,000 bushels of bituminous coal were raised. There were 8,400 horses and mules; 31,000 neat cattle, 36,900 sheep, 25,720 swine ; value of poultry of all kinds $8,670 ; bushels of wheat raised, 118,100; barley, 7.30; oats, 621,200; rye, 169,550; buckwheat, 46,650; pounds of wool, 70,100; hops, 4,830; wax, 760; bushels of potatoes, 134,800; tons of hay, 26,820; pounds of sugar, 299,800; value of fthe products of the dairy, $56,550; of the orchard, $5,430; of home made goods, $71,070. Stores 46, cap- ital $168,500. Fulling mills, 13; woolen factories, 2; value of manufactured goods, $15,900; capital, $12,450; value of hats and caps manufactured $6,400. Tanneries, 29, tanned 3,710 sides of sole leather and 7,940 of up- per ; capital, 39,000. Distilleries 47, produced 28,800 gallons; one brewery produced 1,000 gallons of beer; . grist mills, 64; saw mills, 141; oil mills, 4. Total capi- tal invested in manufacture, $116,310. The aggregate amount of property taxable in 1844 was $2,370,078,00; whereof $2,312,200 00 was real estate. The soil of the county is generally better adapted to agriculture than it would appear. The southern part is adapted to raising corn and wheat, the middle and more northern portion produce oats, potatoes and grass. It is a great growing county. The finest butter in the world is made in this county. The products of the dairy are very valuable. The public improvements are several turnpike roads: three of the principal ones pass from east to west through the county. In tlie northern part is the main turnpike from Philadelphia by Harrisbu'rg, Carli^le, Chambersburg, Bedford,. Stoystown and Greensburg, to Pittsburg. The turnpike from I'edford to Mount Pleasant on to Wash- ington, passes through the middle of the county. The National turnpike road crosses the south-west corner. — There is also a turnpike road leading from the town of 'T3 (D o 05~^05tno^oco-3Cnp<^-^cntnoowtno5^^ — »J ^ ►_ ►_! >_. oo5^swootD^s-^llo^3*>•al•— O5t50oe;i«o eD^;^QOcocn«D^505^5^5<£)><^cDo^o^a>|!«.tD o>oocnto^~■»^^^^s^v^>f>.tao^aooglcnco 05y^o>co^o>^so5^3~Jtn^^oD>*>.oo^^^;^05 M ;o oa rf^ ^ >— to o oi o> i— ■— H- " ~ tn i_t ^^ ^^ »_^ »-^ •^ ^« en O tn © tn 00 CO JO C5 to #» o tn to ^ JO >(i. tt^ — ^ ^s (O CO en ^- 00 -nI Oi JO o JO © OD ^- 05 C5 JO CO O ^ o 05 ^^ ^5 >^ t^- Ol >o 4^ JO 00 00 JO 05 Oi on CO CO Oi CO 05 o IX> 4^ 00 ^ Oi to OI Oi ^ ^ 05 CD 4^ CO tn ;^ t— • CO t— • Oi tn t— ' 05 JO Oi h- * JO tn ►— ^ &■ ►*^ CO ^5 M •o t—t JO JO ^^ CO JO H-l to H— CO »— 1 JO JO CO CO CO CO K) W 00 en -J CD *- o to 4^ 00 ou © to 1— »« CO ^—t fO t^-t i_^ t-^ »o )_t H-> H-> JO t—l 00 00 *>• ^s ts Oi CO JO o Oi t;" OI ^ 05 <1 tn t^- JO OD «0 !_, ,_, ^^ ^^ ^ ^_, o 00 o> w 05 1— ' •-' 1— ' ■^ o o 4^ 00 ^ i-i J» c o JS o to ^ JO tn © © «— CO CO " *0 «o !_, ^^ ^^ ^^ J^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^s •(^ Oi Oi Oi 1— t 1— < >^ CO tn •^ Oi Oi to CO tn tn tn JO Oi >t^ o ^ ~J .♦^ H- 5 ^ 4^ Oi 4^ tn CO tn a> CO tn ,_, ^_^ ^^ ,_^ !_, ,_, J_, t—l 05 f^ 00 o JO ■^ >(>. JO t— • *>- JO OI ^^ CO 1^ CO ~3 00 If' to -v} o 00 ►(^ JO 05 r-- *» CO tn ^ CD tf^ JO ^^ ^ CO «) 05 00 to •^ ^ t— t ^ to ■J CD >£>. © CO CD JO to ^ 4^ C5 — to tn ti'tn>t»-O3O5^-'OiJ0©^--4i.COJO0DC0CD 20 and under 30 CO to JO JOJOJO©tnj04^JO•ootn©tn©JOQo©JOJOcoGotncDto^s 30 and under 40 OI - JO JO CO to ^ 05 CO to >^ JO Ol JO 1 ►- to 1— ^ -vl 05 © ^^ 00 ~J 05 -co©o>toc;iH-h-i— under 5 5 and under 10 10 and under 15 15 and under 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 70 and under 80 80 and under 90 under 5 5 and under 10 10 and under 15 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 70 and under 80 80 and under 90 HrSTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTT. 565 Somerset, by Berlin, to Cumberland in Maryland, from which point a railroad extends to Baltimore. The com- mon roads are generally in a passable condition. The longer streams have bridges across them. Somerset, formerly called Brunnerstown, laid out by Mr. Brunner in the year 1795, is a handsomely built town, situated on the summit of a hill near the centre of the county, on the turnpike road from Bedford to Mount Pleasant and Washington. It is 37 miles west of Bed- ford. It was incorporated by an act of Assembly, April 7th, 1807, It has about 800 inhabitants, — contains a court house, county offices, a jail, an academy, and several churches. This place was visited with a very destructive fire in October, 1833. Twenty dwelling houses, fifteen shops and offices, three stores, two taverns, in one of which the post office was kept, and a number of stables, 4'C. were consumed. Berlin, eight miles south of Somerset, was laid out many years ago, and incorporated February 27th, 1821. It contains between five and six hundred inhabitants. It also contains several churches. Stoystown is a flourishing post town and borough, incorporated March 29th, 1819, ten miles north-east of Somerset, on the Bedford and Pittsburg turnpike road. It contains one or two churches, between sixty and sev- enty dwellings, and about four hundred inhabitants. Mr. Stoy an old revolutionary soldier laid out this place. It is said that some ten or twelve years ago the ruins of a house were still seen, built in 1758, the time of Forbes' expedition. Christian Frerierick Post, on his way with a message from the goveriiDr of Pennsylvania to the Indians on the Ohio, passed through here Noveinbpr 6tli, I75S. On the 4th he and his company arrived at Raysiown (Bedldrd). In his jouinal of the 5th Nov. he says: — '•Rose early, and it raining smartly we asked our Indians if they would go;* which they took time to consult about — The Cherokees came and told them, the English had killed about thirty of their peo- ' pie, for taking some horses; which they resented much; and told our Indians they had better go home, than go any further with us, lest ihey should meet with the same. On hearing this, I told them how I heard it had happened; upon which our Indians said, they had behav- ed like fools, and brought the mischief on themselves. "Pisquetomen, (an Indian who had formerly resided at Easton) • See page ante, 499, 500. 47* 566 HISTORY OP SOMERSET COUNTY. before we went from home, made up with Jenny Frazer, and they parted good friends — and though it rained hard, we set out at ten o'clock and got to the foot of the Allegheny, and lodged at the first run of water. "Nov. 6th, — One of our horses went back; we hunted a good while for him. Then we set off and found one of the worst ro?ds that ever was travelled until Stoney creek. Upon the road we overtook a great number of pack horses; whereupon Pisquelomen said: 'Brother, now you see, if you had not come to us before, this road would not be so safe as it is ; now you see, we could have destroyed ail this people on the road, and great mischief would have been done, if you had not stopl, and drawn our people hack.' " We were informed that the greneral (Forbes) was not yet gone to Fort Du Quesne, whereupon Pisquelomen said, he was glad and ex- pressed himself thus: 'If I can come to our towns before the gener- al makes his attack, I know your people will draw back, and leave the French.' " We lodged this night at Stnney creek. Nov. 7th. — We rose early, and made all the haste we could on our journey; we crossed the large creek, jR(?A;em/?«/m, near Laurel hill. Upon this hill we overtook the artillery, and came before sunset to Loyalhanna. We were gladly received in the camp by the general, and most of the people. We made our fire near the other Indian camps, which pleased our peo- ple, &c."* Petersburg is a post town in Addison township, on the National road, 22 miles southwest from the county town, contains between twenty and thirty dweUings, tav- erns, stores, &c, Popu'ation rising of two hundred, Smythfield, or Somerfield Post ofHce, is a village on the east side of the Youghiogeny, where that liver is cross- ed by the National turnpike load. Population about 200. Salisbury, a post town, is in Elk Lick township, near Little Youghiogeny river, about 17 miles south of Som- erset borough; contains between 25 and 30 dwellings. — Population about 200. Milford, Jennersville, Lexington, Shanksville, &c., are small villages, whose gt^ograp'iical locality may known by reference to the map of the county. The region of country of which this county forms a part was occasionally visited by Indian traders nearly one hundred and thirty years ago, although no actual settle- ments were made till sometime after Fort Du Quesne had been in the possession of the English. Among the ear- liest white traders were James Le Tort, Peter Shaver. ' * For particulars see Compiler's History of Western Pa. Appendix, pp.^100— 105. HISTORV OF SOMERSET COUNTY. 567 Of Cheaver; and about 1740, John Evans, Henry Devoy, Owen Nicholson, Alexander Magenty, Patrick Burns, George Hutchinson, and others. The southwestern part of the county, which was supposed to be within the bounds of Virginia, was visited by adventurers from Maryland, prior to 1 754. With the exception of the oc- casional visit of Indian traders, and visits of adventurers, Somerset was a wilderness trodded by the wild beasts and the savage Indians till the middle of the last century. Late in the fall of 175.9 George Washington, on a mes- sage to the French commandant at Fort Le Boeuf, passed through the southwestern part of the county. He had been commissioned for that purpose by Robert Dinwid- die, governor of Virginia. His commission is dated Oc- tober 30th, 1753. Washington in his Journal says: — "I was commisioned and appointed by the Hon. Rob- ert Dinwiddle, Esq., governor, &c. of Virginia, to visit and deliver a letter to the commandant of the French for- ces at the Ohio, and set out on the intended journey on the same day: the next, I arrived at Fredericksburg, and engaged Mr. Jacob Vanbraam to be my French interpre- ter, and proceeded with him to Alexanihia, where we provided necessaries, thence we went to Wind tester, and got baggage, horses, &c., and from thence we pursued the new road to Will's creek, where we arrived on the l4th of November, 1753 — Then I engaged Mr, Gist to pilot us out, and also hired four others as servitors, Barnaby Currin and John McQuire, Indian traders, Henry Steward and William Jenkins; and in company with these persons left the inhabitants the next day. The excessive rain? and vast quantity of snow which had fallen prevented our reaching Mr, Frazier's, an Indian trader, at the mouth of Turtle creek, &c." The spring following, 1754, April 25th, Washington, then on his way to repel the French from encroaching, sent a detachment of sixty men to open a road, whicti passed through the southwestern corner of this county.* The detachment of April 25th, was joined by the main body of t!ie army. May 1st. The road had to be cut out as they proceeded, trees felled, rocks removed, in the route through mountain passes, * Sparks' Washington, Vol. II. p. 7—15. 568 HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. In 1755 General Braddock with his army passed along the road opened through this county to Fort Du Quesne. In 1758, the northern part of the county was penetrated by Colonel Bouquet, under the command of Gen. Forbes, who with an army of six thousand men, in October, 1758, marched through Somerset county, along Bouquet's road, a route which the Colonel had strenuously advocated and prevailed upon General Forbes to adopt. In the month of August seventeen hundred men had been employed west of Bedford, in constructing tliis road across the mountains to Loyalhanna.* The plan of the campaign of 1758, embraced three expeditions — The first against Louisburg; the second against Ticonderoga; the third against Fort Du Quesne which was confided to Brig. General Forbes. His force amounted to seven thousand men, consisting of twelve hundred Highlanders, three hundred and fifty Royal Americans, twenty-seven hundred Provincials, from Pennsylvania, one hundred from Delaware, then called the Lower Counties, sixteen hundred from Virginia, two hundred and fifty from Maryland, one hundred and fifty from North Carolina, and about one thousand wagoners and laborers. The twelve hundred Highlanders were divided into four conipanies, and the three hundred Royal Americans inio four. The troops from Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland, were or- dered to assemble at Winchester, under Culonel Washington; and the Pennsylvania forces at Raystown, now Bedford, where Colonel Bouquet had "arched the regular troops, in advance of Gen. Forbes, who remained at Philadelphia until the combined army would be in readiness to move forward. But the ill health of Gen. Forbes, the dif- ficulties in procuring supplies and means of transportation, and the construction of a new road lor the army, the artillery, and baggage wagons to pass over the mountains, detained the expedition until late in the season. Colonel Washington strongly recommended that the army should follow the route of Braddock, as it would take but little time to repair the road, which was the best over the mountains, ai.d remonstrated against cutting a new road, as it might eniirely defeat the expedition, by unnecessary delav- Colonel Bouquet strenuously fidrocaled a new route through Pennsylvania, and prevailed upon General Forbes to adopt it; and on the first of August, seven:een hundred men were employed west of Bedford, in constructing a road across the mountains, to the Loyalhanna. Gen. Forbes, after leaving Philadelphia, was detained by sickness at Carlisle, which place he left some time in July, to join Col. Bou- quet at Bedford, but on the 18th of August, had not proceeded further than Shippensburg. He was at Fort Loudon the 9th of September, and reached Bedford soon after, where he was joined by Col. Wash- ington from Fort Cumberland, with the troops under his command. Col. Bouquet had already advanced to Loyalhanna, with two thou- sand five hundred troops, five miles west of Bedford. Gen. Forbes * Spark's Washington, Vol. ii. p. 307. HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. 569 with the main body, did not reach Loyalhanna before the last of Oc- tober. In the meantime, Col. Bouquet had sent out Major Grant, of a High- land regiment, with thirty-seven officers and eight hundred and five privates, to reconnoitre the fort and adjacent country. His instruc- tions were not to approach too near the Fort and to avoid the risk of an attack. Though the French were apprised of the approach of Gen. Forbes, and had spies out constantly to report the progress of his troops, yet the detachment uncb?r Maj. Grant, leaving Loyalhanna on the elev- enth of September, completely succeeded in reaching Fort Du Quesne, fifty miles distant, unobserved. The third day after their departure they arrived within eleven miles of Fort Du Quesne, and halted until three o'clock in the afternoon. The troops then quietly marched to a point about two miles from the Fort, where they left iheir baggage under charge of Capt. Bullet, two subalterns and filty men. It was alieady dark, and at eleven o'clock at night, Major Grant appeared with his troops on the brow of the fatal hill which still bears his name, between the two rivers, about a quarter of a mile from the fort. From the apparent stillness of the enemy's quarters, and meeting with neither French nor Indians on the march, Major Grant supposed that the forces in the fort must be comparatively small, and at once determined to make an attack. Two officers and fifty men were ac- cordingly directed to approach the fort and fall upon the French and Indians that might be lymg out, if not in too great numbers. They saw none, nor were they challenged by the sentinels. As they re- turned they set fire to a large storehouse, but the fire was discovered and extinguished. At break of day Maj. Lewis was sent with two hundred men, prin- cipally American regulars and Virginia volunteers, to take post about half a mile back, and lie in ambush on the road on which they had left their baggage, under the pretension of fears that the enemy would make a bold attempt to capture it. But the secret of it was — Major Grant who was jealous of Major Lewis, wished to have the glory alone of capturing an enemy who had so signally repulsed Gen. Braddock, with his thousands. Four hundred men were posted along the hill facing the fort, to cover the retreat of Capt. McDonald's company, who marched with drums beating towards the enemy, in order to draw a party out of the fort ; as Major Grant believed that there were not above two hundred men including Indians in the garrison. As soon as the garrison was aroused from their slumbers by the music of the invaders, both French and Indians sallied out in great numbers to the attack. Their whole force was immediately separated into three divisions. The first two were sent directly under cover of the banks of the river to surround the main body under Maj. Grant — and the third delayed a while, to give the others lime, and then dis- played themselves before the fort, as if exhibiting their whole strength. The attack then commenced, and Capt. McD(mald was immediately obliged to fall back upon the main body, and Maj. Grant received and returned a most destructive fire. At this moment he suddenly found himself flanked on all sides by the detachments fro ii the banks of the rivers. The struggle became desperate. The provincial troops coi:\« 570 HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. cealinf; themselves behind trees made a good defence, but the High- landers who stood exposed to the enemy's fire without cover, fell in great numbers, and at last gave way and fled. The Provincials, not being supported and being overpowered by numbers were compelled to follow. Major Lewis fearful of an unfavorable issue of the conflict, hastened forwards to the relief of Maj. Grant, but soon found himself attacked and flanked on both sides. His men at length gave way and the route of the troops became general. Several of the men were driven into the river and drowned, and Major Lewis was lak*n prisoner. Major Grant retreating to the baggage where Capt. Bullet was post- ed with his fifty Virginians, again endeavored to rally the flying sol- diers. He entreated them in the most pathetic manner to stand by him, but in vain, as ihe enemy were close at their heels. As soon as the enemy came up, Capt. Bullet attacked them with great fury for awhile, but not being supported and most of his men killed, he was obliged to give way. The resistance shown by this little company served to check the pursuers and give an opportunity to many retreating to make their escape. Major Grant and Capt. Bullet were the last to desert the field. They separated and Major Grant was taken prisoner. In this conflict, which took place on ihe 14th of September, 270 were killed, 42 wounded and several taken prisoners. It was, says Washington, in a letter to the Governor cf Virginia, "a very ill-con- certed, or a very ill-executed plan, perhaps both; but it seems to be generally acknowledged, that Maj. Grant exceeded his orders, and that no disposition was made for engaging." Emboldened by the defeat of the detachment under Major Grant, the enemy resolved to attack Colonel Bouquet, in his camp at Loyalhan- na, before the arrival of the forces from Bedford under Gen. Forbes. Accordingly, a force estimated at 1,200 French, and 200 Indians, un- der the command of De Vetri, assailed him on the I2th of October, with great spirit. After an action which lasted four hours, the French were compelled to withdraw with considerable loss. A second attack was made during the night, but some shells thrown from the camp, compelled them to retreat. The loss of Col. Bouquet in this engage- ment, amounted to 67, rank and file, killed and wounded. On the 23rd or 24th of October, General Forbes and the rear divis- ion of the army, left Bedford and advanced towards Loyalhanna. He arrived at the latter place about the first of November, when it was determined in a council of war, that it was impracticable to pursue the campaign any further, until the ensuing spring. The weather had become cold, and the summits of the mountains were white with snow. Shortly afier, three Frenchmen who had been sent out to watch the movements of the English army were taken prisoners, and their re-- port of the weak state of the garrison at Fort Du Quesne, changed the determination of General Forbes, and it was resolved in another council to prosecute the enierprize as speedily as possible. It was learned that the Indians had now mostly deserted the French, and returned home. After the failure of the attack upon Col. Bouquet, at Loyalhanna, the greater portion left to prepare for their winter hunt. Colonel Washington was now sent forward in advance of the main jirmy, to take command of a division employed in opening the road. HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. 571 On the I2ih of November he fell in with a number of the enemy, about three miles from camp, and in the attack killed one man, and took three prisoners. Among the latter was one Johnson, an Englishman, ■who had been captured by the Indians in Lancaster county, from whom was derived full and correct information of the slate of things at Fort Du Quesne. A most unfortunate oecurrence happened to the provincial troops, on this occasion. The fire of Col. Washington's de- tachment being heard at the camp. Col. Mercer, with a number of Virginians, were sent to his assistance. The two parlies approaching in the dusk of the evening, mistook each other for enemies. A num- ber of shots were exchanged, by which a Lieutenant and thirteen or fourteen Virginians were killed. On the I3th, a force of one thousand men under Colonel Armstrong pushed forward to assist Colonel Washington in opening the road for the artillery and bag-gage. On the 17th, General Forbes followed with 4,300 effective men, leaving strong garrisons at Bedford and Loyal- hanna. The army progressed slowly. The weather was damp and chilly, and the road, though cut as the army proceeded, was extremely bad from falling rain. A number of friendly Indians were constantly kept out as scouts, and every precaution was taken to guard against sur- prise. When the army had arrived within 12 miles of the fort, they were met by some of the Indians who had been reconnoitering in advance, with a report that the French had set fire to the fort. A dense cloud of smoke had been discovered ascending from the place and extending along the Allegheny bottom. Shortly afterwards other scouts arrived, who had approached sufficiently near on the hills to see the place, with certain intelligence that the fort was burnt and abandoned. A company of cavalry was immediately sent forward with instruc- tions to extinguish the fires and save as much as practicable. The whole army followed as speedily as possible, and arrived at the ruins on the 25th day of November, after a hurried march of five days from the fort on the Loyalhanna. The abandoned fortress Du Quesne, and the cabins around it, were principally destroyed, while the blackened chimneys of more than 30 tenements stood in desolate relief from the smouldering ruins. There were two fortifications, about 200 yards distant from each other— one constructed with immense labor, and at great expense, — small, but .nrong, and calculated to concentrate great powers of resis- tance within a small space, and standing on the point of land at the confluence of the two rivers. The other stood on the bank of the Al- legheny, and was built in the form of a parallelogram, not so strong as the first, and its outworks having the appearance of being unfinished. There were two magazines, one of which was blown up and ruined by the springing of a mine of powder. In the other were found 16 barrels of ammunition, gun-barrels, a large quantity of carriage iron, and a wagon load of scalping-knives. Their cannon had been re- moved, but whether taken with them down the Ohio, or sunk in the river, is unknown. There were about 400 or 500 Frenchmen in the fort at the time of its evacuation, a part of whom went down the Ohio, and the remain- der with Governor M. de Lif nery to Presq' Isle and Venango. 572 HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. On the 2nd of November, before the abandonment of the fort, a boy 12 years of age, who had been two years a prisoner with the French, made his escape, and reached the approaching army. He testified that a quantity of dry wood was carried into the fort, and that five of the prisoners taken at Grant's defeat had been burned to death with it, and that they delivered others to the savages, who tomahawked them at once. On the arrival of the army, numbers of the bodies of those who fell at the fatal skirmish with Grant, lay scattered around over the memo- rable hill, scalped and mutilated. The rites of burial were performed by the soldiers, and iheir remains consigned to the earth. Afterwards were gathered the whitened bones of those who fell on the bloody field of Braddock, and committed to a soldier's grave. The capture of Fort Du Quesne was hailed every where throughout the colonies as the harbinger of better times. Gov. Denny communicated the partic- ulars of the campaign to the Assembly of Pennsylvania, and congrat- ulated the province upon the triumph of the English arms. The As- sembly drew up an answer to the address, responding to the tone ot the Governor's Message, congratulating him upon the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, the regaining of the friendship of the Indi- ans, and expressing a willingness to co-operate with him in frustrating the ambitious views of the French in extending their settlements from Canada to the Mississippi. During the little time the French occupied this stronghold and key to the west, an immense amount of suffering and bloodshed had fallen upon the English. Four years and eight months had passed, memor- ■able for the terrors and cruelties of unsparing warfare, since Ensign Ward, with a little party of 40 men, had fled at the approach of the formidable motley-manned batteau and Indian canoe-fleet of Contra- coeur, from his unfinished fortification, upon which was erected Fort Du Quesne, and from the fire-scathed wails of which, now, at last, floated the proud flag of England. The success of this campaign produced the happiest effects upon the Indian tribes, lately the allies of the French. Conferences were held at the old site of Fort Du Quesne, when the Delawares imme- diately sued for peace. Gen. Forbes ordered the fort to be repaired, left in it a garrison of 200 provincial troops, built a brick house near the Loyalhanna and manned it, and marched the remainder of the army to the other side of the mountains. Thus ended the campaign of 1758. It expelled the French, for- ever, from the confluence of the Monongahela and the Allegheny, and established, in perpetuity, the possession of the Anglo Saxon race in the great West. Bouquet's roads continued for many years to be the only road from Bedford to Pittsburg, for pack-horses, foot- men, and wagons. It was along this road that the first pioneer settled. The first settlers were occasionally molested by the In- dians during the Revolutionary war and Indian wars suc- ceeding. The hostile savages made occasional incursions and drove the frontier settlers on the outskirts of the county into the more populous parts. HISTORY OF SOMERSET COUNTY. 