The millionth Hohlein-Friesian 
 registered m the United States 
 
 u>d5 a calf-club heifer^ ' 
 
 Hilda OrmsbyLady.oidnedby 
 Hilda Techlin.Appleton. iDis. 
 ClabiPork placed the first^ 
 purebred in the Techlm herd 
 
 I fublished iu 
 
 ihe poIstein-Triesian 
 Association of/fmerica 
 
 Brattleboro - X^ermont 
 
©CU(>S.U4 5 
 
 JUL 2^ 1922 
 
 'v. (? 
 
 t 
 
C 
 
 e foster Mother of the World 
 
 The cow is a most won- 
 derful laboratory. She 
 takes the grasses of the 
 pasture and roughage of 
 the field and converts them 
 into the most perfect food 
 for man. In that food there 
 is a mysterious something 
 which scientists have found 
 essential to the highest 
 health of the human race, 
 and which can be found no- 
 where else. Men have 
 sought for centuries the 
 fabled Fountain of Youth. 
 The nearest approach to 
 that fountain which has 
 yet been discovered is the 
 udder of the cow. Without 
 her milk, children lan- 
 guish, the vigor of the 
 adult declines, and the vi- 
 tality of the human race 
 runs low. 
 
 Frank O. Loioden, 
 
 Sinnissippi Farm, 
 
 Oregon, IHtnois 
 
The Holstein-Friesian Association of America wishes to 
 acknowledge the assistance rendered by the State Club Lead- 
 ers of the varipus states, the County Agents who so willingly 
 answered our questions, and the men of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, who are devoting their time and 
 energy to the development of Boys' and Girls' Club Work. 
 
 Special credit belongs to the State Club Leaders of Wis- 
 consin, Minnesota and Ohio — T. L. Bewick, T. A. Erickson and 
 W. H. Palmer — and Ivan L. Hobson of the United States De- 
 partment of Agriculture, for material assistance in working 
 over the details and supplying illustrations for the Calf Club 
 Manual. 
 
 The association is particularly grateful to the Calf Club 
 Committee, consisting of Howard Barker, L. L. Oldham and 
 H. W. Norton, Jr., who gave freely of their time and thought, 
 and to the other State Secretaries who so kindly answered 
 questions and made suggestions from time to time. 
 
Introduction 
 
 OR many years agricultural work with boys and 
 girls has been recognized in America as a great 
 factor in the future development of the agricul- 
 tural possibilities of the nation. As has been 
 said : "Our hope of the future as a food-produc- 
 ing country lies in our attitude toward the young 
 rather than in the transformation of the old." 
 The movement known as Boys' and Girls' 
 Cluli Work, which has now spread to every state in 
 the Union, is of comparatively recent origin. Starting 
 as it did with simple grain-growing and stock-judging contests, 
 it has developed into definite organization of our young peo- 
 ple largely from the rural sections with three distinct features 
 or purposes in mind, namely, an educational opportunity, 
 social development, and business training. Club w^ork that 
 has as its aim merely the winning of a prize has proven of little 
 value and of short life. 
 
 Well Directed Club Work 
 
 Well-directed club work creates a spirit of co-operation — 
 develops team work ; inspires confidence and initiative — pro- 
 motes leadership ; increases knowledge through practical 
 teaching and unites home and community — builds citizenship ; 
 and develops the business grasp and the "cattle sense" of the 
 next generation — upholds our agricultural traditions. 
 
 To be sure, there are many secondary ends accomplished by 
 Boys' and Girls' Club Work such as : Keeping the young 
 folks on the farm ; producing and conserving food ; distributing 
 purebred seed grains and helping rid the land of scrub bulls ; 
 however, the fundamental point to keep in mind is that we 
 are training bo s and girls in their life work by directing their 
 activities and their play into fair play. To do this properly we 
 must never lose sight of the boys' and girls' point of view. 
 
 It is not the purpose of the following pages to dictate any 
 hard and fast rules or plans. Local conditions will, of 
 course, govern to some extent the kind and amount of work 
 possible. Neither is it desired to lay down any set policy, but 
 it is hoped that the examples and suggestions given from the 
 practical experiences of others will be of assistance to those 
 desiring, to start calf club work. 
 
I 
 
 Grand champion female, Holstein-Friesian heifer, Ohio 
 
 State Fair, iQ2o, o^vned by Edivard Bell, a calf club hoy 
 
me Calf Club Manual 
 
 iT THE outset it is well to say that boys' and 
 girls' club work is a part of the extension pro- 
 ' gram carried on by the County Agents, County 
 Club Agents, and Home Demonstration Agents, 
 with the help of the community at large. Most 
 counties have one or more of the above men- 
 tioned agents. Therefore, it is of great impor- 
 tance that such agents should be consulted be- 
 fore a definite form of organization is under way. The extension 
 agents usually have a county program of work, and the Hol- 
 stein Calf Club should be made to fit in with their plans to the 
 mutual advantage of all concerned. Where no such county 
 helpers exist the state extension service of your College of 
 Agriculture should be written to for help and advice. 
 
 Leadership 
 Nothing starts of its own accord. There must 1)e a pro- 
 moter or moving spirit. This spirit in person may be the Coun- 
 ty x'\gricultural Agent, County Club Agent, Farm Bureau 
 Secretary, County Superintendent of Schools, a breeder, a 
 teacher, a banker or other business man, or we have known 
 even a boy or girl to be the motive power that brought about 
 a very successful organization. 
 
 Experience has shown that there are many men and women 
 of importance interested in calf club work. In one county, for 
 example, the following people met to discuss the plans for a 
 calf club : The County Agent, the County Superintendent of 
 Schools, the State Club Leader, a leading banker representing 
 the banks of the county, two newspaper men. the county fair 
 secretary, and four leading Holstein breeders. It is easy to 
 see how each unit played a part of the whole plan. The Coun- 
 ty Agent was elected as chairman and very definite plans 
 made and support pledged. Thus, before the campaign for 
 members was launched, a real program had been outlined which 
 brought everyone into action. The County Agent and breed- 
 ers were greatly strengthened by this splendid backing. 
 
In another county there was no extension agent of any sort. 
 Some public spirited Holstein breeders met with the County 
 Superintendent of Schools and formulated a plan. The business 
 men fell in with the idea and the club was a real success. 
 
 Your county may require another program, but, in all 
 events, you will find that the more parties interested the better. 
 "No matter wdiat plan is followed there should be a real com- 
 munity need for the work and men who are willing to carry out 
 the program." If you have a county boys' and girls' club 
 agent you are very fortunate, indeed. In some counties per- 
 haps a club agent may be secured. In any case, some one 
 person should be designated wdio will head up the work and as 
 many local leaders as possible secured. Examples of good 
 local leaders are : Agricultural and rural school teachers, Hol- 
 stein breeders, older young people in the community. 
 
