LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf.' H UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THE American Farm Register. FOR ENTERING THE Records of Title, Dates Useful for Reference, THE STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION OF FARMS TILL THE YEAR 1900. ^ith an |[utnJilttciiant EXPLAINING THE USES OF THE SEVERAL BLANKS PROVIDED FOR ENTERING THE ANNUAL RESULTS OF FARMING OPERATIONS, AND VARIOUS TABLES, AND OTHER INFORMATION CONVENIENT FOR USE. q ^ of^ FRANKLIN B. HOUGH. PHILADELPHIA: XjOTJIS H. E1^E]I?.TS. 1879. r Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at "Washington. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] PREFACE. A SYSTEMATIC record of farming operations will enable the owner of a farm to refer readily to the trans- actions of previous years, and afford, if well kept, a valuable means for determining the actual and comparative results of his experience in tlie various departments of his business that cannot fail of proving both interesting and profitable. It will give value to the farm, by enabling its owner to study the results of his labors, and to profit by his experience, avoiding for the future that which has proved unprofitable in the past, and seeking to enlarge those branches of his business which have proved from their returns tliat "there is money in if." If the owner wishes to sell, such a record well kept would be invaluable, by showing what his farm has done. To the purchaser it would be not less important in proving what the farm is capable of producing. Nor would the value of such a record generally kept prove less important to the public than to private interests, because it would enable our farming class to report with precision upon the inquiries of the census, and thus enable all classes, as well producers as dealers and consumers, to base their calculations upon exact returns, instead of upon hasty and random estimates. In the preparation of this work, blank spaces are arranged for entering the principal facts that would be desirable for reference in the management of a farm through a long series of years. Commencing with an abstract of title and a description of the farm itself, it embraces the dates of events that indicate the relative forwardness or lateness of the seasons, and the abundance or deficiency in crops. A.nd from these, following through the operations of the year, it will enable the person keeping the record to enter the details concerning each crop, and each field, the improvements and changes on the farm, the principal facts concerning each class of domestic animals, and of each special branch of industry, and the final gain or loss in each of these and in the general aggregates from year to year through the whole period. It too often happens that a man entering in early life upon the fiirming profession falls into a routine way of cultivation, from no other reason than because his father practised in this manner before him; and without attempting to reflect upon the causes that tend to influence results, or differences of soil, climate, or market demand, he goes on from year to year, scarcely gaining in estate, and quite frequently no more than "making tiie two ends of the year meet," at times when markets are dull, or when the seasons are unfavorable to his particular crops. With such, the past throws but little light upon the future, and should the inquiry be made as to how the yield of a given year compares with another, or whether the production of one crop was growing more or less ])rofitab]e with the ever-changing circumstiinces that influence the yield in kind and in value, the owner would be left to vague conjecture, and might often be misled by errors in memory as to dates and amounts, so that his conclusions would be as erroneous as his data were uncertain. Dates and quantities, unless committed to writing, soon slip from the memory, and are lost beyond recovery. Even written memoranda, unless systematically kept, tend to become scattered and lost, or are not readily found when wanted, and because not convenient for reference they are less frequently used. Yet the habit of noting down these data is easily acquired, and with a systematic arrangement provided for receiving such entries, and for finding them as wanted, it is believed that every intelligent farmer would find in this habitual noting down of facts and events a pleasant and profit- able exercise. The chief value of such a record would evidently consist in the means it would afford for com- paring the results of different years, and the tendencies to change which might appear. This careful study of the details of profit or loss, and a thoughtful inquiry into the causes that influence the result, are the surest means of gaining that success in life which is the natural object of every man's ambition, and the jiroper reward of industrv, economv, and prudent forethought. • * ^ F. B. H. I IS^ D E X. Alidohitc humiility explained in open fields, record of. in woodlands, record of Account of I'xpenses general statement Acer rubrum, dates of blossoming of.... Acres changwd to hectires*. Ages of domestic animals Amelancliier canadensis, dates of blos- soming of Anemometer;!, construction and use of.. AntM'oid barometer - Angular spaces, mode of representation by means of Animal life, appearancis in, thnt indi- cate changes of weather Apiary, statistics relating to Apples, dates of blossoming of dates of ripening of. record of crop of. weight of a bushel (table) Apple-trees set out A'lnilegia canadensis, dates uf blussom- Arc, the niiitof laud measure, in metri- cil .system Area of fields, convenient mode of as- certaining of squares, proportion of, how de- termined Asparagus, dates when first used Assf!3, period of gestation t nf U M-i d;i dates of h; record of crop weight of a bushel (t;tble) Heo-keeping, entries relating to Ui'or measure, gallon Ileets, weight of a bushel (table) Borries, entry of statistics of. Birds, dates of finit appearance of 8piing movement of, i-nlii-ritln- :]\ m^ Hlickberries, dati.-^i ^i M ■ - mi .f. dates of ripuuin^ l weight of a biir,li. l i J.|. Blackbirds, dates i Bio 'Of cult 1 ,tal plu of wild frnit-b< of cultivated of wild plant Uluobirds, dates of first appearance Blue-grass seed, weight of a bushel (table) Bobolinks, dates of tii-t ,iji|m :,i inc*' .... Bran, weiglit of a tnih.i ,t;iMr Bridges farm Broom-corn seed, weight ol a bushel (table) Buckwheat, dates of aced-t'me dates of harvest record of crop weight of a bushel (litble) Buff iloes, period of gestation Buildings ercted hired or leased Bulls, number of butchcre.I Bushel, size of in inches statute weight of grains (table) ch:inged into liectiditers Butter made at home made in faf-tory Calves, number of butchered Canned fruit, entries of. Capacity, metrical Cardinal flower, dates of blossoming of Carrots, record of crop weight of a bnsbel (table) Castanea Americana, dates of blossom- ing of, Castor beans, weightof a bushel (table).. Cattle, statistics of. butchered pasturage hired for pastured for others Cautionary signals of signul weather service Centigrade thermometers Cereal grains, weight of a bushel in the several States (table) Changes of weather, atmospheric indi- cations of. of the farm Charcoal bushel, size of weightof a bushel (table) Cheese made at homo made in factories Cherries, black, dates of blossoming of.. dates of ripening of garden, dates of blossoming of. dates of ripening of. weight of a bushel (table) Chestnuts, dates of blossoming of weight of a bushel (table) CircleSjmode of representation of quan- tities by Clay, etc., sold Clearings made on fami of stumps, boulders, etc. Glouds,indicationsof change in weather shown by Clover, cubic yards in a toti of. seed, weightof a bushel (table) Coal, minenil, weight of a bushel Color of sky indicating changes of weather... Colts, entries relatin_ Columbine, wild, dates of blossoming of j Columns, solar and lunar, how caused, and their indications comparison of results, advantage in of results of the year Condensed milk, entries relating to Condition and changes of the farm , Conversion tables, for English and met- rical weights and measures metrical measures of capacity of weights, English and metrical.. Cords changed to steres , Corn, Indian, dates of seed-time dates of harvest record of crop green, dates when first used shelled, only to be entered, or itt equivalent weight of a bushel (table) Cornus Florida, dates of blossoming of Corrections applied to barometer Cotton seed, weight of a bushel (table) Cows, inimli'T nf L bushel (table) 34 rotation of. not specified in printed headings.. Cubic measures, metrical system English changed to metrical meas Cubic meters changed to cubic perch, yards, and feet Cucumbers, dates when first used Cultivated fruits, dates of blossoming... dates of ripening of. Currants date-* of blossoming of. dates of ripeningof. weight cf a bushel (table) Daffodils, dates of blussoming of. Dahlias, dates of blossoming of. Dairy products, entry of. mode of entering homemade factory Days on which it rained or snowed.. assessed, highway labor Decimal system of weights and measures Deduction of title Dew, absence of, an indication of rain Dew point explained Dews, indication of change in weather from Diagrams, construction of explained... Dikes and embankments Ditches, record of. Dogs, loss of sheep by Dogwood, fiowering, dates of blossom- ing of. Domestic animals, valuations Drainage, record of. Dried fruit, entries of. Drouths, dates of. Dry measures, English converted into metrical measures Ducks, entries relating to period of incubation Earth thermometers Eggs, entries relating to Elastic force of vapor explained Embankments, etc Enclosure's, record of extent and cost of English weights and measures Kspy's theory of storms noticed Evaporation from open water-surfaces, record of. in woodlands Events, dates of memorable Ewes, period of gestation Expense account for the year. Experience, learning from Experiments in fattening stock in feeding stoek Factory-made butter anil cheese Fair weather, indications of. Fall of leiif, dates nf Farm, location and title of. condition and chimgesof. bridges stock, entries of Fattening of domestic animals Feathers, sale of Feet clianged to meters Fences, record of. Fertilizers used, statistics of. best for fiax and hemp Field crops not specified Fields, convenient mode of ascertainin area of. record of cultivation of separate. Final balance for the year Fire-flics, dates when fii^t seen Fires, injuries to fields from Fishes, dates of first appearance of i spring Flax, dates of seed-time dates of har\*e8t crop, entries of. Flaxseed, weight of a bushel (tjible).. Fleeces shorn, entry of. Floods, dates of. Flour meal, etc., weight of a bushel (table) Flowering nhnonds, dates of blossoming! 59, 59a 59 59a of... Fogs, indications of change in weatlu-ri from ] Forost-tree planting, record of. : Forests, uttlity of. | Fowls, period of incubation | entries relating to j French metrical system of weights and measures Frogs, dates when first heard Frosts, unseasonable dates of. dates of first autumnal injuries from .5 INDEX. Fruit-culture, orchard general results of. Fruits, weight of ji busliel (table) Gales, velocity and pressure of winds Gallon, size uf tlii; Garden proilnets, dates of firat use o1 sold, entry of. Geese, entries relating to period of incubation wild, dates of flying north dates of flying south Geldings, number of. General chara';ter of seasons expense account for the year summaries of meteorological ri ertain domestic Gestation, period of i animals Goats, periud of gestation Gooseberries, dates of blossoming of... dates of ripening of. weight of a bushel (table) Gradinir, record ot, li^uv entered Graftsx't. -iiii \ "I . Grai cli, Grapes, ii.it>' -^ M'>-.--'iiiiiii;- of. dates nf riiXMiing of weight of a bushel (table) Graphic representutituis Grasshoppers, dates when first seen dates of visitation of. Gra^s seed, entry of. Gravel, etc., sold Gieat lake?, effect uf, upon siurms Green corn, diites when first used Green peas, dates when firat used Growth of domestit; animals, period of. Guano, record of u^e of. Gniuoa-h^.i.-, i. ■ i..i -.f m. i red Hiil, .T of day.^. Hair for plasterin'g, w< (l'*hle) Haloes, ind.eatiL ght of a bushel f changes in number of days on which si m.entric-s relating to >..-i. lu.-..l■b;-i^ningof., L■ubic inches allowed Hectares changed to i Hectoliter, a grain mi systc rii^r-d into bushels, gal- Hemp crop, entries of. Hemp seed, weiglit of a bushel (table).. Hi-us, entries relating to of a bushel cliught"!!!!!!! Honey, Hop ct . Horses ?cl>.-stuurs,d;.tL.suf blossoming of s for taking meteorological obser- vations idiiy, gL-ner.il statements concern- . record of... i-d of.. ecord of.. i>i woodlands, n-curdof Hungaiiaa gnuis seed, weight of bushel (table) .". ! velocity and pressure ofi inds \ of.. Ice, dates of disappearance of date of formation for crossing Implements, etc., purchased Improvements made, and their cost Inches changed to meters Incubation of fowls, period of. Indian corn, dates of seed-time dates of harvest record of crop Indian meal. wei{:ht of a bushel ^table) Indian summer, dates of. Injuries to crops Insects, dates uf first appearance of in spring Insurance upon properly general total Investments other tiian as specified " Isobarics," " isobars." or " isoharomet- ric lines" explained Jacks, number kept Kilograms changed to pounds Kiiometei"S changed to miles Labor, hired, entry of general total hir.