573 The inhabitants of this county are principally of Ger- man descent, and the German is the prevaiUng language; though English is generally understood by all the young- er portion. The principal religious denominations are Lutheran, German Reformed, Methodist, Mennonite, Bap- tist, Amish, Presbyterian, and Catholic. Education is not in a flourishing condition. The com- mon school system is, however, in some parts of the coun- ty, well received. There is an academy of advanced standing in Somerset, to which, some years ago, the Leg- islature granted $2000, and smce, occasionally, smaller sums. 48 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. CHAPTER XLVir. CAMBRIA COUNTY. Cambria county erected — Limits ol the county — Surface of the coun- try diversified — Description of— Geology of— General statistics of , 1840 — Synopsis of the census of 1840 — Streams described — Public improvements— Ebensburg the county town — Johnstown — Loretto j Munster — The Summit, &c. — Early settlements — Conrad Weiser and others pass through Cambria county in 1778, &c. Cambria county, originally part of Somerset and Hun- tingdon, was erected by an act of the J legislature, March 26th, 1804. The counties of which it formed a part were erected — the former, April 17th, 1795, the latter Septem- ber 20th, 1787. Cambria county, by the act of 1804, has the following limits : "Beginning at the Conemaugh river, at the south- east corner of Indiana county ; thence a straight line to the Canoe place on the West Branch of the Susquehan- nah; thence east along the line of Clearfield county to the southwest corner of Centre county on the heads of Muah- anon creek; thence south along the Allegheny mountains to Somerset and Bedford county lines; thence along the lines of Somerset and Bedford counties, seventeen miles, until a due west course from thence will strike the main branch of Paint creek; thence down said creek, the dif- ferent courses thereof, till it empties into Stoney creek ; thence down Stoney creek, the different courses, to the mouth of Mill creek ; thence a due west line till it inter- sects the line of Somerset and Westmoreland counties ; thence north along the same line, to the place of begin- ning." The seat of justice was at first designed at Beula, built HISTORY OP CAMBRIA COUNTY. 575 by a company of Welsh immigrants, now deserted and /alien into decay, a few miles from the present Shiretown, where it was established by an act of 1805. Two years afterwards the county was fully organized for judicial purposes. This county is bounded on the east by Blair, formerly part of Bedford, north by Clearfield, west by Indiana and Westmoreland, and south by Somerset county. — Length 35 miles; breadth 19; area, 670 square miles. By an act of the Legislature, passed March 29th, 1805, the trustees of the county were authorized to receive assurances for certain lots and lands for the use of the county, granted by Messrs. John and Stephen Lloyd, to dispose of such lots and erect public buildings. Its pop- ulation was in 1810, 2,117; in 1820, 3,287; in 1830, 7,079; and in 1840, 11,256. The county is at present divided into the following townships, viz : Allegheny, Cambria, Carroll, Clearfield", Conemaugh, Jackson, Jefferson, Loretto, Munster, Sum- merhill, Susquehanna, Washington and White. This is an elevated and mountainous country, lying on the high table land west of the Allegheny mountains, with an irregular and rolling surface, furrowed by deep and precipitous ravines. Dark forests of various species of pine of huge size, hickory, ash, maple, cherry, elm, &c., cover the greater portion of the surface of the county. — Here and there, in the dense forest, clearings have been made by the axe of the hardy settler who has erected his humble, wooden cottage, and established his house where the comforts of life, though in the solitude of a partial wilderness, are accumulating — arable, and some well cultivated farms, higlily productive, are to be met with in the narrow valleys along the streams. Only about one half of the county is tillable. The hills are not fertile, but adapted to grazing cattle, and raising of sheep. Im- . proved land from eight to thirty dollars the acre ; Un- improved from 75 cts. to $5. Among the earliest whites of whom we have any ac- count, that visited this region of country, either as hun- ters, traders, or messengers to the Indians in the western part of Penasyivania, were Conrad Weiser, for many 576 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. years Indian agent, George Croghan, Deputy agent to the Hon. Sir W. Johnston ; John Harris. Conrad Weiser, accompanied by George Croghan, then an Indian trader, and well acquainted with the best route from Harris' to the Ohio, passed through this county in the month of August, 1748."* John Harris, who passed through this region westward in 1754, makes mention of Hart's and Shaver's sleeping places. The following is an extract of his journal : — " Now beginning at the Black Log (Huntingdon coun- ty) — Frankstown road to Aughwick (Shir!eysburg) six miles : Jack Armstrong's Narrows (so called from his being murdered heret) eight miles: Standing Stone (Hun- tingdon) — Stone about 15 feet high and 6 inches square — ten miles. At each of the last places we crossed the Ju- niata — the next, and last crossing of Juniata, eight miles: Big Lick, ten miles : Frank's (Stephen's) town, five miles : Beaver dams ten miles: Allegheny hill, five miles: Clear- field's, six miles: Shawanese cabins, twenty-four miles: Shaver's sleeping place at two large licks, twelve miles: Eighteen mile run, twelve miles: Ten mile lick, six miles: to Kiscomenettas town on the creek which runs into the Allegheny riyer, six miles — &c., die." Bituminious coal is found in various parts of the coun- ty, but is not extensively mined except for domestic con- sumption ; and along the Allegheny Portage railroad, where considerable quantities are dug for the supply of the stationary engines at the inclined planes, and for the transportation eastward on the canal. Iron ore is found in several places, but has not yet been worked. Lime- stone, of the quality ussually associated with bituminuous coal, is found in several parts of the county. According to the statistics of 1840 it appears 220,500 bushels of bituminous coal were raised by 33 men, cap- ital invested $3,710. It contains 2,590 horses; 8,518 neat cattle, 11,561 sheep, 10,769 swine, poultry of various kinds estimated at $1,979; there were 34,421 bushels of wheat raised, 1,473 of barlt-y, 114,470 of oats, 22,704 of rye, 15,827 wheat, 31,943 corn, 17,941 pounds of wool, 87,856 bushels of potatoes, 5,584 tons of hay, 8 tons of * See Weiser'i* Journal, 1748, inserted at large in the sequel. In- diana county, f See pages 59 — 61 ante. HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 577 hemp and flax, 27,539 pounds of sugar made ; products of the dairy were valued at $8,621 ; products of the or- chard $1,129; of home made and family goods $6,193. Ten cominission ware houses; capital invested $5,900: 32 retail dry good, grocery and other stores; capital inves- ted $SS,S00: two lumber yards, capital ;SS1,000. One hun- dred and ten men were employed in internal transporta- tion. Six tanneries, in which were tanned 952 sides of sole leather, 1,250 of upper, by ten men, with a capital of $1 2,200. There was one brewery in the county, wliich produced 9,000 gallons of beer; capital invested $1000. One pottery produced to the value of $250 Grist mills 20, saw mills 60. In agriculture 1,729 persons were em- ployed, in commerce 59, in manufactures and trades 477, in the learned j>rofessions 33; there were 71 primary schools, 2,690 scholars. In liS40 several Revolutionary pensioners were still liv- ing in this county — Ludvvig Weisinger, aged 84; George Lucas, ag^d 90; Pliim Hayes, 88; John Plott, 85; Gott- fried Settlemeyer, 88; Samuel Cole, 79. Then were 1,12S white persons over twenty years of age who could neither re::id nor write. This county has no large streams, yet it is very well watered, and is well supplied with water power for mills of various kinds. CoNEMAiTGH river is one of the principal streams in the county; it rises on the west side of the Allegheny moun- tain n'-ar the middle of the eastern boundary, and bears the name of Little Con.unaugh — flowing southwest it re- ceives the North Branch, which rises near Ebensburg, and the sou-h fork whicb has its source in a ce lor swamp, at the base of the Allegheny mountain — thence continu- ing its course, it unites with Stoney creek at Johnstown; thence taking a northwest course, it breaks through the Laurel Hill about twelve miles north of the south-west angle. Stoney creek, the south branch of Conemaugh river, rises in Brothers valley township, Somerset county, and flows northwest into Conemaugh township, where it unites with Little Conemaugh at Johnstown hiving a comparative course of nearly forty miles, receiving in its course from where it rises, Quemahoning, Shade, Roar- 48* rt zr :x z, -. 3 = 5"'^ = El; = — a r 3 o ? O O ^ en CO ■*^ CO CJ< oi CJ1 c;^ 05 >— 00 -^ ^ co — • < — »pi. ui o Si >(^ 00 — 00l^O0535 — Q0tS.-OiO 00 Jl: I ^ i^aiWOTj*^ H^ o to 05 X -^ tfi a> ^5 X 00 ^|M 00 t>iwao«fe-.^ — --J^s-— J^oo 00 ' ^ij KJJ \^» *>.^ \»J T— P*» — vT *>rf ' \M~/ J CO ^ CD ^ — tSQl^COCa-t^m^wOOiOa Jlu I o *► 00 ija. — ' cc ■^) cc rf^ to ts to — en >e^ 3a '^ under 5 00) Qoi^#k — 4^i.T65 4^ CO •£>. >^ 1^ 21 H- 00— '-J >b.>OhP^bSOi>— K/^f-J — y ;:g I o; ^ x ^J^tcciX-'Ct o lo »^ ^s — cc X t9 ^^ •** H-* "^ ^>i^ 1^ ^A^ ^~ — '^ "^ *>^ W W co tsoso — tj' c c4=> — — o»&-coxojg> co ,^, ^|.— t-ii—iH-i— • OSi— • ►-.— M (J, I «> 0300 I i<^~ j X~IO>-<---^tJ'0'tO>f^X (fklojj-j— _ J -< 4 ^ cc oa gi M H- 10 to s t3 m oi »J I CO O Oi' J>.— CnMif^'i— OOCJi — CO-JOJ; tn t-i tDWOOS-JtStCmMOOM — «o X 00 o X oi <^ 4^ — r^ it^ X to 00 X -j o; o^ 5 and nndpr 10 10 and under 15 15 and nnder 20 20 and under 30 30 and under 40 40 and undfT 50 CO x^--^to-x>;^in»ix»-3 — oi— o CO 05 O C»3_^lXin >l^ in >^ >C' Oi CT CT) If* *>.tSOJ^*» — "JM — Cnx ~J c I o C;i CO X X 05 Oi o CO xxenoiCT'COOaco col w o«--o^-~3i!^''^c»:ct> — cocoo — ~J o I too> — ^a'X^'--c»^)oja ojoa ■&■ iP- -f^ S|»S 05 en— ■4^tiC0'— >t- t--tnC7">— Oi CO I CO -^ i)i •■a CO gi X s; X •>} ^ » ;;■ ^ ^ c ki 5o»- CO »5>--C0Mt0i— *-H- W^ -^ ^ I ^COX»^OC*>030aCOCO tD CO/0Dtaai^"'^^ Q) — .^CO-^>fa.ifc-OiKS~?»SOS tn ^^t5»-^>-«Cl.-C;i'-ft3~J^*'tS'-0 50 and under 60 PO and under 70 70 and un'f-r 80 under 5 5 and nuilfr 10 10 and ninlpr 15 1;*; and ni'd.-r 20 "0 snl nnder 30 30 :ind nnder 40 40 and utidpr 50 50 and under 60 60 ^nd luidfr 70 51 70 and under 80 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 579 ing, Little Point and Paint creeks. It is navigable for boats for about five miles from its mouth. Black Lick creek, a main tributary of Conemaugh river, rises in this county and flows southwest into Indi- ana county to its recipient at Blairsville. It is a consider- able stream, having a course of more than thirty miles; and is navigable for boats to Black Lick run, nine miles from its motith,and ibr canoes to Little Black Lick creek, seventeen or eighteen miles higher. In the northern part of the county are Clearfield and Chest creeks. The for- mer rises on the confines of this county, runs a northern course of about eis^hteen miles through Clearfit-ld county, to the West branch of the Susquehanna river. Chest creek rises a few miles north of Ebensburg, flowing a northern course into Clearfield county and tmptiel into the West branch of the Susquehamia. All these, with numerous small streams, as stated before, affonis an abun- dance of water power. The time is not distant when fac- tories of various kinds will be erected, and the water that now runs waste will be applied to the propelling of their machines, &c. The raising of sheep, mariofacture of cloth, &c., will call into requisition the propelling power of the streams that now meander their way purlingly through dense forests. The public improvements are the Allegheny Portage rail road, crossing the county from east to west, and turnpikes from Ebensburg to Pittsburg, Kittanning, and Hollidaysburg. The Allegheny Portage rail road is a little more than thirty-nine miles and a half in length from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown, overcoming in ascent and descent an aggre- gate of 2,570 feet; 1,398 of which are on the eastern, and i,I72 on the western side of the mountain. It crosses the mountain at Blair's Gap summit, and descends along the mountain branch of the Conemauyh. The top of the mountain, which is some 200 feet higher than the culminating point of the railroad, is 2,700 feet above the Delaware river at Philadelphia. The ascent antl descent have been overcome by ten inclined planes, lifting from 130 to 307 feet, and va- rying in inclination between 4 1-8 and 5 5-6 degrees. The shortest plane is 1,585 feet, and 130 feet high ; the longest is 3,100 feet, and 307 feet high. There is on the line a tun- nel of 870 feet long and 20 feet high through the mountam, at the Staple bend of the Conemaugh. The principal via- 580 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. duct on the line is that over the Horse-shoe bend ; it is a semicircular arch of 80 feet span ; its cost was ^54,502. — The Ebensburg and Mountain branch viaducts are 40 feet span each. All the viaducts and culverts have been built of the most substantial masonry, the character of which is in perfect kee()ing with this maonificent mountain pass. The iron rail is of great strength, and of an approved pattern, corresponding with the importance of the road. Tlie cars are elevated by stationary steam-engines at the head ol each plane, and on the intervening levels locomotives and horses are used. The total cost of the road, including stationary engines, &c., exceeded 815-500,000. The design was oiigmally entertained of connecting the main Pittsburg route by continuing the canals with locks and dams as tar as possible on both sides, and then to tun- nel through the mountain suminit, a distance of lour miles ! Fort\mately, however, this extravagant idea was abandon- ed, and surveys for the railroad were commenced in 1828, and were continued by various engineers until the appoint- ment ot Sylvester Welch, under whom the present location was mule. Mr. Welch has immortalized his name by a work equal in importance and grandeur to any in the world. He has raised a monument to the intelligence, enterprise, and public spirit of Pennsylvania, more honorable than the temples and pyramids of Egypt, or the triumphant arches and columns of Rome. They were erected to commemor- ate the names of tyrants, or the battles of victorious chief- tains, while these magnificent works are intended to sub- serve the interest of agriculture, manufacture and commerce — to encourage the arts of Peace — to advance the prosperi- ty and ha[)piness of the whole people of the United States — to strengthen the bonds of the Union. In October, 1834, this portage was actually the means of connecting the wa- ters of Eastern Pennsylvania with those of Mississippi ; and as the circumstance is peculiarly interesting, we here place it on record. Jesse Chrisman, from the Lackawanna, a tribu- tary of the north branch of the Susquehanna, loaded his boat, named Hit or Miss, with his wife, children, beds and family accommoilations, with pigeons and other live-stock, and started for Hlinois. At Hollidaysburg, where he ex- pected to sell his boat, it was suggested by John Dougherty, of the Reliance Transportation line, that the whole concern HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 581 could be safely hoisted over the mountain and set afloat again in the canal. Mr. Dougherty prepared a railroad car calculated to bear the novel burden. The boat was taken from its proper element and placed on wheels, and under the superintendence of JVlajor C. Williams, (who, be it remem- bered, was I he first man who ran a boat over the Allegheny mountain,) the boat and cargo at noon on the same day be- gan their progress over the rugged Allegheny. All this was done without disturbing the family arrangements of cooking, sleepinjT, &c. They rested at night on the top of the moun- tain, like Noah's ark on Ararat, and descended next morning into the valley of the Mississippi, and sailed for St. Louis. The trip of a boat over the mountain is now no novel sight, except that, instead of going over whole, they are so constructed as to be separated into three or four parts on reaching the railroad. After thus mounting the cars piece- meal, with their loads of emigrants, baggage, and freight on board, they wend their way over the mountains, and re- suming their proper element at Johnstown, they unite their parts again and glide on to the waters of the great west. — Since this road was constructed, such improvements have been made in the construction of locomotives, that a project has been suggested for re-locating the whole road, and so arranging and extending the grades as to adapt them to the tractive power of locomotives, and dispense entirely with stationary engines, or, at any rate, with all except one at the extreme summit. This route would cioss the summit by a gap north of the present route. Ebknsburg, incorporated in 1825, so named by the Rev. Rees Lloyd, who had settled here as early as 1796, is the county seat, and is a flourishing village, situated on the top of one of the ridges of the Allegheny mountains, seven miles west of the summit, and commands a grand and impos- ing view of the circumjacent region of country. The town is tolerably well built. It contains about fifty houses, there are four churches, several stores and taverns, a handsome brick academy, to the erection of which the state appropri- ated $2,000 in 1819; a court house and prison. Formerly the courts were held for many years, in the second story of an old rickety wooden building, the lower story being occu- pied as a jail. A ludicrous story is told of a mountain suitor, who being obstrep- t)82 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COuNiY. erous in his drink, was committed for contempt of court, to this pris- on. This punishment induced a fit of devotion, attended by an un- conquerable desire for Psalm-singing, in the gratification of which, he purchased the aid of a fellow prisoner. Their joint performance, singing at an elevated pitch of voice, overpowered even ihe loudest tones of the advocate who was addressing the jury, and compelled the court to adjourn until the term of committal of the prisoners had expired. " Ofie half of thepop'ilation of the town, and the greater proportion for miles around it are composed of Welsh — a people remarkable for thrift, sobriety, and industry. The ancient tongue of Cambria strikes the ear of the traveller from nearly every one he meets, and the services of three of the churches are conducted in that language. Indeed, it is only occasionally that one may hear English preaching in Ebensburg. Ebensburg is 74 miles east from Pittsburg, 134 west from Harrisburg, and 232 from Pliiladelphia. Population 400. Johnstown, (formerly called Coneraaughtown) in the southwestern angle of the county, is situated on a broad flat, encircled by elevated hills, at the confluence of Little Cone- raatigh and Stoney creek. The village is regularly laid out and contains about one hundred or more dwellings; several taverns, stores and "shops," a mill and forge. In the cen- tre of the town a basin is formed by damming the Conemaugh, to accommodate canal bo;its plying between this place and Pittsburg. The basin is lined with ware houses, boat yards, and crowded with other conveniences for receiving and de- livering goods. There is a number of forwarding houses here, owned principally by owners of lines for transporta- tion. During the spring and summer season, this is a stir- ring place. The dwellings are generally good — some built of brick. There are several churches here, — Catholic, Pres- byterian, Lutheran and Methodist. No place can excel this for its salubrity of air. The state owns an extensive depot here for repairing locomotives and other machinery. Johnstown it is maintained occupies the sight of an old Indian town called Kickenapawling^s old town. About the year 1791 or '92 Joseph Yahns, a pioneer German settled here. The original title deeds of many of the town lots are in John's or Yahn's name. According to some, Mr. Holli- day seems to have been the first owner of property here, whether with Mr. Yahns, or afterward, is not certain. As HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 583 it was the head of navigation to those seeking the western waters, it became a place of shipment for the iron of Hun- tingdon county, and tor the lumber and produce of the vicin- ty, as well as the emigration destined lor the west. Arks and flatboats were then the only mode of conveyance. The pigs and blooms of Juniata iron were hauled over the Franks- town road, by the gap of that name. Christian Frederick Post who had been sent from Philadelphia to Ohio, in 1758, on a message from the government of Pennsylvania, to the Indians, passed through this region of country, in his journal of November 11th, he says: we started early, and came to the old Shawanesetown, called Herkkekiicpulin, grown up with weeds, briars, and bushes, that we could scarcely get through. Pisquetomen (an Indian that had accompanied Post from Reading) led us upon a steep hill, that our horses could hardly gel up ; and Thomas Hickman's horse tumbled, and rolled down the hill like a wheel; on which he grew angry, and would go no further with us, and said, he would go by himself. It happened we found a path on the top of the hill. At three o'clock we came to Kiskemeneco, an old Indian town, a rich bottom, weil-timbered, good fine grass, well watered, and lays waste since the war began. We lei our horses feed here, and agreed that Lieutenant Hays might go back with his party; and, as they were short of provision, we therefi>re gave them a little of ours, which they took very kind of us. Thomas Hickman could find no other road, and came to us again a little ashamed. We were glad to see him, and we went about three miles further, when we made a large fire. Proceeding on his way several days, Post and company arrived at the mouth of Beaver creek, or Old French Town. In his Journal of the 17th of Septeiiiber, he says: There were five Frenchmen in the town; the rest were gone to war. We held a council with Delaware George, delivered him the string and presents that were sent him, and informed him of the general's (Forbes') sentiments, and what he de- sired of them ; upon which he agreed, and complied to go with Mr. Bull to the general. Towards night KcckkekacpaUn came and told us the disagreeable news that they had fallen in with that party that had guided us. They had killed Lieutenant Hays, and four men, and took five prisoners; the others got clear off. They had a skirmish with them within twelve miles of Fort Du Quesne. Further, he told us that one of the captives was burnt, which grieved us. [Appendix to the Author's His. W. Pa., p. 105, ^r. LoRETTo, a post village in Allegheny township, is a small village, a few miles northwest of Ebensburg. It is the site of a Catholic church, founded by the liberality and sustained by the labors of the Rev. Demetrius Augustine Gal- litzin. It contains about twenty dvvellings, and 160 inhab- itants. Irish and German compose the principal population. The Rev. GalJitzin died May 6, 1840, at Loretto. He 584 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. exercised the pastoral functions in Carabria County for forty- two years. He was born in 1770 at Munster, in Germany. His father, Prince cle Gallitzin, rani; but he having sone time before been put on horseback, rode some miles from the place of action ; but this last attack of the Indians upon Lieut. H02:? and the deserters, was by the before men- tioned sergeant represented to us in quite a diffVrent light: he telling us that there were a far larger number of the Indians there than ap- peared to them, and that he and ihe men had fought five rounds. — That he had there seen the Lieutenant and sundry others killed and scalped, and had also discovered a number of Indians throwing them- selves before us, and insinuated a great deal of such stuff as threw us into much confusion. So that the oflicers had a great deal to do to keep the men together, but could not prevail with them to collect what horses and other bagcage the Indians had left, after their conquest of Ijieut. Hogg and the partv under his command in the morning, ex- cept a few of the horses, which some of the bravest of the men were prevailed on to collect. So that from the mistake of the pilot who who spied the Indians at the fire, and the cowardice of the said ser- geant, and other deserters, we have sustained a considerable loss of our horses and baggage. It is impossible to ascertain the exact number of the enemy killed in the action, as some were destroyed by fire, and others in different parts of the cornfield ; but upon a moderate computation, it is gener- ally believed there cannot be less than thirty or forty killed and mor- tally wounded, as much blood was found in sundry parts of the corn field, and Indians seen in several places crawl into the woods on hands and feet, whom the soldiers, in pursuit of others, then overlooked, ex- pecting to find and scalp them afterwards, and also several killed and wounded in crossing the river. On beginning our march back, we had about a dozen of scalps, and eleven English prisoners, but now find that four or five of the scalps are missing; part of which were lost on the road and part in possession of the men with Capt. Mercer, separated from the main body, with whom also went four prisoners ; the other seven being now at this place, where we arrived on Sunday night, not being attack- ed through our whole march by the eneni}', though we expected it ev- ery day. Upon the whole, had our pilots understood the situation of the town, and the paths leading to it, so as to have posted us at a con- venient place, where the disposition of the men and the duly assign- ed them could have been performed with greater advantage, we had, by Divine assistance, destroyed a much greater number of the en- emy, recovered more prisoners and sustained less damage, than what we at present have. But the advantage gained over these, our com- mon enemies, is far from being satisfactory to us, yet must we not despise the smallest degree of success that God is pleased to give, especially at a time when the attempts of our enemies have been so prevalent and successful. I am sure there was the greatest inclina- tion to do more, had it been in our power, as the officers and most of the soldiers, throughout the whole action, exerted themselves with as niuch activity and resolution as could possibly be expected. HISTORY OF aaM««SET COUNTY. 