SSS.^"S*''»*'*»' D EVENTS INTHE F DTHE OUT'GROWTI , ^' »^ ^ ouHT ^;y T ^ Waf W:HF U^ t? ■fFUy £ '^r aass_ Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT .'^■se*. I 1 o a i HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA AND THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY ILLUSTRATED. The Discoveries by Columbus and other Navigators. LANDING OF THE PURITANS AND NUMEROUS OTHER COLONIES. A Portrait Gallery of our Great Rulers and Men WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INFORMATION CONDENSED; HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA; THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND ITS FRAMERSj DELEGATES TO THE FIRST CONGRESS; THE CONSTITU- TION; WHO DID AND WHO DID NOT SIGN THE ARTICLES EMBRACING THE CONSTITUTION; DATE OF RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION BY THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT And How it is Administered in the Different Departments. Washington at Neivhiirg ; Benedict Arnold's Treason; Capture and Execution of Major Andre; Sketch of the Schuyler Family and their Historical Mansion; also the Van Rensselaer Manor House. THE ELECTION, POLITICS, MAJORITY, AUTOGRAPHS, PORTRAITS AND BIO- GRAPHICAL SKETCH OF ALL OUR CHIEF RULERS TO THE PRESENT TIME. A POLITICAL COMPENDIUM. The First Steam Navigation and First Railroad. A Ohronolgical Statistical Discussion of our Population and Area from 1790 to 1880. The Territories and their Capitals. Arnold's Address to the American People, Attempting to Vindicate his Treason; A Historical Treasure just brought to light after an obscurity of over a Century. Profusely Illustrated with Steel and Wood Engravings mads Expressly lor this Work. Complete in One Volume. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA : Hall & Tea vis, Pkopeietors and Publishe: HISTORICAL SKETCHES BY EMINENT AUTHORS. THE OUTGEOWTH OF OUR COUNTRY; FROM OFFICIAI, BESOURCES. GOMPILKU AND ARRANGED BY GEORGE BARNES HALL. w MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. PROPUIETOKS AND PUBLISHERS: HALL & TRAVIS. ISHC. Conyriqht by PRINTED AND BOUND BY „ , / " ' , „.^„ J.F.TUAVIS, HALL^^^TRAVIS, No. 18 Fourth Street North, All rights reserved. Minneapolis, Minn. PREFACE. In presenting to our readers the trials, tribulations, massa- cres and great sacrifices endured in the attempts, and in the final colonization of America, which was the outgrowth of our coun- try, our motive was to fill an acknowledged want not yet fully supplied. Two things have been aimed at ; first, to avoid burdening the reader with dry and uninteresting details, with long winded accounts; and on the other hand to not sacrifice completeness for brevity's sake. But within the compass of our " condensed volume" we offer a work which is neither too brief to be of ser- vice to the student of our early history, and the outgrowth of our country, nor is it too detailed to repel the average reader. But we feel sure that it is a combination of history, biography and general information, nowhere else to be found. In the work will be found prominent and interesting features of great value. And in order to enable the young of our land, and all those of our readers not familiar with the construction of our government, a description is given showing how the government is constituted and administered in each of its various depart- ments. It is as fascinating as a story or novel, verifying the old adage that "" truth is often stranger than fiction." It is a complete library of historical sketches, biography, chronological and statistical tables of our country, and a portrait gallery of the presidents, philanthropists, explorers and generals, of our dictionary of great Americans. And in fact, to enable all to become more familiar with the causes and effects which led to the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, and the final colonization of America and the outgrowth of the United States, in a condensed, attractive, illustrated and readable form, has been the inducement and incentive for the publication of this work. G. B. H. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1 liAJfDINO OF CCLUMBUS, - - . . . FrontiBpiece. 2 COLUMBUS, -_.-..- 2 3 QUEEN ISABEIiLA, -----.-8 4 landing of ponce de leon, ----- 13 5 gate to st. avgustine, ------ 17 6 sir walter raleigh, . . - . . 24 7 pocahontas saving capt. john smith, - - - - 26' 8 pocahontas, ------- 30 9 lo, the good indian, ------ 34 10 landing of the pilgrims, ----- 42 11 pequod indians attacking colonists, - - - - 50 12 peter stutvesant, ------ 64 13 robert livingston, ------ 68- 14 landing of kogeu williams, . - . . 70 15 william penn, ------- 8& 16 father reccolleot hennepin, . - - - 92 17 john hancock. - - - - - - - 113 18 framers of the declaration of independence, - - 114 19 first continental congress, - - - - - 115 20 washington's headquarters, newburg, - - - 121 21 robert morris, ------ 122 22 capture of major andre, ----- 132 23 gp.n. nathaniel greene, ----- 134 24 benedict arnold, ------ 136 25 gen. piiflip schuyler, ----.- 140 26 schuyler mansion, ------ 142 27 van rans8elaer homestead, ----- 144 28 inauguration of washington, - . - . 146 29 presidents' autographs, - - - - 148, 149 30 capitol at washington, ----- 150 31 george washington and all the other presidents. 152-194 3- district of columbia, ... - - 194 :33 john a. logan, ------- 196 34 robert fulton, • . - - - - 19h 35 roi8e city, capital of idaho, ----- 200 36 SITKA, CAPITAL OF ALASKA, ----- 209- 37 BISMARCK, CAPITAL OF DAKOTA, ----- 212 38 HELENA, CAPITAL OF MONTANA, - - - - 213 39 SEATTLE, PUOET SOUND, ------ 214 40 PORTLAND, OREGON, ------ 215 WASHIGXTON. -li 9 monument can tell the fame Which clusters round that honored name; Its grandeur with the nation grows, And is as fragrance to the rose. What name in any clime or age, Is so adored on History's page? His virtues and his works have won The hearts which bless our Washington ! When called as our chief with loud acclaim, We hope each one as fair a fame; Washington the name of '' Father " won, So may all prove a worthy son; Profit by all the deeds he wrought. Be guided by all the truths he taught. And guide the ship of state witli zeal, And so promote the public weal. CONTENTS OF SKETCHES. INTRODUOTOEY. PAET I.— Page 3. Christopher Columbus. Home in Genoa. His first voyages. Idea of crossing the Atlantic. Genoa, Venice and Portugal. He leaves for Spain. Queen Isabella. To visit her at Cardova. His arrival at Car- dova. He waits seven years. The King and Queen. Columbus disap- pointed, left the court. He starts for France. He meets Juan Parez. Became acquainted with Martin Alonzo Pinzon, a wealthy navigator. Columbus remains at Palos Juan Parez sees the Queen in his behalf. Columbus invited to appear at court. His arrival at court. Another long wait. Columbus at last arouses Isabella. She gives him aid. The King and Queen sign the agreement. Columbus sails August 3, 1492. October 12 land was discovered. Columbus effected a landing. PART II.— Page 12. Name of America. How it originated. Amerigo Vespucci, a dis- tingiiished navigator. Martin Waldsumuller and Rene. Henry VII. of England after prizes in the New World. John Cabot and his three sons. Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Landing of Ponce de Leon, 1512. Juan Verrozzani, all explorers. Disaster to Narvaez Ferdinand de Soto, a famous navigator. The Mississippi discovered. 1562, Admiral de Col- iguy, a French Protestant, under command of Jean Ribault. Sir John Hawkins. Pedro Melendez, a fierce soldier. Death to the Hugenots. Ribault and his command. PART III.— Page 19. Retaliation of the French. Dominie de Gourgues. A born Gascon. In 1603 Samuel Champlain denominated New France. The city of Quebec. Bay of Fundy First settlement in America. Lake Cham- plam. Port Royal Annapolis. River St. Johns. Preceding races. VI , CONTENTS. • Colouization by the English. Scbaatain Cabot and Sir Hugh Will- onghby. North Cape, Laphiud and Moscow. Queen Elizabeth's patron- a^re. Sir Humphrey Crilbert. His second voyage. Philip Amidaz and Arthur Barlow. Sir Walter Raleigh. The 'shores of Carolina. The name of Virginia. Sir Richard Grenville and Ralph Lane. Anchored at Wacocon. Help by Sir Francis Drake. A sudden storm. Abandon- ment of Roanoke. John White, The city of Raleigh. The Indians' vengeance. First child born. Gains of privateering. Raleigh a bank- rupt. Exploration of Bartholomew Gosnold. PART IV.— Page 2G. 1003. Peace between England and Spain. Gosnold and companions. Lord Arundel and Capt. Weymouth. Petition to the King. Divided North America. The associates of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers. The Plymouth Company. What the charter granted. Liberty of trade with other nations. Historians of America. King James issues instructions for the government of Virginia. The first settlement in America. Other colonists sent to Virginia.. The London Company. Wingfield and Sir Thomas Smith. Gosnold, Hunt and the famous Capt. John Smith. Put in confinement on the voyage. Site of the old colony. Name of Jamestown adopted. Smith honorably acquitted. Newport and Smith ascend the James. Newport returns with his ships to England. Smith taken prisoner by the Indians. Brought before Powhatiin. Con- demned to death. Saved by Pocahontas. Smith returns to England. Pocahontas meets him. She is another man's wife. Smith never revisited Virginia. Death of Pocahontas. PART v.— Page 3.3. The stability of the colony. Sir Thomas Dale exercises martial law. The colony from 1611 to 1(516. At times under different leaders. Bad colonists. First slavery in Virginia. The Dutch vessel. PART VL— Page 36. Settlement of New Netherland. A famous navigator, Henry Hudson. The Hudson river. He explores to Albany and Waterford. Hudson sails for home. He sails again and meets his fate in the bay that bears his name. Manhattan Island settled by the Dutch in 1613. The great city of New York. Adrian Block. Discovers East river, Hellgate and Long Island. The first Englishman to visit Manhattan. 1615. The first fort at Albany. Capt. C. J. IMay's exploits. The first to settle Long Island. Purchase of Manhattan Inland. The restrictions on the colonists. The Patroons. Rensselaerwick, Swansdale and Pavonia. The purchase of the Pequods. Claim of the English to New Netherland. Swedes colo- nize Pennsylvania. CONTENTS. VU PART VII.— Page 40, Foundation of New England. Landing of the Puritans. The causes of the Puritans. Their hardships and trials. Their settlement in Hol- land of twelve years. They leave for America. The Mayflower and its hardships. Signs of insubordination. John Carver. The oath of alle- giance. Foundation of the colony. The name of New Plymoiith. Shaw- mut tiie site of Boston. Massachusetts Bay. Eobert Gorges and his expedition. The expected colonists. Their new settlement. The four vessels. The colony of Winthrop that settled Boston. Death of Lady Johnson and husband. PART VIIL— Page 46. Progress of the New England colonies. The son of Winthrop and John Eliot. The arrivals in 163.3. Six vessels arrive in 1634. The name of Boston. Roger Williams. His banishment. The subject of religion. Williams fled to the wilderness. Taken care of by the Narragansetts. Providence, Rhode Island. Friends join him. The fate of Mrs. Hutch- inson and her followers. Saybrook. The Pequod war. The murder of Stone and Oldham. Oauonicus, the sachem of the Narragansetts. Mason's slaughter. New London Indians sold into slavery. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his charter. The scheme to govern Maine. Sir William Alexander. Trade increases towns and villages. The cost of colonization. PART IX.— Page 53. Progress of Virginia colonies. 1627. War with the Indians. Dr. John Potts. Horsestealing. Demand for powder and ball. Point Com- fort. Revision of the laws. Election of officers. Harvey superceeded. Sir Francis Wyatt's administration. The aged chief. The freedom of Virginians. Vessels trading with the colony. Berkeley and Matthews. The house of Burgesses. The supremacy of the people. PART X.— Page 56. Origin and progress of Maryland colonies. Maryland in 1632. Lord Baltimore. George Calvert. First statutes of Maryland. Queen Henrietta Marie. The boundary of Maryland. Claybourn's appeal. Leonard Cal- vert. The Ark and Dove. Cool reception. New England people. The rebellion of Clayborne. Clayborne demanded by Calvert. The Parlia- mentarian, William Stone. Josiah Feudal, governor. Philip Calvert sustained by the Assembly. PART XI.— Page 61. Progress of New Netherland, New York and New Jersey. New Netherland, 1638. New Amsterdam. William Kieft. The Dutch coat VI 11 CONTENTS. of nrms. Stratford, Stamford and Greenwich settled. New England's sec- retary. Massacre of the Indians. Retaliation. Stockade of New Am- sterdam. Appeal to Holland Kieft unpopular. Peter Stuyvesant, director general. God's poor people. Beaverswick, now Albany. Wooden hnts and rum shops. United colonies of New England. Stay vesjrat siezes a ship. Fort C'asimi. The Swedes take Fort Casimi. Friendly relations with Virginia. New Notherlaud and New York. The commission arrive. Stuyvesant surrenders the city. The Dutch reduced to submission. The l^uke of York. New York retaken by the Dutch and ceded back to Eng- land. William Peun. East and West Jersey. First assembly in state of New York. The Charter of Liberties. Duke of York and throne of England. James II. Dongon governor of New York. Albany gets a charter. The Livingston manor. PART XII.— Page G9. United colonies of New England. New Hampshire settled. Deprived of their charter. The Narragansett chief, Miantonimoh. Colonial com- mission. RogerWilliams in England. He obtains a charter. Providence Plantations. Hung for witchcraft. Mary'Fisher and Ann Austin. The sect of Quakers. Rolnnsou, Stephenson and Mary Dyer's fate. John Eliot. John Harvard and Cambridge. The first printing press in America. PART XIII.— Page 73. New England under Charles II. and .James II. The regicide judges. King Charles' promises. Hugh Peters Sir Henry Vane. Clarke and Winthrop. The royal commissioners. Billingham ordered to England. Number of inhabitants. The Indian war. Philip and Conouchet. Mas- sacre of the Indians. Bloody Brook. Number of killed. Witamo, a female chief. New Hampshire a separate colony. Edward Randolph returns to England. Sir Edmund Audras governor. A writ of quo warranto. Andras demands Connecticut's charter. The charter disappears in the dark. The Charter Oak. Captain Wadsworth. Disthrouement of James II. English Revolution, 1688. PART XIV.— Page 79. Progress of Virginia and Maryland colonies. Sir William Berkeley. Rights of freemen curtailed. Aristocratic cavaliers. Nef,'ro slavery. The plantations. Education discouraged. Lord Culpepper and Arlington. Commissioners dispatclied to England. Indian war. Nathaniel Bacon. John Washington. Bacon's anny. He burns Jamestown. Bacon de- mands a commission. Bacon dies suddenly. Berkeley returns to England. CONTENTS. ix PAET XV.— Page 84. Origin of the Carolinas. Charles First. Sir Kobert Heath's patent. Earl of Clarendon. Eight Proprietaries. Freeman of the colony. Civil judges. Freedom of religion. Planters from Barbadoes. Lord Shaftes- burg. Ashley and Cooper. Foundation of Charlestown. Sir John Yea- mans. Captain William Sayle. Sothel banished. Afterward entsalled governor. PART XVI.— Page 87. Settlement of Pennsylvania by Penn. William Penn. His father the admiral. Penn's convertion by the Quakers. Expelled from Oxford- Penn makes a trade Location of Philadelphia. Penn returns to Eng- land. English emigrants. Civil and religious freedom. Third printing press in America. PAET XVII.— Page 90. The French colonial enterprise. Franciscan missionaries. The Five Nations. Dablon and Marquette. Mission of St. Mary. Fox and Wis- consin rivers. Exploring the Mississippi. Robert Cavalier de La Salle. Chevalier Tonti. Recollect Hennepin. Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan. Greenbay. Fort of the Miamis. Falls St. Anthony. Name of Louisiana. The murderers. La Salle's untimely end. Population up to date, 1687. PART XVIII.— Page 95. The founding and progress of Georgia. The colony of Georgia. James Edward Oglethorpe. Bibles, prayer books and catechisms. The official seal. Savannah. Yamacrow Blujff. German Lutherans. The settlement of Ebenezer. Moravians and Jews. John and Charles Wes- ley. Town of Frederica. The Spaniards' demands. Oglethorpe's reply. The vindication. Military commandant of Georgia and Carolina. Ogle- thorpe returns to England. William Stevens governor, 1743. John Reynolds governor, 1754. PART\ XIX.— Page 99. Colonization of Louisina and its progress. Lower Mississippi. La- moine d'lberville's exploits. Mouth of the Mississippi. Pascagoula and tribes of Biloxi. England wakeful. The English turn. Searching for gold. Tonti turns up. State of Alabama. Anthony Crozat. Perier ap- pointed governor. Difficulties with the Natchez Indians. War against the Chickasaws. X CONTENTS. PART XX.- Page 103. 