 Organization of Local Clubs 
 
 It will be found of great value to organize the young people 
 of the various neighborhoods into local clubs and the locals 
 into a county club. Where it is possible, hold regular club 
 meetings at least once a month. A friendly rivalry is aroused 
 in this way from the beginning, which is invaluable to the suc- 
 cess of the work. The local clubs and county clubs should 
 have their own officers and should adopt by-laws and a reg- 
 ular order of business to govern their meetings. Thus the 
 young people are given an opportunity to run their own af- 
 fairs. The practice in parliamentary proceedings and the ex- 
 perience gained at such public meetings are in\'aluable in later 
 years and train them to become leaders in their communities. 
 
 Records and Reports 
 
 Each boy or girl should be required to keep accurate and 
 systematic records. State extension departments co-operat- 
 ing with the extension office of the United States Department 
 of Agriculture have a carefully prejiared record liook which is 
 furnished to every one enrolling in club work. The books can 
 be secured from the State Club Leader' in the extension de- 
 partment of your Agricultural College. Young people enjoy 
 keeping these records. It teaches them business principles and 
 should be one of the chief means of judging results. We have 
 never found the slightest objection to keeping records except 
 from those who are opposed to a too careful method of check- 
 
Some 
 Hnlstein 
 ivinners at 
 a State Fair 
 
 Emil B attach 
 
 ivill not 
 
 ivant to 
 
 leave the 
 
 farttt 
 
 ing up on results obtained. At each club meeting every mem- 
 ber should give a report of the progress being made with his 
 calf. Troubles or misfortunes should also be reported and the 
 club secretary should pass them on to the county agricultural 
 agent or the county committee. It is very important to have 
 a committee of competent and interested breeders make the 
 rounds of the county and visit and advise with the members of 
 the chilis once a month. A final report of the local clubs should 
 be made to the chairman of the county committee at the close 
 of the project to be forwarded to the State Club Leader. 
 General Regulations 
 
 The county should he. the unit of organization. Local clubs 
 should be formed around the community centers. Banded to- 
 gether, these local clubs should form the unit known as the 
 county calf club. 
 
 A county calf club to be officially recognized l)y the IIol- 
 stein-Friesian Association of America must have at least ten 
 members, and a local club should not be organized with less 
 than five. 
 
 In general only purebreds are considered in u]vto-date calf 
 club projects. Experience has proved the soimdness of this 
 
decision. However, high-grade heifers might be used the first 
 year so as to get a club under way — but grades should never 
 be allowed to compete with purebreds in the show ring. Work 
 toward purebreds exclusively after the first year. 
 
 Only boys or girls residing in a given county and of club 
 age are eligible for membership. The usual club age is from 
 10 to 18 years, inclusive. 
 
 Each club member should be the owner of a calf, and own- 
 ership in case of purebreds must be recorded on the records of 
 the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. 
 
 Members are asked to keep such records of cost, gain, etc.. 
 as are required for general club work by the State Club Leadei 
 of the state wherein they reside. The age requirements of the 
 calves are also governed by the rules of the state department ; 
 some clubs will favor calves, while others may want yearlings 
 or bred heifers. Still others may want members to carry the 
 project over a number of years — starting with calves and wind- 
 ing up the work when animals have passed the two-year mark. 
 This is immaterial as long as the practice in any one club is 
 
 I 
 
 A splendid slioiving of 
 
 Holstein-Friesian Club 
 calves at a County fair 
 
 The fourteen best 
 from one county 
 at a State Fair 
 

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 I 
 
 Minnesota Holstein-Fries'ian calf club entries at the National Dairy S/ioiv '921 
 
 uniform. A club whose members start off with animals of a 
 uniform age, no matter what that age may be, is. generally 
 speaking, most successful. It is recommended that members 
 do not purchase calves from parents. 
 
 Members should make at least one public exhibit in their 
 county each year and should not be eligible to compete in 
 State Fair classifications unless they have done so. 
 
 No member is allowed to exhibit more than two calves in 
 any one class. 
 
 Don't make a large number of members the prime object. 
 Get quality first. Open the project to everyone, but select, if 
 possible, only those w^ho can and will complete the year's work. 
 Better have ten sign up who will finish than to have fifty 
 start with only twenty-five coming through. 
 
 Application Blanks 
 
 An application blank requiring the signature of a definite 
 agreement is advisable. One state plan provides a place on 
 this agreement for the signature of one or both of the parents 
 showing their consent and backing in the project. If there is 
 no parent, someone interested in the future of the boy or girl 
 is asked to sign. This signed agreement is then sent to the 
 committee in charge and the advisability of accepting the 
 applicant as a club member passed upon. If accepted, a note 
 is made out for the value of the calf and signed by both appli- 
 
cant and parent, or surety required by the bank or other party 
 furnishing the money. A most convenient plan is to have ap- 
 plication agreement and note opposite on the same card. 
 
 No application is accepted until investigation of tht- home 
 conditions and opportunities for success have been made, and 
 all applications are refused where conditions are such as to 
 indicate failure. This is left to the discretion of the committee. 
 The applications when accepted are sent on to the banks or 
 other parties who are backing the movement for assurance that 
 the funds will be subscribed. It is advisable that banks accept 
 applicants from their business area only. 
 
 Financing of Plan 
 
 Boys' and Girls' club leaders tell us that young people of to- 
 day don't want something for nothing. They desire to be 
 treated like men and women and want to have a full amount of 
 responsibility. They especially covet confidence in their hon- 
 esty and ability. They love exacting detail if put to them 
 properly. Always present a fair, square business proposition. 
 Ownership is the keynote of success with boys or girls, "my 
 calf, not father's, mine at all times." 
 
 Young folks like to be considered very businesslike. They 
 like to do business directly with banks or individuals, and this 
 Is one of the best forms of business training we can give them. 
 Therefore, every boy or girl should own his or her calf, and 
 every boy or girl should be required to deal in person with 
 the banks or individuals loaning the money. Allow them to 
 borrow from neighbors or relatives, but provide a way of 
 borrowing which compels the giving of such security as is re- 
 quired by law of total strangers. 
 
 Most banks do not charge more than 6 per cent interest, and 
 a 5 per cent rate is frequently made on calf club operations. 
 Notes should be met promptly on date of maturity, but bank- 
 ers should show leniency in cases of accident or if misfortune 
 has interfered. 
 
 Supplying Calves 
 
 Purebred bulls and purebred or high grade heifers only 
 should be handled. Don't offer club members inferior ani- 
 mals. Secure for them a number of high-quality calves and 
 charge them reasonably good prices. Attention should be 
 paid to ages of calves in making the selection so that they 
 
will be as nearly the same age as possible so that none will be 
 at a disadvantage in the show ring. The date which differenti- 
 ates junior and senior calves should be borne in mind in this 
 connection. Be sure that no one is overcharged, as the finan- 
 cial success depends upon each youngster making a good pur- 
 chase as well as a good sale. Calves should be selected and 
 values adjusted by a committee of reliable Holstein-Friesian 
 breeders. Animals may be collected at convenient centers, 
 tagged with price and pedigree exposed, and choices drawn by 
 lottery by club members. It is advisable to have those to be 
 distributed at one time nearly equal in age, size, and value. 
 