593 Our prisoners inform us the Indians have for some time past talked of fortifying at the Kiitanning and cither towns. That the number of French at Fort Du Quesne is about four hundred. That the princi- pal part of their provisions came up the river, from the Mississippi ; and that in the three other forts, which the French have on the Ohio, there are not more men, taken together, than what there are at Fort Du Quesne. I hope as soon as possible to receive your Honor's instructions with regard to the distributions or stationing of the sundry companies in this battallion ; and as a number of men are now wanting in each of the companies, whether or no they should be immediately recruit- ed, and if the sundry officers are to recruit, that money be speedily sent for that purpose. I beg the favor of your Honor, as soon as possible to furnish Gov- ernor Morris with a copy of this letter, and the gentlemen commis- sioners for the Province another, as my present indisposition neither admits me to write, or dictate anv more at this time. In case a quantity of ammunition is not already sent to Carlisle, it should be sent as soon as possible; and also, if the companies are to be recruited and completed, there must be an immediate supply of about three hundred blankets, as there have been a great many lost in the present expedition. Enclosed is a list of the killed, wound- ed and missing of the several companies. I expect to get to Carlisle in about four days. Yours, «&c., JOHN ARMSTRONG. To Hen. W. Dentstt. A list of the names of persons killed, wounded and missing, out of the several companies employed in the late expedition against Kit- tanning : — Of Lieut. Col. John Ar nstrong's Company — Thomas Pow- er, and John McCormick, killed ; Lieut. Col. Armstrong, James Car- ruthers, James Strickland, and Thomas Foster wounded. Of Capt. Hamilton's Compai.y — John Kelly, killed. Of Capt. Mercer'sCompa- ny — John Baker, John McCartney, Patrick Mullen, Cornelius McGin- nes, Theophilus Thompson, Dennis Kilpatrick and Bryan Carrigan, killed; Richard Fitzgibbens, wounded ; Capt. Hugh Mercer,* Ensign John Scott, Emanuel Minshey, John Taylor, John , Francis Philips, Robert Morrow, Thomas Burk, and Philip Pendergrass, miss- ing. Of Capt. Armstrong's Company — Lieut. James Hogg. James Anderson, Holdcraft Stringer, Edward O'Brians, James Higgins. John Lasson, killed; William Findley, Robert Robinson, John Ferral, Thomas Camplin, Charles O'Neal, wounded; John Lewis, William Hunter, William Baker, George Appleby, Anthony Grissy, Thomas Swan, missing. Of Capt. Ward's Company — William- Welsh, killed; Ephraim Bratton, wounded; Patrick Myers, Lawrence Donnahow and Samuel Chambers, missing. Of Capt. Potter's Ccmpany— En- sign James Potter, and Andrew Douglass wounded. Of the Revd. Captain Steel'sf Company — Terrcnce Canuaberry, missing. Total: killed, seventeen; wounded, thirteen ; missing, nineteen. j * Believed to be General Mercer, of the United States Army, who died near Princeton, January 12, 1777. — Haz. Reg. I., 366. f During the French and Indian wars, the limes were such, in the Pennsylvania, especially along the frontier settlements, that the ser- 594 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. A list of English prisoners retaken from the Indians at Kittanning. — Ann McCord, wife of John McCord, taken at McCord's Fort ia Conogocheagup ; Martha Thorn, about seven years old, taken at the same place ; Barbara Hicks, taken at Conollavvays ; Catharine Smith, a German child, taken near Shamokin ; Margaret Hood, taken near the miiuth of Conng(icheas;ue, in Maryland; Thomas Giriy, taken at Fort Granville; Sarah Kelly, taken near Winchester, in Virginia; be- sides one woman and a boy, and two little girls, who with Captain Mercer and Ensign Scott, separated from ihe main body, as we began our March from Kittanning, who are not yet come in. For the signal success of Col. John Armstrong, in reducing Kittan- ing, the Corporation of the city of Philadelphia, voted him and his gal- lant officers their thanks, and conferred upon them other favors, as may be seen from the following extracts, from the minutes of the Com- mon Council : October 5, 1756 — It being proposed that the Board should give some public testimony ot their regard and estee/n for Col. Armstrong and the other officers concerned in the late expedition against the Indians at Kittanning, and the courage and conduct shown by them on that occasion, and also contribute lo the relief of the widows and children of those who lost their lives in that expedition. Resolved, That this board will g^ive the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds out of their stock in the treasurer's hands, to be paid out in pieces of plaie, swords, or other things suitable for presents to the said officers and towards the relief of the said widows and children. The following is a description of the medal sent to Col. Armstrong: Occasion. In honor of the late Colonel Armsfrong of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, fi)r destroying Kittanning Indian towns. Device. An officer followed by two soldiers : the officer pointing to a soldier shooting from behind a tree, and pn Indian prostrate before him. In the back ground, Indian houses are seen in flames. vices of all who could shoulder a gun or handle a defensive weapon, were demanded. Clergymen ot several denominations had accepted of commissions, while others, from their pulpits, animated the people to manfully resist the hostile foe. The Rev. Steel, of Cumberland, the Rev. Elder, of Lancaster, (now Dauphin), the Rev'd Jnhn Ctmrad Bucher, a grandfather cf Judge Buc.her, of Harrisburg; — the first- named was a captain, and two last Cohmels ; during this war Rev'd Richard Peters, of Philadelphia, and Rev'd Barton of York county, Episcopal Clergyman, were alike active in the service of their coun- try. The Rev'd Peters, writiiig from Philadelphia, May 3d 1758, to Mr. Stevenson, of York, says: "The Ministers should be desired, in dif- ferent and proper parts of the country, and at proper distances as their congregations may be seated, to afpoint meetings, and animate the people lo raise levees with all possible dispatch." Stevenson, in answer to Mr. Peters, writes, York, May 2I.st: "The Rev. Craddock gave nie the pleasure of a visit, and preached an excellent xunr sermon from Lishy's pulpit, on Friday last, in the hearing of the Rev'd Bar- ton, Bay and Lishy ; he went with Mr. Barton yesterday; and is to deliver another sermon to the same purpose to-day, from Mr. Barton's pulpit," HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 595 Legend. Kittanning destroyed by Colonel Armstrong, September, 1758. Reverse. Device — The arms of the Corporation of Philadelphia. — These consisted of four devices; on the right hand a ship under full sail : on the lefi, a pair of scales, equally balanced in the right, above the ship, a wheat sheaf: in the left, two hands locked. Legend. The gift of the Corporation of the City ot Philadelphia. To Colonel Johpt Aiimstong. Sin: — The corporation of the city of Philadelphia greatly approve of your conduct and public spirit in the late expedition against the town of Kiitanning, and are highly pleased with the proofs of courage and personal bravery given by you, and the officers under your command, in demolishing ot that place. I am therefore ordered to return you and them the thanks of the board f r the eminent service you have thereby done your coun- try. I am also ordered by the corporation to present you, out of their small public stock, with a piece of plate and silver medal, and each of your officers with a medal and a small sum of money to be dispo- sed of in a manner most agreeable to them ; which the board desire you will accept as a testimony of the regard they have for your merit. Signed by order, Attwood Shutb, Mayor. January 5, 1757. To the Mayor, Recorder, Alderman, and Common Council of the Cor- poration of the City of Philadelphia. Gentlemen — Your favor of the 5ih instant, together with the medals and other genteel presents made to the officers of my battalion by the Corporation o( the City of Philadelphia, I had the pleasure to receive by Captain George Armstrong. The officers employed in the Kittanning expedition, have been made acquainted with the distinguished honor you have done them, and de- sire to join with me in acknowledging it in the most public manner. The kind acceptance of our past services by the Corporation, gives us the highest pleasure and furnishes us a fresh motive for exerting ourselves on every future occasion for the benefit of his Majesty's service in general, and in defence of his province in particular. In behalf of the officers ot my battalion, I have the honor to be, gentle- men, Your most obedient and obliged humble servant, John Armstrong. Carlisle, January 24, 1757. The destruction of this town and its inhabitants, was a severe stroke on the Indians. This was the first attempt to assail them in their own towns, and they had hitherto fancied themselves perfectly secure from the approach of the inhabitants on this side of the moun- tains. Though goaded on by the French, and impelled by a thirst of vengeance to retaliate the fatal blow inflicted upon their "flesh and blood," they would not venture, for some time, to leave their wigwams era masse to assault the frontier settlement, lest they might again meet with a signal overthrow. Such of them as belonged to Kittanning and had escaped the carnage, refused to settle again on the east of Fort Du Quesne, and very wisely resolved to place that fortress and the French garrison between them and the English.* • Gordon's His. Pa., 345. HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. CHAPTER XLVIII. INDIANA COUNTY. Indiana 'county erected— organized for judicial purposes — Limits and extent — Surface of the country — Salt water discovered— Gen- eral Statistics of 1840 — Streams — Public improvements — Towns: Indiana, the county town — Blairsville, Saltzburg, Armagh, George- viile, Home, Lewisville, Mechanicsburg, Nicholsburg, Shelacto, Strongstown, &c — Synopsis of population of townships and boroughs — Inhabitants variously employed — Conrad Weiser's mission and Journal— First settlers west of the Allegheny mountains — A Red- stone and Turkey foot— Steel and others sent thither in 1768, &c — Early history, and first settlers in Indiana county — Moral and religi- ous character of inhabitants. Indiana count r was erected by an act passed March 30th, 1803, The act defines the boundaries as follows : "That those parts of the counties of V\ estmoreland and Lycoming, inckid<^d within the following boundaries, viz: Beginning at the corner of Arnistroiig county on the Kis- kiminetas river, thence up said river to the mouth of Co- nemaugh river ; thence up said river to the hne of Som- erset county; thence a straight Une to the Canoe-place on the west branch of the Susquehanna; thence a north course along Potter's district line, twelve miles; thence a due west course to Armstrong's comity line; thence along said line to the place of beginning." The same act, authorizing the erection of the county, William Jack, James Parr, and John Pomroy of West- moreland county, were appointed trustees for the county, with full authority to receive proposals, in writing, from HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 597 -any person or persons, or any bodies corporate or politic, for the granting or coiivf.yance ol any lands within the counties respective y, and within the limits of the county of Indiana, for fixing the place of holding the courts of justice The trustees thus appointed perCormed the duties which had been enjoined on them, and made report tiierof to the IfiijisLiture, whereupon to secure to the county the benefits that were inti-ndtd. an a( t was passed March 25th, 1^05, that Charles Campbell, Randel Loughlin and John Wilson, wen- appointed trustees, and were required to survey or cause to he surveyed two hundred and fiity acres <»f laml, granted for the use of the county by George Clyrner, and to lay out a lot or lots not exceeding four acres whereupon to erect the public buildings, and the residue into town lots, of certain prescribed dimensions and certain streets, &c., and to sell them by public auci ion, upon due notire, and transmit a map of the sume to the secretary of Hie commonwealth; the proceeds thereof to be ap;ilied to the erection of a court house and other ne- cessary public buildings. Indiana conn y was organized for judicial purposes, by an aet passed March 1 0th, 1>06 Indiana has Jefferson on the north, Clearfie'd and Cam- bria on the east, Westmoreland on the south, and Arm- strong on the west. Length 33 miles; breadth 23 miles; area 770 square miles Population in 1810,6,214; in 1820, 1,882; in 1830, 14,252; in 'l 840, 20,789. "The surface of the country is generallv uneven and hilly, like that of most of the western counties. In the southeast are the noithern terminations of the two moun- tain ranges called L- urel hill and Chestnut ridge, which here appear of a diminished elevation, and break into a series of irregular ridges; the rocks next below the coal series have been, as geoligists say, upheaved to the surface on an axis of elevaiion, and appear on their summit and alng their sides; the coal bearing strata resting upon them near the base, or sometimes extending some distance up their acclivities. These lower strata of the coal mea- sures crop out abundantly along the ravines near the base of the mountain ridges, descending on each side toward the middle of the basin there anticlinal elevations, where they are deeply covered by superincumbent strata. At 50 598 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. Lockport, on the Conenjaugb, however, (he river cuts so deeply across the basin as io expose all the lower strata down to the sandstoue, which lonns the ftuor ol the coal measures. Asceiidmg (h.ni the water level, towards the summit of tlie hill ou the north side of the rivei, five suc- cessive beds of coal are exposed, separated by intervening strata of stndstone, shale, limestom-, and iron ore. In the deep ravine of Black-lick creek, neaily similar exposures may be observed. v\ est of Chestnut ridge, ti.e lower coal beds are again seen along Conemaugh, and in the deep ravines of 'I'wo-lick and Yellow creeks, passmg deeply beneath the high grounds around the town of Indiana. Further westward, on Crooked creek, and also norihwest on the Mahoning, coal beds appear whicn have a higher position in the seri.s " The soil is loam, varied by commixture with sand, gravel and clay, and wlure no. tuorougli is pretty fertile, producing fair crops of wheat, oats, grass, &.c. In the vallies wheri^ thcboil js blended with vegetable mould in various proportions, it produces abundantly. Hor.^es, cat- tle and sheep are raised in considerable numbers by the farmers, and suld to drovers, who drive them to the east- ern markets. Along the Conemaugh rivi r in the southern part of the county, sail water is obiained by boring to a depth of from 500 lo 800 feet, fro n wlncli salt is manufactured. — Seven'y thousand bui>hels are annu.Uly made in this county. A writer, a traveller whose letters appeared in Haz- ard's Register for 1831, says: — The existence of s dt water in this section (on the Con- em i ugh) was indicated by tiie oozng of water, slightly brackish, through the fissures of tne ri)( k. These places are called Licks, from the fact of deer and other animals resortnig to them, to dr.nk tlie w,it' r and lick the mud or rocks, though the salt is sc ircely perceptible, to the human tasie. Hence ^^ watching a Lick" is a phrase olten heard among sportsaien in t.iat part of the country ; and it is common to see a kind of sc itf.ild or nest among the branch- es of a neighboring tree, in which the gunner awaits the approach of the un-.usi)ecting animal to its favorite lick. Many deer are killed in this ma.iuer. HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 599 About the year 1813, when, salt, in consequence of the war, was extravagantly high, and thf enterprising gentle- man, Mr. William .lohnston, drt^rmined to perforate the rock and ascertain whether there was not some valuable fountain from where all these oozing^ issued. He com- menced operations on the bank of (onemaugh, near the mouth of Loyalhanna, and persevered until he had reach- ed the depih of 450 feet, througli various strata of hard rocks, when he struck an abundant fountnin, strongly im- pregnated with salt. He immediately proceeded to tub- ing the perforation to exc'ude the fresh water, erecting furnaces, pans and other fixtures, and was soon in the full tide of successful experiment, making about thirty bushels per day, all of which was eagerly purchased at a high price. Mr. Johnston's success induced many others to embark in the same business, most of whom were successful — Very soon the hitherto silent and solitary banks ol this river were all bustle, life, and enterprise. Well after well was sunk; competition ran liigh, and brought the price of the ar'icte lower aiid lower, until it was re- duced to one dollar per barrel. This was too low Some establishments were abandoned, others were carried on amidst every difficulty. However, a leaction which was naturalllv expected, at last took place ; the price was fixed at two dollars per barrel, which afforded a fair profit.—. The business regained its former spint, and the quantity manufactured rapiJIy increased, and is sti'l increasing. The wells or perforations are from 300 to 600 feet in depth, and about two and a half or three inches in diam- eter. They are made wiih a comm'^n stone chisel attach- ed (.> poles. The operation is generally performed by hand, by striking the chisel forcibly upon the bottom. It is a tedious, laborious, and expensive, operation ; often requir- ing the labor of two men for more than a year. When waiir of the required strength and in sufficient quantity is o'ltained, the well is tubed to exclude the frses westward through Ariiistro'ig county t(j the .4llegheny riv'T. In the north is Vlahoiiing creek, rises on t e eastern border of Jeiferson county through which it flows into this county, passes through Araistrony c.unty, nd unites witli Allegheny river about ten miles a' ove Kittanning. The western division of the main line of Pennsylvania 50* 602 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. canal extends along the ^^'onemaiiwh river. t?iroughout t^e whole extent of the southern hoiiiidnry of this county, frequently opening into a series of slack water pools* in the river; greatly increasing the facilities of trade and transportation for the inhahituits : nine miles below Blairsville it passes through a tunnel eight hiux'red and seventeen feet long, and emerges upon a magniticent stone aqueduct across the Cnnem mgh. "To the traveller pass ng up the cinal, the view of the aqueduct, and the western entrance of the tunnel, with the river and the rugged nv initain above it, is exceedingly picturesque. Previous to the eonsiiuction of the canals, the Conemaugh was a rough im| etuous stream, of dan- gerous navigation.'* The northern turnpike from Harr-sbuig to Pittsburg, by way of Huntingdon, Ehensbur*;, HIairsville &o.. p;^.ss- es through the souiheastein p rt ; and the turn[)ike Jrom Ebensburg to Kitianning eriisses the C(.unty in a north- eastern direction, passinii thr ugh the town of Indiana. The other public roads aie generally passably good. Indiana, so named agreeably to a legislative act passed March 25tl), 1805, was laid out by ( harles Campbell, Randel Loughlin and John V\ il>on, by the legislature, on a tract of land granted for t e use of the county by George Clymer, and became tie ecuniy seai, after the conn y had been organized f 'I judicial |)urpoves,by act of lOih March, ISOe.t The town is handsomely situated on e evated ground, nearly m the centre of the county, on the turn- pike road from Ebensburg to Kittaimmg. It has been much increased within ihe lew past \ears. It contains the usual county bui.dinijs, sevend churches, an academy of stone, incorporated March 2.sth, IM'i, and lo which the state gave S^JOno 00. Population pwards ot 700. — " It is said theie are some traces ul an ancient aburigmal fortification three miles west of town." Blaiksville lies on the Conemauuh river on the south side of Black-lick creek, at its continence with the for- • Between J hnlnwn and the Allegheny river there are ten dams, and upwards of itt»Mii3' imlps ..i siHck waier ii;i vigaiiin on iheir penis. The length of thi- <';inal is 105 nines, the dtsceul by lockage 471 leet. Cost of canal $2 964 f R2 (0. fSmith's laws, iV, 225. ij HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 603 mer stream, and on the northern turnpike, \0 miles from Pittsburg, an I 11 iVoih Indima. Ii was laid ou nearly thirty years ago, "and named after John Blair. Esq., of Blair's Gap, ihf. president of the Uohda\ sburi^ and Pitts- burg Turnpike Company. The town site oiigin;dly be- longed lo Mr. ("amp tell. The construction of the turn- pike fosi<'red ihe growth of the town, and a large hotel was er. cted to acconmiodate the travel. In 1^21 the no- ble bridge was tiirown acr^ ss the river l>y the lurnpike CO. It was of one span, 2U5 leet between the abutements, and is hui t on the Wernwao plan, suuilar to tlie one which was burnt down at Fairmount a tew years since. In M;irch, lH'.i5, the toaM was inc .rporated ;tsa borough; and in \S21 tar population was ascertained to be 500. — Fro. II th.s period to l."-..3» were the palmy days of Blairs- ville. Ill IS2S tiie western division of the canal was completed to t ds plaoi, and the eastern was advancing step by ste|) towards the mountains; the intermediate sections of ca .al and the railroad over the mountains wer.^ m progress but stif uiifin^s led. Th ■ carrying trade, therefo e, and the incrc^asing travel, were ol)liged to re- sort 10 the turnpike, ibis gave gre> t imp rtaiice to Blairs- ville as a depot, and the place was lull of bustle and prosperity. Lnmense hotels and warehouses were erect- ed, lour or five chiu'ches were built within three years, proper y in re ised in v, lue, and the hott;ls were swarm- ing with sp(Culaiors, engi leers, contractors, and forward- ing agents In 18.S4, t le commimic -tion was opened over the mountains, the use of the turnpike was to a great extent abandoned, and Me me chants and irn-keepers of BLii;sville were compelled to sit and see the trade "pass by on the other side." A reaction and dejires.sion of course ensued to some extent, bu' the enterprising citi- zens were only driven 'o their natural resources of tlie count y as a bJss of trade. A voy considerable quantity agricu.tural pro ucis are sold here, ihe surrounding fouii- try be. ng very product. ve. Quite a nuiiiber ot houses are largely eng ged in the pork b .siness. The town is improving with a gradua: and htalthy growth. Popula- tio.i in isiO, };yo I lie C: izens of ti.is place are said to be, widiout disparagement to other to^«'ns. remark ibly inted:geiit and iiospitai^ie. There are now live churche* 604 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. in the place: a Presbyterian, Episcopal, Lutheran, Metho- dist, and Catholic." Saltzburg, so called from the numerous saltwr^rks in its vicinity, is a sm;ill village on the Coneniiugh riv^er ntid canal, in ihc soutliwpstern part of tli'- county, ten miles fiom IMairsville. and seventnei) trom Indiana. It contains about forty dwellings, st )res, taverns and a church. Pop- lation ill lS40, 335. Armagh, an old village, orig'inally settled by Irish, who named it after their favorite Armagh (a city of Ire- land in the province of Ulster, said to be founded by St. Patrick, A. D. 450) or Jirdmnghn, i. e. ^^ the field on a hill," is a small villaore thirteen miles east of Blairsville on the turnpike to lObensburg, near the western base of Laurel hill. Its location is elevated and healthy. There are several churches here. Georgeville, is a small village in Mahoning tow'ship, on the road from the county town to Je erson county, 15 miles north rom the borou.h of Indiana. There are several other small villajrfs in the county — Home, Lewisvi/le, Mediant c^hurg, JVichulsburg, Shelocto, Strongstown, iffX., whose relative localities may be seen on the map of the county. The ff)l lowing Table exhibits at one view, the number of Townships anil Boroughs, with their j)Oj)ulation in Ib40. The inhabitants of this county were variously employed in 1840; twenty-five wt re employed in mining, 4,5^^6 in agriculture, 127 in commerce, 815 in manufactures and trades, five in navit^ation of the ocean. 104 in navigation of canals and rivers, 90 in the learned professions and engineer- ing There were still twenty-eight pensioners for revolu- tionary or military services living in this courity in 1840 — Ztbulon Doty, aged 85; Mott V\ ilkinson, 75; Alexander Campbell, 86; James Kellv, 71; James Kane, 80; John Montgomery, 80; Joseph Moorhead, 72; .lames Huston, 82; Benjamm Williams, 65 ; lohn Ferguson, 76 ; George Bowers, 82; Henry Kiefer, 97 ; Cornelius M utcheson, 84 ; John Ewing. sen. 7'; Isifac .Vkeright, 56; Junius R. Bill, 46; John Jamieson, 67 ; William McHenry, 70 ; John Lea- sure, 76 ; John^ Brady, 6ii-; Isaiah "Vanhorn, 80; Thomas Nei , 78; James Euing, 73; Jam«s Shields, IQJ ; John Brady, 64 j William White, 84; Job Pearcf, 88. ?'>2 r: '1 ^ ^ - ^'n 3 iq vr 3 C '13 - o a; ;5 — O co^^ — _ — ^3 — _. tS ^ — ^^WOOX — 00 — cnw-^ to 4i> x» CO M O' O' X /) ^ ~J 03 — 'J -i ;_ " CO ^:l — « •— < *— • •^ ^^ — QD _• y 6i — y 35 ^ © CO "t ^^ •— ^ ec 471 CO _cq O' •JO © •Jl 03 ^ 03 — ij' 03 H_ CO ^^ in M CO & yi 4^ ^ 35 ^ © © © to ->l 03 00 — ■P - o © — CO ^ JO © cn © -J to „ © ■fe J-S o> CD to 00 -J rjo X LtL — i(^ ..:^ ■f^ CO V -JO — ■~J -. ~ © © in JO to © . ^ 3. in ^ 'B ^ ^ © CO -~> a; 4^ M 4:^ ;c o. — y^ to ^1 03 © 4^ -~J _ 05 03 ^- ^ 4^ to 03 ■«^ ^ cn © © ^ —• hi to — CO 00 »» X 03 to X M in cn to rf:^ «• ^^ yi J^ '0 •— « •— • to to © CO >c^ to •c^ 05 OS 4^ CO CO CO — — in ~ ■o © © 00 ^ ^^ to to to )-^ ^- CO — ^^ *-^ to CO ts o O) »:^ 4^ — ^- ^- 3; 'J"; " © 4^ :t- © H- 1 © 1 1— ' rf^ 05 vD cn z> co X 00 c © — '" © OS 00 "" CO ^ CO j^ c 03 _I^ ^ ^^ CO CO *^ to ^^ * a: ^3 — .i^ ^^ to- to .— rw ^^ _« en CO — CJ5 00 ^ © .£^ 00 — to — ^ •^ *Ti c M © -. © X in CO *T^ _^ ^. o> t« — * i— — - •— — ^' ^~ © H- i CK to ^^ ^ •C^- 35 © to ■M to in Oi -.D U' ;c ^ CO -^ On to ^ to ~ o ^^ ^^ Ui ^3 •— • tn 00 to ^ •^^^ t;i cs .7) cn T' to — >c- w O © 00 Oi 00 JO © — © © JO — C£ CO _ ^^ _ »9 ^- c;> OS to 05 tn tn -J 00 to — rv'r — ■ M M ^i — o> in to cc 03 y 00 © 00 — ^> to „ ^^ w >F>- ^5 tn O'l © cn © © to *^ in 4^ ^- «• ^i © OS 0^ 00 to Oi -- © 4^ cn © © ^1 ~ to r-« ro ^^ CO y> to «! to tn in 1 ^ -5 ~.> ~J «' CO j>j ».} C5 -^ © ^ to 4:. © ■^ 03 to to 03 CO ai •f'' cn cn 05 cn m »^ ii 4^ -4 — 4^ iJi © -J CO 00 *— :ji CO ^s w^ — h^ ■b. o K") t^ 4^ — cc ~ 3; .(^ © Oi ^' !• ^^ . to <*o — »— r— •— to _ .^ „ to ta — ^5 1 jNi ?1 — «> ^ CO © © 4^ cn © ' to ^ ^ I-" " tr >-■ ^ ^> © 00 »J © o ~J o; CO CO ■ 1 " 35 rfi. 1 •— 05 CO 1 CO — ►- - unilei 5 5 and under 10 10 and under 15 15 and under 20 20 and uniler 30 30 and under 40 40 and under 50 50 and under 60 60 and under 70 © I — tC w 05I O) to \ COI I tOOOl COtO©l f-" o and under 30 ?0 nnd under 40 40 and under 50 50 and undei 60 t50 and under 70 70 and under 80 8ti anil und'^r 90 oloreii persons 606 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. Arrorflinij to Tiej^o, at an ant;!