-d Lambs, entry of number number sold Land hired from others for pasturage... hired to other-i for pasturage hired from others for use besides pasturage.. hired to others for use besides pas- turage taken upon sliares Land measure conversion table, English and melrical Land, entries relating to Latent heat, when absorbed and when giv Leased buildings Leaves, dates of first appearance of date:! of fall of. Length, metrical table of. Lettuce, dates when first used Life, term of with domestic animals Lilacs, dates of blossoming of. Lime, recoril of use of for agricultural purposes weight of a bushel (table) Lines, quantities compared by aid of.... Lint, poumls of, how entered Liquid measures, English, converted into metrical measures Liter, the metrical unit of capacity Lobelia cardinalis, dates of blossoming of.. Local influences, effect of upon winds Locusts, dates when first heard... Locust-trees, dates of blossoming of..... Long measure conversion table, Eng- lish and metrical Low areas of barometer ' Machines and implements purchased.... Malt, weight of a bushel (table) Mangel wurzel, weight of a bushel (table) Manuri's, record of use of. Miip of farm i Maple, red, dates of blossoming of. ! Maple sugar and syrup [ Mares, period of gestation. nberof.. Market fruits, entries relating to Marl, etc, sold Marehes reclaimed Martins, dates of first appearance Materials for home manufacture, gen- eral total Meadow larks, dates of firet appearance of.. Meal, weight of a bushel (table) Memorable events, dates of. Memoranda, need of sj'stem in 1 keeping of. Meteorological observations, gene ling.. Meteors, number i Meter fthe unit of decimal measures) di-fiued \ Meters changed to rods, yards, feet, and] Metrical system of weights and i Miles changed to kilometers Milk, how Bobl .sold, entry of. Millet seed, weight of a bushel (table). Millier, a metrical measure of weights. Moisture, source of. in atmosphere, efl'ect upon sound.., Money borrowed for larm uses Mountains, effect of upon rains , Muck, as a fertihzer etc., sold Mules, entries relating to , Neat cattle, entries relating to pasturage hired fur pastured for others New Mexico, Spanish weights and; Number of plants when set in rows,! tables of I Oats, dati'S of seed-time I dates uf harvest I record of crop weight of a bushel (table) I Oceans, moisture supplied by Oil seed, weight of a bushel (table) | Onions and onion-sets, weight of a' bushel (table) I Operations of husbandry, dates of. I Orchard fruit-culture, statistics of Oippl^-s) other fruits Orchard gniss seed, weiglit of a bushel' (tiible) Ornamental plants, dates of fir.'. t blo8-| si.ming of i Osage orange seed, weight of a biisliel (table) Ounces changed to grams ! Oxen working, number of. | fat, butchereil Parallelograms, planting in Parhela, indications of changes in weather from , Parsnips, ^\eiM;ht of a bushel (table).. Pastur;!-.- liii'-.l iP.H) ..iheis , hire. I t.. . il,. I ■ Peathe-, : li - -I M niinguf. d;.!.--. >-l I ] . I ;! _ ..f Peach-ti. . ' I Pea-hen^, , ., , . l.aion Peanuts V i_i:i I . I i-hrl (table)..., Pears. d:r. i - imm^-.T dates ,, , ,„ :,:, . , , wei:^hr . f ., I .,.!, I .(,.l,Ie) Pear-tree.s ~< t .ut Peas, dates of seed-time dates of harvest , record of ciop , weight of a bushel (table) green, .l;,le. \x hci, lirst u^cd , Peat, etr., ^ .1,1 Perch eb,'iii-e(l t<> < uKir meters Periodical events showing the progre of the seasons Personal estate, assessment and valua- tion of. Pigeons, period of incubation Pigs, number of. Plan of arrangements explained.... Planting forest-trec-s modes of Plants, number set in rows on a square, tables of. Plaster, record of use of. Plums, dates of blossoming of. dates of ripening of. Plum-trees set out Pork, entries relating to Posts for showing area of fields Potatoes, common, dates of seed-iii dates of harvest record of crop weight of a bushel (table) sweet, dates of seed-time dates of harvest record of crop Poultry, suggestion of form for keeping entry returns Irum Pregnancy ot doniestic animals, dates of duration Piessure of winds of different veloc barometric laws that govern... Private roads Profit from the keeping of systematic records Proportional quantities, how best repre- sented Provisions f,.r the family Psycbromeler explained Quarts changed to liters, metrical Quinces, weight of a bushel (table).. Quincunx order, planting in Radisties, dates when fiist used Rain sind snow, deptli of. , Ruin-gauges, construction of Kain, indications of from atmosjihe appearances INDEX. lUin, number of days on which it fell.. Rainy tliiys Rape seed, weight of a bushel (table).... Rispberriea, red and black, dates of blossoming of. datog of ripening of. weight of ii bushel (table) Ravines filling of Reiil estate, assessment and valuation of Roauniur's thermometer R-ceipts other than from cultivation )-u- year. j;>^iit^ral total Ri.'o.'nl-. utility "T keeping lU-Lt.iiij^iilir lii.i^'ramsfor showing coi paiativo i|uaiitities Redness of sky, indicatiouaof. Rhi! top seed, weight of a bushel (table) Reed birds, dali'S of first appearance.... Relative humidity explained in opRU fields, I'ecord of. in woodlands, record of Rented lands, statistics of, how to be •ived- U..litsp;li^i;ind i Repairs and itnprDVementS Roptik'S, liates of first appearand nds, mode of computing e months record of, by ye. Results, importance of comparison of. Rice birds, dates of first appearance.... Ripening of cultivated fruits of wild fruits Roads, private Robins, dates of fiist appeaiunee Robinson's anemometer Hods changed to meters Root-crops, entries of. weight of a bushel (table) Rotition of crops Routine in cultivation too nft.-n fol lowed , Rows, number of phmts wIi-mi set in.., Rust, injuries from Rutabagas, weight of a bnsiiel (table), Rye, dates of seed-time.. dates of harvest record of crop , weight of a bushel (table) Salt, weight of a bushel (table) Sand, etc., sold Scales of thermometer, rules for cor verting School taxes 8, events that mark the progref of.. ng of.. general character Seed-time, dates of beginn Separate fields, record of... Service, hired, entry of. , Shad, dates when first caught Shad-bush, dates of blossoming of. , Sheep husbandry, entries relating to.. pasturage hired for pastured by others Shore, privileges of Signal service, blanks furnished by.... predictions of. Silk raising, suggestion relating to Sky, color of, indicating changes i weather Slaughtered cattle, receipts from Sleighing, dates of ending of dates of beginning of Small Cruits, entry of statistics of. Smoke, indications of clianges of weather from Snow-gauges, construction of. Snow, dates of appearance and disap- pearance depth of, how determined depth of, how recorded Snowy days Soil, temperature of the Solid or cubic meas. in metiical system Sorghum crop, entries of seed, weight of a bushel (table) Spring beauty, dates of blossoming of... Spring wheat, record of crop Square measure, convei-sion table, Eng- lish and metrical Square meters changed to square rods, square feet, and square inches.... Squares for showing comparative quan- tities planting in Stacks, weight of. Stallions, number of State laws defining weights of the bushel (table) Steers, number of. butchered St&res changed to cords Stock-breeding, general remarks con- Stock pastured off from farm pastured for others on farm Stone quarried Stone-wall fences, record of. Storm areas, eastward movement of. Storms, prediction of movement of. law of movement of winds in... thunder, usually local Strawberries, field, dates of blossoming of... dates of ripening of. weight of a bushel (table) Sturgeon, dates when first caught.. Subdivisions of fields, convenient mode of finding Sugar beets, weight of a bushel (table) raaple, entry of. sorghum, entry of. Superficial measure, conversion table, English and metrical Survey bill of farm Swallows, dates of first appearance Swamp muck as a fertilizer. Swans, period of incubation Sweet potatoes, dates of seed-time dates of harvest record of crop weight of a bushel (table) Swine, entries relating to period of gestation Syrup, maple, entrj' of sorghum, entry of. System, need of in the keeping of records Tallow, receipts from Taxes, record of , Telegraph, use of in predictior changes of weather , Temperature of open air of woodlands rates of decrease upward, and toward poles of planetary spaces Tension of vapor explained , Thermometer, placing of the Thunder-shower, first date of. , Timber, planting of. area planted with Timothy seed, weight of a bushel (table) Title, deduction of. Tobacco, dates of seed-time dates of harvest record of crop crop, entries ol. Ton of hay, cubic yards in Tonneau, a metrical measure of weight Tons changed to milliers, metrical.. Tools, machines, etc., purchased valuati Tornadoes, Tree-planti Trees alonf ing{ I of.. ent of winds in., (forest), record of.... iirgins of fields, for show- apple, number of. fruit, other than apple, innnbei in leaf, date of. fall of leaves, dates of set out, number of. Triangles, i.Iantini. in Trinngular m.in Ml |.|,,,,tii,rr, nnm Turkeys, rutii- - nimi.^ to periud >A \ui:\.i\'\\\)'\\ Turnips, record of crui'. weight of a bushel (table) Valuation of farm A'eal, receipts from Vehicles, etc., purchased Velocity of winds Violets, garden, dates of blossoming of. Wall fence, record of. Water-courees, diversMni of. Watermelons, datps whi-n first use Water-surfaces, drained.... Water thermometers Wax, entries relating to Weaning of domestic animals Weather, atmospheric indications < iportancc of changes in to the farn Weight, metrical denominations , of bushel of different grains, et( Wells, digging of. Wheat, dates of seed-time dates of harvest .. spring, record of crop. — ., winter, record .if crop weightof abiisli.-l M^J.l,. Wild fruits, dates ut i \ )ni!,. ..r. dates of ripenifi^ - f plants, dates ol liiai Llu^^uiiuiig Wind roses, construction of. Winds, indications of change in law of movement in storms...... record of. that bring rain upward tendency of in hail-stoi velocity of Wii gallo Winter wheat crop, record of. Woodlands, rainfall in temperature of absolute humidity in relative humidity in evaporation from open water-sur- faces in planting of. condition of Wool, entry of. disposition made of. Working oxen, number of. Yards changed to meters Yearly balance account IP J^ I^ T I. To aid in comprehending the design and use of this Register, the following explanations and suggestions are offered : The several tables and forms are designated by numbers, and not by pages, because it has been thought best to prepare the volume, in some cases, with particular reference to certain branches of business that are carried on more extensively, and which might therefore require more space than others ; this will not, however, lessen the convenience of reference, as the numbers will be readily found by the index at the beginning of the volume. (No. I.) DEDUCTION OF TITLE. The filling of the blank at the head of this page will need no explanation. It should show the owner's name, the extent of his farm when the record began, and its location. Space is given for designating the latter according to survey, where a part of the region is embraced in the public land surveys of the United States ; but, if elsewhere, the town, county, and State only would be sufficient, or such other designation as local circumstances might suggest. In preparing the abstract of title, it will sometimes be convenient to commence with the grant by the general or State government, or with the proprietors of the tract of which the farm is a part, and back to which it would be necessary to pi-ove, if the right were questioned before a court. The first line would show the first owner, to whom he conveyed, the kind of conveyance, whether by deed, bequest, or otherwise, the time when, the amount paid, and a reference to the place where a record of the instrument may be found. The next transfer of title will occupy the next line, and so down to present owner. Such a deduction of title is always a desirable piece of information with respect to a farm, and may be readily prepared from the indexes to the records of public offices, with the help of such local information as the present owner may have. Where portions of land are subsequently added, an entry should be made in the table for showing the " condition and changes of the farm" (No. 67), and a separate deduction of title entered in this table as there may be occasion. (No. 2.) SURVEY BILL OF THE FARM. This is always given in the title deed, and should be recorded on this page, with such additional entry of additions as may be necessary by reason of new purchases, or a sale of part of the farm. (No. 3.) MAP OF THE FARM. The outline and subdivisions of the farm, upon any convenient scale, may be drawn upon this page, with such explanations and references as api)ear desirable. It should be neatly done and properly tinted. For reference, it would be well to designate each field enclosed by a permanent fence or hedge, and of known area, by some number, letter, or other designation by which it may be distinguished from all others. But it will often happen that such a field may be cultivated in different crops, and these subdivisions or parts may often be of irregular form and of uncertain size, and changing from year to year. The extent of these portions may be determined very conveniently without survey, by fixing once for all, certain points of reference, the position of which has been determined by measurement. Let A, B, C, D in the annexed diagram represent a permanent field one hundred and twelve rods long and sixty rods wide, containing forty-two acres of land. Along the line A, B, and the opposite line C, D, at distances of sixteen rods, set a locust or cedar post, that may be seen from the other side, or, what is better, plant a tree. If there is a row of trees set along these lines at more frequent intervals, those at the sixteen-rod points should be trimmed up so as to show a straight trunk considerably higher than the intermediate trees, or they should be of a kind different and easily distinguishable from the rest. Along the lines A, D, and B, C, set posts, or plant trees in like manner, at measured intervals of ten rods. As a space ten rods wide and sixteen rods long forms an acre of land, it will be seen that lines sighted across from one side to the other by these permanent landmarks, would divide the large lot into forty-two rectangular spaces of one acre each, as shown by the diagram, — but without actual measurement, or the encumbrance of objects, 2 9 L^i 1 \ 1 I — =1 — — -' F H ■''" "^ C 10 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. interfering with the cultivation. If in any year it was found desirable to cultivate a portion, as E, F, G, B, in any crop, it could be found, by simply getting the range of the permanent objects, that this part would contJiin nine whole acres and three halves, or ten and a half acres. Another part, C, G, F, H, might contain six acres, and the rest of the field would have twenty-five and one-half acres, or the difference between these two and the whole amount. Tiiese subdivisions may be determined in a few moments by simple observation, and may be changed from year to year with sufficient accuracy for all purposes without the least expense for surveys, and with but very little attention. It would generally be easy to refer to these lines in sowing different crops, so that their borders would be on the range of these objects, and the contents of the parcels, if desirable, an even number of acres without fractions. iNo. 4.1 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS. It adds exceedingly to tiie interest of a series of numbers by showing the rise and fall of different years upon a diagram ruled into squares. Several of these are provided, printed in pale-blue lines, and these may be used in tracing quantities or values, as there may be occasion. To illustrate their construction, we will assume that through the period for which this record is provided the amount of corn, wheat, oats, and barley raised on a farm be as follows : Years. Corn. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Years. Corn. "Wheat. Oats. Barley. 1878 210 610 25 100 1890 780 460 50 120 1879 275 700 42 140 1891 796 500 60 175 1880 350 624 60 160 1892 818 590 130 145 1881 418 500 70 212 1893 800 665 212 136 1882 450 456 100 240 1894 864 712 284 170 1883 480 425 120 210 1895 916 750 360 220 1884 600 375 120 160 1896 890 760 420 230 1885 630 410 120 225 1897 840 814 480 245 1886 640 350 100 160 1898 780 901 500 280 1887 700 360 75 120 1899 630 980 600 325 1888 740 358 50 130 1900 620 1000 575 440 1889 761 396 48 140 To represent these numbers to the eye, we will draw a rectangular table, as in the accompanying figure : 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 It should be spaced off vertically into as many divisions as there are years in the period, and horizontally into THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 11 a convenient number of divisions, wliicli, in this instance, is for a scale of one thousand. It is well to have the lines for even quantities, as for example, hundreds, a little heavier than the rest. In this drawing there are five spaces between the lines for hundreds, each representing twenty in amount. In tlie blank diagrams provided in the body of the work there are ten spaces between the heavy horizontal lines. Having constructed this diagram by ruling horizontally and vertically, as above described, and by writing in on the upper margin the years, and on the left-hand margin the quantities to be used as a scale of reference, we take the quantities given in the above table, and point off the quantities for each year, measured from the bottom, and as shown by the scale. Then, by connecting these points by lines, we are able to show the rise or J'all m quantities by the ups or downs of the line. Usually there should be but one scale, and the natural place for this is the left-hand margin. But for some purposes we may place one scale for quantities ou the left, and another for values on the right. It is best not to encumber a diagram with too many lines, and where the lines intersect one another, and where several series of quantities are to be shown, it is better to use several similar diagrams. It adds wonderfully to the clearness of effect if the lines representing the range of quantities or values are ruled in with different colors of ink, or if they are nicely shaded with water colors; but this could not be conveniently done in printing this volume, and we have, instead of this, adopted different kinds of plain and dotted lines. Where it is desirable to show to the eye the proportion which several parts bear to the whole, there is nothing so effectual as angular space, or comparative areas. But in these we cannot take in the element of time, and are limited to the represen- tation of quantities alone as they stood at different periods. The mode of representation by circles is probably in most cases preferable, and they are most easily drawn. Let us explain the mode of construction by this method : We will suppose that the production of a given year on a farm be §250 from Stock, $300 from Grain, $180 from the Dairy, $160 from Fruits, and $110 from Cordwood. The sum of these is $1000. We will reduce these quantities to percentages, by annexing two ciphers to each, and di- viding by the sum. We shall find tiiese percentages to be 26 for Stock, 30 for Gf-rain, 18 for the Dairy, 16 for Fruits, and 11 for Cordwood. Then draw a circle : divide it into a hundred parts, by allowing 3.6 degrees to one hundredth, and space off the angular distances necessary. We shall find that they just close the circle, making the sum of the percentages Mode of ]iei)iesentaiion by Angular Spaces. 100 J or, iustcad of this, wc may multiply the percentages by 3.6, and we have the degrees due to each, their sum being 360. The same may be shown on a rectangular space, by taking a line of any convenient length, as in the following figure, and dividing one of the sides into 100 parts. Then taking of these parts as many as there are in the several percentages, we have the relative importance of these several items of production shown at one glance, Ijy the comparative lengths of these several subdivisions. STOCK. $250.00— 25 per cent. GRAIN. $300.00=30 percent, DAIRY. $180.00—18 percent. FRUITS. $160.00-16 per cent, CORDWOOD. $110.00=11 per cent. Mode nf Repreaentalion hij Proportional Diolaion of a Bar or Line. In both of these methods of graphic representation the quantities depend upon the length of the arc, if a circle, — or of the base line, if a rectangular figure, without reference to the breadth of the figure as measured on the radius of the former, or the side of the latter. The rectangular diagram, although not quite as striking to the eye, has this advantage, that we may subdivide these belts, or zones, by dividing one side of each into 100 parts, and assigning to the different subjects of tiie subdivisions their proportional area. For the purpose of illustrating this point, we will suppose that the values of production in Stock, Grain, Dairy Products, Fruits, and Cordwood, that are given in the foregoing examples, are subdivided into their elementary parts, as follows : 12 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. Farm Products Sold. Number on Square Diagram. Value of Each Item. Per Cent, of Each to Total of its Class. General Sum. Per Cent. OP Total. Stock. Colts... fers f Colt J Hei: j Sheep. . [ Lambs. Dairy Products - Fruit. Firewood. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 r Apples 15 Peai-s ' 16 ( Small Fiuiis ' 17 ) Maple ' 18 [ Oak 19 „ (Shelled....! ^°^"-ilntheEari Wheat -i^""^ ! ( Winter Rye Oats ! Barley Butter Cheese Milk Total, 860.00 100.00 60.00 30.00 80.00 40.00 45.00 45.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 72.00 90.00 18.00 64.00 64.00 32.00 77.00 33.00 81000.00 24 40 24 12 67 ) 33 I ••• 50 1 50 ]■ "• 44.4^ 33.3 [ ... 22.2 \ 40 50 10 40 40 20 70 30 ■ 8250.00 ...8120.00-^ ... 90.00 [-8300.00 ... 90.00 -I ' 8180.00 .8160.00 .8110.00 81000.00 25 30 18 16 11 100 In order to prepare tliese items for representation in a diagram, tiie subdivisions of each class must be reduced to percentages of the total sum of its class, which is done by annexing two ciphers and then dividing by this sum, as is shown in the column headed " Per Cent, of Each to Total of its Class." It will be seen that the sum of each of these groups of percentages is 100. Where many items help to make up a total, and we wish to obtain the percentage of each, it is sometimes more convenient to first ascertain the value of one per cent., and then using this as a multiplier, find by a series of multiplications the value of each ; but if the number of items is small, their proportion may be found by a series of divisions. Having computed these percentages, construct a square, and on one side lay off distances proportioned to the percentage of the principal classas. Thus, upon the side a, /, the division a, b is 25 per cent.; b, c, 30 per cent.; c, d, 18 per cent.; d, e, 16 per cent., and e,f, 11 per cent. The horizontal belt, containing the numbers 1 to 4, represents the receipts from Stock ; that of 5 to 11, from Grain; that of 12 to 14, from the Dairy ; that of 15 to 17, from Fruits, and that of 18 to 19, from Cordwood. These spaces are then sub- divided proportionally, so that the areas represent the relative amount of each subdivision, the relation it bears to its class, and its proportion to the whole. This class of diagrams has its etfect heightened by tinting the subdivisions with shades of color. Where the data exist for constructing these for a series of years each year should have a separate square, which would be larger or smaller, according as the total production was more or less than that of other years. In selecting the scale for such a series of squares, reference should be had to the requirements of the year showing the largest aggregates ; and in fixing upon the sizes of those for other years, it should be remembered that the areas of similar figures are to each other as the squares of similar lines. If we would find the length of the sides of the squares that would be proportional in area to a given series, we should take the square rooti of these numbers as the basis of our calculation. 1 2 1 3 4 1 i 5 7 9 10 8 6 11 12 13 14 d 15 16 17 18 19 r THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 13 We will suppose, for example, that the total production, in the course of five years, amounts to $2500, $G400, $8100, and $10,000, and that we wish to construct squares that shall be proportional in area to these quantities. The square roots of these numbers are 50, 60, 80, 90, and 100. If a square, 6 inches on a side, be assumed to represent the largest of these, the sides of the others would be found by the rule of propor- tion to be 3, 3.6, 4.8, and 5.4 inches respectively. The same rule would apply to diameters, if we wish to represent the series by circular areas. Had the successful farmer, with his amj)le estates (the fruit of many a year's labor), the data for presenting these details in a series of squares of this kind, the first ones small, with but few subdivisions, indicating the humble beginnings of a young man dependent upon his own industry for support, yet growing larger and more complex as his wealth increases and his resources became more ample and varied, what a record of a life would this series present ! In a succession of these .squares, if colors are used, the same tints should be applied to the same object through the whole series.* A simple mode of representing to the eye the relative amount of qualities is by means of lines of different length. These should be even at one end so as to show their differences more effectually at the other. The following illustration will explain itself: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 | 104 173 125 214 193 94 1 1 ^^^ 1 MM This mode is applicable to all measures of time or distance, or of quantity other than those of superficial area or solid contents. (Nos. 5 to 17.) PERIODICAL EVENTS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE SEASONS. We have frequent occasion to notice events that indicate the relative forwardness or lateness of the seasons. It is not unusual, in case of a remarkably late spring, or an uncommonly severe winter, or in any other incident out of the common course of events, to remark that the like was never known before, or that it was not within the memory of the "oldest inhabitant." This reliance upon memory and traditions is at least very unsatisfac- tory and is quite apt to mislead. To afford a convenient and satisfactory means of reference, a series of tables, luimbered from 5 to 17, has been provided, which may be classified as follows : Operatio.vs op Husbandry \ [^'X ^«.?»"""y of f/d- Time. ( Co.; " of Harvest. Cultivated Fruits ^ (7.) Eirst Blossoms of Cultivated Fruit- Trees. I (8.) " Ripeninff of Cultivated Fruits. Wild Fruits ^ ^^'^ ^"^' Blossoming of Wild Fruit-Bearing Plants. 1(10.) " Ripening of Wild Fruits. Orna.me.ntal and Wild Plants ^ '^^'-^ ^'"' Blossoming of Cultivated Ornamental Plants. ((12.) " " of Wild Plants. Periodical Appearance in Animal Life. | f J?\^ ^f"' Appearance of Birds in Spring. ((14.) 0/ I i-shes, Reptiles, and Insects. f(15.) First Use of Garden Products. Other Periodical Events j (16.) Periodical Events dependent upon the Seasons. ((17.) Menwrahle Events. * An elementary book of instructions for the preparation of diagrams for the graphic illustration of numbers is in course of preparation by the author of this volume. It may be followed by a more el.aborate work upon this subject, in which the application of these methods will be shown as applied to scientific subjects and other purposes of study and illustration. 14 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. Tliese dates should always be noted down at the time of their occurrence, leaving; nothing to the memory or a more convenient time. In observing tlie blossoming and ripening of fruit-trees, the appearance and fall of leaves, etc., it is desirable that the observations should he made from year to year, so far as possible, on the same trees ; and in like manner, the opening and closing of rivers or lakes should be upon the same waters, as differences due to local causes might otherwise impair their value for comparison. In tables 16 and 16 A, the names of the lakes or streams observed as to freezing or opening should be written in at the head of the column, in the dotted space jjrovided for this purpose. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The farmer, like the mariner, has mucii depending upon the seasons and the weather, and both may be largely benefited by a careful observation of the indications of coming change, as shown by the barometer, and other meteorological instruments. So carefully have these laws of change been studied, and so well is the movement of storms now known, that predictions are made with reasonable certainty many hours before any actual changes are visible in the sky, and sufficiently in advance to provide against many of the disasters that might otherwise happen.* Pages are provided in this volume for entering the monthly results of meteorological observations, which, if carefully kept, would in time afford a most interesting and profitable subject for reference, and their value would increase from year to year. For common purposes, three observations might be made daily, — at the hours of 7 A.M., 2 p.m., and 9 p.m., which are those fixed by the blanks furnished to voluntary observers by the Signal Service.! (No. 18.) WINDS. The prevailing direction from which the winds blow in the forenoon and afternoon might be entered in two columns, and the sum of these halves, reduced to days, should be entered at the end of each month in this Register. Their sum would, of course (added to the days of calm), make the number of days in the year. If the number of days from different points were equal, both or all should be entered in the column of " Prevailing Winds." The resultant is the mean direction that the winds have l)lown during a given period, and the relative amount of time they have blown in this direction. The mode of ascertaining this may be explained as follows : Let us suppose that during a month the number of days the wind has blown from the different points has been as follows : North, 4.07 days. East, 0.5 days. i Northeast, 1.50 days. I Southeast, 1.85 days. South, 5.85 " I West, 6.32 " | Southwest, 3.88 " | Northwest, 7.48 " By subtracting the opposite amounts, as here placed, and prefixing the names of the greater, the eight jioints are reduced to four, viz. : S., 1.78 ; W., 6.27 ; S. W., 2.38 ; and N. W., 5.63 days. The quantity 2.38 from the southwest may be considered as representing a certain distance South and West, as the line A, C, in the triangle here shown, represents a distance southward from A to B, and westward from B to C. These distances are readily found in a Traverse Table (each acute angle of this triangle being 45°), and will be found equivalent to S. 1.68, and W. 1.68. In like manner, analyze the distance N. W. 5.63, and it will be found to be N. 4.01, and W. 4.01. Again subtracting, as before, the principal opposite points, S. 1.78, W. 6.27, S. 1.68, W. 1.68, N. 4.01, W. 4.01 (and adding those with like letters pre- fixed), and we have N. 0.55, and W. 11.96 as the result. These distiinces may be represented by the lines * Blanks for recording meteorological observations are furnished upon application to the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army (Division of Telegrams and Reports, for the benefit of Commerce and Agriculture), Washington, D. C. These blanks give instructions for their use. They may be easily constructed by ruling the pages of a blank book, of foolscap-paper size, and in this form are more convenient for reference than folded sheets. f The blanks issued by the English meteorological office to stations of the second order are arranged for records made at 9 A.M. and 9 P.M. Whatever hours arc adopted at the beginning of the record should be continued afterwards ; otherwise the comparison between different years would be liable to mislead. The time of observation should be as near the regular hours as possible, and the reading of the instruments should be noted down in pencil at the time they arc taken, so as not to be trusted to the memory until entered in the Register. THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 15 A, B, and B, C, of the annexed triangle, in which the length of the sides corresponds with these quantities, and the problem remaining is to ascertain the angle at B, and the length of the hypothenuse B, C. This ano-le will be the average direction, or resultant, of all the winds during „ g^ ^ the month, and the length of the line B, C will show the value or rela- tive amount of this average expressed in days. It proves, in this case, "■^^' N.W, -g to be N. 87° 22' W., and its value as 11.96 days. The problem is the same as if we were wishing to find the direction and distance of a ship from her starting point, if sailing with the wind, during a month. Unless the velocity of the wind is measured, we cannot determine the actual angle and value of the resultant, and practically, for purposes of comparison, the motion may be calculated as uniform, the result being in every instance but approximately exact. The prevailing direction and general character of the winds may be shown to the eye by simple diagrams, usually called " Wind Rose«." There are many ways of representing them, some of which are here shown. Draw lines at right angles and obliquely, to represent the eight points of the compass (the top being con- sidered north, as in maps). Then assuming that a given distance, measured from the centre, shall repre- sent a given time, say 10 days to an inch, lay off on these lines, from the centre, the distances correspond- ing with the number of days that the wind has blown from these several points. Then connect these points bv a line, and we have an irregular figure, elongated and enlarged, in the direction from which the prevailing winds blew. The construction of these figures requires no computation beyond the simple addition of the days. By linking the resultants of different months together, one at the end of the other, we have a broken line which strikingly represents the direction of tiie winds in the different months of the year. The accom- ]>anying figure has twelve sections or links, corres- -^^'*'~~^ ponding with the twelve months, and might repre- ^>^ ^^\ ^ sent the prevailing course of the wind in these several - • "--^ ^ mouths. In order to draw such a figure accurately, ' ' ' ResuUanta of the Mo»tha of a Year. • the angles should be carefully laid down from a protractor, and the lengths of the sections by a scale. The line would seldom be as regular as here shown. Another mode of representation is by means of a polygon, which may be constructed as follows : Having found the number of days that the wind has blown from different points, lay off from a point, on a scale say of 10 days to an inch, a line vertically up, proportioned in length to the number of days that the wind has blown from the north. Then, from the end of that line, another to the northeast (the top of the drawing being considered as north), and so on, for each point of the compass to the northwest. The point wiiere the drawing ends, by its direction and distance from the point of beginning, will show the direction and value of the resultant. These polygons will be elongated vertically if the station is in a valley running north and south, or horizontally if the valley runs oast and west. The effect of local influences in giving direction to the wind is always noticed, and where ranges of hills or valleys exist the surface current conforms to their direction. In wide, open fe I plains, however, the course of the wind is generally that of the upper currents, as shown by the \S' ,• direction of the clouds. The resultant of winds in different months or years may also be represented by arrows and other devices. At regular stations for meteorological observations, instruments called Ane- mometers are used for finding the velocity of the winds. The one most commonly employed is Robinson's Anemometer, consisting of four hemispherical cups, attached by arms of equal length to an upright spindle. The cups have their hollow side open on the same side as regards the arms to which they are attached, so that the wind striking the hollow with more force than the convex surface of the cups, causes the instrument to revolve. A very slight breeze is sufficient to give it motion, and in a strong wind the ''''"''' "' ^^"''''' ^- ^• motion is very rapid. An endless screw on the spindle gives motion to a series of wheels which indicate, Whids at KituUrhnuk, N. Y. 16 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. and sometimes register, tiie velocity. Tlieoretically, the centre of each cup moves with one-third the velocity of the wind, whatever may be the length of the arms that support it ; but in practice, some allowance must be made for friction, and the smaller instruments record le.ss than the larger ones. The velocity and pressure of the wind are sometimes represented by numbers, as follows, the Ibrce varying as the square of the velocity. No. Character. Velocity in Miles per Hour. Pressure in Pounds per Square Foot. No. Character. Velocity in Miles per Hour. Pressure in Pounds per Square Foot. 1 2 4 12* 25 0.02 0.08 0.75 3.00 6. 6 7 8 9 10 45 60 70 80 100 10 9 Strong gale. 18 3 Pleasant, brisk Very brisk High wind 24 4 31 5 35 Most violent hurricane.... 49 The mean velocity of the wind through the year varies in diiferent places, being from nine to fourteen miles i)er hour, and more in the winter than at other seasons. Taking the general average, it is least at sunri.se and greatest at 2 p.m. The surface winds often blow in a different direction from the upper currents, as shown by the motion of the clouds, and in changeable weather different currents may often be noticed in the region of the clouds. We shall have occasion to refer on a subsequent page to the indications of weather shown by the winds in respect to storms. The winds may have a strong upward direction, as in a hail-storm, by which drops of water and smaller hailstones in descending are caught and carried into a region of intense cold. This upward current is common in ordinary thunder-storms and local showers. The currents of air may have a descending course, as is supposed to be the case with the " northers," which are cold and intensely chilling winds that occur at certain seasons of the year in Texas. (No. 19.) DEPTH OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW. These are ascertained by means of gauges placed in situations not exposed to influences that might increase or diminish the amount of water received. Various forms of rain and snow-gauges have been used, the simplest being a cylinder with an arrangement for measuring the depth in inches, either by directly applying a scale, or by pouring the contents into a graduated measuring glass. The snow-gauge is always best made of the latter form, and should be of sufficient depth to hold any ordinary fall of snow. The contents may be pres.sed down from time to time, and, for ascertaining the amount, must be melted, and then measured in the same manner as rain-water. The measurements should be made as soon after the rain or snowfall is over as may be convenient, or if the fiill be abundant or long continued two observations may be made, and their sum entered. The time of beginning and end of rain or snowfall should be entered in proper columns. The amount of rain caught by a gauge depends much on the location, it being, as a rule, more at the earth's surface than on the roof of a building, and more on the latter than on a high tower. The best location is there- fore in a box sunk in the ground, with the mouth of the gauge a little above the surface of the earth, and some rods distant from any roof, tree, or other object that could intercept the rain, increase the amount, or otherwise vary the quantity from that due to an open space. The area of the gauge is immaterial, one of small size being theoretically equal to a larger one ; cylinders of common tinned iron, lacquered, a foot or more long, and about two inches in diameter, with slender graduated scales for direct measurement of depth, were formerly supplied by the Smithsonian Institution to its meteorological observers. They could be sent by mail, and answered a good purpose; but it would always be best to procure these instruments, with their proper means of measurements, as made by special manufacturers. Besides measuring the amount of melted snow, it is desirable to record, as nearly as may be, the depth of the snow itself, — an observation not easy to make where it has drifted. It can, however, be found with some degree of accuracy by taking the average of several measurements in a place sheltered from the winds. Unusual rain or snowfidls, floods, etc., may be entered in Table No. 17, as "Memorable Events," and the general character of the seasons as " wet," " dry," " deep snows," " open winter," etc., in Table No. 26. Similar THE AMERICA^/ FAIl.M REGISTER. 