 Insurance 
 
 It has been the experience of many clubs that a form of in- 
 surance is very desirable where young people invest a consid- 
 erable sum in one or more animals. Two methods of insuring 
 have been tried out with gratifying results. One is that of 
 regular livestock insurance offered by any of the several estab- 
 lished livestock insurance companies. The other plan, which 
 has proven very satisfactory, is a sort of mutual insurance. An 
 additional amount, say one-tenth of the original purchase 
 price of the calf, is added to the note and retained until the 
 close of the project, when all losses are adjusted. Losses up 
 to two-thirds of the original value are allowed to such as the 
 committee may decide are entitled to the same, it being agreed 
 that the committee. County Agent, or Club Agent will be 
 notified at the time of accident or the death of the calf. It is 
 further understood that the balance of this fund, after all claims 
 have been settled, shall be refunded pro rata to the club mem- 
 bers. Do not use this fund for anything else. 
 
 Calf Club Sales 
 
 The holding of strictly Calf Club sales should be absolutely 
 discouraged, and particularly those wherein the consignors are 
 allowed to by-bid, as has sometimes been the practice. 
 
 Exhibits 
 
 Each calf club member should be required to make a public 
 exhibit of the calf at a picnic or other summer meeting of the 
 County Holstein Association or Farm Bureau or at the County 
 Fair. County winners should go to the State Fairs, and win- 
 ners at the State Fairs to the National Dairy Show and large 
 
sectional shows, such as the Eastern States Exposition, Spring- 
 field, Mass., Pacific International Livestock Exposition, Port- 
 land, Oregon, and the Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo, Iowa. 
 
 A Real Calf Club Boy and Calf 
 
 We would recommend in this connection that the seven 
 best heifer calves at the State Fair constitute the State Boys' 
 and Girls' Calf Club show herd to compete against similar Hol- 
 stein Club herds at the National Dairy Show. 
 
 Competent judges ol the breed should make awards wher- 
 ever the young people compete, and their decisions should be 
 supplemented with reasons of greatest educational value to all. 
 
 Age Classifications 
 
 There are four classifications used at the larger shows 
 which will be of interest to boys and girls. 
 
 1. Junior Calf. A. calf to be shown as a junior calf must 
 have been dropped on or after February 1st of the current year. 
 To illustrate, if you are showing a calf during the fall and 
 winter of 1922 it must have been dropped on or after Feljruary 
 1, 1922, in order to show as a junior calf. 
 
 2. Senior Calf. A calf to show as a senior calf must have 
 been dropped on or after August 1st of the previous year but 
 not later than January 31st of the current year. For example, if 
 you are showing a calf during the fall and winter shows of 1922. 
 
it must have been dropped not earlier than August 1, 1921, and 
 not later than January 31, 1922, to show as a senior calf. 
 
 3. Junior Yearling. A junior yearling is classed accord- 
 ing to the same base dates as a junior calf but is one year 
 older. To state it more clearly, the calf which you are showing 
 this year as a junior calf will be classed next year as a junior 
 yearling. 
 
 4. Senior Yearling. A senior yearling is classed accord- 
 ing to the same base dates as a senior calf, but is one year 
 older. To state it more plainly, a senior calf of this year is 
 classed as a senior yearling next year. 
 
 The State Club Leader, County Agricultural Agent, Coun- 
 ty Club Agent, or fair officials in general are best able to de- 
 cide upon the premiums and their distribution. However, 
 where such experience is not available, we recommend that six 
 to ten premiums be offered for calves, yearlings, and two-year- 
 olds. These classifications should be divided into junior and 
 senior and male and female classes. 
 
 Sample Premium List 
 
 Junior heifer calves (dropped since 
 present year). 
 
 1st ' 2nd 3rd . 4th 
 
 $6 $5 $4 $3 
 
 Senior heifer calves (dropped between August 1st of last 
 year and February 1st of this year). 
 
 Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 
 
 $6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1 
 
 We would recommend that the boys and girls make their 
 entries and compete wMth the breeders in the open classes at 
 all fairs, in addition to competing in the calf club classes. 
 
 Help Given at Fairs 
 
 The Holstein-Friesian Association of America wishes to 
 be of assistance at local and county shows in the matter of 
 recognition and by offering prizes and awards at State and 
 National Shows. Breeders are glad to welcome the Holstein- 
 Friesian Calf Club calves in the open classes. Special Hol- 
 stein prizes for calf club classes should be arranged for by the 
 authorities of the show. The recognition which will be given 
 at the local and county shows where Holstein-Friesian calves 
 are exhibited will probably be in the form of badges or rib- 
 
 ^^1 
 
 February 
 
 1st of 
 
 5th 
 
 6th 
 
 $2 
 
 $1 
 
bons. Application for these should be made to the Secretary, 
 Holstein-Friesian Association of America, Brattleboro, Vt. 
 
 11^, IP. ii A 
 
 lit 1/ ■' ,1. 
 II III 1^ ^ 
 
 Mabel and Francis Hoddinott, proud oiuners at the end of the calf club season 
 
 National Organization 
 
 The Holstein-Friesian Association of America wants every 
 Club member owning a Holstein calf to enroll at the beginning 
 of the club project as a candidate for membership in the Hol- 
 stein Friesian Calf Club Association of America, now organ- 
 ized under the by-laws and supervision of this association. 
 
 Only candidates of County Holstein-Friesian Calf Clubs 
 who have satisfactorily completed a year's effort in club work 
 are eligible to membership in the Holstein-Friesian Calf Club 
 Association. 
 
 A neatly engraved certificate of membership in this organi- 
 zation, suitable for preservation, will be issued to each boy or 
 girl accepted to membership. 
 
 Any boy or girl is eligible for enrollment as a candidate 
 for membership in the Holstein-Friesian Calf Club Association. 
 Enrollment Buttons 
 
 The Club Leader should furnish a list of names and ad- 
 dresses of those owning Holstein calves to the National As- 
 sociation. "Candidate" enrollment buttons will be furnished 
 to each leader for distribution upon receipt of such list. 
 
"Ho^v to fit a calf for the s/iow." 
 The first calf club demon- 
 stration team. fVinne- 
 bago County, IVis. 
 
 This team appeared 
 at the National 
 Dairy Shoii in IQ20 
 
 At the end of the year the local leader will present the 
 names of those who have successfully finished the work for the 
 year to the State Club Leader, and to the Secretary of the State 
 Holstein-Friesian Breeders Association. 
 
 Holstein-Friesian Calf Club Association of America 
 
 When passed on to the National Association the appli- 
 cation should bear the State Club Leader's signature and the 
 signature of the Secretary or principal ofiicer of the Slate 
 Holstein-Friesian Breeders Association. 
 
 L an accredited 
 
 member of the County Calf Club, hav- 
 ing creditably completed my year's work according to the 
 rules and regulations of the Calf Club Department of 
 
 hereby make application 
 
 for membership in the HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CALF 
 CLUB ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. 
 