* in the eastern line of IndirtiiH, where it is join il hy the Mne se[ a nting CHinbria f oin Clenr field, is a celeb, ateil station caHtd the CAtrry- tree or Canoe-place, as the farthest point to which a canoe could he pushed up the Susquehanna. Fioin this point to Kiitannintr was anciently a Jamoi/s hidian pnth^ which is yet perceptible in several phices on the route. This was also the boundary ot one ol the purcha>es of lan»l liom the In- dians. The first important persoraire (a white man) that pen- etrated the trackless wilds of this region, was uridoul»tedly Conrad VVeiser ; and it is not iinproliaide that he may have travelleii " the famous Indian path." As Weisci's mission in 1748, to the Indians on the O lio, forms part of the early history of this (.ounty, the y;overrior 's itrstruction to him on this occasion, and Weisei's Journal, are here inserted at lenpr. wiih len ot liis children in-migraied to America, arrived ai Nev«' York in Jui e. 1710. and .-hmtlv alterward.s seiiled in Schoharie, where he was lepeaiedly visited I'y ^uasinant, a Chief of the VIoha" vk N^troti. At the uraenr solicit;iiion or Quaanani. Courad, the siibjeet of ihis nonce, went with the (y'hief to his cimntrv lo ac- quire a knowledap oi ihe Moh^iwk !angiiao;e. Uiiriiis thi.s stay he endured many hnrciship^ and snfT'^red f;ifat privations. — Having mas- tered the lansuaae he returntd to Ins faihei'.s hcusf and was accasion- ally enpliiyetl as inter(«reier. In 1729. then married, he came wirh his wi(e and five chiliiien, ro Peiiiis\ Iviiiiia, senled in Tulpehocken vallev— hicaied hall-a-mile eas>i of Uie pre-ent site of Woinelsdorf, Berks coiiniv. Cimrad Weiser. as occasir>n demanded it, acted in various capaci- ties, both private and piiblic. L)eieriiii:i«-d, on his arrixal in Pennsyl- vania, to spend the rem iiniiifj d.iys of his eventful li(e on his larm ; his lalentv however, s.m.ii attracted aitennon. Governor GurHon as early as 1731 fcinired his services in the fapaciiv of an in.eipreier. Soon after, arris GnveimT Thomas app< inied him a jnsiice of the peace ; and wneu tiie French war coiuuienctd Governor Morns com- HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 607 iprine, and hav n^ provuipd a present of a considerable value, yoD are o iTuCr-t-d ihiiher with a'l ciiiivenir-ni d»'spaich Mr. G-^orge ('rt>g- han. itje Indimi tr.i 'er. wno is well Rl roads t Ohio, hH> u deriaketi this f.onvi.y ol ynu and the giMxN with his own men am) h<»r-e> at the public expense ; and as it caniKii be (ureseen how long ihe journey will lake hiin, nor what trou- ble in u' aiiend it so as to enttr into coiitracis betirehand with hinn, all afT.tiiH relating iherei . are entnelv lelt to you, wheiein we recom- mend all the friigalitv that can con^i-tenily with the nature i»l your buMness, the ireasurv being low aid a large sum expended in the purchase of the present, be pramced. As soon as you come to the place of general rendezvous, you are to noiiiv your arrival in a speech lo all the tribes, wherein you are l'> deal in generals, reserving all particular mailers lo your closing spp-^ch. You are to use the utmost diligence to acquire a perfect Knowledge of the nunber, situation, (li>posiii >n and strengih o( all the Indians io or near those parts, whetlier they be friends, neuirals or enemies, and he very particular in knowing the tf^mper and influence of the tnhes of [ndians who send deputies lo receive you; for by the know- ledge of these naMers vu are to regulate the distribution of the goods which are m he livided amongst ihem in as equal and jusi a man- ner as possible, ihat all in ly go away satisfied, and none receive the lea^t cause of disi^ust at any ipidue prelerence givn to others. You cannot he at a los> for .|its of the Frnch, who have ever b en for destroy! ig or enslaving them. Anl an ample field will be furnished to you in doing justice o ihis Province, wiiich has erer shown Ihe sieilest read ness to supply the Indians in the mo>t pressing necessii es, meniioninj the several val- uable presents m ide them trom time to line, pariicularly since the commencement of the present war, instancing the Go/ernop's pres- ents at Pnilailelphia. over and abi>ve the price of their lands in the year 1742; the lar;.'e presents ai Lancaster and Albany;— and then the present occasion will hear a particular enlargeineni: this Gov- ernment having no sooner heard of the distresi>es of the Indians, and missioned him as a Colonel of a regiment o'" volunteers of Beiks county. Hd snent m 're than a quarter of a century in the service of his Country. He closed his eveniful life July 1.3, 1760. For a detai'^d account of this truly great man, see Rupp'a Hatoiy of Eerkt County, pp. 195—222. 608 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTV. that ahnn'ancp of farnihes and voung warriors had for ihe conTC* nienoe ^r huiting reiuuveil lo me waiers ol Oht'> and lake Krie, than they fie eriiimed t" send ihem a -inpp y ot g.xxis ami powiler. which, in ihis ti e ol ■^carciiy, thev cmild have fro n no o'her place. This tenierne-s fi'r those, who, oui ol everv Naii.n had c. me and fixed their liahiirtijon in these p: rt^. miisi ue'^d.s m.ike deep impie-sions on ther atfeciions, and espeCM Iv < n the minds ol their y. unu people, lo the a(lvaniaj>e ol the knidn^ss ol this Pri^vinre f^r all he Indians. By the neaiir s ^ul sisiing hnween his M ^ji'.-iy's s'hj-^cis and Ihe Indun Nations, tht\ are laid under the siri'n!^e>t obligations to pire earh tilitr ihr e. riiesi inifl igence o( whatever may alieci their per- sons ortlieir pri>peiti»»s. In discharue o' our dinv. you are ti> miorm the Indians ihai ihe man igernTH ol the war being coinniined to (he Governors ol New ¥■ tk and B sion. the operaiions ol this year are cono rted b\ lUem ; th.it tliey have received orders fion. his Majesty, exreediiis y favorablo to ihe Indians, and in pnrsu: me thereof, they will preset me the war at:;insi ttie Fiench and then adherents with the utmost viseor; that hi- Majf'-ty, in token ot his resri to ihe Indian Nati(M.s, has sei t a large present to the (iovemor ot Mew York, to be disiiibateil at Albany ; tint, iiiai as b»' their i.isiance iVi m this place, the Indians m Ohi, I and Lake Erie may bf* suppo e ' noi to receive miifii heietit irnrn t'l" A! )inv p e-ent. Tii- is an .iddnHuial consid- eration why this 2.)x er;nneiit cin.ose- to be kind to tnose Indians and assist ihein th? reaiier xetieii tn>-> are m distres-, hec^iuse ihey can- not, withii'ji extreme difficiiltv, gel supplies from o h>-r places. On the other hand, you are to use all means in von pi^wer to get from Uiem all kin<1 of inielligence, as lo what tne French are doing, or «lesi-n to d., m these par's, and inileed, in every oiner place. You are ikI to satisfy your-ell wit i generals ; hui to inlor n vur-elf, truly and fully v\ the real dipvi' t ion vt lh^s.e Indians, -and what dependence can t>e had on ihem lor the secui iiy lil ihis province and for ihe loial prevemii-n of all hosiiliiies wiihin nur li its. Ymi are o make par- ticuUr inquiry inio the number and s'ua ion i f the Ind a:i Nations. betttCrn these people's sett e Merns on i''*- O iio and me river Missis- sippi, and lo the west of lake Erie, s n e it is said, iheie are several Indian Nations wiihin ihe-e Units, and "-n ihe lakes Hur^n and Illi- nos. who are dis"hlige'l vciih the French, and might eas.iy be brought into the amniiy of the English. Yo 1 will see by the A-sem dy's answer lo t^e Councils message, a copy whereof will b^ given vii herewith, what seniinienis they enter- tain ahoul war; and, as they have the disposal of th? pi b ic money, it would he wrong lo urge the Inl.ans to war, sinr e n^ dependence could be had on the Asse'ohlv i" support the ■< m surh an underiaking ; and consequently, any eneourageineni of ihis kind w luld be lo bring them into a snare, and in the i-nd might pm e exiremt-iy hnrtful. — This Considered, nothing of the kind must he urgeil by y' u ; and if the Indians mention it themselves, you need not ne ex.dicii. Voa are to tell them that this point is n.'i in your ii.struciions. thai yur busi- ness WdS to make liicn a vis i, and to be iruiy informed of "leir situa- tion, and to bring them a valuable prese it, ihe most substantial mark that c?n be given > f the great JiflFecti >n -.ihich this province bears to their f. lend-, the Indian?; and i; they in-is' fur-her, vou if to tell ibe;n, that at their instance you will make faithful relation of every HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 609 thine eiven yon, by ihem. in charge to the government, and transmit to the Inrltans iheir rp^^olve-. But whatever y(:u do under this bead, as a gioil deal n ost be lefi to yuar discretir>(i and jodgment, on snch information as shall be given you, you are to lake special care not to dix-blige the Indians, or in any « :se diminish tbeir hearti- ness for hi> Maje.'iy's rau>e against ihe Frei.ch. Yog are lo make particular inqu ry inio the behavior of the Shawo- nese, «ince the <■ m pnc^rneni t>t the war, and in relation lo the coun- tenance they g ve o Pei'^r Chanier. It is proper lo tell yoa that they relented, ma-ie acknowleflgemenis to the government of their error, in being .-e'luce.1 by Peter Cnar.ier. and prayed they niight be permitted m return to their old town and be taken again as sincere penitent- into the lavir of the government; and though the govern- ment gave I lem assurance that all past misbehavior should be par- doned, on their sendin? deputies t<> Philadelphia, to acknowledge their faall, > et they contented ihemselves with loose letters by Indian traders, some of which have lieen delivered and som«« not ; bat had they all been deliveied, ihis was noi a becoming manner of addressing the governii em, nor rou'd they expect any thing from it. YoQ w II, iheretore. speak to them by themselves, and give them snch a quannii ot go. ds, ;,s opon their present temper, and the frank- ness of their submissioiis. you shall think ihey deserve. Given in Ciuncil, under mv hi»nd and the lesser "eal of the said Province, ft Philadelphia, the 22d day of Joi.e. Anno Domini. 1748. A^THO^Y PALMER. Prcm. Rec. L.p. 329—334. WEISERS JOCRx\AL, 174a THE JOCESAL OF C i.tRAD WEISER, ESQ., IRDIAlt INTEBPRETE*. Aogust 11th 1748— Set out from my house (Heidelberg township, Berks county. Pa ) and came to Jami-s Galbreath's that day, 20 milei August 12 h— Came to Geoigp Croghan's, 15 " Augu-t 13t'i — To Robert Dunning's, 20 " Aiiiiust I4tb — To '1 uscaiora Path, 30 " Augu-t 15lh and Itith— Lay hy. on account of the men com- ing back sick, and some other affairs hindering us. August Ibth— Crossed the Tuscarora Hill, and came to the sleeping place, called "The Black Log." 20 " August 18th— Had a great rain m the afternoon— came within Tw., mi es of the "Standing Stone," (Hun- tingdon county), 24 ' August I9th— We waveiled but twelve miles— were obliged to dry our thjrgs in t'.e afternoon, ° 12 '■ August 20th— Came to " F.ankstown." but saw no houses or cabin Here we overtook the goods, because four of Ge -ge Croghan's hands fell sick, 26 " August 21st— L;.y by. it ramlng all day AHgust22d— Lr ss.d the Alle-Leny hiiis, and came t© the ''Clear Fields," |g tc 51 610 HISTOHY OF INDIANA COUNTY. August 2??d— Came to the " Showonese Cabins," 34 <* August 24th — Found a dead man on the road who had killed hinnsel! by drinking too much whi>key. The place being very stony, we could not dig a grave to bury him He smelling very strung, we covered him with stones and wood and went on in our journey — came to the " Ten Mile Lick," 32 «* August 25th— Crossed " Kiskeminetoes Creek," and came to "Ohio"* that day, 26 "^ August 26th — Hired a canof— paid 1000 black wampum for the loan of it to 'Loes Town." Our horses being all tired, we went by water, aiid catne that night to a '' De aware Town" — the In- dians used us very kindly. Auprnst 27th — We .set otf again in the morning early — rainy weather- We dined in a " Seneka town," where an old Seneka woman reigns with great authority. We dined al her house, and ihey all used us very well al this and the last mentioned Delaware town. They received us by firing a great many guns, especially at this place. We saluted the lown by firing off four pair of pistols. Arrived that evening at "Logs Town" and saluied the town as belore. The Indians returned about one hundred guns. Great joy appeared in their countenances. From the place where we took water, i. e. from the " Old Showonese- town," commonly called "Chartier'siown" to p(indence with the Six Nations for many years, and were one people with them; that they could wish the Six Nations would act more briskly against the French. Thai above tilty years ago they made a treaty of Friendship with the Governor of New York at Albany ; and they showed me a large belt of wampum they received there from the said Governor, as from the King of Great Britain. The beft was twenty-five yirains wide and two hundred and sixiy-five long, very curiously wrought. There were seven images of men holding one another by the hand. The first, signifyinp the Governor of New York; or, rather as they said, the King of Gre^i Britain. The second, 'he Mohawks. The third, the Oneidos. The fourth, the Cajngas. The fifth, the Onondasers. The sixth, the Senekas. The seventh the Owandats; and two rows of black wampum under their feet, through the whole length of the belt, to signify the road from Albany through the Five Nations lo the "Owandats." That six years ago they had sent Deputies with the same bell to Albany to renew the Friendship. I treated them with a quart of whiskey and a roll of tobacco. They expressed their good wishes to King George and all his people, and were mightily pleased that I looked upon them as brethren of the English. This day I desired the Deputies of all the Nations of Indians settled on the waters of the Ohio, to give me a list of their fighting men, which they promised to do. A great many of the Indians went away this day, because the goods did not come, and the people in the town could not find provisions enough, the nmriber was so great. The following is the number of every Nation given lo me by their several Deputies in Council in so many little slicks lied up in a bundle. The Senekas, one hundred and sixty-three. The Showonese, one hundred and sixty-two. The Owandats, one hundred. The Tisagechroann, forty. The Mohawks, seveniy-lour. The Mohickons, fifteen. [ The Onondagers, thirty-five. The Cajugas, twenty. The Oneidos, fifteen. The Delawares one hundred and sixty-five — in all seven hundred and eighty-nine. September 9ih — I held a council with the Senekas and save them a large string of wampum, hiack and white, to acquaint ihem that I had it in charge from the President and Council in Phila- delphia, to inquire who it is that lately took the people prisoners ai ■filsTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 613 CaTolir.a; one thereof being a great man, and that by what discovery I had already made, I found it was some of the Senekas did it ; I there- fore desired them to give me the reasons for doing so; and as they had struck their haichei into their brethren's body, they could not expect that I could deliver them my message with a good heart, before they gave me satisfaction in that respect; for they must consider the English, ihoagh living in several Provinces, are all one people; and doing mischief to the one, is doing to the other. Let me have a plain and direct answer. September lOih— A great many of the Indians got drunk. One Henry Nnland had brought nearly thirty sallons of whiskey to the town this day, I made a present to the old Shawanese Chief, Cack-awalcheky, of a strand, a blanket, a match coat, a shirt, a pair of stockings, and a large twist of tobacco; and told him that the Presi- dent and Council of Philadelphia reuienibered their love to him. as to their old and true friend, and would clothe his body once more, and wished he might wear them out so as to give them an opportunity to clothe him again. There were a great many Indians present, two of which were the Big-Homiiiy and the Pride \ those that went off with Chailicr, but pro- tested against bis proceedings against our Indian traders. CatA;a(ra/c/ifA:i/ returned thanks; and some of the Six Nations did the same; and expressed their satisfaction to see a true man taken notice of, although he was now grown childish. September llth - George Croghan and myself staved an eight gallon keg of liquor, belonging to the aforesaid Henry Noland, who could ^ot be prevailed on to hide it in the woods, but would sell it, and get drunk himself. I desired some of the Indians in council to send some of their young men to meet our people with the goods, and not to come back before they heard of, or saw them. I began to be afraid they had fallen into the hands of the enemy: so did the Indians. Ten warriors came to town, by water, from Niagara. We suspected them very much, and feared that some of their parlies went to meet our people by hearing of them. September 12th — Two Indians and a white man went out to meet our people, and had orders not to come back before they saw them, or to go to Franksiovvn where we left the goods. The same day the Indians made answer to my requests, concerning the prisoners taken in Corolina. Than.agieson, a speakerof the Senekas, spoke to the following purpose, in the presence ol all the deputies of the other Nations: "We went out door; brethren, you came a grtat way to visit us, and many sorts of evils might have befallen you by the way, which might have been hurtful to your eyes and your inward parts; for the woods are full ot evil spirits. We give you this string of wampum to clear up j'our eyes and minds, and to remove all bitterness of your spirits, that you may hear us speak a good cheer." Then the speaker took his bell in Bis hand, and said: " Brethren — When we and you first saw one another at your first arrival at Albany, we shook hands together, and became brethren, and we tied your ship to the bushes ; and after we had more acquaintance with you, we loved you more and more, and perceiving that a bush would not hold your vessel, we then lied her to a lorge tree, and ever 51* 614 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. after good friendship continued between us; afterwards, you, our brethren, told us, thai a iree niiiiht happen to fall down, and the rope rot wherewith ihe ship was lied : you then proposed to make a silver chain, and tie your ship lo the great mouniains in the Five Nations' country; and thi»i chain was called ihe Chain of Friendship ; we were tied by our arms together with it ; and we, the Indians of the Five Nations, heartily agreed to ii. and ever since a very gnod correspond- ence has been kept up between u- ; but. we are very sorry that at our coming here, we are obliged to talk of the incident that lately befel you in Carolina, where some of our warriors by the instigation of the evil spirit, struck iheir hatchets into their nwn body like ; for our brethren, the English, and we are of one body; and what was done, we utterly abhor as a thing done by the evil spirit himself: we never expected any of our people wmild ever do so to our brethren. We therefore remove our hatchei, w hich, bj the influence of the evil spirit, was struck into your body, and we desire that our brother, the Gov- ernor of New York, and C/ias, may use their utmost endeavors that the thing may be buried in ihe boiioiniess pit; that it may never be seen again ; that the chain ol Friendship which, is of so long standing, may be preserved bright and unhurt." — Gave a belt. The speaker then tooii up a string of wampum, mostly black, and said: '^Brethren — As we have removed our hatchet out of your body, or properly speaking, out of our own, we now desire that the air may be cleared up again, and the wound given may be healed, and every thing put in good undeisianding, as it was before; and we desire you will assist us to make up every thing wiih the Governor of Carolina; the man that has been brought to us prisoner, we now deliver up to you ; he is yours." Then laid down the string and took the prisoner by the hand, and delivered him to me. By way of discourse the speaker said : The Six Nation warriors often met Englishmen trading to the Catawbas, and often found that the Englishmen beirayed them to their enemies, and some of the English traiers had been spoken to by the Indian speaker last year in the Chenykves country, and were told not to do so; that the speaker, and many oiners of the Six Nations, had been afraid a long tune, that such a thing would be done by their warriors, at one time or other. September I3lh — Had a Council with the Senekas and Onontagers about the Wandots to receive them into our Union. I gave a large belt of wampum; and the Indians gave two; and every thing was agreed upon, about what should be said to the Wandats. The same day a full Council wa^ afipoine I. and met accordingly, and a speech was made to the Wandots by Asserhazhtz, a Seneka, as follows: *'' Bre hren — The Onvntady-Hagnx; last Spring you sent this belt of wampum to us (having ihe t)eil then in his hand) to desire us and our brethren, the Shawonese, and our cousins, the Delawares, to come to meet you in your retreat from the French ; we accordingly came to your assistance, and brought you here, and received you as our own flesh. We desire, you will think, you now join us and our brethren, the English; and you become our people with us." Then he laid that belt by, and gave them a very long string of wam^- pum. aiSTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 6l5 The speaker took up the belt, I gave.^nd said : " Iirethren— The Engjlish, our brothers, bid you welcome and are glad you escaped as it were, out of captivity. You have been kept as slaves by Onontio, noiwiihsianding he called you all aion^ his child- ren ; but now you have broken the rope where with you had been tied, and became freemen ; and we, the united Six Nations, receive yea to our Council Fires, and make you members thereof; and we will secure your dwelling place to you against all manner of danger." — Gave the belt. "Brethren — We the Six Uniied Nations, and all our Indian allies, with our brethren 'he English, look upon you as our children, though you are our brethren ; we df sire you will give no ear to ihe Evil Spirit that spreads lies and wickedness ; lei your mind be easy and clear, and be of the same mind with us, whatever you may hear, noihing shall befal you, but what of necessiiy must befal us at ihe same time. " Brethren — We are extremely pleased to see you here, as it hap- pened just at the same time when our brother Onas is with us. We jointly, by this belt of wampuen, emtirace you about your middle, and desire you to be strons in your minds and hearts; let nothing alter your minds, but live and die with us." Gave a belt of wampum. J'he Council broke up. September 14th — A full diuiicil was su^nmoned, and ever)' thing repeated by me ui all the Indians, what passed in Lancaster at the last Treaty wi;h the TunglitiMes. The news was confirmed bv a belt of wampum from the Six Na- tions, that the French h;id imprisoned some of ihe Six Nations' Dep- uties, and thiriy of the Wandois, including women and children. The Indians that were sent to meet our people with the gfiods came back, and had not seen any thing of them, but they had been no further than the old Shawone>e Town. September 15th — I let the Indians know, that I would deliver my message to-morrow, and ihe goods; and that they must send deputies with me on my return homewards; and wherever we should meet the rest of the goods. I would send them to them, if they were not taken by ihe enemy. To which they agreed. The same day the i;elawares made a speech to me, and presented a Beaver coat, and string of wampum and, said : "Brethren — We let the President and Council of Philadelphia know, that after the Death of our chief man, Olomipees. our grand children, the Showonese, came to nur town to condole with us over the loss of our good king, your brother, and they wiped off our tears, and com- forted our minds; and as the Delawares are the same people with the Pennsylvanians, and born in one and the same country, we gave some of the present to our grand childeii, given us by the President and Council in Philadelphia, because the death of their good friend and brother must have afTecied ihem as well as us." Gave the Beaver coat and a string of wampum. The same day, the Wandots sent for me and Andrew Montour, and presented us with seven beaver skins, about len pounds weight, and said, they gave us that to buy some refreshments for us after our arrival in Pennsylvania, and wished we might get home safe, and lifted up their hands and said, they would pray God to protect us, and {uide us the way borne. 616 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. September 16lh — I made answer to the Delawares. September 17th — It rained very hard; but in the afternoon, it held yp for about three hours. The deputies of the several nations met in council, and I delivered there what I had to say from the Piesident and council of Pennsylvania, by AncJrew Montour. The In liaiis signified great satisfaction, and were well pleased with the ceS'sation of arms. The rainy weather hastened them away with the snoods into tlie houses. September ISth — The speech was delivered to the Delawares in their own langu-.ii^e, and also the Showonense in theirs, by Andrew Alonlour, in the presence ol the (gentleman that accompanied me. I acquainted the Indians that I was determined to leave Ihem to-morrow, and return homeward. September 19th — Sraioliacfy, Tami^hrisson and Oniadagarehra, with a few more, came to my lodgings and spoke as follows : " Brolhcr Onus — We desire you will hear what we are going to say to you, in behalf of all the Indians on Ohio; their deputies have sent us to you. " We have heard what you have said to us; and we return you many thanks for your kindness in informing us of what passed between the King pf Great Britain and the Frenfh King; and in particular; we return you many thanks for the large presents; we ^o the same to our brother Jiasardijunn, who joined our brother Oiids in makmir us a present. Our brethren have indeed tied our hearts to theirs. We at present can but return thanks with an empty hand, till another opportunity serves to do it sufficient y We must call a great council, and do every thing regularly ; in the mean time, look upon us as your true brothers. ^^ Brother — You said the other day. in council, if any thing befel us from the French, we must let you know it. VVe will let you know if we hear any thing from the French, be it ngainst us or yourself. You will have peace; but it is most certain that the Six Nations and their allies are upon the point of declaring war against the French. Let us keep up the correspondence, and always hear of one another." — They gave a belt. Scaiohiuly and the Half-King, with two others, had informed me that (hey often must send messengers to Indian Towns and Nations, and had M>i liing in their council bag, as they were new beginners, either to recompense a messenger or to gel wampums to do the business, and begged I would assist them with something. I had saved a piece of strand, and a half barrel of powder, 100 pounds of lead, ten shirts, six knives, and one pound of vermilliiin, and gave it to them (or the afore- said use. They returned many thanks and were mightily pleased. The same day I set out for Pennsylvania, in rainy weather, and arrived at George Croghan's on the 28ih instant. CONRAD WEISER. Pennsburg,* September 29, 1748. Provincial Record Book, L. p. 420-437. Little is left on record of the first settlers within the limits of this county. This region may have been explor- ed as early as 1750, by rhristopher Gist, who had been sent out by the Ohio Company formed in 1748. *■ Cunaberlaad county, seven or eight miles east of Carlisle. HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. 