17 r;iin-gaugc.s, observed witli equal care, will jjoiuetinies show discrepanoies within a distance of a mile or two that almost impair confidence ; hut the differences will be generally found due to passing showers, or other assignable causes. The number of rainy or snowy days, or days on which rain or snow fell in sufficient quantity for measure- ment, is an interesting item, and a column for this is given on Table Xo. 25. At some stations the direction of the winds that bring rain are recorded. Winds from the sea, and continuing several liours, generally bring rain, especially in winter. It is now generally conceded that most of our rains come from moisture evaporated from oceans, and brought over the land by wiiuls. In certain regions the winds are deprived of their moisture by being carried over mountains, and a district entirely rainless may occur on one side of a chain of mountains while the other side has abundant rains. liahifdll ill Woodlands. — The effect of woodlands njjon the rainfall, temperature, and evaporation is now being carefully studied in several places in Europe. Where opportunities occur, the observer may add to the existing fund of knowledge upon this subject by establishing a comparative series of observations. A report upon Forestry, made by the author of these pages under authority of Congress, and published in 1878, will be found to afford all the information necessary for the placing aud care of instruments. It will be sufficient here to say, that such observations should be made in a place wholly within the influence of the woods, and selected as affording the average amount of shelter and shade. The place should be enclosed by a fence to prevent intru- sion or injury. In all cases there should be for comparison a similar series of observations made in the open fields at some distance from the forest, so as not to be affected by it. In European stations for this study, self-record- \narate pages have been prepared for home and factory ])r()ducts. In a few localities condensed mill: is made a special branch of business; but as in these cases the milk is usually sold to the manufacturer, the dairyman will have no occasion to follow it further than the entry of " milk sold to the factory," and " total receipts." There are many details in butter and cheese-making, such an the amount of salt and other articles used, cost of boxes, tubs, and the like, of which every intelligent farmer should take account in his business; but these are too varied for arrangement in our tables. (No. 60.) POULTRY. This table is chiefly intended for use in cases where the sale of poultry and eggs is made a leading busi- ness with the farmer, as is done in some cases where favorably located with respect to markets. A special hatching record has been recommended to poultry breeders in the following form : Date wheu Eggs 1 Number of , Kinds or Date when Hen No. of Chickens No. of Nest, i 1 J nr Tr ■ .• i • x rr tt ^ i, j REMARKS. [ were placed. -ciggs. Varieties. is to come on. Hatched. THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 27 STOCK-BREEDING. Persons engaged in stock-breeding would find it convenient to provide a table, by ruling blank pages, for entering tiie dates of beginning of gestation, so as to better know when to expect its termination. Three columns would be sufficient for this purpose, of which the first would be the name or d&scription of the subject of record, and the other columns, tiie first and last, dates. The period of gestation, proper age, and duration of powers of reproduction are given for different animals by approved authors as follows : Kinds. Proper Age for Reproduction. Period in Years that Power of Repro- duction Lasts. Shortest Period. Days. Mean Period. Days. Longest Period. Days. 4 years. 3 " 2 " 1 " 2 " 4 " 2 " 1 " 6 months. 10 to 12 10 to 14 6 6 6 10 to 12 8 8 to 9 5 to 6 5 to 6 322 240 146 109 150 365 281 55 48 20 347 283 154 115 156 380 308 60 50 28 419 Cows 321 161 143 Goats Asses 163 391 335 Dogs Cats Rabbits 63 56 35 The period of incubation of domestic fowls is given as follows in days : Kinds. Hens.., Turkey Ducks. Geese.. Shortest Period. 19 24 28 27 Mean Longest Period. Period. 21 24 26 30 30 32 30 33 Kinds. Pigeons Pea-Hens . . . Guinea-Hen; Swans Shortest Mean Period. Period. 16 18 25 28 20 23 40 42 Longest Period. 20 30 25 45 The time that animals continue to grow, and the age to which, under fiivorable circumstances, they may live is as follows : Camel grows 8 years, lives Horse " 5 " " Ox Lion 40 25 15 to 20 20 years. Dog grows 2 years, lives 12 to 14 years Cat " IV " '■ 9 to 10 " Hare " 1 " '^ 8 " Guinea-Pia; " 7 months. " 6 to 7 " (No. 61.) WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. This record is in cases of some of the more valuable kinds of stock a matter of sufficient interest for record, but generally not. There are other records in the life of animals, especially in respect to males not kept for reproduction, that might be useful, but these are omitted from this volume as not of general interest. (No. 62.) FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. This record is convenient for current use and after reference, but in special cases one much more extended would be useful, especially in experiments upon the u.se of different kinds of food in fattening stock, or in the mode of preparing and feeding it. These, like experiments in soiling cattle and the like, are too varied for a general series of tables, and are mentioned here only in a suggestive way. The entries may be made collec- tively for each class of animals fattened, and in the column of remarks reference might be made to any special records that might be kept. According to the results of many experiments, a bushel of corn will produce 8'4 pounds of pork net, oi- 15 per cent, of its weight; or conversely, 1 pound of pork requires 6| pounds of corn. These data affi)rd the means of estimating the cost of fattening swine, the price of corn being known. The amount of food required will, of course, vary according to the breed of the animal, variety of food, temperature, and other circumstances. 28 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. As a general rule in feeding, oily food is best calculated to increase fat, and glutinous food (grains) for draft animals. Fattening food should be ground and steamed. (No. 63.) BEE-KEEPING: HONEY AND WAX. These pages are intended for use where bee-keeping forms a leading business. The successful management of bees requires careful attention, and when the business is conducted witii intelligence it may often result in large profits. With such, a more detailed record might be used. Tiiero may be occasionally other farm industries tiiat require record, but these are so exceptional that it has been thonglit best to leave them for entry on blank pages of the record, as occasion may arise. Among these may be mentioned silk-raising and the cultivation of special fruits, roots, or seeds, and field-crops, too varied for a general record. It is designed to prepare a special edition suited for the wants of Southern agriculturists, as there may be occasion. (No. 64.) RECEIPTS FROM THE FARM OTHER THAN FROM CULTIVATION. The quarrving of stone, or getting out of clay, sand, gravel, marl, or peat, and other revenues from priv- ileges, as of shore and the like, may, in exceptional cases, become a source of income from lease, sale, or working by the owner. They are too varied for specification, and too variable from year to year to be presented other- wise than in the indefinite manner adopted by means of blank headings suited for such subdivisions and uses as exceptional wants may require. (No. 65.) SPECIAL OBJECTS OF HOME INDUSTRY. These, like the objects last named, are too varieil for specification. They may include such manufactures for sale as may be produced by liousehold labor or in winter season when field labors are suspended. (No. 66.) HIRED LABOR. Tills is intended as a memorandum for dates, rates of wages, and remarks with regard to labor upon the farm or for houseliold service. (No. 67.1 CONDITION AND CHANGES OF THE FARM. These pages should show the extent of the farm, the changes in its area, assessed valuation of property of the owner, and estimated value of diiferent classes of farm property. A comparison of results through a series of years, and a caret\il study of the points wherein these changes have occurred, would jirove a most useful subject of attention. (No. 68.) BUILDINGS ERECTED. The years in this table are left blank because some might pass without occasion for entry, while in others there might be several entries required. It would be well to enter at the beginning the buildings already on the farm when the record began, so far as the facts concerning tiiem are known. (No. 69.) REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS. In this table, as in the Jast, the years are left blank, and for a similar reason. The specification of the nature of the repairs or changes may be general or particular, according to circumstances. (No. 70.) INSURANCE UPON PROPERTY. This table explains itself. It will apply to all forms of insurance upon buildings, furniture, stock, or other property. (No. 71.) BUILDINGS HIRED OR LEASED. This favble will readily serve for all purposes of entering memoranda of buildings hired of others, or leased to others from time to time. The uses for which the lease was made can be entered in the same column as that of the description of the building, as " barn for hay," " house for farm laborer," etc. (No. 72.) HIRED PASTURAGE, AND STOCK PASTURAGE ON LAND NOT BELONGING TO THE FARM. This table applies to cases in which a farmer, wishing to extend his stock operations beyond the capacity of his land, hires pasturage, either by leasing land, or by hiring his cattle kept by others. THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 29 (No. 73.) PASTURAGE HIRED TO OTHERS, AND STOCK TAKEN IN FOR PASTURAGE. This table is tiie converse of the preceding, and applies to cases in wliich a person, having more pasturage than stock, eitlier rents land to others, or takes in the stock of others for pasturage. The use of these tables will be obvious without further explanation. (Nos. 74 and 75.) LAND HIRED FROM OTHERS, OR TO OTHERS, FOR USE OTHER THAN FOR PASTURAGE. These two tables, like those numbered 71 and 72, apply to land hired from others, or to others, for cultiva- tion, M'hetlier upon a fixed rent or upon siiares. (No. 76.) FENCES EXISTING AT BEGINNING OF RECORD, AND MADE ANNUALLY AFTERWARDS. There is perhaps no item of farm-interest in which there is greater room for economy than in fences. Except in cases where stone is abundant, they have, in the older sections of the country, been usually made of wood, and are maintained at an expense that becomes annually greater as wood becomes scarce. Among the important lessons that remain to be learned by our farming community is the fact that much of this expense may be avoided either by fencing stock within their proper range, or by the improved methods of feeding known as soiling, i.e., keeping them in stables or yards, and carrying fresh food to them that is cut for the purpose from day to day. (No. 77.) HEDGES.— (No. 78.1 DITCHES AND OTHER DRAINAGE. These tables are designed to record the extent of hedges and of diteiies, and other artificial drainage exist- ing on the farm at the beginning of the record, and the extent made annually afterwards. A proper attention to both of these subjects is highly important. Hedges, besides serving as a fence, will, when allowed to grow- high, serve as wind-breaks, and as a shelter to stock, — a service much needed in the prairie States. The nesting places which they afford to birds that feed upon insects is worthy of notice and encouragement among farmers. (No. 79.) FOREST-TREE PLANTING. In many sections of the country the scarcity of timber for farm uses, manufactures, building, and fuel is seriously felt, and its want is among the first that the settlers experience in the prairie regions of the Western States. In the older States, where the primitive growth of forests was abundant, little care has been taken to reserve a sufficient proportion for future use, and already a scarcity is felt in regions once thought to afford inexhaustible supplies. There are incidental advantages afforded by woodlands in the influence they exert upon climate, by preventing the drying effect of winds, affording protection to birds useful to farmers, main- taining humidity, and tempering the extremes of heat, that commend the subject of tree-planting to the notice of every owner of land. These should lead him to provide on his own farm at least enough for his own use. It is found in Europe that the best results in agriculture are obtained when at least one-fourth of the area is covered with woodlands. The pastures interspersed among groves are less liable to drouth, and crops bear more uniformly a good yield, than where the protection afforded by growing trees has been taken away. This service is especially felt in fruit-culture; partly by the obstructions afforded by forests against drying winds, — in some degree by the moisture and shelter they afford, — ^and to a considerable extent by the retarding of vege- tation in the spring by preventing the early melting of snows. In this they have an effect like that known to be produced by large bodies of water, which render the spring months cool, and prevent fruit-trees from blossom- ing until summer is fairly confirmed, and the danger from late spring frosts is passed. The table affords the opportunity for entering the number of acres, and, by count or estimation, the num- bers of trees of different kinds set during each year. 30 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. We may present, in this connection, some suggestions relative to MODES OF PLANTATION. ■ — • — • — • — • — t — • — » » — • — • t — ' I — ' I 1 — . I — 1 1 — • — I . — • — t — I ► — • — • — * — 4 — • — • — • — « — • — . I « • 4 X « « • « m • Plantation in Equilateral Triangles. T 1 1 X i- j-u i. 1 J. „ Pknitnfiov in Squares. Jn regnlar jilantation, the trees or plants may -' be arranged in rectangular or obliipie order. In the former the rows may be equidistant each way, and they may be cultivated equally well either way. Lines drawn through the objects planted would form a series of squares, as shown by the annexed drawing. If the lines are nearer together one way than another, as in common nursery rows, the figures obtained by drawing lines through the trees or plants thus placed, form a series of parallelograms. In plant- Plantation in Parallelograms. ing by this mode we may get space between, in one direction, wide enough for driving a horse or team, and may space the olyects apart in the rows to suit convenience. In forest-planting the alternate trees in the rows should be taken out as the growth becomes dense, and in some instances the alternate rows entirely. A third method consists in placing the plants in oblique rows, so that each plant (except on the margin) shall be equally distant in six directions from its neighbors. If a plantation of this kind be connected by lines, it will produce a series of equilateral triangles, and by joining six of these together, hexagons, as in the annexed drawing. A fourth method consists in planting in ob- lique