1700 to IToO, The progress and general condition of the colonies condeusecL Population of Virginia in 17;"50. Capital ^aters of the sea, on the yielding support of which rested the crystalline dome of the sky, and the sun, moon and planets were a subordinate nature, their use being to give light to man, who was elevated to supreme importance. The Patristic geography had governed the Chris- tian church for twelve centuries, and was its authority for rejecting the theory of the sphericity of the earth. Columbus defended his theory nobly and with religious, fervor, but the decision was unfavorable to him. <3 HlbTOKICAL SKETCHES \NU EVE>TS The ancient philosophers and astronomers introduced vari- ous theories regarding the sphericity of the earth and the man- ner of its revolution. The Heliocentric theory, taught by Pythagoras about five hundred and fifty years, B. C, placed the sun as the center round which, with the other planets, the earth revolved, in circular or])its, each supposed to rotate on its axis as it revolved round the sun. This theory was accepted by Aristarchus of Samos about three hundred and fifty yeai-s B. C, and was superceded by the Geocentric system of Ptolemy, about one hundred and fifty years, A. D., which system placed the earth in the center, fixed in sjiace, the sun and other planets revolving round it, thus giving the earth the position of superiority. This theory was accepted by a large portion of the inhabitants of the earth for fourteen centuries. No advancement was made toward establishing the theories of the ancients, or the geography of the earth, or the science of astronomy, until the advent of Columbus and his discovery of America in 1492. and the circumnavigation of the earth by Magellen in 1521, which proved its sphericity, and whose cir- cumference is about twenty-five thousand miles. The chains which bound physical science and astronomy for thousands of years were, through his fearless spirit and intrepid action, not only rent asunder, through the discovery of America, which proved the sphericity of the earth, but it opened the way for the introduction of the Heliocentric system. This system was awakened into life by Copernicus in the six- teenth century, and was adopted by Kepler, who introduced the principle of gravity without discovering its practical applica- tion. Copernicus and Kepler labored under the same difficulty as the ancient astronomers, they having no telescope to assist them in proving the truths of their theories. Thus the theory of revolution and attraction of gravitation was left for Galileo and Sir Isaac Newton to demonstrate their truths. In the year 1G09, Lippershey, a Dutchman, made a small telescope. Galileo, hearing of it and realizing the importance it would be to him in discovering the solar system, made one of IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. ( a magnifying power of three, and finally succeeded in making one that magnified thirty times, with which, in 1610, he dis- covered the four satelites of Jupiter revolving in orbits round that planet, and also that Venus, in her motion round the sun, showed phases like the moon. Further observation showed him that the earth and each of the planets rotated on its axis as it revolved in an eliptical orbit round the sun, which was the center and attractive force of the system. Such important discoveries, made by Galileo and those that followed soon after, fully supported the system of Copernicus. Sir Isaac Newton is crowned with the honor of demon- strating the theory of the attraction of gravitation, and his name became immortalized by the production of his great work, " Principia," in the year 1686. We will now return to Columbus and his efforts to obtain aid for the purpose of carrying out his theories and convictions. The King and Queen, despite the decision of the learned men at Salamanca, saw the advantage to be derived from the discovery of a new and direct route to the Indies, and if suc- cessful the gain would be incalculable, as the Kingdom of the Grand Khan of Tartary was supposed to abound in gold, silver and precious stones, and to contain inexhaustible wealth, which would inure to the benefit of Spain. They also saw that such a discovery would add to the glory of their reign, and their country, and aid in the extension of their Christian faith, and fearing that Columbus might seek the assistance of some other government, they promised him that his project should receive attention as soon as the Moors were conquered and expelled from Granada. Columbus, disappointed, left the Court of Spain, with the intention of laying his project before the King of France. On his way thence, arriving at the gate of the Convent of Santa Maria de Rabida, he asked for bread and water for himself and his child, he there met the prior, Juan Parez, to whom he stated his project. The prior became interested in his theory and introduced him to Martin Alonzo Pinzon, a wealthy navigator, who, upon hearing Columbus' explanation, became convinced O HISTORICAL 8KETC11KS AisD EVENTS of his ability to accom|)lish the voyage, and offeTed to hear one- eighth i)f the expense of such an exjicdition. Columbus was urged to remain at Palos, whilst the prior, wlio at one time had been theC^ueens confessor, should see her. The prior's representations to the Queen induced her to invite Columbus to appear at court, and she sent him twenty thousand maravedns, a sum ecjuivalent to about $60, to renovate his wardrobe and to defray his traveling expenses. Columbus arrived at the court at the tims the surrender of Granada was being consummated. The time had now arrived when the plans of Columbus, according to promise, must receive attention, but when the con- ditions under which he would undertake the expcnlition came to be discussed, his demands for titles and privileges were princely, and in the eyes of the Court, so extravagant that his terms and propositions were refused, and as Columbus would not waver and would not listen to any other terms, he lef u the Court with the intention of visiting the King of France. St. Angel and Alonzo Quintanilla described to the Queen the great wealth that would How to Spain through the discov- ery of India at the small outlay of 15,000 florins (Columbus having agreed to furnish one-eighth of the money), and would far exceed the discoveries made by other nations, and would open between Spain and India a commerce of great value to the church and to Spain, and if not successful the loss would be nominal. They also plead the cause of Columbus with such zeal that the enthusiastic and generous spirit of Isabella was aroused. The King coldly attempted to dissuade her from the idea, which caused Isabella to exclaim, "I undertake the enterprise for my own crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary funds." The funds, about fifteen thousand florins, were advanced by St. Angel, receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of Aragon, and were afterwards repaid out of the first gold brought by Columbus from the new world. Columbus had proceeded about six miles from Grenoaji, when he was overtaken by a messenger from the Queen request- QrEEK ISABELLA OF SPAIN" Was Born about 1445, and -was Married to Ferdinand, King of Spain, in 1481 — This Consolidated the Factions of the Spanish Empire — She Died in ihe year 1504. IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. » ins him to return. Upon his appearing again at Court, the kind reception he received from the Queen atoned for past. '' An agreement was then drawn up by the Royal Secretary, which the King and Queen signed on the 17th of April, 1492, whereby it was stipulated that Columbus should have the office of Admiral in all lands and countries which he might discover. That he and his descendants were to receive the title ot Don and that he was to be Viceroy and Governor-General of suck lands and countries and have one-tenth of the net profits aris- ing from gold and silver, and all articles of merchandise in whatever manner obtained. He had the further privilege of furnishino- one-eighth the cost of the expedition, and if he did 'rhe wa^s to receive one-eighth of the profits. This latter condition Columbus fulfilled, through the assistance of Martin Alonzo Pinzon. A royal order was given, directing the authorities oi Falos to furnish and equip two coravels. This order was disobeyed Horror and dismay filled the minds of the sailors as they felt it would be certain death to enter the mysteries of the sea, and they refused to embark on the expedition. Martin Alonzo Pinzon and his brothers, seeing the diffi- culty attending the procuring of the vessels and crews, came forward and furnished one vessel and crew thoroughly equipped and ready for sea. This induced others to consent to go, and they then succeeded in obtaining the other two vessels, and all were ready for sea on the first day of August, 1492. The Santa Maria was commanded by Columbus, the Pinta, by Martin Alonzo Pinzon (with his brother, Francisco Martin, as pilot) and the Nina by Vincento Yanez Pinzon. The fleet consisted of the three small vessels just named, two being without decks, of fifty tons each, and the other being of eighty tons burden. In all, there were one hundred and twenty men on the expedition, of whom ninety were sailors. When the squadron was ready to sail, Columbus, his offi- cers and crews confessed to Juan Parez and partook of the sacrament. 10 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS On Friday morning, August 3(1, 1492, the expedition sailed from Palos. Colunil)US and his companions proceeded on their voyage of discovery, meeting with many disap})ointments and hard- ships, and as they entered into unknown regions fear and trem- bling overcame all except Columhus. The strength given to him came from his great faith — he felt that he was under the protection and guidance of the Almighty. Columbus Avas so sanguine tliat he should reach India, that he carried with liim a letter from Ferdinand, King of Spain, to the Grand Khan of Tartary. On the 13tli of September he was startled to find that the needle of his compass varied between five and six degrees to the northwest and no longer pointed to the pole. This phenom- •enon of magnetic declination j)roduced great alarm among the mariners, for without the guide of their compass what was to become of them in a vast and trackless ocean? Columbus invented a plausible theory about the attraction of the polar star, which quieted the pilot's fears. Columbus suppressed the mutinous tendency of the crews with extraordinary tact, and afterwards upon great flights of birds hovering about their vessels, they became reconciled and felt they must be near land. On the night of the 11th of October, Columbus beheld a moving light, which was seen sev- eral times, but at last disappeared. This light was probably upon Waiting's Island. On the morning of October 12th, 1492, laiul was discov- ered, and all hearts were filled with joy and gladness. Colum- bus fell upon his knees and thanked his Maker that He had given liiin the strength ami fortitude which enabled him to overcome all obstacles, and that He had blessed him with suc- cess in discovering what he thouglit to be India, the Kingdom of the Grand Khan. As they approached the land, the air was soft and l)almy, and the breezes ladened with sweet fragrance, perfumed the transparent atniOs|)here. The island on which they landed was one of the Bahama grouji and Columlius naineil it San Salvador. Its inlial)itants IN" THE COLONIZATIOlSr OF AMERICA. 11 were nude, finely and beautifully formed, graceful in their man- ners, and strange and interesting in their habits. They were apparently an amiable, innocent and happy people, who at first thought that Columbus' fleet of vessels were large birds, and that their sails were wings, and that Columbus and his crews had descended from the skies. Thus the expedition of Columbus, which resulted in his discovery, on Friday, the 12fch day of October, 1492, of what he supposed to be a portion of the continent of India (hence he denominated the natives "Indians"), when in reality his dis- covery was that of America. Of the future and important voyages and discoveries of Columbus, and of the varied fortunes which it was his lot to meet with, it is not our present purpose to speak. Envy, detraction, injustice and cruelty imbittered his latter life. De- prived of the honor (which was only his just due) of giving lii^s name to the newly-discovered world, and rendered hopeless of all redress by the death, in 1504, of his patron and fast friend, the good Queen Isabella, Columbus died at Valladolid May 20, 1506, at peace with the world, and sustained in his last hours by hope and consolation of the Christian religion. Ferdi- nand did, indeed, order a monument to his memory, with the motto taken from Columbus' coat-of-arms : "A Castilla y a Leon nuevo mundo dio Colon." To Castile and Leon Columbus gave a new world, but it could add nothing to the fame of Colum- bus. It simply serves to stamp the character and conduct of Ferdinand as one who was an unfeeling, ungenerous, ungrate- ful King Part IL THE NAME OF AMERICA. How It Originated, Etc. The name of America, which was applied to a portion of the Western Continent soon after its discovery, and which has now become its unalterable title, took its rise from a voyage made in 1499, by Amerigo Vespucci, a distinguished Florentine navi- gator. Vespucci wrote several letters in Latin to Lorenzo de Medici, one of which was printed in 1505, being the first of his narratives that was published. He also wrote a letter, dated Lis- bon, September 4th, 1504, addressed to Rene, Duke of Lorraine, in which it is claimed that he discovered the main land in 1497. Now, as he was a man of superior learning aud intelligence, and his name was thus publicly connected with the new world as the discoverer of the continent, although he was not the first to reach terra firma, Columbus, and Cabot and others having preceded him. It happened that a famous cosmographer, Mar- tin Waldsumuller, of Fribourg, patronized by Rene, thought good, in 1507, to apply this name of America to the new world. The geographical works of Waldsumuller, title, " Hyla Comy- las," went t^i rough repeated editions, aud thus the name Amer- ica became familiarized to the larger part of the civilized world. And so must it remain, though there can hardly be any one who can repress a sigh of regret at the injustice which has thus been done to Columbus. THE FIRST COLONY LANDING IIT FLORIDA UNDER JUAN" PONCE DE LEON, 1512. IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 13 The marvellous discovery of a new world aroused the spirit of maritime enterprise in England, and to one of her sons indis- putably belongs the glory of having first reached the continent of North America. Yet when the news of what Columbus had done reached England, Henry VII., a shrewd and thrifty mon- arch, was ready at once to enter into competition for the prizes which the New World might disclose. Accordingly, he availed himself with eagerness of the offer of John Cabot, a Venetian merchant residing in Bristol, England, to fit out several vessels for discovery which might be made any where north of the route originally taken by Columbus. In a patent obtained from the king and signed at Westminister March 5. 1496, Cabot was authorized with his three sons, Lewis, Sebastain and Sancius, " to saile to all parts of the east, of the west and of the north, under our banners and ensigns, with five ships," with mariners and men on their proper cost and charge, to discover in any land, clime or countries that might be inhabited by heathens or nifidels soever, not conflicting with the Christian religion in any parts of the New W^orld that they might discover. The expedi- tion sailed under the command of Sebastian Cabot, who was born in Bristol, England, a youthful but sagacious mariner, and on June 24, 1497, they discovered land, which was a part of the coast of Labrador, and which they named Prima Vista; they saw also an island, which they called St. John's Island, from the day on which it was discovered. Disappointed in his expectation of finding a northwest passage to the land of Cathay, or the Indies, with its marvels and won- ders, as old Marco Polo tells them, Cabot returned to England. He made a second voyage to America, the particulars of which have been but scantily preserved. On a voyage in 1517 Hud- son's Bay was undoubtedly entered, but his crew, terrified by the fields of ice, in the month of July clamored for a return, and Cabot reluctantly sailed back to England. This eminent navigator, having lived to a good old age, died in the city of London. It is an instructive lesson of the uncertainty of human distinction, that although he gave a continent to England, neither the date of his death is known, nor does the humblest stone show his memory or where his remains lie interred. 14 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS OTHER EXPLORERS. In 1498, Vasco de Gama. uiider the patronage of Emanuel, King of Portugal, an able and enterprising monarch, doubled tlie Cape of Good Hope and opened to Portugal a new and most important route to the Indies. The same King, in loOl, sent Caspar Carterial with two vessels to explore the North-Western Ocean. This navigator sailed some seven hundred miles along the shores of North America. His only ex]>loit was the kid- napping a number of the natives and carrying them to Portu- gal as slaves. Juan Ponce de Leon, a hardy old Spanish warrior, and one of the companions of Columbus, having conquered Porto Rico, greatly enriched himself l)y the com]>ulsory lal)or of the unhappy natives. He actually set out, in 1512. to find this won- der of nature. In the course of his voyage, on Easter Sunday, March 27th — which the Spaniards call Pascua de Flores — he discovered that peninsula which separates the Guif of Mex- ico from the Atlantic. It was the beautiful season of flowers, and from this, as well as the day on which he saw the land, he gave to the new region the name of Florida. It was about 1513 that another famous Spanish Captain, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, discovered the Pacific Ocean. This memorable event took place on the 2r)th of September, 1513, It certainly was one of the most sublime discoveries that had yet been made in the new world. English and French nnxriners (fishermen from Brittany) discovered and named Cape Breton in 1504. "This fishery." says Hildreth, "on the coast and bank of Newfoundlaiul formed the first link between Europe and North America, and, for a century, almost the only one." Francis I., of France, although occupied in his contests with Si)ain and Germany, gave due attention to discoveries and IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 15 settlements in the new world. Accordingly, he engaged Juan Yerrozzani, a Florentine, to explore on his behalf, in 1524, new regions in the unknown West. With a single vessel, the Dol- phin, he left Maderia and discovered a new land never before seen of any, either ancient or modern. This was the low level coast of North Carolina. Verrozzani also entered the harbors of New York and Newport, and coasted northwardly to the fiftieth degree of north latitude. No settlement, however, resulted from this voyage of Verrazzoni to America. The first attempt, in 1536, at colonization by the English was disastrous in the extreme. In 1531 and up to 1540 the French tried to colonize, but gave up for a long time all further attempts at founding colonies in North America. What had been done, however, served in later days as a basis for claims, on the part of France, to the northern portion of the American continent. The disastrous attempt of Narvaez, in 1528, to conquer and obtain possession of Florida did not deter other bold spirits from efforts of a like character. Ferdinand de Soto, a distin- guished companion of Fizarro in annexing to Spain the golden regions of Peru, was sent out by Charles V., and he was cre- ated Adelantado of Florida, combining the offices of Governor- General and Commander-in-Chief. In May, 1539, De Soto sailed from Havana with six hundred men in the bloom of life, a number of Priests, besides sailors, about two hundred horses and a herd of swine. Arriving on the 30th of May, at the Bay of Spiritu Santo, on the western coast of Florida, he landed three hundred men and pitched his camp; but about the break of day, the next morning, they were attacked by a numerous body of natives and obliged to retire. In marching several hundred miles he passed through several Indian towns to Mavilla, a village enclosed by wooden walls, standing near the mouth of the Mobile river. The Indians, disgusted with the strangers and provoked by an outrage committed on one of their chiefs, brought on a severe conflict, in which two thous- and of the natives and about twenty Spaniards were slain. The village was burnt in the action. After this engagement De Soto retreated to Chicaca, a small town in the country of the IT) HISTORICAL SKETCHKiS AND EVENTS Cliickasaws, where he remained till March, 1541. His army now resumed its mairh throii^'li the Indian country, and after many hardships, mishaps, and very grievous discouragements, in the latter part of April, 1541, De Soto first beheld the Mississippi ; this was not far from the thirty-fifth paralel of latitude. The Mississippi River was crossed by De Soto, and still further attempts were made to discover the wealth and magnificence which they had set out to find in Florida. But it was all iu vain. Chagrined by a conviction of a total failure, De Soto sank under his disappointment, and died May 25th, 1542. To conceal his death, his body was wrapped in a mantle, and, in the stillness of the night, was silently sunk into the middle of the river. The discoverer of the great Mississippi slept beneath its waters. Soto had crossed a large part of the continent in search of gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial place. The remainder part of this fruitless expedition with wliieh they had embarked, floated down the Mississippi to its mouth, and iu September. 