617 The first settlements made west of the Allegheny mountains, in Pennsylvania, were made by some adven- turers from Maryland 1754, in the souihwestern part of this state. Previous to 1756, Westmoreland county was a wilderness inhabited by Indians, and animals of the forest. Above the year 1763 or '64, considerable settle- ments were made at Red stone (Brownsville) and Turkey foot ; and it would appear that Indiana county was soon afterwards explored. The settlers at Redstone and Turkey foot were consid- er^d intruders ; and, with a view to cause them to remove, several persons were sent by government to Red stone, in March, 176S; as appears from the following, copied from the Provincial Record, at Harrisburg. *' The first attempt at making a settlement in the limits of Indiana county, is believed to have been made in 1769, in the forks of the Coneraaugh and Black-lick. The coun- try had been explored in 1766-7, and the explorers were par- ticularly pleased with the spot on which the town of Indiana now stands. It was clear of timber or brush, and clothed in high grass — a sort of prairie. So was what is now called the marsh, near the town on the Blairsville road, though at this time a nearly impervious thicket. When settlers had commenced improvememts within a few miles of the town, they cut off the grass for the support of their cattle in winter. In making their hay they were greatly annoyed by rattle- snakes. Persons are yet living in the neighborhood, who who have seen this natural meadow with the hay cut and stacked upon it. " About the year 1771 or 1772, Fergus Moorhead and James Kelly commenced improvements near where the town of Indiana now stands. Kelly's cabin stood within the limits that now enclose his son Meek Kelly's orchard. The country around might well be termed a howling wilderness, for it was full of wolves. "So soon as the cabins were finished, each one of these adventurers betook himself at night to his castle. One morn- ing Mr. Moorhead paid a visit to his neighbor Kelly, and was surprised to find near his cabin traces of blood and tufts of human hair. Kelly was not to be found. Moorhfad, believing him to have been killed by the wolves, was cau- tiously looking about for his remains, when he discovered 618 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. him sitting by a spring, washing the blood from his hair. " He hnd Iain down in his cabin at night and fallen asleep; a wolf reached through a crack between the logs, and seized him by the heaij. This was repeated twice or thrice before he was sufficiently awakened to shift his position. The smallness of the crack and size of his head prevented the wolf from grasping so far as to have a secure hold, and that saved his life. Some time after this the two adventurers returned to Franklin county (then Cumberland) for their families On iheir return, they were joined by others. Jo- sepli M'Cartney settled near them at an early period. "The privations of such a situation can, in some degree, be measured by the difficulty of obtaining breadstuffs, and other necessaries of life of which the following is an example: — Moses Chambers was another early settler. Having ser- ved several years on board a British man-of-war, he was qualified for a life of danger and hardship. Moses continued to work on his improvement till he was told one morning that the last johnnycake was at the fire! What was to be done? There was no poi^sibility of a supply short of Conocoheague. He broke the johnnycake in two pieces, and giving one half to his wife, the partner of his perils and fortimes, he put up the other half in the lappet of his coat with thorns, and turned his horse's head to the east. There were no inns on the road in those da}s, nor a habitation west of the mountains save, perhaps, a hut or two at Fort Ligonier. The Kittan- ning path was used to Ligonier, and from thence the road made by Gen. Forbes' army. Where good pasture could be had for his horse, Moses tarried and abated. To him day ■was night, and night was day. He slept only while his horse was feeding; nor did he give rest to his body nor ease to his mind, until he returned with his sack stored with corn. *' How forcibly would the affecting story of the patriarch Jacob apply iisell to the condition of families thus circum- stanced ! Jacob said to' his sons, "Why do you look upon one another? — and he said, Beliold I have heard that there is corn in Egypt; get you down thither, and buy lor us from thence that we may live and not die." "Moses Chambers was not the only one who had to en- counter the fatigue and trouble of procuring supplies from Franklin county — all had to do so. Such was the condition of this country, and such the prospects of settlers after the peace of 17b3. HISTORY OP INDIANA COUNTY. 619 "A scarcity of provisions was one of the constant dangers of the first settlers, and, to make their course worse, there were no mills, even after they had began to raise grain. The first year some Indian corn was planted. It grew and in the form of " roastmg ears" was gladly gathered for food. I can see "in ray mnid's e}e," the hardy dame, with her home made apron of "lye color and white" pinned round her waist, stepping cautiously between the rows of corn, selecting the finest, that is to say the best, ears for dinner, ay, for breakfast and supper too. " When the grains got hard, it made good hommony. Reader didst ever eat hommony? If thou hast not, one of the good things of this world hath escaped thy notice entirely ! "About the year 1773, William Bracken built a mill near where William Clark, Esq., lately resided on Black-lick, which was a great convenience to the settlers, 'f hey mark- ed out a path, (they had never heard of railroads, canals, or even turnpikes,) by which they travelled to Bracken's mill, I see one ot them before me ; his bridle, or rather the bridle of his hoise, is of hickory bark, and he rides on a pack- saddle! " About the year 1774, Samuel Moorhead commenced building a mill on Stony Run, where Andrew Dixon's saw- mill now stands; but before it was completed, the settlers were driven off by the Indians. They fled to what was then called Sewickly Settlement. This was called Dunmore*s war; by some of the old settlers it was cal ed the civil war, but 1 don't know why. They lost their cattle and their crops. However, they returned in the fall to their im- provements, and Moorhead completed his mill. " The Indians were living on the Alegheny river at this time. They had a town called Hickorytown, another called Mahoning, also Punxatawney,(or Gnat or Mosquitoetown.) At their leisure — and they contrived to have a good deal — they stole the white men's horses, and showed s} mptoms of no doubtful character as to their feelings towards their new neighliors. *' Hy this time the disputes between the colonies and the mother country blazed out into war. The war, the most important in its effects that faithful history has ever recorded, reached even the hardy settlers of Indiana. "About 1775 or '6, a regiment or battalion of soldiers was 620 HISTORY OF INDIANA COUNTY. sent to Kittanning to build a fort for the protection of the frontiers. Tfiis drove tlie Indinns into open hostility."* The county was originally settled by liisli and German immigiants, and is now possessed by their descendants and sonie Welsh. That the present inhabitants are a moral and religious people, is already indicated by the number of churches, bible and m s^ionary societies, Sab- bath schools, common schools, and their ably conducted newspapers. The latter will not fail in comparrison with any in the state. The physical and moral means so ap- plied as they are here, will cause, under ordinarily favor- able circumstances, " the wilderness to blossom."^ • R. B. McCabe, Esq., Blairsville Record, 1833. TH£ END. APPENDIX. Note A., p. 45. — The character of the Neulacnder is fully depicted by the Rcvd. Muhlenberg, in the HaUische Nachrichten. Those whom they deceived, often imprecated the wrath of heaven upon the vile impos- lers. M. says: Sie winsein, schreien. lamentiren, und die Haende ueberdjm Kopf zusammen schlaeen, ueber den Lammer und Zer- streuung, den sie sich nicht vorgesteilet; und wie hingegen andere alle Elemente und Sacramente, ja gar alle Gewitter und schrecklich- en Einwohner der Hoellen beschwoeren und anrufen, dass sie die Neulaender, Holiaendishe Kaufherren, die sie verfuehret in unzaeh- liche Theilen zerknirschen und martern moechten u. s. w. JL p. 48. — The scheme to educate the Germans, originate with the churches of Holland ; and as early as 1751 or 1752, considerable sums of money were collectdd towards the undertaking. In England the plan was matured, and a society was formed, of which the following distinguished persons were members : the Ripht Hon. Earl of Shaftes- bury, Earl of Morton, Earl of Finlater, and Lord Willoughby, of Par- ham. Sir Luke Schaub, and Sir Joshua Van Neck, Baronets. Mr. Commission Vernon, Mr. Chilly, and Mr. Fiuddyer, Aldermen of Lon- don. John Bance, Robert Furguson, and Nathaniel Paicc, Esqrs., of London. Rev. Benjamin Avory, L. L. D., Rev. Thomas Birch, D, D., Rev. Mr. Casper Wetstein, Rev. Mr. David Thomson, and Rev. Samuel Chandler, Secretary. The scheme was managed in Pennsylvania by James Hamilton, William Allen, Richard Peters, Benjamin Franklin, Conrad Weiser, Esqrs., and Rev. William Smith, Trustees General ; and Rev. Michael Schlatter, Visitor General. C. p. 78. — A proposition for the belter securing the province of Pennsylvania from the inroads of the Indians, and finding them em- ployment at home in their own country, to prevent them from coming abroad to seek it; with some few reasons why our present situation can never be a defenceable one, against such an enemy. As the province of Pennsylvania has at present (1757) 1300 sol- diers in their pay, viz ; Col. Clapham s regiment of 400 ; Lieut. Col. Armstrong's battalion 400 ; Lieut, Col. Weiser's battalion 500. Suppose the western battalion should garrison Fort Ijiltleton (now Bedford county) and that, that fort should have always stores of all kinds sufhcient, or rather more than sufficient, for 400 men for six months, that the western battalion should have three field officers, 100 men under the command of one of the field ofiicers should always be in the fort, and the other .300 with the field officers should be perpetu- ally employed against the enemy in their own coantry, as the Colonel of the said battalion should order. It would be necessary, that there should be a constant and regular correspondence, between Col. Clapham, Lieut. Col. Armstrong and Lieut. Col. Weiser, and that they should endeavor, as far as in their power, for good intelligence. 562 APPENDIX. Each of these Colonel's should hare it in his power to employ, from time to time, and as often as they thought necessary, persons properly qualified to go into the enemy's ccuntry, in quest of intelligence, who should have equivalent rewards regularly paid, in proportion to the service they do, and the risk they run in obtaining their intelligence, (even tho' soldiers in the service) as such encouragement will cer- tainly produce good effects — which intelligence being communicated from time to time, by each to the other, there would be a great proba- bility of their judgment being right at all times, where to strike a blow to advantage. Col. Clapham's regiment should garrison I on Augusta, (now Nor- thumberland county) and that 300 men of said regiment should remain in that fort, with one field officer. I mention 300 at this place, because it is a large fort, and a place of more importance than Fort Littleton. That Col. Clapham's regiment should be augmented by drafts from the eastern battalion to 500 men, on account of 300 being left to garri- son Fort Augusta, and should have three field officers. That the re- maining 200 of this regiment, and two of the field officers, should be employed in the same manner as the western battalion. At Augusta there should always be stores for 6 months at least for 500 men. A strong fort should be built at Easlon, (Northampton county) where Lieut. Col. Weiser's battalion should be stationed, with six months stores in said fort for 400 men ; this battalion should likewise have three field otFicers. One hundred tnen and one field officer shonM be always in the fort at Easton, and ihe remaining 300 men, and two field officers of that battalion should be employed as that of Colonels ('lapham and Lieut. Col. Armstrong. If these were disposed of in this manner, the two battalions would be at the extremities of the present inhabited frontiers of this province, and the regiment in the centre, at pretty nigh equal distances from each other, and were they assiduous in the noble cause in which they are engaged, they might give seasonable intelligence to each other, which might enable one or other of them to distress the enemy; and as each of these colonels is supposed to have full power to strike the en- emy where they best can, each of the Lieut. Colonel's would have 300 men, two field officers to conduct any enterprize they thought proper to undertake, and Col. Clapham 200 men, and, if at any time they judged it most for the benefit of the service, they might unite two, or all their bodies, in which case they would have a little army of of 5 or 600 men, and four field officers; or 800 men and six field officers, which would be sufficient to find the Indians employment enough, and perhaps more than enough, in iheir own country, and prevent them Irom the fatigue^of marching into this province in quest of English, to fight. I would presume to offer a few reasons why the same«nnmber of troops (as they are at present disposed of) cannot be of the like ser- vice in defending this province. The troops, at present, are divided into small bodies, at a consider- able distance from one another, and seemingly independent of each other — they have no intercourse or connection, one with another; as for giving intelligence to each other, (which is a most material thing) it never has, as yet, I believe, been thought of; or at least, I may say with safety, it has rarely been practiced. APPENDIX. 563 The troops being disposed in companies of 50 men, each company tu garrison a fort, which forts if at any time attacked their garrisons are barely sufficient to defend them, for which reason they can be of no service to the country around them, as they cannot come to the as- sistance of the people, their garrisons being so small without exposing their fort, and if they should attempt to make a sally, and not meet with success, the consequence might be, the fort falling a prey to the enemy^ But suppose all these forts should continue in possession of the English, it would be only defending so much ground as each fort stood upon, as there is none of them that defend rivers, roads or passes, by which we could be greatly annoyed by a regular army (except Fort Augusta and Fort Littleton) as to Indians, every place is a pass to them, and we cannot pretend to stop their marches bv guarding passes. The advantages I would propose from the Fort at Easton, it would guard the river Delaware, preserve Easton from being destroyed and serve for a place of retreat to the eastern battalion, and where they could at ail times be supplied with every necessary. As our soldiers are not equal to Indians in the woods, I think it would be a great assistance to them, were they supplied with a green shirt, a green jacket, a green blanket and a green cloth cap, as the summer is the chief time of action, at which season of the year, the woods being very thick of green leaves, the Indians can conceal them- selves in time of action much better than we can ; but our being dressed in green, would be a great service to us, and would prevent, in some measure our parties Irom being discovered upon a march, which would likewise be of use. Were the disposition and clothing &c.,of the troops of this province as before mentioned, they would in some measure have the same ad- vantage over the Indians, that they have all along over us ; they could go to places where they would be certain of finding them, and in their turn lay the same snares to trapan them, that they now do for us in our country — When the Indians come to attack us in this province, it has been their general practice to proceed as follows. They come withiri a little way of that part of the inhabitants they intend to strike, and encamp in the most remote place they can find, to be quite free from discovery ; the next day, they send one, or some- times two (and so in proportion to their parts) of the nimble young fellows down into the inhabitants to different places, to view the situ- ation of the towns, the number of people at each house, the places the people most frequent, and to observe at each house, whether there are most men or women. To accomplish this they will lie about a house sonae days and nights, watching like a wolf, and seldom return to the party without carrying very particular intelligence ; then as soon as all their spies return, it is determined to march in the night in small parties of 2, 3, 4, or 5 in a party, each parly having a house allotted to them to attack — the strength of the party being calculated more than sufficient for the purpose intended — they arrive at their different desti- nations long before day, and knowing exactly the situation of the fam- ily and the number they have to engage, they make their attack about break of day, in the morning to the best advantage, and seldom fail to kill, and make prisoners the whole family. As the people know noth- ing of the matter until they are thus labrynihed, it is agreed thai the 564 APPENDIX. moment each party has executed their part, they retreat with their prisoners and scalps to the remote place of rendezvous, they left the night before ; by this moans they are instantly assembled by different roads, marching in a body from thence, directly for the Ohio all thai day, and perhaps the next night before they halt, if they arc under any apprehensions of being discovered or pursued. Perhaps at some of these houses, thus attacked, some of the people may be fortunate enough to escape; the Indians not discovering them by some accident or other, as soon as the Indiaus are gone, they alarm the forts, and country around, then a detachment from the fort with a body of the country, proposes to pursue the enemy; all, or at lea?t chief part of the day, is spent in assembling, and counselling, and at last it is con- cluded to pursue; but the Indians having eight or ten hours start of them, they return much fatigued, finding it impracticable to overtake the enemy and are obliged to put up with their loss. Upon this the chief part of ihe remaining inhabitants, most adjacent to the place where this affair happens, fly and leave their habitations, and all they have to depend upon for support for their families, and some few perhaps determine to stay by their living, choosing rather to take the chance of dying by the hand of the enemy than starve with hunger by leaving their all behind ; those must be constantly on the watch, and cannot apply themselves to any industry, but live as long as they can upon what they have already got. The Indians avoid coming nigh that place for some time, and will make their next attack in the same manner at a considerable distance from thence, where the people are secure, and not thinking much about danger; by and by, the people that fled from the first place attacked, hearing of no en- croachments in that quarter, and being obliged through necessity, will return to their habitations again, and live in their former security, as if nothing had happened ; and then it will be time, and the Indians will give them the second stroke, with as much success as the first; and in this manner have we, of the province of Pennsylvania, been embarrassed and had our limbs lopped off, andour flourishing country greatly laid waste. I introduce the method the Indians have taken to destroy us, to prove the advantage that would accrue to this province and the cause in ge- neral, of our marching into the Indian country as here proposed; but let it be observed, it would not be prudent in us to march into their country in ihe same manner as they do into ours ; that is, we should never begin a march without good intelligence, for these reasons: the Indians know our country well ; I mean, the Delawares, Shawanese, Mingoes, Munceys and Nanticokes ; we know nothing of all theirs : we are thickly settled, and continue at our settlements, and therefore more difficult to find them, and quite uncertain, but by fresh intelli- gence ; they are more hardy and can suffer more fatigue, and provide themselves belter in the woods with provisions than we can ; this may proceed from nature, or custom, or perhaps both; if from nature sole- ly, we shall never attain these necessary qualifications lor Indian fighting; but if from custom, it is to be hoped in time we shall be- come good soldiers in this way, and prove a check to this barbarous banditti. It may be thought that we can proceed, as we are at preesut situa- ted, to destroy their towns in the same manner that Lieut. Col. Arm- APPENDIX. 565 strong did the Kitlaning. This was a noble undertaking, and judici- ously executed; but to this I would answer, that this glorious enter- prize of Lieut. Armstrong's was quite an unexpected thing to the In- dians; and as they are a very cunning, indefatigable people, it will put them more upon their guard for the future ; and by our troops be- ing constantly employed amongst them at different places, at the same time, if we should be sometimes discovered, (as we undoubtedly will) and fail of an intention in one quarter, it will produce some good ef- lects in another, and by this means, thev never could know where to provide against us, which is a parallel case with us at present, and will remain so, unless we can remove the seat of war, by carrying it into the Indian country, which cannot be done by one body, unless it IS a powerful one, as we will be discovered in our march four times in five, and if discovered, and a small body, they will so counteract us, that we shall neither be able to execute our design nor retreat; and if there should be a succession of this bad fortune, it would be of very bad consequence; it would render it a difficult matter to persuade troops with success in that country. It is presumed that all the troops in the pay of the province of Penn- sylvania (to answer this purpose) are to be enlisted for life, as ail king s troops are, otherwise this end can never be attained, as they will be continually, once a year, composed of new recruits. Another bad tendency enlisting soldiers for a short time will have, that much time will be lost in recruiting, and in the interim between their being free and replacing them again by recruits (which are always esteemed inferior to old soldiers)— I say, in this interim, the province will be left quite defenceless, being entirely left without sol- diers, and should the enemy take the advantage of this, they might overrun the province without opposition, as we have no militia. When the troops are filled up again with recruits, before they pro- perly know themselves to be soldiers, the time lor which they enlisted is nigh expiring, and they grow indifferent whether they do their duty or not, if they can deceive their officers and escape punishment, their freedom engrossing more of their mind, than their duty. I hope these few thoughts will be accepted of as coming from a per- son who has nothing so much at heart as the welfare of the province of Pennsylvania. If they are of any service, it is well ; if not, let the author's zeal apologize for the attempt, and pardon his presumption. I), p. 109.— John McCullough was a native of Newcastle county, Del. When he was 5 years old his father moved to Cumberland (now' Franklin co.) owing to the hostile incursions of the Indians, his father retired with his family into York co. till 1756, when he again ventured to Cumberland. Sometime in July, John McCulloch, then a youn" lad, was taken by the Indians, and was among them for some timet E. p. 109.— The documents referred to being too long, are omitted in this place. F. p. 178.— (Omitting some 40 pages of Mss. such as letters, &c., the following is all that can be given here) : " Messrs. Hall and Sell' ers— As the affair of Frederick appears, at present, a very interesting subject, aHd I have not yet seen any proper account of it in any paper I beg, therefore, you will allow the lollowing relation of that matter^ from the beginning, a place in your next, which will oblige many, as well as, gentlemen, your humble servant. — D. 48 566 APPENDIX. Carlisle Feb. 16, 1768. On the 18th-and 19th of January, the first notice arrived here of Frederick Stump, and his men, having murdered a number of Indians within this county, and that William Blyth was gone down to inform the governor. This account came not by any express, but by a pri- vate gentleman on business of his own. It was the beginning of our court week. The magistrates in town immediately met, to consult on measures to be taken. Had the sheriff then gone, it would have great- ly impeded the public business depending at court: And as all end? might be equally answered by the coroner, with the additional service of holding an inquest on the bodies, it was concluded to send him, and a message accordingly was immediately dispatched to hira. As he lives some distance from town, and the place where he was to go ly- ing remote, so that some little preparation was requisite, it was Thurs- day before he could get off. His directions were, to take a posse with him from beyond the hills, and try to take Stump and his men, hold an inquest on the bodies, and bury the dead. On the 23d in the after- noon, the Governor's orders came up, very near the same in substance with the above, and directing the sheriff also to go, and the Chief Jus- tice's warrant, ordering the prisoners, when taken, to be sent down u Philadelphia, to be examined and dealt with as the law directs. The Sheriff, and some of the magistrates, were preparing to set off, accord- ing to the Governor's orders, but about 8 or 9 in the evening the pris- oners were brought in by Capt. Patterson, and a party, from Juniata. Next day (being Sabbath) the weather very disagreeable, a guard to be provided, and some necessary preparation to be made, rendered it impracticable for the Sheriff to set off with the prisoners before Monday ; nor had any body at this time, the least apprehension of any design to rescue them. The clause in the warrant, ordering thefti down to Philadelphia, began to be a topic of much conversation in the town. The more general, nay, almost universal sentiment was, that if they went down, they would undoubtedly be tried there, some not properly distinguishing between examination and trial ; but the grea- ter part apprehensive that an act might be made for that purpose.