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 '1^'^' CttHuftti, Matouwais 
 
 With a viev of New Amsterdam , ( now New York.) A . D . 1 6 a e 
 

HISTORY 
 
 THE CITY OE NEW YOM: 
 
 /ar 
 
 DAVID T. VALENTINE, 
 
 CLERK OF THE C0MMOi>r CODNCIL. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 G. P. PUTNAM & COMPANY, No. 10 PARK PLACE. 
 
 1853. 
 
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and fifty-three, 
 
 By DAVID T. VALENTINE, 
 
 in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
 
 Mc6fsi>on & Bakbr, Printrrs, 25 Piwk t 
 '"'incent Dill, Stereotj'per, 29 & 31 Beekman street. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The design of the author of this volume has been to trace tho 
 progress of the city of New York in such a manner as to illustrate, 
 to the reader of the present day, its gradual development, from a 
 wilderness condition, through the maturing stages of a hamlet, a village 
 and a city. It has been his study to follow, with minute attention, 
 the different paths pursued in extending the habitations of the town, 
 and to note the circumstances which operated to establish the lines of the 
 early thoroughfares, and the laying out of the plan of that part of the 
 city originally settled. The names, family circumstances, and "many 
 biographical facts connected with the inhabitants of the town, in very 
 early times, will be found amply referred to in the body of the work , 
 and also in the Appendix. 
 
 The author has availed himself of extensive private memoranda, 
 gathered through the course of several years ; and also acknowledges 
 his indebtedness to the principal historical works on this subject.*" 
 Among others, to the valuable History of New Netherland, by Dr. 
 O'Callaghan ; Dunlap's History ; Smith's History of New Tork • 
 Watson's Annals, &c. He is also indebted to John Paulding, Esq., 
 for minute information respecting early titles ; and to Edward De Witt, 
 Esq., for the use of a valuable map of old farms, compiled in his 
 office. The other maps and engravings are also furnished from authentic 
 sources. 
 
 The author is engaged in pursuing the subsequent history of tho 
 dty, in a full and ample manner. 
 
 DAVID T. VALENTINE, 
 
 CLERK. OF COMMON COUNCIL. 
 
 • The History of New York, by John R. Brodhead, Esq., which Irns obtftiuo#8Ufh high celebrity an an author ■ 
 itativeaiid stundiird work, was i88\ied from the press at too late n period to be used by the author in coinpilin-r 
 the eajly pan of this work. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF THIS ISLAND AND OF TUE ADJACENT 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF MANHATTAN ISLAND. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE EARLY PROGRESS OF THE CITY. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE FIRST INDIAN WAR (1642.) 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OF MUNICII^U. INSTITUTIONS, AND THE EVENTS OP TEE 
 
 YEARS 1653, 1654 AND 1655. 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE rUOGRKSS OF THE CITY. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE CONDITION OF THE CITY AT THE TIME OF THE CAPITUI^ATION TO THE 
 ENGLISH, IN 1664. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. 
 
VI COXTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OP SEVERAL OF THE EARLY RESIDENTS OP NEW 
 AMSTERDAM, NOT ENUMERATED IN THE FOREGOING CHAPTERS. 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 THE SURRENDER OF THE CITY TO THE ENGLISH, IN 1664, AND THE SUBSE- 
 QUENT EVENTS, UNTIL ITS RECAPTURE IN 1673. 
 
 CHAPTER Xni. 
 
 THE RECAPTURE OP THE CITY BY THE DUTCH, IN 1673, AND ITS FINAL 
 ■ CESSION TO ENGLAND, BY TREATY, IN 1674. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE AFFAIRS AND CONDITION OF THE CITY BETWEEN THE YEARS 1674 
 
 AND 1694. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 REVOLUTION AND AFFAIR OF LEISLER, IN 1689. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 AFFAIRS OP THE CITY, FROM THE YEAR 1691 TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 N^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PRO.MINENT MEN IN THIS CITY, TOWARD THE 
 CLOSE OP THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PUBLIC AFFAIRS FROM 1700 TO 1728. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 PUBLIC AFFAIRS FROM THE YEAR 1728 TO 1750. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PROCrRESS OF THE CITY IN THE EARLY PART OP THE LAST CENTURY. 
 
CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Descriptive parts of early grants and deeds on this island, specifying the local- 
 ities to which they applied 307 
 
 List of inhabitants who offered loans for erecting the city palisades iu 1653, . 313 
 
 Tax and contribution list raised in 1655, to defray the debt for constructing 
 
 the city defences 315 
 
 List of the owners of houses and lots in the city about the year 1674, at the 
 final cession to the English ; the property being classified according to 
 its relative value, with the national descent of the persons named, and 
 their estimated wealth 319 
 
 List of members of the Dutch Church in this city in the year 1686 3:^1 
 
 List of the inhabitants in the year 1703 344 
 
 '^ List of citizens admitted as freemen of the city, between the years 1683 and 
 
 1740 366 
 
 ^^ Map of farms on the island, and explanatory key 37il 
 
 \ List of freemen continued from, and including the j'cnr 1740, to and includ- 
 ing 1748 385 
 
 Names of attorneys practicing in the city of New York, between the year 
 
 1695 and the Revolutionary war 394 
 
 Names of physicians and surgeons practicing in the city, between the year 
 
 1695 and the Revolutionary war 396 
 
 Names of schoolmasters teaching in the city, between the year 1695, and the 
 
 Revolutionary war 398 
 
fflSTORY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF THIS ISLAND AND OF THE ADJACENT 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 N The character of the Indians who occupied this country 
 previous to the settlement of Europeans, will be regarded, 
 in future times, as one of the most interesting topics con- 
 nected with its history. Their appearance, customs and 
 manners were so far distinct from those of other nations 
 known to the civilized world, and their individual charac- 
 ter had so little in common with the more restrained and 
 law-abiding European, that they were, in the first stages 
 of their acquaintance with the whites, classed by the latter 
 among those wild and lawless races known as savages, 
 who, it was supposed, had few, if any, of the affections 
 and higher emotions of humanity, but rather were bound, 
 by some mysterious link, to the lower and baser passions 
 of the animal creation. Later experience, however, has 
 shown, that under the advantages of education and moral 
 culture, the American Indian is capable of high attainments 
 
HABITATIONS OF THE INDIANS. 
 
 in all that distinguishes the best traits of human character, 
 whether in a mental or a moral point of view. 
 
 The Indians lived in villages containing from thirty to 
 several hundred inhabitants, commonly situated on spots 
 of ground naturally clear of wood, and having a fertile 
 soil. To form their houses, they placed in the ground two 
 rows of upright saplings, adjoining each other, and brought 
 their tops together. Upon this frame-work was fastened 
 a lathing of boughs, covered on the inside by strips of bark, 
 with such nicety as to afford a good defence against' the 
 weather. The interior of their huts was without flooring, 
 the winter fires being constructed upon the ground, in the 
 centre of the apartment, the smoke escaping through an 
 opening in the roof. *The width of the houses was invari- 
 ably twenty feet, but their length was greater or less, ac- 
 cording to the number of families they were designed to 
 accommodate ; some of them being five hundred feet in 
 length, and occupied by twenty or thirty families, each 
 having its allotted space; none were over one story in 
 height. In time of war, their villages were surrounded by 
 a fence or stockade of palisades, rising ten or fifteen feet 
 from the ground, and fastened close together. 
 
 These habitations were certainly sufficiently rude to have 
 classed their builders among the most primitive architects; 
 but they must not be regarded as affording the best indica- 
 tion of the mechanical genius of the Indians. There being 
 no individual ownership of landed property among them, 
 and the exigences of their mode of life compelling them to 
 change the location of their villages at certain intervals, 
 these edifices must be considered as of a temporary charac- 
 ter. It was a common occurrence among them, when their 
 corn-grounds gave out, from over cultivation, to remove 
 
DRESS OF THE INDIANS. 9 
 
 their settlements to some unoccupied and more fertile 
 section. 
 
 The Indians were fond of display in their dress, both 
 sexes indulging in this taste to an extravagant degree. It 
 is said, by the early Dutch settlers, that some of the highly 
 ornamented petticoats of the Indian women were worth 
 eighty dollars, in the currency of the present day. This 
 garment hung from a belt or waist girdle, made of whalo 
 fins or of the Indian money called sewant. It was made 
 of dressed deer skin, highly ornamented with sewant. A 
 mantle of skins Avas sometimes worn over the. shoulders. 
 The hair of the women was long, plaited and rolled up 
 behind, secured by bands of sewant; pendants hung upon 
 their foreheads, necks and arms, and handsomely trimmed 
 moccasins adorned their feet. 
 
 The men wore upon their shoulders a mantle of deer- 
 skin, with the fur next their bodies, the opposite side of 
 the garment displaying a variety of designs in paint. The 
 edges of the mantles were trimmed with swinging points 
 of fine workmanship. The heads of the men were vari- 
 ously ornamented; some wearing feathers, and others dif- 
 ferent articles of a showy character. Their hair was 
 straight, coarse, and of a jet-black color, being sometimes 
 shaven close, except upon the top of the head. Arouud 
 their necks and arms were ornaments of elaborate work- 
 manship. They were accustomed to paint themselves iu a 
 variety of colors and patterns, according to the peculiar 
 taste of the individual. Their appearance, " in full paint." 
 struck the eye of the European as grotesque and frightful. 
 
 With respect to their physical proportions, they are de- 
 scribed as being tall, small-waisted, having black or dark 
 brown eyes, snow-white teeth, a cinnamon complexion, 
 
10 
 
 EMPLOYMENTS OF THE INDIANS. 
 
 and as being active and sprightly, though probably of less 
 average strength than Europeans of the same size. 
 
 The principal employment of the Indian, in time of peace, 
 was the procurement of food. This consisted of several 
 varieties of the fruits of the earth, in addition to the more 
 substantial returns of the chase or of fishing. The country 
 abounded with game, among which may be enumerated, in 
 addition to the varieties still common in the country, several 
 which have entirely disappeared, such as wild turkeys and 
 elk. The waters furnished an abundance of fish, and the 
 shores of the bay were full of oysters and other shell-fish. 
 The cultivated fields produced corn, beans and other vege- 
 tables, and wild fruits were abundant in the woods. 
 
 The bow and arrow were used in hunting, with which, it 
 is said, they could bring down the swiftest animals in their 
 flight. The singular expertness displayed by the Indian in 
 the use of this instrument, was a wonder to the white set- 
 tlers, who would sometimes excite emulation among the 
 young Indians by making up a purse to be shot for. It is 
 said the lads could hit a shilling at forty to fifty feet distance, 
 five out of ten shots. The Indians used various methods 
 of fishing. They sometimes had hooks made either of fish 
 bones or of thorns, which were attached to lines made of 
 grass or sinews; they also sometimes fished after dark, 
 after the manner called by them ivigwass, which is described 
 as somewhat similar to that called " bobbing" at the present 
 day. Their custom was to build a fire upon a platform laid 
 across a canoe; and having persuaded their game toward 
 the surface of the water by the bait which it had seized 
 upon, the fish was secured by spearirg. The effect upon 
 the beholder, of the half-naked Indians, in the lights, 
 shadows and smoke of the pitch fire by which the wigwass 
 
FOOD OF THE INDIANS. 1.1 
 
 was carried on, is described by European observers as being 
 of a singularly wild character. The Indians also employed 
 a great part of their time in gathering oysters and other 
 shcU-tish, to lay up in store for winter provender. These 
 were carried, in their canoes, to points nearest their habi- 
 tations, where the business of opening the shells, drying 
 the bodies and stringing them for preservation, was carried 
 on by the women. It is within the observation of persons 
 at the present day, that considerable spots of land, remote 
 from the shore, are found covered with shells of various 
 kinds. This fact may, without doubt, be traced to the In- 
 dian times ; and it may be considered that where such 
 deposits are found, an Indian village has at one time been 
 in the neighborhood. Among other localities on this island 
 where extensive deposits of shells were found, at the com- 
 ing of the whites, was one on the westerly side of the 
 ancient " Collect," (or the fresh water pond, occupying sev- 
 eral acres, in the neighborhood of the present Halls oi* 
 Justice, in Centre street.) Among the Dutch, this point 
 of land was called the " Kalch-hook," or Shell Point, from 
 the quantity of decomposed shells found there. The In- 
 dians dwelt upon the shores of this pond, which formed a 
 convenient harbor for their canoes, having access to the 
 tide-waters through the outlet which ran toward the North 
 river, nearly on the present line of Canal street. The 
 name of the Kalch-hook was afterward applied to the 
 fresh water pond itself, being abbreviated into the " Kalch" 
 or " Collech," as it was afterward called. 
 
 There were likewise several edible roots used by the In- 
 dians as food; among them were the Jiopness (glycine apros;) 
 the katniss (sagittaria sagittifolia;) the tawfio (arum vir- 
 ginicum;) the tawkee (orantium aquaticum.) These roots 
 
12 
 
 FOOD OP THE INDIANS. 
 
 generally grew in low, damp ground, with a kind of pota- 
 toes to them, and were roasted in the fire. The huckle- 
 berries, found abundantly in the woods, were dried aud 
 preserved; hickory nuts and walnuts were pounded to a 
 line pulp, and being mixed with water, formed a pleasant 
 drink, not unlike milk in sight and taste. 
 
 The Indians were extensive cultivators of corn, beans, 
 peas and pumpkins. Around their villages have been ob- 
 served three or four hundred acres, bearing luxuriant 
 products of these grains and vegetables. Hudson, in his 
 account of his first visit to the shores of the North river, 
 states that he saw, at one of the Indian villages, a quantity 
 of corn and beans sufficient to fill three ships, and that the 
 neighboring fields were burdened with luxuriant crops. 
 The grounds cultivated by the Indians, were unfenced, as 
 they kept no cattle against which to guard; the field labor 
 was generally performed by the women, their implement 
 being simply a wooden hoe. A variety of dishes were made 
 from their field products, among which was yockeg, a mush 
 formed of pounded parched corn, mixed with the juice of 
 wild apples; suckaiash, made from corn and beans boiled 
 together. Their corn was sometimes roasted upon the 
 ears, and sometimes beaten up with pestles and boiled with 
 water, which latter preparation was called suppaen. A 
 variety of cakes were also made by them, said by Europeans 
 to lie very palatable. 
 
 In eating, they sat upon the ground, without a table, 
 using neither knives or forks; a wooden spoon was, how- 
 ever, used for some kinds of food. This style of eating 
 gave their meals an appearance of voracity and uncleanli- 
 ness, which was not suited to the tastes of their European 
 neighbors. It is said they were capable of extreme absti- 
 
SUPERSTITIONS OF THE IXDIAXS. 
 
 13 
 
 nence from food; and that oftentimes, when setting out 
 upon a journey of several days' duration, a small bag of 
 parched corn, at their girdle, was their sole provision. 
 
 The Indians were very superstitious, believers in dreams 
 and observers of omens. The signs of the weather were 
 objects of much attention among them; and the influence 
 of the moon, with respect to the proper time to plant, was 
 thought to be worthy of serious consideration. They be- 
 lieved that the spirits of the dead visited the neighborhood 
 of their villages during the hours of night, and that they 
 could distinguish their voices, when they heard the wind 
 whistling through the forests, or the cries of wild animals 
 which approached the villages in search of food. The cry 
 of the animal, commonly called the " painter," or wild cat, 
 — which is an exceedingly mournful sound, resembling the 
 crying of a child — was heard by them with a sense of awe 
 and foreboding. But on the other hand, pleasant impres- 
 sions were drawn from the cheering voices of the birds, 
 which migrated toward the north, with the coming on of 
 summer, as they then recognized the spirits of their best 
 beloved friends, who were favored with a pleasant resi- 
 dence among the good spirits in the regions of the south. 
 
 When an Indian died, they placed the body in its gravo, 
 in a sitting posture, defending it from contact with the 
 earth by a siding of boughs, and also by a covering which 
 was made secure against wild animals by a weight of stones 
 and earth. At the side of the deceased, they placed vari- 
 ous articles, to serve the traveler on the journey to the 
 land of spirits. These were commonly a pot, kettle, plat- 
 ter, spoons, some money and food. The men made no noise 
 over the dead; but the women were loud in their lamenta- 
 
14 MEDICINE OP TECE INDIANS, 
 
 tions,* and frequently visited the graves of their friends to 
 testify their sorrow. 
 
 • A common remedy for sickness among them was the use 
 of vapor, or hot air sweating, and the cold bath. Con- 
 nected with every village was a small arched cabin, en- 
 tirely closed, except an opening sufficient to admit the 
 body. Into this the patient crept, and was then brought 
 to a state of high perspiration by means of heated stones 
 laid around the cabin, to produce a hot vapor. Upon 
 emerging, he was immediately plunged into cold water. 
 There were also divers roots and herbs of medicinal proper- 
 ties, the preparation of which was a matter of great study 
 among the " medicine men" and elderly females. When 
 all the appliances of medical skill failed, it was considered 
 that the evil one had so fastened his toils upon his victim, 
 that nothing less than assailing the enemy with his own 
 arts could prove efficacious. The preparations for this 
 extreme procedure, were formal and serious, while the 
 performance consisted mainly of violent exhortations and 
 threats against the tormentor, accompanied by contortions 
 of the body, and personal infliction upon the doctors them- 
 selves. These final remedies being only resorted to in 
 extreme cases, were commonly followed by the death of the 
 patient, leaving, however, to his friends the consciousness 
 of having done all within their power to overcome the 
 mighty conqueror of all. 
 
 The science of warfare was the highest accomplishment 
 of the Indian, but, as with all other people, a spirit of 
 aggression was only indulged .by the stronger nations, to 
 whom alone it was of any advantage. Like hunted deer, 
 the poorer and less powerful tribes were sometimes forced 
 
INDIAN CUSTOMS OF WARFARE. 15 
 
 to leave their villages as plunder to some marauding band, 
 on a foray from some distant localit3\ The preparation 
 for the war path was commonly opened by a feast and a 
 dance, in which the whole tribe took part. The march 
 itself was conducted in single file, the chief taking the 
 lead. This form of march, which was the only one adapted 
 to the narrow trail through the woods, has been, from this 
 circumstance, commonly known as "Indian file." The 
 approach toward the enemy was made with extreme care to 
 avoid discovery, and the first signal of the assault was a 
 general war-whoop, followed by an immediate onslaught. 
 The extermination which commonly attended Indian fights, 
 gave them a ferocious character to the whites, whose prin- 
 ciples of warfare were based upon circumstances widely 
 different from those of the Indians. It was a theory com- 
 mon to both, to inflict the greatest possible punishment 
 upon the enemy, but with the Indians the difficulty of 
 escorting a large number of helpless prisoners, occasioned 
 an indiscriminate slaughter, in many instances, of even 
 women and children. This practice, however, was not 
 without exceptions, and frequently persons of the other 
 tribe were taken and adopted by the conquerors, being 
 afterward treated, in all respects, as those of their own 
 nation. In cases of prisoners, upon whom policy or 
 revenge dictated the infliction of punishment, death by 
 torture was sometimes resorted to. 
 
 To die without displaying weakness or fear, was one of 
 the highest virtues in the eye of the Indian, and was early 
 inculcated in the minds of the children. An account given 
 by an early writer, of an assault by a party of Dutch from 
 this city, upon an Indian village in Westchester county, 
 strikingly illustrates this characteristic. It was in the 
 
16 
 
 FORTITUDE OF THE INDIANS. 
 
 depth of winter, and the Christians, being led by a guide, 
 came upon the town lying in a valley, sheltered from the 
 north-west wind. The houses were built in three rows in 
 street fashion. The narrator goes on to say: "The moon 
 was then at the full, and threw a strong light against the 
 mountain, so that many winter days were not brighter than 
 it then was. On arriving there, the Indians were wide 
 awake, and on their guard, so that our people determined 
 to sm-round the houses, with sword in hand. They de- 
 meaned themselves as soldiers, and deployed in small 
 bands, so that we got in a short time one killed and twelve 
 wounded, but they were so hard pressed that it was impos- 
 sible for one to escape. In a brief space of time there 
 were counted one hundred and eighty dead outside of the 
 houses. Presently none dared come forth, keeping within 
 the houses, and discharging arrows through the holes. It 
 was then resolved to fire the houses, whereupon the Indians 
 tried every means to escape: not succeeding in which, they 
 returned back to the houses, preferring to perish in the 
 flames, rather than die by our hands. What is most won- 
 derful, is that among the vast collection of men, women 
 and children destroyed, (some five or six hundred in num- 
 ber,) not 0116 was heard to utter a cry." 
 
 It is well known that the art of public speaking was 
 highly cultivated among the Indians. Their discourse on 
 public occasions, was grave, powerful and impressive, inso- 
 much that many Europeans, who have heard them, have 
 considered their oratory as distinguished for style and 
 effect as any known in history. The Indian language 
 differed in many respects in the various tribes, but its char- 
 acteristics were generally similar. It was distinguished 
 by sonorous and weighty phrases, several words being 
 
LANGUAGE OF THE IXDIAN9. 17 
 
 joined together to complete a sentence in one expression. 
 As an illustration of the sound of their language, arranged 
 according to modern prosody, the following translation of 
 the Lord's Prayer into the Indian tongue, has been handed 
 down to us. 
 
 " Soungwauneha, caurounkyawga, tehaeetaroan, sauhsoneyousat, esa. 
 sawaneyou. okettauhsela, ehneauwoung, na, caurouakyawga, nughwon- 
 shaugua, neattewehnesalauga, taugwaunautoronoantougsick, toantaugwel- 
 eewheyoustaung, cheneeyeut, chaquatautehwheyoustaunna, toughsau. 
 tiiugwaussareneh, tawautottenaugaloughtoungga, na^awne, sacheautaug- 
 wass, coautehsalohaungaeckaw, esa. sawaunneyou, esa, sashautzta, esa, 
 soungwasoung, chenneauhaungwa, auwen." 
 
 While the orator addressed his audience, there was no 
 interruption on their part, excepting a sound expressing 
 their satisfaction, at points in the speech, resembling a 
 gutteral pronunciation of the word "yah." The gestures 
 of the speaker were animated, his voice loud, and the effect 
 upon an observer, of the erect figure, naked arm and flow- 
 ing mantle of the orator is described as very impressive. 
 The matter of the discourse is found, in all the speeches 
 which have been transmitted to us, to have been well 
 adapted to the subject, embracing every style that might 
 readilv touch the heart or affect the reason. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF MANHATTAN ISLAND. 
 
 After the discovery of the Western Continent, by Chris 
 topher Columbus, the attention of Europe seemed to be 
 turned toward the southern part of the new world, where 
 the gold was found emblazoning the garments of the abo- 
 riginal inhabitants, holding a glittering temptation to the 
 enterprise of adventurous spirits. Thus the cold regions 
 of the north lay unvisited for more than a hundred years 
 by any other than passing vessels, sailing along the coast, 
 and making formal discoveries of its shores, to be mapped 
 as the property of their royal employers. 
 
 One of these vessels of discovery, commanded by Verre- 
 zano, in the service of the French, is believed to have 
 entered the south bay of New York, in the year 1525, and 
 thus may have had a distant glimpse of the island which 
 is the subject of our history; but by some it is doubted 
 if his description of the harbor, which is not very explicit, 
 is applicable to the bay of New York. 
 
 The first discovery has been generally ascribed to Henry 
 Hudson, an Englishman by birth, who, in the year 1609, 
 being then in the service of the Dutch, sailed westward 
 from the shores of Europe, in search of a north-west pas- 
 sage to the East Indies. The vessel, commanded by Hudson, 
 was a small yacht, called the " Half Moon," manned by 
 
HUDSON S DISCOVERY OF THIS ISLAND. 
 
 19 
 
 from sixteen to twenty men, partly of Dutch and partly 
 of English birth. This vessel was not over eighty tons 
 burthen, being designed for coasting. After traversing 
 the American coasts, between Newfoundland and the 
 Chesapeake bay, he turned his course northward again, 
 designing to explore, leisurely, the extent of country thus 
 passed by. On the 1st of September, 1609, he discovered 
 the Highlands of Neversink, described by him as a " very 
 good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see." The 
 next day he rounded Sandy Hook, and the second day fol- 
 lowing he anchored under the Jersey shore, in the south 
 bay. 
 
 The Indians flocking to the shore in great numbers, 
 appear at once to have understood the designs of their 
 visitors, for, whether by tradition or rumor from other 
 lands, they seem to have been acquainted with the articles 
 of trade, most in use, between the whites and the Indians, 
 and were apt at driving a bargain. They offered tobacco 
 and other products, in exchange for knives and beads. 
 Their disposition seemed friendly, and the women presented 
 such articles of food as they had prepared in that season. 
 
 On the 6th of September, a boat's crew, dispatched by 
 Hudson, to explore the coast further inland, entered the 
 Narrows, and came in sight of Manhattan Island. They 
 described the land, encircling the bay, as covered with 
 trees, grass and flowers, and the air as filled with delightful 
 fragrance. The return of this small party was unfortu- 
 nate, as, from some unexplained reason, the boat was 
 attacked by two canoes filled with Indians, and one of the 
 crew, named John Coleman, was killed by an arrow pierc- 
 ing his throat. It seems probable, from the course taken 
 by Hudson, after this disaster, that the assault by the 
 
20 HIS RETURN TO HOLLAND, AND REPORT. 
 
 natives was not without provocation, as friendly inter- 
 course was still kept up between the parties. 
 
 On the 11th of September, Hudson weighed, and sailed 
 up through the Narrows. Having anchored in New York 
 harbor, he was visited by the neighboring Indians, who 
 made great show of love, giving presents of tobacco and 
 Indian corn. He remained at anchor but one day, and on 
 the 12th of September, took his course up the river, which 
 has since borne his name. In his exploration to the head 
 of navigation, near the present site of Albany, he was 
 engaged about three weeks, and finally put to sea on the 
 4th of October, making directly for Holland, with news 
 of his discovery of this fine river and its adjacent country, 
 which he described as offering every inducement for settlers 
 or traders that could be desired. 
 
 Beside the fertility of the soil, which was satisfactorily 
 shown by the great abundance of grain and vegetables 
 found in the possession of the Indians, a still more enticing 
 prospect was held out to the view of the merchant, in the 
 abundance of valuable furs observed in the country, which 
 were to be had at a very little cost. Hudson had, there- 
 fore, scarcely made publicly known the character of the 
 country visited by him, when several merchants of Amster- 
 dam fitted out trading vessels and dispatched them to this 
 river. Their returns were highly satisfactory, and ar- 
 rangements were immediately made to establish a settled 
 agency here to superintend the collection of the furs and 
 the trade with the Indians, while the ships should be on 
 their long journey between the two hemispheres. The 
 agents thus employed, pitched their cabins on the south 
 point of Manhattan Island. The head man being Hend- 
 rick Corstiaensen, who was still the chief of the settle- 
 
TRADERS ESTABIJSn THEMSKLVES HERE. 21 
 
 ment in 1613, at which period, an English ship, sailing 
 along the coast from Virginia, entered the harbor on a 
 visit of observation. Finding Corstiaensen here, with his 
 company of traders, the English captain summoned him to 
 acknowledge the jurisdiction of Virginia over the country 
 or else to depart. The former alternative was chosen by 
 the trader, and he agreed to pay a small tribute to th 
 Governor of Virginia, in token of his right of dominion, , 
 The Dutch were thereupon left to prosecute their trade 
 without further molestation. 
 
 The government of Holland did not, however, recognize 
 the claims of England to jurisdiction over the whole Amer- 
 ican coast, and took measures to encourage the discovery 
 and appropriation of additional territory, by a decree, 
 giving to any discoverers of new countries the exclusive 
 privilege of trading thither for four successive voyages, to 
 the exclusion of all other persons. This enactment induced 
 several merchants to fit out five small ships, for coasting 
 along the American shores in this vicinity. One of these 
 vessels, commanded by Captain Block, soon after its arrival 
 on the coast, was accidentally destroyed by fire. Block 
 immediately began the construction of another, of thirty- 
 eight feet keel, forty-four and a half feet on deck, and 
 eleven and a half feet beam, which was the first vessel 
 launched in the waters of New York, She was called the 
 " Unrest," or Restless, and ploughed her keel through the 
 waters of Hell Gate and the Sound, the pioneer of all 
 other vessels, except the bark canoes of the aboriginal 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The several ships dispatched on this exploring expedi- 
 tion, having returned to Holland, from their journals and 
 surveys a map of a large extent of country was made, ovei- 
 
22 CONDITION OF TUE FIRST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 which the Dutch claimed jurisdiction, and to which they 
 gave the name of "New Netherhiud." The owners of 
 these vessels, as the reward of their enterprise, were 
 granted the promised monopoly of trade hither for four 
 voyages, to be completed within three years, commencing 
 on the 1st of January, 1615. 
 
 These merchants seemed to have been composed in part 
 of those who had established the first trading post here, 
 but having increased their number and capital, and en- 
 larged their former designs of trade, formed themselves 
 into a company under the name of the " United New Neth- 
 erland Company." Corstiaensen was continued the princi- 
 pal agent here, and they likewise established a post at the 
 head of the river, on an island opposite the present site of 
 Albany. Forts, of a rude description, (being merely 
 inclosur(^ of high palisades,) were erected at both places. 
 
 The privileges granted to the " United New Netherland 
 Company," being, however, limited in respect to time, their 
 establishment on this island, can hardly be considered as 
 a permanent settlement; the cabins of the settlers were 
 nearly of equal rudeness with those of their Indian neigh- 
 bors; and but few of the luxuries of civilization found 
 their way into their habitations. The great object of the 
 settlement was, however, successfully carried on, and stores 
 of furs were in readiness to freight the ships on their pe- 
 riodical visits from the fatherland. No interruption of the 
 friendly intercourse carried on with the Indians took place, 
 but on the contrary, the whites were abundantly supplied 
 by the natives with food and most other necessaries of life, 
 Avithout personal labor and at trifling cost. 
 
 The Indian tribes in the neighborhood of this trading 
 post, were the "Manhattans," occupying this island; the 
 
PKEPARATIONS FOR AN EXTENSIVE COLONIZATION. 
 
 23 
 
 " Pachamies," the " Tankiteks," and the " Wickqueskceks," 
 occupying the country on the east side of Hudson river, 
 south of the Highlands; the " Hackingsacks," and the 
 " Raritans," on the west side of the river and the Jersey 
 shore ; the " Canarsees." the " Rockways," the " Merri- 
 kokes," the " Marsapeagues," the " Mattinecocks," the 
 Nissaquages," the " Corchaugs," the " Secataugs," and the 
 " Shinecocks,'"' on Long Island. 
 
 The trade of this colony of settlers was sufficiently 
 profitable to render its permanency desirable to the " Unit- 
 ed New Nctherland Company," as it is found that at the 
 termination of their grant, in the year 1618, they endeavored 
 to procure from the government, in Holland, an extension 
 of their term, but did not succeed in obtaining more than 
 a special license, expiring yearly, which they held for two 
 or three subsequent years. 
 
 In the mean time, a more extensive association had been 
 formed among the merchants and capitalists in Holland, 
 which in the year 1621, having matured its plans and 
 projects, received a charter under the title of the " West 
 India Company." Their charter gave them the exclusive 
 privilege of trade on the whole American coast, both of 
 the northern and southern continents, so far as the juris- 
 diction of Holland extended. 
 
 This great company was invested with most of the 
 functions of a distinct and separate government. They 
 were allowed to appoint governors and (ther officers; to 
 settle the forms of administering justice; to make Indian 
 treaties, and to enact laws. 
 
 Having completed their arrangements for the organiza- 
 tion of their government in New Netherland, the West 
 India Company dispatched their pioneer vessel hither in 
 
24 ARRIVAL OF COLONISTS. 
 
 the year 1623. This was the ship " New Netherland," a 
 staunch vessel, which continued her voyages to this port, as 
 a regular packet, for more than thirty years subsequently. 
 On board the " New Netherland " were thirty families to 
 begin the colony — this colony being designed for a settle- 
 ment at the head of the river, the vessel landed her 
 passengers and freight near the present site of Albany, 
 where a settlement was established. The return cargo 
 of the New Netherland was five hundred otter skins, one 
 thousand five hundred beavers, and other freight valued at 
 about twelve thousand dollars. 
 
 It having been determined that the head quarters of the 
 company's establishment in New Netherland, should be 
 fixed on Manhattan island, preparations for a more exten- 
 sive colony to be planted here were made, and in 1625 two 
 ships cleared from Holland for this place. On board of 
 these vessels were shipped one hundred and three head 
 of cattle, together with stallions, mares, hogs and sheep 
 in a proportionate number. Accompanying these were a 
 considerable number of settlers, with their families, sup- 
 plied with agricultural implements, and seed for planting; 
 household furnituxe, and the other necessaries for establish- 
 ing the colony. Other ships followed with similar freight, 
 and the number of emigrants amounted to about two hun- 
 dred souls. 
 
 On the arrival of the ships in the harbor, the cattle 
 were landed, in the first instance, on the island now called 
 Governor's Island, where they were left on pasturage until 
 convenient arrangements could be made on the main- 
 land, to prevent their straying in the woods. The want 
 of water, however, compelled their speedy transfer to 
 Manhattan Island, where, being put on the fresh grass, 
 
ACT OF FREEDOMS AND EXEMPTIONS. 
 
 25 
 
 they generally throve well, although about twenty died, in 
 the course of the season, from eating some poisonous vege- 
 table. 
 
 The settlers commenced their town by staking out a 
 fort on the south point of the island under the direction 
 of one Kryn Frederick, an engineer sent along with them 
 for that purpose; and a horse-mill having been erected, the 
 second story of that building was so constructed as to 
 afford accommodation for the congregation for religious 
 purposes. The habitations of the settlers were of the 
 simplest construction, little better, indeed, than those of 
 their predecessors. A director-general had been sent to 
 superintend the interests of the company in this country, 
 in the person of Peter Minuit, who, in the year 1626, pur- 
 chased Manhattan Island from the Indian proprietors for 
 the sum of sixty guilders or twenty-four dollars, by which 
 the title to the whole island, containing about twenty-two 
 thousand acres, became vested in the West India Com- 
 pany. 
 
 The success of the company proved itself, for a short 
 period, by the rise in the value of their stock, which soon 
 stood at a high premium in Holland. Various interests, 
 however, were at work in the company to turn its advan- 
 tages to individual account, and in 1628 an act was passed 
 under the title of " Freedoms and Exemptions granted to 
 all such as shall plant Colonies in New Netherland." This 
 edict gave to such persons as should send over a colony 
 of fifty souls, above fifteen years old, the title of " patroons," 
 and the privilege of selecting any land, (except on the 
 island of Manhattan,) for a distance of eight milse on each 
 side of any river, and so far inland as should be thought 
 convenient. The company stipulating, however, that all 
 
26, 
 
 IXCREASE OP IMMIGRATION. 
 
 the products of the plantations thus established should be 
 first brought to the Manhattans, before being sent else- 
 where, for trade. They also reserved to themselves the 
 sole trade with the Indians for peltries, in all places where 
 they had an agency established. 
 
 With respect to such private persons as should emigrate 
 at their own expense, they were allowed as much land as 
 they could properly improve, upon satisfying the Indians 
 therefor. 
 
 These privileges gave an impetus to emigration, and 
 assisted, in a great degree, in permanently establishing the 
 settlement of the country. But from this era commenced 
 the decay of the profits of the company, as with all their 
 vigilance, they could not restrain the inhabitants from 
 surreptitiously engaging in the Indian trade, and drawing 
 thence a profit which would otherwise have gone into the 
 public treasury. 
 
s 
 
 ^'^yp^ ^-r en/ .A/lri^ ycr7l^ 
 
 W ': 
 
 EX PLANATION 
 
 // T/'^e J-ally/'Ort 
 
 /S Tht F<;rtM/-c X. /-iwn/j. 
 
 
 .r 
 
\ trolls 
 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE EARLY PROGRESS OF THE CITY. 
 
 As the affairs of the city began to assume a settled con- 
 dition, the public authorities and citizens turned their 
 attention to the building of public and private edifices 
 adapted to the \rants of the colony. 
 
 The fort was probably the first permanent structure 
 raised by the company on this island; the building erected 
 for this purpose being a block-house, surrounded by red 
 cedar palisades, constructed in 1626. In 1633, A^an Twil- 
 ler, then the Director General, commenced the erection of 
 a new fort, on a larger scale, being about three hundred 
 feet long and two hundred and fifty feet wide, which was 
 finished in 1635, at an expense of one thousand six hundred 
 and eighty-eight dollars. 
 
 The site of this edifice was on the blocks now inclosed 
 by^ the streets called Bowling Green, Whitehall, Bridge 
 and State streets. This extensive structure was, for the 
 most part, a mere bank of earth, except the points, or ex- 
 tended corners, which were of stone. It was at first occu- 
 pied as the Governor's quarters and inclosed his residence, 
 and the several offices connected with the government; the 
 soldiers were also quartered there. 
 
 The first church edifice, built exclusively as a place of 
 
28 ERECTION OF THE FIRST CHURCH. 
 
 worship, was also commenced in the year 1633. This 
 building was situated on the shore of the East river, at a 
 short distance from the fort; its precise locality being on 
 the present north side of Pearl street, about midway be- 
 tween Whitehall and Broad streets. This structure was 
 of wood, and without pretension to ornament. It was 
 occupied as a place of worship for about ten years; but in 
 the time of the Indian war, in the year 1642, it was con- 
 sidered an unsafe place of meeting, from the well known 
 practice of the Indians, in other exposed settlements, of 
 attacking the settlers, while assembled in their churches, 
 when the presence and affright of the females subjected the 
 citizens to a battle at great disadvantage. Added to these 
 cogent reasons, there seem to have been others of a differ- 
 ent nature, as we are told by an ancient author that the 
 proposition was discussed, in his presence, by some of the 
 citizens, in the following manner : " It was a shame," said 
 they, " that the English should see, when they passed, no- 
 thing but a mean barn, in which public worship is per- 
 formed. The first thing they did, in New England, when 
 they raised some dwellings, was to build a fine church; we 
 ought to do the same. We have good materials, fine oak 
 wood, fine building stone, and good lime, made from oyster 
 shells." 
 
 A onntract was made to erect this edifice within the 
 vvails of the fort; the church to be of rock stone, seventy- 
 two feet long, fifty-two feet broad, and sixteen feet over 
 the ground, at a cost of about one thousand dollars. John 
 and Richard Ogden, of Stamford, Connecticut, were the 
 contractors. A marble slab was placed in the front of the 
 building, with this inscription : " Anno 1612. W^illiam 
 Kieft, Directeur General ; Heeft de gemeente Desen Tempel 
 
ERECTION OP OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 2& 
 
 doen bouwen" — the translation, in English, being thus : — 
 "Anno 1G42. William Kieft, Director General; Hath the 
 commonalty caused this Temple to be built." This tablet 
 was discovered, buried in the ground upon the site of the 
 fort, at the close of the last century. It was removed to 
 the Dutch church, then in Garden street (Exchange place.) 
 and placed in the belfry, for preservation. On the destruc- 
 tion of the latter building by the great fire, in 1835, this 
 ancient relic was lost or destroyed in the general ruin. 
 
 The expense of erecting the church in the fort, was borne 
 partly by the citizens ; a desirable opportunity haying- 
 occurred for procuring subscriptions, on the occasion of a 
 marriage of a daughter of Domine Bogardus. While the 
 festivities were at their height, the list was handed round, 
 and a considerable amount subscribed. 
 
 The " Old Kirke," before mentioned, on the East river 
 shore, continued in existence nearly a century after its 
 abandonment as a place of worship, and was occupied as a 
 place of merchandize and dwelling. 
 
 Several other buildings, of a public character, were like- 
 wise erected by the company, at an early period, among 
 which were the Company's Bakery, Avhich was erected near 
 the fort, on the present Pearl street, near Whitehall; the 
 Company's Brewery, on the present Bridge street, north side, 
 between Broad and Whitehall streets; a house for the 
 preacher, Domine Bogardus, on the present Whitehall street, 
 near Bridge street; a dwelling-house for the Fiscal, in the 
 same neighborhood. The first church-yard, (to be referred 
 to hereafter, more particularly,) was established on the west 
 side of the present Broadway, a short distance above Morris 
 street, on the level ground above the hill at the Bowling 
 Green. 
 
30 
 
 BROADWAY. 
 
 In the year 1642, it was considered desirable to afford 
 increased accommodation to travelers on their way from 
 New England and other places, for which purpose " a fine 
 stone tavern" was erected, fronting the East river. This 
 building, which was among the first constructed east of the 
 present Broad street, was located on the present north-west 
 corner of Pearl street and Coenties alley. After the 
 organization of a city magistracy in 1653, it was ceded to 
 the city, to be used for the purposes of a " stadt buys," or 
 city hall, and was thus occupied until the year 1700. 
 
 Among the most substantial buildings erected at an 
 early period, were the store-houses of the company. These 
 were five in number, constructed of stone, adjoining each 
 other, in a permanent and durable manner. These build- 
 ings occupied a position facing westward toward the fort; 
 an open space of over a hundred feet in width, originally 
 lying between them and the fort. A part of this space 
 was, however, afterward built upon, leaving a small street 
 in front of the store houses, called the " Winkle street," 
 or Store street, extending between the present Bridge 
 and Stone streets. 
 
 Two principal roads were established on this island at 
 an early period. One extending from the fort northwards, 
 through the interior of the island. For this, a space was 
 left in front of the sally-port, or front gate of the fort, as 
 a place for deploying and forming the soldiers, (occupied 
 at present by the Bowling Green,) thence ascending the hill 
 on the present line of Broadway, it pursued a northerly 
 course, on a ridge, to the south point of the present Park, 
 whence it followed the line of the present Chatham street 
 to nearly the corner of Duane street. To avoid the steep 
 descent there encountered — for a heavy hill thence de- 
 
TIIK KOAD TO THE FEKRY. 
 
 31 
 
 scended to a brook at the preseut Roosevelt street — it 
 wound around to the right, making a circuit nearly on the 
 present lines of Duaue, William and Pearl streets and 
 thence again ascended up the present Chatham square, 
 which was formed by the necessity of leaving a wide 
 space for a circuitous ascent of the hill. A handsome and 
 nearly level road- way, thence continued on the present line 
 of the Bowery. 
 
 The other road was that originally leading from the 
 ferr}^ landing, between Long Island and this island. This 
 ferry, from the earliest settlement, and for many years 
 afterward, was from the present landing on the Brooklyn 
 side, at Fulton Ferry, to the nearest point on this island, 
 which was at the present Peck slip. Cornelius Dircksen, 
 was the earliest ferryman of whom the records speak, and 
 was, probably, the first person who regularly followed that 
 calling. He owned considerable land near Peck slip in 
 the year 1G42. From the ferry, the road ran along the 
 East river shore, on the present line of Pearl street, as far 
 as Hanover square. It continued its course, on the line 
 of the present Stone street, to the fort. 
 
 The west side of the road along the shore, was a favor- 
 ite locality for out-of-town residences, it being an elevated 
 hill. Avith a fine river prospect, and tolerable soil. Among 
 the original grantees of land along this section, were the 
 following : Henry Brazier, thirty-three acres near Franklin 
 square, adjoining to Wolphert's marsh, which occupied the 
 parts adjacent to the present Roosevelt street. Cornelius 
 Dircksen, the ferryman, land near ihe present Peck slip. 
 David Provoost, Philip De Tray, Cornelius Van Tienhoven, 
 Laurens Cornclisen Vanderwel and Govert Loockermans. all 
 these, who were prominent men in early times, were 
 
32 
 
 FIKST GRANTS OF TOWN LOTS. 
 
 grantees of the lands between the ferry and the present 
 Maiden lane, along the west side of Pearl street. 
 
 It was not until the year 1642, that any deeds or grants 
 were made of town lots, and probably no title for lots 
 below Wall street will date further back, through individ- 
 ual proprietors, than that date. Previously, the settlers 
 had been permitted to occupy building localities by un- 
 written sanction, and these had been established with little 
 respect to uniformity, except such as the natural geography 
 of the island, at its southern extremity, suggested. Cir- 
 cumstances, however, led to the adoption of certain lines 
 of thoroughfares, which afterward, upon the survey and 
 regulation of the town, became adopted as permanent 
 streets, and have since remained so. 
 
 Lots on the lower part of Broadway, then called the 
 '' Great Highway," began to be laid out and granted to 
 individuals in the year 1643. In that year, Martin Crigier 
 received the grant of a lot on the west side of the street, 
 opposite the present Bowling Green. The successive 
 grantees of property on the same road, below the present 
 Wall street, about the same period, were the following: To 
 j9llerton ^ Loockerman, merchants, a lot on the east side 
 of the road, above the present Beaver street. This lot 
 contained one hundred feet in front, and two hundred and 
 twenty -five feet in depth, the rear being bounded by a marsh, 
 covering the present Broad street and adjacent parts. To 
 Andreas Hudde^ an officer of the company, sixty-two feet in 
 front, on the same side of the road, and about two hundred 
 and twenty-five feet in depth. To Rutger Arentsen Van Seyl, 
 also in the employ of the company, on the same side of the 
 road, fifty feet front, same depth as above. To Cornelius Vol- 
 kertsen, also in the service of the company, on the same side 
 
ORIGINAL GRANTS ON BROADWAY. 
 
 of the road, and adjoining Van Seyl, one hundred and 
 twelve feet front, same depth as above. To Thomas Sand- 
 erson, on same side of the road, and next above Hudde, 
 fifty feet front, same depth as the others. To Philip 
 Geraerdy, a trader, a lot on the same side of the road, next 
 above Volkertsen, one hundred feet front, and about the 
 same depth. To Ja7i Jansen Van Jorcum, on same side of 
 the road, about one hundred feet front. To Leendert 
 Mrden, also in the service of the company, on the same 
 side of the road, about fifty feet front and two hundred 
 feet in depth. To Arien Pietersen Van Alkmaar, also in the 
 service of the company, on the west side of the road, oppo- 
 site the present Bowling Green, about one hundred and 
 thirty feet front, and ninety-eight feet in depth. To Cosyn 
 Gerritsen, a lot on the east side of the road, adjoining 
 Rutger ^rtsen, about fifty feet front. 
 
 These grants were the first on Broadway, and some 
 years elapsed before they were generally built upon. It is 
 evident, however, that at this early period, the speculative 
 value of property on that street was fully appreciated by 
 the early settlers, as not more than one or two of the 
 original grantees ever occupied the property themselves, 
 or did more toward improving than fencing them in, but 
 in after years sold them to persons for building purposes. 
 The grants above-mentioned were made prior to Stuyve- 
 sant's arrival in 1647; previous to which period, the west 
 side of the road, above the present Bowling Green and 
 below Trinity church, was occupied solely by the burial- 
 ground, and by the gardens and dwellings of Mr. Vande- 
 grist and Mr. Van Dyck. Two lots above Van Dyck were 
 granted by Stuyvesant to his sons Baltalazar and Nicholas 
 William, each about one hundred feet front, running to the 
 3 
 
34 
 
 GRANTS ON PEARL STREET. 
 
 North river shore. We may consider the grants above 
 enumerated, as the beginning of Broadway in its character 
 of a public street, it having previously been no more than 
 a road through fields owned by the West India Company, 
 under their Indian title to the island. 
 
 It was before suggested, that the favorite building local- 
 ities in the outset of this city, were those immediately 
 adjacent to the fort; and one of the earliest being on the 
 present line of Pearl street, between Whitehall and 
 State streets. This had been occupied from the time that 
 the fort was first laid out. The situation was convenient 
 for the kind of buildings then customary, as some protec- 
 tion was afi"orded from the cold northerly winds by the 
 walls of the fort. Among the early occupants, ranging 
 between the years 1643 and 1647, were the following, on 
 the north side of the street, commencing at the present 
 Whitehall street: Lamert Van Valkenbergh, Jan Evertsen 
 Bout,. Barent Jansen, Michael Pauluzen, Anthony Jansen, u 
 Jochem Pietersen, Cors Pietersen, Gillis Pietersen, Claes Jan- 
 sen, Jo7-is Rapelje, Hans Hansen, Jan Snediger, Jacob Con- 
 stable, Tryntje Jonas, Francis Doughty, and Paulus Hey mans. 
 On the south side of the street were Rem Jansen, The 
 Company^ s Bakery, Jan Cornelisen Coster, Claes Jansen Van 
 JVaerden, Claes Jansen Ruyter, Cornells Tunizen. Jan Jansen 
 Schepmoes, Jicrien Blanck. 
 
 The early settlers upon Whitehall street, were as 
 follows : In 1645, Tunis Tomassen Van J^aarden was 
 granted the lot on the present south-east corner of White- 
 hall and Marketfield streets, having a front on Whitehall 
 street of about one hundred feet, and depth on Marketfield 
 street of about seventy feet. In the following year, a 
 grant was made to Roelof Jansen Haes, of the property 
 
GRANTS OX WHITEHALL AND BRIDGE STREETS. 
 
 85 
 
 fronting on the present Whitehall, Beaver and Marketfield 
 streets, containing about ninety feet on Whitehall street, 
 by seventy-five feet in depth on the other streets. Between 
 Stone and Bridge streets, several lots were granted in 1646, 
 extending, in depth, to a small street fronting the store- 
 houses of the company. The occupants were Jan Hues, 
 George Holmes, Robert Butler, Everardus Bogardus, Syhout 
 Clasen, Isaac de Foreest. The western side of this street 
 was the line of the fort. The street had, at this time, re- 
 ceived no distinctive name, the property being described as 
 east of the fort, <fcc. 
 
 The present Bridge street, between Whitehall and 
 Broad streets, was occupied by several residents, at an 
 early period. In 1642-3, Hendrick Hendricksen Kip re- 
 ceived a grant on the north side of the street, containing 
 about ninety feet front and seventy feet in depth. The first 
 private deed, on record, showing the value of property 
 in those early times, was executed, in the year 1643, by 
 Abraham Jacobsen Van Steenwyck, conveying to Anthony 
 Jansen Van Fees, a lot next to Kip's, containing thirty 
 feet front and one hundred and ten feet in depth ; the price 
 paid being twenty-four guilders, equal to nine dollars and 
 a half of our currency. This was as valuable property as 
 any in the town, and the almost nominal value of land, in 
 those times may may be thence inferred. Other original 
 grantees of lots on this street, were Pietcr Van Linden, 
 Abraham Verplanck, Anthony Jansen, and Hendrick, the 
 smith. The street was then without a name. 
 
 The present Stone street, as has been before mentioned, 
 was the line of the first road laid out from the fort to the 
 ferry. The early occupants of that part of the road be- 
 
36 
 
 GRANTS ON STONE STREET. 
 
 tween the present Whiteliall and Broad streets, were the 
 following, their propertj' being generally described as on 
 " the road :" Adam Rolantsen, one hundred feet front ; 
 Arent, the smith ; Philip Gcraci-dy, a trader ; Oloff Skve7i- 
 son Van Cortland, commissary ; Harman Meyndertsen ; 
 Isaac De Foreest, brewer ; Gysbert Opdyck, commissary ; 
 Pieter Cornelisen. From the character of these residents, it 
 is to be inferred that this was one of the best streets of the 
 town. Crossing the inlet, at the present Broad street, by 
 a bridge, the part of the road between the latter street 
 and the present Hanover square, was vacant on the south 
 side, until the erection of the City Tavern, in 1642. On 
 the north side, Jacob Wolfertsen Van Couwenhoven, a prom- 
 inent citizen, established a large brewery ; his lot fronting 
 on the road, on the inlet or present Broad street, and on a 
 street in the rear. Beyond him lay vacant ground, a grant 
 of which was made, in 1646, to Wessel Evertsen, containing 
 a front of two hundred and twenty feet and depth of ninety 
 feet. Beyond Evertsen, toward Hanover square, was 
 land granted to Borger Jorisen, about one hundred and 
 forty feet front and one hundred and thirty feet in depth. 
 This individual gave a name to the present Old slip, 
 which was, for over a century after the period now re- 
 ferred to, known as " Borger Jorisen's Path," or Burgher's 
 Path. 
 
 Among the other thoroughfares, occupied at an early 
 period, was the present Broad street, the names of some 
 of the early inhabitants being as follows : Cornells Melyn, 
 on the east side, between the road (Stone street) and the 
 river shore (about the present line of Pearl street) — his 
 premises being about ninety feet front and sixty-five feet 
 
GRANTS OX BROAD AND OTHER STREETS. 
 
 37 
 
 deep ; Michael Marshan, one hundred and forty feet front, 
 seventy feet deep ; Martin Ael, seventy-five feet front ; 
 Govert Loockermans, Gerrit Douwman, about forty-five feet 
 front, on the west side of the street ; Willem Cornelisen, 
 sixty-eight feet front, on same side ; Ahraham Rycken, on 
 the east side, extending south from the present corner of 
 Beaver street, about one hundred and twenty feet; Adrian 
 Vincent, next adjoinging on the south, about ninety feet 
 front; Tunis Kracy, on the west side, about sixty feet 
 front ; Michael Picket. These were all below the present 
 Beaver street ; above the latter point, the street was a 
 marsh. A more particular history of this locality will be 
 found under the description of the " Heere Graaft," in a 
 subsequent part of this book. 
 
 On the present Beaver street, between Broadway and 
 Broad street, several settlers established themselves, at an 
 early period, viz : Paulus Vanderheek, William Bredenhent, 
 a tavern called the " Sign of the Lion," Evert Jansen, Pieter 
 Mountfort, Jan Moimtfort. 
 
 The present Marketfield street was also occupied as 
 a public thoroughfare at a very early period ; one of the 
 grantees being Claes Van Elslant, the town sexton, who 
 resided there for many years. 
 
 The North side of the present Pearl street, between 
 Broad and "Whitehall streets, lay fronting the river shore; 
 extending out into the river, on the line of the present 
 Moore street, was a little wharf, built at a very early 
 period. It was the only landing place in the city, but ex- 
 tended not far beyond low water mark, and was only suit- 
 able for the landing of goods, by means of scows and small 
 boats, from vessels anchored in the stream. 
 
THE CITY IN 1642. 
 
 The description of the progress of the town, given in 
 this c}ia})tcr, will, it is supposed, be better understood from 
 the following illustrative map, drawn by the author, from 
 the best data in his possession . 
 
 Note. — The upper cross road is the present Maiden Lane, then called 
 T'Maagde Paatje." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE FIRST INDIAN WAR. (1642.) 
 
 It was suggested, in a previous chapter, that the influx 
 into the country of settlers not connected with the West 
 India Company, had a tendency to introduce competition 
 in the fur trade, which the company had designed to 
 monopolize for its own benefit. The private traders, by 
 traversing the country into distant localities and over- 
 bidding the company's oiScei-s, contrived to turn this 
 profitable trade from the coflers of the government into 
 their own pockets. After years of fruitless efibrt to 
 restrain these illegal practices, the Directory in Holland, 
 making a virtue of necessity, threw open the Indian trade 
 to individual competition, simply endeavoring to counter- 
 balance the sacrifices thus made, by increasing their duties 
 on imports and exports. 
 
 The cflect of this measure, was to open a scene in the 
 country altogether novel, and of a pernicious tendency. 
 For, then, nearly the whole population turned their 
 thoughts toward the Indian trade, abandoning their former 
 pursuits. The officers and agents, in the service of the 
 company, resigned their places, and engaged in business 
 on their own account. Mechanics left their trades, and a 
 general competition ensued for the purchase of peltries. 
 To make friends among the Indians was, therefore, the 
 
40 
 
 INCIDENTS OF THE INDIAN TRADE. 
 
 object of all ; and soon the natives began to enter as 
 heartily into the tricks and mysteries of barter as the 
 most expert traders among the whites. Their introduction 
 into the families of the citizens, where they were invited 
 to meals and lodgings; the common use of guns and ammu- 
 nition, procured in trade, together with their ripening 
 experience in the ways and customs of their white neigh- 
 bors, gave them a rising notion of their own condition. 
 They became exacting and close in their bargains, so that 
 Van Tienhoven writes, " if they gave you a herring, they 
 required a cod in return." They exacted civilities and 
 attentions to an exorbitant degree, and were offended, if 
 these were withheld. 
 
 This unnatural and constrained condition of intercourse, 
 could not last longer than the purpose for which it was 
 originated could be subserved, and accordingly when it 
 was no longer found profitable to indulge the Indians in 
 these delicate attentions, the opposite extreme was pur- 
 sued; the natives were reviled and thrown back with 
 contempt; and in place of the former unnatural familiarity, 
 a mutual hatred grew up between the two races. " Indian 
 dog " became the common term of reproach of the whites 
 upon their neighbors, while the natives, on the other hand, 
 were equally loud in their expressions of derision for the 
 Dutch. " They might be something on the water," said 
 they, but are of no account on land. In their own country 
 they have neither a great sachem or chief." 
 
 The first Indian war gradually grew out of this state of 
 feeling; and it is difficult to see how the government, 
 under Kieft, which was greatly blamed, and finally super- 
 seded, in consequence of the war, could have allayed the 
 causes which seem to have been the preparatory incite- 
 
PREPARATION'S FOR UOSTILITIES. 
 
 41 
 
 ments to hostilities. It is, liowcvcr, apparent that addi- 
 tional fuel was added to the embers thus ignited, by 
 Kieft, who, desirous of participating, on behalf of his 
 employers, in the general design upon the property of the 
 Indians, undertook to enforce a contribution from the 
 tribes under the form of a tax upon their corn. This 
 movement set the natives in an uproar, and they replied 
 in a general cry of contempt and sarcasm at this novel 
 proceeding. " He must be a mean fellow," said they, for 
 " he had not invited them to come and live here, that he 
 should now take away their corn." 
 
 Matters now looked so serious that the whites began to 
 make preparations for hostilities, by furnishing themselves 
 with guns and ammunition, and fortifying their exposed 
 settlements. 
 
 The first expedition from this city, against the Indians, 
 was sent out in 1640, against the Raritans inhabiting the 
 main behind Staten Island, who were alleged to have 
 stolen some hogs from a settlement on Staten Island, an 
 allegation which proved afterward to have been a mistake. 
 This party of whites was composed of seventy men, under 
 the command of Yan Tienhoven, the secretary. Arriving 
 at the Indian villages, at an unexpected time, they com- 
 menced slaughtering and plundering the inhabitants, and 
 after putting several to death, and burning the crops in 
 the Indian fields, they returned to their homes without 
 loss. Smarting under this foray, the Raritans determined 
 that the " Swannekins," as they called the Europeans, 
 should have dead men instead of dead hogs to fight for, 
 and accordingly made a descent upon the farm belonging 
 to Captain De Vrics, on Staten Island, killed four of his 
 planters, and burned his dwelling and tobacco house. 
 
42 PROGRESS OF THE INDIAN WAR. 
 
 Kieft now determined to wage a war of extermination 
 against the Raritans, and offered a reward of ten fathoms 
 of wampum for every head of a Raritan, and twenty 
 fathoms for the heads of those engaged in the murder of 
 the people on Staten Island. This measure stimulated the 
 cupidity of some Indians, who were inimical to the Rari- 
 tans, and one of the Haver straw Indians soon after made 
 his appearance at the fort, with the hand of a dead man 
 dangling on a stick. It belonged to a chief who had been 
 concerned in the Staten Island murder. After this, the 
 troubles with the Raritan tribe ceased. 
 
 Another murder in a different quarter, now called on 
 the Dutch for vengeance. It was perpetrated in the pres- 
 ent Westchester county, by a young Indian of the Weck- 
 quaaskeck tribe, whose uncle had been killed nearly 
 twenty years before, by the whites. Vengeance is con- 
 sidered a virtue in the Indian philosophy, and this young 
 man, having inherited this duty, called at the house of an 
 aged settler, named Cornelisen, on pretence of making 
 some purchases. The old man proceeded to get the goods 
 from his chest, and the moment he stooped the Indian 
 struck him dead, and withdrew after rifling the house of 
 its contents. No satisfaction could be got by the Dutch 
 for this outrage, and it became evident that the only safety 
 of the whites lay in retaliatory measures. 
 
 Governor Kieft, viewing the important nature of the 
 step now proposed to be taken, sought the advice of the 
 body of the people, whose interests and safety, were so 
 directly concerned, and invited all the citizens to assemble 
 in the fort to consider upon the proper course to be taken. 
 This meeting, the first popular assembly, convened in this 
 city, took place on the 28th day of August, 1641. Twelve 
 
PROGRESS OP THE INDIAN WAR. 
 
 43 
 
 men were cliosen by the people to act on their behalf, who, 
 on the following day, resolved that war should be waged, 
 if the murderer were still refused to be delivered up; that 
 the attack should be made on the Indians in the harvest 
 time, when the warriors were absent on their hunting 
 expeditious; but meanwhile further efibrts should be made 
 by kindness to obtain justice, which was accordingly seve- 
 ral times sought for in vain. 
 
 The harvest time being come, many obstacles arose, and 
 operations were postponed until the year 1642, Avhen it 
 was resolved to avenge the perpetrated outrage. There- 
 upon spies looked up the Indians, who lay in their villages, 
 suspecting nothing, and eighty men were detailed under 
 Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck, and sent thither. The guide 
 being come with the troops in the neighborhood of the 
 Indian wigwams, lost his way in consequence of the dark- 
 ness of the night. The ensign became impatient, and 
 turned back without having accomplished any thing. The 
 journey, however, was not without effect, for the Indians, 
 who observed, by the trail, that they had narrowly escaped 
 destruction, sought for peace, which was granted them on 
 condition that they should either deliver up the mui'derer, 
 or inflict justice themselves. This they promised to do, 
 but without any result. 
 
 Some weeks after this, Miantonimo, principal sachem of 
 the Xarragansets, came toward this city, with one hundred 
 men, passing through all the Indian villages, soliciting 
 them to a general war against the English and the Dutch; 
 thus exciting still further the enmity existing in the breast 
 of the Indians. Hostilities were commenced against 
 exposed settlements, and the community in the town began 
 to be greatly alarmed, having the Indians daily in their 
 
44 
 
 FLIGHT OF THE INDIANS. 
 
 houses. The demands for justice for the repeated murders 
 and depredations, were received by the Indians with sneers 
 and laughter. 
 
 It happened that at this time a band of Mohawks, the 
 " kings of the forest," whose hunting grounds were toward 
 Canada, made a descent upon several Indian villages on 
 the Hudson river, below the Highlands, and drove the 
 affrighted population from their homes, so that running 
 from one enemy into the country of another, already pant- 
 ing for vengeance, the Weckquaaskecks, hunted through 
 the snow, half famished with cold and hunger, came for 
 shelter to the neighborhood of this city, and built their 
 lires on the outskirts of the town. 
 
 The whites furnished them with provisions, to keep them 
 from starving, for a fortnight; meanwhile, however, delib- 
 erating upon the policy of availing themselves of the op- 
 portunity thus afforded of wreaking their vengeance, so 
 long held in contemplation. The savages, observing the 
 portents of this design, scattered themselves in different 
 directions in a new affright; a large number, however, 
 settling themselves at the present Corlaer's Hook, and a 
 still more considerable number on the opposite shore of 
 the North river at Pavonia. Although a generous com- 
 passion induced many of those among the Dutch citizens, 
 who had previously counseled retaliatory measures, to take 
 no advantage of the present afflicted condition of the 
 Indians, yet the councils of a majority determined that the 
 moment had now arrived to strike the blow of vengeance. 
 Accordingly, in the middle of the night of the 25th 
 of February, 1643, two parties set out from the city, one 
 headed by Maryn Andriezen and Govert Loockermans, 
 against the Indians at Corlaer's Hook, and another 
 
MASSACRE OF THE INDIANS. 45 
 
 against the camp at Pavonia. " I remained at the direct- 
 or's," says an eye-witness, " and took a seat in the kitchen, 
 near the fire. At midnight I heard loud shrieks, and went 
 out to the parapet of the fort and looked toward Pavonia. 
 I saw nothing but the flashing of the guns. I heard no 
 more the cries of the Indians." After the first cry of sur- 
 prise, the Indians, as was their custom, made no exclama- 
 tion in the process of their destruction. 
 
 Eighty Indians were killed at Pavonia, and thirty at 
 Corker's Hook. These were of all ages and sexes, and no 
 barbarity was too shocking to be inflicted upon them. 
 Thirty prisoners, and the heads of several of the enemy, 
 who had been killed, were brought in by the return 
 parties. 
 
 These proceedings aroused the neighboring Indian na- 
 tions to frenzy, and eleven different tribes proclaimed war 
 against the Dutch. Every settler, upon whom they could 
 lay hands, was murdered; the farm-houses and cattle were 
 destroyed, and the country around Fort Amsterdam laid 
 completely waste. All settlers, in exposed places, removed 
 within the town, and the condition of the inhabitants 
 l^ecame distressing in the extreme. 
 
 In these circumstances, the whites came almost to open 
 war among themselves. Those who had advised and con- 
 ducted the late proceedings, were charged with having 
 brought immeasurable evils upon the whole community, 
 many having been rendered beggars by the retaliatory acts 
 of the Indians, and each inhabitant, in whatever circumstan- 
 ces he may hitherto have been, being now compelled to 
 forego all other interests in the paramount duty of guarding 
 the lives of the members of his family. Crimination fol- 
 lowed recrimination; each tried to shift the responsibility 
 
46 QtJARKELS AMONG THE CITIZENS. 
 
 from himself. Among others, Andriczeu, one of the lead- 
 ers of the party that attacked the Indians at Corlaer'sHook, 
 received a full portion of the obloquy. Hearing that 
 Director Kieft joined in these aspersions, he presented 
 himself at the fort, armed with a pistol loaded and cocked, 
 and with a hanger at his side. Coming unawares into the 
 Director's room, he presented his pistol at him, exclaiming, 
 "what devilish lies are these you are reporting of me?" 
 his pistol was, however, seized by one of the bystanders, 
 and himself arrested and committed to prison. Within an 
 hour after, the prisoner's son, accompanied by another 
 person, entered the fort, and came into the presence of 
 Kieft, who was walking up and down. On perceiving 
 their approach, the director general retired, but was fired 
 at by the young man, without effect. Upon this a sentinel, 
 in return, discharged his gun at the intruder, and brought 
 him down; his head was afterward affixed to a gibbet. A 
 large crowd now collected at the fort, and demanded the 
 release of Maryn Andriezen. This Kieft refused, offering, 
 however, to submit the case to the citizens at large. Fi- 
 nally, owing to the excitement and diversity of feeling in 
 the community, the trial of Andriezen was transferred to 
 Holland. It is not certain whether he was actually sent 
 thither; if so. however, he returned and engaged in busi- 
 ness here as usual. 
 
 As the spring advanced, it became for the interest of 
 both parties to cease hostilities, and accordingly a treaty 
 of peace was concluded in May, 1643. But this was a hol- 
 low truce, as the Indians still took every opportunity to 
 rob and murder those whom they could assail. The farms 
 at Pavonia, four in number, were burnt, not by open force, 
 but by stealthily creeping through the brush, with fire in 
 
DESTRUCTION OF FARMS. 4T 
 
 hand, and igniting the roofs of the buildings, which were 
 constructed either of reed or straw. Several boats, com- 
 ing down the Hudson river, with packs of furs, were 
 boarded, and the traders killed. Nine Christians, in- 
 cluding two women, were murdered in these captured 
 vessels, one woman and two children remaining prisoners. 
 
 A small force, consisting of five boys and one man, 
 having been detailed for the defence of the colony on the 
 present Jersey shore, near Elizabethtown, was attacked by 
 a party of savages on the night of the 17th September, 
 and were obliged, after some resistance, to retreat, and 
 the premises were burnt; they escaped in a canoe, saving 
 nothing but their arms. Another small party, which had 
 been dispatched to the same quarter, to protect another 
 farm, ivas visited by the Indians; who, finding the men 
 unarmed, murdered all but one, a boy, whom they took 
 away with them to Tappan; the farm buildings were de- 
 stroyed. Aert Thunisen, a planter at Hoboken, having 
 gone out on a trading excursion, was killed near Sandy 
 Hook. At the eastward, the work of destruction was pros- 
 ecuted with equal violence. Among the more conspicu- 
 ous victims was the celebrated Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, 
 who had taken up her residence near the present Stamford, 
 Connecticut. All the members of her family, and a num- 
 ber of other persons residing in the neighborhood, were 
 murdered. 
 
 At this period of general terror, the Dutch settlers, with 
 women and children, gathered around " Fort Amsterdam," 
 and lodged under its walls, in huts of straw. 
 
 In this condition of things, the citizens having, at the 
 request of Director Kieft, deputed to a committee the 
 power to advise and act for the best, this committee re- 
 
48 
 
 NEW EXPEDITIONS. 
 
 solved to seek aid from the Euglish settlements, eastward, 
 and also to set forth their condition to the government in 
 Holland. In their memorial, dated in November, 1643, to 
 the latter power, they state their circumstances in these 
 words : 
 
 " The inhabitants of New Netherland were pursued, in 
 the spring, by the wild heathen and barbarous savages, 
 with fire and sword. Daily have they cruelly murdered 
 men and women in our houses and fields; and, with hatchets 
 and tomahawks, struck little children dead in their parent's 
 arms, or before their doors, or taken them far away into 
 captivity. Cattle, of all descriptions, are destroyed and 
 killed, and such as remain must perish, this approaching 
 winter, for want of fodder. Every place almost is aban- 
 doned." 
 
 In this condition things remained through the winter, 
 the most strenuous efforts being made, in the mean time, 
 to secure aid from their English neighbors, in which they 
 were successful to some extent. Several expeditions were 
 sent out, at an early period. One composed of forty 
 Dutch, under Captain Kuyter, and thirty -five English, un- 
 der Lieutenant B.axter — the whole under the command of 
 Councillor La Montagnie — went out against some Indians 
 on Staten Island. They made a night approach to the 
 place where they expected to come upon the Indians, but 
 failed in their purpose, finding the village abandoned by 
 its inhabitants. Their only booty was five or six hundred 
 skepels of corn, with which they returned to the city, after 
 burning the Indian village. The next expedition was 
 directed against the Indians on the eastern borders of 
 Westchester county, where they expected to find the 
 natives unsuspicious of their approach. This party was 
 
RETURN TO THE CITY. 
 
 49 
 
 sent up the East river in three sailing vessels, and landed, 
 in the evening, at Greenwich. They forthwith commenced 
 their march, which they continued through the night, but 
 missed their way ; upon returning, before morning, they 
 were met by some Englishmen, who offered to guide them 
 to a place where they could find Indians. This journey 
 was more successful, and resulted in the death of eighteen 
 or twenty of the enemy, and the capture of an old Indian 
 and several women and children. 
 
 The old Indian, thus made captive, promised, as the 
 price of his liberty, to lead the whites to Weckqueskeech, 
 and accordingly conducted a party of sixty-five men to the 
 Indian castles, but found them all empty ; a matter of much, 
 surprise to the whites, as these forts were of very strong 
 construction, of plank five inches thick, nine feet high, and 
 braced around with thick balk, full of port-holes. Two of 
 these were burnt, and the other preserved as a place of re- 
 treat, if the necessities of the campaign reduced them to 
 that extremity. The party returned, having killed only 
 one or two Indians, taken some women and children pris- 
 oners, and burnt a quantity of corn. This detachment 
 returned to Fort Amsterdam, without further operations 
 at that time. 
 
 The next expedition was sent out upon Long Island, 
 where it was understood that Pennawitz, a chief who had 
 alwaifTS professed friendship for the settlers, was engaged 
 in secretly concocting a design to introduce his people, under 
 the guise of friendship, into the houses of the Dutch, and, 
 at one moment, to destroy the whole community. Against 
 this trilie a detachment of one hundred and twenty men 
 was dispatched, composed of Dutch citizens, under the 
 command of Captain Kuyter; of Englishmen, under Cap- 
 4 
 
50 
 
 SUCCESS OP THE WHITES. 
 
 tain Jolin Underbill; and of soldiers, under Sergeant 
 Pieter Cock — tlie whole commanded by Councillor La 
 Montagnie. This party proceeded, in three vessels, up the 
 Sound, and having landed, marched to Hempstead. Having 
 sent forward an advance party, who dextrously killed an 
 Indian spy, the main body advanced, in two divisions, and 
 the battle resulted in the death of one hundred and twenty 
 Indians; the loss, on the part of the whites, being but one 
 killed and three wounded. The party returned with several 
 Indian prisoners; upon whom, in imitation of the barbarous 
 custom of the natives, the people of the city inflicted their 
 death by torture. One of them was hacked to pieces with 
 knives, while the other was flayed alive, strips of flesh be- 
 ing cut from his living body; and being chased into the 
 present Beaver street, his head was finally cut off. 
 
 The next expedition was dispatched under Captain Un- 
 derhill, who had shown himself to be an efficient ally. 
 This design was against the Indians in the neighborhood, 
 whence the party, before spoken of, had recently returned, 
 on the eastern borders of the present Westchester county, 
 information having been received that the camping-place 
 of the Indians could now be found. In this party, one hun- 
 dred and thirty men were engaged, the second in command, 
 under Captain Underhill, being Ensign Van Dyck. The 
 party having landed at Greenwich, commenced their march 
 over ground covered with snow. Being led by a trusty 
 guide, they came upon the Indian village upon a moonlight 
 night, finding the enemy, however, upon the alert. They 
 surrounded the village, and commenced firing upon the 
 people as they showed themselves, and finally drove the 
 whole within the houses, whence they continued the battle. 
 To terminate the fight the habitations were fired, and the 
 
END OP THE FIRST INDIAN WAR. 51 
 
 . Avhole number, not already killed outside the houses, were 
 consumed in the flames. The number was estimated at be- 
 tween five and six hundred, including men, women and 
 children, " from whom not a cry or groan escaped." The 
 expedition returned to New Amsterdam, where a public 
 thanksgiving was ordered for the brilliant success attend- 
 ing the arms of the Dutch. This battle is said to have 
 taken place on a part of Horse Neck, called Strickland's 
 Plain, now in the bounds of Greenwich, Connecticut. 
 
 This decisive event put an end to the war, the Indians 
 having concluded to ask for peace. Accordingly, in April, 
 1644, Mamaranack, chief of the Indians residing on the 
 Kicktawank or Croton river; Mongackonon Poppenohar- 
 ron, representing the Weckquaaskecks and Wockpeem; 
 and the Wappings, from Stamford, presented themselves at 
 Fort Amsterdam, and pledged themselves that they would 
 not henceforth commit any injury upon the white people 
 of New Netherland; and having further promised to de- 
 liver up Pacham, a chief who had been very active against 
 the Dutch, peace was concluded, the Dutch engaging, on 
 their part, not to trouble the Indians, or molest them in 
 their planting. Several of the Long Island tribes soon 
 after appeared, by their chiefs, at the fort, and concluded 
 a similar treaty. Other tribes followed, in the succeeding 
 year, at which period the first open war, between the Dutch 
 and Indians, may be said to have closed. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OF MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS, AND THE EVENTS OF THE 
 
 YEARS 1653, 1654 AND 1655. 
 
 As time passed on, the citizens, whose homes had become 
 settled in New Amsterdam; whose families were growing up, 
 and many of whose relatives had found their last resting- 
 place within its limits, began to feel an interest in the well-be- 
 ing of the place, and a desire for its advancement, as respects 
 appearance and general comfort. These sentiments, how- 
 ever, could not be satisfactorily manifested, unless the 
 people themselves were the ministers of their own bounty, 
 for which reason it Avas desirable that the town should be 
 incorporated, and its interests subjected to the management 
 of its own inhabitants. Some effort toward this object 
 had been made as early as the year 1642, by an application 
 to the authorities in Holland for the establishment of mu- 
 nicipal institutions in this town, similar to those of the 
 father-land. No definite action, however, followed the 
 urgent request of the inhabitants until the year 1652, 
 when a separate magistracy was allowed to the city, and 
 the town received a quasi incorporation, under the govern- 
 ment of a schout, two burgomasters and five schepens. 
 This organization, though not sufficiently independent of 
 the general administration to satisfy the desires of the 
 
■City Hall of New Amstenlaai, in which the Schout, Burgomasters and Schepen< 
 held their sessions. Built iu the year 1642. Taken down in the year 170(i. 
 This building originally faced the East river, but at the period when this view 
 was taken, a new street had been erected along the river, the two houses on the 
 side? of the above view facing dii Coentics slip. 
 
 The residence of Governor Stuyvcsant at the time of iii> death, situated on iiis 
 fiirm or Hmvciv, 
 
ORGANIZATIOX OF THE FIKST MAGISTKACY. 53 
 
 people, was still an approach toward independence, which 
 at once gave a turn to the affairs of the town, of a highly 
 beneficial nature. 
 
 The powers of the magistrates were well-defined with 
 respect to their judicial functions, having original juris- 
 diction of civil and criminal cases, arising within their 
 limits, subject to an appeal from their judgments, to the 
 director general and council. Their municipal powers, 
 however, were wholly undefined, and being created under a 
 special authority, independent of the general government 
 of the father-land, they cannot be said to have had any 
 powers whatever, not subject to the controlling voice of 
 the director general and his council; and this seems to 
 have been the construction put upon their functions, in 
 some cases which brought the subject under review. 
 Nevertheless, for general purposes, it was conceded that 
 the town magistrates were invested with similar powers to 
 those of the like officers in father-laud; and Avere au- 
 thorized to supervise the improvement of the town, to 
 appoint their own officers, and to make general regulations 
 for their observance. 
 
 The magistrates were to be appointed, in the first 
 instance, by the director general and his council, to hold 
 office for one year; and in course of time they were privi- 
 leged to advise the government as to the appointment of 
 their successors, and to submit a nomination for his consid- 
 eration. 
 
 The separate organization of the town being thus estab- 
 lished, it became necessary to have a city-hall or town- 
 house for the use of the magistrates, to which purpose the 
 city tavern, which had been built by the government in 
 1642, was converted, and henceforth became known as the 
 
54 
 
 CITY MAGISTRACY. 
 
 " stadt huys." The magistrates held their court once a 
 fortnight, the bell ringing for its opening at nine o'clock in 
 the morning, and for its closing at 12 o'clock. If business 
 was unfinished, they resumed their sessions after dinner, 
 at one o'clock. The proceedings of the court were of a 
 very simple character; the disputing parties generally 
 appearing in person. A lawyer from Holland, (Dirck Van 
 Schelluyn) settled in the city, soon after the establishment 
 of this court, but his business was not lucrative. 
 
 Provision had been made to compensate the Burgomas- 
 ters, by a salary of three hundred and fifty guilders, (one 
 hundred and forty dollars,) and the Schepens by a salary 
 of two hundred and fifty guilders, (or one hundred dollars) 
 per annum, but it does not seem that they ever availed 
 themselves of their salary; indeed, it would appear that 
 there were no funds from which their pay could be drawn, 
 as the " chest," or treasury, was but poorly supplied, and 
 the current expenditures for other purposes kept it at a 
 very low ebb. At some seasons, and particularly during 
 the progress of the survey of the town, (to be afterward 
 adverted to,) their time was very much employed in city 
 affairs, to the detriment of their personal interests; and 
 looking about in vain for remuneration, they conceived the 
 happy thought of applying to the general government, 
 respectfully petitioning "for the arrears of their salary, 
 so long forgotten, in order that once seeing the fruits of 
 their labors they may be encouraged to still greater zeal." 
 Governor Stuyvesant, however, gave no more favorable 
 reply than his permission that they should draw their 
 salary out of the city treasury, as he had nothing to do 
 with the matter. 
 
 Although the position of the town magistrates was one 
 
CITY MAGISTRACY. 
 
 55 
 
 of little emolument, it was, nevertheless, deemed a place 
 of great honor and respectability. They enjoyed the title 
 of " my lord," and an elevated place on all ceremonious 
 occasions. On Sundays, they occupied a separate place in 
 church, their state cushions being carried by the bell- 
 ringer, from the city-hall, and placed in their pew. 
 
 The first entry in the records of the magistrates of this 
 city is a prayer, which, having been inserted at length in 
 their minutes, is supposed to have been designed by them 
 to go down to posterity, and is therefore given in full : 
 
 " God of Gods, and Lord of Lords, Heavenly and 
 most Merciful Father ! We thank thee that thou hast not 
 only created us in thine own image, but that thou hast re- 
 ceived us as thy children and guests when we were lost; 
 and in addition to all this, it has pleased thee to place us 
 in the government of thy people in this place. 
 
 " O Lord, our God, we, thy wretched creatures, acknowl- 
 edge that we are not worthy of this honor, and that we 
 have neither strength nor sufficiency to discharge the trust 
 committed to us, without thine assistance. 
 
 " We beseech thee, oh fountain of all good gifts, qualify 
 us by thy grace, that we may, with fidelity and righteous- 
 ness, serve in our respective offices. To this end enlighten 
 our darkened understandings, that we may be able to dis- 
 tinguish the right from the wrong; the truth from falsehood, 
 and that we may give pure and uncorrupted decisions; 
 having an eye upon thy word, a sure guide, giving to the 
 simple wisdom and knowledge. Let thy law be a light 
 unto our feet and a lamp to our path, so that we may never 
 turn away from the path of righteousness. Deeply impress 
 on all our minds that we are not accountable unto men but 
 unto God, who seeth and heareth all things. Let all 
 
56 CITY MAGISTRACY. 
 
 respect of persons be far removed from us, that we may 
 award justice unto the rich and the poor, unto friends and 
 enemies alike; to residents and to strangers, according to 
 the law of truth; and that not one of us may swerve 
 therefrom. And since gifts do blind the eyes of the wise, 
 and destroy the heart, therefore keep our hearts aright. 
 Grant unto us, also, that we may not rashly prejudge any 
 one, without a fair hearing, but that we patiently hear the 
 parties, and give them time and opportunity for defending 
 themselves; in all things looking up to thee and to thy 
 word for counsel and direction. 
 
 " Graciously incline our hearts, that we exorcise the 
 power which thou hast given us, to the general good of the 
 community, and to the maintenance of the church, that we 
 may be praised by them that do well, and a terror to evil- 
 doers. 
 
 " Incline, also, the hearts of the subjects unto due obe- 
 dience, so that through their respect and obedience our 
 burdens may be made the lighter. 
 
 " Thou knowest. Oh Lord, that the wicked and ungodly 
 do generally contemn and transgress thine ordinances, 
 therefore clothe us with strength, courage, fortitude and 
 promptitude, that we may, with proper earnestness and 
 zeal, be steadfast unto the death against all sinners and 
 evil-doers. 
 
 " Oh, good and gracious God, command thy blessing 
 upon all our adopted resolutions, that they may be ren- 
 dered effectual, and redound to the honor of thy great and 
 holy name, to the greatest good of the trusts committed to 
 us, and to our salvation. 
 
 " Hear and answer us. Oh gracious God, in these our pe- 
 titions, and in all that thou seest we need, through the 
 
EXPECTED ATTACK FROM THE ENGLISH. Ol 
 
 merits of Jesus Christ thy beloved son, in whose name we 
 conclude our prayer." 
 
 Events happened soon after the organization of the city 
 magistracy, which for a time delayed the promised improve- 
 ment of the town. War having been declared between 
 the English and Dutch nations in the year 1652, it was 
 expected by the inhabitants and government of this city, 
 that some attempt would be made to settle the long-dis- 
 puted pretensions of the English to the country occupied 
 by the Dutch, by force of arms, and the prudence of mak- 
 ing needful preparations for this emergency was manifest 
 to all; the fort was therefore repaired, the citizens were 
 enrolled in four companies, and the city was placed under 
 military guard. The small forces of the Dutch were, 
 however, so inadequate to meet the superior number which 
 could be mustered in the New England colonies, should 
 an assault be determined upon, that it was evident all 
 attempt at defence would be fruitless, unless some artifi- 
 cial defences were thrown up, to maintain the town against 
 an approach on the land side. It was therefore determined 
 to construct a line of works along the outskirts of the 
 town, from the North to the East river. About forty of 
 the principal inhabitants ofi'crcd a loan of over two 
 thousand dollars for carrying on this Avork, which was 
 commenced about the 1st of April, IGoo. 
 