1543 reached a Spanish settlement near the present site of Tampico. Florida was thenceforth abandoned. Not a settlement was made ; not a single site occu- pied by the Spaniards, yet Spain, under the name of Florida, laid claim to the entire sea-coast of America, as far north even as Newfoundland. In the year 1562, Admiral De Coligny, an able French Protestant leader, was desirous of finding a home in America for the persecuted Huguenots. Accordingly, an expedition was fitted out under the command of Jean Kibault, of Dieppe, an experienced mariner and Protestant. Ribault reached Florida in May, entered a spacious inlet which he named Port Royal, and built a fort called Carolina, a name which still remains to us, although the early colony perished. Twenty-six were left to found a settlement, while Ribault returned in 1563 to France for supplies. Those remaining behind, becoming disheartened, resolved to abandon the settlement ; the commander was killed in a mutiny ; and, well-nigh starved, they were picked up by an English vessel and landed, part in France, and the rest iu Eng- land. In 1564, Colignv again renewed his efforts. Three shipt IlSr THE COLONIZATION" OF AMEKICA. IT were sent out, under command of Landonniere, a companion of Ribault, They landed in June at the River May (now the St. Jolm's) and built a fort. Mutinies and piratical expeditions occurred. They took two Spanish vessels, thus becoming the first aggressors in the New World. In great distress for provi- sions they were about to abandon this settlement, when the notorious Sir John Hawkins, the slave merchant, relieved them. Ribault arrived again in August with abundant supplies of all kiuds. But the colony was by no means as yet in security. Pedro Melendez, a fierce and unsparing soldier, obtained permis- sion from Philip II. of Spain to conquer and occupy Florida, and also to drive out the French as both intruders and heretics. " Death to the Huguenots !" was the cry. In 1565 with some three hundred soldiers and over two thousand volunteers, the expedition left Spain in July. Melendez did not delay, as he CITY GATE, ST. AUGUSTINE. was anxious to make quick work of his enemies. He sailed to the coast of Florida. Land was seen on the 28th of August, and Melendez named the inlet and haven which he entered two days after, St. Augustine. The town here founded by this 18 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS name still imKiiiis, and, though not a j)lace of large size, is by more than forty years the oldest town in the United States. THE END OF RIBAULT AND HIS COMMAND. Melendez was not long in finding the French colony^ Ribault's vessels cut their cables and put to sea. A violent storm arose, and the French vessels were scattered and cast on shore. Melendez marched overland from St. Angustine, through the forests and swamps, surprised the French forts, and indis- criminately butchered men, women, and children. But Ribault and his shipwrecked companions, half famished, reached the fort to find it in the hands of the Spaniards. Relying on the word of honor of the perfidious Melendez. they gave themselves up and were massacred, near St. Augustine, with shocking barbarity, with the following inscription : "Not because they are Frenchmen, but because they are heretics and enemies of God." Paht III RETALIATION OF THE FRENCH When intelligence of this horrible outrage reached France, it excited a desire for vengeance. Charles IX. was invoked in vain to require of the Spanish monarch that justice should be awarded against his murderous subjects. An avenger was speedily found — Dominic de Gourgues, a brave Gascon — in 1567. He was determined to devote himself, his fortune, and his whole being to the achievement of some signal and terrible retribution. He found means to equip three small vessels, and to put on board of them eighty sailors and one hundred and fifty troops. Having crossed the Atlantic, he sailed along the coast of Florida, and landed at a river about fifteen leagues distant from the River May. The Spaniards, to the number of four hundred, were well fortified, principally at the great fort, begun by the French and afterwards repaired by themselves. Two leagues lower, towards the river mouth, they had made two smaller forts, which were defended by a hundred and twenty soldiers, well supplied with artillery and ammunition. Gourgues, though informed of their strength, proceeded reso- lutely forward, and, with the assistance of the natives, made a vigorous and desperate assault. Of sixty Spaniards in the first 20 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EV KNTS fort, there escaped but fifteen, and all in tlie second fort were slain. After a c<)nii)any of Sj)aniards, sallying out from the third fort, had been intercepted and killed on the spot, this last fortress was easily taken. All the surviving Spaniards were led away prisoners with the fifteen who escaped the massacre of the first fort, and were hung on the boughs of the same trees on. which the Frenchmen had been previously suspended. Gourgues,. in retaliation for the label Melendez had attached to the bodies- of the French, placed over the corpses of the Spaniards the following declaration : " I do not this as unto Spaniards or mariners, but as unto traitors, robbers, and murderers." Having razed the three forts, and not being strong enough to remain in the country, he returned to France in May, 1568. Such was the end of the ef!brts of the French Protestants to found settle- ments in Florida. OTHER EXPLORERS TO AMERICA, In 1603, a company of merchants was formed at Rouen, and Samuel Champlain, an able and scientific officer, was sent out in command of an expedition. This celebrated man, after careful exploration and examination, selected the site of Quebec for a fort. In 16U4:, another expedition, consisting of four ships, sailed for America, and lauded at Port Royal, now Annapolis. Champlain explored the Bay of Fundy, discovered and named the River St. John's, and selected a site for a settle- ment on the Island St. Croix, in the river of the same name. But the spot was not well chosen, and in the spring of 1605, the following year, the colony removed to Port Royal. Here the first actual settlement on the Americun continent by the French was made. In 1608. Champlain not only laid the foundation of the City of Quebec, but also the next year explored and was the first white man to enter the beautiful lake which bears his name and perpetuates his memory. This jierse- vering man lived through severe trials and afflictions to establish the authority of his countrymen on the St. Lawrence. He died in 1685. Consequent upon the explorations of IN" THE COLONTZATION" OF AMERICA. 21 €hamplain and others, the French laid claim to that vast tract of Interior America which, together with Canada and Acadia, was denominated " New France." THE PRECEDING RACES. Without entering into a discussion of the question, Whence came the people who first settled America ? — a question more curious than profitable — it is quite certain that the Indian tribes scattered over the face of the country were the successors of a race or races which had passed away entirely, ages before the discovery of the New World by Columbus. ATTEMPTS AT COLON"IZATIO]Sr BY THE ENGLISH. From 1553 to 1606 the enterprising spirit of Englishmen led them into the work of discovery, in attempts at settlements and colonization. During the reigns of Henry the VIII. and Edward the VI., Sebastian Cabot in 1553 formed a company of merchants, at the head of which Cabot was placed, and an expe- dition was fitted out. The expedition was under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby, who was lost, together with his expe- dition, near the North Cape, in the obscure harbor of Lapland. The Chancellor, his companion, more fortunate, entered the White sea and found shelter in the harbor of Archangel, and finally repaired to Moscow, instead of arriving in America. In 1518, under Queen Elizabeth patronage, an attempt was made by Englishmen to plant a colony in America. It was mainly due to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a gentleman of distinction and marked ability as a soldier and a writer on navigation. With- out diiSculty he obtained a patent from the Queen. Six years were allowed for the establishment of the colony. As this is the first charter to a colony granted by the crown of England, and this expedition was a total failure, it is not our purpose to give the articles contained in the patent. But it is enough to know that Elizabeth authorized Gilbert to discover and take possession of all remote and barbarous lands unoccupied by any Christian prince or people; and finally it prohibited all persons 22 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS from attempting to settle within two hundred leagues of Sir Humpiirey GillxM-t's Colony. In June, 15S3, Gilbert sot sail on his second voyage with a fleet of five ships and barks and a large body of men. The step brother of Gilbert was the illus- trious Sir Walter Raleigh, who readily came to the aid of Gil- bert, and furnished one vessel which bore his name. Gilbert, on reaching Newfoundland, early in August, he took possession of it in the name of Elizabeth. However, the mutinous and dis- orderly conduct of many sailors, and the loss of the principle ship and one hundred men they now decided to return home, and in doing so on St']itember 9th in a heavy sea Sir Humphrey and his frigate and all on board went down. The other vessels reached Falmouth in safety, bearing the sad tidings of loss and disaster. Again in April, 1584, Raleigh, having secured a patent from Elizabeth, endeavored to carry out his favorite plan of colonizotion in America. He was constituted bard proprie- tary with powers almost unlimited, on condition of reserving to the Crown a fifth part of all gold or silver ore which might be found. In April two ships set sail under the command of Philip Amidaz and Arthur Barlow, and early in July they reached the shores of Carolina. They landed, and took possession in the name of the Queen of the island of Wococon. Charmed with the beauty of everything they saw, Amidaz and Barlow, with very limited explorations and taking with them two of the natives, Wauchen and Manteo, they returned to England. Raleigh was in raptures with the prospects before him, and Elizabeth expressed her desire that the new region should be called Virginia in honor of the virgin Queen of England. Seven leagues from Wococon was Roanoke Island, where the colony for a time was formed, and in April, 1585, seven vessels, with one hundred and eight colonists, sailed from Plymouth under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, one of the bravest men of the age. Ralph Lane was appointed governor, and Hariat was included in the expedition. Proceeding by way of the West Indies on the 2()th of June they came to Florida, and to anchor on the 2r)th at Wococon. Ralph Lane, being more of a soldier than a mild and judi- cious colonist, became involved in a quarrel with the Indians, IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA, 2B as did Grenville himself, which proved disastrous to the expe- dition; and without provisions and the colony reduced to almost starvation, was about to dissolve, when unexpectedly Sir Francis Drake appeared with his fleet on his return from the West Indies. He supplied the wants of Lane, gave him a. bark of seventy tons and arranged everything for the prosperous continuance of the colony. A sudden storm, however, de- stroyed the vessel which Drake had provided, and not only the colonists themselves, but Lane also, in great despondency, begged to be permitted to return with Drake's ships to England. The privilege was freely given and in June, 1586, the settlement of Roanoke and the third of the same kind was abandoned. In 1587 other emigrants with their families vv^ere sent out to make their homes in the New World. Municipal regulations were established. Mr. John White was appointed governor, and a charter of incorporation was granted for the "City of Kaleigh." Leaving Portsmouth on the 26th of April they anchored off" the coast on the 22d of July. An immediate search was made for the men left the year before on tlie Island of Roanoke, but in vain. The Indians had easily wreaked their vengeance upon them; desolation and ruin brooded over the scene. Raleigh had Chesapeake Bay marked out for the new settlement; but dis- sentions arrising. White was unable to proceed farther, and the foundations of the proposed city were laid on the island of Roanoke. As little progress could be made under so many dis- couraging circumstances, the united voices of the colonists begged White to return with the ship to England to secure prompt and abundant supplies and reinforcements. Only a few days before sailing the daughter of the governor, Mrs. Eleanor Dare, August 8th, gave birth to a daughter, who was the first child born of English parentage on the soil of the United States. She was appropriately named Virginia Dare. White, leaving his family and the colony, returned home. He was never privileged to look upon them again. Raleigh was not forgetful of his colony. In April, 1588, he sent two vessels with supplies, but the ship's company sought the gains of pri- vateering; they were worsted in an engagement and were com- pelled to put back, and thus they abandoned the colony to ruin. 24 HISTORICAL SKETCHES ANIJ EVENTS The delay proved fatal, Raleiofh was bankrupt and could do no more, and it was not till 1590 that White was enabled to return and search for his family and tlie colony he had left. Roanoke wiis literally a desert; nothint? left but ruin and desolate habita- tions; nothintf ever transpired to point out what had been their lot. Hence, in 1603, after a period of more than a hundred years from the time that Cabot discovered the continent of North America, and twenty years from the time that Raleigh sent out his first colony, not a single Englishman remained in the New ^^'orld. SIR WALTER RALEIGH. In the last year of the reign of Elizabeth, 1602, Bartholo- mew Gasnold set out in a small vessel to make a voyage more direct to Virginia than by way of the Canaries and West Indies. In seven weeks he reached the coast of Massachusetts near Na- hant. Keeping south in search of a harbor, he discovered the promontory which he called Cape Cod, This was the first spot in New England ever trod l>y Englishmen. Doubling the cape aiul passing Nantucket they entered Buzzard's Bay, which they called Gasnold's Hope. Ou the westernmost of the islands in the bay they made a settlement and called it Elizabeth, after the Queen. They built a f.;rt and store-house on a rocky islet in Il'T THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 25 the center of a small lake of fresh water, traces of which was seen by Dr. Belknap in 1797. They were deliglited with the luxuriant vegetation of the scented shrubs, wild grapes and strawberries, and their wish was to remain there. But the smallness of their number, surrounded by Indians, the want of provisions and the recollection of what had befallen the hope- less settlers of Virginia, with the dissensions that sprung up, they shortly after returned to England. 