 In testimony thereof, please find affixed the signature of 
 
 (State Club Leader) 
 
 (State Holstein Breeders Ass'n Official) 
 
Here are the boys 
 <ic7;o ic'o« the ivatchcs 
 
 State Holstein-Fnestan 
 
 organizations support 
 
 calf club ivork 
 
 The success of the Holstein Calf Ckib depends upon the 
 help given between the period of distribution day and tlie 
 final round-up. In some states the State Club Leader supplies 
 lessons and bulletins for distribution. These will be of great 
 help to the members. If there is a County Club Agent, he will 
 no doubt visit the young people as often as possible. But his 
 duties are many and he needs the assistance of the Holstein 
 breeders. A visit means something to the boy or girl. 
 Help by Breeders and Achievement Day 
 
 They will work to keep up their calf if they expect a vis- 
 itor. As a Holstein breeder it would be well to find out what 
 young people have Holstein calves in your community. Then 
 make it a point to visit these boys and girls as often as possible. 
 Give them the benefit o^ your experience. It will help to 
 bring the members through in good shape. When the busy 
 season comes drop your young friends a note or call them up 
 on the phone. It will pay. 
 
 To conclude the work of the year a public achievement 
 day should be arranged for all who have completed the work. 
 This day should be a coimty-wide affair and a good speaker, 
 accustomed to addressing young folks' gatherings, secured. 
 
The certificates of membership in the National Calf Club organ- 
 ization should here be given. Make it a gala day. Call upon 
 leading club members for a few remarks. Special prize win- 
 ners might tell "how." Invite prominent men who have helped 
 to make it a success, and place a few of them on the program 
 for five-minute talks. Arrange for songs,. games, and a good 
 time in general. Make the day a real demonstration to the 
 public of the value of calf club work. If there is a Holstein 
 Calf Club Demonstration team in the county, place it on the 
 program in a prominent position. The Y. M. C. A. Secretary 
 or other community leader should be invited and asked to have 
 a part in the whole afi^air. Before the evening closes arrange 
 for a special meeting in the near future to make plans for the 
 coming year. A banquet given by the business men of the 
 county to the boys and girls continuing for another year with 
 their project would add greatly to the success of the day. It 
 would serve also as a stimulus throughout the year. 
 
 Model Constitution and By-Laws 
 
 Be it known that we, the undersigned, desiring to form . 
 and organize a Holstein-Friesian Calf Club, do hereby asso- 
 ciate ourselves together and adopt and subscribe to the follow- 
 ing constitution and by-laws : 
 
 ARTICLE 1 : The name of this club is 
 
 Holstein-Friesian Calf Club. 
 
 ARTICLE 2: The purpose of our organization is to af- 
 ford greater educational opportunities, social development 
 
 Every one a Holstein and every one a ivinner. The tails say it's fly time 
 
and business training; to stimulate interest in the dairy busi- 
 ness, especially in the production of better and more profitable 
 animals, and to become more intelligent judges of Holsteins 
 and understand particularly their breeding and feeding. These 
 achievements we expect to bring about through the selection, 
 feeding, training, fitting, and showing of one or more calves of 
 the Holstein-Friesian Breed by each member of the club. 
 
 ARTICLE 3 : All boys and girls living in 
 
 County, between the ages of years, inclusive, 
 
 are eligible to membership. 
 
 ARTICLE 4 : The officers of this club shall be a president, 
 vice-president, and secretary-treasurer. They shall be elected 
 by ballot at the annual meeting and shall hold office for one 
 year. Their duties are such as are generally held by such offi- 
 cers in CO operative associations. A majority vote shall con- 
 stitute an election. 
 
 ARTICLE 5 : There shall be a board of directors con- 
 sisting of five. The same shall be composed of the president 
 of the club, two members of the club elected at large, and two 
 adults (men or women of the community). The directors shall 
 act as an advisory board and shall be elected at the annual 
 meeting to hold office for one year. 
 
 ARTICLE 6 : The annual meeting of this club shall be 
 
 held on the day of each 
 
 }ear. Monthly meetings will be held on a given day and at a 
 place designated each month. 
 
 The Junior Holstein-Friesian heifer calf class at the IVisconsin State Fair 
 
ARTICLE 7: Committees for special purposes may be 
 appointed by the president at any regular meeting. 
 
 ARTICLE 8: This constitution and these by-laws may 
 be amended at any regular annual meeting by a two-thirds vote 
 of the members present. 
 
 Order of Business 
 
 Call to order. 
 
 Reading of minutes of last meeting and special meetings. 
 
 Discussion of old business. 
 
 Discussion of new business. 
 
 Voting of new memberships. 
 
 Regular program. 
 
 Recreation. 
 
 Refreshments. 
 
 Adjournment. 
 
 Information 
 
 The Extension Service of the Holstein-Frissian Associa- 
 tion of America, located at 910 South Michigan x^venue, Chi- 
 cago, will gladly furnish aid and further information to all 
 interested in Holstein-Friesian Calf Club work. 
 
 1 
 
 A local Calf Club meeting under the direction of the County Agent 
 
t Select ItjA Cdli>es 
 
 by C.M.Lon^ 
 
 C. M, Long- was born and reared 
 on a Missouri farm. He took the ag- 
 ricultural course at the University of 
 Missouri, was married at the end of 
 his junior year but finished his 
 course and came back for his Master 
 degree, after which he taught agri- 
 culture for several years in the Ok- 
 lahoma A. & M. College. For the 
 next five years he was a dairy farmer 
 and lectured for the Missouri State 
 Board of Agriculture, and for seven 
 years following that was farm ad- 
 visor and county agent in Missouri. 
 His influence in developing agricul- 
 ture was by no means confined to his own county. The co- 
 operative plan of development which he worked out in Pettis 
 County, Mo., where he was for five years county agent, not 
 only succeeded in putting that county securely on the Hol- 
 stein map but has given to the public an idea which many 
 other counties have successfully copied. He was also presi- 
 dent of the Missouri Holstein-Friesian Association. In the 
 summer of 1921 he was called to take the job as field secretary 
 for the Illinois Holstein-Friesian Association. He does not 
 lack for ideas and he has the ability to carry them through 
 successfully. — Maurice S. Prescott. 
 
 WM THINK the best place to select club calves is 
 from tlie breeders in the home county. Getting 
 the calves from the local breeders will cause 
 them to take more interest in the club. Some- 
 times a breeder takes special interest in the boy 
 who gets his calf and a close friendship springs 
 up that is mutually beneficial. However, it is 
 notHways possible to select the calves at home. I know that 
 sometimes clubs are started in localities where there are no 
 
Holsteins or where they are few in number. In this event 
 the club should get in touch with the field secretaries of the 
 states in which they wish to buy cattle. These secretaries are 
 acquainted with the breeders and know where buyers will get 
 good treatment. They feel a responsibility for the cattle 
 that they help locate. 
 