 Commissioners having been appointed to superintend 
 the work, it was decided to build it in the following man- 
 ner : posts or palisades, twelve feet in height and seven 
 inches in diameter, to be set in the ground, and sided up 
 on the outside with boards; on the inside of the stockade 
 a ditch, two feet wide and three feet deep, to be dug, the 
 ground being thrown up against the fence — thus making 
 
58 
 
 ERECTIOX OF THE FIRST CITY WALL. 
 
 a platform of sufficient height to permit the assailed to 
 overlook the stockade. The work was completed about 
 the 1st of May, 1653. It extended along the East river 
 shore, from near the present head of Coenties slip, on the 
 line of Pearl street, and crossed the cultivated fields to 
 the North river, its line being marked by the present north 
 side of Wall street. All trade and business was at a 
 stand-still during its progress, every citizen lending a 
 helping hand. 
 
 During the whole of this summer (1653) the people were 
 under arms, not knowing the moment when an attempt 
 would be made against the city. Rumors from New Eng- 
 land were rife, of organizations and preparations going on 
 there, to join in the attempt. It woukl seem, however, that 
 the energetic measures adopted by the Dutch Governor, 
 and the attitude assumed by his people, were effectual in 
 deterring the inhabitants of New England from pursuing 
 their designs without aid from their home government. 
 The year 1653, therefore, passed over without any attempt 
 having been made against this city. 
 
 With the opening of the following year, the Dutch 
 found the danger still more imminent than in the previ- 
 ous season, as Cromwell, who was then in power, had 
 been persuaded to dispatch a fleet to America, consisting 
 of four ships, the avowed destination of which was against 
 this city. The fleet, touching at New England to raise 
 additional forces, remained there a short period, and in the 
 month of June found itself, in force, nine hundred men and 
 a troop of horse. Their arrival at New England, and the 
 extensive preparations going on there, it may readily be 
 conceived, caused intense excitement in this city. The 
 commotion was very great, and occasioned not the less 
 
PEACE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND HOLLAND. 59 
 
 disorder from the circumstance that many of the inhabit- 
 ants counseled the surrender of the town, without blood- 
 shed; but Governor Stuyvesant bore down on tliis class of 
 citizens the whole force of his displeasure; and in spite of 
 murmurs, anxieties and misgivings, the preparations for 
 war went on, amid the removal of women and non-combat- 
 ants, goods and valuables, beyond the reach of the missiles 
 of destruction. 
 
 By a providential accident, as the English fleet was 
 about to set sail for this city, a vessel was observed coming 
 iuto their harbor, which turned out to be the bearer of 
 news of peace concluded between England and Holland. 
 On receipt of this intelligence in New Amsterdam, a day 
 of thanksgiving was set apart, on which to offer up thanks 
 for their happy deliverance from the devastating evils of 
 a war. 
 
 By the termination of these difficulties, the people of 
 New Amsterdam were relieved from the apprehensions to 
 which they had been subject, and were left to arrange the 
 pecuniary liabilities in which they had become involved. 
 The settlement of these matters went further toward 
 alienating the minds of the people from their superiors 
 than any which had previously occurred. The West India 
 Company had originally agreed to take all needful measures 
 for the defence of the country at its own expense; but 
 Stuyvesant caused a tax to be laid on the people, to defray 
 the debt thus incurred, which amounted to about two 
 thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 The people of this city were, during a few succeeding 
 years, relieved from the apprehension of an invasion on 
 the part of the English; but in the year following that last 
 spoken of, the note of war was sounded from another 
 
60 EXPEDITION TO TUE DELAWARE. 
 
 direction. A colony of Swedes, seeking along the Ameri- 
 can coast a spot whereon to plant themselves, and finding 
 none more promising than the head of Chesapeake Bay, 
 where a small Dutch colony was already established, ex- 
 pelled that colony from its quarters, and settled themselves 
 in its place. This proceeding having been communicated 
 by Stuyvesant to his superiors in Holland, he received 
 orders to move, with all his disposable forces, against the 
 intruders; and due preparations having been made, on the 
 oth of September, 1655, the governor, at the head of his 
 forces, set out on this expedition, which resulted in full 
 success. 
 
 But while the city was thus left nearly destitute of forces, 
 and slumbering without any other fear than that which 
 might arise for the welfare of their friends on the expedi- 
 tion to the south, the amazement and dismay of the inhab- 
 itants may be imagined, when, on the morning of the 15th 
 of September, before day-break, the town was awakened to 
 find itself in possession of the Indians. These, to the 
 number of nearly two thousand men, in sixty-four canoes, 
 having drawn up on the shore, spread themselves through 
 the streets of the town, offering, however, no violence. 
 Hastily rising from their slumbers, the inhabitants gathered 
 themselves in the fort. Messengers were sent, to learn 
 from the Indians the occasion of their visit; but they gave 
 little satisfaction, pretending that they were in search of 
 some Indians from the north, whom they supposed to be 
 concealed in the town. This answer, however, was evi- 
 dently evasive, and that some other motive induced so 
 strange a visit, was apparent. It soon became manifest 
 that they had come hither to obtain vengeance for the 
 death of one of their women, who, having been discovered 
 
FORAY OF INDIANS. 
 
 61 
 
 by Hendrick Yan Dyck, stealing peaches from his orchard, 
 on the shore of the North river, a few rods below the 
 present Rector street, had been shot at and killed by him. 
 Every effort was now made to pacify the natives, and to 
 make amends, by apology, for the mishap; and finally, to- 
 ward evening, the Indians were persuaded to leave the 
 city, and take quarters, for the night, on Nutten Island 
 (now Governor's Island,) whither they accordingly de- 
 parted. Soon after nightfall, however, the fires of subdued 
 passion again getting the mastery, they returned in a body, 
 and seeking out their victims, they wounded Van Dyck, 
 in the breast, with an arrow, and cut down his neighbor. 
 Captain Vandiegrist, with an axe. But the citizens, having 
 congregated in the fort, made a desperate assault upon the 
 Indian band, and drove them to the shore, into their canoes, 
 leaving three dead, and carrying with them several wound- 
 ed; the citizens lost two killed and a number wounded. 
 Passing over the North river, the Indians killed all the 
 inhabitants of Pavonia except one family; on Staten 
 Island, between twenty and thirty settlers fell victims. In 
 all, twenty-eight farms were destroyed, with their cattle 
 and crops, over one hundred Christians were killed, and 
 one hundred and fifty taken captive. 
 
 The whole country was in alarm, and the country people 
 flocked to the city from all quarters. The Indians were 
 hovering around the outskirts of the town, and threaten- 
 ing universal destruction. The inhabitants made prepara- 
 tions for a desperate warfare, raising the city palisades to 
 a still greater height, to prevent the " over-loopen" or 
 escalading of the Indians, and mustering all their availa- 
 ble forces under arms. But Governor Stuyvesant, on his 
 return from the south, profiting by the experience of his 
 
62 QUIET RESTORED. 
 
 predecessor, pursued the most peaceful means of establish- 
 ing quiet in the country, and by presents instead of blows, 
 succeeded in effecting the release of the captives, and in 
 restoring amicable feelings between the races. The Indian 
 tribes, engaged in this foray, were those inhabiting the 
 country south of the Highlands, on both sides of the North 
 river. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF THE CITY. 
 
 After the quiet of the country was restored, aud events 
 appeared to justify the inhabitants- in the expectation that 
 no further apprehension need be felt with respect to the 
 designs of England against the Dutch possessions in Amer- 
 ica, the progressive welfare of the city received the atten- 
 tion of the magistrates. 
 
 The city then contained several thoroughfares, irregu- 
 larly laid out, having been adapted to the nature of the 
 ground in its original state, diversified by hills, valleys., 
 marshes and streams; all the thoroughfares being yet in 
 the condition of country roads, without pavement or other 
 improvement. To establish some regularity with regard 
 to the streets, Av^as a primary object, with which intent a 
 survey of the town had been ordered in 1654; but the more 
 stirring events of that year had caused the subject to drop 
 for that time. In 1656, however, this survey was com- 
 pleted; and the city was laid down upon a map, and con- 
 firmed by law, " to remain, from that time forward, without 
 alteration." 
 
 Most of the houses were then built of wood, and many 
 of them in such a rude manner as to have chimneys made 
 Af boards, and merely plastered, and roofs thatched with 
 
64 
 
 CITY SURVEYED, AND STREETS FIRST NAMED, 
 
 reeds; these were ordered to be improved, so as to avoid ^ 
 the danger of fire. When new lots were granted by the 
 public authorities, which were only to actual settlers, 
 and upon condition that they should be improved without 
 delay, the magistrates were strict in enforcing perform 
 ance of the conditions; and as several persons had previ- 
 ously received grants of large lots, for gardens, which 
 they were now disposed to keep in their original condition, 
 for speculative purposes, these were ordered either to sell 
 or build on their lots, and in case of refusal, the lots were 
 taxed. The burgomasters also enacted orders against 
 casting filth into the streets; for the removal of hog pens 
 and hay barracks from the fronts of the streets; and for 
 the building of fences so as to leave no lots open on the 
 highway. 
 
 The streets established by this original survey of the 
 city, were named as follows: TMarckvelt; De Heere straat; 
 De Hoogk straat; De Wall; T' Wafer; De Perel straat; 
 Aghter de Perel straat; De Brouwer straat; De Winckel 
 straat; De Brugh straat; De Heere graft; De Prince graft; 
 De Prince straat; De Bever graft; T. Marckvelt steegie; 
 De Smee straat; De Smifs Valey. The locality of these 
 streets, with particulars of their early history, will be 
 found in a subsequent part of this book. 
 
 In the year 1658, stone pavements were first laid in the 
 streets of this city; the street earliest improved in this 
 manner, being the present Stone street, between Broad 
 and Whitehall streets. The pavement of Bridge street 
 followed, in the same year; and within the subsequent two 
 years several of the other streets, most used, and situated 
 in low ground, were likewise paved. These pavements 
 were of cobble stones, without foot-walks for passengers — 
 
WHARF ^\iOXQ THE EAST RIVER SHORE. 65 
 
 the gutter, for carrying off the water, running through the 
 middle of the street. 
 
 Among the most important improvements of that day, 
 was that undertaken for the protection of the shore along 
 the East river, from the washing of the tide. This work 
 had been partially done by the inhabitants whose lots 
 fronted on the water, but so imperfectly as to occasion the 
 necessity of a general ordinance. At some places rough 
 stone walls had been built along the shore; at others, 
 planks had been driven into the ground, and at others, no 
 improvement had been made. It was designed to extend 
 the whole distance below Wall street, on the present south 
 line of Pearl street. The general ordinance under which 
 this work was constructed, was as follows: " Whereas, the 
 sheeting in front of the city hall, and before the city gate, 
 (at Wall street,) on the East river, and some other places 
 thereabout, is finished, and some is also begun by others, 
 therefore, for the uniformity of the work, all who have 
 houses on the water side, between the city -hall and the 
 gate are ordered to line the banks with plank, according 
 to the general plan and survey; to be completed between 
 this and 17th December, 1656." 
 
 Up to the period of which we now write, there had been 
 but one wharf in the town; the ships were in the custom 
 of mooring in the East river, and sending their cargoes 
 ashore in scows. This wharf, which was on the present 
 line of Moore street, running out from Pearl street, was 
 of small dimensions, extending but little further into the 
 stream than low water mark, and scows were compelled 
 to come up at the head of the pier. We find mention of 
 this wharf first in 1614, though it had, probably, existed 
 from the first settlement of the town. To this pier an 
 5 
 
66 ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC MARKETS. 
 
 addition was made, in the year 1659, by an extension of 
 fifty feet. The vicinity of this place was the centre of 
 trade for many years, several of the principal merchants, 
 in the times of the Dutch, occupying the present north 
 side of Pearl street, between Broad and Whitehall streets. 
 
 The first establishment of public markets may be set 
 down at this period. Some attempt, without permanent 
 success, had been previously made toward this object, and 
 the custom had, until this time, commonly prevailed of 
 " country people bringing their products to town, and retail- 
 ing them from door to door, or waiting at convenient 
 localities for transient custom. In the spirit of progress, 
 which prevailed in 1656, it was enacted that " whereas, 
 divers articles, such as meat, pork, butter, cheese, turnips, 
 cabbage, and other country produce, are from time to time 
 brought here for sale by the people living in the country, 
 and oftentimes wait at the strand, (foot of "Whitehall street) 
 without the people living out of that immediate neighbor- 
 hood knowing that such things are for sale in town; there- 
 fore, it is ordered that from this time forward, Saturday in 
 each week shall be appointed as market day, the articles to 
 be brought on the beach, near Mr. Hans Kiersted's house, 
 of which all shall take notice." The house of Dr. Kiersted, 
 here referred to, occupied the present north-east corner of 
 Pearl and Whitehall streets. The country market, or 
 place for the standing of country wagons, remained at 
 this place for many subsequent years. 
 
 In the year 1658, a meat market was established, and a 
 small house erected for that purpose on the plain in front 
 of the fort, or the present site of the Bowling Green; and 
 in 1659 a great yearly fair for the sale of cattle, was estab- 
 lished in this city, the exchange or meeting-place for the 
 
OUTSKIRTS OF THE CITY. 
 
 67 
 
 buyers and sellers being at the present Bowling Green. 
 The cattle were ranged along the west side of Broadway, 
 posts having been driven in front of the church-yard, (near 
 Morris street) to which the animals were fastened. This 
 great fair commenced annually, on the 20th of October 
 and closed the last of November; its continuance, there- 
 fore, being about six weeks. It was the principal season 
 of trade in New Amsterdam. Strangers from all the 
 neighboring country, extending to the English settlements 
 in Connecticut and on Long Island, being then attracted 
 to the city. During that time no stranger was liable to 
 arrest for debt, and every encouragement was given, to 
 induce the assemblage of a large concourse of people. 
 This yearly fair continued to be held in the city for more 
 than thirty years subsequently. 
 
 With respect to the condition of the island, beyond the 
 immediate limits of the city — there were,. at this time, a 
 considerable number of farms under cultivation, but the 
 greater portion of the island still lay without iuclosures, 
 used as commons for the running of cattle. A part of 
 these common lands lying in the neighborhood of the fresh- 
 water ponds, on and adjacent to the present Park, was 
 fenced in and appropriated to the pasturage of the cows 
 belonging to the inhabitants of the town. These were 
 driven forth in the morning, through the gates of the city, 
 along the present Broadway, and through Pearl street and 
 Maiden lane, and were returned in the evening. A person 
 named Gabriel Carpesy, residing on the present William 
 street, near Hanover square, followed, for some years, the 
 business of a herdsman, and was employed by many of the 
 inhabitants to take charge of the morning and evening 
 
68 
 
 UPPER SECTION OF THE ISLAND. 
 
 journeys of their cattle. The manner of collecting the 
 droves was by perambulating the several streets, and 
 blowing a horn at the gates of the inhabitants, whose 
 business it then was to have their cows in readiness to be 
 turned out to join the drove. On the return, at evening, 
 the animals, accustomed to their own domicil, left their 
 company and * awaited at their gate the attention of 
 the family, the herdsman blowing his horn as he passed 
 along. 
 
 There was a large portion of the island without inclos- 
 ure, and generally covered by woods, in which were 
 running a large number of domestic animals, of every 
 kind and all genders, placed there to multiply and to 
 replenish the land. These animals were the property 
 of individual owners, the marks of whom were branded 
 upon them, at certain seasons, by officers specially 
 authorized for that purpose. On these occasions, public 
 notice was given by the " brand-masters," and the animals, 
 with their young, were driven into one section of the 
 island, where the whole being branded anew, were turned 
 loose again into the woods. 
 
 The road to Harlem, in those times, lay mostly through 
 the woods, and was in a condition hardly fit for travel in 
 many seasons. Some years subsequently, (1671) a new 
 road was found necessary, the first having become im- 
 passable. The village of New Harlem, as it was then 
 called, was composed of a community of farmers, the 
 flat and fertile section in that vicinity, having been 
 early chosen as the most desirable farming lands on this 
 island. A small tavern stood on the banks of Harlem 
 river, from which boats took passengers to the opposite 
 
THE •' BOUWERY." 69 
 
 shore. This tavern was the occasional point of excursion 
 for riding parties from the city, and was generally known 
 as the " Wedding-Place." 
 
 On the road to Harlem, near the Governor's farm or 
 " Bouwer}^," a small settlement of three or four houses 
 sprung up, about the time of Governor Stuyvesant, a 
 tavern having been set up there by a Mr. Jansen. This 
 place became a resort to pedestrians from the town, the 
 road having been handsomely laid out, of unusual width, 
 and greatly improved under Stuyvesant's direction. One 
 or two small taverns were on the road between the town 
 and the " Bouwery," the principal of which was that of 
 Wolfert Webber, near the present Chatham square, who 
 was, probably, the earliest settler on that road between 
 the city and Harlem. Webber's house was built in the 
 year 1648, and had been the centre of many scenes of stir- 
 ring incident, having frequently been assaulted and robbed 
 in times of Indian troubles. 
 
 The only other hamlet or village on the island, was at 
 " Sapokanican," afterward called Greenwich, and now in 
 the Eighth and Ninth Wards of this city. Plantations 
 were established here soon after the settlement of the 
 island, and at the time of Governor Stuyvesant, a few 
 houses formed a small village there. 
 
 It was before observed that several plantations on this 
 island, were under cultivation by individuals. The West 
 India Company also owned several large farms which they 
 had selected and reserved to themselves, soon after the 
 settlement of the island. One of these, commonly called 
 the Company's Farm, lay on the present west side of 
 Broadway, between Chambers and Fulton streets, and 
 
 X 
 
70 FARMS. 
 
 extending to the North river shore. It was confiscated 
 by the English, and became afterward known as the 
 King's Farm. Subsequently it was ceded to the Trinity 
 Church. Three other farms were let out to tenants. 
 They lay along the high road, at present known as Chat- 
 ham street and the Bowery. 
 
'/^''•^z 
 
 :m 
 
 
 >.</«'j*^A»«^>*w<s^wUii]rr>'wga^f'«M« 
 
 
l>yo.' 
 
 
 . about J6'ff7 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE CONDITION OF THE CITY AT THE TIME OF THE CAPITULATION TO THE 
 ENGLISH IN 1664. 
 
 To illustrate the early condition of the city, it is pro- 
 posed to adopt the period at which the rule of the Dutch 
 terminated, after the city had been under their auspices 
 between thirty and forty years, and had grown up to 
 be a considerable town, of about fifteen hundred inhabit- 
 ants; and for the purpose of presenting the Dutch city in 
 its precise aspect, we shall conduct the reader through 
 every street, and particularize the seyeral residents. 
 
 It has been observed that the boundary of the city was 
 principally defined by the stockades erected, in 1653, on 
 the present line of Wall street; and also, that along the 
 west side of the road, on the shore of the East river, on 
 the present line of Pearl street, several of the citizens had 
 established their residences, at a very early period. This 
 road, between the city gate and the ferry, at the present 
 site of Peck slip, was known as " De Smit's Yaley," or 
 " The Smith's Valley. The origin of this name is ascribed 
 to the circumstance that Cornelius Clopper, a blacksmith, 
 established himself on the present corner of Maiden lane 
 and Pearl street. Here he intercepted the country people 
 from Long Island, and pursued a profitable business; mak- 
 
72 smit's valley. 
 
 ing his shop a point of sufficient attention to give a dis- 
 tinctive appellation to the road on which it lay. The 
 " Smit's Valley" was, for a long period, the common name 
 of that part of the town lying between Wall street and 
 the present Franklin square; it was, in subsequent years, 
 known as the " Valey," " Yly" or " Fly." At the period 
 here referred to, the road ran along the shore, near the 
 high water mark, and there were, consequently, no build- 
 ings on the east side. The inhabitants were — 
 
 Thomas Hall. The residence of Mr. Hall was on a hill 
 near the present Beekman street. He was an Englishman 
 by birth; but having joined, with others from New Eng- 
 land, in an attempt upon the Dutch colony at the mouth of 
 Delaware river, had been taken prisoner, and sent to this 
 city. Himself and companions were leniently treated by 
 the authorities, and were permitted to enjoy the rights of 
 Dutch citizens. Mr. Hall and his partner, in the year 
 1639, established a tobacco plantation at " Deutle Bay," 
 (Turtle Bay,) on the East river. In the year 1654, he pur- 
 chased the property on which he afterward resided. He 
 died in the year 1670, leaving no children. His widow 
 sold the property to William Beekman; it consisted of a 
 considerable farm, the present Beekman street running- 
 through it. Mrs. Hall, after the death of her husband, re- 
 sided in Wall street, and died in the year 1686. 
 
 Abraham Verplanck occupied premises next below those 
 of Mr. Hall, his property lying in the neighborhood of 
 the present Fulton street. Mr. Verplanck had, at this 
 time, become somewhat advanced in years, having been a 
 resident of this place from a very early period. He had 
 married a step-daughter of Jan Jansen Damen, a man of 
 note in the early times in this city. His wife died in the 
 
SMIT S VALLEY. 
 
 73 
 
 year 1671; lie survived her many years, and died at an ad- 
 vanced age. Mr. Verplanck left two sons, Guleyn and 
 Isaac, and several daughters. The latter son established 
 himself in Albany; Guleyn, having served his clerkship 
 with Allard Anthony, an eminent merchant of this city, 
 engaged in business about the year 1656, and married 
 Hendrica Wessells. He died in 1684. 
 
 Lambert Huyhertson Mol. Next adjoining the premises 
 of Mr. Yerplanck, was the residence of this gentleman ; 
 who, in company with his brother, carried on the business 
 of ship-builders. 
 
 Abraham Lamberzeii Mol, occupied the premises ad- 
 joining. 
 
 John Vinje, (pronounced Vangee.) This citizen resided 
 near Maiden lane, at some distance back from the road, on 
 property originally granted to Jan Jansen Damen, in 
 1644. The Damen farm extended between the North and 
 East rivers, and between Wall street and Maiden lane. 
 Mr. Vinje was one of the heirs of Damen's property; he 
 was a married man, but had no children. On his decease, 
 in the year 1691, his name became extinct in this city. 
 
 Stoffel Elsworth, was a boat-builder of respectable stand- 
 ing, who resided on this street many years. 
 
 Joost Carelzen, a ship-carpenter; his premises being a 
 short distance above Maiden lane, where he resided nearly 
 fifty years. 
 
 Henry Brazier, came to this city many years previous to 
 the time now referred to. In 1644 he patented thirty- 
 three acres of land, near the present Franklin square, ex- 
 tending down to the meadow called Wolfert's Yalley, in 
 the vicinity of the present Roosevelt and adjacent streets. 
 He resided, for many years, in the Smith's Yalley, near 
 
7-1: SMIT's ViUXEY. 
 
 Maiden lane, and died at an advanced age, in 1691, leaving 
 a widow and three sons, Abraham, Henry and Isaac. 
 
 Widow Lawrenzen and Pieter Lawrenzen, occupied two 
 small houses adjoining Mr. Brazier. 
 
 John Adriance, a ship-builder, occupied the adjoining 
 premises, which fronted on Maiden lane. 
 
 Cornelius Jansen Clopper, who had long resided on the 
 corner of Maiden lane, was considered, in his day, as one 
 of the wealthy citizens. At his death he left two sons — 
 Johannes and Cornelius — and four daughters. 
 
 Pieter Harmenzen, a ship-carpenter, occupied premises 
 fronting on Maiden lane. 
 
 Pieter Jansen, also a ship-carpenter, occupied premises 
 on Maiden lane. 
 
 Martin Clasen, a blacksmith, in good circumstances, re- 
 sided near Maiden lane. 
 
 Jan Jansen Bush, a tailor, adjoining the above. 
 
 James Wei. 
 
 Augustyn Heermans, a native of Bohemia, came to this 
 town about the year 1633, in the employment of the West 
 India Company, and afterward engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits. He held several offices of importance, and ac- 
 quired a large real estate in this city. Mr. Heermans had 
 cultivated a taste for drawing, and, in 1656, made a sketch 
 of this city, a copy of which is given on the map fronting 
 the title page of this work. His residence embraced an 
 orchard and an extensive garden, situated on the west side 
 of the present Pearl street, covering the line of Pine street. 
 After the surrender of the town to the English, he removed 
 to Maryland, where he had extensive interests; his son, 
 Ephraim, remained here to close his father's business, and 
 held, for some time, a clerkship in the City Office. The 
 
UOOGH STRAAT. 
 
 75 
 
 property now spoken of was sold to George Heathcott, 
 an English merchant, who established his residence in this 
 city. 
 
 We have thus far traced the road from Franklin square 
 to Wall street, and have come to the " Water-poort," or 
 Water gate, being the entrance within the line of the city 
 palisades, on the present line of Wall street. This gate 
 was a heavy wooden structure, which was closed at bell- 
 ringing in the evening (9 o'clock,) and opened at sunrise in 
 the morning. 
 
 After we have thus entered within the fortified limits of 
 the city, we have still the water upon the left hand, and a 
 line of buildings upon the right, not very compactly built. 
 This was the beginning of what was, at the period now 
 referred to, called the " Hoogh straat," or High street; 
 which name was then applied to a part of the original road 
 along the water side, extending between Broad and Wall 
 streets, the line being now marked by the north side 
 of Pearl street, between Wall and William streets, and 
 both sides of Stone street, between William and Broad 
 streets. 
 
 Jinnckin Litschoe occupied the first house within the city 
 gate. Daniel Litschoe, her late husband, was one of the 
 earliest emigrants to this city, having come hither in the 
 military service, as ensign. Having married a widow in 
 this place, he established an inn at the spot now spoken 
 of, then on the outskirts of the town. His tavern became 
 the resort of the country people from Long Island, who 
 visited the city, and approached it along the road at the 
 water side. Mr. Litschoe having died about the year 
 
76 
 
 HOOGH STRAAT. 
 
 1660, his widow continued the business for a number of 
 years, but having become advanced in life, sold her proper- 
 ty. She died in the year 1679, leaving a sou by her 
 former marriage, and a daughter of Mr. Litschoe. His 
 name, therefore, became extinct among his descendants. 
 
 John Lawrence occupied the adjoining premises, in which 
 he carried on business as a merchant. Mr. Lawrence was 
 an Englishman by birth, and one of three brothers who 
 emigrated to this country in the time of Charles I. He 
 resided, for some time, at Flushing, Long Island, of which 
 he was one of the patentees, and afterward engaged in 
 business in this city. He became a prominent man in 
 public life, and held various offices of importance. In 
 the years 1673 and 1691 he was mayor of the city. He 
 died in the year 1699, at the age of eighty years and 
 upward. 
 
 Jindries Joghmizen, a sail-maker, occupied the adjoining 
 premises, containing thirty-one feet front and eighty-one 
 feet in depth. He died about the year 1675. 
 
 Abraham Lubberts, residing next adjoining; he subse- 
 quently removed to Elizabethtown, N. J. 
 
 Reinhout Reinhoutsen occupied the adjoining premises, 
 forty feet front and one hundred and eighty feet in depth. 
 After the surrender to the English, he sold his property, 
 and removed elsewhere. 
 
 Govert Loockermans, the original patentee of property in 
 this neighborhood, resided on the present north side of 
 Hanover square. He was a shipping merchant and general 
 trader, and one of the wealthiest citizens of his time. He 
 died in the year 1671, leaving his widow, Mary, and three 
 children. One daughter married Cornelius Dircksen; 
 another married, first, Pieter Cornelisen Vanderveeu, 
 
 A\\ oH. D^<i V*l. ntvsr l^olc 
 
 ai-tKe old Ch. R,e.ojY(^&? 
 
nOOOn STRAAT. 
 
 77 
 
 and secondly, Jacob Leisler; and one son, Jacob. The 
 widow died in 1678; her son Jacob, who was a physician 
 soon after sold the property to his brother-in-law, Jacob 
 Leisler, and left this part of the country, establishing him- 
 self at St. Mary's, Maryland, where his father had acquired 
 large possessions. 
 
 Johannes Pieterscn Van Brugh occupied the adjoining 
 premises, one of the best in town, near the corner of the 
 present William street. Mr. Van Brugh was, in early 
 life, connected with the establishment of the West India 
 Company, in this city, and married a daughter-i»=kAV^ of 
 Domine Bogardus. He held various stations of a public 
 nature, and was one of the leading citizens of his day. 
 Ho died in the year 1699, leaving several children. 
 
 The present north-west corner of Hanover square and 
 William street was then a vacant lot, owned by Borger 
 Joris, a blacksmith, who was the grantee of property at 
 and adjacent to this spot, at a very early period. From 
 him came the name once applied to the present William 
 street and Old slip, of " Borger Joris' Path" — afterward, 
 for many years, known as " Burgher's Path." Joris, after 
 many years residence in this city, removed to Long 
 Island. 
 
 Continuing down " Hoogh straat," between the present 
 William and Broad streets, on the present line of Stone 
 street, we find the following inhabitants : 
 
 Warner Wessells was a hatter by trade. His mother, 
 Mettie Wessells, kept an inn in this city for many 
 years. 
 
 Dirck Janscn Vandeimiter, a ship-carpenter, died in 1686. 
 
 Jeremias Jansen. 
 
 Ahram Clock occupied the south-west corno" A the 
 
78 
 
 HOOGH STRAAT. 
 
 present Stone and William streets, extending to Pearl 
 street. He died soon after the period now referred, to, 
 leaving a widow, Tryntje, and several children. 
 
 Isaac Bedlow was engaged, in this city, in mercantile 
 pursuits, from an early period, and became one of the most 
 extensive traders. He died in 1672. 
 
 Evert Duyckink came to this country at an early period, 
 in the service of the West India Company, in whose em- 
 ployment he resided, for some time, on the Connecticut 
 river. On his return to the city, he procured the grant of 
 a lot on the south side of the present Stone street. He 
 died about the year 1680, leaving a widow and several 
 children. 
 
 Christopher Hooghland was, in his youth a clerk for 
 Govert Loockermans, in the mercantile trade, and com- 
 menced business on his own account about the year 1658. 
 He died in the year 1686, having previously occupied 
 several public stations of importance. His widow and 
 children subsequently resided on the south-east corner of 
 Broadway and Maiden lane. 
 
 Abigail Vcrplanck. 
 
 David Joghimsen, a sloop captain and trader on the 
 North river, died in the year 1682. 
 
 Asser Levy subsequently purchased the property of Mrs. 
 Litschoe, near the gate, and continued the old tavern at 
 that place. He died in the year 1682; his family, soon 
 after, removing to Long Island. 
 
 Barcnt Coerten, a merchant, in good circumstances, died 
 in 1689. 
 
 Arien Huyherzen. 
 
 Wessell Evertsen, the original patentee of between two 
 and three hundred feet in front, on the north side of this 
 
HOOGH STRAAT. 
 
 79 
 
 street, (then, in 1546, a road,) had built a dwelling, in the 
 year 1662, in which he resided. 
 
 Arent Isaacksen, a shoemaker, resided on the south side 
 of the street. 
 
 Cornelius Jansen. 
 
 Cornelius Pluvier, a baker, had recently established his 
 residence in this city, where he acquired a considerable 
 property, and left several descendants. 
 
 Cors Jansen. 
 
 Hendrick Asueris, 
 
 Johannes Jfcvius was in early life, engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits, and married a daughter of Cornelius de Potter, 
 a shipping merchant in this city. In the year 1655 he was 
 appointed one of the city magistrates, and, in 1658, on 
 the resignation of Jacob Kip, Secretary of the Court of 
 Burgomasters and Schepens, Mr. Nevius was appointed his 
 successor, and held the office until after the surrender to 
 the English, when he retired from public life, and subse- 
 quently resided at the ferry landing on Long Island. 
 
 Pieter Jansen Schol. 
 
 JVicholas de Meyer, a merchant, married, in the year 
 1655, Luda, a daughter of Hendrick Vandyck, formerly 
 Attorney General. Mr. de Meyer held several stations of 
 public trust, among others, that of mayor of the city, in 
 1676. He died in the year 1690, leaving six children. 
 
 Hugh Barenzen Clem. 
 
 Walraven Ckarhout, a merchant. 
 
 Frerick Hendricksen, a cooper. 
 
 Alexander Stultke. 
 
 Sybout Clasen, a carpenter, then residing on the south 
 side of the street, near Broad street, was among the early 
 emigrants. He married in the year 1646, and resided ad- 
 
80 
 
 HOOGH STRAAT. 
 
 joining Domine Bogardus. He removed to the place now 
 spoken of, in 1654, and died in the year 1679, in prosper- 
 ous circumstances. 
 
 Adrian Van Laar, a tanner and shoemaker. 
 
 Aldert Coninck, a tailor, resided on the North side of the 
 street, his premises being twenty-one feet front and ninety 
 in depth. 
 
 Jacob Van Couwenhoven was one of two l^rothers, (the 
 other being named Pieter,) -etep/sons of Wolfert Gerritsen. Vitn C 
 In 1645 a grant was made to Mr. V. C, of property on ''•' 
 the present north east corner of Stone and Broad streets, 
 where he erected extensive buildings of stone, and engaged 
 in the brewing business. His business operations were 
 not prosperous, and his property became encumbered with 
 mortgages; he, however, held its possession until his death, 
 in the year 1670. 
 
 Joannes Van Couivenhoven resided on the same premises, 
 afterward a prosperous brewer. 
 
 Lambert Barenzen. 
 
 Hendrick Vandewafer, soon after this period, removed 
 to the vicinity of the present Franklin square, where he 
 died. The property of the family, at that place, con- 
 sisting of about eight acres, gave the name to the present 
 Vandewater street. 
 
 Lawrence Vanderspeigle, a man of considerable property, 
 
 Walter Salter removed from this city in 1666. 
 
CHAPTER y III. 
 
 CONDITION OF THE CITY AT THE TIME OF THE CAPITULATION TO TIIE 
 ENGLISH IN 1664, CONTINUED. 
 
 We have thus far, in the previous chapter, conducted our 
 readers within the city walls, through the ancient " Hoogh 
 straat," which, as has been stated in former parts of this 
 book, was originally the line of a road from the fort to the 
 ferry, along the river shore. At the period of which we 
 are now writing, there had been constructed a street, facing 
 the water between Broad and William streets, on the 
 present line of the north side of Pearl street. This street 
 was called the " Waal," from the circumstance of the river 
 shore being faced with a siding of boards, to prevent the 
 washing of the tide on the street — its history being as 
 follows : After the conclusion, on the part of the authori- 
 ties, to build a city tavern, in the year 1642, its site was 
 selected close to the shore, south of the road to the ferry. 
 The building was of considerable dimensions and cost; 
 and this place was chosen for its situation, as giving a good 
 appearance to the town from the harbor. The building was 
 erected near high water mark, on the present north-west 
 corner of Pearl street and Coenties alley. After the or- 
 ganization of the city magistracy, in 1653, this building 
 was ceded to the city for the purposes of a city -hall, and 
 6 
 
THE WAAL. 
 
 was used as such until the year 1699. A view of this 
 building at about the time of its demolition, when the 
 liver had been encroached upon, by filling in, and other 
 buildings erected opposite the city-hall, is given on 
 another page. 
 
 On the shore of the river, other buildings were, in 
 course of time, erected, to correspond with the line of the 
 city tavern, thus forming the street called the " "Waal." 
 It having been found necessary to protect the shore in 
 front of the city-hall against high tides, which sometimes 
 approached the building, a stone wall was at first con- 
 structed, and the street filled in. The tide still washing 
 between the crevices, it was resolved, in 1654, to drive 
 plank into the shore, and to make a uniform " sheet-pile" 
 between Broad street and the city-hall, in which the indi- 
 vidual lot owners were compelled to join. This work was, 
 soon after, still further extended, to Wall street; and, in 
 the year 165G, an ordinance was adopted, in the following 
 words : " Whereas, the sheet-piling, in front of the city- 
 hall and before the water-gate on the East river, and in 
 some other places thereabout, is finished, and some is also 
 begun by others; therefore, for the uniformity of the work, 
 all who have houses and lots between the city-hall and the 
 water gate, are ordered to line their banks with plank, ac- 
 cording to the general plan and survey, to be completed 
 before the 17th December, 1656." But even after this im- 
 provement, the road along this part of the shore was fre- 
 quently in an impassable condition. In the year 1671, 
 (some years after the period to which our present descrip- 
 tion relates,) a " strooke," or foot path, was paved with 
 stone, from Broad street to the city-hall; and in the follow- 
 ing year (1672,) it was resolved that " Whereas, the high- 
 
THE ORIGINAL CITY-HALL. 83 
 
 way at the water side, between the city-hall and Tryntje 
 clock/' (at Hanover square) " is so washed away that pas- 
 sengers are in danger of mischief; Ordered, that the owners 
 of property shall cause a foot-path, of six feet wide, to be 
 made." 
 
 This is, perhaps, a proper place to give a brief history 
 of the first city-hall, to which reference has been made. 
 Its principal use was for the sittings of the Burgomasters 
 and Schepens, and for the prison. It was built originally 
 at the cost of government, as a city tavern, but was pre- 
 sented to the city in 1655. The chamber occupied for the 
 sitting of the magistrates was on the south-east corner 
 of the second story, the prison chamber being in the rear, 
 on the other side of the house, facing a yard which extended 
 to " Hoogh straat." Upon the roof was a cupola, in which 
 was hung a bell, in the year 1656, which was rung for the 
 assembling of the magistrates, and also on occasions of the 
 publication of proclamations, which was done in front of 
 the hall. The bell-ringer, for a number of years, was one 
 Jan Gilliscn (familiarly called " Koeck.") This ancient 
 edifice, which was substantially built of stone, stood until 
 the year 1699, 1700, nearly sixty years, when it gave place 
 to the city-hall at the head of Broad street, in Wall street. 
 The old building — having survived the nationality of its 
 founders, and witnessed some generations of their descend- 
 ants, living under foreign laws and speaking a foreign lan- 
 guage within its walls — was sold, to one of the citizens, 
 for one hundred and ten pounds sterling; and probably its 
 stones are still to be discovered in the foundations of some 
 of the adjacent buildings. 
 
 We shall proceed to mention the inhabitants living on 
 the street at this period (1665,) called the " Waal," ex- 
 
84 
 
 THE WAAL. 
 
 tending on the north side of the present Pearl street, be- 
 tween Hanover square and Broad street. 
 
 Guilliam D'Honeur (William D'Honeur,) in early life 
 followed the trade of a glazier; but finding the superior 
 profits of the peltry trade, engaged in that business, and 
 also opened a store of general merchandize. He occupied 
 a fine house, the lot extending through to Hoogh straat. 
 Mr. D'Honeur died in 1689, leaving, it is believed, no chil- 
 dren to perpetuate his name in this city. 
 
 Hendrick Hendricksen Obe commenced business in this 
 city as a tavern-keeper. He was the first constable of this 
 city, under the English, having been appointed in 1665, 
 and continued during the two subsequent years. 
 
 Balthazar de Hart. Mr. de Hart was a wealthy mer- 
 chant, who commenced trade here about the year 1658. 
 His business was principally in shipping, and was connected 
 with the West Indies and settlements on this coast. He 
 had three brothers residing in this city, Daniel, Matthias 
 and Jacobus. The former, a physician, married, but died 
 without children; from the other brothers numerous de- 
 scendants of the name are found among us. Balthazar de 
 Hart was a bachelor, but left, at his death, several illegiti- 
 mate children in this city, for whom he provided liberally, 
 out of his large estate. Among other extensive tracts 
 owned by this gentleman, was the land called Haverstraw, 
 on the Hudson river, which he purchased originally from 
 the Indians. He died in the year 1672. 
 
 Caret Van Brugh was commissary in the service of the 
 West India Company. His premises were adjoining the 
 city-hall, where his wife carried on a small trade in mer- 
 chandize. Mr. Van Brugh acquired considerable real es- 
 tate in this city. 
 
THE STREET CALLED '' THE WATER. 
 
 85 
 
 Gerrit Jatisen Stavast and Claes Jansen Stavast left the 
 city the following year. 
 
 Ha?is Stein, a deputy jailor, resided, for a period, in the 
 city-hall; but is not found to have continued in this city 
 after the surrender to the English. 
 
 Syhrant Jansen (sometimes called Galma) was a carpen- 
 ter. His premises were twenty-five feet front on the water, 
 extending back to Hoogh straat. 
 
 Cornelis Jansen Van Hoorn occupied the adjoining prem- 
 ises, and is understood to have been a hatter. 
 
 Adolph Pietersen was a carpenter, of considerable prop- 
 erty. His premises were of a good description, extending 
 through to " Hoogh straat." 
 
 Jacob Hendricksen Varrevanger, a physician, who had al- 
 ready been established here many years. He acquired a 
 considerable property, principally real estate. 
 
 Rynier Rycken occupied the premises nearest to Broad 
 street, which had been granted to him as early as the year 
 1646, his lot being then described as " on the ditch," He 
 was among the principal inhabitants, with respect to 
 wealth, and lived to a venerable age. 
 
 We have thus finished our brief description of the in- 
 habitants on the " Waal," or sheet-piled street; and in con- 
 tinuation of the same thoroughfare, we shall cross the 
 bridge over the canal, running up Broad street, and con- 
 tinue our description of what was then called " The Water," 
 and sometimes " the Water-side," designated at present as 
 the north side of Pearl street, between Broad and White- 
 hall streets, the history of which is as follows : The first 
 church built in this city was erected in 1633, on the present 
 
86 THE STREET CALLED "THE WATER-SIDE." 
 
 north line of Pearl street, about the middle of the block 
 between Broadway and Whitehall street. This church 
 presented its prominent front to the water; but the 
 entrance was mainly from the rear, at the present Bridge 
 street, which was then a wagon road, leading to the bridge 
 across the ditch at Broad street. It was a frame build- 
 ing, of very plain appearance, and in 1642 was abandoned 
 as a place of worship, and turned into a store, being 
 owned and occupied, at one period, by Allard Anthony, 
 a prominent merchant. Several other buildings were 
 afterward erected on a line with the " Old Kirk," along 
 the water, and formed a thoroughfare which, at the time 
 of which we are writing, was a prominent place of busi- 
 ness. The first public wharf or dock built in this city, 
 for the landing of goods, extended out into the river in 
 front of this street, on the present line of Moore street, as 
 far as Water street. 
 
 Hans Dreper occupied premises on the north-west corner 
 of Broad and Pearl streets, where he kept tavern. His 
 premises extended twenty-two and a half feet on Broad 
 street. He commenced business here in the year 1656; in 
 1666 or 7 he removed to Albany. 
 
 Frans Janscn Von Hooghten was a carpenter, and had 
 been established in this city for several years; his premises 
 extended through to Bridge street. 
 
 JYicholaf} Jameji, a baker, occupied the adjoining premi- 
 ses, containing in front, on Pearl street, two rods and five 
 feet, (about thirty feet;) in rear, on Bridge street, about 
 the same; in depth, about fifty feet. 
 
 Samuel Edsall, was an Englishman, originally a hatter, 
 but gave up that calling for the more profitable one of a 
 merchant, which he followed with success, his trade ex- 
 
THE STREET CALLED "THE WATER-SIDE." 87 
 
 tending to all the neighboring settlements and marts. Mr. 
 Edsall married a daughter of his neighbor Metje "Wessells, 
 He built here a brick house about the year 1660, where he 
 afterward resided when his business did not call him into 
 foreign parts. Mr. Edsall lived in this city many years 
 after the period to which we now refer, and left descend- 
 ants who have perpetuated his name to this day. 
 
 Joannes Be Witt. Mr. De Witt, an eminent flour mer- 
 chant and miller, had not been long a resident of this city 
 at the period to which we now refer. He died about the 
 year 1668, leaving a widow named Jannetie, who married 
 again in the year 1670, Matthias De Hart, a wealthy mer- 
 chant of this city. 
 
 Jurien Jansen Van Auweryck, a cooper. 
 
 Herman Wessells, a son of Metje Wessells, and brother 
 of Warner Wessells, occupied the adjoining premises. He 
 died about the year 1668. His widow " Greetje," after- 
 ward married Gerrit Huygen Deklyn. 
 
 Timotheus Gahry, commenced business in this city as 
 early as 1665, as agent for his brother Daniel, a merchant 
 in Amsterdam. He was a man of education, and filled 
 several civic offices. He was not as successful in his busi- 
 ness affairs as some of his neighbors, but continued his 
 residence here until a very advanced age. 
 
 Metje Wessells, was the widow of an old citizen. She 
 kept one of the most respectable public houses in the city, 
 patronized by the magistrates on occasions of public 
 import. Her daughters married respectable merchants of 
 this city. 
 
 Pauhts Richard was of French descent; his father resid- 
 ing in France, but was concerned in some commercial rela- 
 tions with Holland, which induced the settlement of his 
 
88 THE STEEET CALLED " THE WATER-SIDE." 
 
 son in this colony. He came here but a short time pre- 
 vious to the period to which we now refer. His premises 
 were near the corner of Whitehall street. The property 
 was afterward, (1667) purchased by him of the owner, Mr. 
 Steenwyck, containing about twenty feet in front and sixty 
 feet in depth. He subsequently purchased property in 
 Broadway, where he lived to an advanced age, and died 
 a wealthy man. His son Stephen became a prominent 
 merchant, and married a daughter of Johannes Van Brugh. 
 Paul Richard, a descendant, was mayor in 1735. 
 
 Laurens Be Silk. This gentleman was born in the old 
 country, but came out here with his father, Nicasius De 
 Sille, a widower. The elder De Sille was a man of edu- 
 cation, who was sent here in the year 1653, as a member 
 of Governor Stuyvesant's council, upon a salary of one 
 thousand two hundred guilders, or about four hundred 
 dollars per annum. He married here Tryntje Crcezens, 
 with whom he lived in good understanding for some years, 
 but finally, in the year 1658, differences had grown up 
 between them, so that they separated, and he applied for a 
 divorce, which, however, was not decreed. The premises 
 formerly occupied by them wexe on the south-east corner 
 of Broad street and Exchange place; which property, it 
 appears, was owned by Mrs. De Sille before her marriage. 
 She resided at this place after the separation, while he 
 removed to New Utrecht on Long Island. The property 
 on Exchange place was of considerable extent, and em- 
 braced a large garden and orchard. Laurens De Sille 
 married a daughter of Captain Martin Crigier, a promi- 
 nent citizen. The descendants of the family are understood 
 to bear the name of Sill, at the present day. 
 
 Hans Kierstede occupied the adjoining premises, and the 
 
PEARL STREET. 89 
 
 last on the block. He was a pliysician, and was one of the 
 early settlers in this place, being one of the surgeons of 
 the West India Company in 1638. In 1646 this property 
 was granted to him by Governor Stuyvesant, and he was, 
 probably, one of the first settlors on that block. The lot 
 was about eighteen feet in front by sixty in depth. He 
 married, first, Sara, a daughter of Annetje Jans and step- 
 daughter of Domine Bogardus, and secondly, Jannetje, 
 daughter of Govert Loockcrmans, an eminent trader. In 
 1666, Dr. Kiersted died, leaving his widow surviving, and 
 eight children, Hans, Roelof, Blandina, Jochem, Luicas, 
 Catherine, (married Johannes Kip) Jacobus and Rachel. 
 The descendants of the family are numerous, many of them 
 having followed the profession of the ancestor to whom 
 we now refer. 
 
 Continuing on the present line of Pearl street, between 
 Whitehall street and the Battery, we find 
 ^ Peter Wolferzen Van Couwenhovcn, who was a -ist^p-son 
 of one of the earliest pioneers in this country, (Wolfert 
 Gerrisen;) he was the youngest of two brothers, both con- 
 spicuous citizens in their day. Mr. Van Couwenhoven 
 commenced business in this city at an early period, as a 
 general trader and brewer. He was Schepen of the city 
 for six years; and lieutenant of the militia company, in 
 which position he rendered active service against the In- 
 dians in the neighborhood of Esopus. Mr. Van Couwen- 
 hoven was married to a lady of French descent, who died 
 in 1666, and was buried in this city. It seems that for 
 some unexplained reason, Mr. Van Couwenhoven was in 
 bad favor with the English, who had just taken the city: 
 
90 PEARL STREET. 
 
 and also in equal disfavor with some of his ancient neigh- 
 bors and countrymen, who had joined the English cause, 
 and held ofl&ce under that government. His fall seems to 
 have been decided upon by a conspiracy of those in power, 
 and for that purpose, knowing the high spirit of Mr. Yan 
 Couwenhoven, the Sheriff, Allard Anthony, presented a 
 formal charge against him of selling a half pint of brandy 
 to an Indian for sixteen stuyvers, which was not ac- 
 cording to the established price. The defendant denied 
 retailing any liquors at all, and demanded proof, but the 
 court ordered him to give bail for his good behavior, and 
 to appear at the next Court of Assizes, (a high coiirt, held 
 at periodical intervals) to answer the complaint. Mr. Van 
 Couwenhoven refused to give bail, and the sheriff was 
 ordered to imprison him, which was accordingly done. The 
 Court of Assizes came on, and the judges gave judgment 
 against the defendant. The course of proceedings thus 
 taken, was exceedingly annoying to the defendant, although 
 the fine was a trifle, and he pronounced the judgment to be 
 unjust. For thus saying, he was charged by the sheriff with 
 speaking words in contempt of the high CTourt of Assizes, 
 and he was ordered to pay a fine of thirty guilders wampum, 
 (about three dollars) and to take heed to speak no more like 
 words for the future. These proceedings drove Mr. Yan 
 Couwenhoven from the ancient home of his fathers to New 
 Jersey, at a place then called " Aghter Coll," (behind the 
 Coll,) the present situation of which is at Elizabeth town, 
 of which place Mr. Yan Couwenhoven became one of the 
 earliest settlers. At the time of which we are writing, 
 (16G5) Mr. Yan Couwenhoven's residence was still in the 
 city, on the north-west corner of Pearl and Whitehall 
 streets. 
 
PEARL STREET. 
 
 91 
 
 Hendrick Jansen Vandervin was a merchant in good 
 standing, who acquired considerable real estate in this 
 city. He held the office of Schepen, and was a prominent 
 dignitary in the Dutch Church. 
 
 Jaques Cosseau was a Frenchman by birth, who had been 
 engaged in trade between Eochelle and Amsterdam, and 
 about the year 1658 or 1659, emigrated to this country, 
 and established himself on the north side of Pearl street. 
 He became one of the most extensive shipping merchants 
 in the city. He was a public-spirited man, and true to the 
 interests of his adopted city, for the benefit of which his 
 means were liberally furnished. Mr. Cosseau was married, 
 but is believed to have left no children. He died about 
 the year 1682. 
 
 Pieter Aldrich, was a merchant of respectable connec- 
 tions, who, however, was but a temporary resident here. 
 
 Thomas Coninck. 
 
 Henry Bush, a cutler. 
 
 Gerrit Van Tright, a merchant, engaged in shipping and 
 general trade, acquired a large estate. He afterward 
 purchased property on the west side of Broadway, oppo- 
 site the Bowling Green, to which he removed his residence 
 and store. 
 
 Pieter Cornelisen. 
 
 Claas Bordingh, was a respectable mariner, occupying 
 a good house at this place. He was a politician of some 
 influence, and though several times nominated, is not found 
 to have been appointed to any crown station. He con- 
 tinued his residence on this street for many years subse- 
 quent to this period. 
 
 Jan Gerritsen Van Buytenhuysen, a baker. 
 
 William Kock. 
 
92 PEABL STREET. 
 
 Etienne Guineau. 
 
 Walewyn Vanderveen, a merchant; married, about the 
 year 1656, the widow of a trader named Vandewater, by 
 whom he acquired a considerable property. 
 
 Thomas Franzen, cartman. 
 
 Jurien Blanch resided on the south side of Pearl street, 
 his premises having a front of about thirty feet; in rear 
 twenty-eight feet; depth about one hundred feet on the 
 other side; this property was granted to him in 1647. Mr. 
 Blanck was in this country as early as 1633, and was by 
 profession a mariner. He was called the " schipper," or 
 ship-captain, and for many years sailed a vessel out of 
 this port, on the coasting trade. He left descendants in 
 this city, who have perpetuated his name to the present 
 time. 
 
 Pieter Jacobs Marius occupied premises on the south 
 side of Pearl street, where he carried on trade as a mer- 
 chant. His dealings were extensive with Boston and 
 other ports on the coast, and he acquired a considerable 
 estate, though commencing poor. He was an alderman 
 for several years, and lived to an advanced age in this 
 city. 
 
 Thomas Lamhertzen., a carpenter, occupied the premises 
 adjoining Mr. Marius, on the south side of Pearl street; 
 containing about fifty feet front on the street, fifty-six feet 
 in depth on east side, next Mr. Marius, and thirty-eight 
 or forty feet in depth on west side. Mr. Lambertzen con- 
 tinued his residence here until about the year 1678, when 
 he removed to Bedford, Long Island. His premises in 
 Pearl street were sold, in 1684, to Philip Smith, an inn- 
 holder, for one hundred and fifty pounds. 
 
 Thomas Lawre7is, a baker, continued his residence on 
 
leisler's residence. 93 
 
 this street for many years subsequently. He was a man 
 of property. 
 
 Having gone through the line of Pearl street to the 
 present Battery, wc shall continue our course of the cir- 
 cumference of the town by describing a few scattered 
 buildings which were south of the fort, and in the neigh- 
 borhood of the present Battery. 
 
 Jacob Leisler occupied premises on the present west side 
 of Whitehall street, between Pearl and State streets. In 
 front of his house was a vacant space used as a market 
 stand for country wagons. Mr. Leisler was originally 
 from Frankfort, and came to this country in the year 
 16G0, as a military officer in the service of the government. 
 He married the wealthy widow of Pieter Corneliscn 
 Vandcrveen, who had deceased in 1661. She was a 
 "o daughter of Gpve rt _Loocker manSj a man of large for- 
 tune. The widow of Mr. Loockermans, at her decease in 
 s^^<^16Y7, left her property to her three children; subsequently 
 ^ Mr. Leisler purchased the interests of his brother-in-law 
 and sister-in-law in that part of their estate lying in this 
 province; and he was rated among the wealthiest in- 
 habitants of the city. In the year 1678, while on a 
 voyage to Europe, Mr. Leisler was taken prisoner by the 
 Turks, to whom he paid a ransom of two thousand and 
 fifty pieces of eight, for his freedom. The name of this 
 citizen is well known in the history of New York, from 
 his connection with the revolution of the year 1689, an 
 account of which will be found in a subsequent part of 
 this volume. His execution, on a conviction of treason, 
 took place in May, 1691. He left two children, Jacob and 
 Mary, the latter of whom married Jacob Milbornc, who 
 
94 
 
 RESIDENTS NEAR THE PRESENT BATTERY. 
 
 suffered death with his father-in-law; she subsequently 
 married Abraham Gouverneur, a prominent citizen. The 
 widow of Mr. Leisler subsequently resided in this city, 
 near Hanover square, for many years, and his son, Jacob, 
 who for a time resided in another part of the country, 
 finally returned to this city and engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits. 
 
 Arien Appel, a merchant, was tenant of property belong- 
 ing to Governor Stuyvesant, adjoining the premises of Mr. 
 Leisler, on the present Whitehall street, between Pearl 
 and State streets. 
 
 Daniel D'Honde Coutrie, a temporary resident here, 
 occupied a fine mansion erected by Governor Stuyvesant, 
 on the present corner of Whitehall and State streets. 
 
 Simon Barenzen. 
 
 Jan Schouten. 
 — Isaac. Greveraat, a merchant, came to this city at an early 
 period, and married v Elizabeth, a daughter of Skipper 
 Jurieu Andriezen. Mr. Greveraat was a Schepen of this 
 city in 1644, and in the year 1671 was appointed Schout 
 of Esopus. He died, leaving three children, Andrew, 
 Henry and Elizabeth. 
 
 Jail Everzen Bout resided on premises adjoining Mr. 
 Greveraat. He arrived in this country in the year 1634, 
 having formerly been in the employment of the West 
 India Company, in Holland, whence he was sent by Mr. 
 Pauw, patroon of Pavonia, to superintend his colony on 
 the west side of Hudson river, opposite this city. He was 
 the first settler (1638) of the present town of Bergen, New 
 Jersey, where he resided for several years. In the time 
 of the Indian wars, he was driven thence to this city. In 
 the year 1658, he sold his plantation at " Gamoenepa" 
 
RESIDEXTS NEAR THE BATTERY. 95 
 
 (Communipaw) to Michael Jansen, for three thousand two 
 hundred dollars. He passed the close of his life on a 
 farm granted to him, at Gowanus, where he died in the 
 jearierO. , 
 
 Pieter de Rymer resided on the east side of Whitehall 
 street, north of Bridge street. 
 
 Jan Dircksen Meyer. 
 
 Lodowick Post, a trader, resided on the present White- 
 hall street, near the fort. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 CONDITION OP THE CITY AT THE TIME OF THE CAPITULATION TO THE 
 ENGLISH IN 1664, CONTINUED. 
 
 We have now come to the part of the town anciently 
 called " T'Marckvelt," or the Marketfield, so called from 
 the circumstance of the line of buildings facing the open 
 space now in part occupied by the Bowling Green. It 
 was then, however, an uninclosed space lying in front of 
 the fort, and occupied at stated intervals for a fair or 
 market, to which the country people brought their cattle 
 for sale. The buildings forming the street called the 
 " Marketfield," commenced on the east side of the present 
 Whitehall street, above Stone street, and extended as far 
 as the present Beaver street; and on the opposite side they 
 occupied the west side of the present Broadway, running 
 toward Morris street. The number of buildings fronting 
 on the " Marketfield" at that period, being ten or eleven. 
 V Metje Greverant, a widow, occupied a small house on 
 the east side of Whitehall street, north of Stone street. 
 
 Jonas Barteltzen, a store-keeper, occupied premises on 
 the east side of Whitehall street, between Stone and Mar- 
 ketfield streets. Mr. Barteltzen, became afterward a man 
 of considerable property. Amongst other real estate 
 owned by him was a house, barn and plot of ground on 
 
T MARC'KVELT. 
 
 97 
 
 the east side of Broadway, north of Wall street, contain- 
 ing two hundred and twenty-nine feet in front, and about 
 one hundred and fifty feet in depth. 
 
 Lyshet Ackermans occupied a small house adjoining Mr. 
 Barteltzen. 
 
 Frerick Arenzen occupied the south-west corner of the 
 present Whitehall and Marketfield streets. Mr. Arenzen 
 was a turner by trade, and came here about the year 1656, 
 when, finding little employment at his trade, he engaged 
 himself in service to a drayman, but soon left his employer 
 and married. He afterward, in his trade, became a pros- 
 perous citizen, and owner of a valuable real estate. 
 
 Allard Anthony, a merchant, occupied premises on the 
 north-east corner of the present Whitehall and Marketfield 
 streets. He was one of the most active and conspicuous 
 citizens of his day in the civil walks of life. No citizen 
 exercised greater influence in the community, yet none was 
 more unpopular with the majority of the people. Mr. 
 Anthony's mercantile transactions were, at one period, 
 tolerably extensive. He was the consignee of a large firm 
 in Holland, and carried on a considerable domestic trade; 
 but it seemed to be his fortune to fall out with those with 
 whom he was most intimately connected. Amongst oth- 
 ers, he had a high dispute with Abraham Verplanck, whose 
 son Gulian had been in Anthony's service as clerk. The 
 elder Verplanck went so far, at one period of the difii- 
 culty, as to commit a personal assault upon Anthony. He 
 also maintained a long law-suit with the heirs of a mer- 
 chant named Vandewater, of whom he had been the 
 agent, and to whom he refused to render any account. In 
 the latter years of his life he held the ofiice of Sheriff, in 
 the execution of the duties of which he was exacting and 
 
98 
 
 T MARCKVELT. 
 
 severe, so that he was commouly called, among the lower 
 classes, " tlie hangman." 
 
 Mr. Anthony, soon after the period now referred to, 
 removed his store to the " Old Church," on the present line 
 of Pearl street, north side, between Broad and Whitehall 
 streets. He died in the year 1685, leaving his wife, Hen- 
 rietta, surviving, and one son, Nicholas, who, having pre- 
 viously proved disobedient to his father in his marriage, 
 was cut off with a shilling. This son died ten years after, 
 having been sheriff of Ulster county. Many of the famil}' 
 are to be found at the present day. 
 
 Anthony De Milt, occupied premises on the present 
 south-east corner of Whitehall and Beaver streets. He 
 carried on the business of a baker, at this place for many 
 years. In 1673 he was appointed sheriff, which office he 
 held for one year. Mr. De Milt died in 1689, leaving five 
 children, Isaac, Maria, Anna, Pieter and Sarah. His wife, 
 Elizabeth Van Der Liphorst, had previously deceased. 
 From this person the numerous families of that name now 
 among us are descended. 
 
 This was the extent of the east side of the " Market- 
 field." On the opposite side, beginning at the corner of 
 Broadway and Battery place, we have 
 
 Annetje Kocks, a widow, who occupied the premises on 
 the corner of Battery place — a large and fine house. 
 
 Martin Crigier, a notable citizen of that period, occupied 
 the premises next above Mrs. Kocks. He was one of the 
 earliest emigrants to this city, and the original grantee of 
 this property, which was patented to him in 1643, but had 
 not been built upon until 1659, after which he resided on 
 
t'marckvelt, 99 
 
 this spot, having previously lived on the "graft" at Broad 
 street. Mr. Crigier, it is understood, was originally in 
 the service of the West India Company; after his separa- 
 tion from which, he engaged in the business of a trader 
 and sloop captain on the North river, between this city 
 and the settlements at Esopus (Kingston) and Albany. He 
 was an efficient officer in the several Dutch wars; in 1659 
 he commanded an expedition against the Swedes on the 
 Delaware river, and also commanded in the expedition 
 against the Esopus Indians, in the year 1663. 
 
 Mr. Crigier had several children. His son, Francis, a 
 merchant at the Delaware Bay settlement, died in 1665 ; 
 one of his daughters married Laurens de Sille, a merchant 
 of this city. The name of Mr. Crigier is perpetuated, 
 through his descendants, to the present day. 
 
 Francois Boon, a merchant of French birth, occupied, at 
 this period, the premises next north of Mr. Crigier; the 
 lot being thirty-two feet front, bounded on the east by the 
 street, on the north by the property of Cornelius Van Ruy- 
 ven, on the west by the North river, and on the south by 
 the premises of Martin Crigier. This property he pur- 
 chased, a short time previous, of Mr. de Hart, and in the 
 year following that of which we now write (1666,) he sold 
 it to Gerrit Van Tright, who established himself in busi- 
 ness there. Mr. Boon was formerly a resident at Fort 
 Orange, or Albany. He married there, against her parents' 
 wishes, Lysbet, a daughter of Cornelis Segers Van Voor- 
 hout, who resided on one of the islands in the Hudson 
 river, called Castle Island. After the surrender of the 
 city to the English, Mr. Boon removed from this country, 
 and became a resident of the island of St. Christopher, 
 
100 THE FIRST CHUECH-YARD. 
 
 being connected with merchants here in the shipping busi- 
 ness between this city and that island. 
 
 Cornelius Van Ruyven came to this city with Governor 
 Stuyvesant, as his secretary, in the year 1647, being then 
 a young bachelor. He soon after married a daughter of 
 Domine Megapolenis, and set up trade in the dry goods 
 and general store business. 
 
 We have now come to the street, at that period, called 
 the "Heere straat," or principal street, now Broadway; 
 beginning at a point nearly opposite the north side of the 
 Bowling Green, and extending to the " land gate," at Wall 
 street. 
 
 We may here remark that the first church-yard of this 
 city, and the spot where the ashes of most of the inhabit- 
 ants of New Amsterdam now lie, was situated on the west 
 side of Broadway, on the rise of ground above the Bowling 
 Green, and not far north of the present Morris street. This 
 ancient church-yard had become, at this period, very full; 
 as ten years previously (1656) Governor Stuyvesant pro- 
 posed to abandon it as a place of burial, the fence having 
 fallen, and the whole become dilapidated through age; and 
 as a substitute, he proposed tearing down several old houses 
 which then stood south of the fort, and to make a burial- 
 place there. This, however, did not meet the views of the 
 citizens, who suggested the establishment of the burial- 
 place on the hill west of the fort, near the windmill, (part 
 of present Battery,) which they represented as " a good 
 hillj clear of timber." Between the conflicting proposi- 
 tions, no action in the matter was then taken; but about 
 
THE HEERE STRAAT, OR BROADWAY. 101 
 
 the period of which we now write (1665,) a new fence was 
 set up around the old grave-yard, which had, for some 
 time previous, laid quite open to the encroachment of ani- 
 mals along the street. About ten years subsequently 
 (1676,) the old church-yard was divided up into four lots, 
 twenty-five feet front by a hundred feet in depth, and sold 
 at auction, a new burial-place being established near the 
 present Trinity Church. 
 
 Lucas Andriezen, on the west side of Broadway, was a 
 sloop captain on the North river. He had long been estab- 
 lished in this country, and afterward became a man of con- 
 siderable property. 
 
 Dirck Wiggerzen, a carpenter, occupied the next adjoin- 
 ing premises, on the north. 
 
 Paulus Leenderzen Vandiegrist had a line house and gar- 
 den, being the next habitation north of the church-yard, 
 and about midway between Morris and Rector streets, on 
 the west side of Broadway; his property extending, in the 
 rear, to the river shore. Mr. Yandiegrist was one of the 
 early pioneers; we find his name among property-holders 
 in 1614, and in 1646 he commanded one of the four ships 
 composing the fleet of Governor Stuyvesant, at his arrival 
 here. He Avas a prominent trader, and a man of wealth; 
 he was likewise an eflficient military commander, being cap- 
 tain of one of the city companies, and doing service in 
 several military and naval expeditions; he filled prominent 
 stations also in the councils of the city and province. His 
 place of business was on Pearl street, near Broad. After 
 the capitulation of the city to the English, Captain Van- 
 diegrist commenced preparations for removing to Holland. 
 In 1671 his agents here sold the property on Broadway to 
 Francis Rombouts, an eminent merchant, who became 
 
102 
 
 THE HEERE STKAAT, OR BROADWAY. 
 
 mayor of the city in after years. It was then described as 
 a house, garden and orchard on the west side of Broadway, 
 between John Hawkings and Hendrick Van Dyck. (The 
 house of Mr. Hawkings, which had then been recently 
 built, was erected on a lot sixteen feet front, part of which 
 had been within the old church-yard. It was afterward 
 owned and occupied by Mr. West, the city clerk.) The 
 widow of Mayor Rombouts resided on the Vandiegrist 
 place more than thirty years subsequent to the purchase by 
 her husband. Mr. Vandiegrist had a brother in this city, 
 who continued his residence here, and left descendants. 
 
 Henry Van Dyck occupied premises next adjoining Mr. 
 Vandiegrist, on the north; the house being considerably 
 inferior to that of Mr. Vandiegrist, but having a large 
 garden attached, upon which he afterward erected two or 
 three houses. Mr. Van Dyck came to this city at a very 
 early period, in the service of the West India Company, 
 in which business he acquired a considerable property. 
 After Stuyvesant's arrival, Van Dyck officiated, for a 
 period, as attorney-general, or public prosecutor; but on 
 account of some differences between himself and the gov- 
 ernor, he soon after resigned, and retired from public life. 
 He died in the year 1688, leaving his wife, whose maiden 
 name was Duvertie Cornelisen, and several children living. 
 One of his daughters married Nicholas de Myer, a mer- 
 chant, who was subsequently mayor of the city; another 
 married John Cooley, a merchant. 
 
 The property north of Mrs. Van Dyck was vacant. 
 
 Governor Stuyvesant, soon afterjiis arrival, granted to 
 
 (s(. \Nw- his son, Nicholas William Stuyvesant, a plot next north of 
 
 >»*''^ ^^al- ^^^ Dyck, containing ninety-three feet front and about 
 
 ^^ two hundred and forty-eight feet depth, to the North river, 
 
TEDE HEEKE STRAAT, OR BROADWAY. 103 
 
 and a lot next beyond, of the same size, to his son, Baltha- 
 zar Stuyvesant. The north bound of the latter was ad- 
 joining what was then the garden of the West India 
 Company, which was in the vicinity of the present Trinity 
 Church-yard. 
 
 Commencing on the cast side of Broadway, at Wall 
 street, we shall follow the street to its lower extremity. 
 
 Jacob Swart occupied a small house nearest to Wall 
 street. 
 
 Thomas Major occupied a small house; the lot contained 
 about twenty-five feet front and sixty-five feet depth. 
 
 Jlhraham Pieterzen, molenaar, (or the miller,) occupied 
 the adjoining premises. 
 
 Gerrit Fullwever, a butcher. 
 
 Pieter Simkam, a tailor. 
 
 Jan Fries. 
 
 Jan Gillisen, called " Koeck," the town bell-ringer. 
 
 Jan Hendricks Van Gunst, a butcher. 
 
 Peter Ebel, a temporary resident. 
 
 Paulus Turck, a tailor. 
 
 Albert Jansen, a carpenter. 
 
 Martin Hoffman, a trader. 
 
 Jiltje Unstaplcs, a widow. 
 
 Jan Joosten, a trader and boatman on the North river. 
 
 Adam Onclebagh, a tailor. 
 
 Pieter Jansen. 
 
 Adrian Andriezen. 
 
 The part of Broadway above described, it will be ob- 
 served, applies to that section lying below Wall street, or 
 " within" the city, as it was termed. At the head of the 
 
104 
 
 BEYOND THE GATE ON BROADWAT. 
 
 present Wall street, in Broadway, then stood one of the 
 two city gates; the other being at the foot of Wall street, 
 on the present Pearl street. The one on Broadway was 
 called the " land gate," as contradistinguished from the 
 other, which was commonly known as the " water gate." 
 These gates were of wood, and were nightly closed, iv 
 times of trouble, by the city watch. Beyond the " lanci 
 gate" lay the farm originally granted to Jan Jansen Da- 
 raen, in the year 1644, by Governor Kieft. This farm 
 extended, with some slight variations, from Wall street to 
 Maiden lane, from the North to the East river. In very 
 early times, Damen became a trader in this city, and was 
 one of the most active and prominent citizens of his time; 
 he acquired a considerable estate. Having procured the 
 grant of this farm — which was a rolling piece of land, 
 forming a sort of ridge, falling off toward Wall street on 
 the south ai^ Maiden lane on the north — he erected a sub- 
 stantial house, and fixed his residence there. Mr. Damen 
 had previously married the widow of Guleyn Vinje (Van- 
 gee,) whose maiden name was Adriana Cuvilje; she had 
 then several children, the issue of her first marriage. Mr. 
 Damen left no direct issue; and upon his death, which hap- 
 pened soon after his settlement on this farm, his widow 
 succeeded to the property, and survived him several years. 
 Her four children coming into the inheritance of the prop- 
 erty, a division was made among them in 1659. Her son, 
 John Vinje, has been mentioned on a preceding page; her 
 daughters married neighbors — Maria having become the 
 wife of Abraham Verplank; Rachel married Cornells Van 
 Tieuhoven, and Christina married Dirck Volkertson. 
 
 At the period to which we now refer (1665,) the resi- 
 dents above Wall street were as follows : 
 
BEYOND THE GATE ON BROADWAY. 105 
 
 Cornells jlertzen, a farmer, was tenant of a large farm, 
 house and garden, east from Broadway, a short distance 
 above the city gate, on the old Damon farm. Mr. Aertsen 
 had previously been the tenant of Governor Stuyvesant's 
 farm, on the Bowery, and had long supplied the families 
 of the city with country produce. He died two or three 
 years subsequent to this period. 
 
 Peter StotUenburgh, at this period, was tenant of a small 
 house on the same property. This property had been 
 thrown into one of the shares of the heirs of Mrs. Cuvilje; 
 the orchard was about one hundred and fifty feet distance 
 from the street, and was approached by a lane on the 
 present line of Cedar street. The property ran north and 
 south about four hundred feet, and cast and west about one 
 hundred and thirty feet; it was subsequently purchased by 
 Mr. Stoutenburgh. He left, at his death, several children 
 — Tobias and Isaac; Wyntie, who married Evart Byvank; 
 Jannetie, who married Albert Ringo; Engeltie, who mar- 
 ried William Waldron. 
 
 Gerrit Jansen Roos occupied the premises next above 
 Mr. Stoutenburgh. He was a relative of the Vinje family, 
 by marriage. He was a carpenter by trade, and died, at 
 an advanced age, in 1698, leaving a considerable property. 
 
 Dirck Siecken, a husbandman, occupied premises on 
 Broadway, a short distance from Wall street. 
 
 The only other house on Broadway, besides those enu- 
 merated, was a small dwelling inhabited by a Frenchman, 
 whose name is unknown. 
 
 Continuing our course around the city, we shall follow 
 the present line of Wall street, the southerly side of which 
 
106 THE " CINGLE," OR CITY WALL. 
 
 was occupied by several dwelliogs, generally of a small 
 size. The northerly side of the street was the line of the 
 city wall, above which lay the fields belonging to the heirs 
 of the Damen estate. 
 
 On the south side of Wall street, in 1665, we find 
 
 Jan Jansen Van Langendyke, who occupied small premi- 
 ses. He died in 1691. 
 
 Jan Teunizen occupied a small house; he was a miller. 
 The wind mill of Mr. Teunizen was situated at some dis- 
 tance from the limits of the city, on the public road; the 
 precise spot being near the present north-west corner of 
 Chatham and Duane streets. The land attached to the 
 mill was about two hundred and fifty feet square. This 
 ancient windmill was standing sixty years afterward. Mr. 
 Teunizen removed to Long Island the year following that 
 to which we now refer, and sold his wind mill to William 
 Aertsen, of this city. 
 
 Jan Videt, a French tailor, occupied a small house. 
 
 Abraham Kermer. 
 
 Greetje, chimney-sweep. 
 
 Jacob Jansen. 
 
 Dirck, a wool-spinner. 
 
 Barent Egbertzen, a tailor, occupied a small house, the 
 lot being twenty-one feet front and seventy-seven feet deep, 
 which he sold, in 1608, to Jacob Leisler. 
 
 Pieter Jansen. 
 
 Dirck Van Clyff. This gentleman was, at this period, a 
 merchant of considerable property. The Van Clyff farm, 
 adjacent to the present Cliff street, afterward belonged to 
 him, and was the place of his residence at the time of 
 his death. It was pleasantly situated upon an elevated 
 hill, overlooking the East river, near the present John 
 
THE "CINGLE," OR CITY WALL. 107 
 
 street. Dirck Van Clyff died in 1694, leaving his Avidow, 
 Geesie Hendricks, and several children surviving. 
 
 Having thus far been engaged in tracing the circuit of 
 the town, we shall turn our attention to several streets in 
 the interior. 
 
CHAPTEE X. 
 
 THE CONDITION OP THE CITY AT THE TIME OF THE CAPITULATION TO THE 
 ENGLISH IN 1664, CONTINUED, 
 
 The Heere Graft, was that part of the present Broad 
 street, between Beaver street and the river, which then 
 ran along Pearl street. The centre of this street was 
 originally a brook, forming the natural outlet of a marshy- 
 section occupying a considerable space above Beaver street. 
 Lots had been granted at an early period along the sides 
 of this outlet, which, from time to time, was deepened and 
 somewhat improved. Its condition being, however, a 
 serious detriment to the street, it was determined, in the 
 year 1657, to side the banks of the drain with plank, at 
 the expense of the owners on the street. This proposition 
 met with great opposition from those who were to be 
 assessed, they alleging that it was a public improvement, 
 in the expense of which the whole city should bear a part. 
 The work, however, was proceeded with, and finished in 
 the year 1659, at an expense of two thousand seven hun- 
 dred and ninety-two florins, or about one thousand dollars. 
 The collection of the assessment was enforced by the 
 imprisonment of several of the delinquents. 
 
 A similar improvement was made in that part of the 
 present Broad street, above Beaver street, which became 
 known as the "Prince Graft.." 
 
THE " HEERE GRAFT." 109 
 
 In 1671, an ordinance was passed to improve the graft 
 in the following manner: From the shore of the river 
 upward to the bridge at Stone street, to be repaired, of the 
 same width and in the same manner as before; from the 
 bridge upward to the corner of Beaver street, to be im- 
 proved in a manner which had been tried by Mr. De 
 Peyster, and found of service; from Beaver street up to 
 the house of Mr. Kip, (near Exchange place) in the same 
 manner as before. 
 
 In the year 1676, the inhabitants of the Heere Graft, 
 were ordered forthwith to fill it up level with the street. 
 
 The inhabitants on the " Heere Graft," (or the present 
 Broad street, between Beaver and Pearl streets,) in 1665, 
 were as follows: 
 
 On the east side, the property between the present Pearl 
 and Stone streets, was owned by Cornells Melyn, who had 
 a few years previously returned to Holland. That between 
 the present Stone and South Willianj streets was owned 
 by Jacob "Wolferzen Yan Couwenhoven, referred to among 
 the residents on Hoogh straat. 
 
 Thomas Davidson, was an Englishman who, coming 
 hither to seek his fortune, purchased a schooner in the 
 year 1661, and with a negro slave to assist him in naviga- 
 tion, commenced his trips on the Hudson river, to the 
 settlements of Esopus and Albany. He purchased of 
 Adrian Vincent a lot on the north-east corner of Broad 
 and South streets, about twenty-five feet front upon which, 
 having built a dwelling-house, he resided at the time now 
 spoken of. Mr. Davidson died in the year 1688. 
 
 Adrian Vincent was an early emigrant from Holland, 
 but of French descent. He was employed, for a consider- 
 able period, in the public service. The property on the 
 
110 HEEEE GRAFT. 
 
 east side of Broad street, between the present South 
 William street, (then a mere lane) and the present Beaver 
 street, (then a road) was originally granted to two persons, 
 one of whom was Adrian Vincent, and the other Abraham 
 Rjcken. They were intended as garden plots. That of 
 Rycken extended from Beaver street south about one hun- 
 dred and twenty feet front on the ditch, forty feet on 
 Beaver street, and fifty-six feet on the south adjoining 
 Vincent. The grant to the latter extended from Rycken's 
 land to the present South William street, having about 
 eighty-five feet front on the ditch. The former of these 
 grants was made as early as 1616. The latter somewhat 
 earlier. Mr. Vincent had, at the time of which we now 
 write, (1665) sold part of this property and now occupied 
 a narrow front. Next to Vincent's property, on the north 
 side of the present South William street, was a horse-mill, 
 which had long stood there. Mr. Vincent's descendants 
 are numerous at the present day. 
 
 Simon Felle, was a Frenchman, who is found to have 
 been here in the year 1654, having then some concern or 
 interest in a barque trading with this place. He married 
 Annekin, a daughter of Adrian Vincent, and built a house 
 upon part of the property which had been originally 
 granted to his father-in-law. 
 
 Albert Reuninck occupied the adjoining premises. 
 
 Jacobus Backer was a merchant, in good standing. He 
 occupied about fifty-one feet front on the east side of Broad 
 street, part of the lot originally granted to Rycken, near 
 Beaver street. His warehouse adjoined his residence. Mr. 
 Backer was Schepen of the city for several years, and held 
 other prominent places of trust in the community. In 
 1660 Mr. Backer left this city to reside in Holland, his 
 
HEERE GRAFT. 
 
 Ill 
 
 business being still carried on liero b}'^ liis wife, Marga- 
 ret. The new arrangement would not seem to have pros- 
 pered, as his property, which had been mortgaged before 
 his departure, for eight thousand pounds tobacco, was 
 foreclosed by the creditors in 1670, to whom liis wife was 
 unable to make payment. The property was sold out at 
 private sale in 1671, to Balthazar De Hart; but Madam 
 Backer continued her residence there for many years 
 subsequently. 
 
 Jochem Beekman, a shoemaker, occupied the next ad- 
 joining premises, which were on the south-east corner of 
 Broad and Beaver streets. His front on Broad street was 
 about thirty-six feet, on Beaver street about forty feet. 
 Mr. Beekman was not among the earlier emigrants of his 
 name, with whom he does not seem to be a family connec- 
 tion. He was, however, made a citizen as early as the 
 year 1657. 
 
 JVicholas Dupuy occupied the premises on the west side 
 of Broad street, between Beaver and Marketfield streets, 
 about forty-four feet on Broad street. He died in 1691. 
 
 Pieter Vaii JVaarden was situated on the south-west 
 corner of Broad and Marketfield streets, his premises con- 
 taining about twenty-two feet front. He died a short time 
 subsequent to this period, but his widow remained there 
 for a number of years. 
 
 David WesseUs occupied the premises next south. He 
 was an old resident. His front on the graft about twenty- 
 three feet. 
 
 Coenraet Ten Eyck. Mr. Ten Eyck was a tanner and 
 shoe dealer and manufacturer. He occupied the next 
 adjoining premises, about twenty-seven feet front. The 
 tan-pits of Mr. Ten Eyck were on the same side of the 
 
XJ.Z Hll.t!;Kl!> UivAri. 
 
 street, above Beaver street, where he owned a number 
 of lots, the ground being marshy and suitable for tan- 
 ning purposes. Mr. Ten Eyck was considered one of 
 the influential citizens as early as 1653. His business 
 was prosperous, and enabled him to build a fine house at 
 the place to which we refer. The tannery and business 
 were caVried on, after his death, which took place in 1680, 
 by his three sons, Dirck, Tobias and Coenraet. 
 
 Pieter Winster was a shoemaker, occupying the next ad- 
 joining premises, formerly occupied by K. Reinoutsen. 
 
 JYicholas Verbraack was skipper (ch^ptain) of the ship 
 " New Albany," sailing out of this port. 
 
 Claes Pauluzen. Mr. P. sold his property, on the west 
 side of the Heere graft, in 1666. 
 
 Bartholdus Maan was a merchant, who had been a long 
 time in business in this city; he died the following year. 
 The business was afterward carried on by his son, Richard. 
 Numerous descendants of this family are found among 
 us at the present day. 
 
 Lucas Dircksen, a tavern-keeper, occupied the adjoining 
 premises, on or near the north-west corner of Broad and 
 Stone streets. He had long been a resident here. 
 
 Simon Jansen Romeyn, a merchant, occupied premises 
 between Bridge and Stone streets, on the west side of 
 Broad street; containing about seventeen and a half feet 
 front and forty feet depth. He was a man in good circum- 
 stances. His descendants are numerous. 
 
 Tunis Kray, a tavern-keeper, occupied premises between 
 Bridge and Stone streets, about twenty -five feet front. Mr. 
 Kray was the original grantee of this property, in 1647; 
 he built his house in 1655. He held several subordinate 
 public ofi&ces, among which was measurer of apples and 
 
PRINCE GRAFT. 113 
 
 onions brought to market; tally master of the bricks and 
 tiles imported from Holland. His wife was also superin- 
 tendent of the market. 
 
 Amh-osius de Weerham, a carpenter by trade, became a 
 cartman. 
 
 We shall continue our description of Broad street, north 
 of Beaver street, as far as the present Exchange place; 
 which part was known as the " Prince graft." The part 
 of the present Broad street, above Exchange place, was 
 a common, lying open, and commonly known as the 
 " Schaape waytie," or sheep pasture, which was, at that 
 period, unoccupied by any buildings. The centre of the 
 Prince graft, for a considerable distance above Beaver 
 street, was occupied by an open drain, somewhat smaller 
 than the part b.elow, in the Heere graft. It was before 
 observed, that in this neighborhood the ground was orig- 
 inally marshy, and part of it is found, in some of the most 
 ancient grants, to be termed " the swamp." One or two 
 hundred feet north of Beaver street, on the west of Broad 
 street, the diagonal course of a brook seems to be pointed 
 out in the grants, as running in a course nearly parallel 
 to the present line of Beaver street. 
 
 On the west side of the street, several shoemakers estab- 
 lished themselves, for the convenience of tanning, that 
 being, in those limes, a legitimate part of their trade. At 
 the period to which we now refer, there were but few 
 dwellings on this street. 
 