— On Monday morning, when the Sheriff was now nigh ready to set off, a number of respectable inhabitants of the town, with some from the country, went to Colonel Armstrong's, and warmly remonstrated against the prisoners being sent down, until the Governor's and Chief Justice's pleasures should farther be made known, and whether they insisted upon it, strenuously alledging, it was yielding up a most val- uable privilege, and setting a precedent, that might hereafter be of pernicious consequence. They were then told, as were sundry others, on the same subject, at different times, that the Chief Justice's war- rant must be obeyed ; that he had an undoubted right to call any per- sons, in such case, before him, from any part of the Province; that there was a wide difference between examination and trial ; that it was uncharitable to suspect any of the people below, while nothing illegal was yet done, of attempting to deprive us of so valuable a privilege; tha, it was at most but bare suspicion, and ought not tc prevent from present duty, but all was overbalanced by the above lc< tender jealousy of privilege, and apprehensions of a particular law b^ng made. It was also pleaded, it was not usual to have prisoners sent out ©f their proper county ; and would not be insisted on by those APPENDIX. 567 ia authority, on a representation of matters being given, and the con- fessions of the prisoners being sent down. The weather, at the same time, was very bad; creeks broke up, and waters high ; the Susque- hanna apprehended to be dangerous, and most probable impassable ; and to have had the prisoners lying by the way, would have been dis- agreeable, and might have been running some hazard. Upon the whole, therefore, it was thought most advisable, that the Sheriff should not, as yet, set off with the prisoners (tho' no determination was form- ed that they shoud not all be seat.) As the prisoners were, in conse- quence of the above result, to remain yet some time longer in this jail, the sheriff and prison-keeper requested a commitment, and were told it v/as not necessary, but this being farther insisted on, it was g'iven, not before the abo^^e remonstrating and reasoning on the case, but after it, on Monday afternoon, with a necessary clause, " until re- moved by superior authority." It was also thought expedient, by the magistrates in town, at this critical junction, to have the assistance of as many of their brethren from the county as could conveniently be had, in an affair so embarrassed, through the above mentioned gener- ally prevailing mistake ; snd notices were accordingly sent them on Tuesday and their attendance requested the next day. The hasty ap- prehension of the prisoners being Ordered to Philadelphia for trial, had spread almost beyond credibility, like an electric shock, over all the county and into adjacent counties and governments; and, unex- pectedly to all here, had occasioned a very general alarm. On the Wednesday, when the magistrates were met, an anonymous letter, that had been dropt in a porch and found by the sheriff, was brought to them, containing information, that several parties were formed and forming, to rescue the prisoners, if attempted to be sent out of the county, and shortly a parly of 40 or 50 armed men were discovered on their way to town ; but by the influence of several who met them, they were happily prevented, and prevailed on to disperse. It now began to appear, by various accounts, that were the prisoners to be'taken either by the direct road to Lancaster county, or by the way of York, or had they even been taken sooner, there was the high- est probability of a rescue, by parties secretly formed for that purpose, as soon as it was known the prisoners were to be sent to Philadelphia. The magistrates therefore fully convinced of the imminent danger at- tending the prisoners going, thuughi the most safe and prudent, that they should not be removed until the Governor and Chief Justice- were first informed how matters stood, which was accordingly done. And as there was not the least apprehension of any design against the jail >ave what appeared in the above party, and they had gone away per- fectly satisfied, no one suspected any further disturbance or danger, while the prisoners were there. But on the Friday following, January 30 (1) a party of about 60 or 70, said to be chiefly beyond the North mountain, came on the same wicked design. They sent in two of their number a little before the body, who, going into the room of the jail, called for a dram, and got it. The jailor discovering some arms on them, immediately ran to the door and shut it, but was met by three more, who bolted in armed, seized him, carried him to a different room, set a guard on him, and threatened him severely, if he should stir. Instantly after these came the whole party, who having entered the town, till then undiscovered, had, with the most violent precipiia- 568 APPENDIX. tion, hastened to the jail, placed a guard on the door, and on all within, whom they thought might molest them ; they then constrained a girl to get them the keys, lighted a candle, went down to the dungeon (tho' without crow bar, axe, or any such instruments) opened the door and brought out the prisoners. While this was transacting, the sheriff came, Colonel Armstrong, Messiuers Miller and Lyon, magistrates; the Rev. Mr. Steel, and some others of the inhabitants, had attempted to bring these infatuated people to reason, urging a conference, and that they should be satisfied in any reasonable demand. The sheriff and magistrates got in as far as the door, and some of them declared they would die before the prisoners should be taken out, not knowing what was transacting within, for in an instant the prisoners were at the door, and a cry made to clear the way. The sheriff attempted to lay hold of Stump, but was pushed ofT, and both he and the magis- trates were jostled or borne away into the street, and the prisoners carried off. The whole transaction was but a few minutes. At the extremity of the town, going out, they compelled a smith to cutoff their hand cuffs. At the instance of the sheriff and magistrates, who alledged that night, at that juncture, have more influence on this peo- ple than they could, the Rev. Messieurs Steel and Boucher, (the only clergy then in town) with some others, went after them, and overtook a few of the hindmost about a mile out of town (the body, with the prisoners, being gone off) these said that they, for their part, would agree to the prisoners being restored, on condition they were assured they should not be sent to Philadelphia. When this message was brought back, the sheriff, Col. Armstrong and Lyon, went after them, but came up with none, they having all proceeded as fast as they could on their way over the hill. On Sabbath it was agreed to raise the posse, and cross the hill, to attempt regaining the prisoners; this was accordingly done. In the temper those people were in, violent mea- sures would have instantly occasioned the shedding of blood ; the milder steps of reasoning and opening consequences were therefore pursued ; and assurances given them, that the trial of the prisoners would undoubtedly be in their proper county. This was the grand point; and I doubt not the prisoners would have been returned the next day, had not a mischievous report been carried to them just after the sheriff and his posse came away, that a party of soldiers were ready to take the prisoners to Philadelphia, as soon as delivered. — When the Governor's letter came up, in answer to one informing him of the rescue. Col. Armstrong and some others with him, went over again, and had a number of them together. They all declared their willingness to return the prisoners, but desired opportunity to con- sult others of their number, and had unluckily permitted Stump to go to see his family, on his promise of returning in a few days, tho' some alledged he was still in custody somewhere among them. Those pre- sent promised to use their best endeavors to have both the prisoners returned. This is a plain state of that unhappy affair. Some, I hear, reflect severely on the civil officers concerned it, and on the keeper of the pri- son ; but I am fully convinced, on a candid examination it will be found they acted, every man, with the greatest uprightness of heart, thai part which appeared at the time most conducive to the public good, tending to the preservation of good order, and support of govern- APPENDIX. 569 ment, and what, perhaps, even those who may blame with the great- est severity, could have thought most prudent, had they been in the situation." Carlisle, March 15, 1768. Messieurs Hall & Sellers — As several in|urious aspersions have, in the affair of Frederick Stump, been cast on my people and me, and so assiduously pro- pagated and made public, as that there novr remains no other method ot overtaking and wiping away the reproach, but by a public defence. I hope, therefore, a regard to injured innocence, will procure the fol- lowing a place in your next paper, which will much oblige many, as well as, gentlemen. Your humbie servant, Gko. Duffield. To the Public. — It gives me peculiar concern to find myself obliged to the disagreeable task of vindicating my conduct in this manner, in a matter where I thought myself secure from the attacks of malice it- self; but the gross misrepresentations of facts, which I have good rea- son to believe, have been made by some invidious pen or pens from this town, and industriously spread, lay me under the unhappy neces- sity of either sacrificing my character of those assassins, or JHstify myself to the public by a true state of facts; which latter, every man having regard to either character or usefulness, would choose. This, therefore, I hope, will sufficiently plead my excuse. I am then openly reproached, as having advised and prevailed on Col. Armstrong to op- pose the chief justice's warrant, ordering Stump and Ironcutter down to Philadelphia, and having also used influence in exciting the people that rescued the prisoners, to that riotous undertaking. As to the first .;f these, it is sufficient to observe : The prisoners were brought in on Saturday evening ; on Monday forenoon, when they were nigh ready to be sent off", a number of reputable inhabitants of the town, with some lYora the country, met and remonstrated against it, as has been repre- sented in this Gazette of the 3d inst,, and that afternoon ihe temporarv commitment of the prisoners, until removed by superior orders, was wrote. From early on Sabbath morning, until the whole was over on Monday, I was out of town, having been in course at my congregation in the country; nor saw Col. Armstrong, nor heard from him, nor sent to him, from before the prisoners came in, until the Monday evening, after 7 o'clock, he came to my house, and greatly complained of the opposition which had that day been made to sending oflTthe prisoners; vand expressed, in the strongest terms, his sentiment, that the chief justice's warrant must be obeyed, and his earnest desire of having the prisoners taken down, according to the order therein contained, and went away fully of the same mind ; only proposing to have the assist- ance of some of the magistrates from the country, in a matter where the uneasiness of the people was so general and great, which step had oeen proposed and advised to by some of the magistrates in town be- fore he came to my house; nor had I any thing farther with the colo- nel on this head, at any other time. From this true state of the fact, which I am able to prove, if requisite, it is evident, 1st. That I had no intercourse of any kind with Col. Armstrong, from before the pris- oners carne in, until the evening after they had been, in consequence of the unreasonable weather, and remonstrance of the people, prevented 48* ■ 570 APPENDIX. from being taken off, and committed as above. 2dly. That the expe- dient of having other magistrates, was not by any advice of mine, bnt proposed before I so much as saw the Col. 3dly. That Col. Armstrong was equally firm in the sentiment of obedience being due to the chief justice's warrant at his going from roy house, as he was at coming to it, and equally desirous of having it obeyed, and was the same af* terwards, as I am also able to prove. And 4thly. Asa natural conse- quence from the whole, that the author and spreader of the report, that Col. Armstrong was informed by me to disobey, or oppose the chief justice's warrant, were guilty of raising and spreading a false report. As to my having used any influence to excite those who rescued the prisoners, in that iniquitous step, I shall just observe : That week th€ prisoners were in jail, I was providentially prevented from visiting my charge; (the service I was then engaged in) this now appears a favorable circumstance, for had I been employed in executing that part of my office, the pen of detraction would, most probably, have construed it into sowing sedition from house to house: but from the time I returned home on Monday afternoon, I was no where out of my house, except at two or three neighbors in town, and saw scarce any body but my own family until Wednesday morning, when I set off, by sun up, in company with several genjiemen, for Yorktown, and did not return till Saturday afternoon, (the day after the rescue) and -can, if requisite, vindicate my character, stabbed by defamatory influence. Oh my way home, I was alarmed with the news ol the rescue. On the next day (being Sabbath) I publicly declared from the pulpit, my detestation of the fact. Early on Monday I crossed the North mountain, in company with William Lyon, Esqr., before the posse were yet gathered, and joined my best endeavors, in attempting to re- cover those infatuated people to reason ; and openly, in the presence of a large number assembled together, condemned their distracted con- duct, and urged the return of the prisoners. The next Sabbath on sub- jection to government, and that week went over again, in company with Col. Armstrong, and some other gentlemen, who went to make those people assurances from the Governor, of the prisoners being tried in their own county. These things I say not with boasting, but in self vindication, and whether this was consistent wilh having ex- cited to the fact, let the impartial world judge. I must have had a face of impudence, almost qeyond Beelzebub himself, to have encouraged first, and then acted thus, and blamed and censured, even to raising resentment of some against me, for my being so much engaged. But what innocence can secure from the impeachment of determined obloquy and reproach 1 But to attack myself alone, and attempt to stab a single character, did not suffice — Haman's malice cannot rest in aiming at Mordecai's men only; the whole nation is marked out for vengeance. The same spirit seems to have actuated these modern Hamans, in attempting to roll over the blame of rescuing the prison- ers, entirely on my people, and assert that the rescuers were all of them, or that the whole was done by the new side (as they are termed) ; this charge must have proceeded from the greatest malevolence and rancor, beyond expression ; partly in religion not having any hand, more or less, in the matter; and to attempt turning it into the chan- nel, (though I know it was early done in this place, and is perfectly agreeable to the general course some have peen steering for seve- APPENDIX. 371 ral years past) is, I am bold to say, infamous and base to the last degree, calculated only to heighten the fire of party, embroil society, both civil and religious, weaken the country, by dividing it against itself, subserve in every respect, the Prince ot Darkness, without being able of answering any one single valuable purpose. Suppose ihey had all been of my people that perpetrated the rescue, would it have been friendly, or acting the pari of christian brotherhood, to have been so eager to expose the whole body? Would it not have been imitating Edon,as recorded by Obediah ? Might it not, in such case, have been sufficient to name out the guilty persons, without attempting to board the whole society with infamy, unless they had already become infamous for such conduct? Or could any other reason be alleged for pointing out the particular society, unless to at- tempt rendering both me odious in the eyes of aU good men, even on that suspicion of their having all belonged tome? Which yet is far from being the case. A great part of the rescuers came from beyond the North mountain ; and though I detest the very idea of party in the affair, and esteem the attempting to fix it on, or roll it ofT, any one sect or party, an evidence of a wicked temper, as some of all sorts were concerned, as they happened to live in the neighborhood, or part of the country where the design was formed, and were made acquainted with it, both old side and new, Seceders, Covenanters, Church of England, and even Papists, as some of the persons concerned have declared. Yet, this I will assert, and can maintain, that as far as I have yet been able to learn the names of those found out to have been engaged, there are not more of what was formerly called the new side, than there are of what was called the old ; this I do not say, to blame or free any one particular sect or party, but merely to show it was no party matter. I have now stated this matter in a fair point of light, which I am able to maintain, and leave it to every impartial mind, what sentiment to form of the author or authors, and spreaders of such invidious mis- representations. Every good man, I am sure, must hold them in detes- tation, as parts in society, civil or religious, base incendiaries, and a nuisance in a commonwealth. And yet, odious as the character is, and however detestable the conduct, there are some of so perverse a dispo- sition, so uninfluenced by religion, and destitute of honesty, as to lurk privily for the innocent without cause, who sleep not except they have done mischief, and their sleep is taken away, unless they have attemp ted to cause some to fall. If any see proper to contradict the state of of facts here given, I desire they may do it, not in the undermining way of private whispering and suggestion, the favorite plan of base detractors, whose safely lies in concealment, and whose day is as the shadow of death, but openly in the public prints, signed with their name. Nor shall I esteem myself bound to take any notice of any thing which the author will not dare openly to avow. And if none appear, I hope the public will be so candid as to take their silence on this head, as a full, though tacit confession, of their being convin- ced, that the representations they have made, or propagated, are false and groundless. Geobge DcrriELD. ( - The Indian Me-d«-w, i. e. Conjurors, are a set of professional impos- 572 APPENDIX. lors, who, availing themselres of the superstilioas prejudices of therr people, acquire the name and reputation of men of superior knowl- edge, and possessed of supernatural powers. The Indians ascribing many of their diseases to the arts of sorcerers, ^ruches, or wizzards, these conjurors or Mc-dc-u, are called for and consolted, not only to cure the diseases of the people, with which they are afflicted in the course of nature ; but to counteract and destroy the enchantments of wizzards or witches, as in the case of Half-King, at Harris' terry, who, the credulous Indians believed, had been bewitch- ed by the French. The conjurors pretend that some disorders cannot be cured by the ^^rdinary remedies, generally employed by their common doctors. — They say that when a complaint or disease has been brought on by witchcraft, more powerful remedies must be applied, and measure? adopted to defeat the designs of the one that has bewitched the unfor- tunate sufferer. This can only be done by removing or destroying the poisonous substance which has been conveyed into the patient, or if It is an evil spirit, to confine or expel him, or banish him to a distant region. When the Me-de-u has succeeded in persuading the afflicted person that his disorder is such that ordinary remedies must fail, he then en- deavors to convince him of the necessity of enabling him, by superior strength, to drive out the spirit, the patient must make the Me-de-u ve- ry strong, that is in few words, give him a lnvgcfce, which he will sa\ , is justly due to a man, who like himself, is able to perform such dif- ticult things. If the patient is rich, the conjuror will, in such a case, always ascribe the complaint, to the powers of witchcraft — To be re- lieved, the disordered one is modestly demanded to give a fine horse, a good rifle, a considerable quantity of wampum, or goods to a hand- some amount. When his fee is well secured, he prepares, and before, for the kani task he has undertaken, with as much apparent labor, as if he wa? about to remove a mountain, he casts his eyes all around him to attract notice — appears wrapped in thought and deep meditation, and enjovs for a while, the admiration of the spectators. At last he be- gins' his operation — Frightfully dressed, he approaches his patient, with a variety of contortions and gestures, and performs by his side and all over him all the antick tricks that his imagination can sugges; He breathes on him — blows into his mouth — squirts some medicines which he has prepared, into his face, moulh and nose — he rattles hi" gourd filled with dry beans andpebbles' — pulls out and handles abou. a variety of sticks and bundles in which he appears to be seeking I'oi the proper remedy ; all which is accompanied with the most horn' gesticulations, by which he endeavors, as he says, to frighten th* spirit or the disorder away, and continues in this manner until he i^ quite exhausted and out of breath, when he retires to wait the issu*-. If the patient desires it, the visits are repeated from time to tin:r not however, without his giving a fresh fee previous to each visii.— This continues until the property of the patient is entirely exhausted, or until he resolves on calling in another doctor, with whom feelini; must begin anew in the same manner that it did with his predecessor. H.p. 264. — Tecdyuscung. This notorious Indian chief, was a conspi- cuous character. His conduct on many occasions was impolitic, an.' APPENDIX. 573 consequently irritated to the utmost the spirited nation of the Dela- wares ; and was surrounded by enemies — his fate was destined — ia 1763 he was burned with his house while lying in his bed asleep. Col. Clapham's Instructions to Capt. Hambright, commander of a de- tachment from Col. Clapham's Regiment, given at Fort Augusta, Nov. 4, 1756. Sir : — You are to march with a party of two sergeants, two corporals, and thirty-eight private men under your command, to attack, burn and destroy an Indian town or towns with their inhabitants on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, to which Monsieur Montour will conduct you, whose advice you are directed to pursue. In every case you are to attack the town agreeable to the plan and disposition here- with given you, observing to intermix the men with bayonets equally among the three parlies in the attack ; and if any Indians are found there, you are to kill, scalp and captivate as many as you can ; and if no Indians are there, you are to endeavor to act in such a manner and with such caution, as to prevent the discovery of your having been there, by any party that may shortly arrive after you, for which reason you are strictly forbidden to burn, take away, destroy or meddle with any thing found at such places; and immediately dispatch Monsieur Montour with one or two more to me, with intelligence. When you come near a place of action, you are to detach Monsieur Montour with as many men as he shall judge necessary to reconnoitre the parts, and to wait in concealment in the mean time with your whole party till his return ; then to form your measures accordingly. After having burnt and destroyed the town, you are in your, retreat to post an officer and twelve men in ambush, close by the wood side, at the most convenient place for such purpose which may offer, at about 12 miles distance from the place of action, who are to surprise and cut off any party who may attempt to pursue, or happen to be engaged in hunting there- abouts, and at the same time, secure the retreat of your main body. It is very probable on these moonlight nights you will find them en- gaged in dancing, in which case, embrace that opportunity by all means, of attacking them, which you are not to attempt at a greater distance than 20 or 2.5 yards ; and be particularly careful to prevent the escape of women and children, whose lives, humanity will direct, to preserve as much as possible. If it does not happen that you find them dancing, the attack is to be made in the morning, just at such a season when you have light enough to execute it, in which attempt, your party is to march to the several houses, and bursling open the doors, to rush in at once. Let the signal for the general attack, be the discharge of one firelock, in the centre division. It there are no Indians al the several towns, you are, in such a case, to proceed with the utmost caution and vigilance, to the road which leads to Fort Du Quesne, there to lie in ambush, and to intercept their march to, or from the English settlements; and there to remain, with that design, till the wantof provisions obliges you to return. I wish you all imaginable success, of which, the opinion I have of yourself, the officers and party under your command, leaves me no room to write. I am, sir, &c. WiLtiAM Clapham. P. S. You will not omit to post the sergeant with a party on the op- posite side of the river during the attack, according to direction, to 574 APPENDIX. prevent the enemy from escaping that way, and to reserve one half of your force. «'^-/'.— There was a conference held with the Indians at Mr. George Croghan's in Pennsboro township, Thursday, May 17, 1750— Present, Kichard Peters, Secretary ; Com ad VVeiser, Jame^s Galbreath, George Croghau, George Stevenson, William Wilson and Hermanns Alricks, Esqrs. — Andrew Montour, Jac-nech-doaris, Sai-nch-to-wano, Catara- dirha, Tohonady Hunlho, a Mohock from Ohio. The object of this conference was to conciliate the Indians, and give them assurances that those who intruded upon their lands on Juniata should be removed without any further delay. Another conference was held at the same place, Thursday June 7lh 1750 — Present, Richard Peters, George Croghan, Matthew Dill, Her- manus Alricks, William 'I'rent, George Stevenson, Esqrs. — Andrew Montour. Ca-na-ja-cha-nah, alias, Broken-Kettle, Hatch in-hatta, Ca- dre-dan-hin-nut, chiets in the Seneca Nation, settled on Ohio. A'. — A meeting of the Commissioners and Indians, at Carlisle, Oct. 1st, 1753. Present— Richard Peters, Isaac Norris, and Benjamin Franklin, Commissioners. The Deputies of the Six Nations, Delawares, Shawanese, Twight- wees and Owendots. Conrad Weiser and Andrew Montour, Interpreters. James Wright, John Armstrong, Esq. members of the Assembly. The Magistrates & several other gentlemen and freeholders of the county of Cumberland. The speech of the Commissioners: Brethren, the Six Nations, Delawares, Shawanese, Twightwees & Owendots : Though the city of Philadelphia is the place where all In- dians should go, who have business to transact with this government, yet your request, signified to Col. Fairfax, at Winchester, and by hun communicated to the Governor, by an express to Philadelphia, he has been pleased on this particular occasion to dispense with your coming iliere, and has done us the honor to depute us to receive and treat with you at this Town, in his place and stead ; this is set forth in his commission, which we now produce you, under ths Great Seal of this Province, the authentic sign and testimony of all acts of Government. BreShren — By this string we acquaint you, that the Six Nations do at our request, join with us in condoling the losses you have of late sustained by the deaths of several of your chiefs and principal men, and that Scarrooyady is to deliver for both what has been agreed to be said on this melancholy occasion. Then the Commissioners gave a string of wampum. The Scarrooyady spoke as follows : Brethren — the Twighiwees and Shawanese — It has pleased him who is above, that we shall meet here to day and see one another. I and Bro- ther Onas join together to speak to you. As we know your seats at home are bloody, we wipe away the blood, and set your seats in order at your council fire, that you may set and consult again in peace and comfort as formerly, that you may hold the ancient union, and streng- then it and continue you your old friendly correspondence. Here a string was given. Brethren — Twightwees and Shawanese — We suppose that the blood IS now washed otf. We jointly, with our Brother Onas, dig a grave for your warriors, killed in your country; and we bury their bones APPENDIX. 