1 Part IV. THE ACCESSION OF JAAIES I., 1603. Followed by Peace Between Exglaxu and Spain. Merchants and others became interested in the reports of Gasnold and his companions, consequently two vessels were fitted out by the merchants of Bristol, under command of Martin Pring, to examine the discoveries of Gasnold. and ascertain the correctness of his statements. They returned with ample confirmation of his veracity. In 1605 a similar expedition, commanded by Captain Weymouth, equipped and despatched by Lord Arundel, not only produced additional testimony to the same effect, that all doubts were removed; and a company sufficiently in wealth and numbers powerful to attempt a settlement being soon formed, a petition was pre- sented to the King for his sanction of his authority to its being carri"d into effect. James listened with a favorable ear to the application. But to grant the whole of such a vast region to any one body of men appeared to him an act of impolitic and profuse liberality. For this reason (1606) he divided that por- tion of North America which stretches from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth degree of latitude, into two districts nearly equal — the one called the First or South Colony of Virginia, the other, the Second or North Colony. He authorized Sir •^ POCAHONTAS SAVING THE LIFE OF CAPT. JOHN SMITH. IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 27 Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, and their associates in the London Company, to plant anywhere between thirty-four and forty-one degrees north latitude, or between Cape Fear and the east end of Long Island. The Plymouth Company, composed of residents in the west of England, to plant anywhere between the thirty-eiglith and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude, or between Delaware Bay and Hali- fax. But neither company was to begin its settlement within a hundred miles of any spot previously occupied by the other. Each colony was to extend along the coast fifty miles either way from the point inland a hundred miles, embracing ten thousand miles of continental territory. The charter granted the emigrant the privilege of holding lands in America by the freest and least burdensome tenure. The King permitted all y the sustenance or commerce of these colonies to be exported from England during the space of seven years free, without pay or duty; and further, he granted them liberty of trade with other nations, and appropriated the duty to be levied on foreign commodities, as a fund for the benefit of the colonies for the period of twenty-one years. He also granted them liberty of coining money, of repelling enemies and detaining ships trading there without their leave. ''In this singular charter," says Dr. Rob- ertson, ''the contents of which have been little attended to by historians of America, as some articles are as unfavorable to the rights of the colonists as others are to the interests of the parent state." In 1606, not long after the grant of this charter, James issued "Instructions for the Government of Virginia." He appointed a council as provided for in the charter, the King to increase or alter the council at his will, the president to have a double vote; the true Word of God, according to the Church of England, only to be preached. Under the auspices of this nature was the first permanent settlement efiected by English- men in the New World, now "America." OTHER COLONIES SENT TO VIRGINIA. The London Company, consisting of Gates, Somers, Hak- luyt, Wingfield and others, especially Sir Thomas Smith, one of the assignees of Raleigh's patent, fitted out three vessels, 2S HISTORIPAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS iiiidor commiuid of Christopher Newport, aiiil tof^ether with Wiiirpot- uates his fame, pronouncing the country along the river's banks "as beautiful a land as one can tread upon.'' Hudson ascended the river with his ship as far as where the present city of Albany now stands, and thence sent a boat, which went somewhat beyond Waterford. Mr. Hildroth stigmatizes Hudson's conduct towards the Indians on several occasions as marked by "reckless cruelty," which is hardly borne out by the facts. Decending the river, THE COLONIZATION" OF AMERICA. 37 Hudson, on the 4th of October, set sail for home and in a little more than a month arrived safely at Dartmouth, in England. Hudson was detained by a royal order, and soon after fitted out for a fourth voyage. From that voyage he never returned; but set adrift in an open boat with his young son and eight others, he perished in the frozen regions of that bay which still bears his name and reminds us of his fearful fate. The Dutch East India Company claimed a right to the new lands discovered by their agent, and immediately dispatched vessels to open trade with the natives. (1613) A few fortified trading houses were erected on the island of Manhattan, the nucleus of the future great city of New York. The state general had meanwhile granted a four years' monopoly to any enterprising trader, and soon after an Amsterdam company sent out five ships. One of these adven- turers, Adrian Block, extended the sphere of discovery by way of the East river, ran through the formidable "Hellgate," and traced the shores of Long Island and the coast of Connecticut as far as Cape Cod. A few years later Capt. Thomas Dermes was the first Englishman who visited the Dutch at Manhattan, and sailed through Long Island sound. (1615) A fort was erected on Manhattan Island and another a few miles below Albany, as centers of traffic with the Indians. (1623) Two vessels were sent out under command of Capt. Cornlis Jocobsen May, the companion of Block, Avho became the first director of New Netherland. During his brief administration of one year a fort was built on the Delaware called Nassau. There was also one built on the Hudson where Albany now stands, named Fort Orange. A number of Walloons, who had been denied the privilege of settlement within the territory of the Virginia Company, came out in the vessel under command of May. These were properly the first colonists who settled on the north- west corner of Long Island at Walloon's bay, now Wallabout. In May, 1626, Peter Minuit arrived at Manhattan, as director- general of New Netherland, Manhattan was purchased of the Indians for sixty gilders— about |24— and a block house surrounded by a palisade was built at the southernmost point; this was called Fort Amsterdam. Staten Island was also pur- ,chased of tlie Indians. In 1629 a plan of colonization was 38 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS drawn up l)y the assembly of nineteen. Any members of the company who mii^ht establish in any part of New Netherland within four years after the notice of his intention, a colony of fifty persons upwards of fifteen years of age was to be entitled, by the name of Patroon, to a grant of territory so occupied, six- teen miles in extent along the sea shore, on the bank of some navigable river, or eight miles where both l)anks were occupied, with an indefinite extent inland. The island of Manhattan and the fur trade with the Indians was expressly reserved to the company and upon all trade carried on by the Patroons five per cent, was to be paid; these Patroons were to extinguish the Indian title and settle their lands with tenants, farmers, etc. Free settlers, who emigrated at their own expense, were allowed as much land as they could cultivate, and settlers of more to be free of taxes for ten years. The colonists were forbidden to make any woolen, linen or cotton cloth, or to weave any other stuffs on pain of being banished, or punished "" as purjurers." This was done to keep them dependent on the mother country for all necessary manufactures. The scheme met with favor; several members of the company selected and purchased the most desirable locations on the Delaware bay, and on the west bank of the Hudson opposite Manhattan Island. The former was called Swansdale, and the latter to which Staten Island and others were added was entitled Pavonia. The agents of Patroon Van Rensselaer, who is well known to the inhabitants of Alba- ny county. New York, their predecessors, purchased the lands in the vicinity of Fort Orange. The name liensselaerwvck was given to this tract, twenty-four miles long and forty-eight broad. De Vries went to Swansdale and settled there with a small col- ony, where the town of Lewiston now stands. (1630) Large be- beginnings were made to colonize Rensselaerwyck and Pavonia. ( 1032) Minuit, on his return to Holland with a cargo of furs, he was compelled by stress of weather to put into Plymouth harbor, where he was detained and treated as an interloper. The Dutch tide to New Netherland was discussed between the govern- ments of England and Holland, the former insisting upon her right to the territory. In December of this year De Vries brout^ht supplies to the little colony at Swansdale, hut sad to IN" THE COLONIZATION OF AMEEICA. 39 relate, not a living being was to be found there. The Indians had completely destroyed everything. De Vries subsequently settled on Staten Island. In 1633 the Dutch purchased of the Pequods a tract on the vrest bank of the Connecticut, near where the city of Hartford now stands, and built a trading house, which was fortified with two cannon, and named the house Good Hope. Soon after a small vessel came from Boston with a letter to Van Twiller, the director-general, from Winthrop, the governor, asserting anew the claims of England. (1634^ New Amsterdam received marked improvement; a church, mills and barracks was erected, but the disputes with the Patroons was a serious hindrance to the progress of the colony, and Swansdale was sold back to the comjDany for about $6,000. Van Twiller, (1635) with an eye to his own interests too much, complaints were made against him and soon after was recalled, (1637) and William Kieft was sent out as his successor in March of the next year. In 1637 the Swedes sent out an expedition under command of Minuit, who was previously director of New Netherland; two vessels^ with fifty men entered the Delaware. (1638) Lands were purchased of the natives near the head of the bay, and a fort was built called Christina in honor of the queen of Sweden. Kieft protested, but to no avail; it was unwise to attempt hos- tilities with the Swedes and he desisted. Emigration continued to increase for several years, and Printz, the governor, estab- lished a residence and built a fort near Philadelphia; thus Pennsylvania was occupied by the Swedes long before Penn be- come proprietary, and the bank of the Delaware from the ocean to the falls near Princeton were known as New Sweden. At en- mity with the Dutch in all things, the Swedes, nevertheless, joined with them in keeping out the English, (1640) who attempted to settle within their limits. All who came were either driven out by force or rigidly compelled to submit to Swedish authority. Part VII FOUNDATION OF NEW ENGLAND. Landing of the Puritans, Nov. 11th, 1G20. For a number of years the soot known as Puritans were anxious to form a colony by themselves, on account of not having free liberty of worship; and being oppressed by the gov- ernment, they were compelled to fly to Holland for refuge. During the twelve years of their stay in Holland a constant stream of disafEocted persons from England set towards that country, where all were permitted to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience. Winslow and Captain Miles Standish were among those who joined the church of Robinson after it had left England. The Puritans not being at ease in their position, exiles for conscience sake, with an eye, too, to the temporal advantages that might accrue, they turned their attention towards the New World. " Well weuned from the delicate milk of our mother country and inured to the difficulties and privations of a strange land," as they express themselves in a letter to Sir Edwin Sandys, it did not require long to bring them to a fixed deter- mination to embark for America. Having failed in an applica- tion to the Dutch government to join them at New Netherland the Puritaus decided to emigrate to Virginia, favorable terms THE COLONIZATION" OF AMERICA. 41 having been readily granted in 1619 by the Virginia Company. The next difficulty was to procure means, which only could be done by entering into an arrangement with some London mer- chants whose terms were not very favorable to the emigrants. The whole property in the colony was to belong to a joint stock company for seven years; the services of each emigrant were onljr to be equal to every ten pounds furnished by the capitalists. It was upon these hard terms they preferred to set sail for the New World. A small ship, the Speedwell, was purchased in Holland and was ready to convey the colony to Southampton. However, some were left behind with Robinson, being unable to find room in the vessel. On July 22d, the wind being fair, they got ready to go on board The parting with Robinson and their brethren was very affecting. In a few days they arrived at Southampton and were joined by the larger vessel, the May- flower. The two vessels, weil loaded with passengers, got under way, but the Speedwell proved to be unseaworthy in every respect; they were obliged to put into Dartmouth, then into- Plymouth, leaving there a portion of their company, and crowding as many into the Mayflower as possible. Early in. September they launched forth upon the reckless ocean. The voyage was tedious and full of danger, owing to the equinoctial storms whose fury the Mayflower encountered, and on the 9th of November they came in sight of the coast of New England, and no great distance from Cajie Cod. As it was their object ta settle near the Hudson river the course of the ship was turned south; getting entangled among the shoals they came to anchor in Cape Cod harbor. Weary of the hardships of the Mayflower they were eager to land. Being out of the limits of the Vir- gniia Company, and signs of insubordination among a portion of the emigrants, it was judged best to enter into a voluntary compact as a basis of social polity, and to appoint a governor . John Carver was chosen to act as governor for the term of one year. The whole company, men, women and children, was one hundred and one souls, who affixed their signatures to the fol- lowing document: In the name of God, amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace of 42 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS God of Grent Britinu. France aud Ireland, king, defender of the faith, etc., having undi>rt;ikoii for the glory of God and the ndvanceraeut of the Christian faith and the honor of our king and country a voyage to phiut the first colony in the northern part of Yn-trinia, do, by these presents of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better order and preservation aud furtherance of the ends aforesaid; aud by virtue hereof to enact, constitute aud frame such just laws, ordinances, acts and constitutions, offices, from time to time as shall be thought most convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we all promise all due submission aud obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names. Cape Cod, 11th November, in the reign of our sovereign lord, King .Tames, of Eng- land, France and Ireland, 18, and of Scotland, 54, Anno Domini, 1(520. An (Exploring piU'ty was sent out at, once. They found a country covered with pine forests and here and there a deserted wigwam, but did not get sight of the natives. A quantity of Indian corn was discovered buried in sand in baskets, which proved a very timely supply of seed for the following spring. Winter was now upon them in all its severity and it was abso- lutely necessary to fix upon some spot for a settlement, and lay foundations of the colony. Five weeks were spent and on Mon- day. December 21st, 1620, this band of pioneers first set foot on the far famed Plymouth Rock; remembering the kindness which they had received at Plymouth, England, the name of New Plymouth was bestowed upon the infant settlement. Here the whole colony was landed. On a bold hill commanding the bay they built a fort, which was garrisoned with a few small pieces of ordinance; at its foot two rows of huts were laid for the habitation of nineteen families. By privations and exposure to the ri^or of the season already had the seeds of mortal dis- ease been imjilanted; during the first winter they faded gradu- ally away; one of the first to follow, January 29, lf)21, was the wife of Capt. Standish; Bradford's wife had perished by drown- ino-. But not to follow the bereavements, suffice it to say that during three dreary mouths one half their number were cut off. That winter they had to form seven times more graves for the dead than habitations for the living. During the following sprino" by means of Samoset and other friendly Indians, inter- course was open.Ml, and finally a treaty of amity agreed upon LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS ON CAPE COD, 1620. IJSr THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA, 43 with Massasoit, head chief of the Pokanokets or Wampanoags, who were immediate neighbors of the colonists. Carver was reelected governor, but died soon after; Bradford was chosen his successor. The Mayflower set sail for England April, 1621. The colonists, taking heart as the mild weather approached, sent out a party to explore Massachusetts bay. Some forty miles to the northward there for the first time they beheld the three crested peninsular of Shawraut, site of the present city of Bos- ton. In November the Fortune arrived with thirty-five new colonists but no provisions; the result was a famine. No cattle had been yet imported. Mortality and distress had prevented them from tilling the soil. Hostilities among the Indians be- come apparent, and (1622) it was judged prudent by the colo- nists to build a stockade around their village, one mile in circuit with three gates. Weston, who had taken an active part in fitting out the Plymouth colony, was dissatisfied with the pecun- iary results and resolved to send out a separate colony for a. plantation of his own. He sent some sixty men, chiefly ser- vants, to begin the settlement. They were fellows of hard characters and brought on hostilities with the Indians, greatly to the discomfort of the colony. In 1623 Robert Gorges, son of Sir Ferdinand Gorges, ob- tained a grant of ten miles on the northern shore of Massachu- setts bay; he was also appointed lieutenant-general of New England. Gorges brought with him a clergyman named Morrill. His mission was looked upon with no favor by the Puritans and he shortly returned to England. Lyford, who came in 1624, was expelled. Migrating to Nantasket, at the entrance of Bos- ton harbor, the expelled colonists formed a new settlement at that point. The colony of New Plymouth, still feeble, gave encouraging signs of life and energy. Though there were no luxuries as yet, there was wholesome food and good pure water to drink. At the end of the fourth year the settlement of Plymouth had thirty-two dwelling houses and a hundred and eighty-four inhabitants; the general stock or whole amount of the investment, personal services included, amounted to £7,000, or $34,000. John Robinson died in Holland, and several years elapsed before his family and the rest could find means to trans- 44 HISTORICAL SKET(^HES AND EVENTS port themselves to New Plymouth. Those already the passen- ji^ers by the Mayflower, the Fortune, Anne and Little James, were afterward distino;uished as the '' old comers, or forefathers." In H)27 the aarked for the Delaware with a force of six hundred men and without diihculty accomplished his object, so that New Sweden became again a part of New Netherland. The affiiirs of New Netherland seemed now to ])e decidedly on the improvement. Good friendly relations with Virginia, but with Maryland, however, there was some dispute. Further difficulties in 1659 occurred Avith the Indians. Murders on their part were followed by retaliatory steps on the part of the Dutch, and many lives were lost in consequence. A peace was made in 1660, but in 1663 the savages waiting for revenge on old Stuyvesant for sending away some Indians to the West Indies, attacked the settlers at Esopus with unpitying fury; late in the year the Indians were subdued and peace restored for a time. New England spirit seemed destined to be the plague of Stuyvesant's life. Connecticut was in pursuit of territory, and on <)l)taining a royal charter, (1662) began to press a claim to Long Island, West Chester, and in fact all land east of the Hud- son. Unfortunately for Stuyvesant, the assembly could not yield him any assistance. The days of New Netherland were numbered. The Duke of York had bought up the claims of Lord Sterling, (1664) and in March, 1664, he had received from his brother, Charles II., a charter for a large and valuable tract between the Connecticut and the Delaware principally, and swallowing up entirely New Netherland, now New York. PETER STUYVESAJSTT. Bom in Friesland, Eolland, 1602. First director of the Dutch West India Company in the province of ]S ew Netherland on the Hudson, Arrived at New Amsterdam May, 1647, Rided until 1664, when lie surreyidered to the English, tcho named the town New York, He remained and died there August, 1682, IN THE COLONIZATION" OF AMERICA. 