lines at right angles with each other, so that when connected by lines passing through the objects planted, the resulting diagram will be a series of squares and right-angled triangles. This is called the quincunx order, and for orchard and forest-tree planting is to be preferred to all others, where the object is to secure all the air and light possible on a given area. This plantation gives rows more conspicuously in line when viewed diagonally than in lines parallel or at right-angles with the side of the field, because i n these the plants or trees are as much nearer together, as the side of an isosceles right-angled triangle is less than its hypotenuse. Land may be marked for this kind of plantation by tracing twice as many lines each way, at right-angles to each other, as there are places to be planted on these sides. In planting, only every alternate point of intersection is used, as shown in the annexed drawing. The following table will be found convenient for use in ascertaining the number of plants required for covering a given area of land. The distances apart, as shown in the heading and left-hand margin, are metres, and the numbers in the body of the table are those on a hectare (2.47 acres); but without any change it will show the number for rods, yarrbi, feet, or any other unit of measure, on a square having 100 of such units on a side. Diagonal Plantation on Quincunx Ordei: X X X X XI X X X XX Mode of Marking foj ' Quincunx Planting THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 31 Number of Planbi set 'a Eoivs on a Square of IOC on a Side, at Intervals, in the Heading and Left-hand Margin. Distance DISTANCE BETWEEN ROWS. EQUIDISTANT PLANT- ING EACH WAY. between In Squares. Plants in the Rows. 1,0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5,0 5.5 In Triangular Order. (1.5 20,000 13,333 10,000 8,000 6,067 5,714 5.000 4,444 4,000 3,636 40,000 46,188 1.0 10,000 0,667 5,000 4,000 3,333 2,857 2,500 2,222 2,000 1,818 10,000 11,547 1.5 6,667 4,444 3,333 2,667 2.222 1,905 1,667 1^481 1,333 1,212 4,444 5,132 2.0 5,000 3,333 2,500 2,000 1,667 1,429 1,250 1,111 1,000 909 2,500 2,887 2 5 4,000 2,667 2,000 1,600 1,333 1,143 1,000 889 800 727 1,600 1,848 3.0 3,333 2 222 1,667 1,333 1,111 952 833 741 667 606 1,111 1,283 3.5 2,857 I'gos 1,429 1,143 952 816 714 635 571 519 816 943 4.0 2,500 1,667 1,250 1,000 833 714 625 556 500 455 625 722 4.5 2 222 1,481 1,111 889 741 635 556 494 444 404 494 570 5.0 2,000 1,333 1,000 800 667 571 500 444 400 364 400 462 5.5 1,818 1,212 909 727 606 519 455 404 364 331 331 382 6.0 1,667 1,111 833 667 556 476 417 370 333 303 278 321 6.5 1,538 1,026 769 615 513 440 385 342 308 280 237 273 7.0 1,429 952 714 571 476 408 357 317 286 260 204 236 7.5 1,333 889 667 533 444 381 333 296 267 242 178 205 8.0 1,250 833 625 500 417 357 313 278 250 227 156 180 8.5 1,176 784 588 471 392 336 294 261 235 214 138 160 9.0 1,111 741 556 444 370 317 278 247 222 202 123 143 10.0 1,000 667 500 400 333 286 250 222 200 100 100 115 III using this table, if the intervals be assumed as measured by yards, for example, the number on a tract 100 yards square would be, at half a yard apart in the rows, and at 3J yards between tiie rows, 5714; at 7 yards between, the rows, each way, 204, if set in squares, or 236 in triangles, and so of all other numbers in the table. Its application for larger or smaller areas, by multiplication or division, will be obvious without i'lirther specification. The advantage of diagonal planting over that in squares, will be seen by comparing the last two columns of the table, where the same areas of land and the same intervals between the trees give quite ditfcrent results. (No. 80.1 CONDITION OF WOODLANDS AND FOREST PLANTATIONS AT THE END OF EACH YEAR. This table may be regarded as a kind of supplement to No. 79. It affords an opportunity for studying the causes of failure, if observed in plantations, and shows the gaining or diminisiiing extent of natural and artificial plantations upon the farm. (No. 81.1 VEHICLES, TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. The cost of farming implements, more esj)ecially of the expensive kinds, is an item of much importance. This table will enable the farmer to notice their durability and relative expense of maintenance in working order. (No. 82.) OTHER INVESTMENTS. There may occur expenses not elsewhere provided for, such as the opening of private roads, building of farm bridges, clearing off of stumps or boulders, grading, dikes and embankments, works to prevent the erasion of strcam.s, filling up of ravines, digging of wells, diversion of water-courses, and the like, that when done, add to the value of the premises, and come properly under the head of investments. They are too varied for specification, but may all come properly into this table, as matters of useful record and for future reference. Under the heading of "amount invested" should be entered the value of team-work and labor, as well as money expended. (No. 83.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF SEPARATE FIELDS. The principal advantage of this record will be to keep a journal for reference in the rotation of crops. It has long been known that the .same crop cannot generally be cultivated with advantage upon the same ground through a series of years, but that certain changes are desirable, and even necessary, in order to secure the best results. Tiie rules to be followed in this rotation of crops differ greatly, according to the natiu-e and strength of the soil, and other circumstances; but it may be stated, as a general rule, that where the productive powers 32 THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. of the soil have been exhausted by cultivation, and carried away in a crop, this should be followed by another that tends to restore fertility, either from its own decay or by affording nourishment to stock, the offal from which is returned to the soil. The cereal grains, the fibre-plants (when allowed to ripen their seed), hops, tobacco, etc., are exhausting, while leguminous plants and root-crops, when returned directly or indirectly to the soil, tend to restore fertility. The following successions have been found successful in Pennsylvania: 1, Wheat; 2, Rye; 3, Clover; 4, Wheat; 5, Corn; 6, Oats; 7, Wheat; 8, Clover. There has been established no regular system of rotation in the United States, although in some countries the principles involved have been made a subject of careful study, and reference should be had to approved treatises upon agriculture for a statement of the principles involved, and the rules that should be observed. (No. 84.) MONEY BORROWED FOR USE IN FARM PURPOSES. This table is designed to afford a convenient place for a memorandum of money borrowed and a reminder of the time when due. The date when the loans are paid, or any other note of reference or information, may be entered in the column of remarks. (No. 85,) GENERAL EXPENSE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR. (No. 86.) GENERAL RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR, AND FINAL BALANCE. These pages are designed to present a general statement of expenses and receipts, and the balance of accounts for the year. STATUTE WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL OF GRAIN AND OTHER COMMODITIES. The Biishel is adopted in the United States from the English custom, as the standard of dry measure, and contains 543391.89 standard Troy grains (or 77.6274 pounds avoirdupois) of distilled water at temperature of greatest density, the barometer being at 30 inches. No law has hitherto been passed by Congress exactly defining weights and measures except with regard to the Troy pound used in the Alint."' Exact copies of the English standards of weights and measures have how- ever been prepared and furnished to all the States and Territories,t and these have been declared the standards of these States and Territories by their statute laws. In some acquired portions, the Spanish measui-es of length, weight, and capacity have been also sanctioned. J As all English weights and measures are arbitrary, and have no exact unit of reference in nature, or any true origin but in usage subsequently legalized, differences were found to exist in different sections of the country at the time when scientific inquiries and comparisons began to be made. There had accordingly occurred some discrepancies in these units of weights and measures, as adopted and confirmed in the several States, prior to the distribution of standards by the general government, and these still exist on their statute books. § In Louisiana, the barrel of 3J bushels, dry measure, and its half and quarter, are legal measures for grain and coal. In Marjdand, the corn-barrel is a measure 21 inches in diameter at the bottom (clear of the staves) and 23 at the top, and deep enough to hold 5 struck bushels of corn. The Standnrd Gallon, in liquid measure, contains 58372.2 grains Troy (or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois) of distilled water at greatest density. In some States, as in New Hampshire and Minnesota, milk is sold by hcer measure (282 cubic inches to the gallon), while in others, as in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont, it is sold by wine measure (231 cubic inches to the gallon). The weight of grain differs in a given kind, according to its variety, and the soil, and other circumstances in which it has grown. But in most of the States the weight of a bushel has been fixed by law, and in some markets the quantity is determined by weighing instead of measuring. There exists considerable difference among the several States and Territories in these legal weights of grain, and they have in some instances been * Act of May 19, 182S. f Act of June 14, 1S36. J In New Mexico, the Spanish measures recognized by law are: The Caarlitla^l pint U. S. measure. The Almml—\-6 of a Half Faueija=il2.7+ cubic inches. The Half Faiiega=2,i76.2i cubic inches. J In Arlsansas and Indiana, the half bushel contains 1075.2 cubic inches ; in Nebraska, it is 1075 ; and in New York and California, 1071.25. In the States of New York .ind California, the half bushel must be 15i inches across, and the bushel 19i inches. In New Hampshire and Minne- sota, the former is 133 inches, and the latter 18^ inches. The heaped measure, in Connecticut and Kansas, contains 1282 cubic inches in the half bushel. In Minnesota, the bushel of charcoal is 2419 inches; in Colorado, 2500; in Pennsylvania, 2571; and in Missouri, 2680. THE AMERICAN FARM REGISTER. 33 changed, so that, in the same State, diiferences occur in comparing the busliel of different periods. As an exam- ple, it may be stated that 1000 busiiels of barley, taken from Kansas to New Orleans, would become 1500 bushels according to the laws of Louisiana, the bushel being 48 pounds in the former and 32 in the latter. In the case of rye, the difference is enormous, being from 56 to 32, so that 1000 bushels of rye, taken from Kansas to New Orleans, would fill an order for 1750 bushels, the purchase and sale being in both cases by legal weight. The importance of tiiis subject has led us to construct a table from existing State laws, and this is here given as complete up to the time when prepared. It is liable to change from time to time, and will be found to differ from similar tables found in other books; but it can be shown that this difference, if found, would be due to the fixct that these other tables have been copied from older ones, or compiled from older statutes. We have used no authorities but the recent statute laws, and have compared them with the finished work to avoid errors in copying. The only effectual way to avoid misunderstanding would be the introduction of a custom, sanctioned by Congress, and therefore applicable to every part of the country, by which grain and other measured commodities should be bought and sold by weight only. The most convenient unit would be the cental, or 100 pounds, and tiiis, if once adopted, would soon regulate prices ui)on this basis, beyond liability to confusion or misunderstanding. METRICAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The metrical or decimal system of weights and measures was first adopted in France in 1795, and has since been legalized and brought into use in many other countries, in some cases permissively, and in others exclusively, superseding altogether those formerly in use. Besides its decimal subdivisions and multiples, by which one denomination may be changed into another by removing the decimal point without calculation, this system has the great advantage of jjresenting a common basis for the measurement of length, area, solid contents, capacity, and weight. This unit is the meter, intended to be the ten-millionth part of the distance from the pole to the equator, measured on a meridian on the earth's surface. It is very nearly 39.37 inches in length, and is subdivided into tenths, Iiundredths, and thousandths, and multiplied by 10, 100, and 1000. The names of the subdivisions have prefixes derived from the Latin language, while the names of the multiples are distinguished by prefixes from tiie Greek language. In some countries, where the metrical measures come very near those ))reviously in use, tiie old names, with or without some modifications, have been retained, but the amounts when written in figures are strictly coincident with those of the metrical system. By an act of Congress, approved July 28, 1866, the use of this decimal system of weights and measures is sanctioned, but not enforced. It was also legalized in like manner in the Dominion of Canada, by an act assented to April 14, 1871 ; and it is to be hoped that ere long it may come into general use in common busi- ness transactions, as it already has, to a considerable extent, in scientific determinations. The growing import- ance of this subject leads us to insert a series of tables for converting English into metrical and metrical into English measures. MEASURES OF LENGTH. Metrical Denominations. Length in Meters. Myriameter . ... Kilometer Hectometer.... Decameter Meter Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter 0.1 0.01 0.001 Length as Specified in Act of Congress. 