 When to Buy 
 
 The time of the year in buying is not of so much impor- 
 tance. However, as a rule calves can be bought cheaper in the 
 fall before going into winter quarters than in the spring after 
 they have been wintered and are about ready for grass. 
 
 The writer's experience has been that August and Sep- 
 tember — a between season time — have offered the best oppor- 
 tunities. 
 
 Type or Breeding 
 
 One of the most perplexing questions in the mind oi the 
 beginner is : "How much importance shall I attach to type and 
 how much to breeding?" ]\[eaning by type general outline, 
 size and dairy appearance. Meaning by breeding what might 
 be called pedigree, or more particularly records in the pedigree, 
 production records of the animal's immediate ancestry. 
 
 Our advice would be to get as much of both for your money 
 as possible. When the money is limited, as it usually is in 
 club work — and sometimes too limited — one cannot expect to 
 buy animals of good type and from ancestors with the highest 
 production records. H I were given my choice, at the same 
 price, of two animals, one having sire and dam with even ex- 
 ceptionally high records but a poor individual — see article on 
 Type — and the other with sire and dam with no production 
 records but a good individual, I would take the good individual. 
 
 Health Conditions to Be Observed 
 
 The diseases that give the purebred breeder the most con- 
 cern are tuberculosis and contagious abortion. In selecting 
 the club calves care should be taken to get animals free from 
 these. The best way to guard against tuberculosis is to buy 
 from federally accredited herds or herds under federal super- 
 vision. 
 
 About the only way to guard against abortion is for the 
 buyer to keep his eyes open when he goes to a farm to pur- 
 chase calves. 
 
The field secretaries of the various states can be of the 
 g'lcatest assistance to buyers in these respects, as they usually 
 know where there has been trouble. 
 
 What Age Calves Are Best? 
 
 Three ages have been selected and success resulted in 
 each case. They are baby calves from 3 to 6 weeks of age, 
 yearlings and bred heifers. Each class has its advantages and 
 disadvantages. 
 
 Baby Calves 
 
 The advantages of this class are that the initial cost is 
 much less and a much wider field of selection may be had, as 
 they can be shipped from almost anywhere by express. It 
 is a greater achievement to take a little calf and grow it up than 
 to take some of the older classes that are able to take care of 
 themselves to a certain degree. Thus there is greater develop- 
 ment for the club member with this kind of calf. This point 
 is of considerable importance since club work is for the purpose 
 of developing boys and girls rather than cattle. The close 
 association of the club member with his calf creates a greater 
 love for it, which makes for better care, \\nien this calf has 
 become a cow there is no question about the owner not know- 
 ing how to take care of the second calf. In the south the}' are 
 less susceptible to ticks. 
 
 The disadvantages are that the mortality is greater. In 
 the experience of the writer it will average about 10 per cent. 
 It takes a longer time to get returns on the investment if the 
 calf is kept to maturity. It is not possible to tell much about 
 the final type at the time they are bought. As a rule, fewer 
 people have purebred calves of so young an age for sale. How- 
 ever, they can usually be procured in a cheese or a wholemilk 
 district. The writer has had considerable experience with 
 calves of this age and finds them quite satisfactory, regardless 
 of apparent difficulties. 
 
 Yearling Calves 
 
 It always seemed to the writer that Holsteins at this age 
 sold at the greatest disadvantage at the public sales. To that 
 extent this is a desirable age to purchase. The mortality should 
 not be very great and the type is fairly well fixed by this time. 
 The main disadvantage is that there is a long period between 
 the purchase and the time any returns may be expected. Then, 
 
too, a calf at this age can rustle for itself to a certain extent 
 and there is danger of it being turned out with the rest of the 
 herd and neglected. 
 
 Bred Heifers 
 
 In many respects this is the most desirable age for calf 
 club work. The buyer has opportunity to see how the animal 
 has developed. The type is definitely fixed. The mammarjv' 
 development is such that some idea of the milking qualities can 
 be obtained. If they are purchased within 3 or 4 months of 
 freshening the club member's interest is more easily main- 
 tained by watching the rapid development from then to the 
 time of freshening. It is not very long until returns from the 
 investment may be expected, which can be applied to the pay- 
 ment of the note. W hile the initial in\'estment is greater the 
 almost immediate returns will enable the club member to pay 
 it sooner. Some of the disadvantages are that this kind of an 
 animal usually sells at a premium. When we consider that 
 we are getting two in one this may not be so serious. If they 
 are bought too close to freshening there is some danger in 
 shipping. If the time of freshening is more than three months 
 away they may not prove with calf and disappointment will 
 result. 
 
 The age of the calves chosen will depend on the amount 
 of money available per club member, the length of time that 
 money is available if it is borrowed and the age of the club 
 members. If the club members are in age near the lower limit, 
 I would prefer the baby calves ; if they are nearer the upper 
 limit I think I would prefer the bred heifers. I think it would 
 be easier to maintain the interest in either case. 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 In any event, I would carry sufticient insurance to cover 
 unexpected loss. It would be a serious thing to have a club 
 member go in debt for his calf and lose it and have this del:)t 
 hanging over him. 
 
 In closing, let me summarize. Buy as close to home as 
 possible and only from reliable breeders. Place type above 
 breeding. Look carefully to the health of the herds from which 
 your calves come. Choose the age best suited to the age of 
 your club members and the amount of money you have to in- 
 vest. Be sure to provide a method whereby club members may 
 pay their way out and still remain in the dairy business. 
 
J polstQin Ldlves 
 
 Du Earl II? Upton 
 
 Earl W. Upton, manager and 
 part owner of the famous Dutch- 
 land herd at Brockton, Mass., 
 grew up on a farm near my home 
 town of Lacona. N. Y. His early 
 training was in general farming 
 and with an ordinary dairy herd, 
 his first Holstein experience com- 
 ing after he had attained his ma- 
 jority. After a little experience 
 as herdsman in the pioneer herd 
 of Henry Stevens & Sons, he went 
 with Mr. Fred Field's Dutchland 
 herd at Brockton, Mass., and there 
 he has been ever since. Under his efficient management this 
 herd has come to be recognized as one of the outstanding suc- 
 cesses of the Holstein industry. By constructive breeding 
 and intelligent care and management, the herd seems to groAv 
 better year by year, until last year it stood out as the leading 
 winner of production prizes in the Holstein-Friesian Associa- 
 tion of America. Mr. Upton is the man on the job who sees 
 that things are done as they ought to be. Whatever he does 
 or whatever he takes responsil^ility for is well done. The his- 
 tory of the Dutchland herd and of the successful retail milk 
 business, also managed by Mr. Upton, is all the evidence 
 needed to prove that point. — Maurice S. Prescott. 
 
 jHE calf that is properly fed and handled Avill 
 make a better and more profitable cow. Great 
 care should be taken throughout the develop- 
 ment of a calf, but more especially when, the 
 calf is first born, as a large percentage of the 
 losses in calves occurs before they are ten days 
 old. The feed and treatment of the dam have 
 quite an influence on the health of the calf, but 
 in this article we shall endeavor to take the calf at birth and 
 line up the care and treatment until it comes into milk. 
 