 Cornells Barents, a baker, lived on the west side of the 
 street, on or near the north corner of Beaver street. 
 
 Boile Roelofsen, next adjoining. 
 
114 PRINCE GRAFT. 
 
 JVicJiolas Delaplaiyie, next above, was the ancestor of the 
 present family of that name. 
 
 Beyond him were situated Cocnraet Ten Eyck's tan 
 pits. Mr. T. owned here a considerable parcel of land. 
 
 Jacob Mens. 
 
 Paulus Andriezen. 
 
 Ahel Hardenbrook, a shoemaker, came here in 1661 ; he 
 married, and commenced business on the Prince graft; his 
 tan pits Avere on the premises. Mr. H., and other shoe- 
 makers, were joint owners of a bark mill, to grind their 
 bark, used in tanning. This property was on the north- 
 west corner of Broad street and Exchange place; contain- 
 ing, on Broad street, eighty- three feet; on Exchange place, 
 one hundred and one feet; on New street, eighty-three feet. 
 Soon after the period now referred to, Mr. Hardenbrook 
 removed to High street. 
 
 Thomas Lodowycksen was captain of a barque, sailing to 
 Delaware Bay. 
 
 Johannes Hardenbrook was a merchant. 
 
 Jacob Kip was a son of Hendrick Kip, one of the oldest 
 settlers, who, at this period, was still living in this city. 
 Jacob was the first clerk or secretary of the city magis- 
 trates, to which office he was appointed, at a youthful age, 
 in 1653; he resigned in 1658, and turned his attention to 
 brewing, and subsequently to the business of a merchant. 
 He married the widow of Guleyn Verplanck, by which 
 marriage he added to his property, which was very consid- 
 erable. He lived to an advanced age. 
 
 Jan Arenzen. 
 
 Rutger , a drayman. 
 
 Frerick Hendricksen de Boogh was the captain of a vessel 
 on Hudson river. He died in 1686. 
 
BROUWER STRAAT. 
 
 115 
 
 Claes Tysen, cooper. 
 Denys Isaacsen. 
 William Abrahams. 
 
 Bay Croosvelt (sometimes called Crossfield) was a hatter, 
 living on the east side of the street, near Exchange place. 
 Williani Deturnier. 
 
 The Brouwer straat was the name given to that part of 
 the present Stone street, between Broad and Whitehall 
 streets. It was among the earliest streets built upon, and 
 was the line of the first road laid out along the East river, 
 the ancient grants commonly terming it " the road," while 
 its neighboring thoroughfares Avere described with refer- 
 ence to their situation, as " east of the fort," " south of the 
 fort," &c. The name of " Brouwer straat," or Brewer's 
 street, was given to it from the circumstance of two or 
 three breweries having been erected upon it. It was the 
 first street in this city paved with stone, the ordinance for 
 which passed in 1657. It afterward came to be called 
 Stone street, probably from this circumstance. 
 
 Frederick Philipse resided on the north side of this 
 street, near Whitehall street. He is celebrated as being 
 the richest man of his time in this country. The first 
 mention of Mr. Philipse's name, in the ancient documents, 
 occurs in 1655, when, on an occasion of public exigency, 
 contributions being called for, Mr. Philipse tenders twenty 
 guilders. This sum was far below those of the wealthy 
 class of burghers, and it is supposed that he was then a 
 young man, who had, in common with the other citizens of 
 that period, wended his way hither, to seek his fortune in 
 the wilds of the west. After trying several pursuits, he 
 
116 BROUWEB STRAAT 
 
 seems to have settled in that which aflforded the best re- 
 turns for the adventurous youth, viz : the Indian trade in 
 furs. But his fortune was more rapidly increased by his 
 marriage with Margaret Von Hardenbrook, the widow of 
 Pieter Rudolphus, a trader, who had been established here 
 during a number of years, and died in 1661. From this 
 period the fortune of Mr. Philipse rapidly increased under 
 his prudent management and eminent business talent, and 
 was still further augmented, after the death of his first 
 wife, by his marriage with Catharine, one of the daughters 
 of Oloff Stevenson Van Cortland, a wealthy citizen. This 
 lady had, in addition to her patrimonial fortune, inherited 
 that of her first husband, John Dervall, a rich merchant 
 of this city. Thus, by a fortuitous chain of circumstances, 
 the united avails of several large individual fortunes cen- 
 tred in Mr. Philipse, and he stood far beyond his compeers 
 in point of wealth. In the later years of his life, Mr. 
 Philipse resided on his estate of Philipse Manor, the manor 
 house being situated near Tarrytown, Westchester county. 
 He filled several prominent official stations in the govern- 
 ment, at different periods. He died in the year 1702, leav- 
 ing several children. Philip died in the West Indies ; 
 Adolph resided for many years in this city; Eva married 
 Jacobus Van Cortland, and Annetje married Philip 
 French. 
 
 Rinier Williamson, a baker, occupied the premises adjoin- 
 ing Mr. Philipse, on the north side of Brouwer straat. 
 His lot was about thirty-one feet front and ninety feet in 
 depth. Mr. Williamson was, at this period, but recently 
 i&stablished in business. He married Susannah, a daughter 
 of Aert Teunisen, a farmer at Pavonia, who was killed by 
 the Indians some years previously, and grand-daughter of 
 
BROUWER STRAAT. 117 
 
 Sybout Clasen, a carpenter, one of the old inhabitants. 
 He became a man of considerable property. 
 
 Mattheus De Vos, occupying the adjoining premises, had 
 been a resident here for many years. In 1656 he was 
 keeper of the city-hall, and was soon after appointed mar- 
 shal. He exercised the office of public notary, and fre- 
 quently appeared in the Court of Burgomasters and 
 Schepens as attorney for litigant parties. He married the 
 widow of Philip Geraerdy, a trader of considerable prop- 
 erty; he continued in the business of notary, drawing 
 deeds, wills, &c., for many years afterward. The property 
 on Stone street, occupied by him at this period, belonged 
 to the estate of his wife's first husband; it contained forty- 
 five front and one hundred and twenty five feet depth. 
 
 Jeronimus Ehbingh. Mr. Ebbiugh was a trader, his 
 principal business being carried on along the Hudson river, 
 at Esopus and Albany, which places he was accustomed to 
 visit, at stated intervals, to gather his furs and peltry. He 
 was a man of large property, partly acquired by his mar- 
 riage to the daughter of De Laet, one of the original 
 patentees of Rensselaerswyck. His support of the Church 
 was a commendable trait in his character, and he was a 
 church-warden for many successive years. Mr. Ebbingh 
 had been in this country a long period; as early as 1658, 
 he was chosen as " an old and suitable person for the priv- 
 ilege of the great citizenship. He frequently held office 
 among the city magistrates; a few years after the period 
 above referred to, he settled in Esopus, or Kingston. He 
 sold his house in this city in 1676, to Mr. Philipse, for two 
 hundred and ten beaver skins, the value of which was 
 about seven hundred dollars ; the lot contained about 
 
118 
 
 BKOUWER STRAAT. 
 
 twenty-six feet front and one hundred and eight feet 
 in depth. 
 
 Isaac de Foreest was one of the early settlers, having 
 come here about the year 1636. He was the original grantee 
 of considerable property in the neighborhood of his pres- 
 ent residence, and also of a farm at Harlem; among other 
 property owned by him was the " old kirk," or old church, 
 in Pearl street, which Avas sold, after his death, to Alhird 
 Anthony; the property in Stone street was granted in 
 1645, and was built upon by him. In 1658, being then an 
 " old and suitable person, who had been a resident here 
 more than twenty years, and had made many improve- 
 ments," he was privileged with the " great citizenship." 
 He took an active part in public aflairs, and in the im- 
 provement of the town, having, for some years, been one 
 of the magistrates. He died a few years subsequent to 
 the period to which we now refer, leaving his widow, 
 Sarah, surviving, and several children, who have perpetu- 
 ated his name to the present day. 
 
 Oloff Stevenson Van Cortland was one of the prominent ^*' 
 citizens of New Amsterdam. He came to this city in 1637, 
 attached to a military company. In the summer of that 
 year, he was transferred to the civil service as commissary 
 of cargoes, at a salary of thirty guilders, or about twelve dol- 
 lars per month; in 1618 he left the company's service, and 
 embarked in the brewing business at the place now referred 
 to. He was a politician of influence. In 1650 he was 
 president of a body called the " Nine Men," representing 
 the citizens at large; as such, he opposed the policy of 
 Governor Stuyvesant with considerable effect. Stuyvesant 
 retaliated by turning the " Nine Men" out of their pews in 
 
BROUWER STUAAT. 
 
 119 
 
 church, and tearing up the scats. Mr. Van Cortland became 
 one of the most considerable men in town, and acquired 
 a large property, amongst which was a plot on the west side 
 of Broadway, two hundred and thirty-eight feet front, ex- 
 tending to the North river, and adjacent to the present 
 Cortland street. He held various offices of distinction, 
 and took a lively interest in the advancement of the city. 
 Mr. Van Cortland died in the year 1683, and his property 
 was apportioned among his children in the year 1G84. lie 
 had several children — Stephanus, who married Gertruyd 
 Schuyler; Maria, who married Jcremias Van Rensellaer; 
 Catharine, who married, first, John Derval, and secondly 
 Frederick Philipse; Cornelia, who married Brandt Schuy- 
 ler; Jacob, who married Eva Philipse; Sophia, wdio mar- 
 ried Andrew Teller: and John, who died unmarried. 
 
 Jan Janaen Van St. Obin, an old resident on this street. 
 
 Isaac Kip was a sou of Hendrick Kip, one of the early 
 emigrants. He married a daughter of Gillis Pietersen, 
 who resided on the site of the present Wall street, his 
 house fronting the public road along the East river, now 
 Pearl street. The city palisades on the northerly line of 
 Wall street, were constructed a few feet above Pietersen's 
 house. It being found convenient to have a passage «long 
 the palisades, the heirs of Pietersen were requested, in 
 lt)o6, to narrow their garden so as to allow the passage of 
 a wagon-way next the wall. They refused this, and finally, 
 the city, in 1G5T, purchased the house and lot of the Pieter- 
 sen's, which was much dilapidated, for al>out two hundred 
 dollars, and demolishing the buildings, threw the lot into 
 the public street, now Wall street. Isaac Kip was a 
 trader, doing business along the Hudson river, at the va- 
 rious settlements upon its banks. 
 
120 
 
 WINCKEL STBAAT. 
 
 Frerick Gysbertsen was a merchant. He took the sur- 
 name of Vandenbergh, by which his descendants are now 
 known. 
 
 Hubert Hendricksen. 
 
 Evert Pieterzen was a schoolmaster, having been em- 
 ployed in that capacity by the Dutch West India Company. 
 He continued teaching here for many subsequent years, 
 but the era of Dutch school-teaching declined after > the 
 permanent establishment of the English in authority; the 
 principal inhabitants bestowing on their children an Eng- 
 lish education. 
 
 We have now come to a street which has disappeared 
 from the modern maps of the city. It was anciently 
 known as the " Winckel street," or street of the stores; 
 the origin and site of which may be described as follows : 
 After the establishment of the West India Company in 
 this city, their great trading interests required the erection 
 of extensive edifices for the storage of their goods. For 
 this purpose they erected five stone buildings at a short 
 distance from the fort and under the immediate protection 
 of its guns. These buildings occupied a line facing east- 
 wardly toward the fort, between the present Stone and 
 Bridge streets, running parallel with the present Whitehall 
 street. In course of time the open space between the 
 stone houses and the present Whitehall street, was granted 
 out in building lots, the depth between Whitehall street 
 and the line in front of the stores, being about sixty feet, 
 leaving a passage-way which was called the '' Winckel 
 straat." Of course only the westerly side of this street 
 
BRUGH STR^VAT. 121 
 
 was built upon by individuals. The persons residing there 
 at the period now referred to were 
 
 Hendrick Jansen, a baker, who had long been a resident 
 
 of this city. 
 
 Arent Juriensen Lanh'Tnan, kept a small store for retail- 
 ing fruits and vegetables. 
 
 ^ Johannes De Peyster, a merchant of wealth and respecta- 
 bility, had long been established in business at this place. 
 He subsequently purchased property on the east side of 
 Broad street, above the present South William street. He 
 held various offices in the magistracy and the church, and 
 was the ancestor of a long line of descendants, distin- 
 guished for their public spirit and activity in the affairs 
 of the city. In 1677 he was appointed deputy-mayor, but 
 finding his knowledge of the English language inadequate 
 to the proper performance of the duties, he resigned his 
 place. After a long life of activity and usefulness, he 
 died, previous to the year 1686, leaving his widow, Cor- 
 nelia, who survived him many years, and several children, 
 two of whom, Abraham and Johannes, afterward filled the 
 mayoralty chair of this city. 
 
 Mighiel Esnel. 
 
 ^gidius Luyck was, at this period, a school-master. He 
 was a man of learning and piety, and at times officiated as 
 a preacher in the Dutch church. Mr. Luyck, in 1673, held 
 the office of Burgomaster of the city. 
 
 The " Brugh straat," or Bridge street, still retains its 
 name; the circumstance from which it was derived being, 
 that it led to the bridge crossing the ditch at Broad street. 
 
 Cornells Steenwyck occupied the corner of the present 
 
122 
 
 BRUGH STRAAT. 
 
 Bridge aud Whitehall streets. His business was that of a 
 general merchant or store-keeper, in which pursuit he 
 amassed a large property, and was, at the time of his 
 death, esteemed the second person, in point of wealth, in 
 the province. The wife of Mr. Steenwjck was Margaretta 
 De Riemer, whom he married in this city. His mother-in- 
 law, a lady of excellent character, married, after her first 
 widowhood, Domine Samuel Drissius, the Dutch clergyman 
 in this city. The property of Mr. Steenwyck, on the 
 corner of Bridge and Stone streets, consisted of a good 
 stone house, occupied in part by his store, and in part for 
 his dwelling. It was worth from four to five thousand 
 dollars of the present currency. Attached was a kitchen 
 of two stories and a cellar. In the main house was the 
 dwelling room, furnished with twelve rush-leather chairs; 
 two velvejr rjefeairs with fine silver lace, one cupboard of 
 French nut-wood, one round table, one square table, one 
 cabinet, thirteen pictures, a large looking-glass, a bedstead, 
 (containing two beds and the necessary linen) five alabas- 
 ter images, a piece of tapestry-work for cushions, a flow- 
 ered tabby chimney cloth, a pair of flowered tabby (curtain 
 calico) window curtains, a dressing box and a carpet. In 
 the room called the " foreroom" was a marble table, eleven 
 pictures, seven Russia leather chairs, a crumb cloth, three 
 muslin curtains and a clock. The kitchen furniture was 
 of an abundant character; the rest of the house was occu- 
 pied by his merchandize. 
 
 Mr. Steenwyck, in the course of his life, was conspic- 
 uous in public position, and probably exercised a greater 
 influence on the public mind in this city than any other man 
 of his time. He frequently was a member of the city 
 magistracy, as well under the Dutch rule as subsequently 
 
BRUGH STRAAT. 123 
 
 under the English. He was mayor of tlie city for five 
 years, (viz., in 1668, 69-70-82-83,) and in the year 1671, 
 during the temporary absence in Virginia of the governor 
 of the province, (Lord Lovelace) he was deputed to con- 
 duct the government. Mr. Steenwyck died in 1684. His 
 widow afterward married Domine Henricus Selinus, the 
 Dutch clergyman. 
 
 Barent Jacohsen Cool was in this city as early as the year 
 1633, and held an office in the service of the West India 
 Company. 
 
 Jacob Vermont. 
 
 Jacob Tunisen De Kay was a haker. Ho was a promi- 
 nent man in the Church, and was in high esteem as a man 
 of probity and honor. Mr. De Kay died in the possession 
 of a large property. He left several children, among 
 them two sons, Jacobus and Tunis, from whopi the present 
 families of that name are derived. 
 
 Hendrick Hendricksen Kip, a tailor, was one of the early 
 emigrants. In 1612 a grant was made to him of property 
 east of the fort, containing forty-four square rods. Mr. 
 Kip was always an active politician, and in particular was 
 a determined opponent of Governor Kieft's administration. 
 At his death he left three sons surviving, viz., Isaack, 
 Jacob and Hendrick, from whom the family of that name 
 are derived. 
 
 Jan Jldrianzen. 
 
 Hendrick WiUiamsen, a baker, occupied the present 
 north-west corner of Bridge and Broad streets, having a 
 front of sixty- three feet on Broad street. He purchased 
 the property of Joost Tunizen, a baker, in the year 1658. 
 After taking his deed, he fancied the lot to be somewhat 
 short in size, and having summoned Tunizen to court, 
 
124 
 
 BEAVER GRAFT. 
 
 demanded that he should measure the property. To this, 
 Tunizen replied that he did not measure other people's 
 property, but Williamsen might measure it himself, if he 
 desired so to do; which position was sustained hj the 
 court. Under these circumstances, Williamsen preferred 
 a new complaint, charging that in the time of the Indian 
 war both himself and Tunizen had grain at the mill at 
 Newtown, and some of the enemy making a descent on the 
 mill, carried off part of the grain from Tunizen's sacks, 
 upon which the latter filled up his sacks from those of 
 Williamsen's. This complaint, however, having no proof, 
 was likewise thrown out. On the improvement of the 
 ditch in Broad street, an assessment was laid on the 
 property owners, in 1660, which Williamsen, among others, 
 refused to pay, maintaining that he was not benefited more 
 than the rest of the citizens. As the delinquents made an 
 obstinate resistance to the magistrates, Governor Stuyve- 
 sant ordered them to be locked up in the prison room, to 
 be kept there until they repented. Before nightfall, the 
 parties prayed to be released, promising to pay at an early 
 period. In 1660, Mr. Williamsen built a mill at Gowanus. 
 He continued his residence here for many years. 
 
 Pieter Jansen, a mason, died four or five years subsequent 
 to the period now referred to. 
 
 Pieter JVys, a wine merchant. 
 
 The present Beaver street, between Broadway and Broad 
 street, known at this period as the " Beaver graft," 
 was originally called " The Company's Valley," and was 
 the course of a ditch running through the centre of the 
 present street. It is frequently referred to, in the original 
 
BEAVER GRAFT. 
 
 125 
 
 grants of lots along the Company's Valley, as " the old 
 ditch." Commencing at the premises on the north side of 
 the street, nearest to Broad street, we have 
 
 Jacob Leunizen, a carpenter, who had been long a resi- 
 dent of this city. 
 
 Tujiis Tomassen Quick occupied the adjoining premises. 
 
 Thomas Sanderson, a smith, had been long a resident; as 
 early as 1643 this property was granted to him. It was 
 described as lying on the west end of the ditch (on Broad 
 street;) in front, on the south side, four rods one foot; on 
 the west side, six rods three feet; on the east side, six rods 
 five feet. 
 
 Egbert Meinderzen, a butcher, hired premises owned by 
 Paulus Yanderbeeck. This property he purchased the 
 following year, and sold it again in 1672. It was on or 
 near the easterly corner of New street; in front thirty-two 
 feet, and in depth about one hundred and fifty feet; easterly 
 from him lay a vacant lot, belonging to the deacons of 
 the poor. 
 
 Egbert Wouterse?i owned the property on the north-west 
 corner of the present Beaver and New streets. He was 
 one of the earliest emigrants, and in 1647 received a grant 
 of land called Apopcalyck, on the west side of the North 
 river. Mr. Woutcrsen died about the year 1680. His 
 heirs, in 1683, sold off many lots in New street, which had 
 before that been unoccupied. 
 
 John Jansen Van Brestede was a cooper. He was ap- 
 pointed marker of beer barrels in 1658, and in 1667 in- 
 spector of pipe staves. His two sons, Andrew and Simon, 
 followed the same calling; the family, in later years, have 
 been known as Bresteede. The common ancestor of this 
 
126 
 
 PRINCE STRAAT. 
 
 name, to whom we now refer, died, it is supposed, about 
 the year 1675. 
 
 Dirck Storm removed from this street in the year 1666. 
 
 Hendrick Van Bommel, a tailor, had been, for a number 
 of years, a resident here. He held the place of public 
 crier, in performance of which duty he was accustomed to 
 go to the corners of the several streets, and after ringing 
 a hand-bell for some time, for the purpose of calling the 
 attention of the inhabitants, he proclaimed, with a loud 
 voice, the subject of public notice, (such as that there 
 would be a special meeting of the court — that there would 
 be a public auction — that there were pigs in the pound 
 to be redeemed, and other matters of like general in- 
 terest.) 
 
 Roelof Jansen Van Meppelen, a butcher. 
 
 Proceeding on the present Beaver street to that part of 
 it which lies east of Broad street, we find but three houses 
 upon it at this period. It was then known as "De Prince 
 straat." 
 
 Albert Pietersen Swart. 
 
 Daniel Verveelen, a brewer, originally resided at Fort 
 Orange, or Albany. The family of Verveelen was one of 
 the earliest emigrating to this country; their descendants 
 are numerous at the present time. 
 
 Gerrit Manate. 
 
 The street now known as Marketfield street was origin- 
 ally called " the oblique road;" and afterward, upon the 
 
MAIUKVKLT STKKGIE. 127 
 
 streets being named, was designated as tlie " Marckvclt 
 stcegie," or the " Marlvetfield patli." Tlie lots between 
 this street and south side of Beaver street, were first 
 granted to individuals about the year 1G46. Roelof Jansen 
 Haas was given" the front ou the present Whitehall street, 
 and extending about seventy-five feet toward Broad street; 
 next him was Claes Van Elslant, whose front on Beaver 
 and Marketfield streets was about one hundred and fifty 
 feet; next him was Evert Jansen, whose front was about 
 one hundred and ten feet. The inhabitants of the " Marck- 
 velt steegie," in IG60, were as follows : 
 
 Claes Van Elslant, senior, was one of the earliest emi- 
 grants; he came hither in the service of the West India 
 Company, in the capacity of a clerk. He was an active 
 and intelligent young man, and rendered good service in 
 the wars and expeditions of early times. Mr. Van Elslant 
 settled a family at this place, and was appointed court mes- 
 senger, and held various other offices of a subordinate 
 character, among which was that of the town sexton and 
 undertaker. He lived in the time that the old grave-yard 
 in Broadway, above Morris street, was the receptacle of 
 the dead of this town; and probably, judging from the du- 
 ration of his official career, he officiated at most of the 
 burials in that ancient cemetery, which was abandoned 
 about the same time that the ancient sexton departed this 
 life. Mr. Van Elslant died about the year 1670. His 
 son, Claes Van Elslant had, for many years, held the places 
 of court messenger, formerly occupied by his father, who 
 had become unfitted, by age, for the discharge of the active 
 duties of the place, and after the death of his father he 
 was likewise appointed, in 1670, the town sexton and un- 
 dertaker, and also auctioneer of sales. 
 
128 
 
 SiffiE STRAAT. 
 
 Isaac Ahrahamson. 
 
 Andries Clasen. 
 
 John Van Gelder, a grain measurer. 
 
 Elsie Barens. 
 
 Lambert Hendricksen Van Campen, a tavern-keeper. 
 
 Jan Adamzen. 
 
 Jan Meinderzen, cartman. 
 
 That part of the street, now known as William street, 
 between Wall and Pearl streets, was then called the " Smee 
 straat;" having formerly been known as " the glass-maker's 
 street," and subsequently as " Smith street." At the period 
 now referred to, it contained a few houses. We are unable 
 to give the reason, with positive certainty, why the name 
 Smee straat was applied to this street, unless from the 
 circumstance that Jan Smeedes, a glass-maker, was one 
 of the first, if not the very first settler upon the present 
 line. He owned considerable land, and resided on the 
 east side of the street, a short distance north of the 
 present Pearl street and Hanover square. The common 
 pronunciation, in Dutch, of Smeede's straat, would be 
 the same by which it was known at the period now 
 spoken of. 
 
 Meindert Barenzen, cooper. 
 
 Geetje Jans. 
 
 Andries Rees, an inn keeper. 
 
 Jan Roelofsen. 
 
 Joris Dopsen, an innkeeper. 
 
 Immitje, widow of Frans Clasen. 
 
 William Vanderschuyr. 
 
SMEE STRAAT. 
 
 129 
 
 Andries Jindriezen, a mason. 
 
 Cornelius Hendricksen, drummer, owned the premises on 
 the south-west corner of Wall and William streets, con- 
 taining twenty-six feet on Wall street and thirty feet on 
 William street. This property he sold in 1699. 
 
 Gerrit Jansen Van Jiarnhan. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF SEVERAL OF THE EARLY RESIDENTS IN NEW 
 AMSTERDAM, NOT ENUMERATED IN THE FOREGOING CHAPTERS. 
 
 Maryn Andriezen originally settled on the patroon Van 
 Rensselaer's estate, about tlie year 1632. He subsequently 
 engaged in the North river trade, and established himself 
 in New Amsterdam, where he owned a considerable prop- 
 erty near the present Pearl and Wall streets. Mr. An- 
 driezen was a man of violent passions, and in common 
 with many other traders whose pursuits had brought them 
 in constant commerce with the savages, he regarded that 
 race with feelings of antipathy. Being a resident of the 
 city at the time of the Indian war in 1642, he was fore- 
 most in counseling violent measures against the savages, 
 and an efficient minister in their destruction. The de- 
 plorable results of that war to the Dutch, raised a high 
 feeling in the community against the violent counselors 
 whose impetuosity had brought about so many disasters. 
 These persons endeavored to shift the responsibility of 
 their acts from one to another, and the governor (Kieft) 
 charged Andriezen with the odium of these misfortunes. 
 The latter, upon hearing this, visited the fort, and present- 
 ing himself in the council-room, assaulted the governor, 
 then sitting in council. He was seized by those present, 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHKS. 
 
 131 
 
 and lodged in prison. Several of his friends, headed by 
 his son, soon after came to demand his release, and at- 
 tempted to force an entrance to effect their object, when 
 young Andriezen was shot down by a sentinel. The 
 prisoner was afterward sent to Holland for trial, but is 
 subsequently found residing in New Amsterdam. Mr. 
 Andriezen died in this city a few years afterward, hi? 
 widow, Lysbet Tysen, surviving him many years, having 
 subsequently married Geerlief Michielsen. 
 
 Isaac Mlerton, one of the New England pilgrims, arrived 
 at Plymouth, in the May Flower, in 1G29. He soon after 
 engaged in the coasting trade, principally between the 
 Dutch settlements and those of New England, and estab- 
 lished extensive interests in the town of New Amsterdam, 
 having formed a business connection with Govert Loock- 
 ermans, a thriving Dutch trader. Mr. Allerton was a 
 resident of this city for a considerable period, and in 1643 
 was one of the representatives of the citizens in the coun- 
 cil called " the eight men," and held other offices under the 
 Dutch administration. His trade increasing, he engaged 
 in shipping, himself sailing on most of the principal 
 voyages, extending along the Virginia coast and to the 
 West Indies. The tobacco trade principally occupied his 
 attention. His sou Isaac attended to his father's business 
 in this city during his absence on trading voyages. Mr. 
 Allerton, senior, died in the year 1659. After his affairs 
 in this city were closed, his son removed to New England. 
 
 Everardus Bogardus, doraine, the first established cler- 
 gyman in this city, arrived here in 1633. A church, con- 
 structed of wood, was erected for him on the present north 
 side of Pearl street, between Whitehall and Bioad streets. 
 This edifice being exposed to an assault, should the Indians 
 
132 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 surprise the community while at their devotions, was aban- 
 doned in the time of the Indian war of 1642, at which 
 time a church was erected within the walls of the fort, 
 where Domine Bogardus afterward officiated. He married 
 in this city the widow of Roelof Jansen, one of the earliest 
 settlers. This lady owned, in right of her former hus- 
 band, a farm on the North river, in the neighborhood of 
 the present Canal street, containing sixty-two acres, which 
 had been granted to Mr. Jansen in 1636. At the time of 
 her marriage to Domine Bogardus she had four children, 
 and by Domine Bogai^dus she had also four children. 
 This farm was, in the year 1671, conveyed by the heirs, 
 with the exception of one of her sons, Cornelius, to Gov- 
 ernor Lovelace, and became afterward the property of 
 Trinity church. Her son Cornelius, not having joined in 
 the conveyance, his heirs claim one-eighth interest in this 
 valuable property, which has been the subject of litigation 
 for many years, and is well known as the " Anneke Jan's 
 suit." The residence of Domine Bogardus in this city 
 was on the present Whitehall street, east side, between 
 Bridge and Stone streets. Having embarked on board the 
 ship Princess in the year 1647, on a visit to his father-land, 
 the vessel was cast away on the English coast, and Mr. 
 Bogardus, with more than eighty others, perished. He 
 was succeeded in the pastoral charge of the Dutch congre- 
 gation in this city by the Rev. Johannes Backerus. It is 
 to be remarked that the original name of the family was 
 Bogard or Bogaert, the termination us, assumed by him 
 being then a common custom among clergymen and other 
 professors of learning, as giving a classical distinction to 
 the ordinary name. The name of his successor was orig- 
 inally " Backer," or as it would be called in English, the 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 138 
 
 Rev. John Baker. Subsequently, in this city, the Rev. 
 Messrs. Megapolensis, Drissius, Selinus and others, held 
 the pastoral charge of the congregation. 
 
 William Beeckman was born at Hasselt in 1623, and 
 came to this city in 1647, at the commencement of. Gov- 
 ernor Stuyvesant's administration, being then in the 
 employment of the company. He married Catharine, a 
 daughter of Ei^^dcuidc Hendricks do Boogli, captain of a 
 Hudson river trading vessel, and a lady of great personal 
 attractions. In 1652 he purchased of Jacob Van Corlaer 
 his plantation at Corlaer's Hook, where he resided for 
 some time. At an early age he filled the office of Schepen 
 of this city, and other municipal offices of distinction. In 
 1658 Mr. Beeckman was appointed vice-director of the 
 Dutch colony at the mouth of the Delaware river, where 
 he resided until the year 1663, when he was transferred to 
 the settlement at Esopus in this State, of which district he 
 was appointed sherift". After officiating there for several 
 years, he removed to this city. In 1670, he purchased the 
 farm formerly owned by Thomas Hall, and then occupied 
 by his widow in the vicinity of the present Beekman street. 
 and fronting on the road along the East river shore, (now 
 Pearl street.) This property then lay between the farm 
 formerly belonging to Cornelis Van Tienhoven on the 
 south, and Bestevaar's swamp on the north. It covered 
 several of the present blocks in that vicinity. Mr. Beeck- 
 man here continued the brewing business, which had 
 formerly been established by Mr. Hall. He resided at 
 that place, in high repute among the citizens of his day 
 until his death, which occurred in 1707, at the advanced 
 age of eighty-five years. His descendants at the present 
 dav are numerous. 
 
134 
 
 BIOORAPinCAL SKETCHES. 
 
 William Breedenbent, under-sheriff in 1633, was the orig- 
 inal grantee of a lot, and among the first settlers on the 
 north side of the present Beaver street, between Broad and 
 New streets. 
 
 George Baxter, an Englishman, was appointed, by Kieft, 
 in 1642, his English secretary, and was a conspicuous 
 character in the different negotiations with New England, 
 for several years. In 1646 he patented lands at Canarsie, 
 on Long Island, where he resided for some time. He was 
 continued as English secretary by Stuyvesant, but soon 
 turned against the Dutch, and became concerned in in- 
 trigues to subvert the Dutch authority, and was suspected 
 to have acted the part of a spy in his intercourse with the 
 Dutch. Being a magistrate at Gravesend, he was dismissed 
 from office in 1654, and soon after hoisted the English flag 
 at Gravesend, and, in company with several of his neigh- 
 bors, proclaimed the jurisdiction of Great Britain. He 
 and the others were then seized and sent to prison ftt New 
 Amsterdam; here he lay over a year, when, through lenity, 
 having been removed from the dungeon to a more comfort- 
 able apartment, he seized an opportunity to escape. His 
 property was, however, confiscated. Baxter now became 
 more active than ever in his efforts to free Long Island 
 from the dominion of the Dutch, and, in 1663, appeared 
 before the ministry in England, to give an account of the 
 affairs of New Netherland. He afterward returned to 
 New Amsterdam with the English forces which captured 
 the city in 1664; he subsequently removed to Nevis, in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 y Jaques Cortelyou was originally the agent of the Hon. 
 Mr. Van Werckhoven, a magistrate of Utrecht, in Holland, 
 who, in the year 1651, purchased several large tracts, for 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCIIES. 
 
 135 
 
 the purpose of planting colonies in New Netherland. 
 Cortelyou was a man of good education, and was offered 
 the place of Sheriff of New Amsterdam, in 1051, but de- 
 clined to act. He was the first surveyor of the city, and 
 made the first map of the town in lG5l!, at the time the 
 streets were first established. In 1057 he became the 
 patentee of New Utrecht, so named after the city of -which 
 his patron, Van Werckhoven, was a magistrate, and him- 
 self probably a native. 
 
 Johannes Delamontagnie, doctor, arrived in this country 
 in the year 1637, being then about forty-five years of age. 
 He was appointed, by Governor Kieft, the following year, 
 as a member of his council, an office the second in author- 
 ity in the government. Mr. Delamontagnie (whose name 
 was sometimes abbreviated to " Lamontagnie'' and " Mon- 
 taguie") was a French Huguenot, and sought these shores 
 to escape the rage of religions persecution in France. He 
 purchased a farm, of about two hundred acres, at Harlem, 
 on this island, which he named the " Vredendal," or Valley 
 of Peace, paying therefor seven hundred and twenty dollars. 
 It lay east of the present Eighth avenue, and between 
 Ninety-third street and the Harlem river. In 1644 he 
 commanded a party from this city, against the Indians on 
 Staten Island, and soon after another, against one of the 
 Long Island tribes at Scout's Bay. At the time of Mr. 
 Delamontagnie's arrival here, he was a widower, with four 
 children. One of his grand-sons, named Vincent Dela- 
 montagnie, was born on 22d of April, 1657, and died 26th 
 of May, 1773, at the age of one hundred and sixteen 
 years. 
 
 Samuel Di'issius, domine, was sent out from Holland 
 in the year 1652, to assist Domine Megapolensis, then 
 
136 
 
 BIOGRArillCAL SKETCUKS. 
 
 the officiating- Dutch clergyman in this city; he was, at that 
 time, about forty years of age. Soon after his arrival he 
 married Lysbet Juriaensea, widow of Isaac Grcveraat, for- 
 merly a Dutch trader in this city, by which marriage he 
 acquired a considerable property; his own salary was 
 about six hundred dollars. The residence of Mr. Drissius 
 was on the present north side of Pearl street, between 
 Whitehall and Broad streets (next to corner of Whitehall 
 street;) the lot was about twenty feet front, and extended 
 to Bridge street. He subsequently removed to the west 
 side of the present Broad street, near Wall, his premises 
 embracing a large garden. Mr, Drissius officiated as 
 clergyman here until his decease, about the year 1681; he 
 left no children, and bequeathed his property, one half to 
 his wife and one half to his sister, Mrs. Jane Slade, of 
 London. 
 
 Jan Jansen Damen, a trader, settled originally at Fort 
 Orange, or Albany, about the year 1631, but subsequently 
 removed to New Amsterdam, where he took a prominent 
 part in the public affairs of his time. He was the original 
 grantee of a large farm, extending from the North to the 
 East river, and bounded partly on Maiden lane. The city 
 wall cut through a part of this property, when erected in 
 1663, and laid the grain fields open; it then belonged to 
 his heirs. Having visited the father-land, on public busi- 
 ness, in the year 1651, Mr. Damen died on his return. 
 Some further account of his family will be found in other 
 parts of this book. 
 
 Philip De Truy, court messenger or marshal, was one of 
 the early settlers. He resided on the road called the 
 Smith's Valley, now Pearl street, north of Maiden lane, 
 where he owned a considerable property. 
 
BIOGRAPUICAL SKETCnES. 
 
 137 
 
 Arnoldus Van Hardcnburgh, a tradei', was among' the 
 earliest inhabitants, and occupied a conspicuous position 
 among the merchants of his day. 
 
 Pietcr Hartgers came to this country in 1643, in the ser- 
 vice of the company, and first settled at Fort Orange, 
 or Albany. He married Fytje, daughter of Annetje Jans. 
 Having engaged in trade on his own behalf, he established 
 a temporary place of business on the present Broad street. 
 He died in Holland, in 1670. 
 
 Andries Hudde was one of the officers employed by the 
 West India Company in this city, from a very early period. 
 He was a considerable property-holder as early as 1636. 
 He held the office of first commissary of wares. In 1646 
 he was transferred to the Dutch settlements at the mouth 
 of the Delaware river, to superintend the company's com- 
 mercial interests in that quarter. He afterward (1655) 
 was appointed secretary and attorney-general of that col- 
 ony. Hudde having died, his property in this city, on 
 Broadway, east side, above Beaver street, sixty feet front 
 and two hundred and twenty feet in depth, was sold to Mr. 
 Aertsen, in 16GT. 
 
 George Holmes, an Englishman who had settled in New 
 England, went thence, in 1635, with thirteen or fourteen 
 others, to make a settlement on the Delaware river, where 
 the Dutch had established a colony. They were, however, 
 made prisoners by the Dutch, and sent to New Amsterdam. 
 Holmes then expressing his willingness to become a sub- 
 ject of the Dutch, was permitted to establish himself in 
 trade here, as other citizens. He received a grant of land 
 for a tobacco plantation; "in breadth, from Deutcl Bay, 
 (Turtle Bay) along the East river to the hill of Schepmoes, 
 where the beach tree lies over the water, and in depth one 
 
138 BIOORAPmCAL SEETCHES. 
 
 hundred rods into the woods." He also received the grant 
 of a town lot, near the fort, on the present Whitehall 
 street. He died here, and left several children. The 
 property was afterward sold to Cornelius Steenwyck. 
 . / Wolfert Gerritsen, one of the earliest Dutch settlers, 
 who, with his family, permanently remained in the colony, 
 came here in 1630, in the service of Patroon Van Rensse- 
 laer, and acted as overseer of the farms in the colony. 
 Subsequently entering the service of the company at New 
 Amsterdam, a residence was built for him by the company 
 in 1633, near the fort; it is believed, on the present north- 
 west corner of Pearl and Whitehall streets. In 1686, in 
 company with three other prominent officials (Governor 
 Van Twiller being one,) he purchased from the Indians a 
 tract of ten to fifteen thousand acres, on Long Island^ 
 near the present town of New Utrecht, where he afterward 
 resided for many years, and where, it is supposed, he died. 
 His *fee^*-6ons, Jacob Wolphertsen Van Couwenhoven and 
 Pieter Wolphertsen Van Couwenhoven, were, for many 
 years, among the most prominent citizens of New Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 Philip Geraerdy, a trader, was among the earliest set- 
 tlers, and received a grant, in 1643, of a house lot on the 
 north side of the road now called Stone street, between 
 Whitehall and Broad streets. He was also the original 
 grantee of a lot on the east side of Broadway, between 
 Beaver street and Exchange place, one hundred and ten 
 feet front and about two hundred and thirty feet in depth. 
 His property was inherited by Jan Geraerdy, who after- 
 ward resided at the homestead, in the present Stone street. 
 
 Michael Jansen emigrated from Broeckhuysen, to this 
 country in 1636, and first settled at Rensselaerswyck. He 
 
BIOGRAPUICAIi SKETCnES. 139 
 
 was accompanied by his wife and two children. Turning 
 his attention from farming pursuits to the fur trade, he 
 amassed a considerable fortune, and, in 1G4G, removed to 
 the vicinity of New Amsterdam, having purchased the plan- 
 tation of Jan Evertsen Bout, called Gamoenepa (Commu- 
 nipaw,) on the west side of New York Bay. The Indian 
 wars which devastated the settlements contiguous to this 
 city, compelled Mr. Jansen, in the year 1G55, to remove 
 his family, for greater safety, within this city, where, 
 although not privileged as a citizen, he was permitted, in 
 consequence of his having lost his all by the Indian war, 
 to open a tavern. This business he followed until the 
 occurrence of a more settled condition of Indian affairs, 
 when he returned to the Jersey shore, and re-erected his 
 farm buildings, and renewed his farming operations. He 
 was one of the first magistrates in that part of the present 
 State of New Jersey. 
 
 Jochem Pietersen Kuyter had, previously to emigrating 
 to this country, been a commander in the Danish service, 
 in the East Indies; he came hither, from Darmstadt, in the 
 year 1639, accompanied by his family. His intention 
 being to turn his attention to farming, he procured a grant 
 of a large farm at Harlem, on this island, and engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits, on a large scale. He also had a 
 house in this city, on the present north side of Pearl street, 
 on the block between Hanover square and Broad street, 
 where he engaged in trade to some extent. Mr. Kuyter, 
 from an early period, took a prominent part in the ])ublic 
 affairs, and may be said to have been the leading man of 
 his day on the side of the citizens' party, or that part of 
 the community in favor of extending privileges to the 
 people, and of restraining the arbitrary powers claimed by 
 
140 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the officers of tlie West India Company, His opposition 
 to Kieft's administration was one of the leading causes of 
 its downfall. Upon Stuyvesant's advent to power, he was 
 courted by the two factions, existing under the former ad- 
 ministration; he chose to favor that of Kieft, as necessary 
 to sustain the prerogatives of his own power, and caused 
 Kuytcr and others to be brought to trial for seditious con- 
 duct. He was found guilty of having threatened Kieft 
 " with his finger;" which, with other similar acts of con- 
 tempt, were adjudged worthy of exemplary punishment, 
 and he was sentenced, in 1647, to be banished for three 
 years, and to pay a fine of about sixty dollars. He sailed 
 for Holland, and immediately brought the matter before 
 the authorities there, and procured a reversal of the 
 judgment. He then returned to this city, and continued 
 to reside on his farm until the year 1654, when he was 
 unfortunately murdered by the Indians. A commission was 
 at that time on its way from Holland, appointing him 
 sheriff of this city. The widow of Mr. Kuyter married 
 again, and died within a year after his death. The patro- 
 nymic name of Kuyter was Pietersen, by which he Avas 
 commonly known. 
 
 Cornelis Melyn, of Antwerp, arrived in this city in 1639; 
 in 1640 he procured an order in Holland that a grant of 
 the whole of Stateu Island (except a farm which had been 
 previously granted to another) be made to him, which was 
 done in 1642; he had previously established his residence 
 there, and settled a number of persons upon the island. 
 Mr. Melyn was, at that time, of middle age; his daughter 
 married Jacob Schellinger, a merchant of this city. The 
 Indian war of 1643 completely frustrated all Melyn's de- 
 signs for the establishment of a settlement on Staten Island, 
 
141 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCUKS. 
 
 and made him one of the leaders of the party opposed to 
 Kieft's government, to which the evils of that "war were 
 ascribed. During that war he resided in this city, having 
 procured the grant of a lot on tlie llecre graft, which may 
 now be particularly pointed out, as extending on the 
 east side of Broad street, between Stone and Pearl streets, 
 with sixty feet depth on both those streets. The op- 
 position of Melyn to Kieft's administration was very 
 violent. On Stuyvesant's arrival, in 1647, Kieft brought 
 charges against Melyn and others, of seditious conduct; 
 he was convicted, and sentenced to seven years' banish- 
 ment and to a fine of one hundred and fifty dollars. He 
 appealed from this sentence, and went to Holland; where, 
 having brought the matter to the attention of the authori- 
 ties, the sentence was virtually reversed, and Melyn re- 
 turned to this city; here the differences between Melyn and 
 Stuyvesant were renewed, and continued for several years, 
 he meanwhile residing on Staten Island. The Indian 
 troubles having been revived, an assault was made upon 
 his plantation; himself and whole family were taken pris- 
 oners, and all his buildings, crops and farming utensils 
 wei-e destroyed by the natives. In 1059 he made over his 
 property in Staten Island to the government, and removed 
 to Holland. It is believed that his sons, Jacob and Isaac, 
 afterward resided in this city. 
 
 Johannes Megapoknsis, doinine, at the age of thirty-nine 
 years — with his wife, Macktelt Williamson, aged forty-two 
 years, and his children, Ilelligond, Derrick, Jan and Sam- 
 uel, aged fourteen, twelve, ten and eight years — was sent 
 from Holland, by Mr. Van Rensselaer, in the year 1G42, 
 to officiate as minister of the gospel at Rensselaersvvyck. 
 Having resided there until the year 1640, and at that time 
 
142 
 
 BIOGRAl'IilCAL SKETCHES. 
 
 diflferences having arisen to make him dissatisfied with his 
 residence there, he was preparing to return, with his family, 
 to Holland; but the church at New Amsterdam being then 
 vacant, by the departure of the Rev. Mr. Backerus, Gov- 
 ernor Stuyvesant prevailed on Domiue Megapolensis to 
 establish himself in New Amsterdam. His wife had previ- 
 ously left the country, and it was with difficulty he was 
 persuaded to remain. His salary was fixed at four hun- 
 dred and eighty dollars per annum. Domine Megapolensid 
 resided here for many years subsequently; he owned con- 
 siderable property on the present east side of Broad street 
 and on Beaver street. He was living as late as 1663; but 
 his subsequent history is not known to us. 
 
 Lady Moody and her son, Sir Henry, having left the 
 New England colonies On account of religious persecution, 
 — she having laid herself open to the charge of heresy, in 
 maintaining the erroneous doctrine that infant baptism was 
 a sinful ordinance — took refuge, in the year 1642, among 
 the Dutch, and, for a short time, resided in this city. She 
 soon afterward purchased a considerable tract on Long 
 Island, in the present village of Gravesend; her plantation 
 was, at the time of the Indian war in 1643, attacked by the 
 Indians; but having a guard of forty men, escaped injury. 
 She died previous to the year 1660. Her son, Sir Henry 
 Moody, for a time, resided at Gravesend, but removed, it is 
 believed, to Virginia. He was appointed, in 1660, ambas- 
 sador from that colony, to negotiate with the authorities 
 of New Netherland respecting some commercial regula- 
 tions, and remained in this city a considerable time, resid- 
 ing at the tavern kept by Litschoe, on the present north 
 side of Pearl street, a few doors below Wall street. He 
 departed, leaving an account due for his board, to defray 
 
BIOGRAPniCAL SKETCHES. 
 
 143 
 
 which his library, left at the house, was ordered to be sold. 
 After his death, which occurred in 1G62, the baronetcy, 
 created in 1621, became extinct. 
 
 Gyshert Opdyck, employed at an early period in the 
 service of the company in this city, resided here for some 
 time, and procured the grant of a lot on the north side of 
 the road, now called Stone street, between "Whitehall and 
 Broad streets. He was also the original patentee of 
 Conynen Island or Coney Island. In 1G38 he was sent 
 as commissary in the company's service to the settlements 
 at the mouth of the Delaware, and was not subsequently a 
 resident of this city. 
 
 David Provoost was in the service of the company in this 
 city from an early period, and in 1638 acted as commissary 
 of provisions. . He was afterward placed in charge of the 
 establishment at Fort Good Hope, or New Haven, where 
 in 1616, he was engaged in altercation with the English 
 settlers. He was the original grantee, in 1639, of a 
 considerable parcel of land on the present west side of 
 Pearl street, near Fulton street, where he resided for some 
 time, and afterward removed to Long Island. He died in 
 the year 1656, leaving his widow surviving, named Marga- 
 ret, (l)orn Jellisen or Gillisen) and several children, who 
 afterward became prominent citizens; and his descendants 
 are now numerous in this state. 
 
 Pieter Rudolphus, who became a prosperous merchant in 
 this city, was one of the few eminent citizens of early 
 times, who did not owe his advancement, in some degree, 
 to a connection with the West India Company. Mr. Ru- 
 dolphus conducted a large trade here for several years. 
 He was a leading man among the citizens of that day, and 
 although of a comparatively youthful age, was several 
 
144 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 times nominated for the city magistracy, but did not 
 receive the sanction of Governor Stuyvesant. He died 
 about the year 1660; and the fortune left to his widow, 
 Margaret Hardenbrook, became the foundation of the 
 most extensive private fortune in this country. His widow 
 married Frederick Philipse, at that time a young man of 
 small means residing in this city. Mr. Philipse succeeded 
 to the mercantile business of Mr. Rudolphus, and by 
 prudent management amassed immense wealth. 
 
 Joris Rapelje, it is said, came to this country as early as 
 the year 1625, and settled at Wallabout, on Long Island, 
 where his daughter Sara, the first white child born within 
 the limits of this State, was born on June 9th, 1625. Joris 
 Rapelje resided for a considerable period of time in this 
 city, on the present north side of Pearl street, between 
 Whitehall and State streets, his lot containing about 
 twenty-six feet front and one hundred feet deep. In 1637 
 his property on Long Island was confirmed to him by a 
 deed from Kakapeteyno and Pewichaas, the Indian chiefs 
 of that section. His land was known in the Indian lan- 
 guage as " Rinnegachonck." 
 
 Mam Roelantsen, the first schoolmaster in this city, 
 arrived here in the year 1633. He resided on the north 
 side of the road, now called Stone street, between White- 
 hall and Broad streets, having there a house and garden, 
 the latter fronting about one hundred feet on the road. 
 
 Cornelis Schut, a merchant, resided here for some time, 
 without, however, establishing his permanent residence in 
 this country. He was a man of influence in Holland, and 
 connected with some of the partners in the West India 
 Company. Mr. Schut having fallen out with Governor 
 Stuyvesant, to whom he became personally inimical, for 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCUES. 145 
 
 the purpose of undermining Stuyvcsant's influence with 
 the Directory in Holland, wrote to some of his friends in 
 that body, adverting in severe terms upon the governor's 
 character. This coming to Stuyvesant's ears, he prosecuted 
 Schut for libel, and having no proof at hand, called on 
 him to answer whether he had written such letters. Schut 
 refused to answer; he was therefore placed in charge of an 
 officer, who was told to bring him daily before the court 
 until he should answer yes or no. This dispute between 
 two magnates was a theme for sport among the inhabit- 
 ants, who had a great taste for things of this kind, and we 
 lind Schut to have been escorted on his daily visits to the 
 city-hall by a crowd of people who demanded of him if he 
 was going to give in yet. This irritating state of things 
 was not to be endured, and Schut demanded to be released 
 on bail, but his application was denied, and finally, to 
 relieve himself of his dilemma, by advice of his friends, 
 he sent to the governor, acknowledging that he had writ- 
 ten some harsh things in a time of bad feeling, but 
 regretted it. The governor received the apology, but 
 demanded that it should be made publicly in court, and 
 further requested that if Mr. Schut could say any thing 
 against him, he desired to hear it, that he might clear 
 himself before the community against secret libellers. Mr. 
 Schut, therefore, signed a public refutation of his asper- 
 sions, and having declared that he knew nothing ill of the 
 governor, the matter dropped. Soon after this period, 
 (1650) he departed for father-land. 
 
 Cornelis Jacohson Stille resided on a farm eastward ol 
 the present Chatham square, called the " Eowery, No. 6." 
 He died about the year 1680. His son, Jacob Cornelisen 
 10 
 
146 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Stille, born in this city, married in 1671, Aaltje Fredericks, 
 and occupied the farm after his father's death. 
 
 Cornelis Van Tienhoven was employed, from a very early 
 period in this city, in the company's office. In 1633 he 
 was book-keeper of wages, which place he held until 1638, 
 when he was promoted to the office of secretary of the 
 colony. He afterward held the office of " fiscall," or pub- 
 lic prosecutor, and schout or sheriff of New Amsterdam. 
 Van Tienhoven married Rachel, a step-daughter of Jan 
 Jansen Damen, and established his residence on a planta- 
 tion, which was granted to him, on the west side of Pearl 
 street, above Maiden lane, his land extending toward 
 Broadway. He was a man of great subtlety of mind and 
 strength of will, and may be said to have controlled the 
 policy of government under the early governors; and al- 
 though not holding the same sway under the more vigorous 
 character of Stuyvesant, still maintained an influence with 
 that functionary, second to no other man in the province. 
 He advocated an aggressive policy against the Indians, and 
 brought on a war of the most devastating character to the 
 inhabitants. He was by far the most unpopular man in 
 office; but nevertheless continued his successful career in 
 power, in spite of the strenuous efforts of the citizens to 
 have him unseated. To follow his personal history would 
 cover the whole political history of the country until the 
 time of his disappearance from the stage of action. It 
 was at length found impossible to disregard the public 
 clamor; and although sustained by all the force of Stuy- 
 vesant's personal influence, the Directory in Holland dis- 
 missed him from office in 1656. His spirited nature could 
 not brook the triumph of his enemies, and he either 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 147 
 
 absconded or committed suicide, the former of which seems 
 probable. His hat and coat were found floating in the 
 river, which was the last vestige seen of him in New Am- 
 sterdam; his property was administered upon as if he were 
 dead. His wife, Rachel, continued her residence here for 
 several years, and died, in this city, in 1663, leaving three 
 children, Lucas, Joannes and Jannckin. Lucas practiced 
 physic in this city until his death, in 1714. 
 
 Jacob Van Corlaer was in the service of the company in 
 this city, as early as the year 1633, as one of their clerks. 
 He received a grant of about two hundred acres of land 
 at Harlem, on this island, where, however, he did not long 
 reside, but sold it, in 1639, to a merchant of Holland. He 
 next procured the grant of a farm near the present Cor- 
 lear's Hook, in this city, to which point he gave the name 
 it now bears. After leaving public employment he engaged 
 in school teaching in this city, which pursuit he was fol- 
 lowing in 1658, soon after which period he either died or 
 left the city, having previously sold his land, partly to 
 William Beekman. 
 
 JYicholas Verlett was a trader, and resided on the west 
 side of the present Whitehall street, between Pearl and 
 State streets, which property he purchased in 1658; his 
 store, fronting the wharf, he afterward (1669) sold to Jacob 
 Leisler. Mr. Yerlett also owned a farm in the vicinity of 
 the present Chatham square. He was, from early times, a 
 prosperous merchant here, principally in the tobacco trade 
 with Virginia. In 1658, being then " an old and suitable 
 person," he was invested with the " great citizenship." On 
 his retirement from active trading pursuits, he settled in 
 Bergen, New Jersey, where he owned a large plantation, 
 and was a masristrate. 
 
148 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Adrian Vanderdonck, of Breda, was appointed, in 1641, 
 sheriff of Rensselaerswyck, which office he held for several 
 years. After being superseded in office, he removed to 
 this city, and about the year 1646, received a patent for a 
 tract, called by the Indians Nepperham, now known as 
 Yonkers; bounded by Spuyten-duyvel creek on the south, 
 the Bronx river on the east, the Saw Mill creek on the 
 north, and the Hudson river on the west. He resided, 
 however, in this city, and took a conspicuous part in public 
 affairs, being one of the leading men in opposition to Gov- 
 ernor Stuyvesant, and a delegate to Holland on the part 
 of the opposition party. He died in the year 1655, leav- 
 ing to his wife the property at Yonkers. He was the 
 author of a description of New Netherland, as it was 
 in 1650. 
 
 Lubbertus Van Dindage. This gentleman, who was a 
 lawyer, was schout-fiscaal or attorney-general of New 
 Netherland in 1633, under Van Twiller's administration. 
 Having disagreed with the director-general in respect to 
 his conduct of the government, he was dismissed from 
 office by Van Twiller in 1636. His salary was withheld 
 from him, and he was ordered to proceed to Holland, to 
 justify his conduct. For several subsequent years, Mr. 
 Van Dinclage resided in Holland, but continued to impor- 
 tune the Directory for satisfaction of his demands, wrong- 
 fully withheld by Van Twiller. In 1644 Kieft, then being 
 in authority in New Netherland, and his administration 
 having become unpopular in this country, and ruinous to 
 the interests of the company, in consequence of the Indian 
 war, which was ascribed, in a great measure, to his 
 indiscretion, Van Dinclage was provisionally appointed 
 director-general of New Netherland, to supersede Kieft; 
 
BIOGRAl'illCAL SIIKrCUES. 149 
 
 but before the appointment was consummated, by delivery 
 of his commission, Petc.i Stuyvesant who had been di- 
 rector of the company's colony in the West Indies, returned 
 to Holland to be cured of a wound in the knee, received 
 in an action among the islands; and his vigorous char- 
 acter and talents being highly appreciated by his su- 
 periors, it was concluded to invest him with the appoint- 
 ment to New Netherland, and Yan Dinclage's commission 
 was consequently annulled. He was, however, appointed 
 vice-director under Stuyvesant, and entered upon his 
 office in 1647. After two or three years' concert of 
 action, Van Dinclage became dissatisfied with Stuyvesant's 
 course, and joined the party in opposition. He was imme- 
 diately expelled from the council; he refused to acknowl- 
 edge the power of Stuyvesant to supersede him, and 
 insisted upon taking his seat at the government board. 
 Upon this, Stuyvesant directed a military sergeant and file 
 of soldiers to take him from the room; and he was accord- 
 ingly dragged out and placed in a guard-house, where he 
 remained for several days. Upon his release he was 
 ordered home, to report to the authorities in Holland; but 
 he had meanwhile retired to Staten Island, where he set 
 at defiance the missives of the director-general. He em- 
 ployed himself at Staten Island as agent of the Lord 
 Vandercapellen's colony. He died about the year 165G. 
 
 Van Schelluyne Dirck was, previous to his emigration to 
 this country, a notary at the Hague. Having in 1650 
 received a license to practice his profession in New Neth- 
 erland, he established himself in this city. His practice 
 here was hardly remunerative, although he was the only 
 professional attorney in the city, and he turned his atten- 
 tion to farming, having purchased a plantation of Isaac 
 
 ^ 
 
150 THE DUTCH GOVERNORS. 
 
 Deforest at Midwout on Long Island. In 1655, he was 
 appointed conciergerie, or bailiflf, of the city, and resided 
 for a time in the city-hall. He resigned that place in 
 1656, and continued the exclusive practice of his profes- 
 sion until the year 1660. He then removed to Rensselaers- 
 wyck, of which colony he was appointed secretary. Some 
 of his descendants are residing at Albany at the present 
 time. 
 
 Cornelius Pietersen Vanderveen, an eminent trader, mar- 
 ried Elsie, daughter of Gov^rt LoecK-ermans. Mr. Yan- 
 derveen resided in Pearl street, near Whitehall street. In 
 1658, being then described as " an old and suitable per- 
 son," he was made a great burgher of this city. He was 
 a Schepen of the city, and held other offices of trust in 
 the Church and in the community. Mr. Vanderveen died 
 in the summer of 1661, and left a considerable property. 
 His widow subsequently married Jacob Leisler. 
 
 THE DUTCH GOVERNORS. 
 
 Peter Minuit, of Wesel, in the kingdom of Westphalia, 
 arrived in this city in the year 1624. The name of Gov- 
 ernor Minuit is identified with this city as having nego- 
 tiated on behalf of his employers, the purchase of Manhat- 
 tan Island from the Indian proprietors. This island 
 estimated to contain twenty-two thousand acres, was 
 bought in the year 1626 for the sum of sixty guilders, or 
 twenty-four dollars; and the title thus became vested in 
 
TUE DUTCH GOVERNORS. 
 
 151 
 
 the West India Company. Governor Minuit established 
 his residence in a block-house on the south point of the 
 island, around which he raised a defence of red cedar 
 posts or palisades of sufficient height to prevent the 
 Indians from scaling the inclosure. The principal inci- 
 dents of Minuit's history in this place were those connected 
 with the trading affairs under his charge. He, however, 
 was in some correspondence, respecting the territorial 
 limits with the New England Pilgrims, who first landed in 
 that country during his administration. The imports into 
 New Netherland, in 1624, amounted to ten thousand six 
 hundred and fifty-four dollars, and the exports (solely of 
 skins and furs) to about eleven thousand dollars; in 
 1625, the imports were three thousand six hundred and 
 fifty-five dollars, and the exports to fourteen thousand 
 nine hundred and twenty-four dollars; in 1626, the im- 
 ports were eight thousand four hundred and ninety-four 
 dollars, and the exports about nineteen thousand dollars; 
 in 1627, the imports were twenty-three thousand four 
 hundred and four dollars, and the exports five thousand 
 and ninety-two dollars; in 1631, the last year of Minuit's 
 government, the imports were about twenty-three thousand 
 dollars, and the exports twenty-seven thousand two hun- 
 dred and four dollars. 
 
 Governor Minuit having been recalled from the govern- 
 ment, he left this city, on his return to Holland, in the 
 spring of the year 1632, in the ship Union. This vessel 
 was forced, by stress of weather, to put into the port of 
 Plymouth, where she was seized by the English, on the 
 ground that the Dutch were illegally appropriating to 
 themselves the country and trade belonging to the English, 
 " interloping between the plantations of Virginia and New 
 
152 
 
 THE DUTCH GOVERNORS. 
 
 England." Minuit was, however, allowed to depart, and 
 on his passage homeward, stopped at London, where he 
 brought the aggression to the notice of the Dutch ambas- 
 sadors. The vessel was finally released, but saving and 
 without prejudice to his Majesty's rights. 
 
 Wouter Van Twiller, of Nieuwkerke, the second Dutch 
 governor, had previously been employed as a clerk for the 
 "West India Company. He was a relative of Mr. Van 
 Eensselaer, one of the prominent directors of the company, 
 and the owner of a large tract in New Netherland, to 
 which family connection he probably owed his appoint- 
 ment. He arrived at Fort Amsterdam in April, 1633, in 
 the company's ship, the Salt Mountain (De Soutberg,) of 
 about two hundred and eighty tons burden, manned by 
 fifty-two men, and carrying twenty guns. Accompanying 
 the director came one hundred and four soldiers, the first 
 military force detailed for New Netherland. 
 
 The administration of Van T wilier is notable for several 
 interesting facts in connection with the city. It was in 
 his time that the first clergyman was settled here, in the 
 person of Domine Everardus Bogardus, who, it is supposed, 
 came out at the same time with the governor; the first 
 schoolmaster, Adam Roelantsen, came to this city about 
 the same time; a church was built during his time, of wood, 
 on the present Pearl street, near Broad. Van Twiller 
 caused the block-house and palisades which had been erected 
 by his predecessor, to give way to a fort of more imposing 
 structure, which was finished in 1635. His administration 
 lasted until the year 1637, and was marked by no impor- 
 tant events affecting the interests of the city, other than 
 those above-mentioned. He became the purchaser, from 
 the Indian proprietors, of " Pagganck," or Nut Island, 
 
THE DUTCU GOVERNORS. 153 
 
 known in after years as Governor's Island, which con- 
 tained one hundred and sixty acres of land; he also pur- 
 chased two islands in Hell-gate — the greater containing 
 about two hundred acres, called " Tenkenas," the smaller 
 about one hundred and twenty acres, called "Minnahan- 
 ock." They became known afterward, from one of their 
 Dutch proprietors, as " Barent's" great and little islands, 
 whence the name of " Great Barn" island, which the larger 
 now bears; the other is known as Randall's Island, from 
 one of its subsequent proprietors. In Governor Van 
 Twiller's time this city had not attained a condition beyond 
 that of a hamlet of thatched cottages, placed without much 
 regard to uniformity of thoroughfares. 
 
 William Kiefi arrived in this city on the 28th of March, 
 1638, in the ship Herring. The chief incidents connected 
 with the progress of the city, during his administration, 
 were the following : 
 
 In 1642 a stone tavern was built on the present Pearl 
 street, opposite Coenties slip, afterward ceded to the city, 
 and established as the city-hall. 
 
 A new church, of stone, was built within the fort. 
 
 Building lots were granted to settlers on different 
 thoroughfares in the city. 
 
 An Indian war prevailed for several years. 
 
 The citizens were first allowed a voice in the conduct 
 of the public affairs, and were permitted to delegate a 
 body of representatives called " The Eight Men," to 
 advise the government in the emergencies of the Indian 
 troubles. 
 
 The administration of Kieft became unpopular in this 
 country, and unprofitable to his employers, mainly owing 
 to the Indian war. It was computed tlint the country had 
 cost the West India Company, between the years 1626 and 
 
154 
 
 THE DTJTCn GOVEBNORS. 
 
 1644, over and above the returns received from thence, 
 over two hundred thousand dollars; and at the conclusion 
 of the war in 1645, it was computed that there were, in 
 this city, not more than one hundred men, exclusive of the 
 company's officers and servants. 
 
 Governor Kieft having been superseded in office, set sail 
 from this city in July, 1647, on board a ship called the 
 Princess. He was accompanied by several prominent citi- 
 zens, among whom was Domine Bogardus, who had obtained 
 permission to visit the father-land, leaving his family here. 
 On the passage home, the pilot mistook the channel, en- 
 tered the Severn, and the ship was cast away on the coast 
 of Wales, near Swansea. All on board, consisting of 
 eighty-one persons, were lost, and of the cargo nothing was 
 saved but a few furs. 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant, the fourth Dutch governor, arrived in 
 this city on the 11th May, 1647. He had previously been 
 the director of the Dutch colony at Curacoa, and having 
 become involved in a dispute with the neighboring Portu- 
 guese settlement on the island of St. Martin, he laid seige 
 to the capital, and in the course of his operations at that 
 place, was wounded in the knee, so severely as to make 
 amputation necessary, his lost limb being supplied with a 
 wooden one. Stuyvesant was a man of great force of 
 character, and probably the most_fiitedj of_anyjofjiis^j)re- ^'^^\ 
 decessors, to conduct the affairs of a remote settlement, ^"^ 
 where the machinery of government was necessarily of a 
 very inadequate character to control and keep in order the 
 elements of a society whose interests were manifestly in 
 conflict with those of the trading company which exercised 
 the functions of government. Like those of his predeces- 
 sors, his administration was one of disputation, opposition 
 and turmoil between the governors and the governed; but 
 
THE DOTCU GOVERNORS. 
 
 155 
 
 the arbitrary character of Stuyvesant carried him vigor- 
 ously through, to the conclusion. 
 
 The era of his administration is full of important inci- 
 dents concerning the rise and progress of this city, several 
 of which we will briefly recapitulate. 
 
 In 1647, Domine Johannes Backerus, formerly a clergy- 
 man at Curacoa, superseded Domine Bogardus in the 
 pastoral charge of the Dutch Church. 
 
 In 1648, a general fair was established in this city, to 
 continue ten days, commencing yearly on the first Monday 
 after the feast of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 In 1648, a weekly market was established in this city, to 
 be held on ]\Ionday. 
 
 In 1649, Domine Backerus having resigned and returned 
 to Holland, Domine Johannes Megapolensis was appointed 
 in his place. 
 
 In 1652, the city was incorporated. 
 
 In 1653, the city was inclosed by palisades, on the line 
 of Wall street. 
 
 In 1657, a " a burgher-recht" or citizenship was estab- 
 lished. 
 
 In 1657, the city was surveyed and the streets regulated 
 and named. 
 
 In 1657, several of the streets were paved, the first in 
 the city. 
 
 In the year 1664, the city having capitulated to an 
 English force, Governor Stuyvesant visited Europe to 
 confer with his superiors. He returned to this city in the 
 year 1668, and lived here for the four succeeding years, on 
 his farm or " Bouwery." He died in the year 1671, and 
 was buried at his chapel in the Bowery, or present St. 
 Mark's Church. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE SURRENDER OP THE CITY TO THE ENGLISH IN 1664, AND THE SUBSE- 
 QUENT EVENTS, UNTIL ITS RECAPTURE IN 1673. 
 
 The English had, from the earliest settlement on the 
 Hudson river, asserted that the occupation of the country 
 by the Dutch was a usurpation, the country being properly 
 an appendage of Virginia; but the claim was not main- 
 tained to extremity, and the Dutch and English colonies 
 on this coast had grown up together — their respective 
 limits, though not precisely defined, being between them- 
 selves generally recognized. 
 
 But as time passed on, it became yearly more apparent 
 to the inhabitants of New England that the continued 
 occupation of the territory then held by the Dutch, must 
 prove more and more detrimental to the interests of their 
 own section. The importance of the question was pressed 
 by them, at every opportunity, upon the administration 
 of the government in England; but the unsettled condition 
 of that country, in and about the times of the civil war, 
 had occupied the attention of the home government, to 
 the exclusion of minor questions of colonial policy. 
 
 No sooner, however, had King Charles II. become fairly 
 seated on his throne, than this subject received the atten- 
 tion of his government, and the disputed territory, occu- 
 pied by the Dutch (together with other tracts on the 
 
AN ENGLISH FLEET ENTERS TUE HARBOR. 
 
 157 
 
 American coast) was granted, by the king, to liis brother 
 James, Duke of York. The date of this patent was on 
 the 12th of March, 1664. An expedition was immediately 
 fitted out, against the city, consisting of two frigates of 
 forty and fifty guns, and a fly-boat of forty guns; the force 
 of men being about six hundred. The rumor of this expe- 
 dition reached New Amsterdam, and some effort was made, 
 on the part of the government and of the citizens, to 
 put the city in a condition of defence. The fleet having 
 touched at New England, and procured reinforcements, set 
 sail for New Amsterdam; but being separated by stress of 
 weather, one of the vessels entered the harbor, though 
 several days before the others, in the month of August, 
 1664; and as soon as they were all come up, Governor 
 Stuyvesant sent on board a civil message, to inquire the 
 objects of such an expedition within a friendly port. The 
 English commissioners ansAvered this message by a letter, 
 informing the governor that his majesty of Great Britain, 
 whose right to these parts was unquestionable, and know- 
 ing how much it derogated from his dignity to suffer any 
 foreigners, how near soever they might be allied, to usurp 
 a dominion without his royal consent, had commanded him 
 to require a surrender of the country possessed by the 
 Dutch; concluding by a formal demand for the delivery of 
 the fort into the hands of the English, and assuring the 
 governor that all submissive inhabitants should be secured 
 in their liberty and estate, while those who opposed his 
 majesty's gracious intention, must expect all the miseries 
 of a war, which they should thereby bring upon them- 
 selves. 
 
 Governor Stuyvesant, having promised to return an 
 answer to this summons on the following morning, con- 
 
158 
 
 DELIBERATIONS ON A SURRENDER. 
 
 vened his council and the city magistrates, to advise with 
 them on the emergency. 
 
 It had long been manifest to the inhabitants of New 
 Netherland, that the government of the Dutch West India 
 Company was not conducive to the best interests of its 
 subjects. The company was a commercial association, and 
 without those intimate ties which should bind a govern- 
 ment to its people. It sought not merely that which, in 
 ordinary cases, is considered the only claim of the govern- 
 ment upon the governed, namely, a respectable support of 
 its necessary agents, but endeavored to realize a margin 
 as a dividend among the stockholders. Thus, in the form 
 of high duties, in restrictions upon individual trade, in 
 monopolizing many of the sources of mercantile profit, and 
 in various other contrivances, fettering progress and 
 restraining enterprise, the people were heavily burdened, 
 and were in almost constant altercation with the public 
 authorities. 
 
 At the assembly, called by Stuyvesant, after he had 
 communicated the demand of the English commanders, the 
 magistrates requested to see the letter itself, for the pur- 
 pose of ascertaining more fully what terms had been 
 offered by the enemy. This request, however, was refused 
 by Stuyvesant, and after a stormy debate, he dissolved the 
 sitting. The magistrates thereupon called a public meet- 
 ing at the city-hall, and having been fortified in their 
 position by an expression of public opinion, they, on the 
 following morning, waited on the governor and informed 
 him that they could give no advice, nor promise any 
 support on the part of the citizens, unless they were 
 informed of the full nature of the terms offered. Stuyve- 
 sant, angry at the state of insubordination thus manifested, 
 
THE ENGLISH INSIST ON A SURKENDER. 159 
 
 tore the letter in pieces in their presence, and sent a 
 positive refusal to accede to the demand of a surrender. 
 
 The English were, however, well informed of the condi- 
 tion of affairs in the city, and sanguine of a bloodless 
 victory, notwithstanding the unyielding position taken by 
 Governor Stuyvesant. They published a proclamation in 
 the following words : 
 
 " Forasmuch as his majesty hath sent us, by commission, 
 under the great seal of England, among other things to 
 expel or reduce to his majesty's obedience all such foreign- 
 ers as, without his majesty's leave and consent, have seated 
 themselves amongst any of his dominions in America, to 
 the prejudice of his majesty's subjects and diminution of 
 his royal dignity; we, his said majesty's commissioners, do 
 declare and promise that whosoever of any nation soever, 
 will, upon knowledge of this proclamation, acknowledge 
 and testify themselves to submit to his majesty' govern- 
 ment, as his good subjects, shall be protected in his majes- 
 ty's laws and justice, and peaceably enjoy whatsoever God's 
 blessing and their own honest industry have furnished 
 them with; and all other privileges with his majesty's 
 English subjects. We have caused this to be published, 
 that we might prevent all inconvenience to others, if it 
 were possible, and at the same time to clear ourselves from 
 the charge of all those miseries that may any way befall 
 such as live here, and will not acknowledge his majesty 
 for their sovereign, whom God preserve." 
 
 This artful proclamation being followed by vigorous 
 measures to recruit forces in the country, and a final order 
 to the admiral having command of the squadron, to weigh 
 anchor and bring his ships before the city, satisfied Stuy- 
 vesant that to delay the surrender would be a useless waste 
 
160 
 
 CAPITULATION TO THE ENGLISH. 
 
 of time. He cliose, however, on tlie 25tli of August, to 
 send a delegation to the English, with a letter, in which 
 he states that, although he had made up his mind to stand 
 the storm, yet to prevent the spilling of blood he had sent 
 several of his friends to consult, if possible, upon an ac- 
 commodation. But the English refused to treat upon any 
 other proposition than a surrender; and on the following 
 day commissioners met at Governor Stuyvesant's mansion, 
 in the Bowery, where the terms of capitulation were 
 agreed upon. 
 
 By these articles the Dutch inhabitants were confirmed 
 in their property and liberty. If any chose to leave the 
 country, they were permitted to do so. The ships of the 
 Dutch merchants were permitted to trade with the Neth- 
 erlands; the people were to be allowed liberty of con- 
 science in religious matters ; they were exempted from 
 impressment to serve in war against any nation whatso- 
 ever; their customs of inheritance were to be sustained; 
 they were allowed to choose inferior officers and magis- 
 trates, together with other privileges of a liberal char- 
 acter. 
 
 Colonel Richard Nichols then took possession of the 
 government, for which he bore a commission from the 
 Duke of York. The peaceful submission of the population 
 to the change of government was so manifest, that he felt 
 himself justified, within a few days, in discharging the 
 greater part of the forces with which he entered the har- 
 bor; he, however, had previously disarmed the population 
 of the town. His measures were well calculated to conciliate 
 the minds of the people; and although there were some 
 outbreaks in the town, no attempt was made to instigate 
 a rising of the population against the new government. 
 
SOBMISSION TO THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 161 
 
 A sufficient illustration of tlie fact that the change of 
 government was not unacceptable to the Dutch population 
 of this city, is furnished in the following petition of the 
 city magistracy, (being the same persons who had been in 
 office before the surrender,) written on 22d November, 
 1664, within three months after the capitulation, asking 
 for additional privileges to the city: 
 
 " To his Royal Highness the Duke of York, by the grace 
 of God, our most gracious Lord, greeting : 
 
 " It hath pleased God to bring us under your R. H.'s 
 obedience, wherein we promise to conduct ourselves as 
 good subjects are bound to do, deeming ourselves fortunate 
 that his Highness hath provided us with so gentle, wise 
 and intelligent a gentleman for Governor as the Hon'ble 
 Col. Richard Nichols, confident and assured that under 
 the wings of this valiant gentleman we shall bloom and 
 grow like the cedar on Lebanon, especially because we are 
 assured of His Royal Highness' excellent graciousness and 
 care for his subjects and people. 
 
 " The Schout, Burgomasters and Schepens of this City 
 New York on the Island of Manhattan, Your Royal High- 
 ness faithful subjects and humble liegemen, hereby request 
 that his Highness would be pleased to benefit and favor 
 this place with the same rights and privileges that his 
 Majesty our King and most gracious Lord is conferring on 
 all his subjects in England, that is that ships of all nations 
 may come hither and take into England the products of 
 our own Country, and may sail thence back again free and 
 without impost on condition of paying the Kings duty. 
 But inasmuch as this place hath been some years impover- 
 ished by onerous recognitions which we have been here- 
 tofore obliged to pay. We therefore through regard for 
 11 
 
162 
 
 PETITION TO THE DUKE OF TORE. 
 
 this our Commonalty and the prosperity of his Highness 
 our most gracious Lord's lands in this Province, and not 
 only for our, your Royal Highness humble loyal subjects 
 eternal praise but also as a general renown for his Royal 
 Highness throughout all Christendom, pray that no more 
 be paid here for five or six years than ships and goods pay 
 which come from other places out of England, or even 
 from England to Boston, or any place in New England, or 
 else go to their own countries, which being so long free 
 of all burdens, or at least paying but few, we doubt 
 not but his Royal Highness will at the close of these 
 years learn with hearty delight the advancement of this 
 Province, even to a place from which your Royal Highness 
 shall come to derive great Revenue, being then peopled with 
 thousands of families and having great trade by sea from 
 New England and other places out of Europe, Africa or 
 America. And in order that every thing may be taken in 
 hand with greater pleasure, zeal and courage, we respect- 
 fully request that all privileges and prerogatives which 
 his Royal Highness may please to grant this place in addi- 
 tion to those inserted and conditioned in the capitulation 
 on the surrender of this place may be made known by 
 letters patent from his Royal Highness, and his Majesty 
 of Great Britain our Lord, not only in the United Provin- 
 ces but also in France, Spain and other Hanse and Eastern 
 places. 
 
 " Praying then his Royal Highness to be pleased to 
 take the interest and welfare of this country into serious 
 consideration, and if his Highness would please to vouch- 
 safe to write a letter to us his dutiful subjects, he will 
 oblige us more and more to pray for his Royal Highness 
 
POLICY OF TUE ENGLISH GOVERNOR. 
 
 163 
 
 our most gracious Lord, that God the Lord may spare 
 your R. H. in long continued health and prosperity. 
 
 " We are and remain your Royal Highness dutiful Sub- 
 jects, Schout, Burgomasters and Schepens. 
 " By order. 
 
 "JOHANNES NEVIUS, Secretary." 
 
 While Governor Nichols was scrupulous in recognizing 
 and maintaining the rights and property of the individual 
 inhabitants, in accordance with the terms of the surrender, 
 his measures were stringent, on the other hand, to eradi- 
 cate all vestiges of the former power, by a general confis- 
 cation of the effects of the West India Company. This 
 property, being sold at auction, became distributed among 
 individual purchasers, who thus became personally inter- 
 ested in the stability of the new power. He also issued 
 new patents, or confirmed those formerly issued by the 
 Dutch Governors, for lands throughout the city and 
 country, thus connecting the new government with all the 
 titles to real estate, adjusting apportionments among heirs, 
 and giving the impress of his acts to the validity of heavy 
 interests. The name of the city was changed to that of 
 New York. 
 
 Governor Nichols did not interfere with the established 
 magistracy of the city, for several months after the sur- 
 render, but on June 12th, 1665, deeming the period to have 
 arrived when the English forms of municipal government 
 could be introduced without affecting the sensibilities of 
 his Dutch subjects, he issued the following proclamation : 
 
 " The governor's revocation of the form of government of 
 New York, under the style of Burgomasters and Schepens. 
 
 " By virtue of his Majesty's letters patent, bearing date 
 the 12th day of March, in the 16th year of his Majesty's 
 
164 DUTCH FORMS OF MAGISTRACY ERADICATF.D. 
 
 reign, granted to his Royal Highness, James, Duke of 
 York, wherein full and absolute power is given and 
 granted to his Royal Highness, or his deputies, to consti- 
 tute, appoint, revoke and discharge all officers, both civil 
 and military; as also, to alter and change all names and 
 styles, forms and ceremonies of government; to the end 
 that his majesty's royal pleasure may be observed; and for 
 the more orderly establishment of his Majesty's royal 
 authority, as near as may be, agreeable to the laws and 
 customs of his Majesty's realm of England. Upon mature 
 deliberation and advice, I have thought it necessary to 
 revoke and discharge, and by these presents do revoke and 
 discharge the form and ceremony of this his Majesty's 
 town of New York, under the name or names, style or 
 styles, of Schout, Burgomaster and Schepens. And also, 
 for the future administration of justice by the laws estab- 
 lished in these, the territories of his Royal Highness, 
 wherein the welfare of all the inhabitants, and the preser- 
 vation of all their due rights and privileges, granted by 
 the articles of this town upon surrender, under his Majesty's 
 obedience, are concluded, I do further declare that, by a 
 particular commission, such persons shall be authorized to 
 put the laws in execution; in whose abilities, prudence and 
 good affection to his Majesty's service, and the peace and 
 happiness of this government, I have especial reason to 
 put confidence; which persons so constituted and appointed, 
 shall be known and called by the name and style of Mayor, 
 Aldermen and Sheriff, according to the custom of Eng- 
 land, in other of his Majesty's corporations. 
 
 " Given under my hand and seal at Fort James, in New 
 York, the 12th day of June, 1665. 
 
 "EICHARD NICHOLS." 
 
ENGLISH FORMS OF MAGISTRACY ESTABLISHED. 
 
 165 
 
 The first commission issued under this form of magis- 
 tracy, bears date on the same day, (12th June, 1665) and 
 ordains " that the inhabitants of New York, New Harlem, 
 with all other his Majesty's subjects and inhabitants upon 
 this island, commonly called and known by the name of 
 Manhattan Island, are and shall forever be accounted, 
 nominated and established as one body politic and corpo- 
 rate, under the government of the Mayor, Aldermen and 
 Sheriff," and appoints, for one whole year, commencing 
 from the date thereof, certain persons as such magistrates; 
 " giving and granting unto them, or any four of them, of 
 whom the Mayor or his deputy to be always one, and upon 
 equal division of voices, to have always the casting and 
 decisive voice, full power to rule and govern, as well all 
 the inhabitants of this corporation, as any strangers, 
 according to the general laws of this government, and 
 such peculiar laws as are, or shall be thought convenient 
 and necessary for the good and welfare of this his 
 majesty's corporation ; and also to appoint such under 
 officers, as they shall judge necessary, for the orderly 
 execution of justice," enjoining all persons to obey their 
 lawful orders. 
 
 This was a more specific grant of powers than had 
 hitherto been vested in the town magistrates, and has been 
 called Nichols' Charter. The bench of civic functionaries 
 received the fostering care of the Duke of York, and 
 assumed many of the forms and ceremonies of municipal 
 corporations in England. In the year 1670, the Duke 
 sent the members seven gowns, to be worn on state 
 occasions, and a mace, to be carried by a mace-bearer at 
 the head of their processions. A seal of the city was also 
 presented to the corporation at the same time. A city 
 
166 
 
 PEEPARATIONS FOR DEFENCE AGAINST THE DUTCH. 
 
 livery was worn by beadles and other subordinate officers 
 of the city, the colors being blue, tipped with orange. 
 
 It was at this time that jury trials were first established 
 in this city. 
 
 The administration of Colonel Nichols was, in the main, 
 peaceful, and undisturbed by any events of importance. 
 In the year following the capture of the city, (viz., in 1665) 
 war having broken out between the states of Holland and 
 England, it was expected in this city that some attempt 
 would be made by the government of the Dutch " father- 
 land" to recover the territory of New Netherland ; and 
 the rumor that one of the famous Dutch admirals, De 
 Ruyter, had actually set sail with a large squadron for 
 this place, caused great commotion in the city, and revived 
 amongst a portion of the population, the national spirit, 
 which had been permitted to slumber for some time pre- 
 vious. Colonel Nichols made vigorous preparations for 
 the enemy, and determined to repair and extend the old 
 city fortifications, and to place them in defensible condi- 
 tion. For the purpose of observing the tone of the public 
 mind amongst his Dutch subjects, he called a public meet- 
 ing, and inquired what the people were willing to do 
 toward repairing the works. The general feeling, how- 
 ever, was rather in favor of permitting events to take 
 their own course, and of leaving the great powers to 
 pursue the contest on their own resources. A majority 
 of the citizens excused themselves from an active partici- 
 pation in the quarrel, some saying they thought the place 
 strong enough; others that they could not work unless 
 their arms were restored to them. Some of the leading 
 citizens were, however, disposed to assist the English 
 governor, in his preparations for defence; and among 
 
GOVERNOR LOVELACE. 
 