575 decently ; wrapping them up. in these blankets ; and with these we cover their graves. Here the goods were given to the Twighlwees and Shawanese. Brethren — Twightwees and Shawanese — I and my brother Onas, jointly condole with the chiefs of your towns, yonr women and chil- dren, for the loss you have sustained; we partake of your grief, and mix our tears with yours ; we wipe your tears from your eyes that you may see the sun, and that every thing may become clear and pleasant to your sight; and we desire you shall mourn no more. — Here a belt was given. The same was said to the Delawares. And then he spoke to the Owendots in these words : Our children and brethren, the Owendots — You have heard what I and my brother Onas have jointly said to the Twightwees, Shawanese and Delawares. We now come to speak to you. We are informed that your good old wise men are all dead, and you have no more left. We must let you know, that there was a friendship established by you and your grandfathers ; and a mutual council fire was kindled. — In this friendship all those then under the ground, who had not yei obtained eyes and faces (that is thosp unborn) were included; and it was then mutually promised to tell the same to their children, and children's children. But so many great men of your nation have died in so short a time, that none but youths are left ; and this makes us afraid, lest that treaty so solemnly established by your ancestors, shoud be forgotten by you : We therefore now come to remind you of it, and renew it : We rekindle the old fire, and you put on fresh fuel. — Here a string of wampum was given. The other speeches of burying the dead &c. were the same as those to the Twightwees &c. After each had been spoken to, Scarrooyady proceeded thus : Brethren, Delawares, Shawanese, Twightwees and Owendots : — Wf the English and Six Nations, do now exhort every one of you to do your utmost to preserve this union and friendship, which has so long and hap- pily continued amongst us. Let us keep the chain from rusting, and pre- vent every thing that may hurt or break it, from what quarter soever it. may come. ■ Then the goods allotted for each nation, as a presence of condolence were taken away by each ; and the council adjourned to the next day. (October 2d 1753 — Same persons present that were the day before.) The speech of the Commissioners. Brethren, Six Nations, Delawares, Shawanese, Twightwees and Owendots — Now that your hearts are eased of grief, and we behold one another with cheerful countenances, we let you know that the governor and the good people of Pennsylvania, did not send us to receive you empty handed, but put something into our pockets to be given to such as would favor us with this friendly visit. The goods, therefore, we re- quest you would accept of, and divide amongst all that are of your company, in such proportions as shall be agreeable to you. You know how to do this better than we. What we principally desire, is, that yon will consider this present as a token of our esteem for you, and use it with a frugality becoming your circumstances, which call at this time for more than ordinary care. Brethren — Wkh pleasure we behold here the Deputies of 5 different 576 APPENDIX. Nations, viz : the United Six Nations, the Delawares, the Shawanesc, the Twightwees and Owendots. Be pleased to cast your eyes towards this belt, whereon six figures are delineated, holding one another by the hands. This is a just resemblance of our present Union. The five first figures representing the Five Nations to which you belong, as the sixth does the government of Pennsyivania.with whom you are linked in a close and friendly union. In whatever part the belt is broke, all the wampum runs olTand renders the whole of no strength or consist- ency. In the like manner, should you break faith with one another, or with this government, the union is dissolved. We would hereby place before you the necessity of preserving your faith entire to one another, as well as to this government. Do not separate. Do not part on any score. Let no diflferences nor jealousies subsist a moment between Nation and Nation ; but join altogether as one man, sincere- ly and heartily. We, on our part, shall always perform our engage- ments to every one of you. In testimony whereof, we present you with this belt. Here the belt was given. Brethren — We have only rhis one thing further to say at this time. Whatever you answers you may have to give, or business to transact with us, we desire you would use dispatch, as it may be dangerous lo you, and incommodious to us, to be kept long from our homes at this season of the year. Oct 3, 1753 — same persons present. Scarrooyadv speaker : Brother Onas — What we have now to say, I am going to speak in behalf of the Twightwees, Shawanase, Delawares and Owendots. You have, like a true and affectionate brother, comforted us in our alfliction. You have wiped awaj' the blood from our seats, and set them again in order. You have wrapped up the bones of our warri- ors, and covered the graves of our wise men ; and wiped the tears from our eyes, and the eyes of our women and children ; so that we now see the sun, and all things have become pleasant to our sight. We shall not fail acquaint our several Nations with your kindness. We shall take care that it be always remembered by us ; and believe it will be attended with suitable returns of love and affection. Then one of the Twightwees stood up and spoke as follows (Scar- rooyady, interpreter.) Brother Onas: The Ottowas, Cheepaways and the French have struck us. The stroke was heavy and hard to be borne, for thereby we lost our King and several of our warriors, but the loss, our brethren, the Eng- lish suffered, we grieve for most. The love we have had for the Eng- lish, from our first knowledge of them, still continues in our breasts; and we shall ever retain the same ardent affection for them. We cover the graves of the English with this beaver blanket. We mourn for them more than for our own people. Here he spread on the floor some beaver skins, sewed together in the form of a large blanket. Then Scarrooyady spoke as follows : Brother Onas — I speak now on behalf of all the Indians present, jn answer to what you said when you gave us the goods and belt. What you have said to us yesterday is very kind, and pleases us exceedingly. The spee-h which accompanied the belt, is particularly of great mo- ment. We will take the belt home to Ohio, where there is a greater and APPENDIX. 577 wiser council than we, and consider it, and return you a full answer. We return you thanks for the present. Gave a string. Brother Onas — Last spring when you heard of the march of the French army you were so good as to send us word, that we might be on our guard. We thank you for this friendly notice. Brother Onas — Your people not only trade with us in our towns, but disperse themselves over a large and wide extended country, in which reside many nations. At one end live the Twighlwees, and at the other end the Caghnawagas and Adirondacks, these you must comprehend in your chain of friendship; they are and will be, your brethren, let Onontio say what he will. Gave a string. Brother Onas — I desire you would hear and take notice of what I am about to say to you now. The Governor of Virginia desired leave to build a strong house on Ohio, which came to the cars of the Gover- nor of Canada, and we suppose this caused him to invade our coun- try. We do not know his intent, because he speaks with two tongues. So soon as we know his heart, we shall be able to know what to do, and shall speak accordingly to him. We desire that Pennsylvania & Virginia would, at present, forbear settling our lands over the Alle- gheny hills. We advise you rather to call your people back on this side the hills, lest damage should be done, and you think it ill of us. But to keep up our correspondence with our Brother Onas, we will appoint some place on the hills, or near them, and we do appoint George Croghan on our part, and desire you to appoint another on your part, by a formal writing under the governor's hand. Let none of your people settle beyond where they are now, nor on the Juniata lands, till the affair is settled between us and the French. At present, George Croghan's house at Juniata, may be the place where any thing may be sent to us. We desire a commission may be given to the person entrusted by the government of Pennsylvania, and that he may be directed to warn people from settling the Indian lands, and empowered to remove them. Gave a belt and string. Brother Onas — All we who are here desire you will hear what we are going to say, and regard it as a matter of moment. The French look on the great number of traders at Ohio with envy ; they fear they shall lose their trade. You have more traders than necessary, and they spread themselves over wide country, at such great distan- ces, that we cannot see them or protect them. We desire you will call back the great number of your traders, and let only three sets remain ; and order these to stay in three places, which we have ap- pointed for their residence, viz: Ijogstown, the mouth of Canawa and the mouth of Mohongialo; the Indians will then come to them, and buy their goods in these places, and no where else. We shall likewise look on them under our care, and shall be accountable for them. We have settled this point with Virginia in the same man- ner. Gave a string. Brother Onas — The English goods are sold at too dear a rate to us. If only honest and sober men were to deal with us, we think they might afford the goods cheaper. We desire therefore that you will take effec- tual care hereafter, that none but such be suffered to come out to trade with us. — Gave a string. Brother Onas — Your traders now bring scarce any thing but rum and flour. They bring little powder and lead, or other valuable goods. — 49 578 APPENDIX. The rum ruins us. We beg you would prevent its coming in such quantities, by regulating the traders. We never understood the trade ■was to be for whiskey and flour. We desire that it may be forbidden, and none sold in the Indian country ; but that if the Indians will have any, they may go among the inhabitants and deal with them for it. — When these whiskey traders come, they bring thirty or forty cags, and put them down before us, and make us drink ; and get all the skins that should go to pay the debts we have contracted, for goods bought of the Fair traders ; and by this means, we not only ruin ourselves but them too. These wicked whiskey sellers, when they have once the Indians in liquor, make them sell their very clothes from their backs. In short, if this practice be continued, we must be inevitably ruined. We most earnestly therefore beseech you to remedy it. — A treble string. Brother Onas — I have now done with generals ; but have something to say for particular Nations. The Shawanese have heard some news since they came here, which troubled their minds; on which they addressed themselves to their grand fathers, the Delawares, and said, Grandfathers, we will live and die with you and the Six Nations : We, our wives, our children, and children yet unborn. N. B. This was occasioned by Conrad Weiser's having told them in private conversation, that while he was in the Mohock country, he was informed that the French intended lo drive away the Shawanese (as well as the English) from Ohio. Scarrooyady then proceeded, and said, I have something farther to say on behalf of the Shawanese. Brother Onas — At the beginning of the summer, when the news was brought to us, of the approach of the French, the Shawanese made this speech to their uncles, the Delawares, saying, " Uncles, you have often told us, that we were a sensible and discreet people ; but we lost all our senses and wit when we slipped out of your arms ; however we are now in one another's arms again, and hope we shall slip out no more. We remember, and are returned to our former friendship, and hope it will always continue. In testimony whereof, we give you, our uncles, a string of ten rows." The Shawanese likewise, at the same time, sent a speech to the Six Nations saying, "Our Brethren, the English, have treated us as a peo- ple that had wit: the French deceived us: but we now turn our heads about, and are perpetually looking to the country of the Six Nations and our Brethren, the English, and desire you to make an apology for us ; and they gave right strings of wampum." The Delawares and Sis Nations do therefore give up these strings to Onas, and recom- mend the Shawanese to him as a people who have seen their error, and are their and our very good friends. — Gave eight strings. Brother Onas — Before I finish, I must tell you, we all earnestlj' re- quest you will please to lay all our present transactions before the council of Onondago, that they may know we do nothing in the dark. They may perhaps think of us, as if we did not know what we were doing, or wanted to conceal from them what we do with our brethren ; but it is otherwise, and therefore make them acquainted with all our proceedings. This is what we have likewise desired of the Virginians when we treated with them at Winchester. Brother Onas — I forgot something which I must now say to you ; it APPENDIX. 579 is to desire you would assist us with some horses to carry our goods ; because you have given us more than we can carry ourselves. Onr women and young people present you with this bundle of skins, desir- ing some spirits to make them cheerful in their own country — not to drink here. Presented a bundle of skins. Then he added — The Twightwees intended saying something to you, but they have mislaid some strings, which has put their speeches into disorder ; these they will recti/y, and speak to you in the after- noon. Then the Indians withdrew. Afternoon — The Twightwees speak by Andrew Montour. Brother Onas — Hearken what I have to say to the Six Nations, Del- wares, Shawanese and English. The French have struck us ; but though we are hurt, it is but one side; the other side is safe. Our arm on that side is entire ; and with it we have laid hold on our pipe, and have brought it along with us, to show that it is as good as ever. And we shall leave it with you, that it may be always ready for us and our brethren to smoke in when we meet together. Here he delivered over the calumet, decorated with fine feathers. Brother Onas — We have a single heart. We have but one heart. Our heart is green, and good, and sound. This shell, painted green on its hollow side, is a resemblance of it. The country beyond us, towards the setting of the sun, where the French live, is all in darkness; we can see no light there. But to- wards sun rising, where the English live, we see light; and that is the way we turn our faces. Consider us as your fast friends, and good Brethren. - Here he delivered a large shell, painted green on the concave side, with a string of wampum tied to it. Brother Onas — This belt of wampum was formerly given to the king of the Piankashas, one of our tribes, by the Six Nations ; that if at any time any of our people should be killed, or any attack made on them by their enemies, this belt should be sent with the news, and the Six Nations would believe it. The Twightwees, when they brought this belt to the Lower Shawa- nese town, addressed themselves to the Shawanese, Six Nations, Dela- wares, and then on the English, and said — Brethren, we are an unhappy people : we have had some of our brethren, the English, killed and taken prisoners in our towns. Per- haps our brethren, the English, may think or be told that we were the cause of their death ; we therefore apply to you, the Shawanese, &c. to assure the English we were not. The attack was so sudden, that it was not in our power to save them. And we hope, when you deliver this to the English, they will not be prejudiced against us but look upon us as their Brethren. Our hearts are good towards them. — A large belt of fourteen rows. Brethren — One of our kings on his death bed, delivered to his son, the young boy, who sits next to me, these eight strigs of wampum, and told him, " child, I am in friendship with the Shawanese, Delawares, Six Nations and English ; and I desire you, if by any misfortune I should happen to die, or be killed by my enemies, you would send this string to them, and they will receive you in friendship in my stead." — Delivery the strings. 580 APPENDIX. The following is a speech of the wife of the Piankasha King, after her husband's dealh, addressed to the Shawanese, Six Nations, Dela- wares and English : " Remember, Brethren, that my husband took a fast hold of the chain of friendship subsisting between your Naiions: therefore I now deliver up this child into your care and protection, and desire you would take care of him ; and remember the alliance his father was in with you, and not forget his friendship, but continue kind to this child." — Gave four strings black and white. Brethren, Shawanese, Delawares, Six Nations and English — We ac- quaint all our Brethren, that we have prepared this beaver blanket as a seat for all our brethren to set on in council. In the middle of it we have painted a green circle, which is the colour and resemblance ot our hearts, which we desire our brethren may believe are sincere to- wards our alliance with them. — Delivered a beaver blanket. Then Scarrooyady siood up and said : Brother Onas — The Shawanese and Delawares delivered this speech lo the Six Naiions, and desired they would deliver it to the English, and now I deliver it on their behalf. Brethren — We acquaint you, that as the wife of Piankasha King de- livered his child to all the Nations to be taken care of, they desire that those Nations may be interceded with, to take care that the said child may be placed in his father's seat, when he comes to be a man, to rule their people. And the Six Nations now in behalf of the whole, request that this petition may not be forgotten by the English, but that they would see the request fulfilled. — Gave four strings. Then Scarrooyady desired the Six Nations Council might be made acquainted with all these speeches: and added that they had no more to say ; but what they have said is from their hearts. Oct. 4 — Same persons present. The commissioners, unwilling to lose any time, prepared their an- swers early this morning, and sent for the Indians, who having seated themselves, the following was made to them : Brethren : Six Nations, Delawares, Shawanese, Twightwees and Owendots — The several matters delivered by you, yesterday, have been well considered, and we are now going to return you our an- swers. The concern expressed by the Twightwees for the death and the imprisonment of the English, with their professions of love and es- teem, denotes sincere and friendly disposition, which entitles them to our thanks, and the continuance of our friendship — this they may cer- tainly depend upon. Brethren — You have recommended to us the several Nations, who, you say, live in that great extent of country, over which our traders travel to dispose of their goods, and especially the Twightwees, Adi- rondacks and Caghnawagas, who, you say, live at different extremi- ties, and have good inclinaticn towards the English. We believe you would not give them this character unless they deserved it. Your re- commendation will always have a weight with us, and will dispose us in favor of them, agreeable to your request. Brethren — The several articles which contain your observations on the Indian trades, and the loose, straggling manner in which that trade is carried on, through countries lying at great distances from your towns — Your proposals to remedy this, by having named three places APPENDIX. 581 for the traders to reside in, under your care and protection, with a re- quest that the Province would appoint the particular persons to be concerned in this trade, for whom they will be answerable. What you say about the vast quantities ot rum, and its ill effects, and that no more may be brought amongst you, all these have made a strong im- pression upon our minds ; and was it now in our power to rectify these disorders, and put matters on the fooling you propose, we would do it with great pleasure ; but these are affairs which more immedi- ately concern government ; in these, therefore, we shall imitate your example, by laying them before the governor, assuring you, that our heartiest representations of the necessity of these regulations shall not be wanting, being convinced, that unless something effectual be speedily done in these mailers, the good people of this Province can no longer expect satety or profit in their commerce, nor the continu- ance of your affection. Brethren — We will send an account to Onondago of all that has been transacted between us. We will assist you with horses for the carriage of the goods given you. We grant your women and young men their request lor rum, on condition that it be not delivered until you shall have passed the mountains. Scarrooyady some days ago desired us to give orders for th*" mend- ing of your guns, &c. and we did so ; being obliged to send for a gun- smith out of the country, as no one of that trade lived in the town ; who promised to come; but having broke his word, it has not been in our power to comply with this request — Here the siring given wiih the request was returned. Having delivered our general answer, we shall now proceed to give you one to what was said by particular nations, as well by the Shawa- nese in the forenooa, as by the Twightwees in the afternoon. Brethren — Delawares and Shawanese — We are glad to see you in such good dispositions to each other. We entreat you to do every thing you can to preserve the continuance of ihis agreeable harmony. The Shawanese may be assured we retain no manner of remembrance of their former miscarriages. We are perfectly reconciled, and our esteem for their nation is the same as ever. Gave a large string. Brethren Twightwees — We shall take your several presents, shells, strings, beaver blankets and calumet pipe, with us, and deliver them to the governor; that these, and the several things said at the delivery of ihem, may remain in the council chamber, at Philadelphia, for our mutual use and remembrance, whenever it shall please the Great Be- ing who sits above, to bring us together in council again. Gave a long sKing. Brethren — We desire you will send these two strouds to the young King, as an acknowledgment of our affectionate remembrance of his father's love to us, and our good will to him. Be pleased to present to the widow of Piankasha King, our late hearty friend, these handker- chiefs to wipe the tears from her eyes ; and I likewise give her son these two strouds to clothe him. Here two handkerchiefs and two strouds were given. Brethren Twightwees — We assure you, we entertain no hard tho'ts of you, nor in any wise impute to you the misfortune that befel the Eiiglish in your town ; it was the chance of war : We were struck to- 49* 582 APPENDIX. gether ; we fell together ; and we lament your loss equally with our own. Brethren — Six Nations, Delawares, Shawanese, Twightwees and Owendots — We have finished our answers ; and we hope they will be agreeable to you. Whatever we have said, has been said with a hearty good will towards you ; our hearts have answered our professions, and you will always find our answers agreeable to them. Then the commissioners were silent; and after a space of time, re- newed their speeches to them. Brethren — Six Nations, Delawares, Shawa7tese, Twightwees Sf Owendot& — We have something to say to you, to which we entreat you will give your closest attention, since it concerns us and you very much. Brethren — We have held a council on the present situation of your afiairs. We have reason to think, from the advices of Taaf and Cal- lender, that it would be too great a risque, considering ;he present dis- order things are in at Ohio, to increase the quantity of goods already given you : we therefore acquaint you, that, though the Governor has furnished us with a larger present of goods, lo put in your public store house, as a general stock, for your support and service, and we did intend to have sent them along with you ; we have, on this late disa- greeable piece of news, altered our minds, and determined, that the goods shall not be delivered till the governor be made acquainted with your present circumstances, and shall give his own orders for the dis- posal of them ; and, that they may be ready for your use, lo be appli- ed for, whenever the delivery may be safe, seasonable, and likely to do you most service ; we have committed them to the care of your good friend, George Croghan, who is to transmit to the governor by express, a true and faithful account how your matters are likely to turn out; and on the governor's order, and not otherwise, to put you in the possession of them. This we hope you will think a prudent caution, and a testimony of our care for your real good and welfare. Brethren — We have a favor of a particular nature to request from your speaker, Scarrooyady, in which we expect your concurrence and joint interest ; and therefore make it to him in your presence. Here the Commissioners, applying to Scarrooyady, spoke as follows: Respected Chief and Scarrooyady — We have been informed by An- drew Montour and George Croghan, that you did at Winchester, in public council, undertake to go to Carolina, to solicit the release of some warriors of the Shawanese Nation, who are said to be detained in the public prison of Charleston, on account of some mischief com- mitted by them, or their companions, in the inhabited part of that pro- vince ; and these two persons, who are your very good friends, have given it as their opinion, if, after you know what has passed at Ohio, you shall now leave this company of Indians, and not return with them to their families, and assist in the consultations with the Half- King, and their other chiefs, what measures to take in this unhappy situation of your affairs, all may be irrecoverably lost at Allegheny, and the loss, with justice, be laid at your doors. You may, perhaps, be afraid to disoblige the Shawanese, as ii was at their instance you undertook this journey ; but we intend to speak to them, and have no doubt of obtaining their consent ; convinced as we are, that the re- lease of these prisoners will be sooner and more effectually procured, APPENDIX. 