I 
 
 When you are absolutely sure that the mother of the calf 
 is perfectly healthy in every way, leave the calf with its mother 
 for 48 hours, as nature has provided something in the colostrum 
 milk that is hard to replace. That is, the colostrum milk seems 
 to open up the bow^els and start digestion in the calf better 
 than any other known method. Should there be anything 
 wrong with the mother — that is, if she should have inflamma- 
 tipn of the udder, retained afterbirth, or have any ailment that 
 would tend to leave her in a feverish condition, the calf should 
 be taken from her immediately after it is born. 
 
 When the calf has not had the colostrum milk, we recom- 
 mend feeding, after 12 hours, one quart of whole milk (this 
 milk should be taken from some other fresh cow, preferably 
 low in butterfat, and it should be fed at the same temperature 
 as when taken from the cow) and one tablespoonful castor oil. 
 This will act as a very fair substitute for the colostrum milk. 
 
 What to Feed a Calf 
 
 We would suggest feeding the calf one quart of milk three 
 timers a day for the first five or six days and then gradually in- 
 creasing until the calf is taking about two quarts three times 
 daily, when it is two weeks old. It can then be safely changed 
 from the three to the two-times-a-day feeding. 
 
 We feel that starting a calf on a small amount of milk for 
 the first two weeks enables us to build up a perfect digestion 
 so that the calf later can take a much larger amount of milk 
 and make more rapid gains than when overfed when young. 
 
 When the calf is two weeks old, it \v\\\ start eating whole 
 oats and corn — just a small amount. For some unknown r^ai-on 
 this whole grain, which requires the calf to take time in order 
 to masticate it, seems to aid digestion and give- much better 
 results than the ground feed. Also start at this time to give 
 the calf whatever water it will drink, three times a day. 
 
 Also start giving some fine clover or alfalfa hay when the 
 calf is about three weeks old. Never feed timothy. Gradually 
 increase on the milk until it is getting at least eight quarts, 
 when it is five weeks old, at which time we suggest changing 
 from the whole to the skimmilk. Start this by adding a quart 
 of the skimmilk to the wholemilk ration and increase each feed 
 until it has changed to the skimmilk. As soon as the calf is 
 on a whole ration of skimmilk, we use a gruel made from equal 
 
parts of linseed meal and corn or hominy meal. This gruel is 
 made with boiling water to the consistency of heavy molasses 
 and is fed in the milk. 
 
 If possible, we like to continue the skimmilk and gruel 
 ration with the hay and whole grain until the calf is about six 
 months old. We then change to the ground grain with a little 
 silage and beet pulp and with a grain ration consisting of equal 
 parts of bran, ground oats, linseed meal, and one-half parts 
 hominy or corn meal. We feed them on silage and whatever 
 grain they will lick up clean in 15 minutes and then follow this 
 feed with hay, preferably an Alsike mixed. 
 
 Probably there is no one thing at this stage that is more 
 helpful than a large amount of hay as it develops capacity and 
 gives the calf a large barrel which later is very essential if the 
 calf IS to develop into a cow that will convert a large amount of 
 roughage into milk. 
 
 We feel confident that calves that are especially well grown 
 for the first year will be greater producers if they are turned 
 to pasture and get entirely away from the grain feeding for 
 several months. We like to breed them so they will come in 
 milk when about 27 or 28 months old, and when coming from 
 pasture after months without anything except what they get 
 in the pasture, they are in ideal shape to fit for either a seven- 
 day or a year record. 
 
 Overfeeding on Wholemilk 
 
 We have seen many splendid animals that have been 
 spoiled by overfeeding, especially wath wholemilk. They be- 
 come too fat, which seems to become a part of their nature 
 so that when they come in milk they still retain this flesh which 
 they have always had and will not make the same large pro- 
 duction as the heifer that has been to pasture and away from 
 this continual grain feeding. 
 
 Whatever method is used in feeding, remember there are 
 two or three very important things to bear in mind to get the 
 best results. First, be sure that the animal, after it becomes 
 five or six months of age, is fed to develop capacity and barrel. 
 Second, guard against the animal's being too fat from the time 
 It is a year old to the time it is within two or three months of 
 calving. Third, be sure that the animal after it is four weeks 
 old is given plenty of exercise throughout its entire develop- 
 ing stage. 
 
Ittiti^ Cal\)es ^ 
 for the 3hovJ 
 
 Du O.O.Zohrinsi 
 
 Oscar O. Zehring of German- 
 town, Ohio, is a self-made Hol- 
 stein man. Starting in the busi- 
 ness with very httle capital or edu- 
 cation along breeding and dairy- 
 ing lines, he has, by diligent appli- 
 cation, made himself well in- 
 formed on every phase of the sub- 
 ject. He has been particularly 
 successful in his breeding oper- 
 ations, having bred and developed 
 a number of state champion pro- 
 ducers as well as first-prize win- 
 ners at the National Dairy Show. 
 When the National Dairy Show 
 came down to Columbus in 1917, Mr. Zehring was on the job 
 with his entire herd, and there were no culls in the bunch, 
 either. He secured a number of first prizes and was one of the 
 heaviest winners in the show. He is vice-president of the 
 Ohio Holstein-Friesian Association, and the association 
 showed its confidence in his ability and judgment when they 
 placed him in charge of their show herd which made the 
 southern circuit in 1921. — Maurice S. Prescott. 
 
 ITTING animals for the show is a great deal 
 more important than beginners generally realize. 
 No old showman overlooks the importance of 
 proper fitting. He begins many months in ad- 
 vance to bring his animals gradually into the 
 I)est possible condition. 
 
 Fitting — proper fitting — must be learned by 
 experience, the same as any other phase of 
 dairying. However, the following general recommendations 
 will serve as a basis for successful conditioning of animals 
 with special reference to calves. 
 
 Keep each calf by itself, let no two calves be in the same 
 
stall, if it can be avoided. No two calves can be handled the 
 same. Diseases are less likely to be communicated when this 
 rule is observed. 
 
 Keep the calves in the barn and allow them all the sun- 
 shine they can get. This sunshine should come in through 
 the windows of the stable, and not directly on the calf out in 
 the barn yard. 
 
 The calf should not be put out on pasture under a year of 
 age. Let it exercise in the yard for a little while each day. 
 Pasture does not furnish enough nutriment for the growing 
 calf, and its digestive organs have not been developed suffi- 
 ciently to handle grass in quantity. 
 
 Do not blanket calves unless you are preparing for show- 
 ing. Blanketing raises the heat so that the hair will not grow, 
 whereas natural temperature and ordinary handling will in- 
 duce the hair to grow as a protective covering. Later the 
 blanket can be put on. Good l^lankets can be purchased from 
 various houses, but as a rule a satisfactory blanket for a calf 
 can be made from burlap sacks, sewing two of these together 
 and attaching straps on each side which fasten around the hind 
 legs and are secured at the hips. One strap fastens under the 
 animal immediately behind the front legs and one strap holds 
 the blanket at the neck. 
 