 167 
 
 these none was more distinguished than Cornelius Steen- 
 wyck, a wealthy Dutch merchant. The Dutch fleet, 
 however, being otherwise engaged, failed to make its 
 appearance before this town, and the rupture between the 
 European powers, was soon after temporarily healed. 
 
 Colonel Nichols, after governing the province about 
 four years, prepared for his departure, having solicited 
 and obtained his recall. His administration had proved 
 as popular among the inhabitants as, from the circumstan- 
 ces, could have been anticipated. The stringent measures 
 which his position had demanded in the first instance, had 
 been gradually mitigated, as the European political at- 
 mosphere indicated a settled condition, and at the time 
 of his departure, the Dutch inhabitants in New York were 
 in no respect under greater restraint than English subjects 
 of their American colonies. Out of respect for him, the 
 citizens organized two militia companies, the officers of 
 which, being among the most respectable Dutchmen, 
 received their commissions from him. These, accompanied 
 by the great body of citizens, complimented him by a 
 respectful leave-taking, and Colonel Nichols departed for 
 England in August, 1668. 
 
 Colonel Francis Lovelace, an English officer, succeeded 
 Governor Nichols in the province. He was a man of 
 great moderation, and the people lived very peaceably 
 under him until the events of the year 1673, which we 
 shall proceed to narrate. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE RECAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE DUTCH IN 1673, AND ITS PINAL 
 CESSION TO ENGLAND, BY TREATY, IN 1674- 
 
 The temporary truce between the Dutch and English 
 nations was destined to still another rupture; one of the 
 consequences of which was that the city again became, 
 though only for a short period, subject to the dominion of 
 the States of Holland. 
 
 War against Holland having been declared by the King 
 of England, in the year 1672, the Dutch, soon after, fitted 
 out a small fleet, to cruise on the American coast, with 
 instructions to inflict such injuries upon the English settle- 
 ments and commerce as should be found practicable. 
 
 The authorities here were apprised of some such purpose 
 on the part of the Dutch; but the governor. Col. Love- 
 lace, seems to have made light of the matter, and to have 
 furnished no adequate resources to meet such an emergency, 
 paying indeed so little regard to the subject that he did 
 not hesitate to leave the city for distant parts of the coun- 
 try, on visits of friendship or business, confiding, mean- 
 while, the command of the fort to Captain John Manning. 
 
 While so absent, in February, 1673, a rumor reached the 
 city of the appearance of an enemy's fleet off the coasts 
 of Virginia; and Manning forthwith sent an express to 
 
BECAPTITRE BY THE DUTCH. 169 
 
 the governor, who was then visiting at Mr. Pell's residence, 
 on the western borders of "Westchester county. The gov- 
 ernor immediately returned to New York, and mustered 
 forces in the city and the neighboring counties, to the num- 
 ber of four or five hundred men; no enemy, however, 
 appeared, and the recruits were suffered to disband and 
 return to their homes. In the early part of July, the gov- 
 ernor again departed for Connecticut, and had been but a 
 few days absent when two ships were observed off Sandy 
 Hook, having the appearance of men-of-war. A dispatch 
 was immediately sent to the governor, and hasty attempts 
 were made by Manning to collect recruits — drafts being 
 made upon the officers of the country militia, and the 
 drums beating up for volunteers through the streets of the 
 city. The returns, however, to this summons were unavail- 
 ing in the country places, and those in the city who joined 
 the recruiting parties were principally of Dutch descent; 
 who, instead of strengthening the forces in the fort, pro- 
 ceeded to spike up the guns on the battery, in front of the 
 city-hall. Meanwhile the enemy's ships sailed into the 
 bay, on the 29th of July, 1673, and Manning found himself 
 in a helpless condition. His soldiers, in the fort, did not 
 number, he says, over fifty men, exclusive of officers, and 
 not one half of these had ever put their heads over the 
 ramparts, and the common cry was " where are the coun- 
 try people ? what shall we do for men ?" 
 
 The Dutch ships having anchored, Manning — who ap- 
 pears to have been wholly wanting in resolution and spirit 
 to meet this occasion — immediately sent messengers to the 
 ships, to inquire " why they came in such a hostile manner 
 to disturb his Majesty's subjects in this place ?" These 
 messengers, while on their way, met a boat from the enemy; 
 
170 
 
 RECAPTURE BY THE DUTCH. 
 
 the boats passed each other without commuiiicatioii — one 
 continuing its journey to the ships, the other approaching 
 the city. The latter proved to convey a trumpeter, 
 bearing the following message to the English officer in 
 command : 
 
 Sir : — The force of war now lying in your sight, is 
 sent by the High and Mighty States and his Serene High- 
 ness the Prince of Orange, for the purpose of destroying 
 their enemies. We have sent you, therefore, this letter, 
 together with our trumpeter, to the end that upon sight 
 hereof you surrender unto us the fort called James, prom- 
 ising good quarter; or, by your refusal, we shall be obliged 
 to proceed, both by land and water, in such manner as we 
 shall find to be most advantageous for the High and Mighty 
 States. 
 
 " Dated in the ship Swanenburgh, anchored betwixt 
 Staten and Long Island, the 9th of August (30 July, 0. S.) 
 1673. Signed by Cornelis Evertsen and Jacob Benckes." 
 
 To this summons an answer was returned by Manning, 
 acknowledging its receipt, and informing the Dutch admi- 
 rals that he had already dispatched messengers to commu- 
 nicate with them, upon the return of whom he would give 
 a definite answer to their summons. 
 
 The ships immediately after weighed anchor and stood 
 up the bay, anchoring opposite the fort, and word was sent 
 to Manning, giving him half an hour to answer their sum- 
 mons. The latter demanded until the following morning, 
 at 10 o'clock; but his request was refused, with the final 
 reply that but half an hour would be given before the 
 opening of a fire upon the fort, and that the hour-glass 
 would be immediately turned up. As the stated time 
 elapsed without any communication, ten guns were turned 
 
RECAPTURE BY THE DUTCH. 
 
 171 
 
 to leeward, and a heavy cannonading was commenced, 
 whicli killed and wounded a number of men. Soon after, 
 the Dutch landed their forces, to the number of six hundred 
 men, under Captain Anthony Colve, who formed, prepara- 
 tory to their marching into the town, on the commons in 
 the vicinity of the present Park, being amply provided 
 with granadoes and the materials for a storm. Upon this. 
 Manning, who had remained passive, neither having fired 
 a gun at the enemy's ships, nor made any attempt to oppose 
 the lauding of the troops, sent three of his subordinates 
 with a communication for the officer in command. Not 
 having any definite proposals to make, two of the messen- 
 gers were detained and placed under the Dutch standard, 
 while the third. Captain Carr, of Delaware, was permitted 
 to return to the fort and inform the commander that but a 
 quarter of an hour would be given him to comply with 
 their summons. This gentleman, instead of performing his 
 mission, took himself out of the city without delay. The 
 quarter of an hour having elapsed, a trumpeter was sent 
 for an answer to the summons, supposed to have been de- 
 livered; he was informed that since the persons had been 
 sent to make conditions, the commander of the fort had 
 received no communication from them, and knew not what 
 to say. The Dutch officer, on the return of the trumpeter, 
 exclaimed, in a passion, " this is the third time they have 
 played the fool with us ; march !" The Dutch troops, 
 headed by Captain Colve, and escorting in their front the 
 two commissioners, commenced their march down the road 
 now called Broadway. As they came near the fort. Man- 
 ning sent out an officer, tendering its surrender upon the 
 following conditions : 
 
 1. That the officers and soldiers should march out with 
 
RECAPTURE BY THE DUTCH. 
 
 172 
 
 their arms, drums beating, colors flying, bag and baggage, 
 without hindrance or molestation. 
 
 2. Thereupon the fort should be delivered up, with all 
 military arms and ammunition. 
 
 These terms were acceded to by Captain Colve, and the 
 ceremony of the English troops vacating the fort having 
 been witnessed, the Dutch continued their march down 
 Broadway, and took possession of the fort. The country 
 thus became once more a part of the dominion of the States 
 of Holland. 
 
 It is understood, from documents of that day, that the 
 Dutch fleet had not been specially destined for the capture 
 of this city, to which its strength was entirely inadequate, 
 had the available forces of the colony been brought up. 
 The Dutch were, however, informed, while at Sandy Hook, 
 by some of the inhabitants of Long Island, whose national 
 prejudices were still friendly to the glory of their father- 
 land, that the city could easily be taken, and had thus been 
 persuaded to carry the undertaking through with a high 
 hand. The conduct of Captain Manning received the 
 most extreme censure on the part of all the English inhab- 
 itants in this and all the colonies of New England. To be 
 fired at for hours without returning a shot, and finally to 
 be overborne with such passive non-resistance, was a rank- 
 ling thorn in the side of the English. After they again 
 came in possession of the government, Manning was tried 
 by court-martial for cowardice and treachery; he was con- 
 victed, his sword broken over his head in front of the city- 
 hall, and himself incapacitated, from that time forward, from 
 holding any station of trust or authority under his majesty. 
 
 The Dutch commanders, for the purpose of organizing 
 their government, gave a commission to Captain Anthony 
 
RESTORATION OP DUTCH FORMS OF GOVERXMEN'T. 
 
 173 
 
 Colve to be governor; and in the early part of August, 
 1673, having changed the name of the city of New York 
 to that of New Orange, issued their proclamation organ- 
 izing municipal institutions, to conform to those of the 
 father-land. This document was in the following words : 
 
 " The commanders and honorable council of war in the 
 service of their High Mightinesses the Lords States Gen- 
 eral of the United Netherlands and his Serene Highness 
 the Lord Prince of Orange, etc. Health. 
 
 " Whereas we have deemed it necessary, for the advan- 
 tage and prosperity of our city. New Orange, recently 
 restored to the obedience of the said High and Mighty 
 Lords States General of the United Netherlands and his 
 Serene Highness the Lord Prince of Orange, to reduce the 
 form of government of this city to its previous character 
 of schout, burgomasters and schepeus, as is practiced in all 
 the cities of our father-land, to the end that justice may 
 be maintained and administered to all good inhabitants, 
 without respect or regard to persons — Therefore we, by 
 virtue of our commission, in the names and on behalf of 
 the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United 
 Netherlands and his Serene Highness the Lord Prince of 
 Orange, have elected, from the nomination exhibited by 
 those in office, as regents of this city, for the term of one 
 current year. 
 
 As Schout, Anthony De Milt. 
 
 ( Johannes Van Brugh, 
 As Burgomasters < Johannes De Peyster, 
 ( Egidius Luyck. 
 
 WiLLEM BeECKMAN, 
 
 Jeronimus Ebbingh, 
 As Schepens ^ Jacob Kip, 
 
 Laurens Vanderspeigle, 
 Geleyn Verplanck. 
 
174 colve's charter. 
 
 Which, above uamed schout, burgomasters and schepens 
 are hereby authorized and empowered to govern the inhab- 
 itants of this city, both burghers and strangers, conforma- 
 bly to the laws and statutes of our father-land, and make 
 therein such orders as they shall find advantageous and 
 proper to this city. (Here the paper is destroyed.) And 
 the inhabitants of this city are well and strictly ordered 
 and enjoined to respect and honor the above named re- 
 gents, in their respective qualities, as all loyal and faithful 
 subjects are bound to do. 
 
 " Done at the fortress William Henry, this 17th August, 
 A. D. 1673. - 
 
 JACOB BENCKES, 
 
 CORNELIS EVERTSEN, Jr. 
 
 NICHOLAS BOES, 
 
 A. COLVE, 
 
 A. V. VAN ZEYL." 
 
 In January, 1674, Governor Colve having been left in 
 sole authority, made a further ordinance, prescribing more 
 particularly the functions of the city magistrates, by which 
 the court was allowed civil jurisdiction to the amount of 
 fifty beavers, without appeal; in judgments above that 
 amount, an appeal lay to the governor and council. Their 
 jurisdiction, in criminal cases, extended to those involving 
 capital punishment; they were allowed municipal powers 
 in the enactment of ordinances (subject to the approval of 
 the governor,) " for the peace and quiet and advantage of 
 the city." 
 
 During the short period in which the Dutch held the city 
 for the last time, the principal occurrences were those occa- 
 sioned by the active eiforts made by Governor Colve to 
 place the city upon a defensive footing, in apprehension of 
 
CITY CEDED TO THE ENGLISU. 175 
 
 a renewed attempt on the part of the English, to recover 
 its possession. Among the measures taken for this 
 purpose, was the repair of the city palisades and the 
 works of the fort. Around the latter was clustered a 
 number of buildings and inclosures, used for gardens and 
 orchards, situated on the present Whitehall and Pearl 
 streets. Twenty-one of these premises were ordered to be 
 removed, and the owners were compensated by grants of 
 other lots in place of those thus taken, and by pecuniary 
 remuneration for the value of the buildings. Orders were 
 made against exporting provisions from the city during a 
 period of eight months; the citizen companies and watch 
 were drilled and brought into military condition; the 
 sloops, sailing on the Hudson, were restricted from making 
 their customary trips, and no more than two at a time were 
 allowed to be absent, the others meanwhile awaiting at 
 this city any exigency that might occasion their service. 
 
 The Dutch, however, enjoyed their authority but a short 
 time, as on the 9th of February, 1674, a treaty of peace 
 between England and Holland was signed, the sixth arti- 
 cle of which restored this country to the English. The 
 terms of this article were, in substance, " that whatsoever 
 countries, islands, ports, towns, castles or forts, have or 
 shall be taken on both sides, since the time that the late 
 unhappy war broke out, either in Europe or elsewhere, 
 shall be restored to the former lord or proprietor in the 
 same condition they shall be in when peace itself shall be 
 proclaimed." 
 
 It was not, however, for several months subsequent to 
 the time of this treaty, that the final surrender of the city 
 was made to the English. On the 10th day of November, 
 1674, this event took place, and the last act of Dutch 
 
176 
 
 FINAL DELIVERY OF THE CITY TO THE ENGLISH. 
 
 authority was thus performed. This event was not dis- 
 tasteful to the great body of the citizens, whose national 
 sentiment had, in a measure, given way before the obvious 
 advantages to their individual interests of having a settled 
 authority established over them, with the additional privi- 
 leges of English institutions, which were then considered 
 of a liberal tendency. The Dutch soldiers, before their 
 departure for father-land, were abusive to the citizens, and 
 attempted some demonstrations expressive of their want 
 of sympathy with the inhabitants; but these were promptly 
 repressed, and the Dutch forces, with their vigorous com- 
 mander. Governor Colve, set sail from these shores soon 
 after the arrival of the English. 
 

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CHAPTER XIY. 
 
 THE AFFAIRS AND CONDITION OF THE CITY BETWEEN THE YEARS 1674 
 AND 1689. 
 
 The Duke of York, immediately upon the final cession 
 of New York to the dominion of England, by the treaty 
 with the Dutch, procured a confirmation of his former 
 title to the country, and appointed as governor of the 
 province. Sir Edmond Andros, Seigneur of Saumarez, to 
 whom the fort and government were surrendered by Gov- 
 ernor Colve, on the 10th of November, 1674. 
 
 The general extent and condition of the city at about 
 this period was as follows; and it will be observed that 
 the town, during the time of the English, had considerably 
 increased in population. 
 
 " The Smith's Valley," by which name that section of the 
 city along the East river, between Wall street, and the 
 present Franklin square was still known, contained twenty- 
 four buildings. 
 
 " The Water-side.'' The street thus called, formed, an- 
 ciently, in the times of the Dutch, a part of " Iloogh 
 straat" (viz., between Wall street and Hanover square.) It 
 included the street called the "Waal," and the street called 
 the " Water." The line of buildings called the " Water- 
 side" faced the East river, on the present north line of 
 12 
 
178 CONDITION OF THE CITY AT ABOUT THE YEAR 1674. 
 
 Pearl street, between Wall and Whitehall streets. It con- 
 tained forty-two buildings, occupied, generally, by mer- 
 chants, and was the principal business street in the city. 
 
 Pearl street. The street so called was the same anciently 
 known as the " Perel straat," occupying the line of the 
 present Pearl street, on both sides of the way, between 
 Whitehall and State streets. It contained twenty build- 
 ings, generally of a very good character. 
 
 Broadway. The name of the ancient "Heere straat'' 
 had been changed within a year after the first capture of 
 the city by the English, to that of Broadway. This street 
 had not yet attained a position in the thoroughfares of ^the 
 town, to which it succeeded in a few subsequent years. 
 It was remote from the business parts of the town, and as 
 the merchants in those times had no separate residence 
 from their places of business, it is found that the parts 
 of the town near the wharf and along the East river, 
 where the ships commonly anchored, were the favorite 
 dwellings of the merchants. It was within twenty years 
 after this period that Broadway took rank among the 
 fashionable quarters of the town, and became the place 
 of residence of several professional men and public 
 characters. At the time now spoken of, this street ex- 
 tended from the Bowling Green to Wall street and con- 
 tained about forty-five buildings, generally of an inferior 
 class, with the exception of those on the west side of the 
 street, opposite the present Bowling Green, which were 
 of a superior character. 
 
 The Marketfield. The street so called was anciently 
 called the " Marckvelt." It occupied the present White- 
 hall street, south of Beaver street. In 1676 it contained 
 twelve houses of the better class. 
 
STREETS OP THE CITY IN 1674. 179 
 
 The Walls, anciently called the " Stadt-wall," occupied 
 the present south side of Wall street, the north side being 
 the line of the city palisades. The street, at this period, 
 contained fifteen buildings, generally of an inferior de- 
 scription. 
 
 The High Street. A part of the ancient " Hoogh straat," 
 retained this name. The thoroughfare known as High 
 street, at the period now referred to, was the present Stone 
 street, between Hanover square and Broad street. It 
 contained twenty-eight buildings, some of them among the 
 best in the town, and others of an inferior description. 
 
 The Smith street. The street so called was the ancient 
 '' Smee straat," or the present William street, between 
 Wall street and Hanover square. The buildings, about 
 twenty-six in number, were generally of an inferior class. 
 
 Mill street lane. The street called by this name was not 
 occupied by residences in the time of the Dutch, but was 
 nevertheless an open lane, commonly called the " Slyck 
 Steegh," or dirty lane. A horse mill, one of the earliest 
 buildings of that character in the city, still stood on the 
 north side of this street, next to the corner of Broad street. 
 The street is now called South William street. It con- 
 tained, at the period referred to, six inferior dwellings. 
 
 Smith street lane, a small street, contained ten buildings 
 of an inferior character. 
 
 The Heere graft — Beaver graft — Prince graft. These 
 continued to be known by their ancient names, and were 
 considerably improved from their former condition under 
 the Dutch. 
 
 Marketfield street. The ancient " Marckvelt steegie" had 
 received this name, which it still bears. 
 
 Stone street. The name of former " Brouwer straat" 
 
180 
 
 GRANT OF THE FLOUR MONOPOLY. 
 
 had been changed to this name; the site being that of the 
 present Stone street, between Broad and Whitehall streets. 
 It contained, at this period, eleven buildings of a good 
 character, though the street was gradually losing the 
 prominent position it formerly held. 
 
 Brugh straat and Winkle straat still retained their ancient 
 names. 
 
 Having, on the 17th October, 1675, settled the English 
 forms of magistracy, as they had formerly existed under 
 the title of " mayor, aldermen and sheriff," the governor 
 took measures to advance the material interests of the 
 city. The principal scheme devised for this purpose, was 
 the establishment of a monopoly to the inhabitants of this 
 city in the bolting of flour, and the exportation of sea- 
 biscuit and flour. All places in the interior being prohib- 
 ited from pursuing these branches of trade, under pain of 
 forfeiture of the contraband articles. The bolting act was 
 passed in the year 1678, and existed until the year 1694, 
 when, by the great efforts of the other counties on Long 
 Island and along the Hudson river, its repeal was effected. 
 At the time of the passage of this act, the city contained 
 three hundred and forty-three houses, and between the 
 enactment and its repeal, over six hundred buildings were 
 erected on this island. 
 
 The revenue from exports and imports, from two thou- 
 sand pounds, increased to over six thousand pounds per 
 annum. 
 
 The shipping which, in the year 1678, belonged to this 
 port, was no more than three ships and fifteen sloops, and 
 other sailing vessels, increased to sixty ships and one hun- 
 dred and two sloops and other vessels. 
 In 1678 not over four hundred head of cattle were 
 
IMPUOVEMENTS IN THE CITY. 
 
 181 
 
 annually killed in the city. In 1694 nearly four thousand 
 were killed. 
 
 Lands which had been of little value advanced, during 
 this period, to ten times their former price. 
 
 Of the nine hundred and eighty- three buildings in the 
 city, in the year 1694, six hundred depended in some man- 
 ner upon the trade in flour, 
 
 The immense importance of this monopoly to the city, 
 induced the greatest exertions on the part of the inhabit- 
 ants to prevent the repeal of the " bolting act," but without 
 effect. 
 
 During the administration of Governor Andros, some 
 improvements, indicating the progress of the city, oc- 
 curred; among which were the following: In 1677 the 
 first public wells in the streets were constructed. These 
 were six in number, and were erected in the middle of the 
 streets. In the same year the old church-yard on the west 
 side of Broadway, near Morris street, was sold off in 
 building lots. In 1676 the ditch through the centre of the 
 Heere graft, or present Broad street, was filled up and the 
 street made level. In the same year, the tan pits which 
 had formerly occupied the sides of the Prince graft, or the 
 present Broad street, between Beaver street and Exchange 
 place, were filled up. 
 
 The administration of Governor Andros was generally 
 unpopular in the colony; and the ancient historians, both 
 of this province and of New England, where he afterward 
 was governor, concur in transmitting him to posterity 
 " under the odious character of a sycophantic tool to the 
 Duke of York, and an arbitrary tyrant over the people 
 committed to his care. He knew no law but the will of 
 his master, and Kirk and Jefferies were not fitter instru- 
 
182 DIVISION INTO WARDS. 
 
 ments than he to execute the despotic projects of James 
 the II." 
 
 Col. Thomas Dongan succeeded Andros in the govern- 
 ment, having arrived in this city on 25th of August, 1683. 
 He was a Roman Catholic in his religious tenets, which 
 was the occasion of much remark on the part of the Prot- 
 estant inhabitants of the colony. His personal character 
 was in other respects not objectionable to the people, and 
 he is described as a man of integrity, moderation, and 
 genteel manners, and as being among the best of the 
 governors who had been placed in charge of this province. 
 He remained in power until the revolution in the govern- 
 ment in 1689. 
 
 Among the earliest acts of his administration, was the 
 division of this city into six wards, the boundaries of 
 which were designated by an order dated in the year 1683, 
 as follows: 
 
 The South Ward 
 
 " To begin at the corner house of James Matthews," (on 
 the present north-west corner of Pearl and Broad streets) 
 " by the water-side, and so northward along the Heere 
 graft, to the house of Simon Jansen Romeyn" (on the 
 present south-west corner of Broad and Beaver streets;) 
 " thence westward, up the Beaver graft, to the corner house 
 of Barent Coersen" (on the present south-east corner of 
 Beaver and Whitehall streets;) " from thence south, along 
 the fort, to the water side, including Pearl street, to the 
 house of James Matthews, Esq." 
 
 The Dock Ward 
 
 "To begin at the house of Mr. Stephanas Van Cortland, 
 by the water side" (on the present nortli-east corner of 
 
DlVISIOy IXTO WARDS. 183 
 
 Broad and Pearl streets;) " so northward, to the corner 
 house of Geesie Denys" (on the present south-east corner 
 of Broad and Beaver streets;) " and from thence eastward, 
 to the house of David Provoost" (on the present south-west 
 corner of Beaver and William streets;) " and thence to the 
 house of Tryntje Clock" (on the present north-Avest corner 
 of Pearl and William streets;) " and so westward, to Mr. 
 Van Cortland's again." 
 
 The East Ward 
 
 " To begin at the house of Thomas Lewis" (on the present 
 north-east corner of Hanover square and William street; 
 " thence northward, to the house of Lawrence Huys" (on 
 the present south-east corner of Wall and William streets;) 
 " thence, along the wall, to the corner house of Miriam 
 Levy" (on the present south-west corner of Wall and Pearl 
 streets;) " and so to Thomas Lewis's again; with all the 
 houses in the Smith's Fly and outside the gates, to the 
 south side of the Fresh Water." 
 
 The JVorth Ward 
 
 " To begin at the house of Arien Johnson Hagenaer" (on 
 the present north-east corner of Beaver and New streets;) 
 " thence cast, along the Beaver graft and Prince street, to 
 the house of Christian Laurier" (on the present north-west 
 corner of Beaver and William streets;) "so north, to the 
 house of Gcrrit Hendricks" (on the present south-west 
 corner of Wall and William streets;) " thence west, to the 
 corner of the New street; and thence south, to Arien John- 
 son's again." 
 
 The Wed Ward 
 
 " To begin at the house of Thomas Coker" (on the present 
 north-west corner of Broadway and Battery place;) " so 
 
184 
 
 DIVISION INTO WARDS. 
 
 northward, to the gate"' (at the present Trinity Church;) 
 " thence eastward, along the wall, to the corner of the 
 New street; thence south, to the house of Peter Bresteede" 
 (on the present north-west corner of Beaver and New 
 streets;) " thence west, to widow of Jan Jansen Bresteede" 
 (on the present north-east corner of Broadway and Beaver 
 street;) " and so to Thomas Coker's again." 
 
 The Out Ward 
 
 " To contain the town of Harlem, with all the farms and 
 settlements on this island, from north of the Fresh Water." 
 
 The citizens of these several wards were empowered 
 annually to elect an alderman and a common-councilman, 
 to represent them in the city council. 
 
 On the 22d of April, 1686, the charter, commonly known 
 as " Dougau's Charter," was granted to the city. By this 
 instrument the ancient municipal privileges of the Corpo- 
 ration of New York were confirmed, and other franchises 
 of an important character were granted to the city. 
 
 Considerable improvements were made in the city in 
 Governor Dongan's time. 
 
 The city wall, erected in the year 1653, had run through 
 the farm granted in 1644 to Jan Jansen Damen, and nearly 
 the whole distance between Broadway and Pearl street, 
 along the north side of the wall, was still in the possession 
 of Damen's heirs; a division of the farm, into several par- 
 cels, having, however, been previously made among them. 
 In the year 1685 the following conveyances were made by 
 several of the heirs to Mr. John Knight, one of Dongan's 
 suite, viz : by Abraham Verplanck and his wife, of one 
 hundred and five feet front, along the wall, and eighty feet 
 in depth; by Pieter Stoutenburgh, assignee of one of the 
 
WALL STREET. 185 
 
 heirs, one hundred and lifty-six feet front, and eighty feet 
 depth; by John Yinje and wife, one hundred and seventy- 
 three feet eleven inches front and eighty feet depth; by 
 Lucas Van Tienhoven and wife, seventy-seven feet four 
 inches front and eighty feet depth; by Jacob Kip and Avifc, 
 one hundred and eighty-two feet four inches front and 
 eighty feet depth; by Van Tienhoven and Smith, three 
 hundred and eighteen feet nine inches front and eighty feet 
 depth— the whole extent thus granted, fronting on the 
 present north side of Wall street, amounting to over one 
 thousand feet. 
 
 This purchase was probably a speculative movement, in 
 which some of the high functionaries of government were 
 concerned; as it was found that immediate measures were 
 taken by the provincial authorities to demolish the old 
 fortifications, and thus bring the lots into marketable con- 
 dition. A survey of the line proposed to be established 
 as the north side of Wall street, was ordered in the same 
 year, and the street ordered to be laid out thirty-six feet 
 in width. In 1688, Governor Dongan having determined 
 " to enlarge the city, and if occasion should require, to lay 
 the city fortifications further out," appointed commissioners 
 to examine the existing condition of the old fortifications 
 on the line of Wall street; from whose report it appears 
 that the half-moon, or fortification on the shore of the 
 East river, was mostly washed away — the gate, which had 
 extended across the present Pearl street, was completely 
 decayed and fallen down — the " curtain" or palisades from 
 the gate to the artillery mount, on the present north-west 
 corner of Wall and William streets, which had formerly 
 been constructed of double stockades, and a ditch, with 
 breast-work within of salt sods, was all down, the ground 
 
186 A NEW STREET ALONG THE EAST RIVER. 
 
 laid out in lots, some of which were already built upon. 
 The artillery mount had no guns — the walls were in an in- 
 different condition — the sod-work out of repair — the ditch 
 and stockades in ruins — and a small old house in the mid- 
 dle of the mount in a state of dilapidation. The " cur- 
 tain," from the artillery mount to the land-gate mount on 
 the present north-east corner of Broadway and Wall 
 street, which had also been formerly a double stockade, 
 with a ditch'and breast-work, was completely in ruins, the 
 land being laid out in lots; the land-gate mount was in a 
 state of decay, and the gate across Broadway ready to fall 
 down; the line of fortifications, extending from the gate to 
 the " locust trees," near the shore of the North river, was 
 all down; the King's Garden, at the locust trees, was in a 
 ruinous condition, and the " pasty mount," near the present 
 corner of Exchange place and Lombard street, was rapidly 
 going to decay. The curtain, from the pasty-mount to the 
 point of the merry-mount of Fort James (near the present 
 corner of Bowling Green and State street) was completely 
 ruined. 
 
 The property on Wall street having come into the pos' 
 session of an influential party, the street was afterward 
 favored by the erection of the city-hall, on the site of the 
 present custom house, and of Trinity Church, facing its 
 westerly extremity, and soon became one of the principal 
 streets in the city. 
 
 In the year 1687, measures were first taken to build a 
 new street in the East river, between the present White- 
 hall street and Old slip, on the present line of Water street. 
 The corporation sold these water lots on the condition that 
 the purchasers should make the street toward the water 
 (the present Water street,) and protect it against the wash- 
 
VESSELS BELONGING TO THE CITY. 
 
 18T 
 
 ing of the tide by a substantial wharf along the fronts of 
 their lots. This improvement, however, was not finished 
 within a number of years subsequently. 
 
 From a return of vessels belonging to the port of Ncav 
 York, in the year 1684, the following list is made out : 
 
 Barques — the " Dolphin,' the " James," and one belong- 
 ing to Jacob Leisler, 
 
 Brigantines — the *' Delaware Merchant," one belong- 
 ing to John Stoughton, and one belonging to Frederick 
 Philipse. 
 
 Sloopa — owned by Frederick Philipse, John De Bruyn, 
 John Joosten, Lucas Andriezen, S. Burden, "William Mer- 
 ritt, Martin Crigier, John Peete, Thomas Lewis, Nicholas 
 Garret, George Heathcott, Captain Brockholst, Brandt 
 Schuyler, John Delavall, Jacob Teller, Johannes Beek- 
 man, Colonel Morris, Francis Richardson, William Framp- 
 ton, John Potbaker, Johannes Provoost, " The Star," Jo- 
 chem Staats, Abraham Staats, Gabriel Thompson, Jonathan 
 Marsh. 
 
 There were, besides, forty-six open boats. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 REVOLUTION AND AFFAIR OF LEISLER IN 1689, 
 
 One of the most exciting events in the history of New 
 York, was that of the revolution, or usurpation of the 
 powers of government by a portion of the citizens, of whom 
 Jacob Leisler was one of the most responsible leaders, and 
 became the principal sujfferer at its close. 
 
 In those times the great battle between Protestantism 
 and Catholicism was being waged throughout the Chris- 
 tian world; and in the American colonies, which were the 
 refuge of many Protestants who had been compelled to fly 
 from their native land, for safety, the theme was one of 
 engrossing interest. 
 
 As this government was then under the King of Eng- 
 land, the character of the reigning power in that country 
 was an object of the deepest solicitude to the people of 
 New York, The elevation, therefore, of King James II. 
 to the throne, which took place in 1G8G, was not well re- 
 ceived by our people, as his predilections were suspected to 
 be favorable to the Catholic cause, although he had made 
 many promises to the contrary, previous to his acces- 
 sion to the throne. It was not, therefore, without some 
 exasperation of feeling that the people of this province 
 saw the king disappointing the expectations of his Protest- 
 ant subjects, by the appointment, throughout his dominions, 
 
THE REVOrATTION OF 1689. 189 
 
 of various ofi&cers of tlie opposite creed. In New York, 
 the governor (Dongan) was one of tliis class, and the sub- 
 ordinate offices were partly filled by persons of the same 
 character; although this favoritism for Catholics was not 
 exclusive, as the majority of the members of the governor's 
 council were old inhabitants, whose religious principles 
 were settled in the faith of the Dutch Reformed Church. 
 But the state of public feeling could not easily brook the 
 apprehension that their religious freedom might be indi- 
 rectly subverted by reason of the avenues of official power 
 and patronage being in possession of their opponents; and 
 hence, during the reign of King James, the people of this 
 province were restive, and took such opportunities as 
 offered themselves, of testifying their opposition to the 
 government, not by open resistance to the exercise of its 
 powers, but by a system of secret agitation and discussion. 
 
 This state of public feeling was not peculiar to New 
 York, but was equally manifested through the great body 
 of the people of Great Britain, and in other of her colo- 
 nies; and it resulted in a movement, on the part of the 
 Protestants of England, to revolutionize the government of 
 that country, for which purpose the next Protestant suc- 
 cessor to the throne, after James, was fixed upon as the 
 means of carrying this revolution into effect. This person 
 was Mary, who had married William, Prince of Orange, 
 and was then residing with her husband, in Germany. The 
 project was successfully carried into operation, and the 
 new king and queen were triumphantly placed upon the 
 throne; King James fleeing his country, and taking refuge 
 on the soil of France. 
 
 The news of this event, which was received in the Amer^ 
 lean colonies in the spring of 1689, was the signal for the 
 
190 THE REVOLUTION OF 1689. 
 
 overturning of the existing powers on this side the ocean. 
 In New England the people seized upon their governor, 
 Sir E. Audros, and sent him to England. In New York 
 Dongan did not risk the t^afety of his person by attempting 
 to hold fast the reins of government, but betook himself 
 on board a ship lying in the harbor, and departed the 
 country within a short time. 
 
 It was now a great question among the people how the 
 government should be carried on, pending the interval 
 which must elapse before advices should arrive from the 
 home government; and here arose the first intestine diffi- 
 culty among the people themselves; for although the great 
 fact of the Protestant succession, and the legitimacy of the 
 government of William and Mary, was almost universally 
 recognized among the inhabitants of New York, yet it 
 was maintained by a portion of the people, headed by those 
 Protestants who had held official station under Dongan, 
 that the colonial government was not subverted by the 
 revolution in England, but in the absence of the abscond- 
 ing governor, his powers were inherited, until further 
 orders, by his second in authority; and that the lieutenant- 
 governor, Nicholson, and the former council, were legally 
 invested with the powers of government. 
 
 On the other hand, a large party of the extreme revolu- 
 tionists maintained, that by the overthrow of the late king 
 and the abandonment of the country by Governor Dongan, 
 the whole machinery of his government was totally over- 
 thrown; and none claiming to hold official station, by 
 virtue merely of appointment from the subverted authori- 
 ties, could legitimately continue the exercise of their 
 functions. 
 
 This, it is certain, was a somewhat subtle question, and 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1639, 191 
 
 when submitted to the great body of the people, would be 
 more apt to be decided by their prejudices than by mere 
 legal logic. In this state of uncertainty, therefore, it was 
 resolved, by a la,rge body of the inhabitants, to take pos- 
 session of the fort, for the purpose of securing the physical 
 possession of the government in favor of William and 
 Mary, leaving the political powers still an unsettled ques- 
 tion. Accordingly this party, availing themselves of the 
 arrangement which had already been adopted by general 
 consent, of temporary occupation of the fort by the several 
 militia companies, concluded, by a concerted action among 
 the captains of the companies, that one of their number, 
 commanding a corps entirely favorable to their party, 
 should take permanent possession of the fort, and hold it 
 until orders from the government in England should 
 establish a legitimate authority in the land. The person 
 fixed upon, for carrying this design into effect, was Jacob 
 Leisler, a merchant of good standing and wealth, and 
 probably the man in the highest repute, in the community, 
 of any of that party. 
 
 This act took place on the 2d of June, 1689, and was the 
 signal for the sudden departure of Lieutenant Governor 
 Nicholson and the breaking up of his council. Leisler then, 
 on the 3d of June, issued a public manifesto, declaring that 
 the fort was held only until the arrival of a person prop- 
 erly constituted by the authorities in Great Britain, to take 
 in hand the administration of the government, and would 
 then be immediately delivered up; and that he daily ex- 
 pected news of some more definite arrangement, to be 
 received from England. 
 
 But this expectation was disappointed; and while wait- 
 ing in vain for the arrival of orders which should supersede 
 
192 REVOLUTION IN 1GS9. 
 
 the loose system then existing, it became apparent that 
 some measures were imperatively necessary to constitute a 
 magistracy and other officers, for the purpose of maintain- 
 ing order and government in the country. How, therefore, 
 to meet this responsibility, became a serious question with 
 the party which had thus far carried out its views; for a 
 great opposition existed among the friends of those who 
 had been obstructed in their claims to the exercise of their 
 official functions, and who still maintained a considerable 
 party, resting its principles upon the basis of law and 
 order, and charging that the acts of the revolutionists 
 were uncalled for, and were calculated to breed confusion 
 and a mutinous spirit in the community. 
 
 In this emergency the successful party, by means of a 
 Committee of Safety, representing much the largest por- 
 tion of the community, resolved to confer, on the part of 
 the people, absolute power upon Mr. Leisler, to conduct the 
 government for William and Mary, according to his dis- 
 cretion, under the title of commander-in-chief : this com- 
 mission was dated 16th August, 1689. With respect to 
 the city government, the Committee of Safety ordered a 
 popular election of the mayor, sheriff, clerk and members 
 of the common council; and at this election, which took 
 place in October, 1689, a magistracy, composed wholly of 
 friends of Leisler, was elected. But the opposition party 
 denied the"legality of the election, and refused to transfer 
 the seal and charter and other insignia of the city. 
 
 By this election and the recent proceedings of the Com- 
 mittee of Safety, the commotion in the city was greatly 
 increased, and feelings of intense hatred, dividing friends, 
 relatives and families, centred in the hearts of the diflcr- 
 ent factions. Each party charging the olhc:- with evil 
 
REVOLUTION IX lt>89. 193 
 
 designs against the welfare of the country; their personal 
 feelings meanwhile becoming more embittered by the ela- 
 tion or shame arising from the success or failure of the 
 measures pursued by each for the humiliation and defeat 
 of the other. Yet no greater diiference is found to have 
 actuated these parties than the question as to who should 
 carry on the government, for on the great political ques- 
 tion of the day they were entirely agreed. 
 
 The party opposed to Leisler, being headed by the mem- 
 bers of the late government, and supported by most of the 
 wealthy and aristocratic portion of the community, while 
 Leisler's friends, though composed of many of the best men 
 in the city, were generally of moderate fortunes and of 
 less conspicuous social condition, they severally became so 
 distinctly marked by these circumstances, that they have 
 been properly classified into the " aristocratic" and " popu- 
 lar" parties. To his opponents Leisler gave the name of 
 the " grandees;" and as the ascerbity of feeling increased, 
 he classed them indiscriminately as " Papists" and " King 
 James' men." On the other side they applied equallycon- 
 temptuous terms to the successful party; calling them a 
 rabble, men of no note, merely seeking to plunder the pub- 
 lic treasury. 
 
 But words alone did not suffice to evince the exaspera- 
 tion of feeling prevailing on both sides; for Leisler's oppo- 
 nents sought, by every means, to check the progress of the 
 government, and bring it into trouble. A conspicuous 
 man, among the opponents of Leisler, was Nicholas Bayard, 
 a member of the late council, and colonel of the city 
 militia. On the 20th of October, Bayard issued his orders 
 to the captains of the two companies under his command, 
 13 
 
194 REVOLUTION IN 1689. 
 
 stating that inasmuch as Leisler had usurped the govern- 
 ment, in an illegal and hostile manner, without the least 
 authority from their Majesties, William and Mary, he felt 
 it his duty, as a member of the council and as a colonel of 
 the militia, neither of which were in any manner vacated 
 or superseded, to command the captains to desist from aid- 
 ing or abetting Leisler and his associates, or from permit- 
 ting any of the soldiers to be employed in his service; but 
 on the contrary, to submit to the commands of the govern- 
 ment established by law, as they should answer to the con- 
 trary at their peril. Bayard was then in Albany, whither 
 also several other of the principal men in opposition to 
 Leisler had retired, beyond the reach of his arm. They 
 so far affected the minds of the leading men in that part 
 of the country, as to bring the magistrates and a great 
 portion of the people into their own views; and when 
 Leisler, actuated probably by the desire to wreak his ven- 
 geance upon his indefatigable opponents, sent an armed 
 force, ostensibly to garrison the fort, and assist in main- 
 taining the cause of the Protestant succession, his people 
 were refused admission into the town, and his title to ad- 
 minister the government was denied. This proceeding 
 was an unfortunate one for Leisler, as it was not called for 
 by any circumstances then existing, the whole country hav- 
 ing declared for William and Mary. It evinced a personal 
 feeling inconsistent with the moderate and temperate exer- 
 cise of functions to which his title was at least questiona- 
 ble. But notwithstanding the repulse met with from the 
 magistrates of Albany, Leisler prepared to enforce sub- 
 mission to his commands; and after a seige the fort was 
 taken, and the leaders of the opposite faction hastily dis- 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1689. 195 
 
 persed themselves throughout New England; their estates 
 being confiscated, and all the evils of a conquered people 
 being inflicted upon them. 
 
 These fugitives, under the exasperation of feeling wliich 
 ■ their circumstances were calculated to produce, were now 
 moving, with all the energy of desperation, to incline the 
 minds of the governments and people of the several New 
 England colonies, which had hitherto regarded Leisler's 
 proceedings with favor, to refuse their further countenance 
 of his government. 
 
 Matters were thus situated when, in December, 1689, a 
 messenger arrived in Boston, bearing a missive from the 
 English government, addressed as follows: " To Francis 
 Nicholson, Esq., or in his absence, to such as, for the time 
 being, takes care for preserving the peace and administer- 
 ing the laws in his majesty's province of New York." 
 This letter was dated in July previous, at which time the 
 advices in England were that Nicholson was in pos- 
 session of the government. The opponents of Lcisler, 
 who were then in New England, first heard of the arrival 
 of the messenger, and of the nature of the direction of the 
 missive borne by him. Not knowing its contents, how- 
 ever, and desirous of availing themselves of any thing 
 contained therein, which might assist in fortifying the 
 position of their party, it was resolved that the members 
 of the late council should venture once more within the 
 limits of New York, and endeavor to obtain the delivery 
 of the packet into their own hands, on the ground that 
 they were still, in a legal point of view, the officers who. 
 in the absence of Nicholson, " took care for preserving the 
 peace and administering the laws in his majesty's province 
 of New York." Accordingly, Colonel Bayard and Fred- 
 
196 KEVOI-UTION IN 1689. 
 
 erick Pliilipse, another member of the late Council, secretly 
 introduced themselves into the city, and awaited the at- 
 tendance of the messenger, having sent for him and made 
 their pretensions known. But the arrival of the messen- 
 ger, was presently ascertained by the party in power, and 
 he was conducted to the fort, where he found Leisler in 
 command. After some deliberation, the messenger reliev- 
 ed himself of his delicate duty, by delivering the package 
 to those whom he found actually in power, not considering 
 it within his functions to distinguish between the relative 
 claims of the contesting parties. Leisler received the 
 package, which contained an authority to the person to 
 whom it was addressed to take the chief command, as 
 Lieutenant Governor, and to appoint a council to assist 
 him in conducting the government. 
 
 Accordingly, Leisler, on the 11th December, 1689, 
 assumed the title of lieutenant-governor, and appointed a 
 council of eight persons, representing the different parts 
 of the province. It was generally considered among the 
 people, that Leisler's claims to the government were 
 strengthened by these occurrences, and his commissions for 
 the appointment of magistrates and other officers, which 
 were then issued throughout different parts of the province, 
 were acknowledged by most of the people, and the affairs 
 of the government immediately assumed a condition of 
 system and order. 
 
 But the leaders and principal men of the opposite fac- 
 tion were doubly incensed by the result of the late occur- 
 rences, and in a riot, they attempted to seize Leisler in the 
 street; he was, however, rescued by his friends, and then 
 causing the drum to beat to arms, he pursued the rioters, 
 and threw many into prison. Still, however, the leaders 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1689. 197 
 
 themselves, working iu secret places, used the most extreme 
 measures to breed dissension among the people. Deter- 
 mined now, under the sanction of his newly acquired title, 
 to exterminate his opponents, Leisler issued, on the 17th 
 of January, a warrant for the arrest of Nicholas Bayard, 
 Stephanus Van Cortlandt, William Nichols and others, on 
 the charge of high misdemeanors against his majesty's 
 authority in this province. In pursuit of Bayard, the 
 officers having the process, broke into his dwelling, and 
 learning of his flight to a neighboring house, followed and 
 seized him; Nichols was likewise arrested, and the others 
 escaped. Leisler threw the prisoners into close confine- 
 ment, and on the following day (18th January, 1690) called 
 a Court of Oyer and Terminer, to try them for treason. 
 Being now in the power of his enemies, and under the im- 
 pending danger of a trial for his life. Bayard resorted to 
 supplication, acknowledging his errors, promising to be- 
 have himself for the future with all submission, praying 
 that his former acts might be attributed to passion, &c. 
 In this abject condition the prisoners were not pursued to 
 the extremity of the law, but nevertheless remained in 
 prison until the arrival of the new governor, a period of 
 fourteen months. 
 
 Meanwhile Leisler continued the issue of warrants for 
 the arrest of the leading malcontents, and soon eradicated 
 from his province the presence of all who could hinder the 
 progress of his government. Nevertheless, while an appa- 
 rent tranquillity reigned within his domain, storms were 
 brewing without. Driven from their homes, the leaders 
 of the opposite party were constantly busy in concocting 
 measures for their final triumph. They succeeded in gain- 
 ing many friends among the leading characters in the New 
 
198 REVOLUTION IN 1689. 
 
 England colonies, and were actively engaged in bringing 
 their case to the view of their majesties' ministers in Great 
 Britain, aggravating and exaggerating the real state of 
 things in New York into an actual rebellion against the 
 dominion of Great Britain. 
 
 While these active opponents were scheming the over- 
 throw of Leisler's government, he himself was so much 
 occupied with the internal affairs of his province as to find 
 all his energies employed, during the spring and summer 
 of the year 1690, in counteracting the movements of the 
 French and Indians along our western settlements. It 
 was in the early part of the year 1690 that the murderous 
 assault upon Schenectady was made by a party of French 
 and Indians. They entered the town at midnight, and 
 having made their arrangements, the war-whoop was cried 
 as a signal for general slaughter. All the houses, except 
 one, were burnt, and most of the people murdered, a few 
 escaping on foot, through a deep snow, to Albany. For 
 retaliation of this assault, Leisler, joined by others of the 
 New England colonies, engaged themselves in maturing an 
 expedition against Canada; but its result was unsuccessful. 
 Other expeditions, in which the success was considerable, 
 were fitted out, under Leisler's auspices, against the French 
 marine. Several vessels were captured by these expedi- 
 tions; but upon the whole, it must be admitted that Leis- 
 ler's administration was unsuccessful, while at the same 
 time it is apparent that his motives were pure and patriotic. 
 
 With all the mishaps of fortune within the past two 
 years, a still more extraordinary accident was destined to 
 produce a state of confusion and tumult in New York, far 
 exceeding any which had yet been experienced, the occa- 
 sion of which was as follows : The government in Eng- 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1G39. 199 
 
 land nad been persuaded to send out a new governor to 
 this province, in the person of Colonel Henry Sloughter, 
 who, with several ships and a considerable command, set 
 sail from England; but, by some misfortune, the vessels 
 were separated, and the first arrival of any part of the 
 fleet at New York was that of the ship Beaver, in Janu- 
 ary, 1691, containing Major Richard Ingoldsby, the second 
 in command, and his troops. The commissions for the 
 new government, Averc, however, in the possession of 
 Sloughter; nor could Ingoldsby produce any papers what- 
 ever, authorizing him to act either for Sloughter or on 
 his own behalf, in taking or receiving possession of 
 New York. 
 
 Inasmuch as it was pretty certainly ascertained that the 
 arrival of the new governor would be followed by the 
 re-establishment of the old council and their party into 
 power, and the disgraceful prostration of Leisler and his 
 friends, it may be imagined that the arrival of a part of 
 the expected armament was the occasion of a high degree 
 of excitement in the city. Leisler was willing to resign 
 the helm of government to his properly constituted suc- 
 cessor; but consistency and self-respect constrained both 
 him and his party to maintain the legality of their pre- 
 vious course, and in retiring from the position thus far 
 occupied, to do so with the dignity of conscious rectitude. 
 
 But now, with the arrival of Ingoldsby, Leisler's oppo- 
 nents raised themselves from their prostrate condition, and 
 were clamorous for the immediate transfer of the fort to 
 the possession of Ingoldsby. Yet Ingoldsby could show 
 no authority to change the government, or to receive the 
 fortress into his possession. How, therefore, was Leisler 
 to act? If h<3 delivered the government to any but a 
 
200 REVOLUTION IN 1689. 
 
 auccessor legally appointed to supersede himself, he indi- 
 rectly admitted the illegality of his own pretensions to act 
 by authority of the English government; while, if he 
 refused admission of the king's soldiers into the fort, he 
 was, in a manner, insulting the forces of the king whom 
 he professed to serve. 
 
 He therefore, while proffering Ingoldsby quarters in the 
 town for his soldiers, refused to deliver the fort to any 
 one but a person holding authority from the king's govern- 
 ment to receive it. 
 
 Under these circumstances Ingoldsby, feeling his dignity 
 as an English officer somewhat touched by the refusal to 
 give him (quarters in the fort, and led, moreover, by the 
 excited state .of the populace to enter somewhat sympa- 
 thetically into the arena -of the political contest, became a 
 willing instrument in the hands of the party opposed to 
 Leisler. 
 
 On the 30th January, 1691, he issued a proclamation, 
 requiring the people to aid and assist him in overcoming 
 all that stood in opposition to his majesty's command, and 
 proclaiming further that " we shall deem and account all 
 such as stood in opposition, to be rebels against their 
 majesties," &c. On the following day Leisler issued his 
 manifesto, reciting the demand of the fort by Ingoldsby, 
 and his proclamation, and protesting, in behalf of the 
 king and queen, against the proceedings of Ingoldsby and 
 his accomplices, for whatever bloodshed should ensue, and 
 forbidding Ingoldsby to commit any hostile act against 
 the fort, city or province, at his utmost peril. And there- 
 upon he called upon the militia forces to be in arms and 
 ready upon call. 
 
 These vigorous measures induced Ingoldsby, on the fol- 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1639. 201 
 
 lowing day (Feb. Isfc) to address a letter to Leisler, saying 
 that lie had read the protest, which seemed to hiui of a 
 dangerous tendency; and explaining that what had been 
 done by himself was simply to insure the prescrvalion oi" 
 the peace. 
 
 It was an extraordinary circumstance that Sloughler 
 was nearly two months wandering on the ocean after the 
 arrival of Ingoldsby; and during all that time the popu- 
 lation were momentarily on the verge of civil war. 
 Every day's suspense added to the fuel of impatience 
 which now burned in the hearts of all the inhabitants. 
 Leisler gathered large forces within the fort in readiness 
 for swooping upon the opposite faction, should a blow be 
 struck at the integrity of his power; while the other 
 faction, by every provocation of insult and daring, sought 
 to place the burden of the first blow upon Leisler and his 
 friends. 
 
 Thus were things situated when, on the I9th of March, 
 1691, the missing vessel was seen coming into the harbor, 
 and it became evident that the troubles of the times were 
 approaching a climax of some sort. Slough tcr imme- 
 diately landed; called together his new council which was 
 composed of the enemies of the Leislcrian party, and pro- 
 ceeded to the city-hall, where he published his commission 
 in the presence of a large body of the people; and having 
 sworn in the members of the council, he directed lugoldsb}' 
 to demand possession of the fort. This took place at 
 eleven o'clock at night. Leisler was awaiting the sum- 
 mons, but with a pertinacity somewhat unreasonable under 
 the circumstances, he desired to send a letter by one of his 
 officers, directed to Slough ter in person; this officer, who 
 had seen Sloughter in England, was also desired to observe 
 
202 REVOLUTION IN 1689. 
 
 if this was the same man, and no counterfeit, got up by 
 Leislcr's opponents for the purpose of surreptitiously 
 getting possession of the government. The officer, there- 
 fore, witli somewhat misplaced formality, expressed his 
 satisfaction to Sloughter, to find that he was the person 
 he had seen in England; to which the governor tartly 
 replied, that it certainly was true that he had been seen in 
 England, and now intended to make himself observed in 
 New York. He then commanded Ingoldsby to proceed a 
 second time to receive the fort into his possession. 
 
 Lcisler now, to be still further ceremonious, sent two 
 of his principal officers, one of whom was the mayor, who 
 accompanied Ingoldsby on his return the second time, and 
 were commissioned, it is supposed, to tender the transfer 
 of the fort, and make some explanations; but they were 
 not allowed to speak, and were handed over to the guards; 
 and Ingoldsby was again sent to demand the possession 
 of the fort. This summons, being delivered very late at 
 night, was ineffectual, and Sloughter thereupon dismissed 
 his council until the next morning. 
 
 On the following morning, Leisler addressed a letter 
 of the following purport to the governor. Dated 20th 
 March, 1691. "May it please your excellency: this his 
 majesty's fort, being besieged by Major Ingoldsby so far 
 that not a boat could depart, nor persons be conveyed out 
 of the same, without being in danger of their lives, which 
 has so occasioned that I could not be so happy as to send 
 a messenger to give me certainty of your excellency's safe 
 arrival; but the joy I had by a full assurance from Ensign 
 Stoll of your excellency's arrival, has been somewhat 
 troubled by the detention of two of my messengers. I 
 see here well the stroke of my enemies, who are wishing 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1689. 20b 
 
 to cause me some mistakes at the end of the 103'alty I owe 
 to my gracious king and queen, and by i^uch ways to blot 
 out all my faithful service till now; having, by my duty 
 and faithfulness been vigorous to them. But I hope to 
 avoid such an error. 
 
 Please only to signify and order the major to release 
 me from the charge of his majesty's fort, and that I may 
 deliver to him the arms and stores belonging thereto, aud 
 give him directions to treat me in a manner suitable to one 
 who shall give your excellency an exact account of all his 
 actions and conduct ; who is, with all respect, 
 
 Your Excellency's most humble servant, 
 
 JACOB LEISLER. 
 
 Accordingly, Nicholson was despatched to take posses- 
 sion of the fort; and having fulfilled that part of his duty, 
 proceeded to the discharge of his additional orders, which 
 were to release Bayard and Nichols, who still remained 
 prisoners in the fort, and to arrest Leisler and such of his 
 accomplices as were with him, and to bring them before 
 the governor and his council. 
 
 Bayard and Nichols shortly after appeared, and were 
 sworn in as members of the council; and having taken 
 their seats, Leisler and eleven of his principal friends were 
 brought in prisoners, and once more the great leaders of 
 the factions were brought face to face. The prisoners were 
 all committed to the guards. 
 
 The governor, in the course of a day or two, discovered 
 the condition of the public pulse, which was, on all side^, 
 beating at fever heat, and not unwilling, from these and 
 other reasons, to rid himself of the responsibility of acting 
 on the case of the prisoners, readily acceded to a proposi- 
 
204 REVOLUTION IN 1689. 
 
 tion of the members of his council, to transfer the case 
 from a military to a civil court ; and accordingly, on 
 the 23d of March, issued an order for an examination of 
 the prisoners, preparatory to transferring them from the 
 guards to the common prison. 
 
 On the following day (24th March) the government 
 called a special Court of Oyer and Terminer, to be held 
 immediately; and on the 26th, Leisler and his companions 
 were committed into the hands of the sheriff, by two of 
 the city magistrates, on the charge of traitorously levying 
 war against the sovereign, and of other high misde- 
 meanors. 
 
 The Court of Oyer and Terminer met about a fortnight 
 afterward, and the prisoners being called on to plead, 
 they refused to acknowledge the validity of the court, or 
 to plead to the indictment. The principal charges against 
 Leisler and his friends, were as follows : 
 
 The disruption of Nicholson's council. 
 
 Imprisoning many innocent people. 
 
 Proscribing and forcing others to fly. 
 
 Seizing and forfeiting goods of merchants and others. 
 
 Levying taxes without due authority. 
 
 Raising forces and keeping the fort against Ingolds- 
 by; and 
 
 Denying the surrender to Governor Sloughter. 
 
 The result of the deliberations of the court was the con- 
 viction of the prisoners, as mutes, and their sentence to 
 death. This conclusion was made known to the public 
 toward the latter part of April,, and caused great tumults 
 and riots in different parts of the province, and also in 
 New England. 
 
 It was very evident that the leaders of the party now in 
 
REVOLUTION IN 1689. 205 
 
 power, and forming the council of the province, would not 
 be satisfied with any vengeance less than the death of 
 Leisler. Governor Sloughter, a dissolute and unprincipled 
 man, made some effort to screen himself from the pressure 
 of these urgent applicants, and pretended, for a few days, 
 to be determined to submit the case to the government in 
 England, before complying with that last official duty ap- 
 pertaining to his office, the signing of the death warrant. 
 But on the 14th of May, the council requested the governor 
 to carry the sentence into effect, and thus allay the ferment 
 in the public mind, which was every day increasing. On 
 the 16th, which was Saturday, the assembly, by a majority 
 vote, joined in the recommendation, and on the same day 
 Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Milborne, were brought 
 out for execution. On the gallows, Leisler made a speech 
 to the following purport : 
 
 " The great, wise and omnipotent creator of all things, 
 visible and invisible, who, from the time of our first com- 
 ing ashore in this vale of tears, misery and affliction, hath 
 to this present moment protected us, be magnified, praised 
 and glorified forever. Amen. 
 
 " Gentlemen and Brethren : — I hope, through the 
 grace and fear of the Lord Jesus, that we are not insensi- 
 ble of our dying condition; but like penitent mortals we 
 submit our lives and all that appertains to us, into the 
 hands of divine protection, prostrating ourselves before 
 the foot-stool of that immaculate Lamb of God who taketh 
 away the sins of the world; hoping that, through His mer- 
 itorious death, our iniquities may be done away with, and 
 our pardons sealed on earth before we go hence; humbly 
 imploring that not through our own merits of justification, 
 but throuirh the merit of Him that is willing to save our 
 
206 REVOLUTION IN 1689, 
 
 souls, we may become precious in the eyes of God, and 
 live forever in the Kingdom of Eternal Glory, when time 
 shall be no more. 
 
 " It is true that we have, at the request of the principal 
 part of the inhabitants of this province, and in opposition 
 to the wi.-hes of our families, taken in hand great and 
 weighty matters of state, requiring, it is true, more wise, 
 cunning and powerful pilots than either of us could claim 
 to be; but considering that in the time of this distracted 
 country's greatest necessity, no persons could be found, 
 that were in any capacity of uniting us against a common 
 enemy, who would take the helm — we, for the glory of the 
 Protestant interest, the establishment of the present gov- 
 ernment, and the strengthening of the country against all 
 foreign attempts, thought it a serviceable act that our poor 
 endeavors should not be wanting in any thing that was 
 needful. 
 
 " We will not deny that many excesses have been com- 
 mitted, oftentimes against our will, between the time of 
 our undertaking and the arrival of Governor Sloughter; 
 and oftentimes we wished, during our unhappy abode in 
 power, to see a period put to the distracted aflairs such as 
 then were raging, and perhaps as to some of which we 
 were not faultless. Of such as we have injured, we hum- 
 bly beg forgiveness, desiring them every one, with Chris- 
 tian charity, to bury all malice in our graves. And here, 
 before God and the world, we do declare, as dying sinners, 
 that we not only forgive the greatest and most inveter- 
 ate of our enemies, but according to the pattern of our 
 dying Savior, we say ' Father forgive them, for they know 
 not what they do.' So far from revenge do we depart this 
 world, that we require and make it our dying request to 
 
REVOLUTIOX IN 1689- 207 
 
 all our relations and friends, that they should, in time to 
 come, be forgetful of any injury done to us or either of us; 
 so that, on both sides, the discord and dissension (which 
 was created by the devil in the beginning) may, with our 
 ashes, be buried in oblivion, never more to rise up for the 
 trouble of future posterity. The Lord grant that the 
 offering of our blood may be a full satisfaction for all the 
 disorders to this time committed, and that, forever after, 
 the spirit of unity may remain among our brethren on 
 earth. 
 
 " All that for our dying comfort we can say, concerning 
 the point for which we are condemned is to declare, as our 
 last words, before that God whom we hope before long to 
 see, that our sole aim and object in the conduct of the gov- 
 ernment was to maintain the interest of our sovereign lord 
 and lady, and the Reformed Protestant Churches in these 
 parts. If there be any that think otherwise, (as from 
 scandalous reports and misrepresentations we must believe 
 there are,) we shall not trouble them with many argu- 
 ments, being persuaded that every good Protestant of 
 this country, who has been acquainted with our transac- 
 tions, can, from his conscience, aver the falsehood and 
 maliciousness of such aspersions. As for Major Ingolds- 
 by's coming to demand the garrison after his arrival, had 
 he, but in the least, produced any testimonial of his author- 
 ity to receive the same and discharge us, we would as 
 readily have delivered the fort as he could ask it; but as 
 these things are past and gone, they are not worth noting. 
 
 " The Lord, of his infinite mercy, preserve the king and 
 (lueen from traitors and deceitful enemies; God be mer- 
 ciful unto, and bless with peace and unity these their 
 kingdoms, unto which we belong; God preserve this prov- 
 
208 EEVOLUTIOX IN 1689. 
 
 ince from enemies abroad and spiteful wretches at home; 
 God bless the governor of this place; God bless the coun- 
 cil, assembly and government now established, that they 
 may all be united to propagate their majesties' interest, the 
 country's good, and the establishment of piety. The Lord 
 of heaven, of his infinite mercy, bless all that wish well to 
 Zion, and convert those that are out of the way; let his 
 mercies likewise administer true comfort to all that are 
 desolate, grieved, oppressed, in misery or other afflictions, 
 especially the souls of that poor family unto which we for- 
 merly belonged. Our only comfort in this case is that God 
 has promised to take care of the widows and the fatherless. 
 Recommending them all, this dying moment, into the hands 
 of one that is able and willing to save those that seek him; 
 desiring them to put their perpetual confidence in the mer- 
 cies of one that never failcth, and not to weep for us that 
 are departing to our God; but rather to weep for them- 
 selves that are here behind us, to remain in a state of 
 misery and trouble. 
 
 " Gentlemen, you will all, I hope, Christian-like, be char- 
 itable to our distressed families that are to remain with 
 you. Join with us in the prayer for the preservation of 
 our immortal souls in a kingdom of never dying glory, 
 unto which, God, of his infinite mercy, bring us all. Amen, 
 Amen." 
 
 Milborne made a short prayer for the king and queen 
 and present ofiicers of the province. Then, turning to Mr. 
 Livingston, one of the leading men of the opposite party, 
 who had been to England on a mission respecting the state 
 of the country, he said, " You have brought about my 
 death, but before God's tribunal I will implead you for the 
 same." Turning to his father-in-law, he said, " We are 
 
REVOLCTION IN 1689. 209 
 
 thoroughly wet with rain, but in a little time we shall be 
 washed with the Holy Spirit.'' The sheriff asked him 
 whether he would not bless the king and queen; " He an- 
 swered, " It is for them I die, and for the cause of the Pro- 
 testant religion, in which I was born and bred." 
 
 Leisler, turning to his son-in-law, said, " I must now die, 
 but why must you also ? You have been in our service 
 merely." He also declared anew that his actions had been 
 for the cause of William and Mary, the defence of the 
 Protestant religion, and the good of the country. 
 
 When the handkerchief was put about his head, he said, 
 " I hope my eyes shall see our Lord Jesus Christ in heaven; 
 I am ready ! I am ready !" Milborne exclaimed, " I am 
 ready; Father, into thy hands I recommend my soul." 
 
 During the performance of this ceremony the rain was 
 drizzling down upon the assembled multitude; and a more 
 wretched and distracted community than the city then con- 
 tained, could hardly be imagined. 
 
 Four years afterward (1695) the Parliament of Great 
 Britain reversed the attainder, for treason, of Leisler, and 
 restored his property to his heirs. Some further account 
 of the personal and family history of Mr. Leisler, has been 
 given in another part of this book. 
 
 14 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 AFFAIRS OF THE CITY FROM THE YEAR 1C91 TO THE CLOSE OF THE 
 CENTURY. 
 
 Governor Sloughter having undertaken a journey to 
 Albany, a few days after the death of Leisler, he concluded 
 a treaty with the Iroquois Indians, and returned to New 
 York; but his turbulent administration was destined to a 
 speedy termination, as he died, suddenly, on the 23d July, 
 1691. Suspicions were entertained that unfair means had 
 brought about his end, but a post-mortem examination 
 confuted these ideas, and his death was reported by the 
 physicians to have occurred from natural causes. His 
 remains were interred in Stuyvesant's vault, next to those 
 of the old Dutch governor. 
 
 His successor, for a temporary period, was Major Rich- 
 ard Ingoldsby, the second military officer in the garrison, 
 who remained in office until the 29th of August, 1692, 
 when he was superseded by Colonel Benjamin Fletcher, 
 who had been commissioned as governor of the province. 
 
 On the 2d of April, 1698, Governor Fletcher was super- 
 seded by the arrival of Richard, Earl of Bellamont, who 
 remained in office until his death, which occurred in this 
 city on the 5th of March, 1701. He was interred under 
 the chapel in the fort. 
 
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CITY, 1690 TO 1700. 211 
 
 Several improvements of importance took place in the 
 city during the ten years previous to the close of the sev- 
 enteenth century. 
 
 It having been determined to fill in the shore along the 
 East river, which had hitherto not been encroached upon, 
 the corporation sold the water lots from the city-hall at 
 the present Coentics slip, to the present Fulton street. 
 The lots were laid out with a front of about forty feet 
 each, the conditions of the sale stipulating that the build- 
 ings erected, should cover the entire front with one build- 
 ing; the gable end, or front toward the street, to be of 
 brick or stone, and the building to be at least two stories 
 in height. Provision was also made for the erection of a 
 wharf along the water side, of thirty feet in width, which 
 should be a free street. This was the origin of the pres- 
 ent Water street in the parts above designated. The lots 
 which extended in depth from the present Pearl to Water 
 street, sold at average prices of twenty pounds each, and 
 were principally purchased by merchants. 
 
 The title of the corporation to the land under water was 
 contested in the first instance by the owners along the 
 shore, but an examination of the original patents, except 
 in one or two instances, failed to show a right in the indi- 
 vidual owners, beyond high water mark. This scrutiny 
 of the ancient patents, however, raised a question as to 
 the ownership of the present vacant space in Hanover 
 square, which was found to be covered by the patent to 
 Govert Loockermans, (who formerly resided on the north 
 side of Hanover square,) and was therefore claimed by his 
 heirs. As the claimants desired to build on the vacant 
 ground, which would close up the fine open view upon the 
 water, then enjoyed by the residents on Hanover square, 
 
212 
 
 STKKETS LAID OIT AS FAR AS MAIDEN LANE. 
 
 their claim was strongly contested, and it was attempted 
 to be set up, in opposition to their right, that this open 
 ground had laid in common for many years, and that the 
 public had acquired a title by adverse possession. Many 
 of the ancient inhabitants of the city, in the early times 
 of the Dutch, were called upon to state their remembrance 
 of this place. Among others, the venerable Johannes 
 Van Brugh, and his wife, the daughter of the first Dutch 
 clergyman, Domine Bogardus, who still resided (1G93) at 
 their ancient residence on the present north side of Hano- 
 ver square. He remembered the place to have been in 
 common for forty-six years, and his wife for a still longer 
 period, viz., fifty-six years, which carried her recollection 
 back to the year 1637. 
 
 It was during this period, also, that streets were first 
 laid out above Wall street, as high as Maiden lane. This 
 latter street, however, was a very ancient road, having 
 been established as such in the earliest times of the Dutch. 
 Its course through a valley, was the easiest route of pas- 
 sage from the two great highways along the north and 
 East river sides, and was from the first used as such. This 
 road was, in the times of the Dutch, known as " T'Maagde 
 Paatje," or the Maiden's Path; and formed the northerly 
 boundary of the farm granted in 1644, to Jan Jansen Da- 
 men. When this farm came to be divided among the heirs 
 of Damen, some parts of it along the Maiden's Path were 
 sold off to speculators. These parcels were described 
 in the ancient deeds as the " Claver Waytie," or Clover 
 Pasture, etc.; and came afterward into the market as 
 building lots. The " Maagde Paatje," about the period 
 now referred to, received its present name of Maiden 
 Lane. 
 
ERECTIOX OF PUBLIC BLILDINGS AND CHURCHES. 21o 
 
 Wc may also, indicate, among other improvements of 
 this period, the erection of several public buildings of a 
 class hitherto unexampled in New York. Among other 
 prominent buildings of a public character, erected durinc 
 this period, was the city-hall. The old "stadt huys," 
 which had stood since the year 1642, and had attained an 
 age of over half a centun*, was far gone to decay, and in 
 the year 1697 was considered in such a dangerous condi- 
 tion that the judges refused to hold their courts therein; 
 and the common council, also, were compelled to change 
 their sessions room to the house of George Kiscarrick, ad- 
 joining the city-hall, where they hired a room at the rate of 
 twelve pounds per annum. The authorities, having come 
 to the determination to erect a new building for civic pur- 
 poses, the site fixed upon was in Wall street, opposite 
 Broad, the same position now occupied by the Custom 
 House. The estimated cost of the new building was three 
 thousand pounds, but probably exceeded that sum. In 
 August, 1699, the ancient " stadt huys," at the head of 
 Coenties slip, was sold at auction and struck off at nine 
 hundred and twenty pounds, to John Rodman, a merchant. 
 
 Another prominent building erected during the period 
 now spoken of, was the first Trinity Church, on the site 
 of the present edifice so called. The date of the erection 
 of this building was in 1696. It was destroyed by the 
 great fire in this city, during the time of the Revolution- 
 ary war. 
 
 The Dutch congregation also erected a new church 
 edifice on a street called the " Tuyen," O'- Garden street, 
 on the north side of the present Exchange place, between 
 Broad and William streets. The ground was purchased 
 in the year 1691; soon after which the building was 
 
214 
 
 THE BATTERY. 
 
 commenced. The engraving on the opposite page gives a 
 view of the condition of the neighborhood of this church, 
 the spire of which is observed above the buildings. The 
 two corners here seen are the present north-east and south- 
 east corners of Broad street and Exchange place. 
 
 Another indication of the progress of the city toward 
 its present condition, may be ascribed to the period referred 
 to, in the commencement of what is called the Battery, at 
 the south point of the island. This part of the city had 
 anciently been known as the " Schreyer's Hook," a number 
 of rocks, called the " Capske," having long presented 
 their heads above the water, and probably being now 
 beneath the made ground of the present Battery. War 
 existing between France and England in 1693, and a 
 report having arisen that the enemy contemplated a visit 
 to this city, the governor determined to " erect a plat- 
 form on the outmost point of rocks under the fort, whereon 
 to build a battery to command both rivers. The works 
 then constructed extended from the present Whitehall 
 street, westward two or three hundred feet, and were 
 commonly known as the Whitehall Battery. 
 
 We may point out another indication of the progress of 
 the city, in the fact that the lirst attempt to light the 
 streets was made in November, 1697; the ordinance for 
 which was as follows : 
 
 " The Board, taking into consideration the great incon- 
 veniency that attends this city, being a trading place, for 
 want of having lights in the dark time of the moon in the 
 winter season, it is therefore ordered that all and every of 
 the housekeepers within this city shall put out lights in 
 the windows fronting the respective streets of the city, 
 between this and the 25th of March next, in the following 
 
STKEKT LAMI'S, WATCH, &G. 
 
 215 
 
 manner : Every seventh house, in all the streets, shall, in 
 the dark time of the moon, cause a lantern and candle to 
 be hung- out on a pole — the charge to be defrayed equally 
 by the inhabitants of said seven houses." 
 
 During the same period a night watch was established, 
 composed of " four good and honest inhabitants of the 
 city, whose duty it shall be to watch in the night time, 
 from the liour of nine in the evening till break of day, 
 until the the 25 th of March next; and to go round the 
 city, each hour of the night, with a bell, and there to 
 proclaim the season of the weather and the hour of the 
 night." 
 
 It was stated, in a former chapter, that the old city pali- 
 sades, along Wall street, had been for many years in a 
 state of dilapidation, and their removal was resolved upon 
 shortly previous to Leisler's usurpation. That occur- 
 rence, however, put a stop to the movement; and the break- 
 ing out of a war between France and England, innnediately 
 subsequent to the establishment of order in the country, 
 and the apprehension of invasion induced the authorities 
 to make some repairs to these ancient works. It is be- 
 lieved, however, that in the year 1609 their final demolition 
 was accomplished. 
 
 The appearance of the city, about the close of the seven- 
 teenth century, is described by Madame Knight, an Eng- 
 lish lady, as of an agreeable character — " the buildings, 
 brick generally, in some houses of divers colors and laid 
 in cheques, being glazed, they look very well." Of the 
 insides she remarks that " they were neat to admiration." 
 The fire-places had no jambs, but their backs ran flush 
 with the walls; the fire-places were of tiles, and extended 
 far out into the rooms, in some instances to the width of 
 
21u 
 
 CONDITIOX OF THE STREETS, 
 
 five feet. The ladies of the ancient Dutch families wore 
 caps, leaving the ears bare, and an abundance of ear-rings 
 and other jewelry. 
 
 Most of the streets in the lower part of the city were 
 paved to the width of ten feet from the fronts of the houses, 
 on each side of the way. The centre of the street was 
 left without pavement, for the more easy absorption of the 
 water, as there were then no sewers in the city. The kind 
 of pavements used were pebble stones. There were no 
 side-walks for foot passengers as at present, but in some 
 places brick pathways, called in early times " strookes," 
 were laid for that purpose. 
 
 There were several wells in the centre of the streets, for 
 the use of the public. One of these, called " De Riemer's 
 Well," was situated in the centre of the present Whitehall 
 street, near Bridge. Another called " Ten Eyck and Vin- 
 cent's Well" was situated in the centre of the present Broad, 
 between Stone and South William streets. Another called 
 " Tunis De Kay's Well," was situated in the centre of 
 Broad street, a short distance above Beaver street. An- 
 other called the " Frederick Wessell's Well," was situated 
 in the centre of the present Wall street, west of William. 
 Another called the " Well of William Cox," was situated 
 near the present head of Coenties slip, xlnother called 
 " Mr. Rombout's Well," was situated in the centre of 
 Broadway, near Exchange place. Another called " the 
 Well of Suert Olphert's," was situated in the same neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 There were two public markets for flesh and one for fish 
 in the city. The flesh markets were situated, one on the 
 present site of the Bowling Green, and the other in the 
 centre of the present Hanover square, which was then a 
 
SHIPPING OF THE CITY IN 1701. 
 
 21^ 
 
 green, adorned by several large trees. The fish market 
 was at the present Coenties slip. 
 
 The great dock of the city extended between the present 
 Coenties slip and Whitehall street, as may be observed on 
 the map of 1695. The annual rates of dockage were as 
 follows : For vessels of one to five tons, six shillings; of 
 five to ten tons, nine shillings; of ten to fifteen tons, 
 twelve shillings; of fifteen to twenty-five tons one pound; 
 of twenty-five to fifty tons, one pound ten shillings; over 
 fifty tons, two pounds ten shillings. 
 
 At the close of the seventeenth century, there were 
 about seven hundred and fifty dwelling houses within the 
 limits of the city, beside a considerable number of planta- 
 tions and buildings in other parts of the island. The 
 population of the city was composed of about four thou- 
 sand five hundred whites, and seven hundred and fifty 
 blacks, including slaves and freemen. The names of the 
 inhabitants, from the census of 1703. are alphabetically 
 arranged in the index, and arc referred to as giving a 
 complete view of the population at that period. 
 
 To give a general view of the amount of shipping out 
 
 of this port at the close of the seventeenth century, we 
 
 furnish a list of the arrivals during the year, from June, 
 
 1701, to the end of May in the following year ; 
 
 1701. June. Hliip Lark, from Fayal. 
 
 " SIoo]! Morning Star, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " " Albcrmarlo, from IJoston. 
 
 " '■ Phoenix, from Jamaica. 
 
 July. " Albermarle, from Boston. 
 
 " " Friendship, from Boston. 
 
 " " Mary, from Antigua. 
 
 " " Sawyer, from Boston. 
 
 " " Hope, from Jamaica. 
 
 " Ship Hope, from London. 
 
218 SHIPPING OF THE CITY IN 1701, 2. 
 
 1 701 . July. Sloop James, from Jamaica. 
 
 " " Cornelia and Betty, from Barbadoes 
 
 August " Swan, from Antigua. 
 
 " " Oallopatcli, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " " Auue, from Boston, 
 
 " Brig Industry, from Jamaica. 
 
 " Sloop Rachel, from Nevis. 
 
 " " Mary and Sarah, from Boston. 
 
 " " Jacob, from Jamaica. 
 
 " " Friendship, from Philadelphia. 
 
 " " Sawyer, from Boston. 
 
 " " Loyal York, from Carolina. 
 
 " Brig Francis, from Jamaica. 
 
 " Sloop Bonata, from Carolina. 
 
 " " Flying Horse, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " Pinke Blossom, from Jamaica. 
 September. " John, from Jamaica. 
 
 " Brig Bristol, from the Bermudas. 
 
 " Sloop Joseph and Betty, St. Christopher. 
 
 " " Mary and Sarah, from Boston. 
 
 October. " Friendship, from Boston. 
 
 " " Welcome, from Nevis. 
 
 " " Restoration, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " " Sawyer, from Boston. 
 
 " Brig Catharine, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " Sloop Rachel, from Boston. 
 
 " " Catharine, from Madeira. 
 
 " " Rebecca, from Rhode Island. 
 
 " Brig John Adventure, from Barbadoes. 
 November. " Dolphin, from Loudon. 
 
 " Sloop Friendship, from Philadelphia. 
 
 " " Primrose, from Surinam. 
 
 " Pinke New York, from England. 
 December. Sloop Mary, from Boston. 
 
 " " Catharine, from Madeira. 
 
 " Ship New York Merchant, from London. 
 
 1702. January. Sloop Rachel, from Boston. 
 
 " Ship Catharine, from Madeira. 
 
 " Sloop Hannah and Ruth, from Boston. 
 
 " Ship Endeavor, from London. 
 
MERCHANTS. 
 
 219 
 
 1702. February. Sloop Adventure, from Boston. 
 
 " Brig Nanfan, from Carolina. 
 
 " Sloop Endeavor, from Boston. 
 
 " Calley John and Miehaol, from Bristol. 
 
 March. Sloop Unity, from Nevis. 
 
 " Shallop St. Maria, from Isquebad. 
 
 " Brig Anne, from Jamaica. 
 
 April. Sloop "Welcome, fi'om Nevis. 
 
 " Brig Joseph, from Antigua. 
 
 " Pinke Orange-tree, from W. I. 
 
 " Ship Charles, from London. 
 
 " Brig Increase, from Antigua. 
 
 " Sloop Loyal York, from Virginia. 
 
 " " Restoration, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " Brig Prosperous, from Surinam. 
 
 ". Sloop Catherine, from Antigua. 
 
 " " Sawyer, from Boston. 
 
 " Ship Prince Lewis, from London. 
 
 May. " Elizabeth, from London. 
 
 " Sloop Boncta, from Surinam. 
 
 " " Jacob, from Barbadoes. 
 
 " " Rachel, from Boston. 
 
 " " Hopewell, from Jamaica. 
 
 " " Flying Horse, from Jamaica. 
 
 Among the principal merchants in the city at the close 
 of the seventeenth century, were the following: Thomas 
 I>urroiighs, Walter Thong, Benjamin Faneuil, Thomas Da- 
 venport, Cornelius Lodge, Charles Lodwick, Isaac I)c 
 Peyster, Rip Van Dam, Lawrence Reade, Elias Boudinot, 
 Philip French, Abraham De Peyster, David Provoost, jr., 
 NichoLas Bayard, Stephen Delancry, Richard Willet, Peter 
 Van Brugh, Brandt Schuyler, Augustus Jay, George 
 Banckor, Thomas Noell, Adrian Hooghland, John Choi- 
 well, Benjamin Blagrave, Frederick Philipsc, Robert 
 Walters, Ebenezer Wilson, David De Robles, Wm. ]\[orris, 
 John Van Home, Abraham Wendell. Garret Van Home, 
 Matthew Ling, John Theobalds, Abraham Van Home. 
 
220 
 
 PRIVATEERING. 
 
 Isaac De Riemer, Stephen Jamaine, 0. Van Cortland, 
 Gabriel Minvielle, John Morris, Paul Droilhet, Daniel 
 Cromelinc, Caleb Cooper, Edward Antill, Thomas Roberts, 
 Bartholomew Fuert, Matthew Clarkson, Win. Bradford, 
 (books,) Henry Jordan, Samuel Bayard, John'Corbett, John 
 Provoost, Daniel Plowman, Charles Woolley, William 
 Peartree, Jacob Van Cortland, John Lewis, Claes Evert- 
 sen, Robert Hooper, C. De Peyster, Samuel Rodman, 
 Jacob Morris, John Morris, Robert Lurting, John Tudor, 
 jr., Gerrit Onclebagh, William Smith, William Bickley, 
 John Cruger, Derrick Wcssells, Isaac Gouverneur. 
 
 With respect to the shipping interests and maritime 
 affairs of the city at this period, the repeal of the bolting 
 act in 1694, which has been referred to in a previous 
 chapter, was a serious blow to New York, as many of the 
 established houses in the city suspended their shipping 
 traffic, and a number of persons of the maritime profession 
 were thrown out of employment. The occurrence, how-" 
 ever, of the war with Prance afforded an opening for the 
 employment of vessels and men in privateering, which 
 became among the most profitable risks on the ocean in 
 that day. 
 
 The public countenance given to privateering, and the 
 adventurous character of these expeditions, had a tenden- 
 cy to encourage licentiousness in the followers of the sea- 
 faring life. Many of those who engaged in privateering, 
 when their expeditions proved fruitless were not disinclined 
 to prey upon friendly vessels, and thus to engage in piracy; 
 and it is not without considerable proof that several of the 
 highest functionaries in the government in New York 
 countenanced these lawless characters, and shared in the 
 spoils of their depredations. 
 
SLAVE TRADE. 
 