65 Prompt measures were adopted. Three ships, with six hundred soldiers, having on board Colonel Richard Nichols, Colonel George Cartwright, Sir Robert Carr and Samuel Maverick, were dispatched in August, 1664, to sieze upon New Netherland for the Duke of York, Rumors of their design had reached the city but no eilectual defence had or could be made by the Dutch. Stuyvesant determined at least to put a bold front upon the matter; he sent in concert with the deputies to request of the Englisli commander the reason of his appearance. Nichols re- plied by asserting the claims of England, and demanding an immediate surrender of New Amsterdam on conditions that lives, liberties and property of the inhabitants should be respected. Stuyvesant retorted by a spirited protest, detailing the manner in which the Dutch had obtained a lawful possession of the country, effecting to doubt whether " If his majesty of Great Britian were well informed of such passages, he would be too judicious to grant such an order as that by which he was sum- moned, especially in a time of profound peace." And remindino- the commissioners that -it was "a very considerable thing to affront so mighty a state as Holland, although it were not against an ally and confederate." Neither argument nor threats produced any effect upon the English commander, who refused to protract the negotiation and threatened an immediate attack upon the city. Mortifying as it was to an old soldier to surrender without a struggle. Stuyvesant was compelled to submit to the circumstances. The majority of the inhabitants were unwilliuo- to run the risk of an assault to which they could not hope to offer any effectual opposition in defence of a government with which they were discontented, and against another which many among them were secretly disposed to welcome. A liberal capitulation was arranged, the rights and privileges of the in- habitants were guaranteed, and New Amsterdam quietly passed into the possession of the bold invaders — the Eno-lish. A few days after Fort Orange, on the Hudson, capitulated, and the name of Albany bestowed upon it. A treaty was here con- cluded with five nations, whose hostilities had occasioned so much distress to the Dutch. Sir Robert Carr meanwhile en- tered the Delaware, and plundering and ill u>i!ig tli(» Dutch (30 HISTUKICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS soon reduced them to submission. Tlius it was that l)y a ehiim firmly })ersisted in and enforced without sheddin*^ a siiijtijh» drop of blood, New Netherland became an integral part of the grow- ing a7id important colonial empire of England. The Dutch inhabitants readily acc^uicsced in the change of rulers, and rven the sturdy Governor Stuyvesant, attached to the country, spent the remainder of his life in New York. It seems but fair in the history of New York to quote the words of Mr. lirodhcad, who claims that the Dutch have hardly received justice at the hands of Ameiican historians. New Netherland, while in the possession of the Dutch, had three governors, viz.: Van Twiller, Kief t and Stuyvesant. The latter surrendered to the English New Netherland. and thereby the Dutch lost all their claim to the New World. The reduction of New Netherland was now accomplished. All that could be further done was to change the name; and. to glorify one of the most bigoted princes in English history, the royal province was ordered to be called New York. The flag of England was at length triumphantly displayed where for half a century that of Holland had rightfully waved; and from Vir- ginia to Canada the king of Great Britian was sovereign. This treacherous and violent seizure of the territory and possesions of an unsuspecting ally was no less a breach of private justice than of pui)lic faith. New Jersey was established at this date. (1664) The country between the Hudson and the Delaware had been conveyed by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The latter had been governor of the island of Jersey, and thus was the name of the province New Jersey derived. The proprietaries offered the most favorable terms to settlers — absolute freedom of worsliij) and a colonial assembly. Having the sole power of taxation many were attracted to New Jersey; it was considered almost a paradise on account of its liberal institutions and beauty of the climate. (1670) Philip Carteret was appointed governor and attcmptt'd to collect the quit-rents for the })roprietaries in 1070 which caused much discontent and finally broke out into open insurrection. In 1673 war having been declared between England and Holland, through the artifices of Louis XIV., a Dutch Heet suddenly appeared before IN" THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 67 New York; a general disaffection prevailed among the citizens. and Colonel Manning, who in the absence of Governor Lovelace held possession of the fort with a small body of English soldiers, surrendered without resistance. He was afterwards ajudged guilty of cowardice and treachery. For a while New York was in the hands of the Dutch and under a Dutch governor, but by the treaty of Westminister it was mutually agreed that all con- quests should be restored. New York again passed into the hands of the English. Soon after (1672) the taking of the province from the Dutch, Berkeley, one of the proprietors, disposed of his share of New Jersey to John Fen wick, of whom William Penn became one of the assigns. A dispute between the proprietors was settled by arbitration of Penn. This was the first appear- ance of his name in American history. In 1676, by the partition of the province into two parts, called East and West Jersey, the latter became a colony of Quakers; and together with liberty of conscience, democratic equality was established. Large numbers of Quakers emigrated and the colony gave evidence of growth and prosperity. In 1682 East Jersey was purchased from the heirs of Carteret by twelve Quakers under the auspices of Penn, and in 1683 the proprietors increased their number to twenty-four. They ob- tained a new patent from the Duke of York. During the two following years New Jersey afforded refuge to numbers of Scotch Presbyterians who escaped for their lives from home. Freedom of trade had been established in New Jersey. This was quite obnoxious to Andros, the new governor of New York and he attempted to put a stop to it, but to no avail. These high handed measures roused the Quakers to remonstrances; Penn drew up a document, mild in tone, yet firm in asserting constitutional rights, but everything went unfavorable for the Duke of York, and by the advice of Penn was at length com- pelled to yield, and Dongan, a Roman Catholic, was sent as governor empowered to accede to the wishes of the colonists and to summon the freeholders to choose their representatives. Accordingly, on the 17th of October, 1683, a meeting was held^ which was the first popular assembly in the state of New York,' consisting of the governor and ten councilmen, with seventeen 68 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVKN'TS. deputies elected by freeholders. A declunitioii of riopu- lation. It is situated on the western bank of the Hudson river, about one hundred and fifty miles north of New York. Albany was first settled in 1612 by the Dutch, and with the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, which dates from 1607, and St. Augustine, Florida, is the oldest town in the Union. It was originally a Dutch fort called Fort Orange. Somewhat later it took the name of Beaverwick and also Williamstadt; the latter it retained till 1664, when the colony fell into the hands of the English. Its present name is derived from James II., to whom, when Duke of York and Duke of Albany, Charles II. granted the proprietorship of the colony. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTOK. Born in Neic Torh City, TUT. Graduated at King's College, 1764. Studied km ^mder Chief Justice Smith. Was Secretary of State from organ- ization of the Federal Government xmtil 1783, tohen he hecame Chancellor of the State of New Tori: Administered the oath to President Washington April 30, 17S9. Minister to France, 1801. Died February 26, 1813. Part XII. UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. New Hampshire, still in its infancy, sought and obtained annexation on favorable terms with her powerful neighbor, Massachusetts, Not long after, in 1643, the various colonies in New England feeling the need of mutual aid, formed a con- federation under the name of " The United Colonies of New England.'" It consisted of the colonies of Massachusetts, New Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven. These colonies en- tered into a firm and perpetual bond of friendship and amity, for offence and defence for their own mutual welfare. This confederacy, which was declared to be perpetual, continued until James H. deprived the New England colonies of their charters. Gorton, expelled from Plymouth, (1637) retired to the vicinity of Providence, became involved in a dispute with the inhabitants He was cited to appear before the magistrates of Boston, but he preferred to retire still farther from their reach. He pur chased some land at Shawomet of Miantonimoh, the Narragan- sett chief, but the rightfulness of this grant was denied by two inferior sachems, and again Gorton was summoned to the Boston court. He replied with a denial of jurisdiction of Massachu- setts' courts and he was clearly in the right. He offered to sub- mit the case to the arbitration of the other colonists, but he was siezed, taken to Boston, tried, and with his adherents convicted- 70 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS Oil the charpfo of being a blasphemous subverter of true religion and civil government, and with many of his adherents sentenced to death. The sentence was commuted in 1644, and Gorton and his followers were imprisoned at hard labor during the win- ter, mercilessly dejjrived of their cattle and stores, Avere finally released and expelled. Gorton returned to England but failed to obtain redress. Miantonimoh, the Narragansett chief, was deadly hostile to Uncas, the sachem of the Mohegans. (1643) Having fallen into the hands of Uncas, he was by the advice of the colonial commissioners, savagely put to death. The war which had protracted sometime was finally brought to a close l)y the colonists. It was in March of 1643 that the venerated Roger Williams proceeded to England to solicit a charter. While in England he published his " Key to the Language of America," which contained interesting notices of the Indian manners. He also attacked the principle of religious despotism in his " Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience," to which Cotton replied in a tract called the " Bloody Tenet Washed and made White in the Blood of the Lamb." Williams was successful in the object for which he had visited England. Vane favored his wishes and added his influence. The charter obtained included the shores and islands of Narragansett bay west of Plymouth and south of Massachusetts as far as the Pequod river and country. The name of Providence Planta- tions was adopted, and the inhabitants were empowered to rule themselves as they might choose. " The first legislator who fully recognized the rights of conscience was Roger Williams, a name less illustrious than it deserves to be. After sone wan- derings he pitched his tent at a place to which he gave the name of Providence, and there became the founder and legislator of the colony of Rhode island. It deserves to be put on record that in 1648 Massachusetts set the first example of an execution for witchcraft. The unhappy victim was a woman named Marga- ret Jones, who was charged with having '* a malignant touch." The Quakers were a sect which took its rise in England about 1644 under the preaching of George Fox. Their belief was pe- culiar and was denounced as anti-Christian and intolerable. IN" THE COLONIZATIOlSr OF AMERICA. 71 "While Cromwell had declared that "he that prays best and preaches best will fight best," the Quakers denied the right to defensive warfare and refused to bear arms. Their " yea was yea, and their nay was nay." They believed every man and woman at liberty to preach if he or she was moved to do so and regarded a settled ministry as hirelings and wolves amid the flock. Accordingly in July, 1656, two women came from Barbadoes, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, looked upon as pos- sessed by the devil; they were speedily arrested, imprisoned for five weeks and their books burned; they were sent out of the colony. The Quakers — Robinson, Stephenson and Mary Dyer — persisting in proving the penalty denounced against them, Avere tried and condemned. The younger Winthrop sought to pre- vent their execution. Many thought it would be foolish and cruel to proceed to extremities, but the will of the majority prevailed and Stephenson and Robinson were brought to the scaffold. " I die for Christ," said Robinson. " We suff'er not as evil doers but for conscience sake," said Stephenson. (1659) Mary Dyer, with crape around her neck, after witnessing the execution of her two companions, exclaimed: " Let me suffer as my brethren, unless you will annul your wicked laws." At the intercession of her son she was almost forced from the scaffold, on condition of leaving the colony in eight and forty hours. After her trial she addressed from her prison an energetic re- monstrance against the cruelty of the council: " Woe is me for you; ye are disobedient and decieved. You will not repent that you were kept from shedding blood, though it was a woman." She returned to defy the tyrants of the " Bloodytown " and to seal her testimony against them with her life. She was taken and hanged on Boston common in June, 1660. The labors of John Eliot, the Indian missionary, deserves a passing notice. He was born in England in 1604, was educated at Cambridge, and emigrated to New England in 1631. Earnestly desiring the spiritual improvement of the Indians, Eliot, though discharging the duties of a minister over a church at Roxbury, added to his regular charge and toil of learning the dialect spoken in New England, so as to translate the Bible for the benefit of the natives. He began his efforts as far back as 72 HISTORICAL SKKTCHKS AXD ETEN'TS 1645. preacliiiif^ liis lirst sermon to the Indians on tlir 2^th of October, 104G. Eliot died in 1090, fnll in years, charity and honors. The founders of New Enmission. The commissioners, Nichols, Carr, Cartwright and Maverick, arrived in Boston in July prepared to enter ujion the work, Init they met coolness, and steadfast and determined opposition. The commissioners were recalled in 1G66. Under the infiuence of mortified feelings they had made such a report that the king issued an order that Belling- ham, the governor, and some others, should proceed to England to answer for their defiance of his majesty's authority. At the end of fifty years from the arrival of the emigrants at Plymouth, the New England colonies are supposed to con- tain one hundred and twenty towns and probably sixty or seventy thousand inhabitants. The habits and industry and economy that had been formed in less happy times continued to prevail and give a competency to those who had iu)thiug, and wealth to those who had competency. The wilderness receded before advi^iturous and hardy laborers, and its savage inh.il)i- tants found their game dispersed and their favorite haunts in- THE COLONIZATION" OF AMERICA. 