 For your summer show ])egin to fit your calf three months 
 ahead of" the usual time, say June Lst. You have a definite 
 day to get ready for and it is your task to get the calf or ani- 
 mal you are showing in bloom just at the right time. 
 
 Brushing calves stimulates circulation of the blood, which 
 aids digestion. A common horse brush is generally used, al- 
 though some dairymen prefer a grass wheat brush. 
 
 The glossy skin on a calf is evidence of good feeding. 
 
 Crushed oats are an excellent feed for the calf. Calves feel 
 their oats just as horses do — they show more life and snap 
 when on this feed.' 
 
 By all means, do not overfeed and ruin your calf. Don't 
 be too anxious, as you have plenty of time. Only by gradually 
 bringing the animal into condition can you succeed. Over- 
 feeding may cause bloat, which, though perhaps not fatal, will 
 certainly set your calf back beyond all hopes of successfully 
 fitting it by show time. If a calf alwavs comes up to eat, is 
 alert and shows a bright eye, you can be sure that its feed is 
 
doing the work. If the opposite is true and the calf acts slug- 
 gish or its coat shows up rough and its ears droop, the calf is 
 not doing well on its feed. 
 
 Clip your animal about two weeks before showing. This 
 gives the coat a chance to grow out nicely and does not show 
 that it has been clipped. 
 
 Polishing the Horns 
 
 Before clipping, wash your calf to remove the dirt and 
 other material from the coat, making it possible for the clip- 
 pers to work smoothly. Your calf will stand better as the 
 clippers will not pull. If the horns need attention, use a rasp 
 on older animals, and remove all the first rough layer present. 
 On calves use a file. Follow this by sandpaper or emery paper, 
 using, first, a coarse grade and then a real fine grade. Next, 
 mix a little sweet oil with pumice stone on a flannel rag and 
 rub the horns briskly by drawing the cloth over them. Some 
 breeders also use rotten stone, a black material, which, mixed 
 with water, will give the same result. Both rotton stone 
 and pumice can be secured at any drug store. Do not work 
 on the horns too vigorously with the rasp or sandpaper, or you 
 will cause the blood to come. The hoofs of the animals are 
 fixed up in the same way. For the final gloss apply a little 
 shoe polish. This will give the horns and hoofs the high polish. 
 In putting on the polish for the first time work patiently and 
 get a very high gloss. This will last several days, sometimes 
 several weeks. A day before the show go over the horns again. 
 
 Fluffing the Tail 
 
 To make the tail of the animal nice and fluflfy, wash the 
 tail in soapsuds the day before the showing and while wet 
 and still a little soapy braid it tightly and keep it tied over 
 night until about an hour before you are to go into the ring. 
 Then comb and flufif it out. 
 
 From the very first week that you have your calf let it 
 get accustomed to a halter and lead it around for its daily exer- 
 cise. If possible, run and play with it every day. It's good fun 
 and you will enjoy it as much as the calf will. Soon the calf 
 learns to follow by the halter, and when show time comes 
 your calf will stand or lead just as you want it to do. 
 
^hovi?it^ riolstems 
 inther^nS 
 
 Du Tred E.KhissQndon 
 
 Fred Klussendorf is one of a 
 family of livestock men. As man- 
 ager of Meadow Lane Farm, Wau- 
 kesha, Wis., he picked out the 
 foundation animals that have won 
 grand championships at the Na- 
 tional Dairy Show for the past 
 two years and he also selected the 
 bull and his ofifspring which won 
 first prize in the get of sire class the 
 past two years at the National 
 Dairy Show. Fred Klussendorf is 
 a high type of showman, always 
 courteous and a good sportsman, 
 but alert and on his toes to show 
 his animal at its best. For the past two years he has been in 
 charge of Wisconsin's state show herd, awarded first prize in 
 the state herd contest at the National Dairy Show both years. — 
 Maurice S. Prescott. 
 
 jSSUMING that the animal that you are to show 
 has been selected with all the skill at your com- 
 mand; that it is an animal showing constitution 
 and capacity ; that it conforms as far as possible 
 to the highest standards of breed type ; that it 
 shows all the indications of production and 
 dairy temperament and quality ; that it has been 
 properly fitted ; that you have led and posed it 
 every day for a long time ; given that all these things have been 
 done faithfully and well, you are ready to lead it into the ring. 
 Have a neat-looking halter on the calf. It need not be an 
 expensive one but should fit well and be of good appearance. 
 Don't have a rope on it big enough to tie an elephant nor have 
 fringes hanging all around but let it be clean and neat. 
 
 Have your calf or older animal so trained that it will walk 
 into the ring with head up, and without any pulling and haul- 
 
jng. Take your place in the line and keep a space of at least 
 three feet between your animal and the next. 
 
 In the Ring 
 
 Now remember that for the length of time that your ani- 
 mal is in the ring your whole attention should be given to that 
 animal and to the judge. Do not let your attention be drawn 
 from your work in the ring. This means no visiting with 
 Johnnie Jones ; no looking over the crowd to see if they are all 
 watching you. You must be entirely occupied with seeing 
 that your animal is standing sc^uarely on its feet ; that you keep 
 it properly posed at all times. Above everything, at this par- 
 ticular point, do not allow it to stretch itself after the manner 
 of a saddle horse — as so many the past year seemed inclined 
 to do. Some believe that this may cover up a slopey rump, 
 but it never deceives the judge, and it usually brings out other 
 faults. 
 
 As the judge comes down the ring toward you, stand on 
 the opposite side from him, so that he may see at a glance the 
 top line, length and depth of body, and the entire general out- 
 line of your animal. After he has passed you, quietly step to 
 the other side — always remembering that } our animal, your- 
 self and the judge are the only things to be considered by you 
 while in the ring. 
 
 When the judge walks up to you to examine your animal, 
 be sure to stand on the opposite side, and, as he feels of the 
 hide, allow the head of your calf to very slightly turn toward 
 him. This will enable him to take hold of it more easily and 
 determine its softness and ciuality. He will now examine for 
 veining and milk-well openings, for ribbing and openness of 
 vertebrae ; in females, for placing of teats, attachment and qual- 
 ity of udder; in males, for placing of rudimentaries and how 
 well cut out behind ; also for length and levelness of hip. zA.s 
 he w^alks to the head of your animal to examine that, and to 
 better observe the spring of fore rib and depth of chest, stand 
 slightly to one side. Your calf should be so well trained that 
 }'OU will be able to do this without the animal moving from 
 position. 
 
 Be courteous to the judge and superintendent or other 
 persons in charge. Do as you are told by them, and, should 
 you leave the ring without a ribbon, do not go away discour- 
 
aged but with a determination to get the blue next time. Find 
 out where your faults were and correct them. 
 