6.2137 miles. 3280 ft. 10 in. 328 ft. 1 in. 393.7 inches. 39.37 in. 3.937 in. 0.3937 in. 0.0394 in. Various Equiv.\lent Measures. f =3280.899 feet=0.62138242 miles. This is the common itinerary meas- i ure used in countries where the metrical measures are adopted. Used in measuring land, as the chain is used in English measure. =39.370432 inches, by most approved authorities, although 39.37079 by authorities more frequently cited, and in the act of Congress of 1866 =3.2808868 feet=l. 093623 yards. {Used for the exact determination of small distances, and in barometrical observations, and other scientific measurements. 34 WEIGHT OF A BUSHEL OF VARIOUS COMMODITIES, LEGUMINOUS I CEREAL GRAINS, AND OTHER FLOUR, MEAL, Etc. GRAINS, 1 FRUITS. STATES AND Indian Corn. 1 QC $■ m 1 a^ 1 m £. 1 1 I o >^ E o S E E E Fresh. Dried, Small Fruits. 1 TERRITORIES. >» 1 1 J o £ £. O- ,<■ J £. 1 1 J 4 f i C3 a. QC s ■fc Arizona 4.5 ^i 70 70 70 68 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 32 32 32 30 20 32 32 32 32 35 34 30 30 32 32 36 30 32 32 32 35 32 32 66 64 60 60 56 66 56 56 50 56 32 66 50 56 66 56 56 56 66 56 50 60 60 56 56 56 50 60 60 66 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 00 00 60 00 00 GO 60 60 60 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 00 00 CO CO 60 60 00 60'' GO 00 60 60 60 60 CO 60 60 60 60 60'« 20 20 20 20 20 24 50 60 50 44* 48 50 50 60 50 50 60 50 50 60 60 50 38 32 30 34 38 60=' 50 60 50 50 60 48 44 45 40 45 £7 40 48 45 ...... 45 48 24 25 24 24 24 22 23 24 24 26 22 28 28 2S 25 28 40 32" 40 40 40 32 32 ... i 57 50 48 43 48 62 60 60 60 60 50 56 66 56 56 50 56 50 66 66 60 50 60 50 66 68 50 56 60 50 56 56 50 50 66 60 CO' 60 00= 60 CO 60 60^ 64 CO CO 60 60= CO CO C2 CO CO go' GO 60 60 40 52 48 42 52 50 52 60 50 48 43 48 48 42 62 52 52 50 48 50 42 48 40 42 52 50 1 1 33 33 33 33 39 32 48 48 48 60 47 32 48 47 48 Iowa Kansas Kentucky 1 28 28 33 33 33 33 28 40" 28 33 28 28 Massachusetts Minnesota 48 Missouri 48 Montana 48 Nebraska 48 New Hampshire New Jersey ; 48 New York '• 48 Ohio 48 Oregon | 4G Pennsylvania 47 Rhode Island 48 Vermont ' 48 Virginia 48 Washington ' 45 West Virginia 48 Wisconsin 48 22 20 20 60' United States'* 48 56 32 66 60 42 CO 1 1 1 33 — — — Dom'n of Canada..! 48 50 34 56 60 60 .48 o:, 1 1 36 1 1 1 ' Small white bea! '' White beans. Common Englisl '' Sifted meal, 44 ; ' Turnip beets, GO. ® Michig.-in salt. s, (III turn msift lithe 1>3. >il m r bea Sill, 4 ns,5 S. 7 11 Slon Busl Ilom Co.-il Fore lim el of sola >u8lie gn e 2C80 b.v t 1,76 cubic :l of )oiin Isalt incl 2240 Is; a pou tGre nils;' ensbi at !• ttsV.i rg b nds. V the 12 13 11 15 17 Fine Joion \llot Mark Bried oreie e fore s, 50 herb -eyet peac neal :gn!, all peas 1M,I t. alt. oot-c s, 32. eelec ri.p.s, ,40; imp pton eled, 32. CO. ^S REGULATED BY LAW (Pounds Avoirdupois). 35 ■ )IL SEEDS. SEEDS OF FORAGE PLANTS. OTHER SEEDS. ROOT-CROPS, OTHER COMMODITIES, 1 : a ;■ ■> r;; i- ..« |G 1 5 ... \ } i- l. i:: j- r i if' 1 } 1 CO E 56 56 56 54 50 56 60 50 55 56 "Z 56 50 56 60 CO CO "Z 50 CD CD 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 00 00 00 60 00 00 60 00 60 60 60 60 64 00 60 60 62 00 GO 60 60 00 60 O i 31 1 O o 1 »- 45 43 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 44 45 45 45 40 45 45 zi 48 o E z. 30 30 1 J^T^T XT. (IVo. 1.) Farm T]eoord. S^l^is Ilec\i3tcr ^^^r/ale-i ta t/ie c^^v^;?^ au-i-ned /i^ — -J cc/Uaimna cccneA^ /t-ec/iry QtcUcn .^ m <^^ul/)6/i(/t .^ ^^anae (^oun/i/, ^ ^ a-^?ic/ Q^lale o/.. ABSTRACT OF TITLE OF THE FARM. Kind of Date of Conveyance, Conveyance, Place of Record, Volume, Page, SURVEY BILL OF THE FARM. »..,„ ....,.,,. 5 i i 8 =—''' — > ! : — ._^ : j _ -_ 1 - . -.1- -' - -"- I 1 :: ':'t — '- — : -i: ■ Ti — -^p- — i : 1 j -r-. i ■■ -.!. • -tz--^-': :. - mi '■—. : imr "'"^'"'^ 1 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 - --"-. - 1 J . - ■_ _:--z ^-: Ti: j::;----^--;_-±:--==e - ;; -:--- - ---:f- ^Tir^=-:^:f^ -}--.- ': r=j :-^.=^_E .Sil > : — i: - - " ;=f" ' ' '" - ■ ■ ' ■ : : 7 ^_ . . i I 1 L_ ., k^4-^-4^ "I- . ; Nusl,.h\ 5 ? ? ? e ! H ^ g ? 5 J B r B t ^ ? ? ? > 1 ,,: i i i i I 1 1 ! j '""'' 1 1 i 1 i t 1 1 § § S S 1 : i ■ i 1 j 1 ! 1 1 1 ! I ,' 1 ^ , : 1 . . , 1 . ; I!„J„-I. T * 1 """ ill I 1 _ 1 ! 1 i ( ^ 1 i Hushds s : ; 1 i 1 1 i 1 n i 1 - 1 litt.tfu'lx i 1 i i ^ 1 ^ 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 ; ' i--:|— - :-:-!-. J 1 r . , , - - ft- f -.! - .- '■ I ■ ' ■■• _---,!- ;:-;-.. ;.| r — ; -^--i^^-^'^: _- :_ ' -:^ '"'' JOO ^-~i' ' \ ' ~ 1 '"'Y^^'^^^'- — too --^- — i— ' - - ^-- E:^ifiii \J- 41-- "I ■ ;-■- - ■ - , Jfusheh ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 i I i 1 1 1 i 1 § 1 i i 1 1 1 1 I : . --, ] r '-: :_ _fc_^ ;.■ - Ol '"'" : - - --;---!--■- - DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF SEED-TIME. Winter Wheat, Spring Wheat, Barley. Winter Rye. ' Spring Rye, Oats, i Indian Corn, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-1 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. 5a.) DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF SEED-TIME.— CW^m^ted Common Potatoes. Sweet PotatoeSi Turnips. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF HARVEST. YEARS. ; Winter Wheat. ' Spring Wheat. Barley. Winter Rye. Spring Rye. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 18SG 1887 1888 1889 ISOO 1891 1892 1893 189 1 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 DATES OF THE BEGINNING OF H M^y EST. — Co7ifi7med. Common Potatoes. Sweet Potatoes. Turnips. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1891 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (Pfo. 7.) DATES OF FIRST BLOSSOMING OF CULTIVATED FRUIT-TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 - 1897 1898 1899 1900 DATES OF FIRST RIPENING OF CULTIVATED FRUITS. Apples. Pears. Peaches. Plums. Garden Cherries. Grapes. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188C 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 DATES OF FIRST BLOSSOMING OF WILD FRUIT-BEARING PLANTS. Field Red Blacl< High Blacl< Strawberries. Raspberries. Raspberries. Blacltberries. Cherries 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 DATES OF FIRST RIPENING OF WILD FRUITS. Field Strawberries, Red Raspberries, Blacli Raspberries. High Blaclfo. i.-i.) DATES OF FIRST USE OF GARDEN PRODUCTS GROWN IN THE OPEN AIR, AND NOT IN HOT-BEDS. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-4 1893 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. XO.) DATES OF PERIODICAL EVENTS DEPENDENT UPON THE SEASONS. YEARS. Sleighing ended. Ice gone from the Snow gone. First Thunder Shower, Trees in Leaf Generally. First Autumnal Frost, First Killing Frost. Aut First umnal Snow. 1878 1879 188U 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (JVo. IGa.) DATES OF PERIODICAL EVENTS DEPENDENT UPON THE SE^SONS.— Continued. Trees Mostly Indian Summer, Stripped ^Sleighing Began, of Leaves. Solid Ice for Crossing tha 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884: 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1899 1900 MEMORABLE EVENTS. Heavy Floods and Snows ; Frost out of Season ; Drouths i Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. Days. 1878 1879 18SU 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1891 1895 1S9G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (jVo. 17.) MEMORABLE EVENTS. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Months. Dajs. Heavy Floods and Snows ; Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. MEMORABLE EVENTS. Heavy Floods and Snows ; Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. DATE. YEARS. ; Months. Days. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 MEMORABLE EVENTS. Days. Heavy Floods and Snows ! Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and iWemorable Events generally. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-i 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 1897 1898 1899 1900 Months. Days, Heavy Floods and Snows : Frost out of Season ; Drouths ; Visitation of Grasshoppers, and Memorable Events generally. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— WINDS. Days Observed from Different Points. YEARS. Southwest, West. Northwest,' Cain Prevailing Wind, , Angle of Resultant, 1878 1879 1880 ISSl 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-t 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— TOTAL DEPTH OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW, IN INCHES, IN OPEN FIELDS. January. February. April. May. July. August. Sep- tember. October, November. December. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-i 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-t 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. lOlT.) TOTAL DEPTH OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW IN WOODLANDS. January, February. March, April. May. 'June. July. August. Sep- tember, October. November. December. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899- 1900 (IVo. 3<>.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATJONS— TEMPERATURE OF THE OPEN AIR. YEARS. Monthly Means by Fahrenheit Scale. April. May. July. Aug Sep- I Oc- ' tember. I tober. No- vember. De- cember, Highest. Lowest, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-1 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 30a.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— TEMPERATURE OF AIR IN WOODLANDS. Monthly Means by Fahrenheit Scale, May. July, August, I Sep- i tember. Oc- tober, No- vember. De- cember, Extremes, Highest, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1SS2 1888 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— BAROMETER. Monthly Mean? of Atmospheric Pressure in English Inches, corrected to 32^ Fahrenheit. January, April, May. ! June. July. [ August. Sep- Oc- tember. i tober. No- vember. De- cember. Highest. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 32.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE. Mean Monthly Pressure of Vapor, measured by a Column of Mercury which the Elastic Force of Vapor II would Support:— Inches. H Extremes. January.! Feb- ruary. March, i April. I May. I II A * ,' Sep- ! Oc- ' No- ! De- ' . , ^ June. I July. August, i .„r, ,„l„, , u ' l Highest, •' ^ tember. ' tober. vember. i cember. ' ° 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1S9(; 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 33a.) ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE IIM WOODLANDS. Mean Monthly Pressure of Vapor, measured by a Column of Mercury which the Elastic Force of Vapor would Support!— Inches. F»h I ! I '• . . I Sep- I Oc- No- De- January,! ^J^°" j March. April, j May. | June, i July. August. I ,^^^j,^| ,^|,^^^ ' vember. cember. ! I I I i 1 I ! I ^ Highest. I Lowest, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 23.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE. Mean Monthly Percentage of Moisture in tlie Atmosplierei Absolute Dryness being 0, and Saturation 100. , Extremes. January. I March. , April. May. I June. July. I August. . . i , . .1 . '! Highest. '■ Lowest. ■' ruary, i i i i : tember. tober. vember. cember. , ° 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-4 1885 1886 1887 1888 1880 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (TVo. aSa.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN WOODLANDS. Percentage of Moisture in the Atmosplierei Absolute Dryness being 0, and Saturation 100. YEARS. I I I ' I Feb- ' ' ' January.! March. I April. | May. I June. ■' I ruary. , "^ •' j II A » Sep- Oc- Ju y. I August. , I , . ■" ° tember. I tober, No- ; De- vember, I cember. Highest. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACES. Total Depth of Water Evaporated from an Open Water Surface in English Inches. January. April, I May. June. I July. Aueust ^^' ^'^' i ^°' ""■ ° ' I tember. I tober. j vember. i cember.l Highest. Lowest, I Annual Mean. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1881= 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (]Vo. ata.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACES IN WOODLANDS. Total Depth of Water Evaporated from an Open Water Surface in English Inches, January. April. May. I June. ' July. , I Sep- I Oc- No- I Db- ° ' 1 tember. ' tober. vember. j cember, Higfiest. Lowest, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1881 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (]Vo. 25.) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— GENERAL SUMMARIES. No. OF DAYS IN EACH YEAR. DAYS ON WHICH AURORAS WERE SEEN, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE SEASONS. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 37.) HAY CROP. Disposition of '^""f- Average Price . , per Ton. SEED GRASS. CQ CQ Average Price per Bushel. Total Receipts from Hay Crop. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-1 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 WINTER WHEAT CROP. Disposition of the Crop. ! Average Price per j^,,, r,,,, ,,, Bushel Soid. "^ 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 SPRING WHEAT CROP. 2 -= I Disposition of the Crop. Average Price per Bushel Sold. Total Receipts. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 30.) RYE CROP. « Bushels, =-s ^ 1 ? "" 1 3: ■< Disposition of the Crop. CD I 00 Average Price per Bushel Sold Total Receipts. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 BARLEY CROP. >■ CO Si -2 Disposition of the Crop. Average Price per Bushei Sold, Totai Receipts. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 dVo. 32.) £ Bushels, s. TS S ■g >- cn S UJ © 1 i > z ^ Disposition of the Crop. OAT CROP. *^Si''so^!'"i T°'»' «-^ip'=' m CD 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 18911 1900 INDIAN CORN CROP. Disposition of the Crop. Average Price of Sales. Corn in the Ear. Total Receipts. 1878 II II 1879 1880 1881 I 1882 I 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-1 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 BUCKWHEAT CROP. Disposition of ttieJ ^'°V- I Average Price per Busliel Sold, Total Receipts. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. 3.->.) 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 PEA CROP. Disposition of the Crop. Average Price of Ripe Peas Sold, Value of Green Peas Sold. Total Receipts. BEAN CROP. Disposition of the I Crop. I Average Price pei Bushei Sold. Total Receipts. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 COMMON POTATO CROP. 1 Bushels, Average Yield per Acre, Disposition of the Crop, Average P Ice per Total Receipts, YEARS, Planted. Harvested, Bushels Used, Bushels Sold. Bushel Suiu, REMARKS, $ $ 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-4 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 38.) SWEET POTATO CROP. g Disposition of the i 1 ■i Crop. Average Price per Bushel Sold. Total Receipts. YEARS. Bushels Used. Bushels Sold. REMARKS. $ P 1878 1879 1880 : 1881 1882 1883 1884 \ 1885 1 1886 i ' 1887 i 1888 1889 1890. 1891 1892 1893 ij 1894 1895 i' 1896 1897 i 1898 '' 1899 1900 TURNIP CROP. Disposition of the Crop, Average Price ^^,^| r^^^, ,^ per Bushel. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 CARROT CROP. 1 "S £ 1 M ^ s "S o *0 YEARS, -D CO oc -^ 3 *5 o ?^ >- c 1 ■ >■ J5 rt •^ *■ ^ >- Total Cost, ° S > 03 -o g ho ° o = S So C3 E t3 O s Sold. ' w w ^ 1 i_ 1- ' o fan ^ o = : = -o £ 42 43 CO 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 5G.) NEAT CATTLE. At the Beginning of the Season. Bought. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-1 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-1 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (:Vo. 50a.) NEAT C^JJLL.—Contulue(i. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 = i z Total Receipts. Receipts from all Sources. (]N"o. Oi SHEEP HUSBANDRY. Number of Head. Lost. Dates, Fleeces Shorn. YEARS, "i) i ■f m s> Butchered. Killed by Dogs. At the End of the Season, 1 i "^^ 1 o o Number. ! i Average 1 Weight, Total Weight. Sheep. Lambs, 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 . 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1S96 1897 1898 1899 1900 (jVo. 57a.) SHEEP HYiSBAf^D^W.— Continued. 1 ! Disposition of the Wool. Total Receipts. 1 YEARS. : Pounds Used In Family. ! 1 Average Weigiit Pounds Sold. per Fleece. Sheep and Lambs ,,, . . , , Sold. *'""^°"'' 1 1 REMARKS. ! 1 s $ ! ! 1 1878 1879 1880 ISSl 1882 1 viRQ looo 1884 1885 1880 1887 i 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 li 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1 1898 i 1899 ! 1900 (PS'o. 38.) SWINE. 1878 1879 1880 1S8I 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 18fl0 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189(3 1897 1898 1899 1900 At Beginning of » Season. ^ ' n o ° s i; Z' Se °i s 2 o = 1 — One Year Oid, or More. Average Price. Pigs. Average Price. Sold, One Year Old, or iVIore. Pigs. Average Price. Average Price. ^ 1 = (No. 58a..) ^VJmE.— Continued. 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 188^ 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 Pigs. Pigs. At End of Season, Disposition of the Products, Pounds of Porl<, Average j i Average Priceperl Used, Sold, Priceper Pound. I I Pound, Average Sold. 'Price per I Pound Estimated Expense of Fattening, Total Receipts, (jNo. 50.) DAIRY PRODUCTS (HOME). 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884: 1885 1886 1887 1888 1880 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Tolal Receipts, Total Receipts. Name of Cliief Purchaser or IMarliet to wtiicli Sent. Total Name of Receipts. Chitf Purchaser or Market to which Sent. CVo. GOa.) DAIRY PRODUCTS (FACTORY). Milk Sold to Factory. Milk Manufactured for Owner. „ J „ J Average Price at Pounds Made. ^^^^ s^|j_ Total Receipts. YEARS. w Ave-age Pi ice per Gallon. _ 1 Paid per Pound for Manufacture. 1 tter. eese, 1 From From General Butter. 1 Cheese. Total. i i » QO " 1 Cts. o 1 1 o $ 1 o _Cts._ $ t __ »_ 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 - 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 _ 1 1894 1895 1890 1897 1898 1899 1900 POULTRY. 1878 1879 1880 1881 Average Number Kept. Eggs Sold. Poultry Sold. a 13 a. = SlO- Total Expenses. Total Receipts, 1883 188-1: 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. Ol.) WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 1 BEGAN. " NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. BEGAN. Year, j Month. Day, 1 Year. Month. Day. - (IVo. «S1.) WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. BEGAN, NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. BEGAN. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 1 Year. I Month. Day. Year. Month. Day. i 1 - f] WEANING OF THE YOUNG OF DOMESTJC ANIMALS. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. BEGAN. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. BEGAN, I Year, | Month. I Day. Year. Month. Day. FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. ! I Year. | Month. ', Day, i| Year, I Month, \ Day, DISPOSITION MADE AND REMARKS. FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. BEGAN, ENDED. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. Year. Month. Day. 1 1 1 i Year, Month. Day. ,1 .1 DISPOSITION MADE AND REMARKS. ' ! ! FATTENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. NAME OR DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. Year. Month. Day. Month. Day. DISPOSITION MADE AND REMARKS. {IVo. «3.) BEE-KEEPING:— HONEY AND WAX. Number of Swarms of Bees. 1 Dates. Yield In Pounds, Receipts fr m Honey, YEARS. e Beginning ' Season, Swarms, he End of leason. irst Swarm, .ast Swarm, S t1 Pounds Sold, Total Receipts. 1 1878 1879 Atth of New Bouf <» , -2 •< li ° ° i ^ CIS, $ 1 11 ' 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 188.^ 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. o:ta.) BEE-KEEPING:— HONEY AND \N kX.— Continued. Receipts from Wax. Receipts from Honey in the Comb, , ji j Total Recpipts ' I aj i' from Bees. Total Receipts. [ ^ i ic "1 ^'''*' Receipts. Total Expenses on Account of Bees. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 04.) RECEIPTS FROM THE FARM OTHER THAN FROM CULTIVATION. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 FROM WHAT SOURCES. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Expenses Incurred. Total Receipts. SPECIAL OBJECTS OF HOME INDUSTRY. YEARS. OBJECT. Expenses on Ac- count of Ob'ect. Total Receipts. $ $ 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 188-t Ii 1885 'i 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1 1900 HIRED LABOR. 1 WAGES. 1 NAMES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. How Hired. Rate of Wages. Service Began. 1 Service Ended. 1 Amount Paid. REMARKS. $ ! 1 f 1 HIRED LABOR. NAMES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. Service Began, I Service Ended. HIRED LABOR. WAGES. NAMES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED. How Hired. Rate of Wages. i Service Began, Service Ended. Amount Paid. REMARKS. $ ' 1 - \ (IVo. U7.1 COISIDJTION AND CHANGES OF THE FARM. YEARS. Acres at the End of the Year. Bought. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 1887 ISSS 1889 18S)0 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189C 1897 1898 1899 1900 (ISO. 07a.) CONDITIONS AND CHANGES OF THE FARM. Acres Brought into Use the Year Previous. Assessed Valuation, Estimated Cash Value at End of Year, YEARS. ared. rshes Re- laimed. Water Surfaces Drained, Planted with Timber, Real Estate. Personal Estate, Real Estate. Domestic Tools, Ma- Animals, 'fh'^y'^"'! . Implements, Other Personal Property. Total Value, 1 o E " $ « 1 $ $ $ $ I " t 1 1878 1879 ! 1880 1 1881 v -- 1882 1883 188-1: 1885 1886 ] 1887 i — " 1888 1 1889 1890 1891 1892 1 ' - 1893 1894 1895 • 189G 1897 1898 1899 1900 BUILDINGS ERECTED. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS:— IMPROVEMENTS. YEARS. NATURE OF THE REPAIR, CHANGE, OR IMPROVEMENT. Date of Completion. Cost. REMARKS. $ 1878 1879 : 1880 1881 lOO I 1882 1883 1 GfiJ^ loo4 1 QQf^ iooo 1886 1887 !■ 1888 1880 1 890 1891 1892 1891! 1894 1895 1890 1897 1898 1899 1900 INSURANCE UPON PROPERTY. Date when Insurance was Obtained, Year. Month, Day, Description of Property Insured. Name of Company Insuring-, Date when Policy will Expire. £. ,$ INSURANCE UPON PROPERTY. Date when Insurance was Obtained. Description of Property Insured, Name of Company Insuring. ■f ^ ■2 1 o E > Year. Month. Day, o t $ Data when Policy will Expire. $ 1 1 1 BUILDINGS HIRED OR LEASED. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-1 1895 1890 1897 1898 1899 1000 HIRED PASTURAGE, AND STOCK PASTURED ONI LAND NOT BELONGING TO THE FARM. Pasture Lands Hired Domestic Animals fur which Pasturage was Hired, __ for the Season. Horses and Mules. Neat Cattle. Sheep. Total Paid Acres, Amount — YEARS. Over 2 Years Old, Colts, Over 2 Years. 2-Year Olds, 1 Yearlings. No. Rat for Pasturage, No, Rate per Week No, Rate per Week. No, Rate per Week, No, Rate per Week. No. Rate per Week, per Week, $ $ $ $ $ $_ $ $ 1878 I 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 i - 1893 i 1894 1895 1896 1897 i 1898 1899 1900 1 i PASTURAGE HIRED TO OTHERS, AND STOCK TAKEN IN FOR PASTURAGE. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1892 1893 1894 1895 189C 1897 1898 1899 1900 Pasture Lands Hired Out for the Season. I Amount Acres, i Received. Domestic Animals talpn. No. of . Trees. *'='■"• No. of Trees. 1878 1879 188U 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (TVo. SO.) CONDITION OF WOODLANDS AND FOREST PLANTATIONS AT THE END OF EACH YEAR. Acres in Native Woodland, Acres in Planted Timber, Losses among Trees Planted for Timber, (No,) 1 (No.) (No,) 1 (No.) 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 VEHICLES, TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. Kind or Description. From whom Bought. : Date of Purchase. Cost of Repairs. (No. 81.) VEHICLES, TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. Kind or Description. From whom Bought. Date of Purchase. Cost of Repairs. VEHICLES, (JVo. 81.) TOOLS, MACHINES, AND IMPLEMENTS PURCHASED. Kind or Description. From whom Bought. Date of Purchase. First Cost. Cost of Repairs, REIHARKS. $ $ OTHER INVESTMENTS. Amount Invested. DESCRIPTION OR KIND. OTHER INVESTMENTS. DESCRIPTION OR KIND. Amount Invested. OTHER INVESTMENTS. DESCRIPTION OR KINO. (IVo. S3.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING _ACRES. Crops Raised. Character of the Yield, Bushels. Sowed or Planted When Ploughed. When Sowed or Planted. When Harvested. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 189-1 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (TSn. S3.1 RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. „ , Character of the Crops Raised. , yi^ij^ Bushels. Sowed or Planted Harvested. When Ploughed. p^^^^^^_ 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. S3.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. Crops Raised, Character of the Yield, Bushels, {Sowed or Planted Harvested. When Ploughed, When Sowed or Planted, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (3Vo. S3.1 RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. II YEARS, j Crops Raised. Character of the Yield. Bushels. Sowed or Planted When Ploughed. When Sowed or Planted. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. 83.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. Crops Raised, Character of the Yield. Sowed or Planted; Harvested. ,1 When Sowed or When Ploughed. planted. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 CXo. 83.1 RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. Crops Raised, Character of the Yield, Busheis, iSowed or Planted , Harvested, .„i_ r>, , J ^hen Sowed or ;,.,. When PIcughed. planted. i When Harvested, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (No. S3.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. Crops Raised. Bushels. Sowed or Planted Harvested. When Ploughed. When Sowed or Planted. When Harvested. 1878 ISl'J 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1S9G 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. 83.) RECORD OF CULTIVATION OF THE FIELD KNOWN AS CONTAINING ACRES. Character of the Crops Raised. Yield, Sowed or Planted Harvested. , J I When Sowed or I, „. ,, . . When Ploughed. ' Planted. When Harvested. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 MONEY BORROWED FOR USE IN FARM PURPOSES. FROM WHOM BORROWED. Amount Borrowed. Date when Borrowed. ' Date when Due. REMARKS. MONEY BORROWED FOR USE IN FARM PURPOSES. FROM WHOM BORROWtD. Amount Borrowed.! Date when Borrowed. Date when Due. GENERAL EXPENSE ACCOUNT OF THE VEAR. Taxes. Purchase of Seed, Tools, Machines, and Implements, Permanent Improvements. Temporary Improvements and Inci- dental Expenses. YEARS. Days Assessed Highway Labor. State, County, and i School, Town, Domestic 1 Animals, Buildings Other and Repairs, Improvements, ■ 1 t 1 i 1 $ i 1 $ 1 $ 1 t \ $ \ $ 1878 1 Q^Q io/y 1880 1 QQ1 losl 1 QQO 1883 1 1 1884 1885 1886 iO0( 1 QQQ looo 1889 1890 1 QQ1 [ ioyi 1892 1 QQQ loyo 1894 1895 1896 1897 1 QQQ 1 COQ lo99 1 onn lyuu (]Vo. 83a,.) GENERAL EXPENSE ACCOUf^T .—Continued. Provisions for the Family. Products of the Farm. Other Family i Materials for Home ' Hired Labor, Expenses. Manufacture. Interest on the Investment. Total Expenses. GENERAL RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR, AND FINAL BALANCE. From other Crops. From Domestic Animals. From Labor || Used in the Family or upon the Farm. Used upon the Farm. Dairy, Team Worl<, etc. All other Ammals Sold i R^jgipts fro^ or Slaughtered 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 (IVo. sua.) GENERAL RECEIPTS OF THE YEAR, AND FINAL ^^L^\^CE.— Continued. other Receipts Products of Home I Real Estate Receipts from Receipts from ! jotal Receipts, from the Farm. > Industry. Hired. Money Invested. Property Hired. | Comparison with the Results of Previous Year. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 ''■^uM mmm mmmimmis»ms!smii sBm£^m i^^^ 'A.iiit^^si^!Sii!^^lti LIRR\RY OF CONGRESS D Q D 5 1. 7 1 1. fl b A