75 vaclecl. The Indians again became aroused to seek revenge. A leader Avas all that was wanted to direct their exertions, and Philip of Pokanoket, sachem of the Wompanoags, a tribe living within the boundary lines of PljAmoutli and Rhode Island, as- sumed that honorable but dangerous station. He exerted all the arts, intrigue, powers and persuasion of which he was mas- ter to the Indians in all parts of New England, to unite for the destruction of the whites. He succeeded in forming a confed- eracy able to send into action of three or four thousand war- riors. In 1675 the bloody struggle commenced sooner than Philip intended. A hasty act of revenge placed him in open defiance of the colonists, and he had no other alternative but yield or to carry out his plans. Philip plundered the houses nearest Mount Hope, his residence. Soon after he attacked Swanzey and killed a number of the inhabitants; this was in June, 1675; the Indians fled and marked their course by burning houses, murdering and scalping the whites. The troops per- sued, but unable to overtake them, returned to Swanzey. The whole country vras alarmed and the number of the troops aug- mented; panic prevailed throughout the colouy. But the settlers fled for security to the towns, where they spread fearful accounts of the atrocities of the Indians. Meanwhile the war spread along the whole frontier of Connecticut, Massachu- setts and New Hampshire; the villages were isolated; many were shot dead as they opened their doors; murder and savage barbarity was carried on to the disadvantage of the whites; pro- visions sent to their assistance were waylaid and seized and their escort cut off in ambush. Such was the fate of the brave Loth- rop, at the spot which still retains the name of Bloody Brook. During the summer, the Indians being concealed in the woods and forests, were able to carry on a very harrassing and destruc- tive warfare, but when winter came, the colonists by a vigorous effort raised a force of a thousand men and determined to strike a decided blow. Josiah Winslovv, of Plymouth, was appointed commander-in-chief. On the 18th of December the troops formed a junction in the territory of the Narragansetts after a long march through the snow and a night spent in the woods, they approached the stronghold of the tribe. This was about 76 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVEXTS one o'clock. The liiJiuns had entrenched themselves on a risinj^ ground in the midst of a swamp surrounded by a palisade. The leaders were all shot down as they made the charoje, lint this only excited the colonists on, who, after having once forced an entrance, had been repulsed after a fierce struggle for two hours, they burst infuriated into the Indian fort. Eevenge for the blood of their murdered brethren was alone thought of. Mercy was implored in vain. The fort was fired, and hundreds of Indians' wives and children perished in the midst of the con- flagration, while their provisions, gathered for a long winter, being consumed, and their wigwams burned, those who escaped from fire and sword wandered through the forests to perish with cold and hunger. This was the most desperate battle recorded in the early annals of the country, but the victory was decisive. One thou- sand Indian warriors were killed; three hundred more and as many women and children taken prisoners, yet the price of the victory was dear indeed. Six captains and eighty men Avere killed and one hundred and fifty men were wounded. The Ind- dians were desperate; they vented their fury upon all who came within their reach. But then* power (1677) was broken, and ere long began to fade out of sight. The leaders alone, Philip and Canonchet, sachem of the Narragansetts, refused to yield. The latter died rather than attempt to make peace with the whites. The unhappy Philip, the author of the war, wandered f r(jni tribe to tribe, assailed l)y reproaches for the misery he had brought upon his people and with a heart full of the bitterest anguish. Compelled, he returned to his old haunts, where he was sustained by Witamo, a female chief and relative, he was pres- ently attacked by the English, who carried off his wife and child as captives; shortly after he Avas treachously shot by one of his own adherents who deserted to the English. Thus per- ished Philip of Pokanoket, who in many respects was worthy of a better fate. His child was sent to Bermuda and sold into slavery. Peace was welcome indeed. In 1680, New Hampshire at the solicitiation of John Mason, to whose ancestor a part of the territory had been granted, was constituted a separate colony. Massachusetts, api)rehending IN THE COLONIZATIOlSr OF AMERICA. 77 the loss of Maine, also purchased of the heirs of Gorges their claim to the soil and jurisdiction for about $6,000. Edward Randolph was sent over in July, 1680, as collector of the royal customs. The magistrates iguored his commission, and refused to allow him to act, so that he was compelled to go back to England. He speedily returned in February, 1682, with a royal letter demanding that agents be sent at once fully empowered to act for the colonies. In 1683 a serie-facius was issued in England, and in 1684 the charter was declared to be forfeited. Thus the rights and liberties for sixty years of Massachusetts, so long and so dearly cherished, lay at the mercy of Charles II. who was known to meditate the most serious and fundamental innovations, but who died before any of them could be carried into eflFect. A temporary government was established by the appointment of Joseph Dudley, son of the former governor. Soon after, however, in 1686, James II. placed Sir Edmund An- dros over the colonists. He came fully prepared to forward his arbitrary and tyrannical designs; he brought with him in the royal frigate two companies of troops to enforce his authority, if need be. Dudley was made chief justice and Randolph, the old antagonist, was made colonial secretary. The press, previously placed under his control, had been gagged; now it was entirely suppressed. Connecticut and Rhode Island suffered from the same arbitrary exercise of power. A writ of quo warranto had been is- issued and Andros repaired to Hartford and demanded the charter of the assembly then in session. " That body," says Trumbull, "was extremely reluctant and slow with respect ( 1667) to any re- solve to surrender the charter, or with respect to any motion to bring it forth." The tradition is. Governor Treat strongly opposed to surrender the patent and privileges so dearly bought and so long enjoyed. The important aff'air was debated and kept in suspense until evening, when the charter was brought and laid upon the table where the assembly were sitting. By this time great numbers of people were assembled, and men sufficiently bold to enterprise whatever might be necessary or expedient. The lights were instantly extinguished and Capt. Wadsworth of Hartford, in the most silent and secret manner carried off" the charter and secreted it in a large hollow tree fronting: the house 78 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS of the Honorable SamiU'l \Vyllys, then one of the magistrates of the colony. The people appeared all peaceable and orderly. The eimdles were officiously relighted, but the charter was gone, and no discovery could be made of it, or of the person who had conveyed it away. Andros, however, declared the charter for- feited, and at the end of the records inscril)ed the expressive word, " Finis." The arbitrary proceedings of Andros were not continued for any great length of time. The infatuated James II was rapidly bringing on that crisis in England which re- sulted in his dethronement, and the revolution of 1(388 effected a complete change in affairs not only at home but also in the colonial dependencies of England. The fate of Andros was wrapped up in that of the Aveak tyrant, his master, and his fall, so far as Massachusetts was concerned, was sudden and com- plete. Capt. Wadsworth was the originator of the " charter oak," so long known to our country. Paht XIV. PROGRESS OF VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND COLONIES. Sir William Berkeley, a staunch Royalist, had been elected governor by the Burgesses in 1660. At that date popular lib- erty and privileges were well established, as before noted . Im- portant changes took place, by which the powers of the governors and councillors was increased in the exact proportions that those of the assembly and freemen were curtailed. A brief glance at them is all our space will admit. Originally settled by offshoots or adherents of English nobility, Virginia had re- ceived a more decidedly aristocratic influx of cavaliers who carried with them to the New World prejudices conferred by birth and a contemptuous disregard of rights and pretensions. Underlying this class was another of free descendants of the first settlers of inferior rank, and also indented servants who were bound to labor for a certain number of years, and were virtually in a state of serfdom. Negro slaves had also been introduced into the colony, and from the general work on the plantations negroes had largely increased in Virginia. In 1661 Berkeley was sent to England to get relief, but without success, though he did succeed in getting for himself a share of the newly made province of North Carolina. Mean- while the proceedings of the Virginia assembly were very much 80 HISTORICAL SKETCHES AND EVENTS like those of the government of Eiij^liuid. Intolerance obtained the ascendency, old edicts were revised and fresh ones enacted against T^uritans, Baj)tists and (Quakers, wlio were visited with ■fines and ))anishnient, although it is hut fair to say, Virginia did not like Massachusetts, hang and put to death the followers of George Fox. Education, too, was discouraged. "I thank Ood," are the words of IV'rkeley in 1671, " that there are no free schools, nor jirinting." '' God keep us from both,^' he ]Mously concluded. Such was the aim of the party in power to maintain the domination of a l)ody of Avealthy aristocratic plant- ers over a submissive and ignorant commonalty and a still lower class of indented white servants and negro slaves. The popular discontent was not allayed by the news that the prodigal, Charles II., had granted away the colony to Lord Culpepper and Lord Arlington, two courtiers whom it was necessary to satisfy. Measures Avere taken to see if these two claimants could be bought off. In 1673 Colonel Moryson, Sec- retary Li^dwell and General Smith, were dispatched to England on this business, and the governor and assembly took the oppor- tunity to solicit a royal charter. Their petition was granted, (1675) but was cut short by means of a rebellion in Virginia. The occasion of this popular outbreak was an Indian Avar; the man who presented himself as the leader was Nathaniel Bacon, Virginia had suffered too deeply from the treacherous Indians not to be predisposed, even after an interval of thirty years' peace. Certain outrages of the Indians had been resented b}' the jilanters, among others by John Washington, who had emi- grated from the north of England and Avho became the founder of that family from Avhich a century later sprung the illustrious father of his country. In 1676 Bacon Avas among the most earnest complainants. The people Avere greatly excited Avhen the news came that the Indians had killed some of Bacon's ser- A'ants. He instantly flew to arms, and being joined by some five or six hundred men, set off in pursuit of the enemy. The governor, looking upon this proceeding as an insult to his au- thority, proclaimed Bacon a rebel, deprived him of his seat in the council and called upon all those Avho respected his authority to disperse immediately. Governor Berkeley' gathered a body of IX THE COLOKIZATION" OF AMERICA. 81 troops and proceeded to march after Bacon and his men, bnt his progress was arrested by an outbreak in the lower counties. His own authority at the capital passed out of his hands; the okl as- sembly Avas dissolved and Bacon was among the newly elected Burgesses. Bacon having gotten together some four hundred men his demands had to be listened to, although the old fiery governor, it is said, tore open his dress, and exposing his naked breast, exclaimed, " Here, shoot me ! 'Fore God! Fair mark! Shoot!" But Bacon not giving way to excitement, replied: "No, may it please your honor, we will not hurt a hair of your head nor of any other man^s. We are come for a commission to save our lives from the Indians, which you have often prom- ised, and now will have it before we go." The insurgents also made the same demand, accompanied by menaces in case of refusal, against the assembly itself. The warm partisans of Bacon were content enough to give way be- fore the popular movement and to compel the governor, though sorely against his will, to yield, and also to appoint Bacon to the command of the forces sent against the Indians. This point being settled the assembly proceeded to enact many salutary reforms popularly known as " Bacon's Laws," all tending to abate the exhorbitant pretention of the aristocratic party, and to restore to the mass of the people the privileges of which they had been deprived. But there was yet a further struggle be- tween the contending parties. Hardly had Bacon set out on his work of subduing the Indians before Berkeley issued a procla_ mation denouncing Bacon as a rebel, setting a price on his head and commanding his followers to disperse. Indignant at this treatment Bacon immediately retraced his steps, and the gov- ernor fled in dismay from the capital. Steps were taken directly to reorganize the government, and elect new burgesses in Octo- ber. Bacon set out again to carry on the war against the Ind- ians. This led Berkely to contrive by promises of pay and plunder to recover his lost authority. Quite unexpectedly, he succeeded, but it was only a passing triumph. Bacon made a rapid descent from the upper country with an army that had just gained the victory at the Bloody Run. Jamestown was invested and speedily retaken; and further, to prevent its again 82 HISTOUICAL SKETCHEft AND EVEXTS being occupied by Berkeley, it was by Bacon's orders Imnied to the ground. Bacon was now completely victorious and at liberty to carry out his designs to their fullest extent. Precisely what he proposed, however, can never be known, for just at this juncture he was suddenly stricken down by the hand of death. This was in .January, 1()77. Bacon's supporters were mostly taken and Berkeley again restored to power, pursued a course of malignant revenge utterly disgraceful to his name and position. No less than twenty-five persons were executed during the few succeeding months. Horsford was hanged, and Drummond, formerly governor of South Carolina, shared the same fate. So furious had Berkeley Ijecome that the assembly protested. His conduct excited indignation in England. King Charles exclaimed^ '^ The old fool has taken away more lives in that naked country than I did here in England for the murder of my father!'* Berkley not long after returned to the mother country and in a brief space ended his days there. The issue of Bacon's rebellion was injurious to the colony. The whole of '" Bacon's Laws '' enacted by the popular assembly was annulled. Oppressed with the still stricter navigation laws, reduced the price of their staple tobacco, supporting a body of English soldiers, forbidden even to set up a prijiting press, the Virginians had to bear their trials as best they might, in hope that a day of redress would sooner or later arrive. The grant of the colony to Arlington and Culpepper has been already mentioned. The latter nobleman had obtained the cession of his partner's share in 1680 and had been invested with the office of governor for life as the successor of Berkeley. Culpepper's administration was one of greediness, by means of perquisites and peculation. After thus coiulucting his admistration for three years he was glad to surrender his patent and take in its place a pension of about $2,400. In 1684 Lord Howard Effing- ham succeeded Culpepper as governor. He ivas of the same stripe and quite surpassed his predecessor in extorting money. At this period Maryland was in a prosperous condition. Lord Baltimore's wise and prudent measures had rendered Maryland more successful to the proprietary than any other of the Ameri- can colonies. In his old age he obtained a handsome return for IN" THE COLONIZAnOX OF AMERICA. 8a his heavy outlays. At his death the province had ten counties, with about sixteen thousand inhabitants, the largest part of whom were Protestants. (1676) Part XY. ORIGIN OF THE CAROLINAS. Charles the First granted a patent to Sir Robert Heath, his attorney general, in 1630, for a tract southward of Virginia, to be called Carolina, but does not appear to have led to a settle- ment. Heath's patent was declared void, the conditions not being fulfilled. Different points, however, in this fertile region, during the fifteen or twenty years following was occupied by emigrants. Certain persons suffering from religious difficulties in Virginia fied to the banks of the Chowan, north of Albemarle sound, A small party of New Englanders settled wear the mouth of Cape Fear river about 1060, but as the land was not productive and the Indians not well disposed, the greater part of the emigrants returned home, Contrilnitions were forwarded by Massachusetts in 1067 to the relief of those who remained and were in great distress. Soon after the restoration a body of noblemen of the highest rank — the Earl of Clarendon, Monk, Duke of Albemarle, Lords Berkeley, Craven and Ashley. Sir George Carteret, Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley, (1663) begged for a certain country in the parts of America not yet cultivated and planted, and inhabited by barbarous people, "who had no knowledge of God." Charles II. readily granted their petition and erected out of the territory south of the Chesapeake the new province of Carolina, embracing the region THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA. 85 from Albemarle sound southward to the river St. Johns and westward to the Atlantic. The charter empowered the eight joint proprietaries named above to enact and publish any laws which they should judge necessary with the assent, advice, ap- probation of the freemen of the colony; to erect courts of judi- cation and appoint civil judges, magistrates and officers; to erect forts, castles, cities and towns; to make war, and in case of necessity to exercise martial law; to build harbors, make ports and enjoy the customs and subsidies imposed with the con- sent of the freemen on goods loaded and unloaded. One of the provisions of this charter deserves special notice. The king authorized the proprietaries to allow the inhabitants of the province such dispensations in religious affairs as they in their discretion should think proper and reasonable; and no person to whom such liberty should be granted was to be molested, pun- ished, or called in question for any differences in speculative •opinions with respect to religion, provided he did not disturb the civil order and peace of the community. Some planters from Barbadoes after examining the coast of Carolina entered into an agreement with the proprietaries to re- move to Cape Fear river, near the neglected settlement of the New Englanders. Sir John Yeamans, one of their number, (1665) was appointed governor of the new district, which re- ceived the name of Clarendon. He made things easy for the New Englanders, from which the greatest emigration were ex- pected. He also opened a profitable trade and arranged the general affairs of the colony with great prudence and success. The proprietaries of Carolina were desirous of making still larger additions to their territory. Accordingly, in June, 1665, they obtained a second charter which extended the limits of Carolina both northwardly and southwardly, and by an addi- tional grant in 1667 the Bahama islands were also conveyed to the same proprietaries. Every freeman of Carolina was declared to possess absolute power and authority over his negro slaves, •of what opinion or religion soever. After a long delay three vessels were sent out with a body of emigrants under the com- mand of Captain William Sayle. An expense of £12,000 was incurred in providing necessaries for the plantation of the 86 HISTORirAL SKETCHES AND EVEXTS colony. T()nchi;i3, For some years after La Salle's untimely death (1687) the whole region of the lower Mississippi remained undisturbed. 