 221 
 
 Another species of maritime adveiiUire, then engaged in 
 by several of our most respectable merchants and capitalists, 
 was the slave trade. Slaves had been held in this city 
 from the earliest period of the Dutch settlement; and it is 
 said that the lirst importation of negroes in America was 
 by a Dutch vessel, which brought them from the African 
 coast and sold them in Virginia. This trade was facili- 
 tated by the Dutch possessions on the coast of Guinea, 
 where they were easily procured from the African kings 
 for a small consideration. This trade, in the time of the 
 Dutch, appears to have been carried on by transient 
 traders, and to have constituted no part of the business of 
 resident inhabitants of this city. The visits of slave ships, 
 however, in search of a market, were of frequent occur- 
 rence from an early period, and many of the inhabitants 
 were in this manner provided with domestic servants and 
 farm lal)orevs. The Guinea negroes, when first imported, 
 were of less value than those born in this country, from 
 the risks attending acclimation, and the necessity of tu- 
 toring them in the language and customs of the country. 
 And not unfrequcntly, their first change, from the confined 
 quarters of a slave ship to the novel scenes of their new 
 homes, were of a fatal effect upon their health. In 1055, 
 the cargo of the " White Horse" was sold in this city, and 
 the stock of negroes being sold at auction, several were 
 found to have been infected with some fatal disorder. The 
 first instance observed of this character, was that of a girl 
 bought by Nicholas Boot. While being led home, along 
 the road, on the shore of the East river, she fell, opposite 
 Litschoe's tavern, crying " Ariba;" she was taken up, and 
 proceeding a few paces further, again fell, her eyes being 
 fixed in her head. Her owner coming up, asked what was 
 
009 
 
 SLAVE TRADE. 
 
 the matter? Upon wliicli, she cried, " moa, moa;" some 
 of the by-stauders said, " she is drunk, it will soon pass 
 away ; she is sound at heart." At the city gate she was 
 put in a wagon, and taken to her master's house, but died 
 in the evening. 
 
 In after years, as has been stated, the slave traffic be- 
 came a prominent branch of the shipping trade out of this 
 port. The journal of a young man (afterward mayor of 
 this city,) sent out as supercargo and agent of merchants 
 in this ciiy, is interesting from its detail of the manner of 
 conducting this traffic, as well as the mishaps to this par- 
 ticular adventure. The MS. is copied as follows : 
 
 An Account of a Voyage to Madagascar in the skip " Prophet Daniel," 
 Henry Appel, Commander. 
 
 On the 15th of July, 1698, we weighed anchor, bound for the island 
 of Don Mascourena. 
 
 3d October. We found ourselves under the island of St. Thomas, and 
 went in to water and to clean the ship. 
 
 4f/i October. Captain Appel came on board and told me he would not 
 go on board again before certain of the people were out of the ship, and 
 that I must find money to pay their wages ; so that I was forced to sell 
 some rigging for such use, before Captain Appel would come on board. 
 He left one man at this place called Whiler, a very troublesome fellow. 
 
 1th October. Sailed from St. Thomas. 
 
 20th February, 1699. The captain and mates judged themselves to 
 leeward of the island Don Mascourena. 
 
 Sunday, 13th. July. We arrived at Mattatana, (whither we had been 
 obliged to turn our course,) and I went on shore to trade for negroes, but 
 the harbor proving bad we were forced to remove from that place ; I 
 having purchased fifty slaves at St. Mattatana. 
 
 24th Augiist. Arrived at Fort Dolphin. 
 
 24:th August. I acquainted Mr. Abraham Samuel, the king of that 
 place, of my arrival, and came with him to a trade. 
 
 12th September. I went with Mr. Samuel twenty-five miles up in the 
 country, and on the second day after, I got the miserable news that our 
 ship was taken Ijy a vessel that came into the harbor the night before ; 
 
SLAVE TRADE. 
 
 223 
 
 whereupon I mad(! all the liaste down I could. We got some of the sub- 
 jects of Mr. Hamuel to assist us, and fired upon the pirate for two days, 
 but could do no g'ood ; then I hired two men to swim off in the night to 
 cut their cables, but Mr. Samuel charged his men not to meddle with them, 
 (as I was informed) said Samuel having got a letter from on board the 
 pirate, in which I suppose they made great promises, so that he forbid 
 us, on our lives, to meddle with any of the said pirates. It appears that 
 the manner in which they took us was as follows : When their ship 
 came to an anchor in the harbor, they desired our boat to give them a 
 cast on shore, tiiey having lost their boat, and pretended to be a merchant 
 ship, and had about fifty negroes on board. At night the captain of the 
 pirate desired that our boat might give him a cast on board of his ship, 
 which was done ; and coming on board he desired the men to drink with 
 him ; and when our men were going on board their ship again, he stopped 
 them by violence ; and at about nine o'clock at night they manned the 
 boat and took our ship, and presently cari'ied away all the money that 
 was on board, rigging, and other things that they had occasion for, and 
 then gave the ship, and negroes, and other things that were on board, to 
 Mr. Samuel. The name of the pirate captain was Evan Jones ; the 
 others were, 'Robert Moore, master ; John Dodd, quarter-master ; John 
 Spratt, boatswain ; Thomas Cullins, llobin Hunt, from Westchester, 
 New York, and othci's. Mr. Abraham Samuel took likewise away from 
 me twenty-two casks of powder and forty-nine small arms ; likewise all 
 the sails belonging to the " Prophet," which were on shore, and then sold 
 the ship again to Isaac Ruff, Thomas AVells, Edmund Conklin and Ed- 
 ward Woodman, as it was reported, for fourteen hundred pieces of eight. 
 The purchasers designed to go from Fort Dolphin to the island of Don 
 Mascourena, thence to Mattaf ana, upon Madagascar, and so for America. 
 Captain Henry Appel, Jacobus Meencn and Isaac Lowrens went along 
 with them. Some days after there arrived at Fort Dolphin a small pinke, 
 called the Vine, Thomas Warrent, master, from London, which took in 
 slaves at Fort Dolphin, and was bound for Barbadoes, in which I took 
 my passage, and was forced to pay for the .same sixty-six pieces of 
 eight, and two slaves. 
 
 Saturday, 18th November, 1699. I departed from Fort Dolphin, witli 
 four of the people that belonged to the " Prophet Daniel," in the afore- 
 said pinke Vine, for Barbadoes, leaving on shore, of the ship's company 
 only a mulatto boy, called Gabriel. 
 
 22d December. We arrived at the Cape of Good Hope, where the 
 
224 
 
 RIDD S PIRACY. 
 
 vessel took in water and provisions, and departed on the IGth January 
 following. 
 
 Februari/ 2d, 1700. We arrived at St. Helena, and departed on the 
 eighth of the same month. 
 
 February Vuh. We arrived at the island of Ascension, got turtle and 
 fish, and departed on the following day. 
 
 March 2Uh. We arrived at Barbadoes. 
 
 April \1th. Departed fi-ora Barbadoes, in the pinke " Blossom," Robert 
 Parkins, commander, bound for New York. 
 
 Mat] llth; 1700. I arrived in New York ; and that I may not be cen- 
 sured an ill man, and it may not be thought that I have saved any thing 
 that belongs to the owners of said ship, I do declare, that I have not, di- 
 rectly or indirectly, saved any thing that belongs to them, nor wronged 
 them of the value of a farthing, but on the contrary have done all possi- 
 ble to serve their interest that I could. 
 Signed, &c. 
 
 The slave trade, being a legitimate pursuit, and followed 
 as a regular branch of foreign trade, for many years, both 
 previous and subsequent to the period now referred to, 
 was exceedingly profitable, though somewhat hazardous, 
 owing to piratical adventurers, who followed them into 
 their remote trading places, and often, as in the instance 
 above related, robbed them of their stores and money used 
 in the purchase of the negroes. This practice became so 
 great a pest to the mercantile interests, that efforts were 
 made by influential merchants of New York to induce the 
 English ministry to assist them in fitting out a cruising 
 vessel, properly armed, to act against the pirates. Col. 
 Robert Livingston, of New York, an active and influential 
 citizen, brought this matter before the English govern- 
 ment ; and introduced Captain William Kidd, of New 
 York, as an efficient and well-known commander, whose 
 fitness for such service was well understood in New York. 
 He was a man of family, and had resided in this city for 
 several years. It was proposed io engage in this enter- 
 
KIDD .S PIRACY. 
 
 225 
 
 prise on the footing of a private adventure, although it 
 was also desirable, for some purposes, that the scheme 
 should receive the official countenance of the government. 
 The King, Lord Somers, the Earl of Romney, the Duke of 
 Shrewsbury, the Earl of Oxford and Lord Bellamont, 
 joined in making up the necessary expense of a propoi- 
 vessel ; Col. Livingston also contributing a proi)ortion. 
 The profits were to be divided among the owners of the 
 ship, allowing a liberal share to Kidd. A commission was 
 issued, December 11, 1695, under the great seal of England, 
 directed " to the trusty and well-beloved Captain William 
 Kidd, commander of the ship Adventure Galley." He set 
 sail from Plymouth, in April, 1696, and arrived on the 
 American coast, where he continued for some time, occa- 
 sionally entering the harbor of New York, and visiting 
 his family in- the city. He was considered useful in pro- 
 tecting our commerce, for which he received much ap- 
 plause, and the assembly of the province voted him the 
 sum of two hundred and fifty pounds, as a complimentary 
 return for his services. 
 
 Soon after this he left this vicinity for more active ope- 
 rations on the cost of Africa, and it was not long ere the 
 astounding news arrived that Kidd had commenced the 
 trade which he had been engaged to subvert, and had com- 
 mitted several piracies. The report of these facts coming 
 to the public knowledge in England, the circumstance was 
 made the subject of a violent attack upom the government 
 by the opposition party, and in the excess of party zeal, it 
 was alleged that the king himself, and those concerned in 
 the expedition, were privy to the piratical adventure, and 
 sharers in its profits. This charge having some color ot 
 foundation, from the actual circumstances of the case, 
 15 
 
226 
 
 KIDD S PIRACY. 
 
 made the question a subject of State inquiry; and thus the 
 name of Kidd, though perhaps personally less obnoxious 
 to the odious characteristics of his profession than many 
 others in history, became, from its association with a parti- 
 san warfare, between the great men of the state, the most 
 famous among the pirates of the world. The noblemen 
 engaged in the enterprise underwent the form of a trial 
 for their lives, but were acquitted. 
 
 The principal scenes of Kidd's piracies were on the 
 eastern coast of Africa, at Madagascar and the vicinity; 
 where he captured and rifled several vessels, without, how- 
 ever, so far as we have been informed by history, commit- 
 ting extreme cruelties upon his captives. The only person 
 proven to have been killed by him, being a seaman of his 
 own, named William Moore, whom he accidentally slew, 
 by hitting him with a bucket, for insubordination. Kidd 
 having amassed a fortune by this cruise, shaped his course 
 homeward, seeming, with a strange fatuity, to have supposed 
 that no information of his depredations in those remote 
 parts of the world had reached the scenes of his home. He 
 brought his vessel into Long Island Sound, in the year 
 1699; and went ashore at Gardiner's Island, then owned 
 and occupied by Mr. John Gardiner, to whom, from some 
 undiscoverable motive, he made known his desire to bury 
 a quantity of treasure on the island, and did accordingly 
 deposit in the ground a considerable quantity of gold, 
 silver, and precious stones, in the presence of Mr. Gardi- 
 ner; but under strict injunctions of secrecy. This deposit 
 consisted of eleven hundred and eleven ounces of coined 
 gold, two thousand three hundred and fifty ounces of silver, 
 seventeen ounces of jewels and precious stones, sixty-nine 
 precious stones, fifty-seven bags of sugar, forty-one bales 
 
# 
 
kidd's piracy. 22 i 
 
 of merchandise, seventeen pieces of canvas, one large load- 
 stone, &c. Having thus disburdened his ship, he departed 
 for Boston, with the design, it is supposed, of selling his 
 vessel. While there, however, he was recognized in the 
 street, and apprehended. He was sent to England for 
 trial, and indicted for the murder of William Moore, 
 before spoken of; and, being convicted, Avas hanged in 
 chains, at Execution Dock, May 12, 1701. The Avife of 
 Kidd continued her residence in this city after his death: 
 herself and daughter living in seclusion in a habitation on 
 the east side of the town. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 BIOGRAPIIICAI. SKETCHES OF PROMINENT MEN IN THIS CITY, TOWARD THE 
 CLOSE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 William Atwood, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in 
 the time of Governor Bellamont, resided in this city but a 
 short period; after the death of that nobleman, he presided 
 at the trial of Nicholas Bayard, for treason, and exhibited 
 the strongest prejudice against the accused, who was con- 
 victed. The party of Mr. Bayard coming into power 
 shortly afterward, Atwood fled the country, to escape the 
 retaliating power of his political adversaries. 
 
 JYicholas Bayard came to this city while a youth, soon 
 after the arrival of Governor Stuyvesant, of whose wife 
 he was a relative. In 1665, he was appointed clerk of the 
 Court of Mayor and Aldermen, and kept the minutes in 
 both the Dutch and English, being conversant with both 
 these languages. He afterward engaged in business as a 
 brewer and merchant, establishing his residence on the 
 present north side of Stone street, near Hanover square. 
 
 Mr. Bayard was an active politician, and soon rose 
 to the highest offices in the province. In the time of 
 Leisler's movement against the government of Dongan, 
 Mr. Bayard was a member of the Governor's Council, and 
 took the most conspicuous part in opposition to Leislei 
 
BIOGRAIMIICAL SKETCHES. 229 
 
 and the revolutionists. He was banished the province 
 among other of his adherents; but ventured, for the pur- 
 pose of securing certain documents of 'importance to his 
 party, to return secretly to the city, where his presence be- 
 coming known, search was made for him at his own house; 
 he however, made his escape, and fled to a friendly neigh- 
 bor's, whither he was pursued and taken. He was held for 
 treasonable acts, and lay open to a trial for his life; but 
 suing for his pardon, the prosecution \yas suspended; he 
 was still, however, held in confinement for more than a 
 year. Upon the overthrow of Leisler, Bayard was rein- 
 stated in all his former honors; and now, in turn, urged 
 the prosecution of Leisler with the greatest energy. His 
 counsels, with those of others, succeeded in bringing Leisler 
 to the scaffold. About ten years subsequently, (1702,) the 
 Leislerian party being again in power. Bayard was tried 
 under an act of the province, for treasonable designs, in 
 late proceedings, and was condemned to death. An oppor- 
 tune change in the state of the political powers of the 
 government occurred, how^evcr, and he was released from 
 imprisonment, and his condemnation annulled. 
 
 Mr. Bayard died in the year 1711, leaving his widow, 
 Judy, surviving. His son Samuel, inherited his large 
 property. 
 
 Balthazar Bayard. Mr. Bayard soon after his arrival 
 in this city married a daughter of Govert Loocker- 
 mans, a wealthy merchant. He soon after engaged in the 
 business of brewing, in which vocation he continued for a 
 number of years, and acquired a large property. He sub 
 sccjucntly established his residence on the west side of 
 Broadway, opposite the present Bowling Green. He wa.--; 
 an alderman at one period. 
 
230 
 
 BI0GRA?1IIC.\L SKETCHES. 
 
 Jacob Boelen, a merchant, residing on the west side of 
 Broadway, above Liberty street, represented the North 
 Ward several years, as alderman. 
 
 Anthony Broclcholst, a captain in the army, and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of his majesty's forces in New York, 
 established his residence in this city, with his family, about 
 the year 1680, on the present Stone street, betwen White- 
 hall and Broad ,-treets. He soon after engaged in the 
 mercantile trade, and his family became connected, by 
 marriage, with the principal families of the province. 
 
 John Hendrick Bruyn. Mr. Bruyn was a merchant, re- 
 siding in one of the best houses in town, on the present 
 north side of Pearl street, between Whitehall and Broad 
 streets. He was alderman for several years. 
 
 Martin Clock, was a son of Abraham Clock, one of the 
 early Dutch settlers. Mr. Clock occupied, for a time, the 
 ancient homestead of his family, on the present north-west 
 corner of Pearl street and Hanover square. He was by 
 trade a cooper. He subsequently retired from business 
 and removed to a farm on this island, and for some years 
 represented the Out Ward in the Common Council. 
 
 Thomas Coker, represented the West Ward for a short 
 period in the Common Council. His residence was the 
 present No. 1 Broadway, corner of Battery place. 
 
 Abraham Corbett, a distiller, purchased, in 1680, for 
 sixty pounds sterling, a house and lot on the east side of 
 Broadway, two or three doors south of Exchange pl^ce, 
 which he gave to his son John. Afterward, in 1685, John 
 executed a life lease of same to his father and mother. Here 
 Mr. Corbett erected a fine tavern, to which the name of 
 the " Royal Oak " was given, and he employed himself in 
 its superintendence. He represented his ward, at one period, 
 in the Common Council. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCIIKS. 
 
 231 
 
 William Cox, a flour inercliant of considerable property, 
 resided in the neighborhood of Hanover square. He had 
 previously resided on Saw-mill Creek, on the East river 
 side of the island, where he had purchased a considerable 
 property, with a grist-mill and farm. He represented the 
 Out Ward, as alderman, in 1G83. Mr. Cox died in lOSlL 
 
 Tunis De Kay. This citizen was a son of one of the 
 old settlers. He married Helena, a daughter of Johannes 
 Van Brugh, an eminent merchant of this city. He estab- 
 lished himself in the mercantile business on the west side 
 of the present Broad street, above Beaver street, Avhere his 
 father had formerly owned a considerable property. 
 
 Stephen Delancey, a French Huguenot of Caen, in Nor- 
 mandy, emigrated to this country in the latter part of the 
 seventeenth century, and afterward engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits in this city. He married, in the year 1700, Anne 
 Van Cortland. He was a prominent man in public affairs, 
 and acquired considerable wealth. His place of business 
 was that formerly occupied by Stephanus Van Cortland 
 on the present north-cast corner of Broad and Pearl streets. 
 In the latter years of his life, Mr. Delancey resided on the 
 west side of Broadway, a short distance above Trinity 
 Church, in one of the finest mansions in the city. He died 
 about the year 1735, leaving several children. His son, 
 James, was one of the most eminent men of his time, being 
 at one period in executive charge of the province. His 
 son, Oliver, a loyalist in the time of the revolution, was 
 made a brigadier general in the British arni}'. He repre- 
 sented his ward, for some time, in the Common Council. 
 
 Peter Delanoy, mayor in 1(388, 9, was a merchant, who 
 came to this city from Holland, about the year 1G51. He 
 was an active adherent of Leisler, and was elected mayor 
 
282 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 by the popular suffrage, being tlie first person chosen to 
 that office by the people. 
 
 Thomas Delavall, mayor in 1666-71-78, became first 
 known as a resident here after the capture by the English 
 in 1061. He was then a captain in the English service, 
 and held a command under Colonel Nichols; but it would 
 seem that he had been before that time in America, as wu 
 find some transactions of his which took place prior to 
 the year 1664. Captain Delavall immediately after the 
 surrender of the place to the English, took a prominent 
 part in the administration of public affairs. He purchased 
 a farm at Harlem, and also a residence in the city on the 
 present south-east corner of Broad street and Exchange 
 place, his premises embracing an orchard and large gar- 
 den. Captain Delavall visited England in 1699, where he 
 had a conference with the Duke of York, who sent by him 
 to the mayor and aldermen a mace of the mayoralty office, 
 and gowns for the aldermen. Ho died in this city in the 
 year 1682, leaving a considerable estate. His son John 
 Delavall and several daughters (married to eminent mer- 
 chants of this city,) succeeded to his property. 
 
 Johannes De Peyster, mayor in 1698, was the son of an 
 eminent merchant of the same name, who had been among 
 the earliest and most prominent citizens in the time of the 
 Dutch. The subject of this sketch married a daughter 
 of Gerrit Bancker, of Albany. He died about the year 1719. 
 
 Abraham De Peyster, mayor in 1691, 2, 3, was also a son 
 of Johannes De Peyster. The subject of this sketch was a 
 prominent merchant and the owner of a large estate. His 
 domestic establishment in 1703 consisted of seven whites, 
 and nine black slaves. Colonel De Peyster lived to an 
 advanced age in this city. 
 
BIOGRAPUIOAL SKKTCIIK9. 
 
 233 
 
 Isaac De Riemer, Mayor in 1700, was a merchant and a 
 member of an old family of this city. He marne^T.a 
 daughter of William Teller, a wealthy merchant, formerly 
 residing' in Albany. 
 
 William DervalL mayor in 1G75, was originally a Boston 
 merchant, who had been somewhat interested in the trade 
 with New Amsterdam, and about the year 1G6T, removed 
 here and engaged in trade. His brother John accompa- 
 nied him, and they set up a store, principally of dry goods. 
 William married a daughter of Thomas Delavall, (a 
 wealthy citizen who had been mayor of New York) and 
 occupied a fine residence near the present corner of White- 
 hall and State streets. 
 
 Rev. Gualterius {Walter) Dubois. This gentleman, who 
 was installed a pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church in 
 this city, in October, 1G99, was born in the year 1671, at 
 Street-kerf in Holland; his father, Domino Petrus Dubois, 
 being then pastor of the church at that place. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch Avas educated at the University of Ley- 
 den, and passed his examination before the Classis of 
 Amsterdam in 1607, soon after which he received a call to 
 this city. He served faithfully in his pastoral duties in 
 this city for upward of fifty years. He preached for the 
 last time on the afternoon of 29th September, 17-51. After 
 service he returned home, and was seized Avith illness in 
 his study, whicli ])rought him to his sick chamber, where 
 he languished until Tuesday of the following Aveek, wlien 
 he expired, having attained the age of about eighty years. 
 He was succeeded in his i;ninistry by the Kev. Lambert u^ 
 De Rondo. 
 
 William Dyre, mayor in 1680, was at an early period a 
 resident of one of the New England colonies, enffaffed in 
 
234 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 mercantile pursuits. In the year 1653, at a time of hostili- 
 ties between England and Holland, Rhode Island fitted 
 out an expedition against New Amsterdam, which was 
 placed under the command of Captain John Underhill and 
 William Dyre; the former having direction of the land 
 forces, and the latter of the ships. This expedition, how- 
 ever, faih^l in its object, the forces never approaching the 
 capital of the Dutch province. Upon the final accession 
 of the English authority in this city, in 1674, Captain Dyre 
 established his residence here, and held the office of col- 
 lector of customs. He purchased several acres on the 
 easterly side of Broadway, between Maiden lane and Wall 
 street, and resided there during his stay in the city. He 
 subsequently sold the property to Mr. Lloyd, of Philadel- 
 phia, who realized a profitable increase from the rise of 
 the property in value. Mr. Dyre removed from this city 
 to Jamaica (W. I,) where he died about the year 1685. 
 
 James Emoft, a lawyer of eminence, resided on the east 
 side of Broadway, above Wall street. He was distin- 
 guished in the state trials of that era. 
 
 Philip French, a merchant, residing on the east side of 
 Broad street, near the present Exchange place, was origin- 
 ally from Kelshall, Suflolk county, England, where his 
 family were extensive landholders. He married, in this 
 city, Anneken, daughter of Frederick Philipse. Mr. French 
 was a prominent politician, and held a high social position 
 in this city. He died in the year 1707, leaving three 
 daughters; his name, therefore, has not been perpetuated 
 among his descendants. 
 
 Abraham Gouverneur was descended of a Dutch family in 
 this city. He was clerk of the city council for some time, 
 and afterward engaged in business as a merchant. He 
 
BIOGKAi'llICAI- SKKTCHES. 
 
 235 
 
 married, in the year 1699, Mary, the widow of Jacob Mil- 
 born, and daughter of Jacob Lcisler. Mr. Gouverneur 
 subsequently engaged prominently in public life, and was 
 conspicuous among the friends of the Leisleriau party. 
 
 John Har pending, although never in public life, was a 
 well-known and highly esteemed citizen. lie acquired a 
 respectable fortune by industrious application to his busi- 
 ness of tanner and shoemaker; in 1670 he resided in High 
 street, on the present Stone street, east of Broad street. 
 His probity and high moral principle was in such high 
 esteem that he was frequently appointed, by some of the 
 wealthiest inhabitants, as executor of their estates, and in 
 the affairs of the Dutch Church he always enjoyed a prom- 
 inent position. Mr. Harpending, in conjunction with five 
 other persons of his own trade, purchased a tract of sev- 
 eral acres, east of Broadway and north of Maiden lane, 
 for many years known as the Shoemaker's Pasture. This 
 property was divided in the year 1695, and a large number 
 of lots fell to his share; out of this he bestowed on the 
 Dutch Church the ground upon which the present " North 
 Dutch Church," on William and Fulton streets, is situated. 
 The present John street, it is said, was so named in com 
 pliment to Mr. Harpending. He died in this city, at an 
 advanced age. 
 
 James Graham was an alderman in 1680 and '81. In 
 1683 he was appointed recorder, and was the first who held 
 that office; he afterward was appointed attorney-general 
 of this province. His subsequent career in public life was 
 of the most prominent character, having filled several high 
 legislative stations in this city and province. Mr. Gra- 
 ham's residence in this city was on the east side of Broad- 
 way, south of Exchange place. He removed, in the later 
 
li-J'O 13I0GRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 \ 
 
 years of liis life, to the estate of Mr. Morris, at Morrisa- 
 uia, which he took on lease, and where he dispensed his 
 hospitalities on a munificent scale; he died in the year 
 1701, leaving six children. A singular incident occurred 
 in the year 1682, putting the life of Mr. Graham in immi- 
 nent jeopardy. From the evidence it appeared that Graham 
 had often expressed his desire to cultivate an acquaintance 
 with Captain Baxter, an English officer, recently arrived, 
 in commission; and a party of several friends, including 
 Graham and Baxter, met to spend a social afternoon at 
 the public house of Dirck Van Clyflf, in " the Orchard," 
 (near the present John and Cliff streets.) About nine 
 o'clock in the evening, the company being about to dis- 
 perse, Graham paid the reckoning, and was called aside by 
 Baxter, a little from the company, but in their sight. The 
 persons present saw Baxter seemingly kiss Graham, when 
 the latter immediately called out that he was stabbed. 
 The wound was under the collar bone, about four inches 
 deep. Baxter was bound over to await his trial in case 
 of Graham's death, but the wound did not prove to be 
 mortal. 
 
 George Heathcote, born in Middlesex county, England, 
 came to this country as captain of a merchant ship, about 
 the year 1678. He purchased the seat of Mr. Heermans, 
 one of the early Dutch merchants, on the present west side 
 of Pearl street, the present Pine street running through 
 the propci-ty, which embraced extensive grounds. He 
 established himself in mercantile trade, on a large scale, 
 l)rincipally with the West Indies, where he at times 
 resided. He acquired a large property, and being a bach- 
 elor, invited his nephew, Caleb Heathcote, to take up his 
 residence in this country; and upon his death, at his last 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCIIES. 
 
 2o7 
 
 residence in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1710, be- 
 (lueathed his large property to his nephew, who became 
 one of the most considerable men in the province. 
 
 John Hutchins kept the tavern, afterward the site of the 
 City Hotel, in Broadway, corner of Thames street. His 
 house was the head-quarters of the party opposed to 
 Leisler and his friends, and Mr. Hutchins was a conspicu- 
 ous member of that party. He represented his ward for 
 several years, as alderman. Having become, in the year 
 1702, implicated with Colonel Bayard, in getting up certain 
 addresses of libelous character, upon the existing govern- 
 ment, a state prosecution was instituted against them. 
 and, upon conviction, they were sentenced to death, lie 
 was, however, released on bail, and subsequently, with the 
 change of parties in power, the judgment was annulled. 
 
 John Inyan, a merchant of high standing, resided neai- 
 the present north-east corner of Whitehall and Bridge 
 streets, in a brick building of a good class. He held the 
 office of alderman of the Dock Ward in 1G83, and had 
 previously been a prominent man in public life. He left 
 the city soon after the year above-mentioned. 
 
 Jacob Kip, a son of Hendrick Kip, one of the early in- 
 habitants in the time of the Dutch, was the first secretary 
 of the Court of Burgomasters and Schepens; resigning 
 this place, he engaged in the brewing business. He mar- 
 ried the widow of Guleyn Verplanck. His residence was 
 in Broad street, near the present Exchange place. 
 
 Thomas Lewis, a mariner in early life, established his 
 residence in this city, soon after the surrender to the Eng- 
 lish. In 1668 he purchased of Burgher Joris, his property 
 on the present north-east corner of Hanover square and 
 William street, about forty feet front, on Hanover square, 
 
288 
 
 BIOGRAPIIICAI, SKETCHES. 
 
 and one hundred and forty feet in depth. He established 
 himself in the mercantile business at that place, and resided 
 there until his death. Mr. Lewis was a man of property, 
 and in good esteem; he held the office of alderman for 
 several years. He died in the year 1684, leaving a widow 
 and five children. One of his sons, (Thomas) married, in 
 1094, a daughter of Mrs. Lcisler. 
 
 Charles Lodoioyck, mayor in 1694, was a merchant in 
 good standing. Being one of the militia captains in this 
 city at the time of Leisler's revolution, he took a conspicu- 
 ous part in that movement; he subsequently was lieutenant- 
 colonel of the New York Regiment. xMr. Lodowick 
 removed, toward the close of his life, to England, where 
 he died. 
 
 James Matthews, a merchant of English birth, estab- 
 lished himself in business on the present north-westerly 
 corner of Broad and Pearl streets, and acquired a consid- 
 erable property. He died in the year 1686. 
 
 William Merritt, mayor in 1695, 6. T, came to this city 
 about the year 1671, as a ship captain. He established 
 himself in the trade of a merchant. He was elected to 
 the common council for several years, and subsequently to 
 the office of Mayor. 
 
 Gabriel Minvielle, mayor in 1684, was a Frenchman by 
 descent, but lived in early life in Amsterdam, Holland; in 
 the year 1669 he established himself as a merchant in this 
 city, and carried on an extensive foreign trade. He mar- 
 ried Susannah, a daughter of John Lawrence, a wealthy 
 merchant, and fixed his residence on the west side of 
 Broadway, in a fine mansion near the Bowling Green. 
 Ml'. Minvielle died in 1702, leaving no children: and his 
 family and name thus became extinct in this city. 
 
BIOGRAFHIC.U, SKETCHES. 
 
 239 
 
 Leivis Morris, a wealthy merchant, who established his 
 residence in this city in the year 1674, was an Englishman 
 by birth, but had resided for some years in the West 
 Indies. Plis only brother, Richard, had resided in this 
 city for several years engaged in trade, and had purchased 
 the estate of Morrisania, in Westchester county, and 
 acquired other extensive interests. His death, leaving an 
 in infant child (Lewis, afterward governor of New Jersey.) 
 occasioned the visit of his brother to this city, and his sub- 
 sequent permanent establishment here. The sul)ject of 
 this sketch, commonly called Colonel Morris, resided on 
 the south side of Bridge street, next to the corner of 
 the present Whitehall street. He died in the spring of 
 1691. 
 
 Matthias Jficoll, mayor in 1072, was descended of an 
 ancient and honorable family at Islippe, Northampton- 
 shire, England, and was by profession a lawyer. After 
 the capture of this city in 1664, he took a prominent part 
 in public ajBfairs, and was appointed secretary of the prov- 
 ince, being the first who held that office under the English; 
 he was also appointed to preside with the justices of the 
 different ridings in the Court of Sessions. In 1672 he was 
 appointed, by the governor, to the office of mayor, which 
 he held for one year. In 1683 he was appointed one of the 
 justices of the Supreme Court, in which capacity he offici- 
 ated, for the last time, in Queens county, September 12th, 
 1687. He died at his residence on Cow Neck, Long 
 Island, December 22d, 1687, where his wife, Al)igail, is also 
 buried. One of the sons of Mayor Nicoll, William, was 
 bred to the bar, and became one of the leading citizens 
 of his time in this city. The descendants of the family 
 are numerous on Lone: Island. 
 
240 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Sucrt Olplierts. This citizen was by trade a mason. He 
 had acquired a considerable property by his business, and 
 resided on the east side of Broadway, second door below 
 Exchange place. He represented his ward in the common 
 council, and was a prominent man in public life. At an 
 advanced age (1697) he married the venerable widow of 
 Cornelius Clopper, who had formerly resided on the corner 
 of Pearl street and Maiden lane. This lady died within 
 two or three years. 
 
 William Peartree, a merchant of this city, had formerly 
 resided in Jamaica. He acquired a large estate in this 
 province, and held the office of mayor in 1703, 4, 5 and 6. 
 He resided on the north side of Beaver street, between 
 Xew street and Broadway. Colonel Peartree died in the 
 year 1714, leaving no male descendants. His daughter, 
 Frances, married William Smith, an eminent merchant of 
 this city, and was the mother of William Smith, Esq., the 
 historian of New York. 
 
 William Pinhorne, a merchant of good education and 
 property, established himself in this city after the surren- 
 der by the Dutch, and acquired a large estate. His name 
 is conspicuous among the opponents of Leisler and his 
 party, and he is shown to have been among the most active 
 political characters of his time. In the year 1691 Mr. 
 Pinhorne was appointed recorder of this city, and in sub- 
 sequent years was a member of the governor's council, and 
 held other distinguished public stations. 
 
 David Provoost, mayor in 1699, was a son of David Pro- 
 voost, one of the earliest settlers in this city (some account 
 of whom is given on a former page.) The subject of this 
 sketch commenced trade as a merchant, about the year 
 1666. He married a daughter of Johannes Depeyster, an 
 
BI00RAJ'I1ICA[- SKETCHES. 
 
 241 
 
 eminent niei'chant, and for many years held a conspicuous 
 position among his fellow citizens. 
 
 John Robinson, a merchant of large estate, established 
 himself in this city after the surrender to the English. 
 About the year 1080 he purchased thirty-eight and a quar- 
 ter acres of land on a stream then called Saw-mill Creek, 
 on this island, emptying into the East river; the mill dam 
 at this place threw the water back about fifteen hundred 
 feet, and gave an ample supply of water. He here erected 
 a grist-mill, and became a large dealer in flour, the expor- 
 tation of which was then monopolized by the inhabitants 
 of Xew York. The place of business of Mr. Robinson, in 
 this city, was in the Smith's Valley, or the present Pearl 
 street, above Wall. He held the office of alderman for 
 some time. 
 
 Francois Rombouts, mayor in 1670, was a Frenchman by 
 birth, but his parents having emigrated to Holland, Mr. 
 Rombouts, in the year 1654, being then a merchant's clerk, 
 was sent to this country on a commercial expedition. He 
 met here with some misfortunes, which prevented his 
 return, and he established himself in business as a mer- 
 clmnt in this city. In the year 1658, he enrolled himself 
 among the burghers or citizens, as he had then already 
 been a resident here for several years. His trading ope- 
 rations as a merchant soon became extensive. He married 
 in the city, and fixed his residence on the west side of 
 Broadway, below Rector street, his ground there embrac- 
 ing a large garden and orchard. Mr. Rombouts died in 
 1691, leaving one child, a daughter. His name thus be- 
 came extinct among his descendants. 
 
 Lucas Santen, came to this city in 1684, with a com^ 
 mission as collector of the port. He died here in 1692. 
 16 
 
242 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Brandt Schuyler, a sou of one of tlic early settlers of 
 that name, established himself in mercantile business on 
 the corner of the present Stone and Broad streets. He 
 was connected with the wealthy families of that day, and 
 occupied a prominent position among his fellow-citizens. 
 He was elected alderman of the South Ward in the year 
 1691, and for several years following. 
 
 William Smith, a merchant, established himself in this 
 city about the year 1690, and married Francis, a daughter 
 of Colonel William Peartree. His dwelling was situated 
 on the west side of Broadway, opposite the Bowling Green. 
 He occupied several prominent official stations in the 
 province, among others that of a member of the provincial 
 council. 
 
 Samuel Staats, a physician, was descended of an old 
 Dutch family, originally settled at Albany. Doctor Staats 
 was conspicuous in the times of the so-called rebellion, as 
 a friend of Leisler. He held a prominent position in pub- 
 lic life at that time, and subsequently was a member of the 
 provincial council. 
 
 JYicholas William Stuyvesant, a son of the Dutch director, 
 Petrus Stuyvesant, was born in this city in the year 1648. 
 He married, first, Maria, daughter of William Bcekman ; 
 second, Elizabeth Slechtenhorst. by whom he had two sons 
 and one daughter. After the death of Governor Stuyve- 
 sant, in 1671, the subject of this sketch resided on the 
 estate of his late father, on the Bowery road, and upon the 
 death of his mother in 1684, he came into the inheritance 
 of a large estate. Mr. Stuyvesant represented his ward as 
 an alderman in 1687, and was in other respects engaged in 
 public life. He died in the year 1698, leaving his widow 
 surviving and three children, Petrus, Gerardus and Anna. 
 
BIOORAPUICAI. SKETCHES. 243 
 
 William Teller, a wealthy merchant, formerly residing 
 at Albany, took up his residence in New York, in the later 
 years of his life. He resided in the present William 
 street, near Exchange place. Mr. Teller died about the 
 year 1700. 
 
 Cornelius Van Borsum, a merchant of considerable es- 
 tate, residing on the north-westerly corner of the present 
 Whitehall and Pearl streets, was a son of the ancient 
 ferryman of that name, in the times of the Dutch. Mr. 
 Van Borsum died in the year 1682, leaving his widow, 
 Sarah, surviving, and several children. His widow died 
 in the year 1693. This lady named Sarah was a step- 
 daughter of Domine Bogardus. She mairied first. Doctor 
 Kierstede of this city; secondly, Elbert Elbertsen, and 
 thirdly, Cornelius Van Borsum. 
 
 Stephanus Van Cortlandt, mayor in 1677-86-87, was a 
 son of Oloff Stevenson Van Cortland, an ancient and con- 
 spicuous citizen of the early Dutch times. Stephanus Van 
 Cortland was the first mayor of this city born in America, 
 the date of his birth in this city being 7th May, 1643. In 
 1671 he, married Geertruyd Schuyler, of Albany, and en- 
 gaged in mercantile trade on the line of the present Pearl 
 street, near Broad, then facing the East river. His first 
 appointment as mayor, was at the age of thirty-four years, 
 and was a high compliment to his intelligence. After a 
 life of business and political activity, Mr. Van Cortland 
 died in the year 1701, at the age of fifty-eight years. His 
 wife was then living, and also eleven children, viz., John. 
 Margaret, (wife of Samuel Bayard) Ann, Olive, Mary, 
 Philip, Stephanus, Gertrude, Elizabeth, Katherine and 
 Cornelia. He left a large estate, amongst which was an 
 extensive property south of the Highlands, afterward 
 
244 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 called Van Cortland Manor. This was composed of two 
 extensive tracts, one known by the Indian name Meauag-h, 
 consisting of the neck jutting into the river opposite Hav- 
 erstraw, and another called Appamapagh, upon a creek 
 more inland. 
 
 Jacobus Van Cortland, the second son of the Dutch Bur- 
 gomaster, Olofi" Stephenson Van Cortland, was an eminent 
 merchant of this city. He was born in this city on the 
 7th July, 1668, and married in 1691, Eva, daughter of the 
 wealthy citizen Frederick Philipse. He was elected to 
 represent the Dock Ward in the common council for seve- 
 ral years, and subsequently (1710-1719) held the ofiice of 
 mayor. He died in the year 1739. 
 
 Rip Vail Dam, was descended, it is supposed, from 
 Jacob Van Dam, who, was a prominent man in New 
 Netherland in Governor Stuyvesant's time. The subject 
 of this sketch engaged in mercantile pursuits in this 
 city, some years , subsequent to the final cession of the 
 country to the English, His business was prosperous, and 
 he engaged in building vessels for his business purposes 
 during several years. His launching place being in the 
 rear of the present Trinity church-yard. In 1693 Mr. Van 
 Dam entered public life as assistant alderman of the South 
 ward, to which office he was several times re-elected. In 
 the later years of his life Mr. Van Dam was for many years 
 a member of the governor's council. In the year 1731. 
 while holding a seat in the council, and being then the 
 oldest member, the governor (Montgomerie) died, and Mr. 
 Van Dam, in virtue of his position succeeded to the office. 
 and administered the executive government for about one 
 year, when his successor arrived from England. xV law- 
 suit of an exciting character ensued between IMr. Van 
 
BIOORAPIIIOAL SKETCHES. 
 
 24{ 
 
 Dam and his successor, respecting the salary and perqui- 
 sites of his late station; the whole provincial community 
 taking sides with one or the other of the contestants. 
 Mr. Van Dam resided in this city for several years subse- 
 quent to this period. 
 
 Guleyn Verplanck was a son of Abraham Yerplanck, one 
 of the earliest inhabitants of this city. He served a 
 mercantile clerkship with Allard Anthony, and subse- 
 quently engaged in business. He married a daughter of 
 Madam Wessells. Mr. Verplanck was an active man in 
 public affairs. He held the office of schepen in 1674, and 
 alderman in several successive years. He died in the 
 year 1684. 
 
 Isaac Van Vleck. This gentleman purchased a brewery 
 at the upper end of the present Broad street, in 1670, for- 
 merly belonging to Picter Wolfertsen A^an Couwenhoven, 
 where he afterward resided until his death, and conducted 
 a prosperous brewing business. He represented his ward 
 during several years as alderman. Mr. Van VIcek died 
 in the year 1695. 
 
 William Vcsey, the first rector of Trinity Church, was 
 invited hither from England, and preached his first sermon 
 on Sunday, loth March, 1697. In March of the following 
 year he married Mrs. Mary Reade, a widow, then residing 
 in this city. Mr. Vcsey continued his service in the 
 church for many years subsequent to this period; and died 
 while still pastor in 1746. He was succeeded by the Rev. 
 Mr. Barclay. 
 
 Robert Walters, a merchant of this cit}^ married one of 
 the daughters of Jacob Leisler, and was, although at this 
 period a young man, an active participant in public affairs. 
 
246 
 
 BIOGKAi'UICAL SKKTCIIES. 
 
 He subsequently held the office of mayor, and member of 
 the provincial council. 
 
 Thomas Weaver, attorney-general of the province in the 
 time of Governor Bellamont, resided in this country but 
 a short time, having taken an active part against the anti- 
 Leislerian party, he was compelled, upon the reinstate- 
 ment of that faction in power, to fly from this province. 
 
 Samuel Wilson, a merchant of great wealth, established 
 himself in New York soon after the cession to the Eng- 
 lish, his residence being on the south side of the present 
 Wall street, near Pearl. Mr. Wilson was a prominent 
 citizen, and active in public life. He died in the year 
 1689, leaving a widow and two sons. 
 
 Thomas Wiliett, mayor in 1665-7. Captain Willett, the 
 first mayor of New York, was an Englishmau, who emigrat- 
 ed to America with the pilgrims, and arrived at Plymouth 
 in the year 1629. He soon after engaged in trade with 
 the neighboring settlements, and was one of the pioneers 
 of the carrying trade on the Sound, between this city 
 (then New Amsterdam) and the English settlements. He is 
 found to have acquired landed interests in this city as early 
 as the year 1645, and probal.)ly had a temporary residence 
 here at that period. In subsequent years, when questions 
 of territorial boundary arose between the Dutch and their 
 English neighbors, he was an efficient and active negotia- 
 tor between the respective parties, as he had acquired a 
 knowledge of the Dutch language from his constant inter- 
 course with them. On the conquest of this city by Col. 
 Nichols, in 1664, it was the policy of that officer to con- 
 ciliate the Dutch inhabitants by the appointment of magis- 
 trates as nearly as possible unobjectionable to the Dutch, 
 
\ 
 
 iilOGlX.WmCAh SKETCUES. l!4"i 
 
 Ibi- which purpose Captain Willott was chosen as the head 
 of the magistracy. After his retirement from ofiice, hav- 
 ing become advanced in age, he removed to his farm in 
 Ilehoboth, now in the town of Seekonk, Bristol county, 
 Mass., where he died August 4, 1674. 
 
 Captain Willett married, July 6, 1636, Mary, a daughter 
 of John Brown, of Plymouth, by whom he had the follow- 
 ing children : Thomas, Hester, Eebecca, James, Andrew, 
 Samuel and Hezekiah, the last of whom was murdered by 
 the Indians, during Philip's War in 1676. Captain Willett 
 left considerable property in the province of New York, 
 and his son Thomas resided here, and became one of the 
 leading citizens of his time. The ashes of Mayor Willett, 
 lie buried in an humble grave-yard in the town of Seekonk, 
 Mass., a place seldom visited by the footsteps of man; a 
 plain monument marking the spot where his remains arc 
 interred. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PCIU.IC AFFAIRS FIJOM 1700 TO 1725. 
 
 The divisions which had so greatly perturbed the cova- 
 numity during the exciting administration of Leisler, had 
 left their stamp upon the public mind so deeply that their 
 influence can be distinctly traced during many subsequent 
 years. 
 
 During the administration of the Earl of Bellamont, 
 the adherents of Leisler had been favored by the counte- 
 nance of the government, and the rival party had conse- 
 quently been powerless. By the death of that governor, 
 however, a prospect of brighter fortunes was opened to 
 the latter faction; and at the election for the city, in the 
 fall of 1701, a severe contest took place for the supremacy 
 in the city government. 
 
 The common council was, at that time, composed of the 
 mayor, recorder, six aldermen and six assistants. If the 
 vote in the common council were equal, the mayor had a 
 casting vote. Mr. Noell, the mayor elect, was an " anti- 
 Leislcrian," while the recorder, Mr. Abraham Gouvcrneur, 
 was a " Leislerian." The strife to gain a majority of the 
 common council was severe, and the votes, in some of the 
 wards, very close. There were six wards, and as the 
 aldermen made the returns of the election, every alderman 
 
French I'mto-lanl Cluuli. iTcclcd in Ihe year ITOL in tlie present Pine .street 
 near Nast^au street. 
 
 <;oiiiitrv huii.=c near Kip's Vny. on tiie \'.:\<\ rivir. I'joeleil al dut tl'.e year IWU). 
 
COXTKSTED KI.Et'TIOS OF 1701. 2411 
 
 returned the candidate of his own party elected. Three 
 of these returns were undisputed, viz : 
 
 Dock Ward — Philip French, alderman, and Robert Lur- 
 tino;, assistant — " anti-Leislerian." 
 
 Out Ward — Martin Clock, alderman, and Abraham 
 Messier, assistant — '" Leislerian." 
 
 J\^orth Ward — Jacob Boelen, alderman, and Gerrit Ou- 
 clebag, assistant — " Leislerian." 
 
 The aldermen of the other three wards, who were last 
 year of the Leislerian party, and who had been candidates 
 for re-election, returned themselves elected, viz : 
 
 East Ward — Johannes Depeyster, alderman, and Abra- 
 iiam Brazier, assistant. 
 
 West Ward — David Provoost, alderman, and Peter AYil- 
 iiams Roome, assistant. 
 
 South Ward — Nicholas Roosevelt, alderman, and Hen- 
 drick Jellison, assistant. 
 
 It being apparent, from the close and perhaps doubtful 
 nature of the vote, that the elections of these wards would 
 l)e contested, and that the new mayor — who it was well 
 known would be of the opposite faction — would refuse to 
 swear in the members according to the returns, they 
 departed from the usual course, and all the Leislerians 
 ])rocured themselves -to be sworn in by the retiring mayor, 
 who was of their party. 
 
 On the usual day for initiating the mayor and meml)ers 
 of the common council (14th October, 1702,) Mr. Noell, 
 the new mayor, was, according to custom, sworn before the 
 governor and council, in the fort, and thence proceeded, 
 with the customary solemnities, to Trinity Cliurch, where 
 an approi)riate sermon was preached for the occasion by 
 the Rev. Mr. Vesey; from thence, attended by the recorder 
 
"2o0 CONTESTED ELECTION OF 1701- 
 
 and the several contesting aldermen and assistants, and 
 other citizens, he proceeded to the city-hall, and after the 
 ringing of the bell, published his commission. He afterward 
 took the mayoralty chair, when Mr. De Riemer, the late 
 mayor, presented him with the city charter and seal. Mr. 
 Gouverneur, the recorder, then placed himself on the bench, 
 at the side of the mayor, as did also Messrs. Depeyster, 
 Provoost, Roosevelt, Boeleu and Clock, and their assist- 
 ants, Avho had all been sworn by the old mayor. Mayor 
 Noell then ordered the clerk, Mr. Sharpas, to proceed in 
 swearing the members elect, and he called those who had 
 the returns. They all replied, however, that they liad 
 been sworn already, except French and Lurting, of the 
 South Ward, to whom the oatk was then administered, and 
 they took their seats at the board. 
 
 There were then writs of mandamus handed to the 
 mayor, which had been issued out of the Supreme Court, 
 commanding him to swear Brandt Schuyler, alderman, 
 and Johannes Jansen, assistant, of the South Ward ; 
 John Hutchins, alderman, and Robert White, assistant, of 
 the West Ward ; William Morris, alderman, and Jeremiah 
 Tuthill, assistant, of the East Ward. Upon the reading 
 of one of these, in the court room, there being a large 
 crowd of citizens present, a general clamor ensued; some 
 affirming that the members were not legally sworn by the 
 old mayor, others maintaining the contrary. The ferment 
 and uproar rose to such a height that a general conflict 
 was impending; and the mayor rose and dissolved the meet- 
 ing, upon which the multitude dispersed without collision. 
 
 As all the Leislerian party had refused to be sworn by 
 Mayor Noell, he declined to sit with them as a common 
 council; and as there could not legally be a scrutiny of 
 
CONTESTED ELECTION OF 1701. 251 
 
 the disputed elections except by order of the common 
 council, it was apparent that the city would Le without a 
 government, unless some other measures were taken. Mr. 
 Noell took it upon himself to order a scrutiny of the elec- 
 tions in the several wards, and appointed four persons in 
 each ward, two of each party, to conduct the investigation. 
 The " Leislerians" appointed on these committees, how- 
 ever, refused to serve, and their party refused to recognize 
 or take any part whatever in a scrutiny thus ordered — 
 maintaining that it was wholly irregular; the common 
 council alone, being, by law, the judges of the qualifica- 
 tions of its own members. But the persons of the " anti- 
 Leislerian" party, who had been thus appointed, proceeded 
 with their labor, and returned the names of all the voters 
 in the disputed wards, with the party for which they sev- 
 erally voted. 
 
 The report was as follows : 
 
 South Ward. 
 
 Legal votes for Schuyler and Jausen 53 
 
 Illegal " " " 6 
 
 59 
 
 Legal votes for Roosevelt and Jelliseu 40 
 
 Illegal " " " 7 
 
 47 
 
 West Ward. 
 
 Legal votes for Hutcliins and White 71 
 
 Ulesral " " '• 7 
 
 Legal votes for Provoost and Roome 38 
 
 Illegal " " " 2 
 
252 COXTKSTED ELKCTIOX OF 1701, 
 
 I 
 
 East Ward. 
 
 Legal votes for Morris aud Tuthill 89 
 
 lUegal " " " 11 
 
 100 
 
 Legal votes for De Peyster aud Brazier 72 
 
 Illegal " " " 24 
 
 % 
 
 The committees of scrutiny therefore came to an oi.'.p()- 
 site conclusion from that of the former returns, and instead 
 of all " Leislerians," reported the election of all their own 
 party. Acting upon the reports thus made, Mayor Noell 
 proceeded, on the 11th of November, to swear in the mem- 
 bers so reported to have been elected. He left his house, 
 attended by those gentlemen and by Alderman French. 
 When they came to the city-hall, all the Leislerians joined 
 them, and went into the chamber, taking their seats on the 
 bench of magistracy, by his side. Mr. Noell insisted that 
 they had no right to sit there, but stated that he should 
 offer no violence to remove them. He then proceeded to 
 swear in the other members; upon which those on the 
 bench loudly protested against such proceeding. Never- 
 theless, the clerk administered the oaths amid the uproar, 
 and the newly sworn members also took their seats on the 
 bench; and thus the whole twenty were sitting there 
 together, all determined to take part in the transaction of 
 business, if any thing were done. The mayor then ad- 
 journed the board for a fortnight. 
 
 On the 23d of December the common council was finally 
 organized, in consequence of the judgment of the Supreme 
 Court, which gave the seats of the South and West Wards 
 to the anti-Leislerian members, and of the East Ward to 
 the Leislerians; so that there was an equal division of the 
 
CORXBLRY — LOVELACE — UUNTER. 253 
 
 aldermen and assistants between the two parties — and the 
 mayor and recorder being also of opposite parties, the 
 board stood equally divided. 
 
 The governor, appointed to succeed Bellamont, was Ed- 
 ward Hyde, commonly called Lord Cornbury, a son ol" 
 the Earl of Clarendon. He arrived in this city in May, 
 1702, and his countenance was at once given to the anti- 
 Leislcrian party. The administration of Lord Cornbury 
 is allowed to have been disgraceful to his personal charac- 
 ter. His private debts, contracted with traders and 
 mechanics in this city, were numerous; and by his position 
 in the government, no legal process could reach him. He 
 refused to adjust these trifling matters, and abused his 
 creditors. By these and similar practices, and by his gen- 
 eral habits of arrogance, joined to his political tendencies, 
 he became greatly obnoxious to the people, who drew up a 
 complaint against him, which received the attention of the 
 government in England, and he was superseded in the year 
 1708. As soon as the process of the law was thus enabled 
 to reach him, his creditors threw him into the custody of 
 the sheriff, and lie remained in New York until the death 
 of his father, when, succeeding to the earldom of Claren- 
 don, he returned to England, leaving several poor trades- 
 men unsatisfied in their just demands. 
 
 John, Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley, was appointed 
 to the gov'crnment in the spring of 1708, but did not 
 arrive here until the 18th of December following. His 
 administration was not destined to long continuance, as in 
 May, of the following year (1709,) he died of a disorder 
 contracted in crossing the ferry, at his first arrival in 
 Xew York. 
 
 In June, 1710, Brigadier Huxter arrived in this city, 
 
254 EXPEDITION AGAINST CANADA. 
 
 with a commission as governor of the province. This gen- 
 tleman was a native of Scotland, and when a boy had been 
 placed to apprenticeship with an apothecary. He left 
 this employment, and went into the army, and being a man 
 of wit and personal beauty, recommended himself to Lady 
 Hay, whom he afterward married. 
 
 An occasion of considerable excitement in this city, 
 during the administration of Governor Hunter, was a pro- 
 ject set on foot against the French, in Canada. Tliis expe- 
 dition was secretly organized by the English ministry, 
 with a view to surprise the French; but the measure was 
 so inadequately arranged that its result was utter failure. 
 In June, 1711, the fleet, destined for the project, arrived 
 off Boston, and the governor of New York immediately 
 convened his assembly, and advised them that the co- 
 operation of this province was called for in recruiting 
 soldiers and furnishing contingencies. The house was so 
 well pleased with the design upon Canada, that they voted 
 an address of thanks to the queen, and sent a congrat- 
 ulatory address to the commander of the forces. In a 
 few days' time an act was passed for raising forces; and 
 bills of credit, for forwarding the expedition, were struck 
 to the amount of ten thousand pounds. 
 
 While the preparations were making at New York, the 
 fleet, consisisting of twelve men-of-war, forty transports 
 and six store ships, with forty horses, a fine train of artil 
 lery, and all manner of warlike equipments, sailed for 
 Canada from Boston; the design being to form a junction 
 with the land forces from New York, in the river St. Law- 
 rence. About a month afterward the colonial troops, to 
 the number of four thousand men, raised principally in 
 New York, with some assistance from Connecticut and New 
 
KXPEDITIO.N AGAINST CANADA. 255 
 
 Jersey, arrived at Albany, on their way to the place of 
 junction with the fleet. 
 
 On the 14th of August the fleet arrived in the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence river. Fearing here to lose the company 
 of the transports, the wind blowing fresh. Sir Hovedon 
 Walker, the admiral, put into Gaspy Bay, and continued 
 there till the 20th of the same month. Two days after he 
 sailed from thence the fleet was in the utmost danger, for 
 they had no soundings, were without sight of land, the 
 wind high at south-east, and the sky darkened by a thick 
 fog. In these circumstances the fleet brought to, by the 
 advice of the pilots, who were of opinion that if the ships 
 lay with their heads to the southward, they might be 
 driven by the stream into the midst of the channel; but 
 instead of that, in two hours after they found themselves 
 on the north shore, among rocks and islands, and upon the 
 point of being lost. The men-of-war escaped; but eight 
 transports, containing eight hundred souls, ofiicers, sol- 
 diers and seamen, were cast away. Two or three days 
 being spent in recovering what they could from the shore, 
 it was determined, at a consultation of sea officers, to re- 
 turn to some bay or harbor, till a further resolution should 
 be taken. On the 14th of September they arrived at 
 Spanish River Bay, where a council of war, considering 
 that they had but ten weeks' provisions, and judging that 
 they could not depend upon a supply, unanimously con- 
 cluded to return home without making any further at- 
 tempts; and they accordingly arrived at Portsmouth on 
 the 9th of October, when, in addition to their misfortunes, 
 the Edgar, a seventy gun ship, was blown up, having on 
 l)oard above four hundred men, besides many persons who 
 came to visit their friend?. 
 
256 GOVERMOR BURNET. 
 
 The great mistake of this expedition was the inadequate 
 supply of provisions, which was totally insufficient in view 
 of the accidents to be anticipated from the character of 
 the project. Its unfortunate result left this province in a 
 much worse condition than before. The enemy harrassed 
 the frontier settlements, and threatened a general descent 
 upon the country. The public debt was greatly increased, 
 and the resources of the province were overburdened. 
 
 In the elections, following soon after, the governor found 
 himself in a minority, and the exertions of government to 
 bring the subject of the public debt before the assembly, 
 were unsuccessful; indeed no attention was paid to this 
 subject until the summer of 1714. The necessity of action, 
 however, became so obvious that no longer delay could 
 ensue, and a long session was devoted to that single affair. 
 Innumerable were the demands presented against the gov- 
 ernment; the total amounting to about twenty-eight thou- 
 sand pounds, for which, in the end, bills of credit were 
 issued. 
 
 Governor Hunter remained here until the year 1719, 
 when his state of health and his family affairs called him 
 to England, whence he did not return. 
 
 The successor to Governor Hunter was William Buk- 
 NET, Esq., who arrived in New York in September, 1720. 
 He was a son of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, and was 
 personally a gentleman of considerable talent and popular 
 manners. He became connected with the resident inhabit- 
 ants of this city by more intimate ties than those of official 
 relationship, having married, not long after his arrival, 
 Miss Van Horn, daughter of one of the principal merchants 
 of the city. 
 
 The administration of Governor Burnet would probably 
 
INDIAN TRADE. 
 
 257 
 
 have been more popular if his views had been less compre- 
 hensive, and more inclined to favor the existing, rather than 
 the ulterior, benefit of the province. Even at this period 
 a prominent interest of the trading part of the community 
 was, as it had been from the first settlement of the country, 
 connected with the Indian traffic. The white population, 
 in its gradual progress, had pushed back the natives from 
 the shores of the Hudson into the interior wilds; but nev- 
 ertheless, the Indians finding behind them the streams and 
 forests, still abounding with the beaver, the otter and 
 other animals, furnishing desirable skins, continued their 
 visits to the white settlements, with peltries for traffic. A 
 large amount of goods, of European manufacture, thus 
 found a profitable market. The great obstacle to a monop- 
 oly of the Indian trade arose from the French, in Canada, 
 whose settlements were more remote than those of New 
 York, and who therefore had the advantage of intercept- 
 ing the " far Indians" in their trading journeys, and of 
 appropriating to themselves a great proportion of the 
 coveted traffic. It was the practice, however, of the French 
 to purchase their trading goods in New York; the articles, 
 most in demand among the Indians, being such as were of 
 English manufacture. By reason of this custom nearly all 
 the goods used in the Indian trade came from England 
 through New York; and the only advantage to be desired 
 was that of a monopoly of the direct trade with the In- 
 dians, instead of a partially intermediate one through the 
 French. It was evident that by refusing to sell English 
 goods to French traders, the latter would be greatly crip- 
 pled in their operations, and many of the Indians would 
 be diverted from intercourse with them. To effect this 
 result, the government resolved, in the first place, to pro- 
 17 
 
258 INDIAN TRADE. 
 
 hibit sales of goods to the French ; and secondly, to pursue 
 their own advantage by encouraging young men of New 
 York to push their adventures into the far wilderness, and 
 thus establish an intercourse with the more remote nations 
 of Indians. 
 
 Soon after the establishment of this policy (about the 
 year 1720,) the youths of our principal families engaged in 
 enterprises of this character. The nature of their under- 
 takings is described, in an interesting manner, by Mrs. 
 Grant, from whose work we extract the following : 
 
 " The ' boy' (as such the young men were commonly 
 called,) in commencing life, demanded of his father forty 
 or fifty dollars, a negro boy and a canoe. He arrayed 
 himself in a habit very little differing from that of the 
 aborigines into whose bounds he was about to penetrate, 
 and commenced Indian trader. The small bark canoe in 
 which the adventurer embarked himself, his fortune and his 
 faithful squire {who was generally born in the same house, 
 and predestined to his service,) was launched, and he set 
 out upon his journey. The canoe w^as entirely filled with 
 coarse strouds and blankets, guns, powder, beads, &c., 
 suited to the various Avants and fancies of the natives. 
 One pernicious article was never wanting, and often made 
 a great part of the cargo; this was ardent spirits, for which 
 the natives too early acquired a relish, and the possession 
 of which always proved dangerous and sometimes fatal to 
 the traders. The Mohawks bring their furs and other 
 peltry habitually to the stores of their wonted friends and 
 patrons; but it was not in that easy and safe direction that 
 these trading adventures extended. 
 
 " The canoe was generally steered toward the Canadian 
 frontier. They passed by the Flats and Stonehook in the 
 
INDIAN TRADE. 
 
 259 
 
 outset of tlieir journey. Then commeuced their toils and 
 dangers, at the famous waterfall, called the Cohoes, ten 
 miles above Albany ; where three rivers, uniting their 
 streams into one, dash over a rocky shelf, and falling into 
 a gulf below, with great violence, raise clouds of mist, be- 
 decked with splendid rainbows. This was the Rubicon 
 which they had to cross before they plunged into pathless 
 woods, ingulfing swamps and lakes, the opposite shores of 
 which the eye could not reach. 
 
 '' At the Cohoes, on account of the obstruction formed 
 by the torrent, they unloaded their canoe, and carried it 
 above a mile farther upon their shoulders, returning again 
 for the cargo, which they were obliged to transport in the 
 same manner; this was but a prelude to labors and dangers 
 incredible to those who dwell at ease. Further on, much 
 longer carrying places frequently recurred, where they had 
 the vessel and cargo to drag through thickets, impervious 
 to the day, abounding with snakes and wild beasts, which 
 are always to be found on the side of rivers. 
 
 Their provision of food was necessarily small, from 
 fear of overloading the slender and unstable conveyance, 
 already crowded with goods. A little dried beef and 
 Indian corn meal was their whole stock, though they for- 
 merly enjoyed both plenty and variety. They were obliged 
 to depend, in a great measure, upon their own skill in 
 hunting and fishing, and on the hospitalities of the In- 
 dians; for hunting, indeed, they had small leisure, their 
 time being sedulously employed by the obstacles that 
 retarded their progress. In their slight and fragile canoes 
 they were often obliged to cross great lakes, on which the 
 wind raised a terrible surge. 
 
 Afraid of going into the tracks of the French traders, 
 
260 INDIAN TRADE. 
 
 who were always dangerous rivals, aud often declared 
 enemies, they durst not follow the direction of the St. 
 Lawrence, but, in search of distant territories and unknown 
 tribes, were wont to deviate to the east and the south- 
 west, forcing their painful way toward the source of riv- 
 ers " unknown to song," whose winding course was often 
 interrupted by shallows, and oftener still by fallen trees, 
 of great magnitude, lying across, which it was requisite 
 to cut through with their axes, before they could proceed. 
 
 " When the toils and dangers of the day were over, the 
 still greater terrors of the night commenced. In this, 
 which might literally be styled the howling wilderness, 
 they were forced to sleep in the open air, which was fre- 
 quently loaded with humid evaporation of swamps and 
 redundant vegetation. Here the axe must be employed 
 to procure the materials of a large fire, even in the warm- 
 est weather. This precaution was necessary that the flies 
 and mosquitoes might be expelled by the smoke, and that 
 the wolves and bears might be deterred by the flame from 
 encroaching on their place of rest. 
 
 " The traders steered through the pathless forests with- 
 out compass or guide of any sort. In those gloomy days, 
 when the sun was not visible, or in winter, when the 
 falling snows obscured his beams, they made an incision 
 on the bark on the diff"erent sides of a tree. That on the 
 north was found invariably thicker than the other, and 
 covered with moss in much greater quantity; and this 
 never-failing indication of the polar influence, was to 
 those sagacious travelers a sufiicient guide. They had 
 indeed several subordinate monitors. Knowing as well 
 as they did the quality of the soil, by the trees or plants 
 most prevalent, they could avoid a swamp, or approach 
 
INDIAN TRADE. 
 
 261 
 
 with certainty to a river or liigli ground, if sucli was their 
 wish, by means that to us would seem incomprehensible. 
 
 " When at length they arrived at the place of their 
 destination, these daring adventurers found occasion for 
 no little address, patience, and indeed courage, before they 
 could dispose of their cargo, and return safely with the 
 profits. It is utterly inconceivable how a single season 
 spent in this manner, ripened the mind and changed the 
 whole appearance, nay the very character of the counte- 
 nance of these demi-savages, for such they seem on return- 
 ing from the forests. Lofty, sedate and collected, they 
 seem masters of themselves and independent of others." 
 
 The policy of Governor Burnet, in excluding the 
 French trade, drew upon him the opposition of several of 
 the New York merchants, (led by Mr. Delancey) wliose 
 trade was directly affected by the measure, and who en- 
 deavored, by various schemes, to induce the government 
 in England to direct the repeal of the act. They were 
 unsuccessful at that time, but being a powerful interest in 
 the city, they led an opposition to Governor Burnet, which 
 finally succeeded in procuring a majority in the assembly; 
 and so far harrassed his government that, at his wish, he 
 was relieved from the charge of the province, and trans- 
 ferred to Massachusetts in 1728. In the year 1729 the act 
 prohibiting the French trade was repealed; but the wisdom 
 of Governor Burnet's policy was afterward admitted, when 
 its results were better appreciated. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 PUBLIC AFFAIRS FROM THE YEAR 1728 TO 1750. 
 
 The successor of Governor Burnet was John Montgom- 
 ERiE, Esq., who entered upon his official duties on the 15th 
 of April, 1728. This gentleman was of Scotch parentage, 
 and had been bred a soldier; but had latterly, before his 
 appointment to this government, been favored by the king 
 witli a civil office in the royal family, having served as 
 groom of the chamber to the Prince of Wales, who, on 
 becoming king, rewarded him with the emoluments and 
 dignity of governor of New York. His character, how- 
 ever, was better suited to his former domestic dignity than 
 to the control of political elements which had for years 
 furnished an overabundant task for abler predecessors. 
 His good humor, however, for the moment, had the effect 
 to please the people of New York; and during his short 
 administration, having complacently permitted the affairs 
 of the government to go on, without much interference on 
 his part, his administration presented no particular mark 
 of assault. The principal act by which his name was ren- 
 dered interesting in the history of this city, was the grant 
 of an amended city charter, in the year 1730, in which 
 many privileges were more specifically enrolled, particu- 
 larly those relating to the Long Island Ferry. 
 
RIP VAN DAM. 
 
 263 
 
 Governor Montgomerie died on the 1st of July, 1731, 
 much lamented. 
 
 By the death of Mr. Montgomerie, the chief functions 
 of government devolved, until the appointment of his suc- 
 cessor, upon Rip Van Dam, a merchant, bred from his 
 early youth in this city. Mr. Yau Dam had, in the course 
 of trade, acquired a considerable fortune. He had long- 
 taken an active interest in public affairs, and at the period 
 referred to, was the oldest member of the governor's coun- 
 cil, and ex officio the second officer in the government. The 
 office, thus devolved upon him, was held until the 1st of 
 August, 1732, a period of thirteen months, when he deliv- 
 ered the seals of government to his successor. 
 
 Colonel "William Cosby, the new governor, had for- 
 merly been governor of Minorca; and having lately 
 returned to England, had become somewhat distinguished 
 by his activity in behalf of these colonies. The auspices, 
 therefore, under which he entered upon the government of 
 this province, were favorable to his popularity, and much 
 good was anticipated by our people from his appointment. 
 His preliminary arrangements for his departure hither 
 were, however, of a character which sufficiently evinced a 
 radical defect in those qualifications suited to a satisfac- 
 tory administration of government over a people jealous, 
 to a peculiar degree, of the designs of their superiors. 
 Mr. Van Dam had, from the circumstances attending his 
 former position in the council, been invested with all the 
 powers, duties and rights of the executive authority, and 
 had been allowed by the assembly to draw the full salary 
 from the public funds, to the amount of al)out two thousand 
 pounds. Governor Cosby, before his departure from Eng- 
 land, in the spirit which then deplorably affected the mem- 
 
264 
 
 GOVERNOR COSBY. 
 
 bers of tlie home government in their dealings with 
 colonial matters, had procured an order upon Mr, Van 
 Dam to pay over to him one half of the fees and emolu- 
 ments of the office during his late exercise of the chief 
 authority; and accordingly, soon after his arrival, he made 
 a demand upon Mr. Van Dam for payment of that propor- 
 tion. The latter, however, refused to comply with the 
 demand; alleging, in addition to the evident partiality of 
 the order of the home government, that even if it were 
 legal, yet it could only be construed as an order to divide 
 the emoluments of the office during the time he exercised 
 its functions; and inasmuch as Colonel Cosby had, while 
 in England, and before assuming his duties, been allowed 
 the receipt of a very considerable amount of fees, in antic- 
 ipation of his actual incumbency of the office, that these 
 should be included with the ordinary salary, as the emolu- 
 ments of the office — in which point of view he claimed a 
 balance, due to himself, of a large sum of money. 
 
 The pertinacity with which both parties maintained 
 their positions soon found a responsive feeling among the 
 people, and Mr. Van Dam was fully supported by the pub- 
 lic sympathy. The issue was at once recognized to be 
 between the favoritism of the British court, and the prop- 
 erty of their colonial subjects; and it was suggested that 
 if, by an ex post facto order, the government could divest 
 any of its colonial officers of the salary earned and already 
 appropriated to individual use, and direct its amount to be 
 divided with one who had never performed any service for 
 it, there was little stability in the rights of British sub- 
 jects. But the great and fundamental basis of the popular 
 feeling on this subject, was the manifest distinction thus 
 made between inhabitants of the colonies and those of 
 
zenger's weekly journal. 265 
 
 England; the inferiority of the former, in the estimation 
 of the home government, being too glaring to be glossed 
 over or concealed from the public apprehension. 
 
 It is needless to follow the course of the legal proceed- 
 ings consequent upon this dispute. It is sufficient to say 
 that by suppressing the ordinary avenues of justice, and 
 other equally violent acts on the part of the governor and 
 his friends, the cause of Van Dam was lost, and he was 
 decreed to pay the half of his salary to Colonel Cosby. 
 Popular feeling, however, was too strongly excited to be 
 allayed by the mere termination of the controversy; and 
 in every possible manner the people expressed their con- 
 tempt of the government, ridiculed and lampooned their 
 chief officials, and circulated ballads, of a libelous charac- 
 ter, upon them. 
 
 At that period there were two newspapers published in 
 this city; one in the interest of the court party, called the 
 JVeio York Gazette, and the other in the interest of Van 
 Dam, called Zenger^s JVew York Weekly Journal. The 
 latter was, of course, the vehicle of much vituperation of 
 the opposite party, and furnished a weekly entertainment 
 to the public, which was eagerly relished. So much did 
 the government feel the effect of these paper bullets, that 
 it was resolved, in council, that Zenger's papers Nos. 7, 
 47, 48, 49, and also two certain printed ballads, were de- 
 rogatory to the dignity of his majesty's government, and 
 that they should therefore be burnt by the common hang- 
 man; further ordering the mayor and magistrates of the 
 city to attend the ceremony. The corporation, however, 
 refused to comply with this order, and the edict was car- 
 ried into effect with but a meagre assemblage of spectators. 
 The provincial assembly was also equally averse to joining 
 
266 
 
 TfClAL OF ZEXGER. 
 
 the governor in his warfare upon his paper adversaries; 
 and, upon the whole, the latter were not only in full vigor, 
 but the enemy seemed, for a time, to be disconcerted, and 
 at a loss how to stem the tide so strongly setting against 
 them. 
 
 In this emergency it was resolved to crush the editor of 
 the paper under a weight of legal proceedings; and 
 accordingly seizing him upon the charge of libel, he was 
 lodged in jail, where he continued upward of eight months. 
 Preparatory to his trial, which took place in the year 
 1735, the court party took every possible measure to pro- 
 cure a conviction, and even went so far as to dismiss his 
 eminent counsel from the bar. The other party were 
 equally active on their own behalf, and secretly engaged 
 Mr. Andrew Hamilton, an eminent barrister of Philadel- 
 phia, who, on the day of trial, unexpectedly made his 
 appearance by the side of the prisoner. 
 
 The trial came on before a court and jury, the former 
 of which were deeply allied with the government, and the 
 latter were chosen from the body of the people. The libel 
 complained of was an article of the following substance : 
 " The people of this city and province think, as matters 
 now stand, that their liberties and properties are precari- 
 ous; and that slavery is like to be entailed on them and 
 their posterity, if some past things be not amended." 
 There was no issue as to the fact of the publication of the 
 article, that being admitted. The theory then maintained 
 by the prosecution was, that the jury must give a verdict 
 against the prisoner; but Mr. Hamilton insisted that he 
 might justify the libel by giving the truth in evidence. 
 This, however, was ruled against him by the court, and 
 there being no evidence in the case, he proceeded to sum 
 
DEATH OF GOVERNOR COSBY. 267 
 
 up on behalf of his client; his great point being to impress 
 upon the jury the conviction that they were judges of the 
 law as well as the fact, and that they were not to be guided 
 by the court as to the condition of the law, but were left 
 the sole arbiters of the whole case. The counsel for the 
 prosecution, on the other hand, labored to convince the 
 jury that it Avas only for them to find the fact whether the 
 words were published or not, leaving the court to deter- 
 mine whether the words so published were libelous in 
 law. 
 
 The speech of Mr. Hamilton was a remarkable display 
 of eloquence, and completely confirmed a jury, probably 
 already strongly impressed with the prevailing sentiment 
 of public opinion, who rendered a verdict of not guilty^ 
 amidst the cheers of the multitude. The city corporation 
 honored Mr. Hamilton with a public entertainment, and 
 presented him with the freedom of the city, in a gold box. 
 
 It was at this period that the dawniugs of a revolution- 
 ary spirit began to be observed, in an intense though latent 
 fire, in the body politic. 
 
 Soon after the decision in the case of Zenger, Governor 
 Cosby was taken ill; and after a lingering sickness, he ex- 
 pired on the Tth of March, 1736. Previous to his dissolu- 
 tion, he called the members of his council together, in his 
 sick-room, and declared the suspension of Mr. A^'an Dam, 
 •as a member of the council. 
 
 This proceeding — the efi'ect of which, if legal, was de- 
 signed to oust Mr. Van Dam from the succession to the 
 executive authority, occasioned another serious clash be- 
 tween the two parties in which the people were divided, 
 and, for a time, the adherents of each section presented an 
 opposing front to each other: and both Van Dam and 
 
268 
 
 THE NEGRO PLOT. 
 
 George Clarke, upon the latter of whom the mantle of 
 government had fallen by the late proceedings, assumed 
 the exercise of the chief authority, each appointing per- 
 sons of their own party to the several subordinate offices. 
 A collision, however, was happily avoided, until the arri- 
 val of a despatch from England, which confirmed the 
 authority of Mr. Clarke. 
 
 The administration of Lieutenant Governor Clarke con- 
 tinued until the year 1743. The most exciting event 
 which occurred in the city, during his administration, was 
 the negro insurrection of 1741, designated at the time as 
 the " diabolical plot of the black seed of Cain, to destroy 
 this city and set themselves up as its rulers." 
 
 The imaginations of the citizens of New York had long 
 been in the custom of indulging in apprehensions of a 
 rising of the slaves, and other colored people in this city, 
 against the whites. Some evidences of an attempt of this 
 kind were furnished in 1712, at which period several ne- 
 groes were executed on the charge of insurrection, and 
 since that period, as well as previously, stringent laws had 
 been enacted, to prevent assemblages of the negroes in 
 any considerable numbers, and restraining them from com- 
 V)inations with each other for insurrectionary purposes. 
 These laws, however, were not, it seems, sufficient to effect 
 their object, and the negroes, with their characteristic 
 impulsiveness and imaginative hopes, were accustomed to • 
 indulge in dreams of bettering their condition by placing 
 themselves in the condition of their masters, with all tlic 
 enjoyments of independence, wealth and unbounded license 
 in the gratification of their desires. It is, therefore, not 
 surprising that with such inadequate proof, so great a 
 panic should have been produced among the white inhabit- 
 
THE NEGRO PLOT. 269 
 
 ants, as we are about to relate, and such direful and ter- 
 rible retribution visited upon a great many poor blacks, 
 some at least of whom were innocent. 
 
 The development of this affair arose out of the follow- 
 ing circumstance. On the 28th of February, 1741, a rob- 
 bery was committed at the house of a merchant named 
 Robert Hogg, on the present corner of Broad and South 
 William streets. In the eflForts of the police to detect the 
 perpetrator suspicions were directed to one John Hughsou, 
 who kept a low negro groggery, from the circumstance 
 that a servant girl, named Mary Burton, hinted to a 
 neighbor that her employer was in the habit of receiving 
 stolen goods in his house from negroes. Upon this suspi- 
 cion Hughson was arrested, and Mary Burton, having been 
 promised a reward for appearing against him, was detained 
 as a witness. 
 
 Hughson kept a notorious bad house; among other 
 inmates, being a white woman, commonly called Peggy 
 Gary, who was used to entice the negroes to that house, 
 and was rewarded by the blacks with valuable presents, 
 which doubtless they had to steal. This depraved woman 
 was also arrested, and it was proved against her that a 
 black, named Caesar, belonging to Mr. Vaarck, had left in 
 Peggy's room several articles of dry goods, and also some 
 money. It was satisfactorily proven, in fact, that Cajsar 
 was one of the robbers. He was therefore arrested, as 
 was also another negro named Prince; and Hughson then 
 confessed that he had received a part of the stolen goods. 
 
 Thus the matter stood on the 18th of March, the prison- 
 ers being fully committed for trial on the charge of bur- 
 glary and receiving stolen goods. On that day, about noon, 
 the governor's house in the fort was discovered to be on fire; 
 
270 
 
 THE NEGRO PLOT. 
 
 and that building, together with the chapel and other build- 
 ings in the fort, were all burnt. It was supposed by the 
 governor, that the fire was accidental, and arose from the 
 carelessness of a plumber. The next fire in the city was 
 that of "Warren's house, near the fort, which arose from 
 the chimney having first caught, and a spark falling on tlic 
 roof. This, however was soon extinguished. The follow- 
 ing week the store-house of Mr. Van Zandt took fire, as is 
 stated, from a smoker's carelessness. No material damage, 
 however, ensued. Within the following three days, two 
 alarms of fire occurred, but no harm was done. These 
 accidents were certainly sufficiently remarkable, in a small 
 town, to attract attention. No less than five fires within 
 two weeks, although in no one could the occurrence be 
 traced to incendiarism. It was sufficient, however, to 
 excite remark; and some suspicion was fixed upon some 
 Spanish negroes, formerly sailors on a Spanish ship, which 
 had been taken as a prize and brought into New York, 
 where the negro sailors were condemned, and sold to 
 slavery among the inhabitants. 
 
 Soon after, another chimney took fire, and also the house 
 of Mrs. Hilton, near the Fly Market, was discovered to 
 be on fire in the roof, but was soon extinguished. The 
 commotion and excitement in the town now became 
 intense, and was increased by the burning of the roof of 
 Philipse's store-house. The magistrates were now called 
 together, and the general feeling being against the negroes, 
 many were arrested and thrown into prison. 
 
 On the 11th of April the common council ofi'ered a 
 reward of one hundred pounds and a full pardon to any 
 conspirators for the discovery of the incendiaries, for it 
 was now sufficiently manifest that there was some mis- 
 
TUE NEGRO PLOT. 
 
 271 
 
 chievous cause for this singular coincidence of accidents. 
 Meantime many people removed, with their goods and 
 valuables, from the city, and amid the general consternation 
 it is not surprising that the negro population, thus brought 
 under the ban of suspicion, and observant of the general 
 consternation, should have conceived, in their simple habit 
 of thought, that indeed a revolution was effected, and that 
 the common property was open to their plunder, as the 
 lawful spoils of victory; so that there is little question 
 that great thefts occurred, and that several other incen- 
 diary attempts were made by them in this city, and in 
 other parts of the country in this vicinity. 
 
 In this condition of things, a Grand Jury met on the 
 21st of April, 17-11, who were especially charged to un- 
 ravel the mystery, and search out the persons in the 
 conspiracy. Several negroes were already in jail on 
 suspicion; many, in the height of terror, proposed to make 
 revelations accusing others, under the hope of thus speedily 
 procuring their own release, and there seemed a prospect 
 of learning something of importance. The girl, Mary 
 Burton, now remembered several circumstances which took 
 place at her master's house, in conversation among the 
 negroes and other frequenters, and gave her testimony 
 that Cmsar, Prince and Cuffee used frequently to meet at 
 Hughsou's and talk about burning the fort, and then the 
 whole town; that Cajsar should be governor, and Hughson 
 king; that a great many people had too much money 
 and others too little, and that a fair distribution should 
 be made; that they would fire the town in the night, and 
 when the white people came to extinguish it they would 
 kill and destroy them. 
 
 After this girl had given her testimony, the Grand Jury 
 
272 
 
 THE NEGRO FLOT. 
 
 called in Peggy Gary. She, however, said that she knew 
 nothing, '• and if she should accuse any body of any such 
 thing, she must accuse innocent persons and wrong her owii 
 soul." She was, howevei-, soon after tried for receiving 
 the stolen goods, and convicted. She thereupon asked to 
 be examined again, and then said, that in the previous 
 December, at another tavern, where she then resided, she 
 saw meetings of negroes, and named Cuffee, (Philipse's;) 
 Brash, (Jay's;) Dick, Ccesar, (Pintard's;) Patrick, (English's;) 
 Jack, (Brestede's;) Cato, (Moore's;) who, she says, swore to 
 burn the fort, to steal, rob and bring .the plunder to the 
 t^avern-keeper, whose name was Romme. This story, when 
 the wretched woman was afterward brought to the gal- 
 lows, she averred to be a fabrication, and it does not seem 
 to have received credit among the people. 
 
 All the negroes, named by Peggy, were arrested, and 
 denied their guilt, and being brought before Mary Burton, 
 she acquitted them of being among those whom she had 
 seen. They were, however, locked up, and in this state of 
 jeopardy, the negroes began to accuse each other, each 
 hoping thereby to save himself. 
 
 The first victims to the gallows were Ccesar and Prince, 
 who were hanged on the 11th of May, upon a gibbet, 
 erected on a small island in the Collect, or Fresh Water 
 Pond, in the rear of the present Chambers street and 
 Park. They died very stubbornly, without confessing any 
 thing about the conspiracy, but denying all knowledge 
 of it. 
 
 .'j. trial was then had of ITughson, his wife, and Peggy 
 Cary, all whites, on an indictment for conspiring to burn 
 the town, etc. The principal witness against them was 
 Mary Burton, who swears, in addition to the testimony 
 
THE NEGRO I'LOT. 273 
 
 She had before given, that she saw a negro give Hughson 
 twelve pounds, in Spanish money, to buy guns, which he 
 did and hid them away in the garret of his house, but they 
 could not be found or traced. The prisoners were con- 
 victed and hanged on the 12th of June. 
 
 Two negroes, Quack and Cuffee, were tried, a negro boy 
 named Sawney appearing as evidence against them, lie 
 stated that Quack asked him to set the fort on fire, and 
 Cuffee told him he would set fire to one house, Curacoa Dick 
 to another, and so on until the whole town was burnt — that 
 their object was to kill all the gentlemen and take their 
 wives. A negro named Fortune also appeared as a witness, 
 and stated that Quack, some time previously, took him to 
 the fort, and told him that he intended to burn it, and after 
 the fire, the last witness, (Sawney) told him he was the one 
 who set fire to the fort. Sawney was thereupon called up 
 again, and admits that he was frightened into a promise to 
 burn the slip market, and that he was, among others, sworn 
 to secrecy. Quack and Cuffee were convicted, and were 
 sentenced to be burnt alive. 
 