 After the ribbons are given out, if you have any question 
 that you would like to ask the judge, do not hesitate to do so. 
 The entire purpose of the show ring is to teach us as breeders 
 of dairy animals what are the essentials of a really high-class 
 animal. The fact that you may fool the judge temporarily does 
 not help the breed or the person showing. It is as much to 
 your interest to know what are the faults of your animals as it 
 is to know whether you are first or last. Whether Ted Smith 
 wins or Johnnie Jones wins is not the most important point. 
 But it is absolutely vital that the proper animals shall be placed 
 at the top, in order that you boys and the breeders may study 
 and take home with you in your minds just what constitutes 
 an animal of the best conformation. 
 
 The Calf Club 
 at the Community 
 Club Picnic 
 
 An Oregon Holsiein Calf Club 
 
Isteinfriesian Tyipe 
 
 Du U/S.Moscnp 
 
 W. S. Moscrip of Lake Elmo. 
 Minn., is the outstanding figure 
 among the Holstein judges on this 
 continent. He places the ribbons 
 at more of the big fairs than any 
 other Holstein judge. For the 
 past seven years he has judged at 
 the National Dairy Show, for 
 three or four years at the Pacific 
 International at Portland, Oregon, 
 also several years at the Canadian 
 National Exhibition at Toronto, 
 the Eastern States Exposition . at 
 Springfield, Mass., and many state 
 fairs ranging all the way from 
 Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota as far south as Texas. 
 It isn't all theory with Mr. Moscrip either. He carries his 
 show-ring ideas and ideals into his own business and as a re- 
 sult has developed a herd of individuals that will compare favor- 
 ably with any herd in the country and which has made no mean 
 showing from the standpoint of production. W. S. Moscrip, 
 probably more than any other one man, has been responsible 
 for the attention breeders are now giving to correct type in 
 their animals and the general acceptance of the principle that 
 production and type logically go together. Mr. Moscrip went 
 into the Holstein business as a mere boy without capital but 
 with rather definite ideas of what he wanted to accomplish 
 and an inflexible determination to carry it through. That the 
 Holstein cow will reward such treatment is plainly evident 
 when you visit Mr. Moscrip's farm near St. Paul, where you 
 wall find one of the best practical Holstein plants to be seen 
 anywhere. The rise of W. S. Moscrip and the success he has 
 achieved with the Holstein cow should be an inspiration to 
 every beginner. 
 
 Alaurice S. Prescott, Edito} 
 Holstein-Friesian World, 
 Lacona, N. Y. 
 
Y UNDERSTANDING of the expression so 
 often used, or applied to an animal as "Typey" 
 is that it is as nearly as possible an ideal repre- 
 sentative of its breed, having all the essential 
 characteristics of that breed. 
 
 In starting out to select your foundation 
 animals, or in choosing from your herd already 
 established, to obtain the highest possible suc- 
 cess you must so train yourself that you can readily recognize 
 an animal of superior type. The Holstein breed has made 
 wonderful progress during the past few years, but it is im- 
 perative that we all continue our efiforts toward attaining 
 maximum perfection in the conformation of our animals. 
 
 You must select animals with great, deep, well-sprung 
 middles. Avoid the kind that have the appearance, when 
 viewed from the rear, of an under-fed sunfish. In the middle 
 are the digestive organs that manufacture into milk the food 
 we give our animals, and they must be large in order to have 
 the necessary room to handle a great amount of bulky feeds. 
 Remember, our Holstein type is not exemplified by the cow 
 that will exist on the smallest possible amount of feed, but is 
 the cow that will consume and turn into milk the greatest pos- 
 sible amount of feed beyond what is needed for bodily main- 
 tenance. Consequently, we must have the tremendous capac- 
 ity that is found in the animal of our ideal type. 
 
 Now, you must select the ones that have the strength and 
 constitution to carry on their tremendous labor. Remember 
 that a heavy producing cow is the hardest working animal on 
 any farm. She must be deep through the chest, and have 
 wide spring of fore-rib. This chest cavity contains the heart 
 and lungs, and, in order to properly do their work, they must 
 have ample room. An undesirable type sometimes found has 
 the appearance of having been drawn in behind the shoulders 
 with a belt. 
 
 The shoulders should be fine — free from any coarseness. 
 The vertebrae should be very open from the shoulders along 
 the back and free from flesh. This will not be so pronounced 
 in animals in good flesh that are dry and soon to freshen ; nor 
 in heifers that are below the milking age. A great change very 
 frequently takes place in the structure of the shoulders during 
 the first lactation period. In these animals, you must learn 
 
that the broad shoulders will, as it is put, "milk off." 
 The neck must be clean-cut and fine, neatly attached to 
 tha body, and free from any coarseness or superfluous flesh. 
 
 The head should appear as clean and fine as if chiseled 
 by a master sculptor, the veins standing out prominently on 
 the face, and the entire head free from any meatiness. The 
 eyes must be expressive of great intelligence, and large and 
 bright and full — the term is : broad between the eyes. The 
 nostrils must be wide — very wide and full ; a large, broad 
 mouth; a clean, powerful jaw. The entire* head must be clean- 
 cut, showing intelligence and temperament. 
 
 The udder of our ideal type is one whose attachment to 
 the body is both long and broad, the udder coming up well 
 behind, and joining the body smoothly in front. The floor, 
 or bottom, should be level ; the teats of medium size, placed 
 well apart and squarely upon the udder. It is desirable that 
 the udder be covered with a network of prominent veins. 
 When milked out the udder should be soft and pliable and free 
 from any indication of meatiness. In our ideal Holstein cow 
 you will find milk veins that are long and crooked and branch- 
 ing, entering large and easily discovered openings. Veins that 
 are long and branching, and which enter numerous wells, are 
 much to be preferred to shorter, heavier veins. In superior 
 animals, we often find a very well defined middle vein. The 
 hide should be soft, pliable, and covered with soft, fine hair. 
 
 An animal of the type described above will have a stylish 
 appearance, an alert carriage, an intelligent look, which will 
 impress you with the fact that she is wide-awake, ready to take 
 advantage of every opportunity of converting feed into milk. 
 
 I want to take this opportunity to impress on your minds 
 that in order to become successful breeders of high-class dairy 
 animals, you must be able to see and acknowledge defects in 
 your own animals and to see and acknowledge the superiority 
 of the other fellow's — if they are superior. Study superior 
 types as often as opportunity offers. Show your animals as 
 often as you can. Keep trying to make each succeeding gener- 
 ation better than the one before. No higher calling than yours, 
 as breeders of dairy cattle, exists. No one — no matter what 
 his calling or profession — can do more for the advancement of 
 our country than can you, by producing better dairy animals 
 than have been produced before. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 ' \m'm\\ ri iiiii ^ 
 
 002 826 375 2 ^ 
 
 Copyright, 1922, by 
 The Holstein-Friesian Association of America 
 Brattleboro, Vermont 
 
 
 FREO L KIMBALL COMPANr. WATERLOO. IOWA 
 
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 OFCOV^' 
 
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