583 by the joint interposition of the Governor of Pennsylvania and Vir* ginia, than by your personal solicitation, inasmuch as our governor, to whom we shall very heartily recommend this affair, can send with greater dispatch, his letters to Carolina, than yon can perform the jour- ney ; for at this season, opportunities present every day of sending by sea to Charleston ; and an express by land may be dispatched to Gov- ernor Dinwiddie as soon as we return to Philadelphia. The Shawanese chiefs expressing dissatisfaction at this endeavor of the commissioners to stop Scarrooyady, it gave us some trouble to satisfy them and obtain their consent; but at last it was effected, and when this was signified to Scarrooyady, he made this answer: Brother Onas — I will take your advice, and not go to Virginia at this time ; but go home, and do every thing in my power for the com- mon good: and, since we are here now together, with a great deal of pleasure, I must acquaint you, that we have set a horn on Andrew Montour's head, and you may believe what he says to be true, be- tween the Six Nations and you. .They have made him one of their counsellors, and a great man among them, and love him dearly. Scarrooyady gave a large belt to Andrew Montour, and the commis- sioners agreed to it. After this difliculty was got over, nothing else remained to be done ; and as the absence of these Indians was dangerous, the commissioners put an end to the treaty, and took their leave of them, making them private presents at parting, to such of the chiefs, and others, as were recommended by the interpreters to their particular notice. The letter of Taaf and Callender, referred to ifl the above report, was read and ordered to be entered. September 28th, 1654, Shawanese cabins. Sir — This day met with Joseph Nelson, coming from Ohio, and bro't the news, which I believe to be true; which I am sorry for of the French coming down and all the English have to move off the river Ohio, and have brought their goods with them. The Half-King went to the French fort to know what was the reason of their coming to set- tle the lands of Ohio. The commander told him the land was theirs, and discharged him home, and told him he was an old woman, and all his Nation were in his favor, only him, and if he did not go home he would put him in irons. He came home and told the English to go off the place, for fear they should be hurt — with tears in his eyes. Sir — We are on our journey to the river, to see the Half-King, and to talk to him; but durst not take our goods over the hill. Pray, sir, keep this news from our wives, but let Mr. Peters know of it, as we understand he is to be in Carlisle. We remain your friends, &c. Callsitdeb & Taaf. To Wm. Buchanan. L.p.259 — At a council held at Carlisle, Tuesday 13th, January 1756 — Present: the Hon. Robert Hunter Morris, Esq., Lieut. Governor; James Hamilton, William Logan, Richard Peters, Esq., and Joseph Fox, Esq. Mr. Croghan not coming till Sunday, and no more than 7 Indians yesterday, he was sent for and asked the reasons of this de- lay, and why no more Indians were come ; and in answer said : he 584 APPENDIX. was employed in raising men and building forts, according to his in- structions at Philadelphia, that he was at Kishycoquillas when the let- ter was delivered to him, that the Indians were mostly gone a hunting, and he expected as many more at least as were there, to come in a day or two. Mr. Weiser was then sent for, and it was taken into consideration what should be said to the Indians. Mr. Croghan informed the Governor and Council, that he had sent a Delaware Indian called Jo Hickman to the Ohio for intelligence, who returned to his house the day before he came away, and brought him the following account, namely : That he went to Kittanning, an Indian Delaware town on the Ohio. 40 miles above Fort Du Quesne, the residence of Shingas and Captain Jacobs, were he found 140 men, chiefly Delawares and Shawaiiese, who had then with them, above 100 English prisoners, big and little, taken from Virginia and Pennsylvania. That then the Beaver, brother of-Shingas, told him that the governor of Fort Du Quesne had often offered the French Hatchet to the Shaw- anese & Delawares, who had as often refused it, declaring they woulJ do as they should be advised by the Six Nations, but that in April or May last, a party of Six Nation Warriors in company wiih some Caghnawagos and Adirondacks called at the French fort in their going to war against the Southern Indians, and on these the governer of Fort Du Quesne prevailed to offer the French haichet to the Delawares and Shawanese, who received it from them, and went directly against Virginia. That neither Beaver nor several others of the Shawanese and Dela- wares approved of this measure, nor had taken up the hatchet, and the Beaver believed some of those who had were sorry for what they had done, and would be glad to make up matters with the English. That from Kiitanning he went to Logstown, where he found about 100 Indians and 30 English prisoners, taken by the Shawanese, living at the Lower Shawanese town, from the Western frontier of Virginia, and sent up to Logstown. He was told the same thing by these Shaw- anese that the Beaver had told him before, respecting their striking the English, by the advice of some of the Six Nations ; and further, he was informed, that the French had solicited them to sell the English prisoners ; which they had refused, declaring they would not dispose of them until they should receive advice from the Six Nations what to do with them. That there are more or less of the Six Nations living with the Shaw- anese and Delawares in their towns, and these always accompanied them in their excursions upon the English, and took part with them in their war. That when at Logstmon, which is near Fort Du Quesne, on the opposite side of the river, he intended to have gone there to see what the French were doing in that Fort, but could not cross the river for the driving of the ice ; he was however informed, that the number of the French did not exceed 400. That he returned to Kittaning and there learnt that ten Delawares were gone to the Susquehanna, and as he supposed, to persuade those Indians to strike the English, who might perhaps be concerned in the mischief lately done in the county of Northampton. Mr. Croghan said he was well assured, by accounts given him bjr APPENDIX. 585 other Indians, that the Delawares and Shawanese acted in this hostile measure, by the advice anfl concurrence of the 3ii Nations, and that such as those as lived in ihe Delaware towns, went along with them, and took part in their incursions. And further, that a party of ihe Six Nations had brought some of the Cherokees from their country and settled them on the Ohio at Kcntucke river about one hundred miles below the Lower Shawanese town, where they were now living. Mr. Croghan was asked, why the Delaware he sent to Ohio did not conae with the other Indians, and he said that he had undertaken to carry a message from one of his relations, whom he saw on the Ohio to some of his friends on the Susquehanna, and was gone upon that errand. He likewise said that the White Mingos and several other Indians were on hunting, and he had sent for them, and he hoped they would come, but he must inform the commissioners that great differ- ences had arisen between the White Mingo and the Belt about a suc- cessor to Tanachrisson, that they were in great heats, and perhaps about, and if any thing hindered the While Mingo from coming, it would be hearing that the Belt was already at Carlisle. It was then taken into consideration what should be said to the In- dians, and in substance agreed to. Mr. Hamilton being in November last at Harris', and finding the people collected here in the utmost confusion, and in continual fear of being fallen upon by a large body of French and Indians who were said by Scarrooyady and Montour to have passed the Allegheny Hills in their march towards this province, promised Aroas, an Indian of the Six Nations, then at Harris', called in English, Silver Heels, a handsome reward if he would undertake to go along to the east side of the Suequehanna as far as to Shamokin and Nessopecka to observe, what was doing by the Indians there, and return with the intelligence, and he accordingly went, and not having received any consideration for his journey he was called in, and desired to relate what he found doing by the Indians, and he gave this account. That he found no Indians at Shamokin, and therefore proceeded higher up Susquehanna, as far as Nescopecka, where he saw 140 In- dians all warriors, that they were dancing the war dance, expressed great bitterness against the English, and were preparing for an expe- dition against them, and he thought would go to the eastward. He did not stay with them, finding them in this disposition, but went to the house of an uncle of his at a little distance from Nescopecka, between that and Wyoming, who told him the Dalfiwares and Shawanese on the Ohio were persua led by the French to strike the English, and had put the hatchet into the hands of the Susquehanna Indians, a great many of whom had taken it greedily, and there was no persuadinsj them to the contrary, and that they would do abundance of mischief to the people of Pennsylvania, against whom they were preparing to go to war. N. B. After this Silver Heels desired a private conversation with Mr. Weiser, and in it assured him that the Delawares and Shawanese had acted entirely on their head and by the instigation of the French, and that the Six Nations neither knew any thing of or would approve their proceeding, and earnestly intreated him to believe him this to be certainly true. At a council held at Carlisle, Thursday, 15th January, 1756. Present : The Hon. R. H. Morris, Lieut. Gov. James Hamilton, Wil- 586 APPENDIX. liam Logan, Esq. and Joseph Fox, Esq. The Belt, Seneca George, New Castle, David, Jagrea, Silver Heels, Isaac and others — Indians. Conrad Weiser and George Croghan, Interpreters. The Indians having taken their seats, the Governor spoke as fol- lows: Brethren — I came to this part of the Province, and brought with me some of the wise and governing part of the people of Pennsylvania, with iniention to hold a treaty with the Indians that were yet our friends, and for that purpose sent messages to the several branches of the Susquehanna, to invite them to meet at Harris's ferry; but from the confusions that attend at the present times, 1 have reason to be- lieve that the messengers I have employed have not been able to go to all our friends upon that river, so that the number of Indians now met is not so large as it would otherwise have been. However, yon that are come, I esteem our hearty friends, and thank you for meeting us here, which I take the kinder, considering the dangers that at pres- ent attend those that are our real friends. And, in the first place, you will permit me, to thank you for the kind expression of condolence which the Old Belt in your behalf made at Harris's in my way to this town, upon the losses we had sustained, and the blood that was shed by our Indian enemies, which he was pleased to say, was a common loss, and afl'ected you as well as us ; thereby signifying, that we wers one people and our cause the saa:ie; and you will allow me by this string to wipe the dust from your eyes and ears, and to desire that what i shall now say to you, in behalf of the people of Pennsylvania, may be heard with attention and make a proper impression on your minds. Gave a string. Brethren — You very well know, and your ancestors must have in- formed you of the ancient friendship that has subsisted between the people of this province and the ."several tribes and nations of Indians, as well as those of the Six United Nations, from the time that William Penn first landed in this country, till within these few months. This friendship has ever been sacred on our pans, and we cannot accuse ourselves of having violated a«iy treaties that were substituted between us, but on the contrary have at all times and upon all occa- sions given marks of our love and affection for our Indian allies — Yob cannot be strangers, Brethren, of the manner in which we have lately been treated by some that not many months before gave us the strong- est assurances of their fidelity, and of their accord renewed the for- mer friendships subsisting between them and us. They have in the most cruel and barbarous manner fallen upon ouif peaceable inhabitants, living quietly under the faith of those treaties that subsisted between us, and slaughtered them without distinction of age or sex — such treatment was what we least expected, and having settled in peace, were not prepared to resist such an attack. — But, though we have been unused to a warlike life, and were at first unpre- pared for war, yet our enemies may be assured, that we are not inca- pable of it, or of defending ourselves. In behalf of the people of Penn- sylvania, I desire you will tell me who those Indians are that have ae- ted so unfairly by us, and whether in this particular they have the ad- vice and consent of the Six Nations. And I further desire you will tell me what is the reason of complaint against us; for they have never complained to us of any injury. Gave a belt. APPENDIX. 587 Brethren — In this critical state of our affairs, I do in the name and behalf of the Province desire your advice and assistance in what manner we may best put a stop to the ravages of our enemies; and as it may be necessary to send messages to several tribes of Indians in alliance with us, and it is dangerous to send our own people, I must desire some of you will undertake to carry such messages as there may be thought occasion to send. Gave a belt. Council held on Friday, 16th January 1756— Same persons present as day before. The Belt recited the substance of what was said yesterday upon the first. Belt then said — Brethren : When we of the Six Nations living on the Ohio were first informed of the French designs to take possession of lands upon that river, we resolved in conjunction with the Shawaticse and Dclawares, and their allies to hinder them from doing it, and sent the late Half-King to the French Commander, then on his march with a body of men for that purpose, to forbid him to proceed, and to require him to return home to Canada; that the Half-King and others with him, pursuant to that resolution, met the French commander,* and forbade him accordingly, but he paid no regard to their prohibition, but moved ou, which led us to enquire into the cause of their boldness and presumption, in taking possession of a country belonging to the Six Nations, not only w ithout their leave, but contrary to their express and solemn prohibition by the Half-King; and we then first learnt that the French had prevailed upon the Shawanese, who were a nation in alliance with the Six Na- tions, and living by their suffrance upon a part of their country and upon the Dclawares, who were a tribe conquered by, and entirely de- •When Half-King called on the French Commander he was coldly received ; and sternly ordered to declare his business, which he did in these words : Fathers, I am come to tell you your own speeches ; what your own mouths have declared. You, in former days, set a silver basin before us, wherein there was the leg of beaver, and desired all the nations to come to it; to eat in peace and plenty, and not to be churlish to one another: and that if any person should be found to be a disturber, I here lay down by the edge of the dish a rod, which you must scourge them with ; and if your father should get foolish, in my old days, I de- sire you may use it upon me as well as others. — Now, fathers, it is you who are the disturbers in this land by coming and building your towns, and taking it away unknown to us, and by force. We kindled a fire, a long time ago, at a place called Montreal, where we desired you to stay, and not come and intrude upon our land. I now desire you may despatch to that place ; for, be it known to you, fathers, that this is our land, and not yours— I desire you may hear me in civilness ; if not, we must handle that rod which was laid down for the use of the obstreperous. If you had come in a peaceable manner, like our brothers the English, we would not have been against your trading with us, as they do ; but to come, fathers, and build houses upon our land, and to take it by force, is what we cannot submit to. — Drake v. p. 21 — see note on page 308, ante. 588 APPENDIX. pendent upon them, to enter into a separate and private treaty with them, by which they, the isac Gorgas Wm & Dav Winekoop Henry Heage Wm Barnitz James A Moore MONROE TP. James Crockett George Beltzhoover John D Zell John B Eberly CHURCHTOWN. Singiser & Paul Richard Anderson D Grablei&M Morrett Adam Gensler John Messinger Moses Bricker .Tohn Zinn L W Weaver Geoige Brindle Martin Houser Samuel Myers David Myers Levi Dornbach Geo W Ringwalt E Young Esq jesse Young Jacob Ebersole Michael Mishler Peter Stombach George P Arnold Daniel Y Kline . Jacob Planck jr G W Bricker Joseph Bucher David Basehore N. MIDDLETON TP. Elias Brenneman jacob Bauman Wendle Hull Adam Dean Emanuel Line Charles Duffy MECHANICSBURG. Isaac Kinsey J Weaver M D A H Van HoffMD benjamin Brubaker Augustus Sprigman Ira Day M D J Dorsheimer Esq John Swisher Adam Riegel Col J Ingram Wm C Houser Jacob S Zink Simon Drisbach james Bryen Dr John F Fosteij^Ship- pensburg ALLEN TP. Henry Wiser Wm Howe C Tilzel Henry G Rupp Abraham Coble 1 hos Craighead Esq Frederick Renninger David Miller . David Sheffer Daniel Maust Jacob Baringer john B Coover Esq jonas Moore john Dunlap Jacob B Trever Henry Gusler John Henry Saxton john Bowman Wm Gingrich George Shisler james Mateer Wm Mateer J R jimeson John Irey Evan Russel Abraham Horst LISBURN. Jacob Heck John G Miller john Shaw DICKINSON TP. john S. Mayhugh Thos Lee Abraham Myers Daniel Shumaker A G Miller J C Chambers 598 NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS. DICKINSON jaraes Weakly R H D Woods Esq George Martin Frederick Kieffer jacob Shoemaker Samuel ^pangler James W Moore James H Hannan Samuel Fisher James White R S C^ole Samuel Beetem jr Wm Vance Daniel Jacobs james Oliver Philip Parlet TP. Wm Lunan John none SPRINGFIELD. Daniel Sweigert L K Hoch josiah Hood john Hower Thomas Duffy David Brand Peter Faust STOUGHSTOWN. Michael Ruby Thomas Gray A E Johnston james McCune HARRISBURG Daniel Wih Samuel Bryan jr CARLISLE. E L Walker John Keeny John C Wolf William Harly J Hurd jacob Souder Jonathan Neidig Daniel Hoffer Christian Gleen John A Hake Abraham Seaver james Ready Urn iiarrir Paul Martin CENTREVILLE. John Hocker Revd C F Kunkel O McClean James P Woods Abraham Kurtz Wm Greglow John Keller Samuel Allen Francis C McColloch Jacob Hemminaer Wm Shriver Esq W & J Beecher James Logan James Kyle jacksonvillMichael Songsdorf john Wise CUMBERLAND. Wm D Sponsler BIGPOND FURNACEGeo W Swiler Wm M Walker Joshua Giber Peter B Gingrick B M Haitman John Snavely NEWBURG. B «fe A Martin J M Means Esq Jacob G Rupp Samuel Sentiman joseph Ball Adam Frehm Carlisle Wm O Banks Samuel Hale ShircHoivn Samuel Skalferk Jacob Simmons SHIREMANSTOWN A Bosler Alen Top Joseph Sheirman Michael Wise LEESBURG. Wm Clark Henry A Mackey Joseph A Maxwell David M Gray Wtn M Snyder Jeremiah Phahes Michael j Heffleman Samuel Snell SOUTHJMPTONTP. William S Powell Henry b Hock W H Bohl Esq Dewalt Pislee H Kamerer John Beattee B C Hopkins Daniel Trexler Fra co Benjamin H Mosser Levi Zerby WEST PENNSBORO. David Snavely Dr Isaac Lefever Wm P Hughes Markus Allen Joseph Peirce /ohn Wilson Joseph McGuire Jeremiah L V\ ise Charles Wilber David w Drinbaugh J Dunlap and j Houser B Erie D G Rupp John Bumgardner Levi Merkel Felix Swiger jehu Harman Geo Shealer H K Randolph NEWCUMBERLANDWm Turbeit James Greenwood Eberly & Glauser Henry Rinehart James Anderson Peter Bricker Benjamin Haverstick Jacob Eminger Christian Albert John R Rinehart John Emminger Daniel Coffmaa NAMES OP SUBSCRIBERS. 599 Lewis Bricker Jacob Firoveid John Zearing Daniel W Miller John Hippie john Nininger Geo Will D Voillsing wm Saxten Samuel Culp Adam Eslinger Amos AUeman john Sheets Geo Rupley Abraham Stigelman Elizabeth Ruby Levi Line john whild joim Miller David Brenizer john C Ecklea Philip wevierham P A bmith john R Neisly Adam Hocker ' john Grimes Abramam Hetterick Samuel Rhodes Levi E Martin — john wolf John earmand Robert L Clark David Reed wra Lippert M C Davis Philip Zeigler jr Mathias Hahn H Breniser Samuel Dilier Christian wolf Isaac Kerns Geo Koset Simon Alter Abraham Thumd Levi D Smith John Bloser, Cum ExGovjos Ritner M John ereider wm Heffelbower john work G€o Reighler James Brounz wm Siyder Hugh M Duncan NEWVILLE. A J North David Markwood Archy Brecker John G Barr J Buskhest wm Hoot Jacob Bender Jacob Nayler John waggoner Samuel Rhoades Joseph Otto S Coyle Dr A Rankin Dr John willson Thos A McKinney John Dodge D Dunlap will Critzer John w Davidson John Reeber David Shellaberger wm D Hume Robert McFarlan Henry Souder Cornelius Jacobs Abraham Myres Samuel Hisner James P McKeehan Ezekiel walker Joseph Smith jehu Randol PETERSBURG Wm irHamersly PFm Humphrey Levi Pitkin J D TFarley Phebe Parsons Samuel Shelley Samuel Kettlewell john Welsh Franklin TFireman Rufus irut R Joseph Wireman H IFireman J P Starry Joseph A IFireman Henry Peters David Ifeaver William Deihl jacob Wenlz Jonathan Sifert Jeremiah A Alabaugh John A Cline Francis Little Antony F Adams Samuel Siormbach Daniel oitt Francis Krichton Thomas McClaine Jacob wortz W Buely Isaac Myres Amos Zuck Henry Myres Lilly & Reily Robert Mcllwain Samuel weikert John Hemler Joseph Clunk jr Joseph Little Jacob Adams Isaac Leightener wm Slifer Daniel F Bair Joseph Riffle John Ralm Joseph Arnlz John Plum Jacob wrungman C F Dilier Alphus Dilier Geo Eckenrodes Joseph Martin John Blecher John Coulsan Philip Beamer jr Samuel Bender Henry Lower ^ C Hemler Emanuel Bricker MJYSBURG TP. David j Walter Jeremiah Slaybauch Geo Breubaugh John b Wright Charles S wright Doct Joseph N Smith Samuel Sadler j weaver David Hoffman John Jacobs 600 NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS. MJYSBVRG TP Michael Leer Gibson E Myres Henry Jacobs Adam Sours E Albert H W Caufman Jacob C bender John berkholder Daniel Rozer Robert bell jr Geo A Jacobs John b Galbreath Robert V Mcllhenny w F waiter John F Felty Samuel F Neely Geo Ehuhart James Dickson wm Henry Geo Minnigh Jacob Fogelsonger James Henderson David Hayes George Price Christopher An Samuel wagoner Henry Hursh J V Haines wm jRigley Jacob Fisler Joseph R McBride John Rupp Joseph Ruply Robert S M'Lure John Cox wm Culp John Pye Ephrawn Fry wm M Seouller Henry Rupp Charles S Jiutler Garret Clark Adam Bear F A Master Jared Hanes SHIPPENSBURG John McCurdy Dr wm Rankin J Peal Dr Alphuas Dale Charles Baker Samuel Murrett wm A Kelso James Gillard James w Bay, J T Williams Elias Hosh Dr. A Stewart R P McClure Esq John Fulweler John Dick James Couden John M Leidig / A Clippinger John Craul George Humel Jacob Newmer John Kingsly GETTYSBURG John Cress D Zeigler Solomon Dowers Samuel S Forney Jacob Meals William Norbeck ]■ Traynor Leaned Stouch Samuel Logan Michael Rupp Thomas F Frazer Geo Yeagy F Ralur Jidams County. (.GETTYSBURG. John Sellers Hon James Cooper James M Rowzee John H Brighley Henry Rheem Thomas McCreary EsqJohn Polly Rev S S Schmucker F W Dinwiddie Hon Moses McCealn Jacob Leedy John H McClellan Esq Martin VVarren H J Schriener Esq Robert Sheads Wm McSherry Esq Robert G Harper Rev Charles A Hay H J Stable Jacob Kuhn J L Schick Daniel M Smyser Esq H Tiltis A Bosserman Michael Rupp J B McPherson Esq J H Reed Esq Samuel P Diver Robert Cobean Esq D A Buehier Esq John D Baker T Warren PETERSBURG. Wm W Hamersly Benj F Gardner John Gardner Jesse John Jesse Gardner Wm Humphrey Esq Samuel A Neely Fletcher Beal David Beal Albert Wolford Arnold Gardner L Franklin Myers Albert Miller John Troup George Deardorff Samuel Hollinger Joel Griost Geo Harman Rachel D Harman Wm Wright Wm Hunt Man. Griest • NAMES OF yUBSCRlCKIiSr, JOHXSTOWA. Rev. Jacob Riiter Rev Peter Sahm James Potts Esq A Morrison Esq John VV Barns John Lowman M D David Hite Esq John Mesene J Marbourg P M A Marbourg' Wm P Pa Hon Rev Tobias Mullin Frs W Hay S Bracken Z Curren Geo Saylor Wm Orr Geo Mann J C Strayer James Sliarp jr Joseph D VValiier Geo Nixon Peter Leear Jacob R Stull M F Marshall John O'Rourk John T Smith R B Gageby John Leilenburger David Lucas Luke Mathes Rev. 5'amuel Swan H D Jackson Joseph Moore Samuel Williams Levi Reahm R Constanline F Tesh R S Keatly Wm F Paxton Horace B Kiddell A W Dillon Jenkin Jones Joseph Layton Henry Layton Esq Robert McKeage Edward Irwin Jesse Patterson, Sh Nathan W Hortoii Henry Sutton Hon, John Murray Adam Rose Steele S Williams Wm VVoods Samuel Cover Michael Karney G W Cingley Geo Glass Henry Peden Geo McLaughlin F Wm Scheafer Charles Smith fi'm Prier Isaac Simpson Rev. Valentine LucasJesse Layton Henry Klinefelter Joseph Farnswarth Elijah (St T J Butler AF Foster, Editor Peter Garling Andrew Borekert David Kopelin Cyrus Riley J^T Lemon Charles Ellis ffm Hughes Gottleib Treflz John Rileys, John rFallace A B Jones Isaac Ause John R A/organ Levi Holland Thomas Oram fFm Peden E J Benshoflf John Quincy Ad- ams Benshoff John rf'allace Isaac Teeter Jicob Teeter JOHNSTOWN FURNACE. John Galbreath R P Linton Geo Fickes Wm Arentrue TVm Sassaraen Geo WKepp Daniel W^GoughnourEmanuel Heller Joseph & Isaac JonesDavid D Dickey Michael Weakland Samuel Albright S Seely Nathaniel Caleri John Lightner Jacob J Benshoff Isaac D Goughnour Thomas Benson James Decker CONEMAUGHTP Geo L Bowser Henry Constable Jr. Geo Gates A McCleary John (Slick James Dalzell Eli A/eagley 'ff^amuel J Horner J Henry Trefiz Adam Harshberger Elias B Horner Christian Horner Jr, Aiiewine Me(z Ezra Layton John Harshberger David Eash W A Benshoff Wm Horton David Williams iMichael McCauliff John Woodburn M Stewart Joseph H McDowell Thomas McCauliff John Morgan 6'M McClelland Daniel Brophy John C Wisegarv D H Barns Elias Crisman J J Younker JohniJ/dler Jr John Moyers Robert L Horner John P Strayer Jacob P iS'trayer Elijah Marsh Obadiah ?Fard David Benshoff Jacob Knevel Jr Lewis Benshoff Jacob Stutzman Geo Beam Sr. Jonas & Adam Horner Jacob fVtucks 4NAMES OK SUnSCRIBErr rjMUKlA FUR. j\//CE. A W Bryan V C Brunell Geo M Hess VVm Kooniz James McMillin Henry Hess sr Henry lless jr Dan;el Hess John T Morris David Wanders Jacob Zimmerman Wilson Etchson Win Renelys Michael VVirack Robert McBride Daniel Bechtel A'amuel Powell Uriah Hohz CONE AU UGH FURN.^CE. A M While R Decker John R lavage John Foslef Henry McNully Wilson Cramer Thomas Murilz James D Magill Michael Campbell John Fisher Wm Mathews James L Lawson Joseph Bowers iVlervin iWathews Joseph Peachl John King Henry Beard Andrevv o V *o V ^^ ' . « > 4 u ^-^^ ■^ ^J&^ N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA ?ieiA'. '^..♦"^ .*,