 On the 3d of May, about o o'clock, they were brought 
 to the stake, surrounded with piles of wood. The specta- 
 tors were very numerous. They at first refused to make 
 any confession, but upon being questioned by their masters, 
 they said that Hughson was the contriver of the plot; 
 that the confederate negroes had voted Quack to be the 
 proper person to set fire to the fort, as his wife was a ser- 
 vant there, which he had accordingly done with a lighted 
 stick. 
 
 On the 6th of June seven other negroes, named Jack. 
 Cook, Robin, Ccesar, Cuffee, Cuffee and Jamaica, were tried, 
 found guilty, and executed the following day, excepting 
 18 
 
2/4 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Jock, who promised further disclosures, and was pardoned. 
 He implicated fourteen others. 
 
 On the 11th of June three negroes, named Francis, Al- 
 bany and Curacoa Dick, were sentenced to be chained to a 
 stake and burnt to death. On the 15th of June, Ben and 
 Quack were condemned to be burnt, and three others 
 hanged. Five of the Spanish negroes were also convicted. 
 
 A proclamation of pardon to all who Avould confess and 
 discover, was now made by the authorities, and many 
 negroes availed themselves of the promised indemnity to 
 unfold the details of the conspiracy. 
 
 But now, another white man was brought forward upon 
 the charge of joining in the conspiracy. The person thus 
 implicated was Ury, a Catholic priest, who had been en- 
 gaged in school teaching in this city. An indictment was 
 found against this person, in which he was charged with 
 having counseled, procured, &c., a negro slave. Quack, to 
 set fire to the king's house in the fort. Also, that being a 
 priest made by the authority of the pretended See of Rome 
 he did come into this province and city of New York, 
 after a time limited by a law against Jesuits and Popish 
 priests, and did there remain for the space of seven months, 
 &c. Ury pleaded not guilty. Upon his trial, wiiich took 
 place in July, 1711, Sarah Hughson deposed that she had 
 often seen him at her father's house; that she had seen him 
 make a ring with chalk on the floor, and make all the 
 negroes then present stand round it, and he used to stand 
 in the middle of the ring, with a cross in his hand and 
 swear the negroes. It was proven by a confectioner that 
 Ury had inqmred of him for wafers. It was also proven 
 that he could read English and Latin; and other evidence 
 of a similar character was taken against him. The result 
 
THK NEGRO PLOT. 275 
 
 was a conviction, and he was hanged on the 29th of 
 August 1741. 
 
 The execution of Urj'' was the last recorded of the long 
 aeries of capital punishments inflicted upon the real and 
 pretended participators in this conspiracy; and the 24th 
 of September was set apart for a thanksgiving, for the 
 escape of the citizens from destruction. 
 
 During the progress of this affair, one hundred and 
 fifty-four negroes were committed to prison; of whom 
 fourteen were burnt at the stake; eighteen hanged; scventy- 
 one transported, and the rest pardoned or discharged for 
 want of proof. Twenty white persons were committed, of 
 whom foiu- were executed. 
 
 " At this time," says an intelligent writer of that 
 period, " New York contained a population of about twelve 
 thousand souls, of whom one sixth were slaves. If a plot 
 in fact existed for the destruction of the city and the mas- 
 sacre of its inhabitants, and if that plot was conducted b}- 
 Ury, it certainly betrayed greater imbecility of intellect 
 and want of caution and arrangement, together with less 
 union of action, than could have been expected from one 
 who was evidently, if we believe his own account, a man of 
 classical education and profound erudition. It seems, in- 
 deed, probable that the evidence of Mary Burton, by whom 
 many of the prisoners were implicated, was little to be re- 
 lied on; and had the prosecution continued much longer, she 
 would perhaps have accused many more of the white citizens 
 of New York as being concerned in the plot. Daniel Hors- 
 manden, Esq., recorder of the city, published at the time a 
 history of this conspiracy, and labored hard to prove its 
 existence and extent. But it is evident that the hostility 
 to Catholicism, which the British government so industri- 
 
276 
 
 THE NKGRO PLOT. 
 
 ously inculcated, tinctured his mind, and gave it a bias 
 unfriendly to the fair development of truth, or to the full 
 and impartial examination of facts and circumstances. 
 The negroes were without defence; all the counsel of the 
 city were arrayed against them, and volunteered their ser- 
 vices, on behalf of the crown, on the trial of these unfor- 
 tunate slaves. The want of education and utter ignorance 
 of these infatuated wretches, easily made them the victims 
 of craft and imposition; the hopes of life and the promise 
 of pardon influenced some of them to make confessions. 
 Yet falsehood was so ingeniously and artfully blended 
 with truth that it was not an easy task to separate one 
 from the other. It must, however, be admitted that many 
 circumstances aided the opinion tliat the plot in fact ex- 
 isted; and if the people were mistaken in this, it was an 
 error into which they might naturally fall at the moment 
 of confusion and distress, and under the attending circum- 
 stances." 
 
 The places of execution of these convicts were as fol- 
 lows : The gibbet of John Hughson and his companions 
 was erected on the East river shore, about the present cor- 
 ner of Cherry and Catharine streets; where, according to 
 the popular belief of that day, their " spooks" or spirits 
 were sometimes seen by travelers in the night. The stakes 
 at which the negroes were burnt were set up in a hollow, 
 affording a full view from the surrounding hills, in the 
 vicinity of the present Five Points. The common gallows 
 of that time, where most of the negroes were hanged, was 
 on a small island in the Fresh Water Pond, in the present 
 vicinity of the corner of Centre and Pearl streets. 
 
7, '?'!■' r'j} (j 
 
 llci^i. 
 
 f I 'I ' 
 
 iMi™-^^p!M.SP* /T*^ 
 
 To Lae Ii:jncjTjr sL^ e 
 RIP VAl-T DA3!(r Hsor 
 .'■'-.-ileni 0-' tM Ji/Icycsty's Council for hke Trovince. o/' 27ti<i York . Thvs Ticm 
 
 obtdiP.rJ: Sf.rv' W^ Sur^e^J^ 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE CITY IN TUE EARLY PART OF THE LAST CENTURY. 
 
 In previous chapters we have followed the growth of 
 the city prior to the year 1700, at which period the streets 
 had been laid out as high as Maiden lane. The property 
 between the present Broadway and Pearl street, on the 
 west and east sides, and between Maiden lane and near 
 the present line of Fulton street, on the south and north 
 sides, was then in fields, and embraced two estates; one 
 commonly called " The Shoemakers' Land," and the other, 
 " Vandercliff's Orchard." 
 
 The " Shoemakers' Land" was bounded very nearly by 
 the present Maiden lane, Ann street, Broadway, and a line 
 on the east, between William and Gold streets. The origin 
 of the name by which it was thus commonly distinguished, 
 arose from the circumstance previously referred to; that 
 an exclusion of all tan-pits from within the limits of the 
 city was ordered, by reason of which the settlement of 
 tanners and shoemakers, who had almost exclusively oc- 
 cupied the old swamp grounds along the present Broad 
 street, above Beaver street, were driven to other quarters, 
 and seeking the nearest convenient locality, beyond the 
 city walls, established their tan-pits along Maiden lane, 
 which was a marshy valley. An association of four shoe- 
 
278 
 
 THE SHOEMAKERS LAND. 
 
 makers (at that time tanning their own leather,) purchased 
 the property now referred to, and carried on their trade in 
 this vicinity. The increasing extent of tlie city calling for 
 a survey and division of these lands into town lots, a map 
 was made, of which the following is a copy : 
 
 DIVISION MAP OF THE SHOEMAKERS' LAND. 
 
 The original owner,' 
 Conraet Ten Eyck, Jacob 
 hams, John Harpending, and 
 Carsten Luersc. 
 
 Owners at the time of the division, W9G : 
 Charles Lodwick, John Harpending, Carsten 
 Luersc, Abraham Pantfort,, (Jacob Abra- 
 hams,) and Heiltje Cloppers. 
 
 The price of lots on this tract, from the year ITOO to 
 1720, averaged about thirty pounds of the currency of that 
 day. The tanners subsequently removed their business to 
 the borders of the Fresh Water Pond, north of the present 
 Park, and to Beekman's Swamp. 
 
taxdercliff's farm. 279 
 
 The " Vandercliff Farm," which lay between the Shoe- 
 makers' Pasture and the road along the East river (now 
 Pearl street,) and south of the present Beekman street, 
 nearly to Maiden lane, came, at an early period, into the 
 possession of Henry Rycken, a blacksmith, who, iu the 
 year 1681, sold it to Dirck Vandercliff who resided on 
 the property until his death. His widow, Geesie, caused 
 it to be divided into lots, for sale, the average prices being 
 from twenty to thirty pounds. The streets laid out 
 through the property were originally named as follows : 
 Cliff street, South street. Golden street, and Rudder 
 street. 
 
 On the west side of Broadway, above Trinity Church, 
 the principal building was the King's Arms Tavern, on the 
 site of the old City Hotel (viz : between Thames and Lib- 
 erty streets.) This building was erected, about the close 
 of the seventeenth century, by John Hutchins, who had 
 formerly kept the tavern on the south-west corner of the 
 present Wall and Broad streets, opposite the old city-hall. 
 The tavern of Hutchins was the most fashionable public 
 house of the city, and was the head-quarters of the auti- 
 Leislerian party of that day; it having been built princi- 
 pally through the loans of Nicholas Bayard, and a few 
 other leaders of that political sect. The grounds of the 
 tavern were extensive, running down to the North river 
 shore, and having also a garden plot on each side of the 
 house. The building itself was not of great size; upon 
 the roof was a balcony, arranged with seats, and command- 
 ing a beautiful view of the bay and environs of the city. 
 
 North of the tavern a few scattered buildings were situ- 
 ated, on the west side of Broadway, the principal of which 
 was the store of Alderman Jacob Boelen, north of Liberty 
 
280 
 
 BROADWAY. 
 
 street. The present Cortland street — which took its name 
 from the proprietor, it being a part of the estate of Burgo- 
 master Van Cortland — was not yet opened, although pre- 
 parations were being now made for that purpose; the same 
 may be said of the present Dey street, the name of which 
 was derived from Teunis Dey, an owner of property in that 
 vicinity. Mr. Dey's property was three hundred and nine 
 feet front on Broadway, and about eight hundred feet in 
 depth to Hudson river, containing about five and a half 
 acres; beyond this lay the "King's Farm," a large estate, 
 so called, which had, upon the first settlement of the island 
 by the Dutch, been set apart for the uses of the West 
 India Company, then the proprietaries of the island. It 
 is supposed to have been confiscated by the English, upon 
 taking the city, atid to have been appropriated to the con- 
 querors. The title, at the period here referred to, was in 
 Trinity Church, which corporation began, about the year 
 1720, to lay out the south part of the farm into lots. At 
 that time the extent of Broadway was to its junction with 
 Chatham street, the road continuing on the line of the 
 latter street. It was in contemplation, however, to extend 
 Broadway, in a straight line, through the commons along 
 the fence of the King's Farm, which was bordered by a 
 fine row of trees, on the present west side of Broadway. 
 On the line of Broadway, at the lower end of the common, 
 was a rope- walk, erected by Dugdale and Searle, by per- 
 mission of the corporation, which occupied that place for 
 more than twenty years. The streets laid out in the King's 
 Farm, extending from Fulton to Chambers street, were 
 named after leading officers of Trinity Church. Vesey 
 street was so called, after the Rev. William Vesey, rector 
 of Trinity Church; Barclay street, after the Rev. Mr. 
 
THE COMMONS. 
 
 281 
 
 Barclay, who succeeded Mr. Vesey as rector; Robinson 
 street, after a leading citizen; Murray street, after a dis- 
 tinguished lawyer of this city, and one of the officers of 
 the church: Warren street, after Sir Peter Warren, com- 
 mander of the British naval forces at this station, who 
 married Miss Delancey, of this city, and resided here for 
 many years; Chambers street, after John Chambers, Esq., 
 a lawyer born in this city, and for many years a leading 
 citizen in civil and church affairs. 
 
 The Commons of this city originally formed nearly a 
 square, lying generally between the present Broadway and 
 Nassau streets on the east and west, and between Ann and 
 Chambers streets north and south. It was traversed diag- 
 onally by Chatham street, then the post-road; thus forming 
 a triangle on the east side, a part of which was appropria- 
 ted by Colonel Dongan (governor in 1686,) and was occu- 
 pied for many years as a place of amusement, and called 
 the Vineyard. The Commons, now inclosed as the Park, 
 was a waste and open place; it was sometimes called, 
 even in the last century, the VJackte, or " Flat.'' The his- 
 torical reminiscences connected with this public place, now 
 some miles within the outskirts of the city, but once the 
 pasture grounds to which the morning and evening droves, 
 from the village of New Amsterdam, pursued their daily 
 peregrinations, are interesting to the observer of ancient 
 memorials. It was here that the impetuous Dutch troops, 
 under Anthony Colve, having landed from the ships in the 
 North river, formed in military array, preparatory to their 
 charge down Broadway, upon the English in the fort, 
 opposite the Bowling G-reen. It was here the conferences 
 between the Dutch officers and the commissioners, sent out 
 by Manning to treat of terms, were held, and where the 
 
282 
 
 THE COMMONS. 
 
 Dutch, disgusted with the prevarication of the English, 
 and eager for the assault, cried " They shall fool us no 
 more — march !" It was here that the scenes of festivity 
 and frolic were commonly enacted, on occasions where a 
 crowd was congregated. Five times in each year a public 
 bonfire was lighted up in the eveuiug, at the expense of the 
 city authorities, to celebrate their holidays; these stated 
 evenings were the 5th of November, the 6th of February, 
 the 8th of March and 13th of April; the first anniversary 
 being that of the gunpowder plot, which was a stated 
 occurrence; the other anniversaries were the king's birth- 
 day, the coronation, &c., <fec., and varied under difl^erent 
 monarchs. On these occasions wine was freely distributed 
 to the people, at public expense, the general cost to the 
 authorities, of one of these entertainments, averaging 
 fifteen pounds. The citizens also contributed to the dis- 
 play by throwing fire-balls, burning tar barrels, &c. The 
 Commons was, for many years, the place of public execu- 
 tion, a gallows standing permanently, not far from the 
 present Hall of Records. The first public building erected 
 on the Commons was a powder-house, built on the present 
 site of the Hall of Records, and then considered so remote 
 from neighbors as to cause no fears of damage in case of 
 explosion; it was subsequently, however, removed, in the 
 year 1728, to a small island in the Fresh Water Pond. The 
 first poor-house erected in this city, was in the year 1734. 
 Previously to that period the paupers in the town were 
 generally dependent upon private charity, although, in 
 cases of great necessity, the city authorities dispensed 
 some provison by special resolution. At the period refer- 
 red to, however, an ordinance was passed, reciting that 
 " Whereas the number and increase of the poor in this city 
 
THE KALCU-HOCK. 283 
 
 is very great, and there has not yet been any provision 
 made for the relief and setting on work of poor needy 
 persons and idle vagabonds, sturdy beggars and others, 
 who frequently commit great depredations, and having 
 lived idly, become debauched and thievish. For a remedy 
 it is ordered that there be built a good, convenient house, 
 on pan of the unimproved lands of the corporation, on 
 north side of the lands, late of Colonel Dongan, commonly 
 called the Vineyard; the house to be fifty-six feet long, 
 twenty-four wide, and two stories high, with a cellar. The 
 location of this building was afterward established on the 
 Commons, on a part of the site of the " Old Alms House," 
 in the rear of the city-hall, now occupied by the various 
 courts. The house was furnished with four spinning- 
 wheels, some leather and tools for shoemaking, knitting- 
 needles, flax, &c., for the employment of the inmates. In 
 the year 1742, Joseph Paulding leased a part of the Com- 
 mons, and established a large brick kiln. 
 
 North of the Commons lay the Fresh Water Pond, com- 
 monly called, in early days, the " Kalck-hock," (abbrevia- 
 ted into " Collck.'') This, however, was not the original 
 name of the pond itself, but was given, in the times of the 
 Dutch, to a point of land on the shore of the pond, the 
 site of an old Indian village. The Kalck-hock point con- 
 tained about forty-eight acres of land. As to the value of 
 property in this vicinity, at the beginning of the last cen- 
 tury, we may instance that a part of it, containing about 
 eleven acres, was sold, in the year 1703, for about one 
 hundred pounds of the currency of that day, or less than 
 twenty- live dollars per acre. The Fresh Water Pond- was, 
 in some places, very deep, and had the common reputation 
 of having no bottom, a fallacy which was sufficiently deter- 
 
284 
 
 15F.F.KMAN S SWAMP. 
 
 rained by filling- in its basin, and establishing the streets 
 which now cross its ancient site. In early times this pond 
 was the resort of the angler, and contained an abundance 
 of fish. As late as the year 1734, by the desire of several 
 citizens, a law was passed by the common council " for 
 preserving the fish in Fresh Water Pond;" imposing a fine 
 upon any person casting his net therein, or catching fish 
 there by any other manner than that of angling. When, 
 by the progress of the city, the tanners were driven from 
 their ancient localities, in Broad street and Maiden lane, 
 tan-pits were established on the borders of this pond, and 
 remained there for many years. In the year 1732, Mr. 
 Anthony Rutgers, having in view the prospective value of 
 property on the confines of the town, made a purchase of 
 the swamp through which one of the streams ran from this 
 pond and emptied into the North river. 
 
 In the gradual progress of improvement in the first half 
 of the last century, the property of Mr. Beekman, which 
 lay south of the region now known as the " swamp," in 
 the vicinity of Ferry and the neighboring streets, and em- 
 braced the blocks between the present Nassau and Pearl 
 streets, on the east and west, and from Fulton, on the 
 south, to the swamp, which furnished its northern boun- 
 dary, came into requisition for building purposes, and was 
 laid off into lots, the present Beekman street running 
 through the property. The swamp itself was originally 
 a low ground, covered by bushes, and was known in early 
 times as the " Kripple-bush," or tangled briars. This 
 place, containing several acres, was sold, about the year 
 1734, to Jacobus Roosevelt, for the sum of two hundred 
 pounds. The grant was from the corporation, who claimed 
 title to it, althougli they refused to give a warranty deed. 
 
WHITEHALL. 285 
 
 as the heirs of Jacob Leisler — who had received a patent 
 for land north of the present Spruce street, and bordering 
 upon the swamp — claimed the property as coming within 
 their patent, a claim which, we believe, was never satisfac- 
 torily adjusted. Mr. Roosevelt, however, laid off the 
 property into about fifty lots, and it became the seat of 
 several tanneries, and still monopolizes the leather busi- 
 ness of the city. 
 
 While noticing the progress of the city in its upper sec- 
 tion, we may observe that the high road on the present 
 line of Pearl street, between Franklin square and Chat- 
 ham street, which had been early established through open 
 lands, without much regard to specific boundaries, avus 
 regulated and established as a road, on its present lines, in 
 the year 1735. 
 
 Returning now to improvements made in the lower parts 
 of the city, and along the river shores, within the years 
 from 1700 to 1750, we have to note the following : 
 
 It has been observed that a battery was erected toward 
 the close of the previous century, coA^ering a part of the 
 public grounds now known as the Battery, near Whitehall 
 slip. This name arose from a large dwelling standing on 
 the present corner of Whitehall and State streets. This 
 building is supposed to have been erected by Governor 
 Stuyvesant, in the time of his administration. It after- 
 ward came into the possession of Governor Thomas Don 
 gan, in whose time it became known as the Whitehall. It 
 was occupied, at different intervals, by merchants. At- 
 tached to the premises were a bake-house, bolting-house 
 and warehouse, erected in the time of the great flour 
 speculation referred to in a previous chapter. Governor 
 Dongan afterward became Earl of Limerick; lie was still 
 
286 
 
 THE BOWLING GREEN. 
 
 living in England in the year 1715, at which time he sent 
 over a kinsman to sell this and other property still belong- 
 ing to him in this country. Adjoining this property was 
 the store of Jacob Leisler, in which he carried on business 
 in his lifetime, from which circumstance that part of the 
 present Whitehall street, between State and Pearl streets, 
 was at one period ( about 1720) known as Leisler street. 
 But this name gave wa}", in the year 1731, to the common 
 appellation of that section, " Whitehall," and the street 
 was afterward known by that name. On the opposite side 
 of Whitehall street, in the block bounded, at present, by 
 Whitehall, Pearl, Moore and Water streets, there had, 
 previous to the year 1730, been an open space, anciently 
 called " The Strand," and commonly used as a market 
 place or strand for country wagons. In 1732, the city 
 corporation divided the ground into lots, and sold it at 
 auction, as follows: Three lots to Stephen Dclancey for six 
 hundred pounds; one to David Clarkson for one hundred 
 and fifty-six pounds; one to John Moore for two hundred 
 and seventy-six pounds; one to Robert Livingston for one 
 hundred and seventy-five pounds, and one to Anthony 
 Rutgers for two hundred and thirty-nine pounds. 
 
 The vacant space in front of the fort lay without inclos- 
 ure or pavement, and was used as a parade; market place; 
 for public assemblages; a place for bonfires, and other uses 
 of a similar nature, until the year 1732, at which period it 
 was leased to John Chambers, Peter Bayard and Peter 
 Jay, residents on the west side of Broadway, who applied 
 for permission to inclose it and make it ornamental for the 
 purposes of a bowling green. The lease was for eleven 
 years, at the rent of a pepper-corn. Some years afterward 
 pavements were laid around it. On the west side of 
 
GREENWICH AND WASUINGTON STREETS. 
 
 287 
 
 Broadway, opposite the Bowling Green, the ancient Dutch 
 houses, with their gable ends to the street, still occupied 
 much of the space until about the 3'ear 1730, when they 
 were demolished to give place to a superior class of build- 
 ings. The finest mansion, for many years, on the west 
 side of the city, was erected about the middle of the last 
 century, by Archibald Kennedy, collector of the port, on 
 the corner of Battery place. 
 
 In the year 1723, tlie corporation having the right to 
 lands under water around the island, offered for sale the 
 lands between high and low water mark, " from the house 
 of Mr. Gaasbeck, near the fort, to the green trees, com- 
 monly called the locust trees, near the English church; or 
 from the present Battery to Rector street. This proposi- 
 tion lay under consideration for several years; the various 
 interests of the inhabitants residing along the west side 
 of Broadway, as well as the proper regulation of the city 
 in the part thus proposed to be gained from the water, 
 requiring some consideration. In November, 1729, it was 
 ordered, "for the better utility of trade and commerce, 
 increasing the buildings within the city, and improving the 
 revenue of the corporation," that two streets should be 
 surveyed and laid out along the Hudson river, from the 
 south side of Colonel Gaasbcck's property, to the south 
 side of that of Mr. John Rodman, one street of forty feet 
 in width at high water mark, and the other of thirty feet 
 in width at low watermark; the high Avater mark to be the 
 centre of one street, and the low water mark to be the 
 centre of the other. It was also ordered that three slips 
 should be established, one opposite the present Morris 
 street, another opposite the present Exchange place, and 
 another opposite the present Rector street. The streets 
 
288 MARKETS. 
 
 established by these ordinances were the present Green- 
 wich and Washington streets, from Battery place to Rector 
 street. Many years, however, elapsed before they were 
 built upon. 
 
 On the East river side of the city the lots were in 
 greater demand than on the North river side; and in the 
 year 1750, Queen street was quite populous on both sides, 
 nearly up to Peck slip. 
 
 A notable feature of the city, at the era now referred to, 
 was the number of public markets in the city. One was 
 situated at the foot of Broad street ; another at Coenties 
 corner, now Coenties slip, (a name derived from the 
 familiar and traditionary appellation of an owner of 
 property on the " corner." This was Mr. Conraet Ten 
 Eyck, one of the early inhabitants, familiarly called 
 "Coentje.' The grand children of Mr. Ten Eyck pro- 
 cured an extensive water privilege in the year 1740, at 
 their property on Coenties corner. Another market was 
 at the foot of Wall street; another at Burgher's Path, or 
 present Old slip; another, commonly known as the Fly 
 market, a name derived from the original name of its 
 locality — the Valley, Vly or Fly — was at the foot of 
 Maiden lane. Another was at Rodman's slip, above 
 Maiden lane. In short, at the foot of each street along 
 the East river shore, was a market. In the centre of the 
 city, also, were several market places. Broad street, from 
 Wall street to Exchange place, was a public stand for 
 country wagons. A market was also erected in the centre 
 of Broadway, opposite the present Liberty street. 
 
 An intelligent traveler, (Professor Kalra) visiting this 
 city in 1748, thus describes his visit : 
 
 '' At about eight o'clock in the morning (Oct. 30,) after 
 
APPEAKANCE OF THE CITY IN 1748. 289 
 
 crossing over from Elizabethtown to Statcu Island, we 
 arrived at the place where we were to cross the water in 
 order to come to the town of New York; we left our 
 horses here, and went on board the yacht. We were to 
 go eight English miles by sea; however, we landed, about 
 eleven o'clock in the morning, at New York. We saw a 
 kind of wild ducks, in immense quantities, upon the water; 
 the people called them blue-bills; they were very shy. On 
 the shore of the continent we saw some very tine sloping 
 corn-fields, which at present looked quite green, the corn 
 being already come up. We saw many boats, in which the 
 fishermen were busy catching oysters. To this purpose 
 they make use of a kind of rakes, with long iron teeth, 
 bent inwards; these they used either single or two tied 
 together, in such a manner that the teeth were turned to- 
 ward each other. 
 
 " About New York they find innumerable quantities of 
 excellent oysters, and there arc few places which have them 
 of such an exquisite taste aad of so great a size; they 
 are pickled, and sent to the West Indies and other places. 
 Oysters are reckoned very wholesome; some people as- 
 sured us that they had not felt the least inconvenience 
 after eating a considerable quantity of them. It is like- 
 wise a common rule here that they are best in those months 
 that have an r in their name — such as September, October, 
 &c., but that they are not so good in other months; how- 
 ever, there are poor })eoplc who live all the year long upon 
 nothing but oysters, with bread. 
 
 " Lobsters are likewise plentifully caught hereabouts, 
 pickled, much in the same manner as oysters, and sent to 
 several places. I was told of a very remarkable circum- 
 
290 APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IK 1748. 
 
 stance about these lobsters, and I have since frequently 
 heard it mentioned. The coast of New York had already 
 European inhabitants for a considerable time, and yet no 
 lobsters were to be met with on that coast; and though 
 the people fished ever so often, they could never find any 
 signs of lobsters being in this part of the sea. They were 
 therefore continually brought in great well-boats, from 
 New England, where they are plentiful. But it happened 
 that one of these well-boats broke in pieces, near Hell- 
 gate, about ten miles from New York, and all the lobsters 
 in it got off. Since that time they have so multiplied in 
 this part of the sea that they are now caught in the great- 
 est abundance. 
 
 " Among the numerous shells which are found on the 
 sea-shore, there are some which, by the English here, are 
 called clams, and which bear some resemblance to the 
 human ear. They have a considerable thickness, and are 
 chiefly white, excepting the pointed end, which both with- 
 out and within has a blue celor, between purple and violet. 
 They are met with, in vast numbers, on the sea-shore of 
 New York, Long Island and other places. The shells con- 
 tain a large animal, which is eaten both by the Indians 
 and Europeans settled here; a considerable commerce is 
 carried on in the article with such Indians as live further 
 up the country. When these people inhabited the coast 
 they were able to catch their own clams, which, at that 
 time, made a great part of their food; but at present this 
 is the business of the Dutch and English, who live in the 
 neighborhood. As soon as the shells are caught, the fish 
 is taken out of them, drawn upon a wire, and hung up in 
 the open air, in order to dry by the heat of the sun; when 
 
RTH AMERICA. 
 
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APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IN 1748. 291 
 
 this is done, tlic tlesh is put into proper vessels and carried 
 to Albany, upon the river Hudson; there the Indians buy 
 them, and reckon them one of their best dishes. 
 
 " New York, the capital of a province of the same name, 
 is situated under 40"^ 40' north latitude and 4' west longi- 
 tude from London, and is about ninety-seven English miles- 
 distant from Philadelphia. The situation of it is extreme- 
 ly advantageous for trade; for the town stands upon a 
 point which is formed by two bays, into one of which the 
 river Hudson discharges itself, not far from the town. 
 New York is therefore, on three sides, surrounded with 
 water. The ground it is built on is' level in some parts 
 and hilly in others. The place is generally reckoned very 
 healthy. 
 
 " The town was first founded by the Dutch; this, it is 
 said, was done in the year 1023, when they were yet mas- 
 ters of the country; they called it New Amsterdam. The 
 English, toward the end of the year 1(364, taking posses- 
 sion, gave the name of New York to both the city and 
 country. In size it comes nearest to Boston and Philadel- 
 phia; but with regard to its fine buildings, its opulence and 
 extensive commerce, it disputes the preference with them. 
 
 " The streets do not run so straight as those of Phila- 
 delphia, and have some times considerable bendiugs; how- 
 ever, they arc very spacious and well built, and most of 
 them are paved, excepting in high places, where it has 
 been found useless. In the chief streets there are trees 
 planted, which in summer give them a fine appearance, and 
 during the excessive heat at that time, afford a cooling 
 shade. I found it extremely pleasant to walk in the town, 
 for it seemed quite like a garden. The trees which are 
 planted for this purpose are chiefly of two kinds; the 
 
292 
 
 APPEARANCE OP THE CITY IN 1748. 
 
 water beech is the most numerous, and gives an agreeable 
 shade in summer by its large and numerous leaves. The 
 locust tree is likewise frequent; its fine leaves and the 
 odoriferous scent which exhales from its flowers, make it 
 very proper for being planted in the streets, near the 
 houses, and in gardens. There are likewise lime trees and 
 elms in these walks, but they are not, by far, so frequent as 
 the others. One seldom meets with trees of the same sort 
 adjoining each other, they being in general placed alter 
 nately. 
 
 " Besides numbers of birds of all kinds which make these 
 trees their abode, there are likewise a kind of frogs which 
 frequent them in great numbers during the summer. They 
 are very clamorous in the evening, and in the nights (espe- 
 cially when the days have been hot, and a rain is expected.) 
 and in a manner drown the singing of the birds. They 
 frequently make such a noise that it is difficult for a person 
 to make himself heard. 
 
 " Most of the houses are built of bricks, and are gener- 
 ally strong and neat, and several stories high; some have, 
 according to the old architecture, turned the gable end 
 toward the street, but the new houses are altered in this 
 respect. Many of the houses have a balcony on the roof, 
 on which the people sit in the evenings, in the summer 
 time; and from thence they have a pleasant view of a great 
 part of the town, and likewise of part of the adjacent 
 water, and of the opposite shore. The roofs are commonly 
 covered with tiles or shingles, the latter of which are 
 made of the white fir tree, which grows higher up in the 
 country. The inhabitants are of opinion that a roof, made 
 of these shingles, is as durable as one made of white cedar. 
 The walls of the houses are whitewashed within, and I did 
 
APPEARANOK OF THK CITY IN 174S. 293 
 
 not anywhere see hangings, with Avhich the people in this 
 country seem in general to he little acquainted. The walls 
 are quite covered with all sorts of drawings and pictures, 
 in small frames. On each side of the chimneys they usu- 
 ally have a sort of alcove, and the wall under the window 
 is wainscoted, with benches near the window. The al- 
 to ves, as well as all of the wood-work, are painted with a 
 hluish-gray color. 
 
 '' Toward the sea, on the extremity of the promontory, 
 i? a pretty good fortress, called Fort George, which 
 entirely commands the port, and can defend the town, at 
 least from a sudden attack on the sea side. Besides that, 
 it is secured on the north, or toward the land sid'c, by a 
 palisade; which, however, (as for a considerable time the 
 people have had nothing to fear from an enemy) is in many 
 places in a very bad state of defence. 
 
 " There is no good water to be met with in the town it- 
 self: but at a little distance there is a large spring of good 
 water, which the inhabitants take for their tea, and for the 
 uses of the kitchen. Those, however, who are less delicate 
 on this point make use of the water from the wells in 
 town, though it be very bad. This want of good water 
 lies heavy upon the horses of the strangers that come to 
 this place, for they do not like to drink the water from the 
 wells in the town. 
 
 " The port is a good one — ships of great burthen can lie 
 in it quite close up to the bridge; but its water is very 
 salt, as the sea continually comes in upon it, and therefore 
 is never frozen except in extraordinary cold weather. This 
 is of great advantage to the city and its commerce; for 
 many ships either come in or go out of the port at any 
 time of the year, unless the wind be contrary. The har- 
 
294 APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IN 1748. 
 
 bor is secured from all violent hurricanes from the south- 
 east by Long Island, which is situated just before the 
 town; therefore only the storms from the south-west are 
 dangerous to the ships which ride at anchor here, because 
 the port is open only on that side. New York probably 
 carries on a more extensive commerce than any town in 
 the English North American provinces; at least it may be 
 said to equal them. Boston and Philadelphia, however, 
 come very nearly up to it. The trade of New York extends 
 to many places, and it is said they send more ships from 
 thence to London than they do from Philadelphia. They 
 export to that capital all the various sorts of skins, which 
 they buy of the Indians — sugar, logwood and other dye- 
 ing woods; rum, mahogany, and many other goods which 
 are the produce of the West Indies. Every year they 
 build several ships here, which are sent to London, and 
 there sold; and of late years they have sliipped a great 
 quantity of iron to England. In return for these they 
 import from London stuffs and every other article of Eng- 
 lish growth and manufacture, together with all sorts of 
 foreign goods. England, and especially London, profits 
 immensely by the trade. 
 
 " New York sends many ships to the West Indies, with 
 flour, corn, biscuit, timber, boards, flesh, fish, butter, and 
 other provisions, together with some few of the fruits that 
 grow here. Many ships go to Boston, in New England, 
 with flour and corn, and take in exchange flesh, butter, 
 timber, difi'erent sorts of fish, and other articles, which 
 they carry further, to the West Indies; they now and then 
 take rum from thence. There is also some trade with 
 Philadelphia. Some times ships, wanting freight in Eng- 
 land, take in coals for ballast; which, when brought here, 
 
APPEARANCK OF THE CITY IN 1748. 295 
 
 sell for a pretty good price, as many persons use them both 
 for the kitchen and parlor fires, considering them cheaper 
 than wood. 
 
 " I cannot make a just estimate of the ships that an- 
 nually come to this town, or sail from it. But I have found 
 that from the 1st of December, in 1729, to the 5th of 
 December, in the next year, two hundred and eleven ves- 
 sels entered the port of New York, and two huudred and 
 twenty-two cleared it; and since that time there has been 
 a great increase of trade here. 
 
 " There are two printers in the town, and every week 
 some gazettes, in English, are published, which contain 
 news from all parts of the world. • 
 
 " The winter is much more severe here than in Philadel- 
 phia; the snow lies for some months together on the 
 ground, and sledges are made use of. The river Hudson 
 is about a mile and a half broad at this point, and the tide 
 ebbs and flows six or seven feet; yet the ice stands in it 
 not only one, but even several mouths. It has sometimes 
 a thickness of more than two feet. 
 
 '• The inhabitants are sometimes greatly troubled with 
 mosquitoes; they either follow the hay, which is made 
 near the town, in the low meadows, which are quite pene- 
 trated with salt water, or they accompany the cattle when 
 brought home at evening. I have myself experienced and 
 have observed in others, how much these little auiuialcuiaj 
 can disfigure a person's face during a single night; for the 
 skin is sometimes so covered over with little blisters, from 
 their stings, that people are ashamed to appear in public. 
 
 " The water-melons, which are cultivated near the town, 
 grow very large. They are extremely delicious, and are 
 better than in other parts of North America, though they 
 
296 APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IN 1756. 
 
 fire planted in the open fields, and never in a hot-bed. I 
 saw a water-melon at Governor Clinton's, in 1750, which 
 weighed forty-seven English pounds, and another at a 
 merchant's in town of forty-two pounds weight. How- 
 ever they were reckoned the largest ever seen in the 
 country." 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Burnaby, who visited the city about the 
 same period, says: 
 
 " The inhabitants of New York, in their character, very 
 much resemble the Pennsylvanians. More than half of 
 them are Dutch, and almost all traders. They are there- 
 fore habitually frugal, industrious and parsimonious. 
 J3eing,' however, of different nations, different languages, 
 and different religions, it is almost impossible to give 
 them any precise or determinate character. The women 
 are handsome and agreeable, though rather more reserved 
 than the Philadelphia ladies. The amusements are balls 
 and sleighing expeditions in the winter, and in the summer 
 going in parties upon the water and fishing, or making 
 excursions into the country. There are several houses, 
 pleasantly situated up the East river, near New York, 
 where it is common to have turtle feasts. These happen 
 once or twice in a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and 
 ladies, meet and dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, 
 fish and amuse themselves till evening, and then return 
 home in Italian chaises, (the fashionable carriage in this 
 and most parts of America, Virginia excepted, where they 
 chiefly make use of coaches, and these commonly drawn 
 by six horses,) a gentleman and lady in each chaise." 
 
 The following is the description given of this city in 
 the year 1756, by Mr. Smith, the historian : 
 
 " The island is very narrow, not a mile wide at a me- 
 
ArPEARAXCE OF THE CITV I\ 1756. 297 
 
 dium, and about fourteen miles in length. The south-west 
 point projects into a fine spacious bay, nine miles long and 
 about four in breadth, at the confluence of the waters of 
 Hudson river and the strait between Long Island and the 
 northern shore. The Narrows at the south end of the bay 
 is scarce two miles wide, and opens the ocean to full view. 
 The passage up to New York from Sandy Hook, a point 
 that extends farthest into the sea, is safe, and not above 
 five and twenty miles in length. The common navigation 
 is between the east and west banks in two or three and 
 twenty feet water. But it is said that an eighty gun ship 
 may be brought up, through a narrow, winding, unfre- 
 quented channel, between the north end of the east bank 
 and Coney Island. 
 
 '■ The city has, in reality, no natural basin or harbor. 
 The ships lie off in the road, on the east side of the town, 
 which is docked out, and better built than the west side, 
 because the freshets in Hudson river fill it in some winters 
 with ice. 
 
 " The city of New York consists of about two thousand 
 five hundred buildings. It is a mile in length and not 
 above half that in breadth. Such is its figure, its centre 
 of business, and the situation of the houses, that the mean 
 cartage from one part to another does not exceed above 
 one quarter of a mile, than which nothing can be more ad- 
 vantageous to a trading city. 
 
 " It is thought to be as healthy a spot as any in the 
 world. The east and south parts in general are low, but 
 the rest is situated on a dry elevated soil. The streets are 
 irregular, but being paved with round pebbles, are clean, 
 and lined with well-built brick houses, many of which are 
 covered with tiled roofs. 
 
298 APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IN 1756. 
 
 " No part of America is supplied with markets abound- 
 ing witli greater plenty and variety. We have beef, pork, 
 mutton, poultry, butter, wild fowl, venison, fish, roots and 
 herbs of all kinds in their seasons. Our oysters are a 
 considerable article in the support of the poor. Their 
 beds are within view of the town. A fleet of two hundred 
 small craft are often seen there at a time, when the weather 
 is mild in winter; and this single article is computed to be 
 worth annually ten or twelve thousand pounds. 
 
 " This city is the metropolis and grand mart of the prov- 
 ince, and, by its commodious situation, commands also all 
 the trade of the western part of Connecticut and that of 
 New Jersey. No season prevents our ships from launching 
 out into the ocean. During the greatest severity of the 
 winter, an equal, unrestrained activity runs through all 
 ranks, orders and employments. 
 
 " Upon the south-west point of the city stands the fort, 
 which is a square, with four bastions. "Within the walls 
 is the house in which our governors usually reside, and 
 opposite to it brick barracks, built formerly for the inde- 
 pendent companies. The governor's house is in height 
 three stories, and fronts to the west, having from the second 
 story, a fine prospect of the bay and Jersey shore. At the 
 south end there was formerly a chapel, but this was burnt 
 down in the negro conspiracy of the spring of 1741. Ac- 
 cording to Governor Burnet's observation, this fort stands 
 in the latitude of 42'-' 42' north. 
 
 " Below the walls of the garrison, near the water, we 
 have lately raised a line of fortifications, which commands 
 the enti-auce into the eastern road and the mouth of Hud- 
 son's river. This battery is built of stone, and the merlons 
 consist of cedar joists filled in with earth. It mounts 
 
APPEARANCE OF TDK CITY IX 175G. 299 
 
 ninety-two cannon, and these are all the works we have 
 to defend ns. About six furlongs south-east of the fort 
 lies Nutten Island, containing about one hundred or one 
 hundred and twenty acres, reserved by an act of assembly 
 as a sort of demesne for the governors, upon which it is 
 proposed to erect a strong castle, because an enemy might 
 from thence easily bombard the city, without being annoyed 
 either by our battery or the fort. During the late war a 
 line of palisadoes was run from Hudson's to the East river 
 at the other end of the city, with block houses at small 
 distances. The greater part of these still remain as a 
 
 * 
 
 monument of our folly, which cost the government about 
 eight thousand pounds. 
 
 " The inhabitants of Now York are a mixed people, but 
 mostly descended from the original Dutch planters. There 
 are two churches in which religious worship is performed 
 in that language. The old building is of stone,* and ill 
 built, ornamented within by a small organ loft and brass 
 branches. The new churchf is a very heavy edifice, has a 
 very extensive area, and was completed in 1729. It has 
 no galleries, and yet will perhaps contain a thousand or 
 twelve hundred auditors. The steeple of this church 
 aflfords a most beautiful prospect, both of the city beneath, 
 and of the surrounding country. The Dutch congregation 
 is more numerous than any other; but, as the language 
 becomes disused, it is much diminished; and unless they 
 change their worship into the English tongue, must soon 
 suffer a total dissipation. They have at present two min- 
 isters, the reverend Messrs. Ritzma and De Ronde, who 
 are strict Calvinists. Their church was incorporated on 
 the 11th of May, 1696, by the name of the minister, elders 
 and deacons of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of 
 
 * Garden street Church. t The present Post OflSee. 
 
300 APPKARANCE OF THE CITY IX 1756. 
 
 the city of New York; and its estate, after the expiration 
 of suudry long leases, will be worth a very great income. 
 
 " There are besides the Dutch, two Episcopal churches 
 in this city, upon the plan of the established church in 
 South Britain. Trinity Church was built in 169G, and 
 afterward enlarged in 1737. It stands very pleasantly 
 upon the banks of Hudson's river, and has a large ceme- 
 tery on each side, inclosed in front by a painted paled 
 fence. Before it a long walk is railed off from the Broad- 
 way, the pleasantest street of any in the whole town. 
 This building is about one hundred and forty-eight feet long, 
 including the tower and chancel, and seventy-two feet hi 
 breadth. The steeple is one hundred and seventy-five feet 
 in height. The church within is ornamented beyond any 
 other place of public worship among us. The head of the 
 chancel is adorned with an altar piece, and opposite to it, 
 at the other end of the building, is the organ. The tops 
 of the pillars, which support the galleries, are decked with 
 gilt busts of angels, winged. From the ceiling are sus- 
 pended two glass branches, and on the walls hang the arms 
 of some of its principal benefactors. The aisles are paved 
 with flat stones. The present rector of this church is the 
 Rev. Henry Barclay, formerly a missionary among the 
 Mohawks, who receives one hundred pounds a-year, levied 
 upon all the other clergy and laity in the city, by virtue 
 of an act of assembly, procured by Governor Fletcher. 
 He is assisted by Dr. Johnson and Mr. Auchmuty. 
 
 " "This congregation, partly by the arrival of strangers^ 
 but principally by proselytes from the Dutch churches, is 
 become so numerous that, though the old building will 
 contain two thousand hearers, yet a new one was erected 
 in 1752. This, called St George's Chapel, is a very great 
 
APPEARANCK OP THE CITY IN 1756. 301 
 
 edifice, faced with hewn stone and tiled; the steeple is 
 lofty but irregular, and its situation in a new, crowded 
 and ill built part of the town. 
 
 " The revenue of Trinity Church is restricted, by an act 
 of Assembly, to five hundred pounds per annum; but it is 
 possessed of a real estate at the north end of the town, 
 which, having been lately divided into lots, and let to 
 farm, will, in a few years, produce a much greater in- 
 come. 
 
 •' The Presbyterians, increasing after Lord Cornbury's 
 return to England, called Mr. Anderson, a Scotch minister, 
 Co the pastoral charge of their congregation. And Dr. 
 John Nicol, Patrick Macknight, Gilbert Livingston and 
 Thomas Smith, purchased a piece of ground and founded 
 a church in 1719. Two years afterward they petitioned 
 Colonel Schuyler, who had then the chief command, for a 
 charter of .incorporation to secure their estate for religious 
 worship, upon the plan of the Church of North Britain; 
 but were disappointed in their expectations through the 
 opposition of the Episcopal party. After several years' 
 solicitation for a charter, in vain, and fearful that those 
 who obstructed such a reasonable request, would watch an 
 opportunity to give them a more effectual wound, those 
 among the Presbyterians, who were invested with the fee 
 simple of the church and ground, conveyed it, on the 16th 
 of March, 1730, to a committee of the Church of Scotland. 
 This committee gave the Presbyterian inhabitants of New 
 York a right to pursue religious worship in the church. 
 Mr. Anderson was succeeded, in April, 1727, by the Rev. 
 Ebenezer Pemberton, a man of polite breeding, pure 
 morals, and warm devotion, under whose labors the con- 
 gregation greatly increased, and were enabled to raise a 
 
302 APPEARANCE OP THE CITY IN 1756. 
 
 new edifice in 1*748. This was built of stone, and railed 
 off from the street. It was in length eighty feet, and in 
 breadth sixty. The steeple raised on the south-west end 
 is, in height, one hundred and forty-five feet. 
 
 " The French Church, by the contentions of 1724, and 
 the disuse of the language, is now reduced to an inconsid- 
 erable handful. The building, which is of stone, is nearly 
 a square — plain, both within and without. It is fenced 
 from the street, has a steeple and a bell, the latter of which 
 was the gift of Sir Henry Ashurst of London. The 
 present minister, Mr. Carle, is a native of France, and 
 succeeded Mr. Ron in 1754. 
 
 " The German Lutheran churches are two. Both their 
 places of worship are small; one of them has a cupola 
 and a bell. 
 
 " The Quakers have a meeting-house, and the Moravians, 
 a new sect among us, a church, consisting principally of 
 female proselytes from other societies. Their service is in 
 the English tongue. 
 
 " The Anabaptists assemble at a small meeting-house, 
 but have as yet no regular settled congregation. 
 
 " The Jews, who are not inconsiderable for their num- 
 bers, worship in a synagogue erected in a very private part 
 of the town, plain without but very neat within. 
 
 " English is the most prevailing language among us, but 
 not a little corrupted by the Dutch dialect, which is still so 
 much used in some counties, that the sherifi"s find it diffi- 
 cult to obtain persons sufficiently acquainted with the 
 English tongue, to serve as jurors in the courts of law. 
 
 " In the city of New York, through our intercourse with 
 the English, we follow the London fashions; though by the 
 time we adopt them, they become disused in England. Our 
 
/ 
 
 APPEARANCE OF TITE CITY IN ]7o6. 303 
 
 affluence during the late war, introduced a degree of lux- 
 ury in tables, dress and furniture, with which we were 
 before unacquainted. But still we are not ?o gay a people 
 as our neighbors, at Boston, and several of the southern 
 colonies. The Dutch counties, in some measure, follow 
 the example of New York, but still retain many modes 
 peculiar to Hollanders. 
 
 " The city of New York consists principally of mer- ^ 
 chants, shop-keepers and tradesmen, who sustain the repu- 
 tation of honest, punctual and fair dealers. With respect 
 to riches, there is not so great an inequality among us, as 
 
 ^ is common in Boston and some other places. Every man 
 of industry and integrity has it in his power to live well, 
 and many are the instances of persons who came here 
 distressed by their poverty, who now enjoy easy and plen- 
 tiful fortunes. 
 
 "New York is one of the most social places on the con- / 
 tinent. The men collect themselves into weekly evening 
 clubs. The ladies, in winter, are frequently entertained, 
 either at concerts of music or assemblies, and make a very 
 good appearance. They are comely and dress well, and 
 scarce any of them have distorted shapes. Tinctured 
 with a Dutch education, thej^ manage their families with 
 
 ^becoming parsimony, good providence, and singular neat- 
 ness. The practice of extravagant gaming, common to 
 the fashionable part of the fair sex in some places, is a 
 vice with which my country women cannot justly be 
 charged. There is nothing they so generally neglect as^ 
 reading, and indeed all the arts for the improvement of the 
 mind, in which, it must be confessed, the men have set 
 them an example. They are modest, temperate and chari- 
 table, naturally sprightly, sensible and good-humored; and, 
 
304 API'EARANCE OF TUE CITY IN 1756. 
 
 N by the help of a more elevated education, would possess 
 all the accomplishments desirable in the sex. Our schools / 
 are in the lowest order; the instructors want instruction, 
 and through a long, shameful neglect of all the arts and 
 sciences, our common speech is extremely corrupt, and the 
 evidences of a bad taste, both as to thought and language, 
 are visible in all our proceedings, public and private. 
 " The people, both in town and country, are sober, 
 
 \j industrious and hospitable, though intent upon gain. The 
 richer sort keep very plentiful tables, abounding with 
 great varieties of fish, flesh, fowl, and all kinds of vegeta- 
 bles. The common drinks are beer, cider, weak punch 
 and Madeira wine; for desert we have fruits, in vast plenty, 
 of different kinds and various species. 
 
 " The inhabitants are in general healthy and robust, 
 taller, but shorter-lived than Europeans, and both with 
 
 . ^ respect to their minds and bodies, arrive sooner to an age 
 of maturity. Breathing a serene, dry air, they are more ^ 
 sprightly in their natural tempers than the people of Eng- 
 land; and hence instances of suicide here are very uncom- 
 mon. The situation of New York, with respect to trade, 
 is very advantageous; but our merchants are compared to 
 , a hive of bees, who industriously gather honey for others 
 — non vohus mellificatis ape& — for the profits of our trade 
 centre chiefly in Great Britain; and for that reason, me- 
 thinks, among others, we ought always to receive the gen- 
 erous aid and protection of our mother country. Our 
 importation of dry goods, from England, is so vastly great 
 that we are obliged to betake ourselves to all possible arts* 
 to make remittances to the British merchants. It is for 
 ^ this purpose we import cotton from St. Thomas and Suri- 
 nam, lime juice and Nicaragua wood from Curacoa, and 
 
ityof NEW-Tv 
 
 0>ftr of an oruji. 
 
 cale 1320 t4> H of ti MiU 
 
 ,/\, 
 
 /\' 
 
 € 
 
 x^^'- 
 ? 
 
nEFKnBXCE. 
 
 Ill,' I'.Tl 
 
 Triiiili' tliiinl, 
 01,1 l')iit,li<liiii,li 
 I'rciii/i Oiiiriii 
 A'.ir liuJih ri,ui;J, 
 I'lr-'brU-ritin Ahr/iiiil 
 
 HiitiLtv or. 
 
 lUiptisI W. 
 
 iulluruiv <'liiii4h 
 ./cirA- Sriuiijvtjin' 
 .*•' (iivnfe :« fhapfl 
 Moniyimi Mit liini 
 UfW lAUhrnLiv Xictting 
 Oovrnorx House 
 Si'in-fari'f Offur 
 i iishiin lloiist' 
 I ill r Li rill ff."!!'!! d: t'::Sui>?li 
 aiy lUiIl' 
 
 lifiiriifi Siiifarlli>usi- 
 K.rilmiiifi' 
 Fij-li Mtiihil 
 Old fUfiMarl^l 
 
 HI. Mr, 1 1 Ma rt- 
 
 II. Flir 1 
 
 !■: liiiiiiil.' I 
 
 /.l <>.-=m-ii,i I 
 
 H Hiiifl'i.ili tti .'iiiuwl 
 
 I.; UiiMl h />.'.' 
 
 It, M'-Cmiit^it-' .luifuilliiiii' 
 
 17 M''tiili tirUyilii Iti-" 
 
 IH sun lliiiiKi 
 
 W IffJeiv Lir\i)slen<- 
 
 ■JO. <(■ l.iij/pnjiii'"it'' W 
 
 il.Tlw'Vatuiii.-'UHi""'''' 
 ■>:' HiiIktI Oruth />'• 
 •JS.Jii'liuiUni /'■'• 
 
 M .liiiiu'S Huifiu) D". 
 i'.;..rii"L,<tki ' l>" 
 ' JoHaiJ" Blaise II" 
 ^'..Jnvf lUiria Oniiuid 
 iS I'fOiUi'Uj.; 
 
 :!■/ i;>m;Iii u-: 
 
 M III O.J. 
 
 :ii. c.iiis 
 
 Plan or till' C itv of .NEW-Tv 
 
 iToni an actual vSin-voy. Anno 
 
 .V/«/> ill Iht pOi!.i.-^iiti. ul' III, r.:i,ni:ill.ii, ,/ Ti i/n/i f/lnrc/l 
 
 //. l:fL'l> I,' 'n of II MiU . 
 
 Doniuii 3I1)( 1 LV. 
 
 Itv V. iVIaoistlmUtv 
 
 F.n" /loi.i,A.\n h',i^</. 
 
 MA YOU. 
 
APPEARANCE OF THE CITY IN 1756. 305 
 
 logwood from the bay, &c. ; and yet it drains us of all the 
 \ gold and silver we can collect. It is computed that the 
 annual amount of the goods purchased by this colony, in 
 Great Britain, is in value not less than one hundred thou- / 
 sand pounds sterling; and the sum would be much greater 
 if a stop was put to all clandestine trade. The item of t^a 
 is a very important one, as our people, both in town and 
 country, are shamefully gone into the habit of tea drink- 
 \^ ing; and it is supposed we consume, of this commodity, in 
 value near ten thousand pounds sterling per annum. 
 " The money used is silver, gold, British half-pence and 
 N^ bills of credit. Twelve half-pence, till lately, passed for 
 a shilling; which, being much beyond their value in any 
 of the neighboring colonies, a set of gentlemen, seventy- 
 two in number, on the 22d of December, 1753, subscribed 
 a paper engaging not to receive or pass them except at 
 the rate of fourteen coppers to a shilling. This gave rise 
 to a mob, for a few days, among the lower class of people; 
 but some of them being imprisoned, the scheme was car- 
 ried into execution, and established in every part of the 
 province." 
 
 20 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 DESCEIPTIVE PARTS OF EARLY GRANTS AND DEEDS ON THIS ISLAND, 
 SPECIFYING THE LOCALITIES TO WHICH THEY APPLIED. 
 
 1637. '' Land near Sapokanikan," afterward Greenwich, in the present 
 
 Ninth Ward. 
 
 1638. " Land behind Corlear's laud," at Harlem. 
 
 1639. " Land in the ' Smith's Valley,' " present Pearl street, near Bcek- 
 
 man street. 
 '■ ■' Land at the little brook, called the Old AVreck," on the East 
 river side. 
 
 1641. " Laud betwixt the two creeks, where the water is running over 
 
 the stones" — unknown. 
 " " Land in the Smith's VaUcy," present Pearl street, near Fulton 
 street. 
 
 1642. " Land on the East river, near the brook," in the vicinity of the 
 
 present Roosevelt street. 
 
 1643. " Lot east of the fort," on the present Bridge street. 
 
 " " Lot on the shore of the East river, eiist of the fort," at the 
 present Hanover square. 
 
 " " Lot south-cast of the fort, along the ri^er," the present Pearl 
 street, near Broad street. 
 
 " " Lot north of the fort," the present west side of Broadway, oppo- 
 site the Bowling Green. 
 
 " " Ijot on the cast side of the great highway," the present east side 
 of Broadway, below Exchange place. 
 
 " " Lot in the Smith's Valley," present Pearl street, near Fulton. 
 
 " " Lot on the great highway," on Broadway, near the Bowliug 
 Green. 
 
308 APPENDIX. 
 
 1643. " Lot on the south end of the Company's Valley, north-east from 
 
 the fort," on the present north side of Beaver street, west of 
 
 Broad street. 
 "■ " Lot on the common highway," east side of Broadway, north of 
 
 Beaver street. 
 " " Lot along the public highway," on the east side of Broadway, 
 
 north of Beaver street. 
 " " Lot east of the fort," on the present Stone street, east of White- 
 hall street. 
 " " Lot south of the fort," on the present Pearl street, west of 
 
 Whitehall street. 
 " •' Lot on the common ditch," on the east side of Broad street, 
 
 between Peavl and Stone streets. 
 " * " Lot on the public highway," east side of Broadway. 
 " " Lot next Hendrick Kip," extending ft"om Bridge to Stone street. 
 
 1644. " Lot on the common ditch," on the present Broad street. 
 
 " " Lot southerly from the fort," on the present Pearl street, west 
 of Whitehall street. 
 
 1645. " Land called the Otter track," at Harlem. 
 
 " " Lot on the west side of the ditch," Broad street. 
 
 " " Lot on the common highway," Broadway. 
 
 " " Lot on the road," present Stone street, east of Whitehall street. 
 
 " " Lot north of the fort," west side of Broadway, opposite the 
 Bowling Green. 
 
 " ■' Lot north-east of the fort," Broadway and Beaver street. 
 
 " " Land at the East river," at pi'csent Franklin square. 
 
 " " Lot on the ditch," present Beaver street, east of Broad street. 
 
 " " Farm called Bylvelfs Bowery," toward Corlear's Hook. 
 
 " •' Lot behind the public tavern," on the present Stone street, be- 
 tween Broad street and Hanover square. 
 
 " " Land north of the fresh water," in present Fourteenth Ward. 
 
 " " Land on the Swamp," in vicinity of present north-west corner of 
 Beaver and Broad streets. 
 
 " " Bouwery No. 5," or Pennebacker's Bowery, east of Chatham 
 square. 
 
 " •* Bouwery No. 6," east of Chatham square. 
 
 " " Lot behind the public inn," on present Stone street, east cernei- 
 of Broad street. 
 
 « " Lot north-east of the fort, on the road," the present south-east 
 corner of Beaver and Whitehall streets. 
 
APPENDIX. 309 
 
 1645. " Lot along the ditch, corner of the road," houtli-wost corner of 
 
 Broad and Beaver streets. 
 " •' Land next Cornelius Dircksen, the ferryman," at the present 
 Franklin square. 
 
 1646. " Lot close to the Fiscal's kitchen, and next the yard of the 
 
 preacher," present Bridge street, east of AVhitehall street. 
 " Lot on the great public highway," Broadway. 
 " Lot east of the fort, between the stone houses and the fort," on 
 
 the present Whitehall street, between Bridge and Stone 
 
 streets. 
 " Lot on the ditch, adjoining the swamp," near the present north- 
 west corner of Beaver and Broad streets. 
 " Lot along the public road, near the garden of Jan Dameu," the 
 
 present Broadway, near Wall street. 
 " Land in the Smith's Valley," the present Pearl street, near 
 
 John street. 
 " Lot east of the fort, opposite the five stone houses," the present 
 
 AVhitehall street, between Stone and Bridge streets. 
 " Lot along the road, near the brew-house of the Company," on 
 
 the present Stone street, between Whitehall and Broad 
 
 streets. 
 " Schout's Bouwery." 
 " Lot south of the fort," the present north side of Pearl street, 
 
 west of Whitehall street. 
 " Lot on the strand, next the Company's warehouse," the present 
 
 north-east corner of Pearl and Whitehall streets. 
 •' " liOt south-west of the fort, on the. strand," the present State 
 
 street, near Pearl street. 
 " " Land at Sapokanikan," aft (n- ward Crcenwich, in Ninth Ward. 
 " Lot along the P]ast river, near the old church," on the present 
 
 north side of Pearl street, betwec'n Broad and Whitehall 
 
 streets. 
 " " Lot on the ditch, bounded in rear by a trench in the marsh," 
 
 on the prownt north side of Beaver street, west of Broad 
 
 street. 
 " " Lot on the uortlwast side of the ditch, ' present Beaver street, 
 
 west of Broad street. 
 
 1647. " Lot between Claes Do Ruyter and the Company's bakery," on 
 
 the south side of Pearl street, west of Whitehall street 
 
310 APPENDIX. 
 
 1645. " Plantation south of the marsh of Domine Bogardus," in the 
 present Fifth Ward. 
 " " Lot on the common ditch," the present Broad street, west side, 
 
 near Stone street. 
 " " Land called Flatland," near Harlem. 
 
 " " West side of the great public road, next the garden of the Com- 
 pany, west side of Broadway/' near Rector street. 
 1651. " Lot on the strand of the East river," present Pearl street, east 
 
 of Broad street. 
 1657. " Heere graft-," lower part of Broad street. 
 " " Prince graft," Broad street, above Beaver street. 
 " " Brouwer straat," Stone street, between Broad and Whitehall 
 
 streets. 
 " " Brugh straat," Bridge street, between Broad and Whitehall 
 
 streets. 
 " " Markvelt steegie," Marketfield street. 
 " " Markvelt," Whitehall street, east side, between Stone and Beaver 
 
 streets ; and Broadway, west side, between Battery place and 
 
 Morris street. 
 " " Heere straat," Broadway, south of Wall street, to Beaver street. 
 " " Hoogh straat," Stone street, between Broad street and Hanover 
 
 square ; and Pearl street, from thence to Wall street. 
 " " De Waal," Pearl street, north side, from Broad street to Hano- 
 ver square. 
 " " The Water," Pearl street, north side, between Whitehall and 
 
 Broad streets. 
 « u Perel straat," Pearl street, between State and Whitehall 
 
 streets. 
 " " Winckel straat," (now closed.) then running between Stone and 
 
 Bridge streets, east of Whitehall street. 
 « <t Pi-iuce straat," Beaver street, between Broad and WiUiam 
 
 streets. 
 " " Smee straat," William street, 'between Wall street and Hanover 
 
 square. 
 " " Smith's Valley," Pearl street, east of Wall street. 
 " " The Wall," Wall street. 
 1665. " Maagde Paetje," Maiden lane. 
 " " Broadway." 
 " " Smith's VaUey," Pearl street, above Wall street. 
 
APPEyOlS. 
 
 311 
 
 1666. " Hecrewegh," Chatham strcoi:, along tlio Park. 
 
 " " High street," Stone street, between Broad and Wilh'am streets. 
 " *' House and land outside the Umd gate,'' Broadway, above Wall 
 
 street. 
 " " Land called the Clavcrwatie, south of the ^laagde Paetje," 
 
 south of Maiden lane. 
 
 1667. " The Wall," Wall street. 
 " " Breedwegli," Broadway. 
 
 " " Slyck Steegh," South William street. 
 1672. " Broadway." 
 
 " " Tuyen street" (Garden street,) Exchange place. 
 " " Markvelt lane," Marketfipld street. 
 
 " Cingle," Wall street. 
 " " Schreyer's Hook," State srtreet, south of Pearl streel^. 
 " " Smith street," William street, between AVall street and Hanover 
 
 square. 
 " " The land at the ferry," near Peck slip. 
 " " Waal or Strand," Pearl street, north side, between Broad street 
 
 and Old slip. 
 " " Brewer or Stone street," Stone street, near Broad street. 
 " " Great graft," Broad street, south of Beaver street. 
 " " Kalch-hook," north of the Park. 
 1677. " The water side," present north side of Pearl street, between 
 
 Wall and Whitehall streets. 
 " " The Marketfield and Broadway," Wliitehall street, north of 
 
 Stone street ; and Broadway, to Wall street. 
 " " The Walls," Wall street. 
 " " The Schaape Avaytie," or the sheep pasture, present Broad street, 
 
 between Exchange place and Wall street. 
 " " The High street," present Stone street, between Broad street 
 
 and Hanover square. 
 " " The Smith street," the present William street. Ijelow Waif 
 
 street. 
 " " Mill street lane," tbe present South William street. 
 " " The Smith street lane," formerly " Schaape waytie," or shcc]) 
 
 path. 
 " " The Heere graft," Broad street, below Beaver street. 
 " " Hie Beaver graft," Beaver street, between Broadway and Broad 
 
 street. 
 " " Field street," Marketfield street. 
 ** " Stone street," Stone street. 
 
312 APPENDIX. 
 
 1677. " Markvelt i^trcet," Whitehall street, above Bridge street. 
 
 " " Winkle street," between Stone and Bridge streets. 
 1680 " Land at the outlet of the fresh water little creek on the East 
 river, bounded by Woltcrt's meadow," near the present foot 
 of Roosevelt street. 
 " " Smith's Fly," before described ; see also map of 1695, and sub- 
 sequent maps, for the several designations of the streets at 
 the periods to which they refer. 
 
313 
 
 LIST OF INHABITANTS 
 
 WHO OFFERED LOANS FOR ERECTING THE CITY PALISADES IN 160:>- 
 
 Mynheer Wcrcldioveu Trader ^80 
 
 Joannes Van Beeck " 80 
 
 Joannes Van Brugh '' 80 
 
 Joannes Depeyster " 40 
 
 Coi-nelis Steenwyck' " 80 
 
 G overt Loockeimans " 60 
 
 Oloff Stevenson Van Cortland. .Brewer 60 
 
 Jacob Schellinger Trader 80 
 
 Pieter Prins " 40 
 
 Anthony Van Hardenburgh .... " 80 
 
 Joannes Nevius " 40 
 
 Gulian Wys " 80 
 
 Pieter Buys " 40 
 
 A. &: J. Iveyser " 40 
 
 Paulus Schrick " 40 
 
 Jacob Gerrits Strycker Tailor 80 
 
 Francois Fyn Trader 40 
 
 Mattheus de Vos Notary 40 
 
 Adrian Bloniniaert Ship captain 40 
 
 Evert Tesselaer's Clerks 80 
 
 Jacobus Backer Trader 60 
 
 Nicholas Boodt " 40 
 
 Isaac De Foreest Brewer 40 
 
 Abram Geenes Trader 40 
 
 Jacob Stcendam " 40 
 
 Anthony Clasen Farmer 20 
 
 .'an Jansen, jr Builder '20 
 
 Borger Joris Blacksmith 40 
 
 Jan Vinje Brewer 20 
 
 Arent Van Ilattem Trader 40 
 
314 
 
 Martin Crigior Trader §^10 
 
 P. L. A'andiogrist " 40 
 
 Maximiliixn Van Gbeol " 40 
 
 Allard Anthony " 40 
 
 Abraui Dolauoy " 40 
 
 l>anicl Litsohoe Tavern-keeper 40 
 
 Philip Geraerdy Trader 20 
 
 Egbert Van Borsum Tavern-keeper 40 
 
 irondrick Kip Tailor 40 
 
 #2020 
 
315 
 
 TAX AND CONTRIBUTION LIST, 
 
 BAISED IN 1655, TO DEFRAY THE DEBT FOR COXSTRCCTIXG THE CITY 
 DEFENCES. 
 
 [This list embraces all the taxable inkiljitauts of the city at that tiDio. 
 The several amounts are given in the currency of the present day in 
 round numbers. Several included in the iist were non-residents, but held 
 taxable interests in the city.] 
 
 Petrus Stuyvesant SCO 
 
 Cornelis Van 'J'ienhoven 40 
 
 Allard Anthony 40 
 
 Oloff Stevenseu Van Cortland. 40 
 
 Joannes Nevius 20 
 
 Joannes De Peyster 20 
 
 Jacob Strycker 12 
 
 Jan Vinje 12 
 
 Jacob Kip 8 
 
 Martin Crigier 20 
 
 P. L. Vandiegrist 24 
 
 Domine Megapolensis 20 
 
 Domine Drissius 20 
 
 Cornelis "V an Ru^n-en 12 
 
 P. W. Yancouwenhoven 40 
 
 Daniel Litsehoe 20 
 
 Johannes Van Brugh 40 
 
 Cornelis Steenwyck 40 
 
 Joost Van Beeck 20 
 
 Skipper Bestenaer 40 
 
 Govert Loockormajis 40 
 
 Pieter C. Yanderveen 24 
 
 Pieter Jacobus Buys 32 
 
 Jacobus Backer 40 
 
 Rynier Rycken 24 
 
 Abram Nickels 28 
 
 Al<m. Dclanoy 31 C 
 
 Pieter Schabanck 10 
 
 Elbert Elbertsen 10 
 
 Rynier Stoffelseu 10 
 
 Heudrick Jausen Vaudervin . . 24 
 
 Jacob Messerau IQ 
 
 Dirck Cla.sen Boot 10 
 
 Jacob Onnosel 12 
 
 Isaac Mense 12 
 
 Pieter Rudolphus 1.5 
 
 Daniel Verveele (Ft. Orange). 10 
 
 Cornelis Martenzen IG 
 
 Abm. Goozcn 4 
 
 Arent Herkoff IG 
 
 Rbt. Vastrick (Ff.rt Orange) . 16 
 
 Jeremias A^an Rensselaer do. 12 
 
 Jan Jansen, jr 8 
 
 Frerick Warner 12 
 
 Laurens Heyn 14 
 
 Nicholas Staelback 7 
 
 Gerrit Banker 8 
 
 Cornelius De Bruyn 10 
 
 Nicholiis Boot 10 
 
 Alex'r d' Injossa 10 
 
 Joannes Withart 20 
 
 Adrian Blommsert 14 
 
316 
 
 'APPENDIX. 
 
 Nicholas Beverlodt $12 
 
 Cornelis Schut 40 
 
 Teunis Pietersen Tempel (i 
 
 Nicholas Van Holstyn 12 
 
 Marcus Vogelsang 16 
 
 Cornells Van Schel 12 
 
 Paulus Shriek 8 
 
 Gysbert Van Imbroceken. ... 10 
 
 Syraon Jauseu 4 
 
 Barent Van Marrcl 10 
 
 Pieter d'Maker 
 
 Jan Jansen Van Schol 10 
 
 Frerick Gysbertsen 12 
 
 Jacobus Crap 4 
 
 Pieter Tonneman 4 
 
 Skipper of the Speckled Cow . 60 
 Skipper of the New Amsterdam 60 
 
 Skipper of the Whitehorse. . . 60 
 
 Jurien Blauck 8 
 
 Olaes Carsten Noormau ■ 4 
 
 Isaac Kip 8 
 
 Andries De Haes 8 
 
 Tomas Fredricksen 3 
 
 Jan Gerritsen 3 
 
 Andries Hoppen 
 
 Tomas La«\bertsen 8 
 
 Evert Coerten 4 
 
 Jacob Boreera 
 
 Maryu Luycken 6 
 
 Claes Bordingh 8 
 
 Jan d'Cuyper 10 
 
 Pieter Van Naerden 5 
 
 Lodowick Pos 6 
 
 Jan Paulizen Jaquet 8 
 
 Jan Dircksen's wife 8 
 
 Jan Peeck 8 
 
 Frerick Hendricksen 4 
 
 Reinhout Reiuhoutsen 6 
 
 Pieter Jacobs Marins 8 
 
 Pieter Oornelisen 8 
 
 Adrian Wouterzen $ 
 
 Abraham Pietersen 3 
 
 Andries Jochcmsen 4 
 
 Michael Pauluzen's wife 6 
 
 Egbert Van Borsuni 12 
 
 Aage Bruynsen 
 
 Hendrick Kip 5 
 
 Roelof Jansen 4 
 
 Jan Perie 4 
 
 Jacob Veets 3 
 
 Ryndert Pietersen 8 
 
 Claes Tysen 5 
 
 Frans Clasen 3 
 
 Coenraet Ten Eyck 8 
 
 Isaac De Foreest 6 
 
 Abram Clock 6 
 
 Dirck Van Schelluyne 5 
 
 Aldert Coninck G 
 
 Auken Jansen 
 
 Sybrant Jansen Galma 4 
 
 William Brouwer 
 
 Hay Volkertsen 4 
 
 Hans Steyu 6 
 
 William Pietersen d'Groot. . . G 
 
 Jan Gerritzen Brouwer 5 
 
 Albert Jansen 6 
 
 Claes Van Elslant 6 
 
 Mighiel Tadens 7 
 
 Waruaer Wessells 10 
 
 Saloman Pietersen 4 
 
 Cornelis Jansen Clopper G 
 
 Myndert the Cooper 4 
 
 C. De Ruyter and H. Douwson 6 
 
 Laurens d'Drayer 6 
 
 Abram La Cuya 40 
 
 Jossep d'Coster 40 
 
 David Freere 40 
 
 Fusilador Dandrade 40 
 
 Jacob Cowyn 40 
 
 Jacob Barsimsen 3 
 
317 
 
 Asser Laurens $3 
 
 Abram Ycrplanck 8 
 
 Hans Kierstede 6 
 
 Adolpli Picterseu o 
 
 Gerrit Fullwever 6 
 
 Frerick Flipzen 8 
 
 Borger Joriseii 8 
 
 Egbert Wouterzen 8 
 
 Jacob Steendam 10 
 
 Hendriok Willcinsen ........ 10 
 
 J acob Huges 3 
 
 Willem Beekman (exempt) 
 
 Joost Tunizen 10 
 
 Carel Van Brngh 14 
 
 Tuuis Kray 8 
 
 rietcr Kock 8 
 
 Jan Guraerdy 8 
 
 Rendel Huit 4 
 
 Jan J. Schepmocs 8 
 
 Adrian Van Ticnlioven 10 
 
 Adrian Keyser 
 
 Evert Duycbingh G 
 
 Jan Hendrickscn 4 
 
 Abraham Jacobsen 5 
 
 Jan Ryersen 3 
 
 Jan Adrianzen 7 
 
 Pieter Harmenzcn 
 
 Caspar Steinmots 4 
 
 Allart Trumpeter's wife 4 
 
 Sybout Clasen 8 
 
 Adrian Vincent ;"> 
 
 Teuui.s, the mason 3 
 
 Thomas Hall 10 
 
 Gabriel Barenzen Dc Hacs. . . 4 
 Resolvert Waldron (exempt). 
 
 Jochem Beekman 4 
 
 Claes Paulizen : . . . . 4 
 
 Isaac Allerton 25 
 
 Claes^ Pieterzen 3 
 
 Albert Kalckbuj-s 
 
 Jan Jansen Van Ham 
 
 Gerrit Jansen Roos 
 
 Harmen Sybrantzen (exempt.) 
 
 Joost Goderis 
 
 Jan Cornelizen, Clyn & S. Abels 
 
 Jan Scryver 
 
 Symon Felle 
 
 Jan Rutgerzen 
 
 Arcnt Isaac.=!Ou 
 
 Cornells Van Langvclt 
 
 Ryudert Jansen Van Hooru . . 
 
 Henry Van Uyck 
 
 Samuel Edsal 
 
 Frans Janrsen Van Hooghten . 
 
 Claes Ilendricksen 
 
 Lourcas Jansen 
 
 Barent Meynderts 
 
 Jan Jansen Van St. Obyn. . . 
 The Provoost of Citizens .... 
 
 Thomas Willet 
 
 Matliys (,'apita 
 
 Hendrick Pieterseii 
 
 David Wessells 
 
 Tliomas Marschal (exempt.) 
 
 Hendrick A'' an Bomnif^l 
 
 Jacob Clomp 
 
 Pieter Jansen 
 
 Lambert Iluj'bertscn Mol .... 
 
 Andries Van Sluys 
 
 Laurens Laurenzen 
 
 Pieter StoutenbuTgh 
 
 Dirck Holgersen 
 
 Claes Tyson 
 
 Ryudert De Vrics 
 
 Aert Willemsen Bromsen. . . . 
 
 Audrles Audriezen 
 
 Aryen Symonsen 
 
 Lucas Audriezen 
 
 .S3 
 3 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 C 
 4 
 4 
 
318 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Claes De Jongb $8 
 
 Dirck Clasen, Corey a Brother 16 
 
 Hen'k Hendrickseu (drummer) 4 
 
 Jacob Hendrickseu Varv anger 12 
 
 Jacob Leeuderseu Vandiegrist 40 
 
 Jacob Van Couwenhoven .... 40 
 
 Heudrick Kip 10 
 
 SchipperWm. Tomazcn (house) 10 
 
 Sauder Leenderzen. " 10 
 
 William Teller, (house) ^10 
 
 Arent Van Corlaer " 10 
 
 Albert, the Noorman " 8 
 
 Ficter Hartgers, " 10 
 
 i'^lip Pieterzeu, " 10 
 
 Rut. Jacobsen, " 10 
 
 Christian Barenzen 6 
 
 Audries Clasen (exempt) 
 
 Arent Lourenzen 2 
 
:\i~-5=^# 
 
319 
 
 LIST OF THE OWNERS 
 
 OF HOUSES AND LOTS IN THE CITY, ABOUT THE YEAR 1674, AT THE FINAL 
 CESSION TO THE ENGLISH ; THE PROPERTY BEING CLASSIFIED ACCORD- 
 ING TO ITS RELATIVE VALUE, As' FIRST, SECOND, THIRD AND FOURTH ; 
 WITH THE NATIONAL DESCENT OF THE PERSONS NAMED GIVEN TO ILLUS- 
 TRATE THE CONDITON OF THE POPULATION AT THAT ERA AND THEIR ES- 
 TIMATED WEALTH.* 
 
 On the west side of the present Pearl street, between Franklin square 
 and Wall street ; known, at that time, as The Smith's Vallci/.- 
 
 Ovut-r. Cliias of property. Xntiomil descent. Estimated weftlth. 
 
 Henry Brazier Third Dutch $1,500 
 
 William Beekman First " 10,000 
 
 Abraham Verplanck Third " 3,000 
 
 William Rodney " English 1 .000 
 
 Derrick Xorman Fourth Dutch ' 
 
 John Lawrence '• English 1,500 
 
 Christopher Elsworth Third Dutch 1,000 
 
 Joost Carelzen Fourth " 500 
 
 Lambert Clomp Third " 500 
 
 Jo,<e])h Hollaker Fourth English 500 
 
 Henry Ricks Second " 500 
 
 Henry Lamberts Fourth Dutch 500 
 
 Peter Ijawrence " " 500 
 
 JohnYinje First " 2,500 
 
 John Bolasser Second English 1,000 
 
 Abraham Lamberts Mol " Dutch 1,200 
 
 Henry Vaiidewater " ....:.... " 1,500 
 
 Albert Cornelis Third " 500 
 
 Corn(.>lis Clopper First " 10,000 
 
 * The estinwte of the wealth i>f the eeveral inhabitants of Nen' York, at thia period, is oot based upon any 
 wngle document, but is compiled fVom various souroos ; and is only desrgtK'd by tho author to b« ceosiderfd as an 
 a^^>roKiinute estimate, foraied f>om the Wst evidences \\-ithiD his reach. 
 
320 APPKNDIX- 
 
 Owiier. Cli%88 of property. National descent. EstiniateJ wealth. 
 
 Evert Everts Second Dutch $1,000 
 
 Elizabeth Clasen Fourth " 
 
 Dirck Evertsen Floyd Second " 1,000 
 
 John Johnson Slott Third " 1,200 
 
 Martyn Meyer First *' 1,500 
 
 On the present west side of Pearl street, between Wall and William 
 streets, then a part of the street called The Water Side. 
 
 Owner. Claea of property. National descent. Estimateil wenlth. 
 
 Ann Litschoe Second Dutch $1,500 
 
 Widow Dchart First " 15,000 
 
 John Lawrence •' English 10,000 
 
 Heirs A. Jochemsen 'i'hird Dutch 
 
 Oarsten Tjcersen Second " 7,500 
 
 Cornelius Dirle First English 3,000 
 
 Jacob Loockerman.s Second Dutch 3,000 
 
 Widow Loockerraans " " 4,000 
 
 Jacobus Dehart First '• 7,000 
 
 Joannes Van lirugh •' " 15,000 
 
 Thomas Lewis " English 1 0.000 
 
 On the present Old Slip, between Stone and Fcarl streets, then a part 
 of the street called The Water Side : 
 
 Owner. Class of property. N'ational <Iescent. Estirantert wealth. 
 
 P]vert Duychink Second Dutch $3,000 
 
 ' On the present northerly side of Pearl street, between Old slip nntl 
 Broad street, then a part of tlie street called The Water Side 
 
 Owner. CAiisa of property. N'ational descent. Estimat.-d wealth. 
 
 Tryntje Clock Third Diitdi $1,000 
 
 John Shackerly First English 3,000 
 
 Widow of B. Joris Second Dutch 1 ,500 
 
 Thomas Wandell Third " 1 .200 
 
 John Darvall Second English 5.000 
 
 Charles Van Brugh Third Dutch 1.000 
 
 LodowyckPost " " 1,000 
 
 Gov. Lovelace First English 
 
APPENDIX. 321 
 
 Owner, CInss of property. National deaceot. EatimnteU nciilili. 
 
 Rinier Johnson Second Dutch .^1 ,200 
 
 Cornelis Jansen Van Horn " " 5,000 
 
 Albert Bush " " 1 ,'200 
 
 Sybout Claseu " " 1,000 
 
 ytephanus Van Cortland First " 5,000 
 
 On the present north side of Pearl street, between Broad and White- 
 hall streets, then a part of the street called Tlie Water Side . 
 
 Owner. Class of property. National descent. liliitimated woallJj. 
 
 Isaac Morland First English §5,000 
 
 James Matthews " " 6,000 
 
 Nicholas Jansen " Dutch 1,500 
 
 (julian A^orplauck " " 8,000 
 
 Kaniuel Edsall " " 2,500 
 
 John Hendricks Bruyn •' " 10,000 
 
 Allard Anthony " " 3,500 
 
 Lucas Tienhoven " " 3,500 
 
 Widow Bedlow " " 1,000 
 
 Mary Jacobs " " 1,000 
 
 Elizabeth Drissius " " 8,000 
 
 Faulu.s Richards Second French 1 0,000 
 
 Peter Bayard " Dutch 2,500 
 
 On the west side of the present AVhitehall street, between Pearl and 
 State streets, then also a part of The Water Side: 
 
 Owner. Class of property. N.'Hiona! deBoenl. t^tiniated weallb. 
 
 Jacob Ixisler First Dutch §30,000 
 
 William Darvall " English 30,000 
 
 On the present Stale street, near Whitehall street, then also a part of 
 I'lie Water Side. 
 
 Owner. Class of property. NiitionHl descent. ICsliiuated weullli. 
 
 .John Shumis Fourth Dutch 
 
 .lohii Everts La.salras " " 
 
 On the present Pearl street, between Whitehall and vState streets, then 
 known as Pearl street: 
 
 Owner. Class of property. Naiion&l descent. Katinmled wenlth. 
 
 Christopher Ifooghland Second Dutch §8,000 
 
 Garret Uregnon " " 50C 
 
 21 
 
322 APPENDIX. 
 
 Owner. Claaa of property. National descent. EBtimated wealth. 
 
 Anna Van Borsum First Dutch $3,000 
 
 Henry Sellepon Second " 
 
 William Cook Fourth English 
 
 John Schouten Second Dutch 1,000 
 
 Henry Araits " Spanish .... 
 
 Jacob Vandewater " Dutch 2,500 
 
 Pieter Jacobs Marius " " G,000 
 
 Thomas Lamberts " " 
 
 Andrew Clare Third English 
 
 Thomas Lawrens Second Dutch 4,000 
 
 Jurien Blanck " " 1,000 
 
 Warner AYcssells " " 2,.500 
 
 William Allen " English 1,000 
 
 Nicholas Bordingh " Dutch 3,000 
 
 Andrew Bresteede " " 1,000 
 
 Michael Smith " English 1,000 
 
 Isaac Greveraet " Dutch 5,000 
 
 Cornelis Van Borsum First " 10,000 
 
 On the present east side of Whitehall street, between Pearl and Beaver 
 streets, then known as a part of Tiie Marketfield and Broadway .■ 
 
 Owner. Class of property. National descent. Estimated wealth. 
 
 Cornelis Steenwyck First Dutch .$50,000 
 
 Richard Man Second " 4,000 
 
 Peter de Rymer " " 3,000 
 
 Mettle Greveraet Fourth " 
 
 Frederick Philipse Three small houses. " 
 
 Jacob Tunis De Kay Second " 8,000 
 
 Barent Corten Third " 4,000 
 
 John Stevens First English 2,000 
 
 William J. De Champ Third French 5,000 
 
 Frederick Areuts Second Dutch 2,000 
 
 On the present east side of Broadway, between Beaver and Wall 
 streets, then known as a part of TJlc Marketfield and Broadway .■ 
 
 Owner. Class of property. N^Uional descent. Estinanled wealth. 
 
 Widow Bresteede Second Dutch §1 ,000 
 
 Jaques Cosseau Third French 3,000 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 323 
 
 Owner. Class of property. NationAl desceDt. EetimaUd wi-ulth. 
 
 Isaac Abrahams Fourth Dutch » 
 
 Walter Hayes Third English 
 
 Garret the Miller " Dutch 
 
 Captain Lockwood Fourth English 
 
 Suert Olpherts Second Dutch ^5,000 
 
 a. (larrit^s Fourth 
 
 John Hendricks Van Guust Third " 1,000 
 
 Abraham Whorley " English 2,000 
 
 John Meyndcrse " Dutch 1,000 
 
 Governor Lovelace Second English 
 
 Evert Arisen Third Dutch 1,000 
 
 -^Isaac Greveraat " " 
 
 William Vandcrseheuren Second " 2,000 
 
 Derrick Wcssells Third " 1,000 
 
 John Van Gelder " " 2,000 
 
 JohnWatkins " English 1,000 
 
 Philip Polers Second " 1,000 
 
 William Lawrence •• " 2,000 
 
 George Cook Third " 2,500 
 
 Harraan Smeeman " Dutch 1.000 
 
 PaulusTurck " " 1,000 
 
 Albert Leenders " " 1,000 
 
 Samuel Leete " Engli.sh 2,000 
 
 On the present west side of Broadway, between Battery jilace and 
 Rector strect.s, then known as a part of Tlie Marketfield and Broadway: 
 
 Ownier. CI.ibs of property. Nationiit descent. Kstininted wealth. 
 
 Anna Cox First Dutch S!.'),000 
 
 Martin Crigier Second " 5,000 
 
 Oorrit Van Tright " " 6,000 
 
 Gabriel Minviolle First French 15,000 
 
 Balthazar Bayard " Dutch 7.000 
 
 Lucas Andrews Second " 2.500 
 
 John Joostcn " " 4,000 
 
 Robert Darkins " English 5,000 
 
 Arnold Fabritius Fourth ........ .French 
 
 Pieter Simkam Third Dutch 1,000 
 
 nendrick Van Dyck. Second " 5,000 
 
 Humphrey Davenport First English 2,500 
 
324 APPENDIX. 
 
 Oivner. Claas of property. National descent. EBtimated wealth. 
 
 Richard Blake First English ^G,OUO 
 
 Pieter Kiug Third " 3,000 
 
 Francis Lee " " 3,000 
 
 William Vredenburgh " Dutch 1,000 
 
 On the present Broadway, above Wall street; then also called 
 Broadway : 
 
 Owner. Claaa of properly. National descent. Estimated wealtli. 
 
 Garrit Roos Third Dutch S2,500 
 
 Pieter Stoutenburgh " " 5,000 
 
 George Cobbett " " 1,000 
 
 Domine Haronbrisk " 
 
 On the south side of the present Wall street, between Broadway and 
 Pearl street, then known as The Walls .• 
 
 Owner, Class of property. National di'S^'ent. Estimated wealth 
 
 Matthias Janes Fourth Engli.sh 
 
 Anna Hall " " .$1,000 
 
 Barse Lott " " 
 
 Robert Story Third " 5,000 
 
 J ohn Johnson Landyke Fourth Dutch 
 
 Jacob Smith " English 
 
 Mrs. Gibbs " " 
 
 Zachariah Sluce Third " 1,000 
 
 Cornelius Johnson " " 
 
 Frederick Hays " " 1,000 
 
 Derrick Smith Second Dutch 
 
 Jarvis INIarshal Third English 1,000 
 
 Adrian Dircksen " Dutch 
 
 Gilbert Elberts Fourth " 
 
 Henry Brazier Third " 
 
 Samuel Wilson First ' . . .English 20,000 
 
ArpKxnix. 325 
 
 On the north side of the present Stone street, between William and 
 Broad streets, then known as a ])art of T/ie High street .- 
 
 Owner. Class of iiropertv. Kntiona! iksrent. Eslimatcil wealth. 
 
 Coenraot Ten Eyck, jr Second Dutch $2,000 
 
 Nicholas Bayard First Dutch 15,000 
 
 David Johnson Second Eng-lish 
 
 John Harpending '• Dutch 3,000 
 
 John Johnson Landvko Third " 1,000 
 
 Evert AYessells. . . . .' " " 1,000 
 
 Widow Myndorts " " 
 
 William D'lToneur First French 2,500 
 
 Nicholas De Meyer " Dutch 10,000 
 
 Barent Coerten Second '• 8,000 
 
 JoJm Cooley First English 4,000 
 
 Barent Coursfield Second Dutch 
 
 Jacol) Abrahams '• " 5,000 
 
 Abel Hardenbrook " " 2,500 
 
 Est. of J.W. Yan Couwenhovcn. . First " 
 
 On the present south side of Stone street, between William and Broad 
 streets, then known as a part of The High street .• 
 
 Owner. CIhas of property. National descent. Eatimntcd wealth. 
 
 Evert Duyckink Fourth Dutch 
 
 Henry Wessells Second " .^2,000 
 
 Peter Yaudewater First " 2,000 
 
 Peter J. Yan Workondum Fourth " 
 
 Carel Yan Brugh Third " 1,000 
 
 Geertruyd Ibeer Fourth " 
 
 Sigismundis Lucas Third " 1,000 
 
 Lawrence Ilulst " " 1,000 
 
 Augustyn Blydenburgh Second '' 2,000 
 
 George Johnson Fourth " 
 
 Evert Pietersen Second " 
 
 Adolph Pietersen " " 2,500 
 
 Riuier Willemsen " " 6,000 
 
326 
 
 On the present William street, between Hanover square and Wall 
 street, then known as Tlie Smith street ; 
 
 Class of property. 
 
 National descent. Estiuiated wealth. 
 
 Fourth Jewish 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Third English !52,000 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Abel Ilardenbrook Third Dutch 
 
 Bernardus Hessel " " 
 
 Jacob Israel 
 
 John Smeedes 
 
 John Ray 
 
 Garret Hendricks " 
 
 Andrew Rees Fourth 
 
 Emetje Dircks " 
 
 James Woodruff " 
 
 Pieter Heermans " 
 
 Arthur Strangwide " 
 
 Andrew Andrews Third Dutch 
 
 Andrew Hendricks " " 
 
 Henry Volkertsen Fourth " 
 
 Frederick Harmens " " 
 
 Albert Trumpeter " " 
 
 John Andross " " ..... 
 
 Robert Whitty First English 6,000 
 
 Tymen Van Borsum Third Dutch 1,000 
 
 .Dutch . 
 . English . 
 .Dutch . 
 . Eno'lish . 
 
 Elias Provoost " 
 
 John Henry " .... 
 
 John Cornells " 
 
 John Pieters Rosch " .... 
 
 Christian Lauries " 
 
 John Johnson Fourth " 
 
 David Provoost Second " 
 
 John Peters Third " 
 
 Thomas Lewis " English . 
 
 1,000 
 
 English 1,000 
 
 Dutch 1,000 
 
 Dutch 1,000 
 
 Dutch 1,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 On the present South William street, then known as The Mill 
 street lane: 
 
 Owner. Class of properly. National descent. Estimated wealth 
 
 Henry Van Dusbury Fourth Diitch 
 
 John Hendrick Van Bommel Third " 
 
 Jacob Melyn " " 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 327 
 
 Owner. Cliiba of property. Xatioiml descent. Estinmted wealth. 
 
 Hau.s Goderis Third Dutch 
 
 Carsten Jansen Fourth '' 
 
 The Old Mill House " " 
 
 On the present Beaver street, between AVilliain and Broad streets, then 
 known as The Smith street lime: 
 
 Owner. • Ola&i of propc-rty. National descent. Fatiiimtod weiillh. 
 
 Pieter Wessells Third Dutch 
 
 Nicholas Bayard '• " 
 
 Jolin Bush '• " 
 
 Kicliard linker Fourth English 
 
 Aiubrosius de Wecrhain Third Dutcli 
 
 Thomas Yardeu '• Eng-lish 
 
 Barent Gerritson '• Dutch 
 
 John Laugstreete " " 
 
 John Coersen Fourtli '• 
 
 Albert, the Trumpeter " '• 
 
 On the present Broad street, cast side, between South William street 
 and Broad street, then known as a part of T!te Hecre Graft and Princes' 
 Graft .■ 
 
 Own^r. Clasa of |)roperty. Xationnl descent". Kstinmtc*! weaUli. 
 
 Adrian Vincent Third Dutch i$l,500 
 
 Johannes De Peyster Second " 10,000 
 
 John Vincent Third " 1,.500 
 
 Anna Vincent " " 
 
 Claes Lock " " 2,r)00 
 
 William Bogardus " " 
 
 Dick Clascn •' " L.'iOO 
 
 :\rargaivt Backer First " 2.000 
 
 Jochcm Beckman Third " 1,000 
 
 Johannes Vervaelen First " .3,000 
 
 Margaret Provoost Fourth " 1,-500 
 
 William Waldron Tiiird English 
 
 Alexander Watts Second English 2.000 
 
 Abraham Furuiss " " 3,000 
 
328 
 
 APPEXDIX. 
 
 Owner. Class of properly Xational dosconl. Eslimiitcd wcnlth. 
 
 \Villiain White Third English 
 
 Otto Grim " Dutch -IpLOOO 
 
 Mrs. Do Silla " " 2,000 
 
 William Norwood Second English 2,500 
 
 Henry Gerrits First Dutch 2,500 
 
 On the present west side of Broad street, between Wall and Beaver 
 streets, then known as a part of The Sheep Pasture and Princes' Graft : 
 
 Owner. ('laas of property. National (Ifsceril, Estimated wealth. 
 
 Frederick Hendricks Fourth Dutch ^1,000 
 
 The Bark Mill '• 
 
 Mrs. Drissius (four houses) " Dutch 
 
 Jacob Tunis Quick " " 
 
 George Walgrave " English 1,000 
 
 Isaac Van Vleck Second Dutch 3,000 
 
 Jacob Kip First " 8,000 
 
 Daniel AValdron Third '• 
 
 Jacob Mens " " 
 
 Thomas Taylor " English 
 
 Peter Wiuster '• Dutch .... 
 
 Conraet Ten Eyck First " 5,000 
 
 Beetje Tunis Third '• 
 
 Nicholas Delaplaine " " 3,000 
 
 Boile Roelofs Second '■ . . . 2,000 
 
 Oornelis Barens " " 2,000 
 
 Henry Yan Borsum Third " 1,000 
 
 Jacob Leunis " " 1,000 
 
 Etienne Guiueau Fourth " 
 
 On the present Beaver street and Marketfield street, (between Broad 
 street and the Bowling Green) and on the west side of Broad street, south 
 of Beaver street : 
 
 Owner. Class of property. National descent. Estimated wealll). 
 
 Nicholas Dupuy Second Dutch ^2,500 
 
 Egbert Woutcrsen Third " 3,500 
 
 H. J. Yaudervin " " 5,000 
 
AI'l'EXDIX. 
 
 329 
 
 Owner. Clma of property. N'aliotiftl dcscont. Estimated vcalth. 
 
 Henry Bosch Second Dutch 
 
 Andrew Clau.s Thu-d Dutch 
 
 Samuel Davis " P^nglish 
 
 James Roy " " SLOOO 
 
 Henry Van Bommel " Dutch 
 
 Lawrence Corlvolt " English 1,000 
 
 Jacob Tormont " " 1,000 
 
 Peter Guilliam Second " 1.500 
 
 Jlenry Jansen " Dutch 3.000 
 
 Arien JoiHon Third '• 
 
 Andrew Clasen Fourth " 
 
 Jacob Tunisen De Kay Second " 10.000 
 
 Isaac Deschamps " .* French 5.000 
 
 Hugh Bayrouta Third Dutch 
 
 Paulus Richards Second French 
 
 Lambert, tlie tailor Fourth Dutch 
 
 John Adams •' Kiiglish 
 
 Mettie Jansen Third Dutch 
 
 David, the Turner Second " 
 
 Derrick Ten Eyck •' " §3,000 
 
 Pieter Van Wordcn Third " 
 
 William Merritt First English 5,000 
 
 Jaques Cos.seau Second French 2,000 
 
 Peter Abrahamsen. ...^i.j.uk4.t^, Third. Dutch 
 
 Christopher Van Laar " " " 1 .500 
 
 Hannah Kiersted Second " 5.000 
 
 Laurens Vanderspeigle First " 
 
 John Johnson Moll Third " 3.000 
 
 On the pi'CseffEStone street, between AVhitehall and Broad streets, then 
 known as Stone street. 
 
 Owner. Chwa of property. Nulional doscjiil. Kat'iniiled wonltii. 
 
 John Sharpe First English .$5,000 
 
 Oloff Stevensen Van Cortland. . . " Dutch 30.000 
 
 Sarah De Foreest Third " 3,000 
 
 Mr. Palmer First English 5,000 
 
 Frederick Philipse " Dut.-h 150.000 
 
 John Rider " Endish 5,000 
 
330 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Owner. CI11S8 of [iropertj-. National Jefcent. Estiinated wealth. 
 
 Christian Pieters Tliird Dutch 
 
 Symon Barouts •' " $1,500 
 
 Cusper Steinmets •' " 1,000 
 
 John Johnson " " 
 
 Laurens Vantlerspeigle Second " 10,000 
 
 On the present Bridge street, and a small street between Bridge and 
 Stone street, now closed, then known as Tlic Marckvdt street and Winkle 
 street : 
 
 Owner. • Class of property. National descent. Ketimated wealth. 
 
 Henry Williams . .• Second Dutch 32.500 
 
 Otto Gerritsen Third " 1,000 
 
 Jeremias Jansen •• " 1.000 
 
 Anthony Jansen Second " 3,000 
 
 Abraham Jansen Third " 1,200 
 
 Henry Kip " " 2.500 
 
 John Derricks Meyer " " 2,000 
 
 Andrew J. Meyer " " 
 
 Pieter J. Mories Fourth '' 
 
 William Walsh " " 
 
 Fi'cderide Gvsberts Second " 3,000 
 
331 
 
 LIST OF MEMBERS 
 
 OF THE DUTCH CHURCH IN THIS CITY, IX THE YEAR l<Mi. 
 (From the MSS. of Domine Selj-nus, by Rev. Dr. De Wilt, of this city,) 
 
 BREEDWEG. (BROADWAY.) 
 
 Arentje Cornelis, Imys vroir (wife of) Albert Bareutp. 
 
 Paulus Turck, en zyn huys vrotc, (and his wife) Aeltje Barentg. 
 
 Maria Turck, hriys vrow van, Abraham Kermer. 
 
 Conrad Ten Eyek, en zyn liuys vrow. ^Vunotje Daniels. 
 
 Oerrit Jansen Roos, " '• Tryntje Arents. 
 
 Tobias Stoutenburg'h, " " Annetjo Van Hillegorn. 
 
 Marretje Cornelis, //. v. van, Elias Post 
 
 Juriaen Blanck, en zyn h. v., Hester A'anderbeeek. 
 
 Johannes Van Celdcr, en zyn li. v., Jannekcn Montcrack. 
 
 Peter Willcmse Roonie, " Hester Van Gelder. 
 
 Willem Vanderschuren, " Grietje Plettenberi^h. 
 
 Annetje Berding, h. v. van Cornelis Crigier. 
 
 Tryntje Cornelis, wcduwc van (widow of) Christian Pietersen 
 
 Hendrick Obe, en zyn h. v., Aeltje Claes. 
 
 Evert Aertsen, '• " Marretje Herck. 
 
 Willem Aertsen, " " Styntje Nagel. 
 
 Olphert Suert, " '• Margaretta Clopper. 
 
 Helena Pietersen, h. v. van Abraham Mathysen. 
 
 Guert Gerritsen, en zyn h. v., Elizabeth (,'oriieiis. 
 
 Suert Oiphertsen, " " Ytie Roelofse. 
 
 Anneken Mauritz, wednwe van Domine A"an Nieuwenhiiysen. 
 
 Tryntje Bickers, h. v. van Walter Heyers. 
 
 De Heer Francois Rorabout, en zyn h. v. Helena Teller. 
 
 Isaac Stevensen, en zyn h. v., Margaretta Van Veen. 
 
 Lucas Andriezen, " " Aeftje Laurens. 
 
 Gerrit Van Tright, " " Maria Vandegrift. 
 
832 
 
 AI'PKNDIX. 
 
 i>allbazar Bayard en, zijii h. v. Marretjc Loockormaus. 
 
 Blandiua Kicrstede, /;. v. van Pieter Bayard. 
 
 Rachel Kicrstede. 
 
 Jan Pecck, en zijn li. v., Elizabeth Van Imburgh. 
 
 Grysbert Van Imburgh. 
 
 Tryntje Adolph, h. v. van Thomas Hoeken. 
 
 Elizabeth Lucas, iveduive van Jan Stephensen. 
 
 BEURS STRAAT. 
 
 (Exchange street , present Whitelmll street.) 
 
 Margaretta Pietcrs, /(. v. van Frederick Arentse. 
 
 Jacob Teller, en zijn h. v., Christina Wessells. 
 
 Jacob De Kay " " Hillegond Theunis. 
 
 Sara Bedlo, //. v. van Claes Borger. 
 
 Pieter De Rieiner, en zijn h. v., Susanna de Foreest. 
 
 Isaac De Riemer. 
 
 Margaret De Riemer, wcduwe van Hecr Cornclis Steenwyck. 
 
 Andries Grevenraet, en zyn h. v., Anna Van Brugh. 
 
 PAERL STRAAT. 
 
 [Pearl street, between State and Whitehall streets.) 
 
 Jan Willemsen, en zyn h. v., Elizabeth Frederick. 
 
 Martin Origier. 
 
 Tryntje Cregier, wcduive van Stoftel Hooghland. 
 
 Margaretta Blanck, //. v. van Philip Smith. 
 
 Gerrit Hardenberg, en zyn k. v., Jat^pje Scliepmoes. 
 
 Sara Hardenberg. 
 
 Isaac Grevenraedt, " " Marritjc Jans. 
 
 Hendrick Jillisen Meyort, en zijn h. v., Eisje Rosenvelt. 
 
 Andries Brosteede, " " Annetjc Van Borsum. 
 
 Aeltje Scliepmoes, weduwe van Jan Bvertsen Kett^lta.". 
 
 Susanna Marsuryn, " Claes Bordingh. 
 
 Gerrit Van Gelder. 
 
 I'ieter Le Grand, en zijn h. v., Janneken De Windel. 
 
 Jan Scliouton, " " Sara Jans. 
 
 Elizabeth Schouten. 
 
333 
 
 Dirck Teunizeu, ea zya h. v., Catalina Fraiis, 
 Waruer Wessclls, " " Elizabeth Cornells. 
 Nicliokis Blanck, h. v. van Justus AVilvelt. 
 Claesje Blanck, " Victor Bicker. 
 
 Tryntjc Claes, weduwe van J nristen Blanck. 
 Pieter Jacobsen Marias, en zijn h. v., Marratjc Bceck. 
 Acltje Wiilemse, weduwe van Pieter Corneiiscn. 
 Thomas Laurenzen, en ztjn h. v., Marretje Jans. 
 Cornelis Yau Langvelt, en zijn h. v. Maria Gi'oenlaet. 
 Tryntjc Michaels, h. v. van Andries C/la-«cn. 
 
 LANG STRALf. 
 
 [Almig the Strand. This embraces the lino elsewhere described as the 
 water side, viz : The west side of Whitehall street, between State and 
 Pearl streets ; the north side of Pearl sti'cet and Hanover square, between 
 Whitehall and Wall streets.) 
 
 Rebecca Delavall, /(. v. van Willianl Dcrvall. 
 Elsje Thymens, " .lacob Leisler. 
 
 Susanna Leisler. 
 
 Daniel Yeenvos, en zijn It. v., Chri-^tina Yandiegrist. 
 ■Tacob Leenderzen Yandiejrrist. en zi/n li. v.. llebeoca Frederick. 
 Nicholas Yandiegrist. 
 Rachel Yandiegrist. 
 Rachel Kip, //. v. van Lucas Kier;>tede. 
 Oeletjc Janf?, " Paulus Richard. 
 
 - Elizabeth Grevcnraedt, vednu'e van Domine Drissiu,-;. 
 Pieter Delanoy, en zijn li. v., Elizabeth Do Potter. 
 Catharina Bedlow. 
 
 Frederick Gy.sbert.sen Yaudenbergh, en zijn ii. v.. >raria Lubberts. 
 Jannetje Ticnhoven, /;. f. van John Smit. 
 Henrietta Wessolls, werfuwe van AUard Anthony. 
 Maria Wessells. 
 
 Benjamin liUinck, en zijn li. v., Judith Kdsall. 
 Jacobus Kip, ' •• " Hendrickje Wessells. 
 
 Maretje AVe.ssells, weduwe van Nicholas Jansen (Backer.) 
 Deborah De ]\[eyer, h. v. van Thomas Crvimdall. 
 Albert Bosch, en zyn v. /(.. Elsje Blanck. 
 
)3-l APPENDIX. 
 
 Aniui Maria Jans, h. v. van Cornelirf Jaiiseu Van Tloorn 
 
 Hlllegoiid Oornelis, '• Olphert Kreeftberg. 
 
 Vrouwtje Cornelis. 
 
 Pieter Janseu IMessier, ea zijn h. v., Marretje Willenise 
 
 Couraet Ten Eyck, " " Belotje Hercks. 
 
 Tobias Ten Eyck, " " Elizabeth liegeman. 
 
 Benjamin Hegeman. 
 
 Hernianus Berger. 
 
 p]ngeltje Mans, weduwe van Borger Jorisen. 
 
 Johannes Borger. 
 
 Lucas Tienhoven, en zyn h. v., Tryntje Bording. 
 
 Cornelis Verduyn, " " Sara Hendricks. 
 
 Albert Clock, " " Tryntje Abrahams. 
 
 Martin Clock, " " Elizabeth Abrahams. 
 
 Geesje Barense, weduwe van Thomas Lewis. 
 
 Catharina Lewis. 
 
 Johannes Van Brugh. en zijn h. v.., Catharina Koelofs. 
 
 Cornelia Beeck, h. v. van Jacobus De Hart. 
 
 Margaretta Hendricksen, //. v. van John Robertson. 
 
 Carsten Leursen, en zyn h. v., Geertje Quick. 
 
 Aeltje Gysberts, h. v. van Zacharias Laurens. 
 
 Francytje Andries, " Abraham Lubberts. < 
 
 Annetje Van Borsum, weduwe van Egbert Van Borsum. 
 
 Pieter Vandergrief, en zyn h. v., Janueken Van Borsum. 
 
 Robert Sinclair, " " Maria Duycking. 
 
 LANG DE WAL. (WALL STREET.) 
 
 Willemtje Claes, /(. v. zan Gysbert Elbertse. 
 
 Neeltje Gysberts. 
 
 Adrian Dircksen, en zyn h. v., Elizabeth Jans. 
 
 Heyltje Delachair, /(. v. van John Cavalier. 
 
 Anna Maria Van Giesen, h. v. van Johannes Jansen. 
 
 Marritje Pieter-s, " Jacob Pieterseu. 
 
 Bernardus Hassing, en zyn h. v. Neeltje Van Couwenhoven. 
 
 Gcertruyd Jansen. h. v. van Jan Otten. 
 
 Neeltje Van Tuyl. 
 
 Sophia Claes, " Rutger Parker. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 335 
 
 Gerrit Corneliscn Yan "Westeen, en zijn h. v. Wyntje Stoutenburg. 
 
 Urseltje Duytman, weduwe van Johannes Hardenbrook. 
 
 Metje Hardenbrook, li. v. van Evert Heudricksen. 
 
 Casparus Hardenbrook. 
 
 Harmaniis Van Borsum, en zyn h. v. Wybrug Hendricks. 
 
 Claertje Dominicus, h. v. van Jan Pietersen Slot. 
 
 Grerritjc Quick. " Leendert De Graw. 
 
 NIEirW STRAAT. (xEW STREET.; 
 
 Jannekm Jans, /*. v. van Isaac Abraliamsen. 
 Daniel Waldron, ed zyn h. van Sara Kutgers. 
 Adriaentje Jans, It. v. van Vincent Delamontagnie. 
 Marritje Waldron, " Hendrick G«rritsen. 
 
 Aefje Roos, " Johannes Van Gelder. 
 
 Heyman Kouing, en zyn h. v. Merritje Andries. 
 Metje Davids, u'eduwe van Abraham Kermer. 
 Jan "Willemsc Roome, en zyn h. v. Maria Bastiacus. 
 Annetje Ackerman, h. v. van Daniel Pietersen. 
 Arent Fredericksen, en zyn h. v. Sara Thcunis. 
 Jurriaen Nagel,. " " Januetje Phillipsen. 
 
 Willeim Peers " " Greetje Kierse. 
 
 BEVER STRAAT. (bEAVER STREET.) 
 
 Between Broadway and Broad street. 
 
 Jacob Kolve. 
 
 Jannekin Lucas, h. v. van Jacob Van Saun. 
 
 Jacob Phoenix, en zyn k. v. Anna Van Vleck. 
 
 Engeltjc Hercks, /;. v. van Jan Everts. 
 
 Hendrick Bosch, en zyn h. v Egl)ertje Dirckscn. 
 
 Catalina De Vos, h. v. van Xicholas Depuy. 
 
 Jacob De Koninck. 
 
 Henricus Selyns. 
 
 Hendrick Boelen, en zyn h. v. Anneken Coert. 
 
 Cornelia Vandercuyl, " " Elizabeth Arents. 
 
 \j 
 
336 
 
 Sara Waldron, h. v. van Laurens Colevelt. 
 Abraham Dclanoy, en zyn h, v. Cornelia Toll. 
 
 MARCKVELT STKAAT. (mARKETFIELD STREET.) 
 
 Jan Adamsen, (Metzelaer,) en zyn h. v. Geertje Dircksen. 
 Harman De Grauw, " " Styntje Vansteenbergcr. 
 
 Dirck Jausen De Groot, " " Rachel Philipso. 
 
 Baetje Jans, huysvrou van Pieter Meyer. 
 Arent Leenderts De Grauw, en zyn h. v. Maria Hendricks. 
 
 BROUWERS' STRAAT. 
 
 Now the part of Stone street between Whitehall and Broad streets. 
 
 De Hear Frederick Philipse. 
 
 Johanna Yan Swaanenberg. 
 
 Anna Blanck, h. v. van Joris Bi'ugerton. 
 
 Jannekcn De Kay, h. v. van Jeremias Tothill. 
 
 Isaac De Foreest, eji zyn h. v. Elizabeth Vandcrspeigle. 
 
 Sara Philipse, weduwe van Isaac De Foreest 
 
 Jan Dircksen, en zyn h. v, Baetje Kip. 
 
 De Heer Stephanus Van Cortland, en zyn h. v. Geertruyd Schuyler. 
 
 Jacobus Van Cortland. 
 
 Juffi'ou Susanna Shriek, h. v. van De Heor Anthony Brockholst. 
 
 Sara Vandcrspeigle, h. v. van Rip Van Dam. 
 
 Johannes Vandcrspeigle. 
 
 Ariaentje Gerritsen, h. v. van PictcnJ racn. 
 
 BRUGH STRAAT. (BRIDGE STREET.) 
 
 Otto Gerritsen, en zyn h. v. Engeltje Pieters. 
 
 Jeremias Jansen, " " Oatharina Rapelje. 
 
 Metje Grevenraet, weduwe van Anthony Jansen. 
 
 Abraham Kip. 
 
 Abraham Jansen, en zyn h. v. Tryntje Kip. 
 
 Maria Abrahams. 
 
 TIartman Wessells, en zyn h. v. Elizabeth Jan Cannon. 
 
 Andries Meyer, " " Vrouwtje Van Vorst. 
 
 Jan Dervall, " " Catharina Van Cortland. 
 
 W 
 
APPENDIX. 337 
 
 HEEREN GBACHT, WBSt Zljde. (bROAD STREET, lOBSt Side.) 
 
 Carel Lodowick. 
 
 Johannes Provoost. 
 
 Brandt Schuyler, en zyn h. v. Cornelia Van Cortland. 
 
 Hans Kierstede, " " Janneken Loockerman.';. 
 
 Evert Areutzen. 
 
 Isaac Arentzen. 
 
 Maria Bennett, h. v. van Jacobus Verhulst. 
 
 Pieter Abraliamsen Van Duwrsen, en zyn h. v. Hester Webbers. 
 
 Helena Fiellart. 
 
 Harmentje Dircksen, //.. v. van Thomas Koock. 
 
 Dirck Ten Eyck, en zyn h. v. Aet'je Boclen. 
 
 Dr. Johannes Kerfbyl, en zyn It. v. Catharina Hug. 
 
 Margaretta Hagen. 
 
 Ancckje Jane, weduwe van Pieter Van Naerden. 
 
 Tryntje Pieters. 
 
 Hendrick Jansen Van Vimlen, en zyn h. v. Sara Thomas. 
 
 Boele Roelofsen, " " Bayken Arentye. 
 
 ( 'Ornelis Quick, " " Maria Van Hoogh ten. 
 
 Thcunis De Kay, " " Helena Van Brugh. 
 
 Agmetje Bouen, //. v. van Lodowick Post. 
 
 (ierrit Ijcydecker, en zyn. h. v. Nccltje Vandercuyl. 
 
 Hendrick Kermer, " " Annetje Thomas. 
 
 .Jan Jansen Moll, " " Engeltjc Pieters. 
 
 Jacob Boelen, " '• Catharina Clark. 
 
 Dirck Frangen, " " Urseltje Schepmoes. 
 
 Elizabeth Jacobsen, h. v. van Wybrant Abrahamsen. 
 
 C. Madalo^na Dumstcede, h. v. van Hermanns Wessells. 
 
 Johannes Kip, en zyn h. v. Catharina Kiersted. 
 
 Styutjc Paulus, weduwe van Paulus Jurrisen. 
 
 Isaac Van Vleck, en zyn h. v. Catalina Delanoy. 
 
 Mietje Theunis, h. v. van Jan Corsen. 
 
 Rutger Willemscn, eii zyn h. v. Gysbertje Mauritz. 
 
 Magdaleentje Rutgers, /(. v. van Joris Walgraef. 
 
 DiACONiES nuYS, ( Dcucon's lioxme for the poor, in Broad street.) 
 
 Willem Jansen Roome, en zyn h. v. Marritje Jan. 
 Gecrtje Jans, /(. v. van Reycr Stofl'elsen. 
 
338 APPENDIX. 
 
 Jauuetje Hendricks, h. v. van Cregera Golis. 
 Albert Ouynen, en zyn h. v. Tryntje Jans. 
 Elizabeth Jacobs, weduwe van Jacob Mons. 
 Clara Ebel, h. v. van Pieter Ebel. 
 
 HEEREN GRACHT, OOSt Zycle. (bROAD STREET, COSt Side.) 
 
 Hendrick, Arentse, en zyn h. v. Catharina Hardenbrook. 
 
 Anna Thyssen, h. v. van Hendrick Reuiers. 
 
 Marritje Coruelis, " Fraus Clasen. 
 
 Anna Wallis, " Wolfert Webber. 
 
 Albertus Ringo, en zyn h. v. Jannetje Stoutenburgh. 
 
 Jan Delamontagnie, " " Annetje Waldron. 
 
 Jannetje Van Laer, h. v. van Simon Bresteede. 
 
 Catharina Cregiers, weduwe van Nicasius De Sille. 
 
 Leendert De Klyn, en zyn h. v., Madalena Wolsura. 
 
 Magdalena Pieters, h. v. van Joris Jansen. 
 
 Hugh Barentsen De Kleyn, en zyn h. v., Mayken Bartels. 
 
 Pieter Stontenburg. 
 
 William Waldron, en zyn h. v., Engeletje Stoutenburg. 
 
 Maria Bon, h. v. van Jillis Provoost. 
 
 Grietje Jillis, " David Provoost. 
 
 Catharina Yanderveen, h. v. van Jonathan Provoost. 
 
 Jan Willemse Fering, en zyn h. v., Catharine De Meyer 
 
 Griesje Idens, weduwe van Pieter Nuys. 
 
 Jacob Mauritzen, en zyn h. v., Greetje Vandiegrist. 
 
 Willem Bogardus, " " Walburg De Silla. 
 
 Kmertje Hendricks, h. v. van Claes Leet. 
 
 Cornelia Lubberts, " Johannes De Peyster. 
 
 Paulas Shriek, en zyn h. v., Maria De Peyster. 
 
 Jan Vincent, " " Annetje Jans. 
 
 Arent Isaacsen, " " Elizabeth Stevens. 
 
 HOOGH STRAAT. (hIGH STREET.) 
 
 Now the part of Stone street, between Broad and Wilham streets. 
 
 Rynier Willemsen, en zyn h. v., Susanna Arents. 
 
 Tryntje Arents. 
 
 Geertruyd Reyniers. 
 
 Adolph Pieterseu De Groot, en zyn h. v., Aeftje Dircksen. 
 
APPENDIX. 339 
 
 Annetje De Groot. 
 
 Maria De Groot. 
 
 Evert Keteltas, en zyn h. v., Hillegond Joris. 
 
 Anua Hardeubrook, h. v. van John Lillie. 
 
 Johannes Hardenbrook. 
 
 Jacob Abrahamse Santvoort, en zyn h. 'o., Madalena Van Vleet. 
 
 Laurens Hoist, en zyn h. v., Hilletje Laurens. 
 
 Janneken Van Dyck, k. v. van Jan Cooley. 
 
 Elizabeth Cooley. 
 
 Bareut Coerten, en zyn h. v., Christina Wessells. 
 
 Sara Ennes, It. v. van Barent Hibon. 
 
 Heer Nicholas De Meyer, en zyn h. v. Lydia Van Dyck. 
 
 Elizabeth De Meyer. 
 
 Christina Steentjens, h. v. van Guillame D'Honneur. 
 
 Claes Janscn Stavast, en zyn h. v. Aef je Gerritsen. 
 
 Evert Wessells, " " Jannetje Stavast. 
 
 Laurens Wessells, " " Aefje Jans. 
 
 Auneken Duychink, h. v. van Johannes Hooghland. 
 
 Geertruyd Barents, weduwe van Jan Hibon. 
 
 Francis Goderus, en zyn h. v., Rebecca Idens. 
 
 Jan Janscn Van Langendyck, ch zyn h. v., (irietje Wessells. 
 
 Jan Ilarpendinck, en zyn h. v., Maykcu Barents. 
 
 Gerrit Duyckinck, " " Maria Abeel. 
 
 Christina Capoens, h. v. van David Jocherasen. 
 
 Anna Tebelaer, " Elias De Windell. 
 
 Marriatje Andries, " Jan Bresteede. 
 
 ITcndrick Wessells Ten Broeck, en zyn Ii. v., Jannetje Bresteede. 
 
 Geertruyd Bresteede. * 
 
 De Heer Nicholas Bayard, ■• " Judith Verleth. 
 
 Francina Heermans. 
 
 Evert Duyckiug, en zyn k. v., Hcndrickje Simons. 
 
 Cytie Duycking, h v. van Willem Bleek. 
 
 Antony De Mill, en zyn h. v., Elizabeth Vanderliphorst. 
 
 Peter De Mill. 
 
 Sarah De Mill. 
 
 De Heer Abraham De Peyster, en zyn h. v., Catharina De Peyster. 
 
 SLYCK STRAAT. (dITCH STREET.) 
 
 Now South William Street. 
 Jac Hendrick Van Bommel, en zyn h. v., Annetje Abrahams. 
 
 • ►lib \\-^-' 
 
340 
 
 Geertruyd De Haes, h. v. van Jan Kreeck. 
 
 Emmerentje Laurens, weduwe van Hendrick Oosterhaven. 
 
 Eeendert Oosterhaven. 
 
 PRINCEN STRAAT. (PRINCE STREET.) 
 
 (Nov; Beaver street, between Broad and William streets.) 
 
 Jan Laugstraten, en zyn h. v., Marretje Jans. 
 
 Albertje Jans, h. v. van Jan Janseu Van Quistkout. 
 
 Hendrick De Foreest, en zyn h. v. Temmetje Flaesbeck. 
 
 Barent Flaesbeck, " " Marretje Hendricks. 
 
 Susanna Verletts, /(. v. van Jan De Foreest. 
 
 Metje Pieters, li. v. van Jan Pietersen. 
 
 Nicholas Jansen, en zyn h. v. Jannekeu Kiersen. 
 
 Annetje Jans, h. v. van William Moore. 
 
 Ambrosius De Weerham, en zyn h. v., Areentje Thomas:. 
 
 Susanna De Negrin, h. v. van Thomas De Meer. 
 
 KONINCK STRAAT. (kING STREET.) 
 
 Elsje Berger, h. v. van Jan Sipkens. 
 
 Cornelius Plnvier, en zyn h. v. Nealtje Van Couwenhoven. 
 
 Frederick Hendricksen, en zyn. h. v. Styntje Jans. 
 
 Geesje Schuwrmans, weduwe van Bruin Ilage. 
 
 Elizabeth Schuwrmans. 
 
 Jacob Fransen, en zyn h. v, Madalena Jacobs. 
 
 SMIT STRAAT. (sMITH STREET.) 
 
 Noiv William street, below Wall street. 
 
 Cornelia Roos, weduwe van Elias Provoost. 
 Jan Vinje, en zyn h. v. Wieske Huypkens. 
 Asueris Hendricks, en zyn h. v. Neeltje Jans. 
 Hester Pluvier, h. v. van Thymen Fransen. 
 Jan Meyer, en zyn h, v., Anna Van Vorst. 
 Pieter Jansen, ." " Elizabeth Van Hooghteu. 
 
APPENDIX. 341 
 
 Jan Janseu Van Flemburg, en zyn h. v., Willemtje De Klyn. 
 
 Laurens Hendi-icks; '• " Marrctje Jans. 
 
 Hendrick Van Borsura, " " Marrctje Cornclis. 
 
 Jannetje Coruelis. 
 
 Tbymcn Van Borsum, en zyn h. v. Grectje Focken. 
 
 Wyd Timnier. 
 
 Grcetje Langendyck, weduwe van Birck Bey. 
 
 Jannetje Bey, h. v. van Frans Cornelisen. 
 
 Jan Pietersen Bosch, en zyn h. v. Jannetje Barents. 
 
 Jannetje Frans, /;. v. van Willem Buyell. 
 
 Bavid Provoost, en zyn h. v. Tryntje Laurens. 
 
 Tryntje Reymers, weduwe van Meendert Barenzen. 
 
 Marrctje Pietersen, k. v. van Jan Pietersen. 
 
 SMITS' VALYK. (sMITll'S VALI.KY.) 
 
 Along the road, on tlie East river shore, above Wall street. 
 
 Elizabeth Lubberts, weduwe van Birck Fluyt. 
 
 Jan Jansen Tan Langendyck. 
 
 Pieter Jansen Van Langendyck. 
 
 Herman Jansen, en zyn h. v. Breechie Elswart. 
 
 Tryntje Hadders. h. v. van Albert Wantcnner. 
 
 Hilletje Pieters, weduu-e van Cornelis Clopper. 
 
 Johannes Clopper. 
 
 Margaretta Vermeulen, weduivc van Hend'k Vandcwatcr. 
 
 Adrientje Vandewater. 
 
 Abraham Moll, en zyn //. v. Jacomyntje Van Barlebcck. 
 
 Fytje Sipkens, h. v. van Roelofse. 
 
 Wilhelmus Be Meyer, en zyn h. v. Catharina Bayard. 
 
 Jacob Swart, en zyn h. v. Tryntje Jacobs. 
 
 Sara Joosten, /;. v. van Isaac Be Mill. 
 
 Birck Vandercliff, en zyn h. v. Geesje Hendricks. 
 
 Styntje Jans, //. v. van Joost Carelse. 
 
 William HoUaker, en zyn h. v. Tryntje Boelen. 
 
 Anna Maria Engelbert, h. v. van Clement Elswaart. 
 
 Wilhelmus Bcekman, en zyn h. v. Catharina Be Boog. 
 
 Johannes Beekman, " " Aeltje Thomas. 
 
342 APPENDIX. 
 
 BUYTEN DE LANT POORT. (bEYOND THE LAND GATE.) 
 
 On the present Broadway, above Wall street. 
 Anneken Schouten, h. v. van Theunis Dey. 
 
 OVER HET VERSCH WATER. (bEYOND THE FRESH WATER,) 
 
 Or above the ancient pond called the Kalch-hock. 
 
 Wolfert Webber, en zyn h. v. Geertruyd Hassiug. 
 Keeltje Cornelis, h. v. van Dirck Cornelisen. 
 
 Rebecca Idens. 
 Barbara Emanuel. 
 Marretje Anthony. 
 Josyntje Thomas. 
 Wyntje De Yries. 
 Geetje Cozyns. 
 Vrouwtje Gerritsen. 
 Appollonia Cornells. 
 Marietta Jacobs. 
 Maria Delamontagnie. 
 
 Arie Cornelisen, en zyn h. 
 
 Franciscus Bastiaense, " 
 
 Solomon Pieters, " 
 
 Anthony Saileyren, ' " 
 
 Francois Vanderhook, " 
 
 Daniel De Clerk, " 
 
 Cozyn Gerritsen, " 
 
 Jan Thomassen, " 
 
 Pieter Jansen, " 
 
 Jacob Kip, " 
 
 Maria Kip. 
 
 Juffrou Judith Isendoorn, weduwe van De Heer Petrus 3tuyvesant. 
 
 Nicholas Wm. Stuyvesant, en zyn h. v. Elizabeth Slechtenhorst. 
 
 Marritje Jacobs, //,. v. van Gysbert Servaes. 
 
 Abraham Van de Wostyne. 
 
 Catalina Van de Wostyne. 
 
 yn h. V. Ida Adrianse. 
 
 " Beletje Anaense. 
 
 " Margrietje Gerritse. 
 
 " Grietjc Jans. 
 
 " Elsje Hendricks. 
 
 Abel Bloetgoot, en 
 Pieter Jacobsen, " 
 Jan De Groot, " 
 Jacob De Groot, " 
 Jillis Mandeville, " 
 Grietje Mandeville. 
 Egbert Toekensen, " 
 Johannes Thomassen, 
 
 Elsje Lucas. 
 Aef je Jacobs. 
 
 Johannes Van CouwenHoven, en zyn h. v. Sarah Frans. 
 
 ^V 
 
 O'^^ 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 AEN DE GROOTE KILL. (bY THE BIG CREEK.) 
 
 Conradus Vantlerbeeck, en zyn h. v. Elsje Jans. 
 
 Claes Emauuels, ) _ 
 ^ ^ ^ . t negroes. 
 
 Jan De Vries, J 
 
 343 
 
 ARME BOUWERY. (pOOR FARM.) 
 
 Arnout Webber, en zyn h. v. Janneken Cornells. 
 Margarotta Meyrout, li. v. van Heudrick Martense. 
 Abraham Rycking. 
 
 AVyntjo Teuuis, h. v. van Herck Tiebout. 
 Anuetjc Claes, h. v. van Tunis Coruelisen. 
 
344 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 LIST OF INHABITANTS 
 
 OF THE CITY IN 1703. 
 
 Heads of Families. Family and Domettic Household. 
 
 Abrahamsen, Andrew 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Abrahamsen, Abraham 2 females, 3 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Adams. Rebecca 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Adams, Thomas 1 male, 3 children. 
 
 Adolph, Derrick 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Adolph, Widow 1 male, 3 females, 1 child, 1 negro child 
 
 Aker, Cornelius 1 male, one female, 4 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Akerson, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Alkfield, Widow 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Allie Mrs 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Ameker, Mrs 1 female. 
 
 Anderson, Edward 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Anderson, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Audei'sou, Eobert 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. [negro child. 
 
 Anderson, William 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 2 negroes, 1 
 
 Anen, John 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Angevine, Zachary 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, [gro children. 
 
 Antill, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 2 negresses, 2 ne- 
 
 Appell, William 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Arisen, William 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro, 1 
 
 Attell, William 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. [negress. 
 
 Backer, Cornelius 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Bakeman, Charles 1 male. 
 
 Baker, Captain 1 male, 1 negro child. 
 
 Balch, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, I child. 
 
 Banker, Johannes 1 male. 
 
 Bant, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 345 
 
 Heads of Families. Family and Domestic HonMhold. 
 
 Baunt, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Barbaric, John 2 males, 1 female, 6 childi-en, 3 negresses. 
 
 Barclay, William 1 male, 3 females, 2 children, I negress. 
 
 Barns, Benjamin 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 J5arr, John 2 males, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Barteloo, Daniel I male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Bassett, Mrs 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Bason, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. [negro children. 
 
 Ikiyard, Balthazer 5 males, 1 female, 1 negro, 1 negress, 4 
 
 Bayard, Nicholas 1 female, 1 child, 2 negroes, 1 negro child. 
 
 Bayard, Samuel 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 
 Bayard, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. [gross. 
 
 Beard, James 
 
 Beedie, Jan 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Beekman, Samuel 1 male, 1 female, 6 children. 
 
 Beekman, William 1 male, 1 child, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Bellens, Philip 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Bennett, Jacob 1 male, 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Bentcll, John 3 females. 
 
 Berry, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Bicker, Victor 1 male, 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Bickley, William 2 males, 1 negress, 2 negro children. 
 
 Bill, Benjamin 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Blackgrove, Mrs 1 female, 4 children. 2 negroes, 2 negi-esses, 3 
 
 Blagge, Edward. 1 male, 1 child, 2 negresses. [negro children. 
 
 Blank, Juricn 1 male. 
 
 Blank, Mary 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Blank, Garret 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Blatchford, Nicholas 1 male, 1 female. [negro child. 
 
 Bloom, Aaron 1 male, 2 females, 6 children, 1 negress, 1 
 
 Bloom, Frerick 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Blower, James 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Bocketts, Francis 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Bockho Peter 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Boelen, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negress, 3 
 
 Bogardus, Everardus 1 male, 2 females. [negro children. 
 
 Bogert, Derrick 1 male, 1 female. 2 children. 
 
 Bogert, Eleazer 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 BoEfert, Johannes 1 male, 1 female. 
 
346 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of Fainiliee. Family and Domestic HousehoM. 
 
 Bogert, William 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Borgeran, Wicr 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Bolt, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 9 children, 1 negress, 1 ne- 
 
 Bolsou, Cornelius 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. [gro child. 
 
 Boulero, James 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Bonan, Simon 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Bonan, Amon 1 male, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Bond, Widow Peter 2 females, 2 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Bookhout, Mattys 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Boot, Catharine 1 female. 
 
 Borditt, Captain 2 males, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Bordis, Heudrick 1 male, 1 female, 6 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Bos, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Bos, Jan Pietersen 2 males. 
 
 Bos, Hendrick 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Boseit, Mrs 1 female. [child. 
 
 Boudinot, Elias 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negress, 1 negro 
 
 Boudinot, Widow 1 male, 4 females, 2 children, 1 negro, 2 
 
 Boutons, Sampson 4 males, 3 children. [negresses. 
 
 Bowring, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Bradford, William 2 males, 1 female, 5 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Brazier, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Brazier, Joseph .1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Borger, Joris 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Brassan, Evert 1 male, 1 female, 7 children. 
 
 Brass, George 1 male, 1 female, 6 children. 
 
 Bratt, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Bratt, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Bridges, Margaret 1 female. 
 
 Brimer, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Britt, Roger 1 male. [negress. 
 
 Bresteede, Andries 2 males, 4 females, 6 children, 2 negroes, 1 
 
 Bresteede, Simon 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Brockman, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Broughton, Samson Shelton.2 males, 5 females, 1 negro. 
 
 Bronod, John 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 2 negro 
 
 Brown, Widow 1 female, 4 children. [children. 
 
 Brown, Widow 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Buckley, Lieut 1 female, 4 children. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 347 
 
 Heada of Families. ramily and Domcrtic Household. 
 
 Burger, Antje 1 female, 6 children. 
 
 Burger, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Burger, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Burger, ITarraanus 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Burger, Johannes 1 male, 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Burger, ISIr 2 males, 1 female, 5 children, 2 negroes, 1 
 
 Burgess, Samuel 1 female, 3 children, 1 negress. [negrcss. 
 
 Bures, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Burley, EdM'ard 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Burroughs, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, .3 children, 1 negro, 1 
 
 Bu.sh, Jurian 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. [negress. 
 
 Bush, Widow 1 male, 3 females, 2 children. 
 
 Bush, Widow 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Bush, Bernard 1 male, 1 female, 3 chikken. 
 
 Bush, Jasper i male, I female, 2 children, 1 negro, [child. 
 
 Byner, Mrs 2 males, 2 females, 1 negro, 1 negress, 1 negro 
 
 Canoon, John 2 males, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 Carelse, Joseph 1 male. 1 female. 
 
 Carelse, Jan 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Carrebil, Jacob 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Carkman, Hend'k 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Carroll, Thomas 1 male, 2 females, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Carpenter, Daniel 2 males. 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Carter, Mr 2 females. 
 
 Casall, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 negresses. 
 
 Cavice, Johannes P 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Chambers, William 1 male, 2 females, 3 child'n, 1 negro, [children. 
 
 Child, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 3 negroes, 2 negro 
 
 Cholwell,Mr 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 2 negresses, 1 
 
 Christiaense, David 2 males, 1, female. 3 children, [negro child. 
 
 Clapp, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 chikVn, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Cloberry, Mrs 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Clock, Martin 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 2 negresses. 
 
 Clock, Albert 2 males, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negro, 1 
 
 Clopper, Cornelius .1 male, 1 female, 3 children. [negress, 
 
 Clopper, Widow 2 males, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Coesart, David I male, 1 female, 3 children. [negro child. 
 
 Coer.sens. Mr 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 2 negresses, 1 
 
 Coleman, Henry 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Colett, James 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
348 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Iltjails of Families. raniily and Domestic Housohold. 
 
 Collie, Widow 2 males. 
 
 Collura, Mary 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Collier, Elizabeth 1 female. 
 
 Colyer, Jochem 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Conant, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 Cool, Barent 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 CooiJer, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 2 negro children. 
 
 Corbett, Captain 3 males, 3 females, 2 children, 2 negroes, 2 
 
 Corburn, Thomas 1 male, 1 female. [negresses. 
 
 Cornelius, Tunis 2 males, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 2 
 
 Coi'nelius, Jacob 2 males, 1 female, 2 children, [negro chikVn. 
 
 Cornelius, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Cosyn, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Craft, Johannes 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Craunell, Eobert 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Crigier, Martin 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Cragror, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Crommelin, Mr 1 male, 1 child. 
 
 Crow, Hugh 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 Cure, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Cuyler, Mrs 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Danly Nicholas 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Darkins, Robert 2 males, 2 females, 2 children, 1 negro, 2 ne- 
 
 Davenport, Mr; 2 males, 1 female, 1 negro child. [gresses. 
 
 David, Joshua 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Davis, Agnes 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Davis, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Davis, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 2 negroes. 1 ne- 
 gress, 3 negro children. 
 
 Davis, Anthony 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 1 negro child. 
 
 De Boogh, Gerrit 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 De Boogh, Isaac 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 De Bower, Nich 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 De Bross, James 1 male, 1 negro. 
 
 De Bronts, Capt. 1 male, 2 females, 1 negro. 
 
 De Champ, Widow 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 4 negresses, 2 ne 
 
 De Graw, Jaunetie 2 females, 1 child. [gro children 
 
 De Graw, ITarman 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Do Graw, Leonard 1 male, 3 females, 6 children. 
 
 De Hart, Matthias 2 males, 2 females, 3 children. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 349 
 
 Heads of Familiea. Family nnJ Domestic Household. 
 
 I)e Fauy, Dr 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Dc Foreest, Widow 1 male, 1 female, 7 children, [gro children. 
 
 De Kay, Jacobus 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 4 negroes. 2 ue- 
 
 T)e Kay, Widow 1 female, 5 children, 1 negro, 1 negrcss. 1 
 
 negro child. 
 
 Delucena, Jew 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro, J ne- 
 
 gress. 1 negro child. 
 
 Delancy, Stephen 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 3 negroes. 2 
 
 negresses, 2 negro children. 
 
 Delamontagnie, Saml 1 male, 2 females, 8 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Delamontagnie, John 1 male, 1 female, .t children. 
 
 Delaplaine, Nicholas 1 male. [gresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 De Marques, Isaac 1 male, 2 females, 2 children, 1 negro, 2 ne- 
 
 Demill, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Deiutant, Robert 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Demskin, Daniel 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Denisou, Charles I male, 1 female, 1 negress. 
 
 Depeyster, Abraham 1 male, 2 females, 4 children, 5 negroes, 2 
 
 negresses, 2 negro children. 
 
 Depeyster, Widow 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro, 1 negress. • 
 
 Depeyster, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 2 ne- 
 
 grcsses, 2 negro children. 
 
 Depeyster, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, -6 children, 3 negro children. 
 
 Depeyster, Cornelius 1 male, 2 females, 4 children, 1 negress, 1 ue- 
 
 Deportee, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. [gro child. 
 
 De Reimer, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 2 ue- 
 
 Dc Robelas, Widow 4 females, 4 children, I negress. [grochild'n. 
 
 Devy, John 1 male, 1 female, ") children, 1 negress. 
 
 Deveune, Jan 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Devor, John 2 males, 6 children. 
 
 Devous, Daniel 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Dewint, Levinus 1 male, 1 female, 1 negro child 
 
 Dircksen, Evert 
 
 Dircksen, Cornelius 2 males, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Dickter, Joseph 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Dohneare, Johannes ] male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negro, J ne- 
 gress, 3 negro children. 
 
 Doley, Philip 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Dolsie, Andries 1 male, 1 female. 1 child. 
 
 Douwe, Andrew 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
350 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of Fdniilies, Family and Domestic Household. 
 
 Dowdier, "Widow 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Drinnez, Henry 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Droilhett, Paul 1 male, 1 female, 6 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Druelef, Benjamin 3 males, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 
 Dubois, Madam 3 females. [gi'ess, 1 negro child. 
 
 Dubois, Walter 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, ] negress. 
 
 Dublett, John 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Duuken, George 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Duychink, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 gress, 2 negro children. 
 
 Duychink, Widow 2 females, 8 children, 4 negroes, 1 negress, 2 
 
 Dyckman, John 1 male, 1 female. [negro children. 
 
 Dyer, Thomas 1 male. 
 
 Dyer, John 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Ebbetts, Daniel 2 males, 1 female. 
 
 Ebou, Johaimes 2 males, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Edwards, Robert 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Echeles, William 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 2 negroes. 
 
 Elberts, Albei-t 1 male, 3 females, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Ellison, Thomas 1 male, 4 females, 4 children. 
 
 Ellison, John 2 males, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 2 ne- 
 gresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Ellison, Robert 1 male, 2 females, 2 negresses. 
 
 Elliott, Elizabeth 1 female. 
 
 Ellsworth, 1 male, 5 children, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Ellsworth, Christopher 1 male, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Ellsworth, George 1 male, 1 female, 6 children, 2 negroes. 
 
 Ellsworth, Widow 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Ellsworth, William 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. [negress. 
 
 Emott, James 1 male, 2 females, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 
 
 Evans, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Everson, Mr 2 females, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Evarts, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Evert, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Everts, Wessell 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Fagett, Widow 3 females. 
 
 rariiandus, William 1 male, 1 female. [negro child. 
 
 Farree, Lewis 1 male, 3 females, 4 children, I negress, 1 
 
 Fargoe, Daniel 1 male, 1 child. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 351 
 
 Honda of Families. Family and Domestic Houiohold. 
 
 Farmer, Anthony 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 4 negroes. 
 
 Fauconnier, Peter 1 male, 3 females, 4 children, 1 negro, 1 nc- 
 
 Fancout, Andrew 1 male, 1 female. [gres.s. 
 
 Fielding, Nicholas 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Fisher, William 1 male, 1 female, 6 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Finch. Captain 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Fleming, Richard 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Floraii, Mr 1 male, 1 female. 1 child. 
 
 Flower, Carny 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Fordyce, Margaret 2 females. [negro children. 
 
 Forkell, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negress, 4 
 
 Foster. William 1 male, 1 female, o children. 
 
 Francen, Emanuel 2 males, 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 French, John 1 male, 2 females, 3 children. 
 
 French, Philip I male, 1 female, 3 children, 3 negroes, 2 
 
 negresses, 2 negi-o children. 
 
 Froiise, Widow 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Funnell, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Gandenoa, Giles 1 male, i female, 1 negi-o child. 
 
 Gai-rets, Nicholas 3 females, 4 children. 1 negro, 1 negro child. 
 
 Garabrant, Francis 1 male, 2 females, 2 children, 2 negroes. 
 
 Garners, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Gerrits, Cornelius 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Gillin, Christopher 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Gillison, Hendrick 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Glcaves, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, .5 children, 2 negroes, 2 
 
 Glencross, Mr 1 male, 1 female, [negresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Gonfrey, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Goderis, Francis 2 females, 4 Children, 1 negrcns. 
 
 Gomaz, Mr 2 males, 2 females, 4 child'n,l negro. 1 negress. 
 
 Goiiverneu;*, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Gravenrod, Andrew 1 male, 1 female, 5 child'n, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Gracklin, 
 
 Grans, Gerard 1 male, 1 female, ft children. 
 
 Grassett, Augustus 1 male, 1 female, 1 negress. 
 
 Green, Richard 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Green, Richard 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Griggs, 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. ^ 
 
 Gunosen, 1 male, I female, 1 child. 
 
352 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of Families. Family mul Domestic Ilouseliold, 
 
 Gurney, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 chikl, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Hagers, William 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Hains, Thomas 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Halgrave, Widow 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Hallar, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Hardin, Michael 2 males, 3 females, 1 negro child. 
 
 Hardin, Thomas 2 males, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Hardbrow, Bernardus 1 male, 5 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Hardenbrook, Johannes .... 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Hardenburgh, Mr Imale, 1 female, 5 child'n, 1 negro,! negress. 
 
 Haring, Michael 1 male, 1 negro. 
 
 Harks, Mary 2 femalas. 
 
 Harman, 
 
 Harpending, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negi'O child. 
 
 Harris, Mr 2 males, 1 female, 1 child, 2 negresses. 4 
 
 negro children. 
 
 Harris, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Hart, Bartholomew 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 2 negroes, 1 negress 
 
 Hases, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Haywood, AVilliam 2 males, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Hedding, Lawrence 1 male, 2 females, 1 negro child. 
 
 Heermans, Peter 2 males, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Hendricks, 1 male, 3 females. 
 
 Hendricks, Swerez 1 male, 1 child. 
 
 Herrick, Jan 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Heme, Annetje 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Heslook, Jan 1 male, \ female, 1 child. 
 
 Hewson, Leendert 1 male, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Hill, Jan 1 male, 2 females, 6 children. 
 
 Holding, Harman 1 male. 
 
 Honan, Mr 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Hooper, Mr 1 female, 2 children. [gress, 1 negro chila. 
 
 Hooghland, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 2 negroes,! ne- 
 
 Hooghland, Christopher. . . .1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Hooghland, Johannes ! male, 2 females, ! child, 1 negro, ! negress. 
 
 Howard, Widow 3 females, ! child, 4 negro children. 
 
 Huck, Thomas 2 males, 1 negro. 
 
 Huddleston, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Hudson, Margaret 1 female, 2 children. 
 
APl'KNDIX. 
 
 353 
 
 Heatls of Kiimiliep. Fatnily «inl Domestic HonBehold. 
 
 Hutchins. John L male, 1 female, 2 negresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Hyev, (Jarret 2 males, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Isaacs, Joseph 1 male, 1 female, 4 child'n, 1 negro. 
 
 I ves, Thomas .1 males, 1 female, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 . Jacobs, Cornelius 2 females, 6 children, 1 negress, 1 negro ciiild. 
 
 .Jackse, Feter 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro,l negress. 
 
 Jackson, William 4 males, 1 female, 2 child'n, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Jamaine, Nicholas 1 male, 1 female, 5 negresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Jameson, David 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 2 ne- 
 
 Jansen, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. [gresses. 
 
 Jansen, Widow 1 female. 
 
 Jansen, Hendrick 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Janeway, 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 5 negroes, 1 ne- 
 gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Jaudon, Daniel 2 males, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 •fay, Augustus 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Johnson, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 1 negro. 
 
 Johnson, Abraham 2 males, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Jones, Roger 2 males. 
 
 Jones. (iriflQn 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Jones, Jan 1 male. 
 
 Joosten, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. [negro child. 
 
 Jordan, AVidow 1 female, 6 children, 1 negro, 1 negress, 1 
 
 Joris, Stintje 1 female. 
 
 Juter, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Kage, William 1 male, 2 females, 1 negress. 
 
 Kenning, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Kcnne, Johannes. 1 male. 
 
 Kettletas, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Kettletas Garret 
 
 Kill. Enoch 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Kidd. Widow 2 females. 
 
 Kierstcde, Hans 1 male, 1 female. 1 child. 
 
 Kierstedc, Widow 2 females, 6 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Ivierstede. Widow 1 male, 1 fc^male, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 Kingston, John 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Kiaing, Mr 1 female. 8 children, [gresses, 1 negro ci\ild. 
 
 Kip. Mr 2 males, 2 females, 1 child. .') negroes, 2 n«- 
 
 Kip, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 23 
 
354 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of Families. Family and Domestic Household. 
 
 Kip, Catharine 1 female, 8 children, 2 negroes, 2 negresses, 
 
 1 negro child. 
 
 Kip, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 
 gress, 2 negro children. [negresses. 
 
 Kip, Isaac 1 male, 2 females, 6 children, 2 negroes, 2 
 
 Koeck, Jan 1 male, 1 female, 6 child'n, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Koning, Jan 1 male. 
 
 Lamb, Alexander 1 male, 1 female, 6 children. 
 
 La Mereaux, Andrew 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Lagram, Jan 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Lansin, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Lamas, Walter 1 male, 1 child, 
 
 Lansing, John 
 
 Laroux, Bartholomew 2 males, 1 female, 6 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Larye, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Lastly, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Latham, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Law, Andrew 2 males, 3 females, 2 children. 
 
 Lawrence, Widow 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Lawrence, Andrew 1 male, 1 female, 6 children. 
 
 Leathing, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Lees, Mr 2 males, 1 female, 1 negress. 
 
 Lees, Widow 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Leigh, James 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Leiree, Boult 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Ledham, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children 
 
 Leenderts, Albert 1 male. 
 
 Leersten, Carsten 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Legrand, Mr 1 male. 
 
 Leslie, John 1 male, 1 female. [negress. 
 
 Leveridge, Samuel 1 male, 3 females, 4 children, 2 negroes, 1 
 
 Lewis, Leonard 1 male, 2 females, 7 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Lewis, Mr 1 female, 6 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Leyros, Joost .1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Lillie, Widow 3 males, 4 females, 6 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Lindslay, Mrs 1 female. 
 
 Ling, Mr 2 males, 3 negresses. 
 
 Lloyd, William 1 female, 2 children. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 355 
 
 HfHds of Families. I'Hniily ami Domestic Household. 
 
 Lock, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Lock, Edward 1 male, 1 iemale, 3 children. 
 
 Lodge, Cornelius 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Loeter, Sarebs 1 male, 4 females, 2 children. 
 
 Logall, David 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Longstreet, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Loockerman, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 3 negroes, 3 ne- 
 
 gresses, 2 negro children. 
 Loockerman, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 negress, 
 
 1 negro child. [gress. 
 
 Locherest, Samuel 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 
 Loring, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Lorteen, Nicholas 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Loukes, Augustus 1 male, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 negro child. 
 
 Lowrican, Harman 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Lourier, Christian 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Louries, Annetje 1 female. 
 
 Lourier, Cornelius 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 TjOw, Peter 2 males, 1 negress. 
 
 Lucas, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Ludlow, Gabriel 1 male, 1 female. ehild'n, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Lurting, Robert 2 males, 3 females, G children, 1 negress, 1 
 
 Lysenner, Widow 2 females, 1 child. ] negro child. 
 
 Lysoner. Mr 1 male, 2 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Ijcvy, Moses 3 males, 2 females. 2 children, 1 negr&ss, 1 
 
 Macdougal, Da\id 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. [negro child. 
 
 Macrschalk, Andrew 1 male, 2 females, children. 
 
 Man, Adrian 4 males, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 .Many, James 1 male, 3 children. 
 
 Mumbroits, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Manshares, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Marins. Cornelia 1 female. 5 children. 
 
 Marks. Peter 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Martens, Samuel 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Martens, John 1 male, 1 child. 
 
 -Martens, Ryer 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Marie, Anne 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Marshall, Edward 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Markener, Margaret 4 females. 
 
356 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of FamiliM. Family ftnd Domebtic Household. 
 
 Marshett, Mrs 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Marston, Nathaniel 1 male, and others. 
 
 Materbe, Nicholas 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Matthews, Captain 1 female, 5 childi-cn, 1 ncgress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Maurice, Jacob 2 males, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Maynard, George 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Maynard, Daniel 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Meet, Jan 1 male, 1 female, C children. 
 
 Meinderse, William I male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Merritt, Meyer 1 male, 2 females, 3 children. 
 
 Merritt, Mrs 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Mesier, Hendrick 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Mesier, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 5 child'u, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Mettalaer, Abraham 2 males, 1 female, 6 children, 1 negro, 1 
 
 Meyer, Hendrick 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. [negress. 
 
 Meyer, Andrew 2 males, 2 females, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Meyer, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Milne, Robert 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Minthorne, Philip 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Minvielle, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 1 negress. 
 
 Minvielle, Mrs 1 female, 1 child, 2 ncgresses. 
 
 Minvielle, David 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Moll, Engeltere 1 female, 3 children, 
 
 Moll, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Mollts, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Mousett, Mr 1 male, 2 females, 3 children. 
 
 Montayne, Hester 1 female, 4 children . 
 
 Montayne, Peter 1 male, 3 females, 1 child. 
 
 Mooney, Henry 2 males, 1 female. 
 
 Moor, 2 males, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Morgan, Mrs 1 female, 4 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Morehouse, John 1 male. 
 
 Morris, Archibald 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Morris, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 2 ne- 
 
 gresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Morrisgreen, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Morrayn, Peter 1 male. 1 female, (5 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Moss, William 1 male. 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Mussett, Mrs 1 male, 1 female. 
 
APPENDIX. 357 
 
 Heads of Families. Family and Domestic Household. 
 
 Mylcr, Paul 1 male, 1 fbinalo, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Nanclaft, Widow 1 female, 3 children,! ncgress, 2 negro chl'n. 
 
 Nanfan, Jolin 1 male, 1 negro. 
 
 Narbree, Jan 1. male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Nasseros, William 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Narrosseri, William 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Nessepot, Widow 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Newkirk, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Nieuwenhnysen, Wilhelmus.2 males, 2 females, 1 negro child. 
 
 Novered, Captain 1 female, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Now, Elias 1 male, 3 females, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Obco, Onerro 5 females. 
 
 Octon, William 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Onolebagh, Garget 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Outnian, James 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Palding, Joseph i male, 1 female, 4 child'n, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Parmcntier, Peter 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Parmentier, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Pasco, 1 male, I female, 2 negro children. 
 
 Peartree, Colonel 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 2 negroes, 2 ne- 
 
 gresses, 2 negro children. 
 
 Pearce, William. 1 male, 3 females, 5 children. 
 
 Peecke, John 1 male, 2 females, 7 children. 
 
 Pell, William ; . 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Pell, Evert 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Pells, Christopher 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Pell, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Pell, William 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Pendston, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 1 chQd, 1 negro. 
 
 Peroa, John . . 1 male, 3 females. 
 
 Peters, Dr 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Peterslot, John : . .1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Peterbaus, Widow 1 male, 2 females, 3 chikbvn, 1 negro child. 
 
 Peterow, Widow 1 female, 6 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Petram, John and Elias. . . .2 males, 1 female, (i children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Philips, Samuel 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Philipse, Widow 1 female. 1 child. 1 negro, 2 negresses, 
 
 3 negro children. 
 
I 
 
 358 APPENDIX. 
 
 ]Ifii-la of Ftiinilieti. Family and Domestic Household. 
 
 Pierson, 
 
 Pietersen,'Johu 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Pitt, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Pluraley, Elizabeth 2 females, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Phivier, Neeltie 2 males, 2 females, 5 children. 
 
 Podveuton, Robert 1 male. 
 
 Potter, Catharine 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Poulee, John 1 male, 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Provoost, Benjamin 1 male, 11 children. 
 
 Provoost, David, jr 1 male, 5 children, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Provoost, David, sen 1 male, 2 females, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Provoost, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Provoost, William 1 male. 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Provoost, Hettie I female, 6 children, 2 negroes. 
 
 Provoost, Widow 1 female, 6 children, 2 negroes. 
 
 Puddington, Robert 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Quick, Annez 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Quick, Marre 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Quick, Cornelius 1 male, 1 female, 6 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Rabi, Mrs 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Rambert, Elias 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Reyersen, Bettie 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Reed, Archibald 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Reade. Mr 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Reight, A 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Reindersen, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 negress. 
 
 Remsen, Mangel 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 2 negroes. 
 
 Riersen, Joris 1 male, 2 females, 8 children, 2 negroes, 1 ne- 
 gro child. 
 
 Richards, Stephen 1 male, 2 females, 3 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Rightman, Peter 1 male, 1 female, .5 children. 
 
 Ringo, Albert 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Rishey, Dennis 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Risoe, Rinier 2 males, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Ritman, 2 males, 2 ibmales, 3 children, 1 negro, 2 ne- 
 
 Ritvire, Mr 1 male, 1 female. " [gro children. 
 
 Robeson, Jochem 1 male, 1 i'emalo, 2 children. 
 
 Roberts, Thomas 1 male. 
 
 Roberts, Daniel 3 males, 1 female. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 359 
 
 Heads of Families. Family aod Domestic Household. 
 
 Robertson, G 2 females. 
 
 Robinsou, William 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Rollwagou, Catharine 2 females, 1 negro, 1 negro child. 
 
 Rombouts, Mrs 3 females, 1 negress, 2 negro children. 
 
 Roome, Peter Willemse. . . .1 male, 1 female, 8 children. 
 
 Roome, John Willemse 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Rose, Lj'dia 3 females, 1 child. 
 
 Roosboom, William 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Rous, Peter 1 male, 3 children. [negro child. 
 
 Russell, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negress, 1 
 
 Rutgers, Herman 2 males, 1 female, 1 child, 2 negroes. 
 
 Rutgers. Anthony 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Backett, Richard 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 3 negroes, 1 ne- 
 gress. 
 
 Sanderson, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, 2 children,! negro child. 
 
 Sanders, Widow 3 females, 1 negress, 3 negro children. 
 
 Sailor, Widow 1 female, 1 child, 2 negroes, 1 negress, 1 ne- 
 
 Sandford Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. [gro child. 
 
 Scott, John 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 Scouten, Sarah 1 male, 2 females, 5 children. 
 
 Selecot Catharine 1 female. 
 
 Selwood, Mr 1 male. 
 
 Sewalls, AVidow 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Shackerly, William 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Shackmaple, John 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Sharpas, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Shelwood, William 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. [child. 
 
 Shelly, Captain 1 male, 2 females, 1 negro, 1 negress, 1 negro 
 
 Shumau, Simeon 1 male, 4 children. 
 
 Sadman, Captain 2 males, 1 female, 2 children, 4 negi'oes, 2 
 
 uegrcsscs, 4 negro children. 
 
 Sickles, William 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Sickles, Thomas, 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Simcam Deborah 1 female, 1 child [gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Sinkeler, Mr 2 males, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 
 Skelton, Robert 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Slay, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Slevett, Michael 2 males, 2 females, 1 child, i negress. 
 
 Slick, Derrick 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
360 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of FamilieB. Furaily and Domeelic Ilousoliold. 
 
 Smith, Mrs 3 females, 4 children. 
 
 Smith, Widow 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Smith, Joseph 1 male, 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Smith, Bernardus 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Smith, Bernardus 1 male, 1 female, 10 children. 
 
 Smith, William, (Alderman) .1 male, 1 female. 2 negroes, 4 negresses, 6 
 
 negro children. 
 
 Smith. English 1 male, 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Smith.t Sergeant 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Sokane, Samuel 1 male, 2 females, 4 children. ' 
 
 Solomon, 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Solomon, 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Spencer, James 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Splinter, Abraham 2 males, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Staats, Doctor 1 male, 9 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Stanton, George 2 males, 1 female, 4 children, 4 negroes, 2 
 
 ■ negresses, 2 negro children. 
 
 Stanton, William 1 male, I female, 2 children. 
 
 Stevens, Mrs 2 females, 4 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Stephens, John 2 males. 
 
 Stephens, John I male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Stokes, William 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Storr, Doreman 1 male, 1 female, 1 negro. 
 
 Stouteuburgh, Isaac 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. [gress. 
 
 Stoutenburgh, Tobias 2 males, 2 females, 4 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 
 Stukey, Widow 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Suerts, Olphert 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 gress, 3 negro children. 
 
 Swart, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Saveer, John 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Sweer, Tillet 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Sweetman, Dennis 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Symes, Captain 1 male, 2 females, 2 children, 1 negro. 1 ne- 
 gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Syms, William 1 male, 1 female. 3 children. 
 
 Taylor, William 1 male, 1 female. 4 child'n, 2 negroes,! negress. 
 
 Taylor, Widow 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 negress, 2 
 
 negro children. 
 
 Tenbrook, Hannah 2 males, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 361 
 
 Heads of Families. Family «nd Domestic Household. 
 
 Ten Eyck, Derrick 3 males," 1 female, 2 children, 12 negroes, 1 
 
 Ten Eyck, Han 2 males, 3 females, 2 children. [negress. 
 
 Ten Eyck, Conrad 4 males, 3 females, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Ten Eyck, Geesje 1 female, 1 negress. 
 
 Ten Eyck, Jacob 2 males, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro child. 
 
 Terree, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Theobalds, John 1 male, 5 children, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Thibaud, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. [child. 
 
 Thomas, 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 negro 
 
 Thomas, Edmund 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Thompson, John ' 1 male, 2 females, 5 children. 
 
 Thorn, John 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Thouet, Peter 1 mule, 2 females, 2 negro children. 
 
 Thwaites, Daniel 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Ten Brook, Andrew 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Teilho, Vansent 1 male, 1 female, .o children. 
 
 Tichtor, Susannah 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 'I'iebout, Anneuez 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Tiebout, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 'i'oy. Mr 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Tuder, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Tuder, Affey 1 female, 1 child, 1 negress. [gro child. 
 
 Tuder. Captain 2 males, 5 females, 6 children, 1 negeess, 1 ne- 
 
 Tun?edes, 2 males, 4 females, 2 children, 1 negro, 5 no- 
 Turk, Paulus 1 male, 1 female. [gro children. 
 
 Turk, Paulus, jr 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Turse, James 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Trevett, Captain 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Trevor, Daniel 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 TJrielant, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Yalo, Steven 1 male, 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Van Areu, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro, 1 ne- 
 gress, 2 negro children. 
 
 Van Bussing, Widow 1 female, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Bos, Wyburgh 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Van Breukelen, Jannetje. . .3 females. 
 
 Van Br ugh, Widow 1 female, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Caver, Garrett I male, 1 female. 2 children. 1 negress. 
 
 Van Cortlant, Widow 2 males, 2 females, 3 children, 5 negroes, 2 
 
 negresses, 2 negro children. 
 
362 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heads of Familiea. Family and Domestic llouaeliold. 
 
 Van Cortlant, Jacobus 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 2 negroes, 2 
 
 negresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Couwenhoven, Francis . 2 males. 
 
 Van Crouger, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Dam, Mr 2 males, 2 females, 5 children, 3 negroes, 2 
 
 negresses, 1 negro child. 
 
 Vandemark, 1 male, 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 A^anderbeeck, Ratie 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Vanderbeeck, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Vandcrbeeck, Conrad 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. [gress. 
 
 Vandeubergh, Derick Imale, 1 female, 2 children, 2 negroes, 1 ue- 
 
 Vandenboogh, Solomon. . . .1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Vandewater, Widow 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Vandewater, Abraham 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Vandewater, Jannetje 1 female. 
 
 Vandewater, Evert 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 ntgro child. 
 
 Vandewater, Johannes 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 Vandemeyer, Laire 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Vanderhull, Hendrick 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Vanderwel, Abraham 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Vauderhuyden, Mattie 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Vandeschnyr, Margaret .... 1 female. 
 
 Vandervoort, Cornelia 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Vanderspeigle, Jacobus 1 male, 1 female, 7 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Vanderspeigle, John 2 males, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Vanderspeigle, Hendrick ... 1 male. 
 
 Van Dircksen, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Van Dusen, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Van Dyck, Francis 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Van Dyke, Armje 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Van Dyck, Orseltje 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Van Dyck, Mr 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Van Ecker, Mrs 1 female. 
 
 Van (ielder, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 1 children. 
 
 Van Gelder, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Van Gelder, Harmanus 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Van Gesen, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Van Gesen, Johannes 2 males, 3 females. 
 
 Van Gesen, Mr 1 male, 2 females, 2 children. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 363 
 
 Heada of Families. Family and Domestic Household. 
 
 Van Hook, Evert 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Van Hook, Lawrence 2 males, 2 females, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Horn, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negro, 1 negress, 
 
 1 negro child. [negres.^. 
 
 Van Horn, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 2 negroes, 1 
 
 Van Horn, Widow 1 male, 3 females, 1 negress. 
 
 Van Horn, Jan 1 male, 1 female. [gress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Horn, John 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 3 negroes, 1 ne- 
 
 Van Imbroecken, Gysbert . . 1 male. 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Nostraud, Antre 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Ostrom, Hendrick 
 
 Van Rost, Johannes 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Schaick, Rebecca 1 male, 1 female, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Van Schaick, Widow 6 females, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 negress, 2 
 
 negro children. 
 Van Schaick, Hendrick .... 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Van Sart, John 1 male, 1 female, 1 negro child. 
 
 A'an Strip, John 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Van Sune, Jacob 1 male, 1 female, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Tienhoven, Lucas 1 male, 1 fe'male, 2 children. 
 
 A'an Tienhoven, Nicholas ... 1 male, 1 female, 1 negress, 2 negro children. 
 Van Tilburgh, Johannes .... 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Van Tilburgh, Bareiit 1 male, 2 children. 
 
 Van Tilburgh, Jan 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Van Tilburgh, Widow 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 Van Tilburgh, Peter 2 males, 1 female, 1 child, 1 negress. 
 
 Van Tyle, Mrs 2 females, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Tright, Garret 1 male, 2 females, 1 child. 
 
 Van Vechten, Johannes. . . .1 male, 1 female. 3 children. 
 
 Van Vecle, John James. . . .1 male, 1 female, 1 negress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Velson, Aiges 1 male, 1 female, 4 children. 
 
 Van Vlarden, Aaron 1 male, 1 female, .*) children. 
 
 Van Veelen, Cornelius 2 males, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro child. 
 
 Van Vo,5, Widow 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro, 1 negress, 2 
 
 negro chil<b'eii. 
 
 Van Wagensen, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Van Zandt, John 2 males, 1 female, 2 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Varick, 2 males, 2 females, 4 children. 
 
 Venel, Bartholomew 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
364 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Heatla of Fniuilies. Family and Domestic Household. 
 
 Verplanck, Widow 3 females, 5 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Vesey, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Viene, Nieste 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro. 
 
 Vietch, Samuel 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 2 negro children. 
 
 Villat, David 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Vincent, Francis 2 males, 1 female, 3 children, 1 negro. 1 
 
 negress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Vredenburgh, G 1 male, 1 negro boy. 
 
 Wadersen, Joseph 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Wadersen, William 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 Wackham, Mary 4 females, 1 negro child. 
 
 VValdron, Rutger 3 males, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Waldrou, Daniel 1 male, 1 female, 5 children. 
 
 Walsh, William 1 male, 2 females, 3 children. 
 
 Walls, Robert 1 male. [child. 
 
 Walton, William 1 male, 2 females, 1 child, 1 negro. 1 negro 
 
 Wandell, Abraham 1 male, 2 females. 
 
 AVandell, Johannes 1 male, 5 children. 
 
 AVaters, Mr 1 male, 1 female, 3 children, 2 negresses. 
 
 Watson, John 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 1 negro. 
 
 Weaver, Madam 2 females, 3 children, 1 negro, 2 negresses, 1 
 
 negro child. 
 
 Webber, Arnout 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Webber, Wolfert 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Webrand, Abraham 1 male, 1 female, 2 children . 
 
 Wells, Susannah 1 female, 2 children. • [gresses. 
 
 Wenham, Thomas 1 male, 1 female, 2 children, 2 negroes, 3 ne- 
 
 Wessells, Widow 2 males, 3 females. 
 
 Wessells, Francis 2 males, 2 females, 5 children, 5 negroo,s. 
 
 Wessells, Lawrence 1 male, 1 female,4 child'n, 3 negroes, 1 negress. 
 
 Wessells, Peter 1 male, 1 female, 4 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Wessells, Harman 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 White, Robert 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. 
 
 White, Catharine 2 females, 2 children. 
 
 White, William. 1 male, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 White, William, jr 2 males, 1 female. 
 
 Whitt, John 1 male, 3 children. 
 
 Wickham, p]lizabeth 4 females. 
 
 Williams, ^Vrthur 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 366 
 
 Heads of Fftmiliea. Fntnily nnd Domestic I{ou>ebold. 
 
 Williams, George 1 male, 1 female. 
 
 Willett, Richard 2 males, 1 female, 1 negress, 1 negro child. 
 
 Wilson, Captain 1 male, 1 female, 5 children, 1 negress. 
 
 Wilson, Ebenezer 3 males, 4 females, 4 children, 1 uegTO, 1 iie- 
 
 Windeford, Jolm 1 male, 1 female, 3 children. [gress. 
 
 Witten Los 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Wooley, Charles 3 males, 1 negro. 
 
 Wouterzen, Garret 1 male, 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Wright, Alida 1 female, 2 children. 
 
 Wright, Joseph I male. 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 Wyncoop. Benjamin 2 males, 1 female, 1 child. 
 
 W'ynans, Garret 1 male. .1 lemale. 
 
 Yelvorton. Antiene 1 female, 3 children. 
 
366 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 LIST OF CITIZENS OF NEW YORK, 
 
 ADMITTED AS FREEMEN OP THE CITY, BETWEEN THE YEARS 1683 AND 1740. 
 
 
 
 (A) 
 
 
 1695. 
 
 Aske, Benjamin, 
 
 1726. 
 
 Anthony, Nicholas, 
 
 i< 
 
 Apple, Hendrick, 
 
 1721. 
 
 Abrahamsen, John, 
 
 1696. 
 
 Abeel, John, 
 
 1731. 
 
 Alexander, James, 
 
 " 
 
 Allison, Thomas, 
 
 " 
 
 Abeel, David, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Aerentse, Feter, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Anderson, Jochem, 
 
 " 
 
 Ariantse, John, 
 
 (< 
 
 Allen, Thomas, 
 
 1700. 
 
 Atwood, William, 
 
 (( 
 
 Apple, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Atwood, Leigh, 
 
 « 
 
 Anderson,' Edward. 
 
 1701. 
 
 Allison, Robert, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Amerman, Albert, 
 
 1705. 
 
 Allaire, Alexander, 
 
 11 
 
 Amerman, Dirck, 
 
 1710. 
 
 Aspiuwall, Joseph, 
 
 " 
 
 Alsteyn, Abraham, jr 
 
 iim. 
 
 Anthony, Henricus, 
 
 " 
 
 Aspinwall, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Arden, James, 
 
 (1 
 
 Anderson, Peter, 
 
 1720. 
 
 Allaire, Lewis, 
 
 " 
 
 Alsteyn, Johannes, 
 
 (1721. 
 
 Anthony Allard, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Axson, William, 
 
 (B) 
 
 1683. 
 
 Burling, Edward, 
 
 1696. 
 
 Bickley, Wra., jr.. 
 
 1687. 
 
 Boudinot, Elias, 
 
 11 
 
 Bancker, Evert, 
 
 1691. 
 
 Blydenburgh, Joseph, 
 
 " 
 
 Bradford, Samuel, 
 
 " 
 
 BIydenburgh, Benjamin, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Bogardus, Everardus 
 
 1694. 
 
 Bickley, William, sen., 
 
 1. 
 
 Boudinot, Elias, 
 
 1695. 
 
 Brooke, Chidley, 
 
 II 
 
 Boudinot, Peter, 
 
 
 Buckley, John, 
 
 11 
 
 Bresteede, Simon, 
 
 " 
 
 Basford, John, 
 
 « 
 
 Budyan, Arthur, 
 
 " 
 
 Brevoort, Hend'k I., 
 
 (I 
 
 Blanck, Nicholas 
 
 (( 
 
 Blanck, Jurien, 
 
 (( 
 
 Bogaert, Olaes, 
 
■ :" ■ ■ \ ^ 
 
 7' 
 
 ;^'iV;i'. , . V;.. ^ ■"-/;''' 
 
 t I T 
 
 ^..i 
 
 jLlllillli P I ^ Ma ,__ » i w s) «i w * V 
 
 #; 
 
 CiTY HA-Lli.W-ATir, ^>^ 
 
 ?--^l*'3 
 
 
 
 
 •x^^- 
 
 
 ^^t^'l- 
 
 
 
 ... . "•,< .■•»■■, 
 
 
 
 kt 
 
 HOT m j^f'i&^'^^.'-J^**.^- . 
 
 ^ r»»i1i\ . '. 
 
 SUuftztei/tU fAtJf X ejireou/.yo/tlul'ai'k.x'a.i erected many yecui\i arde.ce.SE>xi to Ihr yt/frK-tui. 
 70.vnla.tLnn.. Ji Tuts .siru:^ ieen.- aZU.n>A, and *,' /iui» Jtnaifn a.i the. jTalO of RfCorriU^- 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 367 
 
 1C98. 
 
 Burger, Harmanns, 1734. 
 
 Beekman John, 
 
 " 
 
 Beekman, John, 
 
 Burger, Nicholas, 
 
 <( 
 
 Brazier, Abraham, 
 
 Blackledgc, I'hiliji. 
 
 (( 
 
 Brevoort, Elias, 1735. 
 
 Bender, Matthias. 
 
 1700. 
 
 Broughton, Sampson Shelton, " 
 
 Bowne, Robert, 
 
 (( 
 
 Broughton, Sampson, " 
 
 Benson, Benjamin. 
 
 1701. 
 
 Benson, Harmanus, " 
 
 Bonee, Francis, 
 
 " 
 
 Bayard, Jacobus, " 
 
 Beek, William, 
 
 1702. 
 
 Benson, Samson, " 
 
 Bant, Peter, 
 
 u 
 
 Bissell, William, " 
 
 Bant, John, 
 
 « 
 
 Borrow, John, " 
 
 Boree, Isaac, 
 
 170G. 
 
 Bradhurst, Jonathf\r, " 
 
 Barheit, Andries, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Bickley, May, " 
 
 Brewer, Cornelius, 
 
 " 
 
 Bradford, Andrew, " 
 
 Brisner, James, 
 
 1713. 
 
 Brock, Abraham, " 
 
 Beekman, William 
 
 171.5. 
 
 Beekman, Gerardus, " 
 
 Benson, Sampson, 
 
 171G. 
 
 Burnett, John, " 
 
 Brown, Samuel, 
 
 1 
 
 Byvanck, Anthony, 1736. 
 
 Bevens, John, 
 
 1717. 
 
 Bedlow, Isaac, " 
 
 Brown, Thomas, 
 
 1720. 
 
 Burnet, William, " 
 
 Brown. William J. 
 
 " 
 
 Bedlow, Peter, « 
 
 Bloom, John, 
 
 1722. 
 
 ,Brouwer, Scbrant, " 
 
 Brown, James, 
 
 1724. 
 
 Boelen, Abraham, " 
 
 Bayard, Samuel, 
 
 t( 
 
 Beekman, William, 1737. 
 
 Blanchard, John, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Bradhurst, Samuel, " 
 
 Brass, Adolph, 
 
 1727. 
 
 Blagge, Edward, " 
 
 Bissett, John, 
 
 1729. 
 
 Browne, John, " 
 
 Bant, AVilliam, 
 
 '• 
 
 Boyle, Solomon, " 
 
 Bush, Peter, jr., 
 
 1731. 
 
 Benson, Sampson, " 
 
 Brevoort, Elias, 
 
 '• 
 
 Brinkerhoff, Joris, " 
 
 Bogaert. Cornelius 
 
 « 
 
 Bancker, Adrian, " 
 
 Brevoort. Henry, 
 
 (1 
 
 Byvanck, Evert, " 
 
 Bant, Martin, 
 
 1732. 
 
 Beekman, Henry, " 
 
 Benson, Robert, 
 
 1733. 
 
 Bayard Stephen, " 
 
 Boeke, Abraham, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Burger, Johannes, " 
 
 Bant, Peter, Jr.. 
 
 « 
 
 Bayard, Nicholas, " 
 
 Burger, Renier, 
 
 (( 
 
 Byvanck, John. 1738. 
 
 Burger, Caspar, 
 
 II 
 
 Brazier, John, " 
 
 Bush, Barent, 
 
 « 
 
 Beekman, Charles, " 
 
 Bartlett, William. 
 
 i( 
 
 Bogaert, Arie, " 
 
 Boeke, Isaac, 
 
368 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 1738. Bowyer, Samuel, 
 
 " Brouwer, Everardus, 
 
 1739. Bell, Samuel, 
 
 " Burger, Daniel, 
 
 " Bogert, John, jr., 
 
 " Bicker, Victor, 
 
 " Benson, John, 
 
 " Burn, George, 
 
 1739. Bailey, Nicholas, 
 Bedlow Isaac, 
 Beekmau, Gerardus, jr., 
 Byvanck, Evert, 
 Burris, Abraham, 
 Benson, Abraham, 
 Burger, John. 
 
 (C) 
 
 1693. 
 
 -^^hambers, Thomas, 
 
 T734. 
 
 Carr, William, 
 
 1695. 
 
 Clarksou, Matthciw. 
 
 1 7.35. 
 
 Cregier, Simon, 
 
 1696. 
 
 Cuyler, Johannes, 
 
 
 Constable, John, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Clarke, Thomas, 
 
 
 Cazalct, John, 
 
 •' 
 
 Cuck, Jacobus, 
 
 
 Cooke, Dirck, 
 
 " 
 
 Clock, Albert, 
 
 ■' 
 
 Cosby, William, 
 
 « 
 
 Couwenhoven, Cornelius, 
 
 <f 
 
 Clopper, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Crigier, Martin, 
 
 " 
 
 Cure, John, 
 
 1699. 
 
 Couwenhoven, Joh's, 
 
 11 
 
 Cowley, Joseph, 
 
 " 
 
 Crosevelt, Bay, 
 
 " 
 
 Campbell, James, 
 
 1700. 
 
 Cooper, Caleb, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Cavalier, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Cozens, Barne, 
 
 " 
 
 Child, Francis, 
 
 1701. 
 
 Cholwell, John, 
 
 '^ 
 
 Cousine, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Cornelisen, Johannes, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Crookc, Charles, 
 
 1702. 
 
 Cobra, James, 
 
 " 
 
 Crooke, Gabriel, 
 
 " 
 
 Cornbury, Viscount, 
 
 " 
 
 Clarke, Robert, 
 
 " 
 
 Crug-er, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Clopper, Andrew, 
 
 '• 
 
 Crawford, Patrick, 
 
 " 
 
 Cannon, Peter, 
 
 1711. 
 
 Chardavoyne, Stephen, 
 
 " 
 
 Orolius, William, 
 
 1716. 
 
 Crannell, Robert, jr., 
 
 " 
 
 Crolius, Peter, 
 
 1724. 
 
 Cuyler, Henry, 
 
 (( 
 
 Colegrove, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Cortland, Philip, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Clopper, Cornelius, 
 
 1727. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, 
 
 " 
 
 Cohen, Abraham, M 
 
 " 
 
 Olarkson, David, 
 
 If 
 
 Charlton, James, 
 
 " 
 
 Clarkson, Matthew, 
 
 (( 
 
 Cregier, John, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Chambers, John, 
 
 '• 
 
 Cook, Richard, 
 
 1729. 
 
 Ohanning, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Colwell, William, 
 
 1730. 
 
 Clock, Martin, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Croker, John. 
 
 1734. 
 
 Cox, John, 
 
 
 
369 
 
 (D) 
 
 1692. 
 
 Droilhet, Paul, 
 
 1728. 
 
 1698. 
 
 De Peyster, Isaac, 
 
 1730. 
 
 " 
 
 De Klyn. Leonard H., 
 
 1731. 
 
 " 
 
 Delamontagnie, John, 
 
 " 
 
 i< 
 
 Dnychink, Evert, 
 
 1734. 
 
 " 
 
 De Peyster, Johannes, 
 
 " 
 
 1699. 
 
 De Hart, Matthias, 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 Duychink, Garret, 
 
 1735. 
 
 1700. 
 
 D'llarriette, Benjamin, 
 De Witt, Daniel, 
 
 „ 
 
 1701. 
 
 Davenport, Thomas, 
 
 " 
 
 1702. 
 
 Dcnnc, Clu'istopher, 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 Davis, William, 
 
 1736. 
 
 1708. 
 
 Delucena, Abraham, 
 
 1737. 
 
 1712. 
 
 Dugdale, William, 
 
 " 
 
 1713. 
 
 Dupre, James, 
 
 " 
 
 1715. 
 
 Delamontagnie, John, jr., 
 
 " 
 
 1717. 
 
 Duane, Anthony, 
 
 " 
 
 1721. 
 
 Dyer, John, 
 
 1738. 
 
 1724. 
 
 De Foreest, Barent, 
 
 " 
 
 1726. 
 
 Dart, Thomas, 
 Delamontagnie, Isaac, 
 
 1739. 
 
 De Witt, John, 
 De Peyster, Isaac, 
 Delancey, James, 
 Duychinck, Gerardus, 
 De Foreest, Henry, 
 Dobbs, Adam, 
 De Foreest, Isaac, 
 De Riemer, Steenwyck, 
 De Foreest, Nicholas, 
 De Boogh, John, 
 Davy, James, 
 De Foreest, Jesse, 
 Dunscomb, Samuel, 
 Delancey, Stephen, jr., 
 Delancey, John, 
 De Hart, Balthazcr, 
 Duncan, Thomas, 
 Droite, William, 
 De Mill, Joost, 
 Dever, William, 
 Dobbs, William, 
 Dobbs, Charles. 
 
 (E) 
 
 1691. 
 
 Ellison, John, 
 
 
 1735. 
 
 Eager, Richard, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Ernott, James, 
 
 
 " 
 
 Eckerson, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Euwatse, John, 
 
 
 1737. 
 
 Euwatse, John, 
 
 
 Ellis, Jo.seph, 
 
 
 " 
 
 Elsworth, John, 
 
 1700. 
 
 P^vert^, John, 
 
 
 i( 
 
 P^astham, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Ebbets, Daniel, 
 
 
 1738. 
 
 Earle, Marniiuluke, 
 
 1715. 
 
 Elsworth, George, 
 
 sen.. 
 
 " 
 
 Eustie, Thomas. 
 
 
 Els worth, George, 
 
 jun., 
 
 " 
 
 Elsworth, Theophilus, 
 
 1717. 
 
 Euwatse, Euwatse 
 
 !, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Ebbets, Richard, 
 
 1721. 
 
 Eyres, Nicholas, 
 
 
 " 
 
 Elsworth, George, 
 
 1722. 
 
 Ellison, John, 
 
 
 '< 
 
 Edmonds, William, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Elsworth, Theophilus, 
 
 11 
 
 Earle, John. 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
370 
 
 (F) 
 
 1696. 
 
 Fletcher, Governor, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Farmer, Jasper, 
 
 1698. 
 
 French, Philip, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Field, Thomas, 
 
 1699. 
 
 Faneuil, Benjamin, 
 
 1638. 
 
 Fresnau, Andrew, 
 
 1715. 
 
 Fell, Thomas, 
 
 « 
 
 Frazier, Thomas, 
 
 1717. 
 
 Foster, Benjamin, 
 
 (( 
 
 Fleming, Thomas, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Fell, Christopher, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Fosseur, Matthias. 
 
 1735. 
 
 Fine, Frederick, 
 
 (G) 
 
 
 1696. 
 
 Gracie, Matthew, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Gouverneur, Nicholas. 
 
 1698. 
 
 Graham, James, 
 
 1731. 
 
 Goelet, Philip, 
 
 " 
 
 Graham, Augustyn, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Gardiner, Isaac, 
 
 a 
 
 Goelet, Jacobus, 
 
 " 
 
 Grant, AVilliam, 
 
 a 
 
 Gouverneur, Abraham, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Goelet, Raphael, 
 
 u 
 
 Gouverneur, Isaac, 
 
 " 
 
 Gombauld, Moses, 
 
 1707. 
 
 Gasherie, John. 
 
 « 
 
 Garnier, Isaac, 
 
 1718. 
 
 Graham, John, 
 
 - 1736. 
 
 Gale, William, 
 
 1714. 
 
 Garland, Thomas, 
 
 « 
 
 Gilbert, Aaron, 
 
 1721. 
 
 Glover, William, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Gilbert, John, 
 
 1726. 
 
 Goelet, Jacob, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Gardner, Daniel, 
 
 1727. 
 
 Gomez, Daniel, 
 
 " 
 
 Gasherie, John, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Gilbert, Thomas, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Gilbert, William, jr. 
 
 (( 
 
 Groesback, John, 
 
 
 
 (H 
 
 1683. 
 
 Holland, Samuel, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Hardenbrook, Beruardus, 
 
 1692. 
 
 Hea,thcote, Caleb, 
 
 1699. 
 
 Heermans, Folkert, 
 
 1695. 
 
 Hamilton, Andrew, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Hammond, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Honan, Daniel, 
 
 a 
 
 Harrison, Francis 
 
 1696. 
 
 Hooghland, Adrian, 
 
 1710. 
 
 Hunter, Robert, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Hyer, Walter, 
 
 1714. 
 
 Holland, Henry, 
 
 
 Hyer, Gerrit, 
 
 u 
 
 Hyat, John, 
 
 
 Hyer, William, 
 
 1719. 
 
 Harrison, Robert, 
 
 
 Hooghland, Johannes, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Hays, Jacob, 
 
 
 Hardenbrook, Johannes, 
 
 1729. 
 
 Hunt, Obadiah, jr.. 
 
 
 Hardenbrook, Johannes, 
 
 " 
 
 Hillyer, John 
 

 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 1731. 
 
 Harrison, Francis, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Henley, Charles, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Hiiggcf'ord, Thomas, 
 
 u 
 
 House, William, 
 
 (1 
 
 Hawksluirst, "William, 
 
 « 
 
 Hayward, Thomas, 
 
 (( 
 
 Hanus, Joseph, 
 
 " 
 
 Hazard, Nathaniel, 
 
 a 
 
 Harris, Robert, 
 
 « 
 
 Hyer, Aaron, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Hopson, Samuel, 
 
 (1 
 
 Hyer, Garret, 
 
 " 
 
 Hiuman, John, 
 
 i( 
 
 Hyer, Walter, 
 
 " 
 
 Hays, David, 
 
 « 
 
 Hyer, Frederick, 
 
 i( 
 
 Hays, Judah, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Houghton, Richard, 
 
 " 
 
 Hartell, Christian, 
 
 " 
 
 Hibon, Peter, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Hayes, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Ham, Anthony, jr., 
 
 " 
 
 Harduian, Jonathan, 
 
 « 
 
 Ham, Uriah, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Hogg", Robert, 
 Hitchcock, William, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Harris, Richard. 
 
 371 
 
 (J) 
 
 1695. Jamain, Nicholas, 
 " Jane way, William, 
 
 1696. Jamison, David, 
 1700. Jay, Augustus, 
 1702. Johnson, John, 
 
 1731. Jamison, William, 
 
 1732. Jay, Peter, 
 
 1734. Johnson, Simeon, 
 
 " Jacobs, Samuel, 
 
 1736. Jarratt, James, 
 
 1737. Jenkins, Henry, 
 
 " Johnson, Jacobus, 
 
 1738. Jones, James, 
 
 " Jones, Thomas. 
 
 (K) 
 
 1695. Kemblo, John, 
 
 1698. Kiersted, Cornelius, 
 
 " Kip, Petrus, 
 
 " Kip, Isaac, 
 
 " Kiersted, Jacobus, 
 
 " Kiersted, Hans, 
 
 1702. Kiersted, Jacobus, 
 
 1710. Kearney, Thomas, 
 
 1720. Kip, Isaac, 
 
 1724. Kip, Jacobus, 
 
 1730. Kip, Samuel, 
 
 1734. Kip, Abraham, 
 
 1734. Kip, Petrus, 
 
 1735. Keeling, James, 
 " Kip, Jacob, 
 
 " Kermer, Henry, 
 
 1737. Kip, Richard, 
 
 " Koning, Johannes, 
 
 " Kiersted, Jacobus, 
 
 1739. Kingston, John, 
 
 " Kiersted, Luke, 
 
 " Killmaster, James, 
 
 " Ketchum, William. 
 
375S 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 
 
 (L) 
 
 
 1688. 
 
 Le Boytcaux, Gabriel, 
 
 1731, 
 
 Lamb, Anthony, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Liug, Matthew, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Lynch, Peter, 
 
 <( 
 
 Le Chevalier, John, 
 
 11 
 
 Legi'ange, Christian, 
 
 1696. 
 
 Lansing, Garret, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Lewis, Samuel, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Lewis, Leonard, 
 
 " 
 
 Legrange, Johannes, jr.. 
 
 (i 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, 
 
 <i 
 
 Lyusen, Gideon, 
 
 " 
 
 Low, Albert, 
 
 (1 
 
 Lyne, James, 
 
 (1 
 
 Low, Peter, 
 
 11 
 
 Lamberts, Lawrence, 
 
 1701. 
 
 Leisler, Jacobus, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Langdon, Richard, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Lynch, Anthony, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Lynsen, Daniel, 
 
 <f 
 
 Lovelace, Lord, 
 
 (( 
 
 Letellier, Lawrence, 
 
 « 
 
 Lyndsey, John, 
 
 <i 
 
 Leslie, John, jr., 
 
 1709. 
 
 Livingston, Robert, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Leisher, Charles, 
 
 1716. 
 
 Livingston, Gilbert, 
 
 " 
 
 Lyell, William, 
 
 1722. 
 
 Le RoLix, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Lush, John, 
 
 1724. 
 
 Le Roux, Charles, 
 
 « 
 
 Lawrence, Stephen, 
 
 1727. 
 
 Lowry, James, 
 
 11 
 
 Lane, William, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Lurting, George, 
 
 11 
 
 Lane, Henry, jr., 
 
 1730. 
 
 Lucas, Friend, 
 
 " 
 
 Lawrence, Henry, 
 
 <( 
 
 Lindesay, John, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Le Roux, Bartholomew 
 
 i( 
 
 Lodge, Abraham, 
 
 " 
 
 Lloyd, John. 
 
 1731. 
 
 Lurting, Robert, 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 1695. 
 
 Matthews, Peter, 
 
 1699. 
 
 Moutagnie, Thomas, 
 
 11 
 
 Morris, John, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Mompesson, Roger, 
 
 11 
 
 Monsey, Thomas, 
 
 1710. 
 
 Martiudale, James, 
 
 11 
 
 Mills, James, 
 
 1712. 
 
 Maxwell, James, 
 
 1696. 
 
 Morehead, William, 
 
 1714. 
 
 Matthews, Fletcher, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Merritt, William, 
 
 II 
 
 Minvielle, David, 
 
 " 
 
 Merritt, John, 
 
 1716. 
 
 May, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Morris, William, 
 
 1724. 
 
 Messier, Peter. , 
 
 " 
 
 Mesier, Abraham, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Montgomery, John. 
 
 <i 
 
 Meyer, Hermanns, 
 
 " 
 
 Murray, Joseph, 
 
 11 
 
 Meyer, Johannes, 
 
 1730. 
 
 Moore, John, 
 
 (1 
 
 Mesier, Peter J., 
 
 1734. 
 
 Marston, Nathaniel, jr., 
 
 (1 
 
 Maerschalck, Andries, 
 
 " 
 
 Marshall, John, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 373 
 
 1734. Macrsclialck, Peter. 
 " Moore, Benjamin, 
 
 " Meyer, Jacob, 
 
 1735. Miller, Caleb, 
 
 " Marrell, Robert, 
 
 " Meyer, Andrew, 
 
 " Mattock, Isaac, 
 
 " Maerscbalck, Abraham, 
 
 " Meyer, Andrew, 
 
 " Ming, Thomas, 
 
 1736. Mills, James. 
 
 r,3'i 
 
 1738. 
 
 1739. 
 
 Milliner, William, 
 Maerscbalck, John, 
 Morss, Gerrit H., 
 Maerscbalck, Francis, 
 Mann, John, jr., 
 Mills, Abraham, 
 Myer, Johannes, 
 Mears, Judah, 
 Maguire, Matthew, 
 Murphy, Nicholas, 
 Machade, Aaron. 
 
 N) 
 
 1683. 
 
 Nessepot, Jasper, 
 
 1722. 
 
 North, William, 
 
 1698. 
 
 ' Noell, Thomas, 
 
 1724. 
 
 Nixon, Thomas, 
 
 
 Nerberry, John, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Nesbitt, James, 
 
 1699. 
 
 Nessepot, Jasper, jr.. 
 
 1727. 
 
 Noble, John, 
 
 1700. 
 
 Nisbett, Robert, 
 
 1730. 
 
 Nicolls, Richard, 
 
 1701. 
 
 Nanfau, John, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Norwood, Richard 
 
 1715. 
 
 NoxoD, Thomas, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Noble, Thomas, 
 
 
 1739. 
 
 Noble, Richard, 
 
 1698. Olpherts, Suert, 
 
 " Onclebagh, Gerrit, 
 
 1701. Outman, Johannes, 
 
 1713. Oostrander, Johannes, 
 
 (0 
 
 1732. Ootbout, John, 
 
 1737. Gates, Samuel, 
 
 1738. Owen, Jeremiah. 
 
 1683. 
 
 Paulding, Joost, 
 
 (JP) 
 1698. 
 
 Pell, Thomas, 
 
 1695. 
 
 Phipps, Benjamin, 
 
 " 
 
 Provoost, Benjamin 
 
 1698. 
 
 Palmer, Thomas, 
 
 11 
 
 Provoost, David, 
 
 
 Paxton, Alexander, 
 
 " 
 
 Phoenix, Jacob, 
 
 
 Provoost, Jonathan, 
 
 1699. 
 
 Provoost, William, 
 
 
 Provoost, Johannes, 
 
 " 
 
 Parmyter, Parenlis. 
 
 
 PeU, William, 
 
 1701. 
 
 Peartree, William, 
 
 
 Provoost, Jacob, 
 
 " 
 
 Parkinson, Robert, 
 
3Y4 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 1710. 
 
 Peck, Ueojamin, 
 
 1837. 
 
 Proctor, William, 
 
 1716. 
 
 Paulding, Abraham, 
 
 " 
 
 Phoenix, Jacob, jr., 
 
 1724. 
 
 Penny mau, Joseph, 
 
 a 
 
 Pelletrau, Paul, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Piutai-d, John Lewis, 
 
 (I 
 
 _ Provoost, David, jr., 
 
 1732. 
 
 Perot, Philip, 
 
 (( 
 
 Provoost, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Phoenix, Alexander, 
 
 a 
 
 Provoost, Giddes, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Pepper, Mark, 
 
 11 
 
 Popelsdorf, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Palmer, Thomas, 
 
 " 
 
 Plowman, Peter, 
 
 " 
 
 Paulding, Joseph, 
 
 (( 
 
 Price, John, 
 
 If 
 
 Pell, Samuel, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Provoost, Robert, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Parcell, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Parcell, Abraham, 
 
 " 
 
 Peeck, William, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Provoost, Peter Praa, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Peisley, Jonathan, 
 
 <( 
 
 Peet, William, 
 
 i( 
 
 Perfect, James, 
 
 (1 
 
 Parent, Lewis. 
 
 (( 
 
 Peffer, John, 
 
 
 
 (Q) 
 
 1734. Quey, Edward, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Quick, James, 
 
 1737. Quackenbush, Benj., jr.. 
 
 1739. 
 
 Quick, John. 
 
 " Quick, Abraham, 
 
 
 
 (R 
 
 1691. 
 1696. 
 
 1698. 
 
 1699. 
 1700. 
 1708. 
 
 a 
 
 1710. 
 
 <( 
 
 J 712. 
 
 Reade, LawTence, 
 Rutgersou, Harman, 
 Raudell, William, 
 Rodriques, Isaac, 
 Roosevelt, Nicholas, 
 Roos, Gerrit Jansen, 
 Roomc, John Willemse, 
 Rutgers, Anthony, 
 Robertson, William, 
 Regnier, Jacob, 
 Robinson, Joseph, 
 Roy, John, 
 Reill, Joseph, 
 Robinson, Robert, 
 
 1724. 
 1725. 
 1728. 
 1732. 
 1733. 
 1734. 
 
 1735. 
 
 1736. 
 
 Roos, Garret, 
 Rutgers, Petrus, 
 Robinson, Charles, 
 Robins, John, 
 Rynders, Barent, 
 Roome, William, 
 Rutgers, Hermanns, jr., 
 Rutgers, Henry, 
 Richardson, William, 
 Roome, Luke, 
 Row, Henry, 
 Rout, Thomas, 
 Roome, Lawrence, 
 Richard, John, 
 

 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 1736. 
 
 Rice, Lawrenec, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Rigby, Thomas, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Eoosevelt, John, jr., 
 
 " 
 
 Richardson, William, 
 
 a 
 
 Ilustou, Peter, 
 
 '• 
 
 Rutgers, Anthony, jr. 
 
 1738. 
 
 Khuel (jrustavus, 
 
 " 
 
 Rousby, William, 
 
 
 Rodriques, Isaac R., 
 
 >l 
 
 Ruft'head, James, 
 
 
 Roome, Lawrence, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Roome, Arnout, 
 
 
 Roberts, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Roosevelt, Nicholas, 
 
 
 Redding, Jeremiah, 
 
 " 
 
 Richards, Samuel, 
 
 
 Ratsey, Robert, 
 
 1740. 
 
 Roosevelt, Nicholas. 
 
 375 
 
 (S) 
 
 1691. 
 
 Staats, Samuel, 
 
 1729. 
 
 Stevens, John, 
 
 1695. 
 
 Sharpas, William, 
 
 1731. 
 
 Smith, William, 
 
 li 
 
 Smith, Joseph, 
 
 1732. 
 
 Slidell, Joshua, 
 
 " 
 
 Schuyler, Aaron, 
 
 1733, 
 
 Symcs, Julni, 
 
 1696. 
 
 Stevens, John, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Schuyler, Myndert, 
 
 1698. 
 
 Suert, Olpherts, 
 
 " 
 
 Scott, Robert, 
 
 " 
 
 Sickles, Zachariah, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Sands, Nathaniel, 
 
 « 
 
 Sanders, Robert, 
 
 u 
 
 Stoutenburgh, John, 
 
 « 
 
 Sinkani, Peter, jr.. 
 
 " 
 
 Stoutcnburgh, Peter, 
 
 li 
 
 Schenck, Johannes, 
 
 11 
 
 Swan, Richard, 
 
 1701. 
 
 Smith, William, 
 
 " 
 
 Shatford, Daniel, 
 
 " 
 
 Symcs, Lancaster, 
 
 " 
 
 Shadwick, Israel, 
 
 1702. 
 
 Schuyler, Garret, 
 
 (( 
 
 Schuyler, Peter, 
 
 li 
 
 Scott, John, 
 
 (1 
 
 Schuyler, Adoniah, 
 
 a 
 
 Stuckey, Andrew, 
 
 1736. 
 
 Sackett, Joseph, jr.. 
 
 1707. 
 
 Sharpas, Charles, 
 
 " 
 
 Shurmer, John, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Staples, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Smith, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Stevens, John, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Sloan, Andrew, 
 
 1712. 
 
 Salisbury, Humphrey, 
 
 " 
 
 Symes, Lancaster, 
 
 1715. 
 
 Sebring, Frederick, 
 
 " 
 
 Smith, Josiah, 
 
 1719. 
 
 Schermerhorn, Arnout, 
 
 i( 
 
 Steward, John, 
 
 1721. 
 
 Smith, William, jr., 
 
 (( 
 
 Smith, John S., 
 
 1724. 
 
 Santford, Cornelius, 
 
 11 
 
 Schultz, Benjamin, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Schuyler, Dirck, 
 
 . " 
 
 Stevens, John, 
 
 1726. 
 
 Scott, John, 
 
 (( 
 
 Sebring, Cornelius, 
 
 1728. 
 
 Schuyler, Harmanus, 
 
 " 
 
 Snyder, Jacobus P., 
 
 " 
 
 Seymour, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Sa^e, John, 
 
6H) 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 1737. 
 
 Sickles, Thomas, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Sloover, Jacob, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Smith, Patrick, 
 
 " 
 
 Sprainger, Charles, 
 
 " 
 
 Scandliog, Patrick, 
 
 " 
 
 Scott, Francis, 
 
 " 
 
 Schultz, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Sipkins, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Smith, Peter, 
 
 " 
 
 Somersdyck, Jacob. 
 
 1739. 
 
 Saunders, John, 
 
 
 
 (T) 
 
 1695. 
 
 1C9S. 
 
 1699. 
 
 1701. 
 1702. 
 
 1708. 
 1710. 
 1716. 
 1724. 
 
 Trowbridge, Caleb. 
 Toose, Michael, 
 Tnder, John, jr., 
 Tuder, Nicholk, 
 Tiebout, Tunis, 
 Tuder, John, sen.. 
 Ten Eyck, Dirck, 
 Ten Broeck, Hendricks, 
 Ten Eyck, Oonraet, sen., 
 Ten Eyck, Conraet, jun., 
 Tiebout, Johannes, 
 Turnbull, Thomas, 
 Thong, Walter, 
 Thong, Benjamin, 
 Targee, James, 
 Tudor, Thomas, 
 Teller, Charles, 
 Ten Eyck, Conraet, 
 Teller, Andrew, 
 
 1732. 
 
 Tienhoven, Oorneliu? 
 
 1734. 
 
 Tiebout, John, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Turck, Asueris, 
 
 " 
 
 Tittle, Edward, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Troup, Robert, 
 
 It 
 
 v' Tillou, Peter, 
 
 " 
 
 Ten Eyck, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Ten Eyck, Richard, 
 
 1738. 
 
 Ten Eyck, Samuel, 
 
 " 
 
 Thomas, Nicholas, 
 
 " 
 
 Tiebout, Albertus, 
 
 " 
 
 Taylor, Moses, 
 
 1739. 
 
 Tanner, John, 
 
 K 
 
 Thompson, John, 
 
 II 
 
 Ten Eyck, Andrew, 
 
 II 
 
 Ten Eyck, Jacob, 
 
 " 
 
 Thome, James, 
 
 II 
 
 Turner, James. 
 
 (V) 
 
 1698. Viele, Cornelius, 
 
 '• A^an Home, Abraham, 
 
 " Van Home, John, 
 
 " Vande water, Elias, 
 
 " Van Nostrand, Jacob, 
 
 " Van Vorst, Johannes, 
 
 " Van Gelder, Abraham, 
 
 " Van Gelder, Johannes, 
 
 1699. 
 
 1701. 
 
 1702. 
 
 Vredenbergh, Isaac, 
 Vandewater, William, 
 Vaudewater, Cornelius, 
 Van Cortland, OlofF, 
 Van Naerden, Johannes P^ 
 Van Horne, John, 
 Vanderspeigle, Jacobus, 
 Van Lacr, Abraham, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 377 
 
 1713. Van Clyflf, Habrant, 
 
 1719. V^au Borsum, Philip, 
 
 1723. Vcrplaiick, Guliau, 
 
 1724. Vau Geldor, Hermanus, 
 " Vauderspeijjle, Henry, 
 
 1724. Vaudam, Richard, 
 
 1725. Van, Borsum, Egbert, 
 1728. Van Solinger, Johannes. 
 
 1730. Van Zandt, Johainies. 
 
 1731. Van Wyck, Abraham, 
 
 1732. Varian, Isaac, 
 
 1 733. Vandiegrist, Henry, 
 
 1734. Van Home, Abraham, jr. 
 " Van Duerscn, Peter, 
 
 1735. Vanderspeigle, Lawrencot 
 " Van Wyck, Johannes, 
 
 " Vau Gelder, Henry, 
 
 " Van Hook, Cornelius, 
 
 1735. 
 
 1736. 
 1737. 
 
 1738. 
 
 1739. 
 
 Van Duersen, Gilbert, 
 Vau Wageneu, Garret, 
 Van Duerseu, William, 
 Vau Gelder, David, 
 Vanderspeigle, John, 
 Vredenburgh, John, 
 Vonck, Cornelius, 
 Van Gelder, Abraham, 
 Van Vorst, John, 
 Van Xorden. l*eter. 
 Vandewater, Hendrick, 
 Van Duersen, John, 
 Van Ranst, Cornelius, 
 Van Dam, Isaac, 
 Van Home, George, 
 Vauderhoven, Cornelius, 
 Van Wyijk, Theodorus. 
 
 (W) 
 
 1G95. 
 
 Willett, Richard, 
 
 1734. 
 
 Wessells, Wessell, 
 
 1C98. 
 
 Wynkoop, Benjamin, 
 
 
 Williamse, John, 
 
 " 
 
 Walton, William, 
 
 
 AN^aldron, William, 
 
 « 
 
 Walters, Robert, 
 
 « 
 
 Waldron, John, jr.. 
 
 1G99. 
 
 Wcssells, Francis, 
 
 1735. 
 
 Wood, Isaac, 
 
 
 Weaver, Thomas, 
 
 " 
 
 Ward, Josepli, 
 
 1702. 
 
 Waldron, Johannes, 
 
 " 
 
 AVillett, Thomas, 
 
 a 
 
 Waldron, Samuel, 
 
 (( 
 
 Wessells, Lawrence, 
 
 « 
 
 Wooley, Charles, 
 
 " 
 
 White, Peter, 
 
 1722. 
 
 Weaver, Samuel, 
 
 " 
 
 Waldron, Peter, 
 
 " 
 
 Weeks, James, 
 
 a 
 
 Williams. Richard, 
 
 1723. 
 
 AValton, John, 
 
 1736. 
 
 AVnllace. John. 
 
 1724. 
 
 Warner, Gilbert, 
 
 1737. 
 
 Witts, George, 
 
 " 
 
 Walter, John, 
 
 (1 
 
 Wyley, James, 
 
 1725. 
 
 Willemse, Frederick, 
 
 (( 
 
 Waldron, Daniel, 
 
 1726. 
 
 Wynkoop, Cornelius, 
 
 K 
 
 Watts, John. 
 
 '• 
 
 Wendovor, Thomas, 
 
 I< 
 
 Wortcndyke, Cornelius, 
 
 1731. 
 
 Warren, Peter, 
 
 (( 
 
 Warner, Thomas, 
 
378 
 
 1737. Wilson, Joseph, 
 Walter, John F., 
 
 " Wessells, Peter, 
 
 1738. Wood, William, 
 Wells, Obadiah, 
 
 " Wilson, Alexander, 
 
 1738. Ware, Thomas, jr., 
 
 " White, Anthony, 
 
 " Wright, Jonas, 
 
 " Wyley, James, 
 
 " Walton, William, jr. 
 
 1696. 
 1735. 
 
 Young, Thomas, 
 Young, James, 
 
 (Y. Z.) 
 
 1736. Yelverton, Anthony, 
 1723. Zenger, John Peter. 
 
APPENDIX. 379 
 
 KEY, 
 
 EXPLANATORY OP THE OLD FARM MAP IN THE LOWER PART OP THE 
 
 CITY. (See Map.) 
 
 TiiK line of high water was the limit of all the estate bounded by the 
 water. All the land under water, between the original high and low 
 water marks, was granted to the Corporation of the city of New York 
 by the charter. 
 
 1. The walled city of New Amsterdam. The Indian name for the 
 extreme point of the upland was Kap-se, (Benson.) 
 
 1 a. The land lying just without the gates of the city was laid out into 
 town lots, and granted to various persons. 
 
 1 h. The garden of Peter Stoutenburgh. 
 
 1 c. The ground of John Van Gue. 
 
 2 & 2i This plot of ground was, at a very early period, appropriated 
 to the use of the English Church, and subsequently granted to the church 
 imder the designation of " The Rector and Inhabitants of the city of New 
 York, iu/;ommunion with the Protestant Episcopal Church of the State 
 of New York." By the charter of May 6, 1697, the church was incor- 
 porated by the name of " Eector and Inhabitants of the city of New 
 York, of the Protestant Church of England, as by law established." The 
 same religious denomination also acquired the title to " The' Burial 
 Place," lying between No. 2 and a line a little south of Thames street. 
 
 3 & 4. A tract of land conveyed to William Dyre, afterward of Thomas 
 Lloyd, and a portion of it. East Broadway, more recently of Thomas 
 Ellison. 
 
 3h. The ground of " Trentzi, the widow of Christopher Hoogland," 
 1G96. 
 
 5. Mesiers Millot. 
 
 6. Thonvas Dey, afterward of Janalvie Ryers. 
 
 7. The Shoemakers' Pasture, (the Dutch Church property is comprised 
 in this tract.) 
 
 8. Van.lercliff 's Land. 
 
 9. Beekman. 
 
 10. Beekman's Pasture. 
 
380 APPENDIX. 
 
 11. The Common. 
 
 11 a. " The Vineyard.'' 
 
 11 b. Waste land granted to Corporation of New York by its charter ; 
 part of the Common. 
 
 12. The King's Farm, granted to the Episcopal Church, by letters 
 patent from Queen Anne, 22d November, 1705. 
 
 122. The Negro Burying-ground, or " Teller's property." 
 
 13. Estate of Governor Jacob Leisler, forfeited in 1691, upon convic- 
 tion of his attainder, and afterward restored to his heirs by the act of 
 Parliament reversing the attainder. 
 
 14. Greppel Bosch, anglice, a swamp or marsh covered with wood, to 
 this day called " The Swamp." 
 
 15. Granted to various persons, in lots, by patents. 
 
 16. Cherry Garden, formerly the property of Richard Sackett. This 
 gentleman, or one of his family, afterward " located" on Lake Ontario, 
 and gave name to the village of Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 IT. Webber & Loockerraan's patent, called also " The Roosevelt 
 Farm." 
 
 18. The Jane way estate. 
 
 19. Kolk Hock. 
 
 20. Kolk, anglice, the deep, or the unfathomed ; corrupted into Collect. 
 Also known as Versh water, or fresh water. 
 
 20 a. Powder-house lot. 
 
 21. Pond south of the Powder-house, called the " Ldttle Kolch." 
 
 22. John Kingston's estate. 
 
 23. Doyer estate. 
 
 24. Delancey. 
 
 25. The Dominies' Hook, a tract of land, over sixty-two acres, known 
 also as the Dominies' Bouwerrie, was acquired by a ground brief from 
 Governor Stuyvesant, bearing date July 4, 1654, confirmed by Governor 
 R. Nichols, 27 March, 1667, and was conveyed by the " children and law- 
 ful heirs of Armctie Rolofs, late widow Dom'is Bogardus, to the Rt. 
 H'ble Coll Francis Lovelace, and was afterward granted to the English 
 ('hurch." The Church also claims this as part of their grant from 
 (Jueen Anne. 
 
 2G. Lispenard meadows. 
 
 27. Rutger's farm. 
 
 28. Romaine. 
 
 29. Gouverneur's estate. 
 
 30. Ives' estate. 
 
APPENDIX. 381 
 
 31. Laight. 
 
 32. Byvauck. 
 
 33. Stoutcnburgh. 
 
 34. Delancey. 
 
 34. o The land on the westerly side of Pearl street, extending to Greppel 
 Bosch, between Ferry and Rose streets, belonging to Belthazer Bayard, 
 and was conveyed by him, in 1683, to Theophilus Elsworth. In 1741, it 
 was divided into three parts, one of which was set off in severalty to 
 Geesic, widow of Hendrick Vandewater, one other to Theophilus ]']ls- 
 worth, and the other to Margrittie, the widow of Johannes Cloppcr. 
 
 35 a b. Delancey 's east and west farms. This estate was I'urfeited to 
 tlie people by the attainder of Chief Justice James Delancey, during the 
 war of the American Eevolution, laid out into city lots, and conveyed by 
 the Commissioners of Forfeitures. 
 
 3G. Bayard's west and east farms. 
 
 37. Old Jan's laud, so called from Aaueke Jans, afterward belonging to 
 the English Church. 
 
 38. The farm of p]lbert Herring. 
 38 a b. 
 
 39. Bleecker's estate. ~ 
 ^ 40. Alderman Dyckmau's estate. 
 
 41. Tucker. 
 
 42. Van Cortland. 
 
 43. The Laendert farm, (so called from Laendert Arenden, one of the 
 early proprietors.) 
 
 44. Brown and Eckford. 
 
 45. Abijah Hammond. 
 
 46. Brown and Eckford. 
 
 47. The Minthorne farm. 
 
 48. P. Stuyvesant. 
 
 49. ]\rorgan Lewis, John Flack, and others. 
 
 50. P. Stuyvesant. 
 
 51. Stuyvesant. 
 
 52. Stuyvesant, Peter's field. 
 
 53. Richard Pero. 
 
 54. Richard Pero. 
 
 55. Belonging to the Sailor's Snug Harbor. 
 
 56. The Brevoort estate. 
 
 57. The Springier estate. 
 
 58. Thomas Burling. 
 
382 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 59. Samncl Burling, afterward Cowman. 
 
 60. Samuel and Thomas Burling, afterward Cowman. 
 6i. Samuel and Thomas Burling. 
 
 62. Anderson's place. 
 
 63. Tiebout Williams. 
 
 64. Krom Messie, so called from the resemblance of its outlines to the 
 shape of a shoemaker's cutting knife, since corrupted into " Grammercy," 
 by which name the small inclosure or " Park," within its limits, is still 
 known. 
 
 G5. Rose Hill farm. 
 
 66. Estate of John Watts. 
 
 67. The estate of Sir Peter Warren, called Greenwich, " The Indian 
 name, according to Benson, of the point of laud extending into the Hud- 
 son, was Sapokauigan." 
 
 67 a. Isaac Yarian's estate. 
 67 b. Gilbert Coutant. 
 67 c. Estate of Ireland. 
 
 67 (i. Estate of George Clinton and J. J. Astor, called " Greenwich 
 place." 
 
 68. Estate, formerly Yellis Manderville, afterward the property of 
 George Clinton and John Jacob Astor. 
 
 69. Part of the estate of Tellis Manderville, conveyed to John 
 Staples.- 
 
 70. Part of the estate of Tellis Manderville, conveyed to Rem 
 Rapelye. 
 
 71. Part of the estate of Yellis Manderville, conveyed to Samuel 
 Boyd. 
 
 72. Part of the estate of Yellis Manderville, conveyed to Bishop 
 Moore. 
 
 73. Estate of Bishop Moore, late of Dr. Clement C. Moore. 
 
 74. Clarke estate. 
 
 75. Bosson Bouwerie, or, more properly, Bosch Bouwerie (woodland,) 
 formerly (1705) the property of Elbert Hereman ; all west of Seventh 
 avenue belonged latterly to the estate of Henry Eckford. 
 
 76. Known as the " Horn estate," originally patented (1670) by Sir 
 Edmond Andros to vSolomon Peters,'a free negro, whose widow and heirs 
 conveyed it to John Horn and Cornelius Webber, and held by Horn's 
 descendants until a very recent date. 
 
 77. Formerly the estate of Isaac Varian, the northerly seventeen and 
 half acres purchased by him from the executors of John De Witt, to 
 
ArPKXDIX. 
 
 383 
 
 whom the same was conveyed by Jacob Horn iu 1751 ; the southerly ten 
 acres purchased from Adam Vanderburgh. 
 
 78. Estate of Samuel Franklin. 
 
 79. The old Alms-house lot, part of N. Y. Commons. 
 
 80. Casper Samlcr, who also owned 81, 82, 83 and 844. 
 
 81. Isaac Cross and others. 
 
 82. Coulthard. 
 
 83. Anderson & Grenseback. 
 84. 
 
 844. Scheifelin, part, and Samler. 
 85. 
 
 86. Kip's Bay fpm. 
 
 87. Murray Hill estate. 
 
 88. Estate of John Thompson. 
 
 89. John Slidell (formerly President of Mechanics' Bank.) 
 
 90. Richard Dikeman and othc •. 
 
 91. Samuel Van Norden. 
 
 92. Estate of James A. Stewavf. Stewart street divided it in the 
 centre, running westerly from Bloomingdale road, parallel with the north- 
 erly and southerly boundary lines of this tract. That part of this tract 
 formerly fronting on Broadway, together with Nos. 97, 98 and 99, formed 
 the farm of Peter Van Ordcns ; that part lying on Fitz Roy Road, was 
 part of Jacob Ordens' farm. 
 
 93. John Slidell. 
 
 94. Henry Jackson. 
 
 95. Peter Hatterick. 
 
 96. Aycrigg. 
 96i Shute. 
 
 97. Freeman. 
 
 98. Arden estate. 
 
 984. Estate of Citizen Genel 
 
 99. Estate of Cornelius Ray. 
 
 100. Estate of Richard Harrison, Esq., a distinguished lawyer, some 
 fifty years since, late the property of the Hon. David S. Jones, now de- 
 ceased. 
 
 101. The property formerly of Decatur, now, or late, of James Boor- 
 man, Esq. 
 
 102. Late of George C. Schropel. 
 
 103. Formerly of Thomas Tibbett Warner, afterward of Rem Rapelya 
 103 a. Late of Samuel Watkins. 
 
384 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 103 b. Late of Isaac Moses. 
 103 c. Late of Cboniical Bauk. 
 
 104. Estate of I. Moses. 
 
 105. Codman. 
 
 106. John B. Murray. 
 
 107. Glass-house farm. Estate of George Rapelye, formerly belonging 
 to Sir Peter Warren ; at the northerly boundary line was the Great Kill, 
 30 called. 
 
 108. Samuel N. Norton. 
 
 109. James Boggs. 
 
 110. Incleberg. 
 
 111. " Grange," the country scat of John Murray, jr. 
 
 112. Murray Hill estate. 
 113. 
 
 114. " Ogdeu Place farm," partitioned, in 1838, among heir>< of William 
 Ogden, formerly part of New York Commons. 
 115. 
 
 116. Incleburgh, 
 117. 
 118. 
 119. 
 
 120. Estate of Thomas Buchanan. 
 
 121. Casper Smith estate. 
 
 122. Turtle Bay farm, " formerly belonging to the Winthrops, the 
 small cove or bay, called formerly " Deutel Bay," from which the present 
 name is corrupted. " When the Iiead of the cask was further secured with 
 pegs, tliey could say the cask was ' ge deutelt.' The pegs were short, but at 
 the base, broad ; the bay tiarrow at its entrance, broad at the bottom ; the 
 supposed resemblance between the bay and tlie peg, the supposed origin of 
 the name." 
 
 123. 
 
APFENDIS. 
 
 385 
 
 LIST OF FREEMEN, 
 
 COi\TINUP;D from, and including the year 1740. TO AND 
 INCLUDING 1748. 
 
 Elias Chardavoyue, 
 Johu Bill, 
 Thomas Taylor, 
 Thomas Carter, 
 Alexander Willie, 
 Peter Burger, 
 Henry Rousby, 
 John Kip, 
 Joseph Montanie, 
 Thomas Corbett, 
 Jacob Sickells, 
 Thomas Iligby, 
 William Dean, 
 John Allen, 
 Isuiic King, 
 Gabriel Ludlow, 
 Roger French, 
 Bartholomew Ryan, 
 llendrick Van Geldei, 
 Samuel Hazard, jr, 
 Edward Wheeler, 
 Frederick Webber, 
 Abraliam Anderson, 
 Cornelius Dyckman, 
 Hendrick Van Vleckeren, 
 Nicholas Kortright, 
 Johannes Bass, 
 Tunis Somerdyke, 
 
 Jelles Mandeville, 
 Jacobus Van Orde, 
 Isaac Webber, 
 Arnout Webber, 
 Cornelius Webber, 
 Hugh Crawford, 
 John Atkinson, 
 Samuel Waldron, jr., 
 John Nagell. jr., 
 Benjamin Waldror; 
 -Jacob Dyckman, ji- , 
 .,\.braham,Meyer, jr., 
 Johannes Meyer, jr., 
 'I'homas Child, 
 John Williams, 
 Aaron Bussing, 
 John Sickles, 
 Arent Myer, 
 Adolph Meyer, 
 John Anderson, 
 Abraham Kerse, 
 John Kerse. 
 Daniel Horsmauden. 
 Richard Heather, 
 Peter Galatian, 
 Isaac Levy, 
 Michael Henderson, 
 William Chapell. 
 
 25 
 
.386 
 
 William Drew, 
 Thomas Beer, 
 Jolin Merritt, 
 Thrimas Allen, 
 Frauds Becket, 
 John Oovenlioven, 
 Joshua Amy, 
 Edward Townsend, 
 Duncan Reed, 
 Peter Knickabaker, 
 Jacobus Van Alst, 
 John Ryan, 
 John Willse, 
 Silvauus Simmons, 
 Gabriel Sprung, 
 William Whitfield, 
 Peter Van Brugh, 
 Thomas Alsop, 
 Matthew Houseman. 
 Thomas Alsop, jr. 
 Benjamin Blagge, 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 1741 
 
 John Lamb, 
 Moses Lopez, 
 John French, 
 Thomas Timpson, 
 Francis Roake, 
 Benjamin Kiersted, 
 James Manners, 
 Peter Lassier, 
 Aoraham Pit, 
 Jacob Bennet, 
 Lewis Nodine, 
 John Cocks, 
 
 Adam Mott, 
 
 Thomas Dods, 
 
 William Bowne, 
 
 Johannes Remseu, 
 
 John Waldron, 
 
 Barent Sebring. 
 
 Daniel Van Duerse, / 
 
 George Brewster, 
 
 Wendell Ham. 
 
 Benjamin Hedger, 
 Samuel Weaver, jr., 
 Thomas Grant, jr., 
 Benjamin Pedrick. 
 Vincent Montanie, 
 Benjamin Jackson, 
 Samuel Bowne, 
 Adolph De Grove, 
 Abraham Bokee. 
 Joseph Paulding, 
 Edward Marriner, 
 Robert McAlpin, 
 Richard Byficld, 
 Christopher Stymess, 
 
 7 42. 
 
 John Smith, 
 Francis Baldwin, 
 Alexander Forbes, 
 Adam Beckman, 
 James Eckland, 
 Peter Demarest, jr., 
 John Leake, 
 Paul Francis Cabe, 
 John Kinniston, 
 Peter Charlton, - 
 Richard Smith, 
 Cornelius Copper, jr., 
 Wood Furman, 
 Solomon Hayes, 
 
B8T 
 
 Maynard Burt. 
 Benjamin Stout, 
 John ytout. 
 Kdward (jrahani, 
 George Thorne, 
 Thomas tloUock, 
 Alexander Stewart, 
 
 James Romljart, 
 J ohn Brevoort, 
 Klias Brevoort, 
 William Baldwin, 
 .luhn Myor, 
 John Alwyiie, 
 Jolin Myer, 
 Thomas Dobsoii. 
 
 4 3 
 
 Simon J^anibcrti;, 
 Richard Outenbogert, 
 Abraham Forbes, 
 Isaac Bhmck, 
 Henry Whitfield, 
 Philip Smith, 
 Joho Yizien, 
 Francis Wessells, 
 Lawrence Myer, 
 Josejjh Simpson, 
 Dennis Hicks, 
 Abraham Outorkirk 
 Isaac Vangeldcr, 
 Francis Bishop, 
 John Rivers, 
 Joseph Montagnie. 
 Henry Angell, 
 (Tcorge Willis, 
 John Smith, 
 Ari King, jr., 
 Matthew Wool, 
 Daniel Raveau, 
 ('harles Frazer, 
 Thomas Lennington. 
 Isaac Morris, 
 r)illion Bogert. 
 •lame? Scott, 
 James Napier, 
 James Warner. 
 
 Samuel Pell, 
 William Beiinet, 
 John Dally, 
 Abraham Pells, 
 John Elsworth, 
 John Latham, 
 John Connelly. 
 Peter Bogert, 
 William Pearsee, 
 Alexander Campbell 
 Benjamin Payne, 
 John Christie, 
 Patrick Phagan. 
 John McUie, 
 Peter Clopper, 
 (ierardus Beekman. 
 Anthony Schuyler. 
 John Peek, 
 (Jerardus Phoenix, 
 'I'homas Moone, 
 Levy, Saraviel, 
 George Xicolls. 
 John Branigen, 
 Zacharias Sickles, 
 Isaac Tan Hook, 
 John (-oriielius, 
 Abraham Lott, 
 Hugh Wont worth. 
 John Delamontagnic. 
 
888 
 
 APPKNDIX. 
 
 Andrew Cannon, 
 Simon Van Sise, 
 Cornelius Van Sise, 
 Daniel Van Vleckeren, 
 Peter Colwell, 
 Abraham Pinto, 
 John Halden, 
 Enoch Hunt, 
 Peter Vandewater, 
 Jacobus Van Orden, 
 Samuel Brower, 
 Robert White, 
 Abr'aham Wheeler, 
 Asher Mott, 
 William Page, 
 Lambert Losie, 
 William Blake, 
 Governor George Clinton, 
 
 William Woynet, 
 Abraham Lave, 
 Coline Vangelder, 
 John Delanoy, 
 Henry Van Maple, 
 AVilliam Van Dalson, 
 Lancaster Graen, 
 John Beekman, 
 William Ellis, 
 Abraham Delaniontagnie, 
 Aaron Bussing, 
 James Delanoy, 
 John Defour, 
 Edward Laight, 
 Daniel Bennett, jr., 
 Cornelius Ewoutse, 
 Edward Willet, 
 Abraham Bargeau, 
 Tobias Ten Eyck. 
 
 1744. 
 
 Alexander Bates, 
 Daniel Bloom, 
 Philip Cockrem, 
 Daniel Hazard, 
 Andrew Carroll, 
 Cornelius De Groot, 
 Matthias Earnest, 
 Jonas Melick, 
 William Donaldson, 
 W^illiam Wood, 
 Uhomas Bond, 
 Abraham Darie, 
 Peter Fonk, 
 Regnier Hopper, 
 Anthony Glin, 
 Peter Trueman, 
 Jr.hn Dies, 
 John Mordinar 
 
 John Waghorne. 
 Harnianus Alstyne. 
 Jonathan Hazard, 
 Thomas Brookman, 
 John Campbell, 
 George Peterson, 
 Samuel Birdsall, 
 Marti nus Cregier, 
 George Dobbins, 
 Johannes De Graff, 
 Lauchlin McLean, 
 Gregory Crouch, 
 Cornelius Quackinbush, 
 Richard C. Cooke. 
 John Steel. 
 Abraham Abrahams, 
 Andrew Gibbs, 
 William Taylor, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 389 
 
 Isaac Abrahams, 
 John Van Varick, 
 John Benin, 
 Juhn Outeubogert, 
 Ca-sper Stymets, 
 James Jacksou, 
 
 John Hanion, 
 Abraham Dclauoy 
 James Man, 
 Peter Lossee, 
 Charles Allen, 
 Ebenezer Larasou. 
 
 17 4 5 
 
 Henry Bell, 
 John Murra, 
 Richard Bidder, 
 Henry Turck, 
 John Carpenter, 
 William Sells, 
 Thomas Wilson, 
 Daniel Agar, 
 Abraham Frere, 
 Lawrence Van Buskirk, 
 James Brown, jr„ 
 David Griffith, 
 Jasper Drake, 
 Peter Rerasen, 
 David Davies, 
 John Carman, 
 George Coesart, 
 John Smith, 
 Isaac Stagg, 
 Elijah Muller, 
 Bartram Burd, 
 Nathaniel Lawrence, 
 John HoUem, 
 James Cox, 
 Elliott Allchurch, 
 Stephen Crossfield, 
 Daniel Ruff, 
 Samuel Johnson, 
 Daniel Latham, 
 John Xicoll, 
 Thorajis Bowman, 
 
 Jacob Parcell, 
 John Aogevine, 
 John Beekman, 
 James Lowns, 
 Albertus Bush, 
 John Ackley, 
 Peter De Joncourt, 
 Matthew Areson, 
 Benjamin Van Buskirk, 
 Ricnard Sibley, 
 James Man, 
 Solomon Furman, 
 Drake Palmer, 
 John Cole, 
 Garret Davies, 
 Isaac Douw, 
 James Wheeler, 
 Daniel Schureman. 
 Peter De Witt, 
 Jacob Hallett, 
 William Creed, 
 Lawrence Van Wye, . 
 Benjamin Daly, 
 Alexander Munro, 
 Alexander Mowatt, 
 Charles Gardner, 
 William Weeks, 
 Joseph Latham, 
 Enoch Vrelandt, 
 Peter Bergeau, 
 James Tnlford, 
 
390 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Thomas Burnton, 
 'I'homas Cope, 
 Samuel i>rughman. 
 Joost Goderus, 
 (Jornelius Myer, 
 John Grant, 
 John Griffiths, 
 Abraham Remsen, 
 John Young, 
 William Cadogan, 
 John Lake, 
 Barnaby Savage, 
 Ilcndrick Powelse, 
 John Burnet, 
 i'eter Giraud, 
 John Carr, 
 
 Joseph Bowman, 
 Samuel Carter, 
 John Post, 
 Benjamin Watson, 
 John Downs, 
 Lawrence Yanderhoof. 
 Joris Remsen, 
 Andrew Yarick, 
 Andrew Ramsey, 
 Bryan Nevin, 
 Cornelius Tiebout, 
 Richard Trueman, 
 Elisha Parker, 
 John Exeen, 
 Charles Phillips, 
 John Marffesen. 
 
 1746 
 
 Donald McCoy, 
 Francis Child, jr., 
 Thomas Kendall, 
 William Cannon, 
 Caleb Lawrence, 
 Lawrence Burrus, 
 Abraham Delafoy, 
 Malcolm Campbell, 
 IT ugh Rogers, 
 Jacob Cole, 
 Gilbert King, 
 Andrew Gotier, 
 John Zenger, 
 John Roome, jr., 
 ( 'ornclius Yan Clyf^ 
 Ticitnis Jacobs, 
 .fohn Quackenbos, 
 George Johnson, 
 Samuel Demaree, 
 .Facobus Yan Wye. 
 
 Edward Earle. 
 John Lasher, jr., 
 George Ridout, 
 William Bonus, 
 Charles Nicoll, 
 Alexander Allaire, jr.. 
 John Ayscough, 
 Jonathan Hazard. 
 John Bullfinch, 
 Charles Berry. 
 Johannes Man, 
 Myer Myers, 
 George Walgrave. 
 Casparus Herts. 
 John Johnson, 
 William Wilson. 
 Charles Walpole, 
 William Webb, 
 Nicholson Anderson, 
 Abraham Brinckerhoof. 
 
391 
 
 John Davenport, 
 Thomas Ludlow, 
 Peter ]\£ontanie, 
 John Ellison, 
 Matthew Van Alstyne, 
 'I'honias Leppel, 
 llendrlck Wcssells, 
 Joseph Meeks, 
 Hamilton Huestou, 
 Albert Van Brunt, 
 John Brandt, 
 Samuel Tingley, 
 Samuel Babington. 
 Edward Nicoll, 
 
 Henry Ludlow, 
 William Searle, 
 John Lyons, 
 John Ewoutse, 
 Jacobus Buys, 
 Reginald 31achersti, 
 William Anderson, 
 John Van Gelder, 
 William Peters, 
 John Waddell, 
 Joseph Griswold, 
 John Cross, 
 Adrian ilan, 
 Johannes Hansen. 
 
 1 74 
 
 Jacob C. Foster, 
 Abraham Brower, 
 Richard Wool, 
 Nicholas Bogart, 
 J olm Estcnbrook, 
 James Clarke, 
 William Haysham, 
 Timothy Sloan, 
 John Doty, 
 Matthew Hopper, 
 Charles Johnson, 
 William Ross, 
 Daniel Dunbibbin. 
 John Ebbcts, 
 (lilbcrt Forbes, 
 tJeremiah Leuw, 
 Hans J. Huber, 
 Jsaac Verveelen, 
 Aaron Stockholm, 
 Jolm Jeffrey, 
 David Jones, 
 William White, 
 Henry Shaver, 
 
 Luke Mathewman, 
 Francis Davison, 
 James Sample, 
 Jonathan Wheeler. 
 Simon Roberts. 
 Jacob Smout, 
 William Kingsland, 
 Benjamin Luqueer, 
 Johanties Covenhoven, 
 Francis Manny, 
 Ari Brinckerhoof, 
 John McCIean, 
 Duncan Brow, 
 Volkert Vanhoore, 
 Joseph Forbes, 
 Thomas Emmans, 
 Ulrick Brouwer, 
 John Amerman, 
 Thomas Pearse, 
 Anthony Dobbins, 
 Johannes Douw, 
 James Nash, 
 Abraham Cuvler. 
 
392 
 
 Henry Shaddine, 
 James Welch, 
 Joseph Tompkins, 
 Thomas Ackerson, 
 Alexander Griggs, 
 Cardan Proctor, 
 Philip Philipse, 
 Abraham Eight, 
 Aftu Burtis, 
 John Price, 
 Peter Kcteltas, 
 Humphrey Davenport, 
 Abraham Emott, 
 John Lee, 
 Hugh Mulligan, 
 Francis Davis, 
 Robert Elliott, 
 Edward Annely, 
 
 Hugh Gill, 
 Moses Garrison, 
 Joseph Seaman, 
 John Dc Gray, 
 Daniel Dunscorab, jr., 
 Peter Ridout, 
 John McEvers, jr., 
 Archibald McEwen, 
 Christopher Myer, 
 John Van Cortlandt, 
 William Slow, ' 
 Jacob Beudt, 
 John McQuary, 
 Abraham De Foreest, 
 Alexander McCoy, 
 Abraham Brazier, 
 Elias De Grucher, 
 Thomas Fferdon, 
 
 John Tuder, 
 Elijah Hofferman, 
 Andries Tenbrook, 
 William Nicholson, 
 David Brower, 
 John McEven, 
 Richard Jeffery, 
 Thomas AVillis, 
 John Kindell, 
 James Carr, 
 Matthew Oakee, • 
 Isaac Hay, 
 Jacob Van Wormer, 
 Henry Suydam, 
 Joseph Veal, 
 Bartholomew Crannell, 
 Peter Teats, 
 Gulian Varck, 
 Ralph Thurraan, jr.. 
 
 17 4 8. 
 
 Anthony Rutgers, 
 Henry Bryant, 
 Joseph Williams, 
 John Milligan, 
 Malcolm McEwen. 
 Johan Jury, 
 Thomas Heysham, 
 Robert Carr, 
 X| Ralph Steel, 
 
 Martin us Weytman, 
 Jonathan Ogden, 
 Lawrence Van Boskirk, 
 Jacob Buys, 
 Hendrick Remsen, 
 John Waters, 
 Gideon Carstaing, 
 Hugh Williams, 
 Jacob Roome, 
 William Dobbs, 
 
393 
 
 Williiim Pentinimer, 
 Roger Magraw 
 John Burgiss, 
 Andrew Hoyer, 
 John Christce, 
 
 His P^x. Gov. Shirley, (Mass.) 
 Johannes Durie, 
 Gilbert Ask, 
 
 Robert James Livingston, 
 Jacobus Bleecker, 
 John Turck, 
 Teunis Ticbout, jr., 
 .Tames Tucker, 
 George Marschalck, 
 Jacobus Rosevelt, 
 Abraham Van Wyck, jr., 
 Henry Beckman, 
 Henry Cregier, 
 ^ Wiert Banta, 
 Isaac Bertrand, 
 Francis Hendricks, 
 James Stephens, 
 James Downs, 
 William Kippin, 
 John Lawson. 
 William Allison, 
 Philip Hogan, 
 Adam Phafer, 
 Simon Franks, 
 John Marshalk, jr., 
 John Williams, 
 Matthew Morris, 
 Robert Northhouse, 
 Abraham Bussing, 
 John Abrahams, 
 
 Joseph Smith, 
 John Parcell, jr., 
 Jacob Gardinier, 
 Christopher Godlieb, 
 James Gordon, 
 James Colwells, 
 Isaac Ryckman, 
 Samuel Ryckman, 
 Nicholas Stuyvesant, 
 John AVelsch, 
 Jacob Roosevelt, jr., 
 Garret De Graf, 
 Lawrence Lawrence, 
 Isaac Rosevelt, 
 Gerardus Duychink, 
 Edward Williams, 
 Jacob King, 
 William Vandewater, 
 Garret De Graius, 
 AVilliam Heyer, 
 James Johnson, 
 Peter Hyer, 
 John George, 
 William Savory, 
 Thouia.s Bevin, 
 William Kelley, 
 William Lee, 
 Thomas Si)aiham, 
 Baltus Hyer. 
 William Livingston, 
 John Forrest, 
 Jacobus Myer, 
 John Mayfield, 
 John Crum, 
 Joseph Hildreth. 
 
394 
 
 NAMES OF ATTORNEYS 
 
 FKACTICING IN THE OITV OF NKW YORK, BETWEEN THE YEAR ItiJ;), AND 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 1G97. David Jamison, Gent. 
 
 1G98. James Emott, Gent., Attorney at Law. 
 
 1701. Thomas Weaver, llsq. 
 
 1702. John Bridges, LL.I)., in suit of Governor Cornbury. 
 Robert Milwood, 
 
 1708. May Bicldey, 
 
 " Jacob Regnier, 
 
 " Roger Mompesson, Chief Justice. 
 
 1718. Tobias Boel. 
 
 1728. Joseph Murray, 
 
 •' John Chambers. 
 
 1730. Abraham Lodge, 
 
 " Richard Nicholls, 
 
 '• James Alexander, 
 
 " William Smith. 
 
 1740. Daniel Horsmanden, Recorder. 
 
 1743. Lancaster Graen, 
 
 1745. Elisha Parker, 
 John Burnet, 
 Samuel Clowes. 
 
 174G. William Searle. 
 
 1747. John McEvors, jr., 
 
 " John Van Cortlandt. 
 
 1748. Bartholomew Crannell, 
 " William Livingston. 
 
 1749. John Alsop. 
 
 1751. Augustus Van Cortlandt, 
 
 " Lambert Moore. 
 
 1763. Whitehead Hicks. 
 
 1768. Benjamin Kissam. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1768. Benjamin Helme, 
 '• liudolphus Kitzeraa, 
 " Johu McKessou. 
 17G9. Richard Harrisou, 
 '■ Philip liviogstou, jr., 
 Thomas Joues, 
 Philip J. Livingston, 
 John William Smitli, 
 John D. Crimshire, 
 David Matthews, 
 Samuel Jones. 
 
 395 
 
396 
 
 NAMES OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
 
 PKACTICING IN THE CITY, BETWEEN THE YEAR 1695 AND THE BEVOLU- 
 TIONARY W^B. 
 
 1695. 
 
 Joha Miller, Chirurgeon, 
 
 •' 
 
 Lewis Giton. " 
 
 1698. 
 
 Hugh Farquhar, " 
 
 a 
 
 Ooruelius Vide, " 
 
 a 
 
 Jacobus Kiersted, " 
 
 a 
 
 John Nerberry, " 
 
 ii 
 
 Jacob Provoost, " 
 
 ii 
 
 Hartman Wessells, " 
 
 '• 
 
 Haus Kierstede. " 
 
 1699, 
 
 Petei" Bassett, " 
 
 1702. 
 
 Philip Rokeby, Governor's Physician. 
 
 " 
 
 Thomas Flynu, Chirurgeon, 
 
 " 
 
 David Law, '• 
 
 » 
 
 Giles Gardineau. 
 
 1703. 
 
 James Targee, Apothecary. 
 
 1708. 
 
 Peter Buretel, Chirurgeon. 
 
 1714. 
 
 Robert Drake, Barber Surgeon. 
 
 1715. 
 
 John Dupny, Chirurgeon, 
 
 " 
 
 Gerardus Beekman, " 
 
 " 
 
 Richard Bishop, Barber Surgeon. 
 
 1723. 
 
 Jacob Moene, Chirurgeon. 
 
 1724. 
 
 William Beekman, " 
 
 1728. 
 
 Johanues Van Solingen, Chirurgeon. 
 
 1732. 
 
 Archibald Fisher, Chirurgeon. 
 
 1742. 
 
 William Blake, Surgeon. 
 
 1745. 
 
 William Bonus, " 
 
 1746. 
 
 John Ayscough, Physician. 
 
 1747. 
 
 John Milligan, Doctor of Physick. 
 
 1748. 
 
 William Allison, Surgeon. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1748 Thomas Sparham, Surgeou. 
 
 1749. Richard Stillwell, Physician. 
 " Alexander Connolly. '• 
 
 1750. Josiah Patterson, Surgeon, 
 
 " Joseph Hinchman, Physician. 
 
 1756. Thomas Parscll, Surgeon, 
 
 1757. Thomas Walter, 
 
 1761. Benjamin Lindner, Physician 
 
 1765. John Miller, Surgeon, 
 
 " Englebert Kemmera, Surgeon 
 
 17G9. ^Nfeladiy Treat, " 
 
 Donald McClcan, " 
 
 " Philip Kenning, " 
 
 " John Stiles, Physician. 
 
 1770. Isaac Guion, " 
 
 397 
 
398 
 
 NAMES OF SCHOOLMASTERS, 
 
 TKACHING IN THE CITY, BETWEEN THE YEAR 1659 AND THE REVOLU- 
 TIONARY WAR. 
 
 1G95. David Vilaut. 
 
 1G98. Alexander Faxton, 
 
 " Joliaunes Sclianck. 
 
 1701. Robert Parkinson. 
 
 1702. John Selwood, 
 
 '■ Peter Bontecon. 
 
 1703. Dan Twaites, 
 "' John Stevens. 
 
 1715. John Conrad Codwiso. 
 
 1721. George Browning, 
 
 " AVilliam Glover. 
 
 172.3. John Walton. ' 
 
 1724. Jonathan Shcrer. 
 
 1725. Peter Finch. 
 1728. Edward Gatehouse. 
 1735. Peter Stoutenburgh 
 
 " Daniel Shatford. 
 
 17.3G. 
 
 John Cavelicr. 
 
 17.37. 
 
 Charles Henley. 
 
 1740. 
 
 Thomas Allen. 
 
 1742. 
 
 Edward Marriner. 
 
 1744. 
 
 Abraham Delanoy. 
 
 1746. 
 
 Malcolm Campbell. 
 
 1747. 
 
 Charles Johnson, 
 
 " 
 
 Archibald McP]vven. 
 
 1748. 
 
 Joseph Hildreth. 
 
 1751. 
 
 Huybcrt Van "Wagoner, 
 
 " 
 
 John Nathan Hutchius. 
 
 1753. 
 
 Garret Noel. 
 
 1765. 
 
 Henry Peckwell. 
 
 1768, 
 
 John Young. 
 
 1770. 
 
 Stephen Van Voorhis. 
 
 1770. 
 
 Jacob Tyler. 
 
 1774. 
 
 James Gilleland. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 rAge 
 
 Arrival of Colonists ; 24 
 
 Attorneys practicing in the city, between the year 1695 and the Revolution . . 394 
 
 Bakery, Company's 34 
 
 Battery commenced 214 
 
 extended 285 
 
 298 
 
 Beekman's Swamp 284 
 
 Bowling Green 286 
 
 Bouwery, the Governor's Farm 69 
 
 Broad street, its origin, (see Streets.) 36 
 
 Broadway established as a road, {see Streets.) 30 
 
 " first grant of lots on, in 1643 32 
 
 " its condition prior to 1647 33 
 
 " extent of, in early part of last centiii"y 279 
 
 Buildings, public, erected in Governor Van Twiller's time 29 
 
 " great increase of, owing to the flour monopoly 181 
 
 " number of, in the city, in 1700 217 
 
 Burial-groiuid, first establishment of 29 
 
 " " its locality 29 
 
 " " description of 100 
 
 127 
 
 '• demolished in 1677 181 
 
 Canadian expedition of 1711 254 
 
 Cattle, herding of 67, 68 
 
 number killed in 1678 and 1694 180 
 
 Church, the first building in use for 25 
 
 " the " Old Kirke" 86 
 
 Church-yard, {see Burial-f^ound.) 
 
 " Trinity, erected in 1696 213 
 
 " Garden street church (Dutch,) erected 213 
 
 Churches in the city in 1736, with descriptive notices 299 
 
 Church members of Dutch congregation, in 1686 "..... 331 
 
 City gate, at Pearl and Wall streets , 75 
 
400 INDEX. 
 
 « Page ■ 
 
 City gate at Broadway • . 
 
 City Charter of 1686 184 
 
 City Hall, or Stadt buys, the first edifice so called 53 
 
 in 1664 81,83 
 
 erected in Wall street, (1700) 213 
 
 " old one, in Coentics slip, sold 213 
 
 City, first settlement of the island 20 
 
 " commencement of settlement vinder the West India Company 24 
 
 '• commencement of the fort 25 
 
 " its early progress 27 
 
 " the first grant of town lots 32 
 
 " organization of municipal institutions 52 
 
 " magistracy established 53 
 
 *' defences, erection of the first wall 57 
 
 " surveyed and streets named, in 1656 63 
 
 " condition of, in 1656 63 
 
 " general condition of, at the close of the Dutch rule, in 1664 71 
 
 " surrender of, to the English, in 1664 156 
 
 " government chacged from Dutch to English forms 163 
 
 " events in, from 1604 to 1673 163 to 167 
 
 " recapture of, by the Dutch, in 1673 168 
 
 " events in, dui-ing the last period of the Dutch authority 168 to 176 
 
 . " final delivery of, to the English 176 
 
 " wards iirst established 182 
 
 " monopoly of flour trade granted to the inhabitants, and great increase 
 
 of prosperity 180 
 
 " improvements in Governor Dongan's time 184 
 
 " improvements, 1690 to 1700 211 
 
 " appearance of houses 215 
 
 " progress of, in the early part of the last century 277 
 
 ' ' appearance of, in 1748 ... 28S 
 
 " description of, in 1766 296 
 
 Colonists, act of freedoms and exemptions in favor of 25 
 
 Commons, description of 281 
 
 Company— the United New Netherland Company organized 22 
 
 " the West India Company organized 23 
 
 Corlaer's Hook, slaughter of Indians at 44 
 
 Currency in 1756 .*^. 305 
 
 Dutch lose the city in 1664 ••• • 156 
 
 " recapture the city in 1673 168 
 
 Dock, pubUc, (1695).... 217 
 
 Election of 1701.... : 248 
 
 English claim the country, at its first settlement 21 
 
 " capture the city, in 1664 156 
 
INDEX. 401 
 
 Fair for cattle, established annually 66 
 
 farms belonging to West India Company tig 
 
 Karm of Damen, along "Wall street, sold in lots Igt 
 
 Farm map of the island, and key (De Witt's) 37!) 
 
 P'ashions of 1756 302 
 
 Ferry, the original ferry landing 31 
 
 Fort staked out by Kryn Frcderigeh . 25 
 
 " a new one commenced in 1633 27 
 
 Freemen of the city, admitted between 1683 and 1740 366 
 
 " '• " " 17-10 and 174S ,.... 385 
 
 Fresh Water Pond, (see Kalch-hook.) 283 
 
 Garden of the West India Company, location of 103 
 
 Governor Minuit 150 
 
 " Van Twiller 152 
 
 " Kieft 153 
 
 " Stuyvesant. 154 
 
 " Nichols 160 
 
 " Lovelace 167 
 
 " Andres 181 
 
 " Dongan 182 
 
 " Sloughter 201 
 
 " Fletcher 210 
 
 " Bellamont 253 
 
 " Cornbury 253 
 
 " Lovelace 253 
 
 " Hunter 253 
 
 " Burnet 256 
 
 " Montgomerie 261 
 
 " Cosby 263 
 
 Greenwich, Indian name of 69 
 
 Hamilton, Counsellor 267 
 
 Harlem 68 
 
 Houses, description of, in 1718 292 
 
 Improvements in time of Governor Andros 181 
 
 " " " Dongan 184 
 
 1690 to 1700 211 
 
 Indians, their habitations S 
 
 " dress of 9 
 
 " their physical condition 9 
 
 " their employments 10 
 
 " their food 10 
 
 " their customs of eating 12 
 
 " their customs of burial 13 
 
 " their customs of warfare 14 
 
 ' ' their language 17 
 
 " their recception of Hudson 19 
 
 26 
 
402 INDES. 
 
 Page 
 
 ludians, different tribes residing near this island 22 
 
 war with the Dutch, in 1642 39 
 
 " slaughter of, at Corlear's Hook and Pavonia 45 
 
 •' truce concluded with, in 1643 46 
 
 " continue the war 47 
 
 " defeated, and end of the war 50, 51 
 
 " assault the city, in 1655 60 
 
 Inhabitants, names of principal, (1635.) ^ 313 
 
 tax list of, 1635 315 
 
 of the city, 1703 344 
 
 " 1674, and estimates of their property 319 
 
 Kalch-hook, its origin 11 
 
 " further account of 283 
 
 Kidd's Piracies 221 
 
 Lamps first put out in the streets, 1697 214 
 
 Lands, riso in value of 181 
 
 Leisler's government, 1689 J 88 
 
 Lots, the first grants of, to settlers 32 
 
 « price of, 1720 2^8 
 
 Manhattan Island, its discovery and settlement IS 
 
 Market, first establishment of 66 
 
 Markets, 1695 216 
 
 " at a subsequent period 288 
 
 ' ' abundant supply of 298 
 
 J^ames of ancient localities 307 
 
 xMegro plot, in 1741 268 
 
 New Nelherland named 22 
 
 New York, name of, given, in 1664 163 
 
 Newspapers in 1748 295 
 
 Oysters, abundance of 289 
 
 Park, account of 281 
 
 Pavement first laid in the streets, 1658 W 
 
 Piiysicians and Surgeons practicing in the city, between the year 1695 and 
 
 the Revolution 396 
 
 Pirates 222 
 
 Political excitement of 1701 248 
 
 Political events arising out of dispute between Van Dam and Cosby 253 
 
 Privateering 220 
 
 Roads, earliest established 80 
 
 Revolution of 1689 188 
 
INDEX. 
 
 403 
 
 Schoolmasters teaching in the city, between the year 1695 and the Revolution 39S 
 
 Sexton of the city iu times of the Dutch 127 
 
 Settlement first made on Manhattan Island 20 
 
 " condition of the early colony 22 
 
 Ship New Netherland, and other vessels, arrive i 24 
 
 Shipping in 1678 and 1694 : ISO 
 
 " list of vessels, 1684 187 
 
 1701 217 
 
 Shoemakers' Pasture 278 
 
 Slave Trade 221 
 
 Social customs of New York 303 
 
 Streets established, by survey, in 1656 63 
 
 " names of those first established 6-1 
 
 " first paved in 1658. . . 64 
 
 " name of, in 1674 ; 177 
 
 " laid out as far as Maiden lane 212 
 
 " first lighted in 1697 214 
 
 " nature of pavements 216 
 
 " laid out above Maiden lane 278 
 
 •' appearance of, in 1748 291 
 
 " Beurs straat 332 
 
 Beaver " 37,124,126,327,335 
 
 " Beaver graft 124, 179 
 
 " Borger Joris' Path 36, 77 
 
 Bridge 35, 64, 121, 180, 330, 336 
 
 " Brugh straat 121, ISO 
 
 " Broad " 3(), 113, 181, 327, 328, 337 
 
 Broadway 32, 33, 103, 104, 198, 322, 323, 3:il 
 
 " Brouwer straut 115 
 
 " Chambers 281 
 
 Cortland '. . . 280 
 
 Dey 280 
 
 " Greenwich 287 
 
 " Hanover square 77. 221 
 
 Heere Graft 108, 179,327 
 
 " Heere straat 100 
 
 High street , 179. 325 
 
 " Hoogh straat 75. 77 
 
 " Maiden's Path, or Lane 212, 278 
 
 Markctfield 37, 96, 126, 168, 179, 327, 233 
 
 Marckvelt Steegie.. 126 
 
 Mill street lane 179, 326 
 
 " Murray 281 
 
 " New a35 
 
 Pearl 34, 37, 65, 85, 89, 178, 179, 322, 336 
 
 " Prince Graft 118,113, 169, 327 
 
 " Prince straat 126 
 
404 APPENDIX. 
 
 Page 
 Street — Robinson 281 
 
 ■' Sheep Pasture 328 
 
 Smith 128, 179, 32fi 
 
 " Smith street l;ivie 179 
 
 Smith's Valley 31, 71, 177, 319 
 
 « South William 326 
 
 Stone 35, G4, 77, 115, 179, 325, 329, 336 
 
 Vesey 280 
 
 Wall 105,179,184,324,334 
 
 Warren 281 
 
 " Washington 2S7 
 
 Water side a5, 177, 320, 333 
 
 Water street 186, 211 
 
 " Whitehall 34^ 93, 285, 321, 322 
 
 William 128, 326 
 
 Winekel 120. 180 
 
 Surrender of the city to the English in 1664 156 
 
 Swamp, Beekman's 284 
 
 Tax laid to defray cost of city defences, 1655 59 
 
 Tavern erected in 1642 30 
 
 Traders, their early visits to Hudson's river 20 
 
 Trade, Indian, manner of conducting 257 
 
 Trade of city, 1748 294 
 
 Trees in streets 292 
 
 Ury, John, execution of 274 
 
 Vandam, Rip, Lieutenant-Governor ^ . 263 
 
 Vandereliff' s Farm 279 
 
 Wall of .palisades and earth, erected on line of Wall street 56, 64 
 
 " condition of, in 1688 185 
 
 War, between the Indians and Dutch in 1642 39 
 
 ' ' between England and Holland 57 
 
 " with Swedes on Delaware river 60 
 
 Wards, first established in the city 182 
 
 Watch 215 
 
 Water Gate on Pearl street 75 
 
 Wells, public, first established in 1677 181 
 
 " description of 216 
 
 West India Company, organized 23 
 
 " " " act of freedoms and exemptions 25 
 
 Wharf, location of the first 37 
 
 " extended 65 
 
 " or siding of boards along Pearl street 65, 82 
 
 Zenger, trial of 265 
 
 " his New York Weekly Journal 265 
 
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