'The French wishing to carry out their favorite project of estab- lishing a line of communication between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico, Lemaine d'Iberville was chosen as the leader in this important enterprise. He was well known as a brave and skill- ful naval officer and stood high in the esteem of his Canadian countrymen. On the 17th of October, 1698, he embarked with two frigates and some two hundred settlers, mostly disbanded soldiers, to plant a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi which as yet had not been entered from the sea. Early in February, 1699, the Spaniards having prevented his entering the harbor of Pensacola, d'Iberville landed on Dauphine island, near Mo- bile, and soon after discovered the river Pascagoula and the tribes of Biloxi. Leaving most of the colonists in huts on Ship island, d'Iberville in company with his brother Bineville and about fifty men, took two barges and set out to find the entrance to the Mississippi. Guided by the muddy waters, on the 2d of March they discovered the mouth of the great river, which they 100 IIISTORirAL SKKTCMIKS AND F.VENTS ascended as high as Red river, and received from some Indians the letter which Tonti had written to La Salle in 1684. Turn- ing agiiin down the river d'Il)f'rville left the main stream and passed throagh the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, made his- way hack hy a shorter passage to where the main body of the- colonists were waiting his movements. At the head of the bay of Biloxi a fort was erected in May. D'Iberville returned to- France leaving his brothers Sauvalleand Bienville in command. Such was the beginning of the colony, and though it was plainly impossible to look for prosperity there, still it was an important movement in advancing the purpose of the French in America. The boundless southern region made a part of the French empire by lilies carved on forest trees, or crosses erected on bluffs, and occupied by French missionaries and forest ranges — was annexed to the command of the governor of Biloxi, England, ever wakeful in her jealously of France, determined to. assert a claim to the region thus ocQupied, and an expedition under Coxe, a London physician who had purchased the old patent of Carolina, set out for the mouth of the Mississippi. In Septeml)er, 1009, as Bineville was exploring the forks below New Orleans he met an English ship of sixteen guns; with readv wit of genius he persuaded the English commander that the region where he then was, was already occupied and settled by the French, and thus got rid of a very troublesome visitor. The point where this occurred in the river is still known to this day as the English Turn. D'Iberville returned early in Decem- ber, 1699, and various important prospects were entrusted to- him to carry out, but especially was he to seek for and find gold. D'Iberville and his ])rother ascended the Mississippi and visited various tribes of Indians, but all enquiring and search for gold was in vain. The aged Tonti with a few companions from the banks of the Illinois river, (1700) joined d'lberville in this expedition,, and ascended the Mississip])i some tliree or four hundred miles, liillious fevers carried off numbers, the amiable Sanvolle among the earliest, and when d'Iberville again returned from France to v.hich he had gone for provisions and soldiers, he found only a. hundred and fifty alive. IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMKPJCJA. 101 In 1702 cVIberville was taken with yellow fever and his health was broken down hy its effects upon his constitution. He died in Havana in 1706. Louisiana at his death was a little more than a wilderness; in the whole of its borders there was not more than thirty families. The major part of the settlers found it necessary to abandon Biloxi, and removed to Mobile, near the head of the bay of that name. This was the first European set- tlement within the limits of what is now the state of Alabama. Hardly sustaininor itself the colony became a burden to Louis XIV., and in 1712 he granted to Anthony Crozat the exclusive privilege for fifteen years of trading in all that immense coun- try, which with its undefined limits, France claimed as her own under the name of Louisiana. Crozat, being unable to get his share of the trade with the Indians which was monopolized by the English, beggixl the government in 1717 to take the colony off his hands. At this date the population was only about seven hundred. In March, 1718, three vessels reached Louisiana with three companies of infantry and sixty-nine colonists; and in June of the same year eight hundred persons— colonists — also arrived. These were the first installments of the six thou- sand whites and three thousand negroes which the Mississippi Company agreed to introduce. Bineville was appointed gov- ernor, and soon after sent a party of convicts to clear up a swamp, the present site of the city of New Orleans, so named after the regent of France, where a few years later Bineville removed the seat of the government. Rice was the principle crop, the main resources for feeding the population, to this was added tobacco and indigo. The fig had been introduced from Province and the orange from St. Domingo. In 1727 the pop- ulation amounted to something more thon five thousand; half of this number were negroes. Perier, in 1726, was apponited governor in place of Bineville, soon after difficulties began ta arise with the Indians. The Natchez tribe, who had at first amicably received the French, and in whose territory Fort Ros- alie had been erected, became jealous of their growing demands for territory, urged on by the Chickasaws, and falling suddenly upon the fort in 1729 they massacred all the male inhabitants and carried away the women and children into slavery. But a 102 HISTORICAL SKETCUKS AM) KVKNTS. year or so afterwards tlie French nearly exterminated the whole trihe and sent several liiiiHlifd of them to he sold as slaves in Hispaiiiola. Tiie Mississippi Company in 1732 resigned Louisiana into the hands of tin* Kin^, and Hiiicvillc was again appointed gov- ernor, and directed to make war against the Chickasaws. With fl, fleet of sixty boats and canoes and al)out twelve hundred €hoetaws as allies, Bineville ascended the Tombigbee river to the head of navigation and attacked the Chickasaws near that point: but the French were repulsed and compelled to retreat. (1735) Three years later ( 1739) the whole force of the French was put forth to overcome this ])ow('rful tribe. Sickness, scarcity of provisions, and dissensions among the officers, in 1740 they were glad to withdraw their forces and leave the Chickasaws unsubdued. Bineville's ill success in this undertaking, and other failures shortly after, in 1743, the Marquis de Vaudreuil was sent out as his successor. Bineville at the age of sixty-five left Louis- iana never to return to the colony he loved and served so long and well. From this date onward for many years Louisiana, under the administration of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, enjoyed com- parative tranquility, and gradually advanced in prosperity. In 1753 De Vaudreuil was transferred to Canada, and Kerlerec, a captain in the royal navy, succeeded him as governor of Louisiana. Part XX. THE PROGRESS AND GENERAL CONDI- TION OF THE COLONIES CONDENSED. 1700 to 1750, At this stage of the progress of our narrative it Mall be profitable as well as interesting to stop and pause for a while, and take a glance at the position and general condition of the American colonies from the beginning of Columbus to 1750, and see what the outgrowth of the discovery of America has done for civilization up to the present time. We have already liere and there called attention to the trials, tribulations, sick- ness, famines, massacres, wealth and improvement and develop- ments, and the energy of all the colonies. It will conduce, to additional clearness of ideas as well as better understanding of the actual — though not yet understood or appreciated — strength of the colonies, if we devote a few pages more particularly to this subject and endeavor by this condensed condition, progress and foundation of the colonies during the first half of the eighteenth century clearly understood, so that the reader may see at a glance onr intention. In doing this we shall rely mainly upon Mr. Grahame, whose resume of this topic, as far as it goes, we look upon as worthy of entire confidence. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the population of Virginia amounted to sixty thousand, of whom about one 104 HISTORIOAL SKETCHES ANI> KVEN'TS half were slaves. The mil itiu were then in iiiimhers less than ten thonsand. In 1722 they nunihered eij^hteen thousand, from which it is fair to infer a ])i"()])ortioHable ever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- tion and waging war against us. He has plimdeied our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the* works of death, desolation and tyranny alrt>ady begun, with circumstances of (-riielty and perfidy scarcely paralelled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy of the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow citizens, tiiken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to be- come the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhal)itants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages ■^vhose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, -sexes and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have peti- tioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injuries. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is Tinlit to be the ruler of a free i)eople. Nor have we been waiting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned theiu from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us, we have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settle- ment here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations which would inevitably interrupt our connection and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de- nounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war; in peace, fiiends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inteotious, do in the name and by authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britian is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as free and inde- pendent states, they have power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establi.sh commerce, and do all other acts and things which in- dependent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provielence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 119 The names of the members who subscribed to the Declaration of In lependence were as follows, viz.: JOHN HANCOCK — Pkesident. iVew IJawpshire — JOSIAH BaKTLETT, William Whipple, Matthew Thoknton. Massachusetts Bay — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Eobekt Tkeat Paine, Elbridge Gekry. Rlwde IsUtad — Stephen Hopkins, William Elleky. Connecticut — EoGEE Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Wiliams, Oliver Walcott, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware — o^sar eodney, Thomas McKean, George Heed. Maryland — Samuel Chase, William Paca. Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carroll- ton. Yirginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison. New York — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abram Clark. Pennsylvania — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Broxton. North Carolina — William Hooper, Joseph Hughes, John Penn. South Carolina — ■ Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hayward, Jun., Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton. Georgia — Button Gwinnett, George Walton, Lyman Hall. Part XXII. HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON, NEW- BURG, N Y., APRIL, 1782. While Washington had his headquarters at Newburg in 17S1-2, one of the first measures of the English administration was to appoint Sir Guy Carleton commander-in-chief in Amer- ica, in the room of Sir Henry Clinton, and to authorize Admiral Dighy and himself to negotiate respecting peace. One oliject of conferring this power was to pursuade, if possible, Congress to agree to a peace separate from their allies. Carleton arrived at New York early in Ma}^ and informed Washington of the fact, and that he and Admiral Digby were charged with a mission respecting terms of accommodation. He requested a passport for his secretary as bearer of dispatches to Congress on the subject. The commander-in-chief immediately forwarded the communications to Congress, but as the bill to enable the Kiwg to conclude peace with America had not then passed into a law, as there was no assurances that the present commissioners were empowered to offer any other terms than those which had already been rejected, as Congress and Wash- ington also was suspicious that the offer was mereh' intended to put them off their guard that they might be successfully at- tacked when reposing in security, and as they were resolved to (^nter into no separate treat}^ the passport was refused. Wash- ington, fearing that delusive hopes were entertained in conse- quence of the splendid success of American arms in A'irginia, THE OUTGROWTH OF OL'R COUNTRY, 121 urgently recommended vigorous preparations for another cam- paign. " Wliatever may be the policy of European courts dur- ing this winter," were his words, "their negotiations will prove a precarious dependence for us to trust to. Oar wisdom should dictate a serious preparation for war, and in that state we shall find ourselves in a situation secure against every event." Con- gress, availing itself of Washington's presence and his council while he was in Philadelphia, voted with promptness and unanimity new requisitions of money and supplies. They re- WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS^ NEWBURG, N. Y., 1782. solved to keep up the military establishment of the preceding year, called upon the states to furnish their quota of troops at an early day, and prevailed upon the commander-in-chief to write two circular letters to the governors of all the states; these letters were sent out at the close of January, and contained ar- guments and exhortations most forcibly expressed, and well cal- culated to arouse the states to active exertion. As on many previous occasions, Washington was sadly disappointed at the result. The state legislatures declared the inability of their 122 THE OUTCKOWTII OK OUR rOFNTHY. constituents to ])ay taxes. Instead of filling the Continental treasury, some were devisin<,' means to draw money from it; and some of those who jjasscd hills, imi)osin<^ heavy taxes, directed that the demands of the state should be first satisfied, and that the residue only should he paid to the Continejital receiver. Although 1)3' the judicious arrangements of Mnrris the public expenses were much diminished, yet they were necessarily great and must so continue, although the means of meeting them thus unexpectedly failed. At the commencement of 1782 not a dol- lar remained in the treasury. '' Yet to the financiers," says Marshall, " every eye was turned; to him the empty hand of evtr}'' i)ublic creditor was stretched forth, and against him, instead of the state governments^ the complaints and impreca- tions of every unsatisfied claimant, were directed." Morris, feeling dt»eply the ingratitude of his countrymen, resolved, never- theless, not to abandon the cause of the people. Writing to Washington the unpleasant news, that the taxes, due in July, would not be paid in till December, he added: "With such gloomy prospects as this letter affords 1 am tied here to be baited by Continental clamorous demands; and for the forfeiture of all that is valuable in life, and which I hope at this moment to enjoy, I am to be paid by invective. Scarcely a day passes in which 1 am not tempted to give back into the hands of Congress the power they have delegated, and to lay down a burden which presses me to the earth. Nothing prevents me but a knowledge of the difficulties which I am obliged to struggle under. What may be the success of my efforts God onl}^ knows; but to leave my post at present would, T know, be ruinous. This candid state of my situation and feelings T give to your bosom, because you who have already felt and suffered so much, will be able to sympathize with me." About the middle of April, 1782. Washington returned from Philadelphia and joined his army at NewLuirg. He was directly informed of a very shameful proceeding on the part of some refugees from New York and felt com])elled to give the matter his serious attention. The circumstances were these: Captain Huddy, who commanded a body of troops in Monmouth county, New Jersey, was attacked by a party of refugees, was made KOBERT MOREIS. Born in Lancashire, England, January, 1133. Game to America, 11114, Became heavy importer in Philadelphia. Member Continental Congress, 1115. Signer of the Declaration of Independence. Established the first National Bank, 1181. Declined Secretaryship of the Treasury under Wash- ington. Died May 8, 1806. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 123 prisoner, and closely coufined in New York. A few days after they led him out and hanged him with a label on his breast declaring that he was put to death in retaliation for some of their number who they said had suffered a similar fate. Wash- ington took up the matter promptly, submitted it to his officers, laid it before Congress, and wrote to Carleton demanding that Captain Lippincott, the perpetrator of the horrid deed, should be given up. The demand not being complied with, Washing- ton, in accordance with the opinion of the council of officers, determined upon retaliation. A British officer of equal rank with Captain Huddy was chosen by lot. Captain Asgill, a young man just nineteen years old and the only son of his parents, was the one upon whom the lot fell. The whole affair was in suspense for a number of months. Both Clinton and Carleton, his successor, reprobated the act of Lippincott with great sever- ity. Yet he was not given up, it being considered by a court martial that he had only obeyed the orders of the board of loy- alists in New York. Great interest was made to save Asgill's life; his mother begged the interference of Count de Vergennes, who wrote to Washington in her behalf. Early in November Washington performed the grateful task of setting Captain Asgill at liberty. The quota of troops expected from the different states were not filled up, as the commander-in-chief hoped they would be, promptly and fully. With an army of not more than ten thou- sand men Washington, even if disposed, was unable to under- take offensive operations, consequently the summer passed away in inactivity at the north. Sir Guy Carleton, on his part, was quiet in New York, and the contest seemed to have ceased. Early in August Carleton and Digby informed the commander- in-chief that negotiations for a general peace were begun at Paris; that the independence of the thirteen United States, would be acknowleged; that Mr. Laurens was at liberty, and that passports were preparing for such Americans as had been hitherto detained prisoners in England. We may properly mention in this place that on the capture of Henry Laurens, John Adams was sent to Holland as minister plenipotentiary, and empowered to negotiate a loan. After considerable delay 124 THE OUTGHOWTII OK uV\i COUNTKY. lu' w'iis ufHc'iiilly recoj^iiizeil, uud the United Proviuces on the lUth of April, 1782, acknowledged the independeuce of the United States of America. This was the second European power that made that acknowledgement. Mr. Adams concluded a treaty of amity and commerce early in October, and was also successful in effecting the desired loan in behalf of his country in Holland. Thus the Dutch was finally one of the vital sparks by which the United {States became a free nation. Paht XXIII. ARNOLD'S TREASON-WEST POINT: N. Y., SEPTEMBER 21, 1780. General Benedict Arnold in Command of all the Forces in THIS Department — Was where Arnold, the Arch- Traitor Connived with Clinton, through the Spy Andre, to put the English in Possession of West Point AND Destroy the American Army under Arnold's Command — Annexed is the Plot and the Consequences in While Washington and our patriot fathers were struggling amid these many difficulties and trials, the whole country was startled and astounded by the providential discovery of a deeply laid plan of treachery, which, if it had been successful, might have proved fatal to the cause of liberty. Benedict Arnold was the man who sold himself to the enemy, and the name of Bene- dict Arnold must forever be consigned to infamy. Arnold had a large share in the esteem and confidence of the country for daring and impetuous valor; he was renowned among American officers; his romantic expedition to Canada, his naval battle on Lake Champlain, and especially his desperate bravery at Behmus's Heights, had covered him with military glory. Disabled from active service by a wound received on this last occasion, he had been appointed to the command of the 12(j THE OUTGROWTH OF OLMl COUNTRY. troops ill I'liil.nU'lpliiii. ik're, as one of the leading men of the city, he had establislied himself in the house of Penn, and had furnished it in the most sumptuous numner. Enticed by the display of wealth which he made and dazzled by the eclat of his position, Miss Shi])pen, a yount? lady not yet eighteen, and the daughter of Mr. Edward Shippen, of Philadelphia, listened to Arnold's addresses, and after a very short acquaintance they were married. ArnokVs play, his table, his balls, his concerts, his banquets, would have exhausted even a very large fortune. Flis own, and the emoluments of his employment, being far from sutficient to defray such extravagance, he had betaken himself to commerce and privateering. His speculations proved unfortunate, his debts accumulated, his creditors tormented him. His boundless arrogance revolted at so many embarrass- ments, yet he would diminish nothing of his princely state, and he resorted to practices discreditable to him in the highest de- gree as an officer and a man. The president and council of Philadelphia, brought heavy accusations against him, which were referred to a court martial. The court sentenced him to be publicly reprimanded by the commander-in-chief, who with mingled firmness and delicacy discharged this unpleasant duty. " Our service," — such were his words — ''is the chastest of all. Even the shadow of a fault tarnishes the luster of our finest achievements. The least inadvertence may rob us of the public favor so hard to be acquired. I reprimand you for having for- gotten that in proportion as you had rendered yourself formida- ble to our enemies, you should have been guarded and temper- ate in your deportment towards your fellow citizens. Exhibit anev/ those noble qualities which have placed you on the list of our most valued commanders. I will myself furnish you as far as it may be in my power, with opportunities of gaining the esteem of your country." Bronzed must be the cheek of Ar- nold, if it did not tingle with burning shame at the thought of what he even then was, in purpose at least, a traitor to the cause of his bleeding country. To a man of violent passions like Arnold, disgraced in the eyes of his countrymen by well founded sus]iieions of his integ- rity, desperately in debt, and with no way in which to retrieve THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 127 liiis affairs, and obtain means to riot still further in vicious ex- travagance, the temptation came at an opportune moment. Revenge was within his grasp and gold held out its lure to him. The coffers of England he knew might be open to him, and treason bore with him a high price. He gave form to his guilty intentions in a letter to Colonel Robinson, who immedi- ately communicated them to Sir Henry Clinton. For more than a year before the consummation of his traitorous act he kept up a secret correspondence with Major Andre, adjutant-general of the British army under the assumed names respectively of Gus- tavus and Anderson. Besides a large sum of money Arnold was promised a rank in the British army equal to that which he then enjoyed. He, on his part, engaged to render to the British some signal service. None could equal in importance the placing of West Point in the enemy's power, and Arnold argreed to do that which, had it been successful, would have been a most deadly blow at the freedom of America. Pretending an aversion to longer residing in Philadelphia, and alleging his wish to resume active service in the army, he requested and ob- tained the command at West Point, and of all the forces sta- tioned in that quarter. He arrived at West Point the first week in August, 1780, and thence forward watched a favorable open- ing for carrying out his treasonable designs, which contemplated not only the delivery of the fortress to the enemy, but the scat- tered troops in the vicinity, so that Clinton might easily fall upon them by surprise and cut them all off at one stroke. The absence of Washington on a visit to Hartford to meet the French officers was thought to afford a suitable opportunity of bringing the affair to a close. Accordingly the sloop-of-Avar Vulture, having ascended the Hudson and anchored in Haver- straw bay, some half dozen miles below King's Ferry, Major Andre landed from her for the purpose of meeting Arnold, and concerting the arrangements necessary to consumate his treach- ery. It was about midnight when he landed, and the whole night was spent in conference with Arnold. Andre, urged to accompany Arnold as far as the house of Joshua H. Smith, re- luctantly complied with this request. Mounting a horse brought by a servant, he passed with Arnold the American lines at 128 THK OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. Haversi raw, and having reached Smith's house, '' probably an accomplice of Arnold's in his traitorous designs." The forenoon was spent in completing the details of his treachery. Arnold furnished him with an exact account of the force at West Point, gave him a pass in the name of Anderson to cross the lines, and then returned to his headquarters at ilubinson's house, op- posite West Point. Meanwhile Andre became very uneasy at the position in which he was placed, and was anxious to return on board the Vulture. That vessel, however, was compelled to retire farther down the river in consequence of being fired upon from the shore, and hence Andre could not get the boatmen to undertake to put him again on board. There was no alternative but to at- tempt to return by land. Having exchanged his regimentals for a citizen's dress, over which he wore a dark, loose great coat, and accompanied by Smith, Andre set out a little before sunset, crossed the river at King's Ferry to Verplanck's Point, and it being now dark took the road towards New York. At the outposts they were challenged by a sentinel. Andre's pass was closely scrutinized by Captain Boyd, the officer on duty and numerous inquiries were addressed to him. At length, much to his satisfaction, he was released with an apology, and advised to remain all night on account of the marauders with which '' the neutral ground" was infested. It was only after great persua- tion on the part of Smith that Andre consented to do so, and the former afterwards declared that Andre passed the night in great restlessness and uneasiness. At the dawn of day they were again in the saddle; and now considering himself beyond the reach of danger the spirits of the young officer which had hitherto been depressed by the sense of danger recovered their natural elasticity. After breakfasting on the road they parted, and Andre continued his journey towards New York alone. Al)out ten o'clock on this morning of September 23, 17S0, while Andre was riding over the neutral ground, a tract some thirty miles in extent along the Hudson river between the American and British lines, and when he was about half a mil(> north of Tarrytown, three armed militia men sprang out from the road- side, siezed his bridle and demanded where he was going. Andre THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 129 -supposing himself among friends, said, " I hope you belong to our party?" ''What party?" was asked by one of the men. ^' The lower party." Being answered in the affirmative, Andre avowed himself a British officer on pressing business, but imme- diately after perceiving his blunder he had made, he showed Arnold's pass, and urged them not to detain him a moment. The men — John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart — refused his request and causing him to dismount, they took him one side among the bushes and searched him. Having pulled off his boots and stockings, they found next to the soles of his feet the papers which Arnold had written out respecting West Point, its defences, the state of the force, etc. Andre offered the men large suras of money if they would release him, but providentially for the cause of our country they rejected the glittering bribe, and a few hours afterwards he was delivered up to Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, who was in command at North Castle, the nearest military post. This officer, astounded at sight of the papers, seems to have lost possession of whatever sense or native sagacity he may at any time have possessed. With such plain, outspoken evidence of Arnold's base treason before his eyes, Jameson, nevertheless, wrote a short note, and resolved to send the prisoner on immediately to the traitor Arnold. At the same moment that he did this happily he deemed it best to dispatch an express with the papers to meet the commander-in- chief, supposed to be on the road returning from Hartford. Major Tallmage, the second in command, came in from White Plains in the evening. Filled with astonishment at the news he heard, he begged Jameson by all means to detain the pris- oner. To this the colonel reluctantly acceeded, but still per- sisted in sending his letters to Arnold, giving him, the very in- formation which enabled him to escape the punishment due to his detestable crime. Andre, aware that the papers found on him had been sent to Washington and convinced that further attempts at conceal- ment would be unavoidable, he wrote a letter on September '24th, addressed to Washington, revealing his name and rank. Less soliciatious about his safety than to prove that he was not an imposter or a spy, he endeavored to refute appearances which 130 THE OUTGROWTH OK OUR COUNTRY. were against liiiu. lie affirmed that his object had been to con- fer with a person u})on neutral jj^round, and that thence In^ liad, without knowing it, been drawn witliiu the Anu'rican lines. Washington, meanwhik^ arrived at Fishkill, eighteen miles from Arnold's headquarters, in the afternoon of St'])tember 24. He intended to reach West Point that evening, but M. De La Luzreue, urging him to do so, he remained over night, and very early in the morning of the 25th set off with his suite, sending word that they would breakfast with Arnold at Robinson's house. When nearly opposite West Point he turned his horse down a lane, when La Fayette reminded him that he was taking the wrong road and that Mrs. Arnold was no doubt waiting breakfast for them. '' Ah,'' replied Washington, smiling, '* I know you young men are all in love with Mrs. Arnold, ami wish to get where she is as soon as possible. You may go and take your breakfast with her, and tell her not to wait for me, for I must ride down and examine the redoubts on this side of the river and will be there in a short time." His officers, however, declined to leave him, and two of his aids-de-camp were sent forward to explain the cause of the de- lay. On learning that Washington and his suite would not be there for some time, Arnold and his family set down to break- fast with the aids. While they were yet at the table Lieutenant Allen came in and presented the letter from Jameson giving the Intelligence of Andre's capture. By a powerful effort, which long practice in dissimulation enabled him to make, Arnold read the letter, arose in some hurry, and informing the company that his presence was urgently needed at West Point, went up to his wife's chamber, and sent to call her. In a few words he ex- plained to her that he must fly for his life, and leaving her in a swoon on the floor he rode hastily to the river side, entered a six-oared barge, stimulated the men by promises of drink to ex- tra exertion, held up a white handkerchief as he passed Ver- ])lanck's Point, and was soon in safety on board the English sloop of war Vulture. Washington, shortly after Arnold's es- cape, reached headquarters at Robinson's house, and being told that Arnold had crossed the river, determined to hurry break- fast and to follow him as soon as possible. As the whole party THE OUTGEOWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 131 glided across the river, surrounded by the majestic scenery of the Highlands, Washington said, " Well, gentlemen, I am glad on the whole that General Arnold has gone before us for we shall now have a salute, and the roaring of the cannon will have a fine effect among these mountains." The boat drew near to the beach but no cannon were heard and there was no ap- pearance of preparation to receive them. " What," said Wash- ington, " do they not intend to salute us? " As they landed aa ofiicer descended the hill, and in some confusion apologized for not being prepared to receive such distinguished visitors. " How is this, sir," said Washington; "is not General Arnold here?" "No, sir," replied the officer; "he has not been here these two days, nor have I heard from him within that time." " This is extraordinary," said Washington; "we were told that he had crossed the river and that we should find him here. However, our visit must not be in vain, since we have come, although un- expectedly, we must look around a little and see in what state things are with you." An hour or two spent in this examina- tion, and then the commander-in-chief with his officers in com- pany returned to the Robinson house in the afternoon. Hamil- ton, who had remained behind, met Washington on his return, and in great agitation placed in his hands the papers which had just arrived by the express sent by Jameson, together with the letter of Andre. Although shocked by the discovery of Ar- nold's base treason, Washington did not lose his self command for a moment, " Whom can we trust now? " were his words, addressed to La Fayette; and with great caution he kept the matter quiet for a time. Hamilton was sent down to Verplanck's Point, but too late to prevent Arnold's escape. The wife of the traitor was frantic with grief and excite- ment, and the sympathies of Washington and his officers werfr bestowed upon the unhappy woman. Not long after a letter was sent in which Arnold had written on board the Vulture, asking for protection to his wife and child, asserting that Mrs. Arnold was wholly innocent of any knowledge or complicity in his guilt, and with unblushing effrontry boasted of his love to his country which prompted his present conduct. Beverly Rob- inson also sent from on board the Vulture a letter to Washing- 132 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. ton claiming that Andre was under protection of a flag, and ouglit to be set at liberty immediately. Washington promptly took measures to defeat any designs whicli Clinton might have in view, and although it was impossible to tell how many or how few were concerned in Arnold's guilt, the coniinandcr-in-cliief •did not withdraw his confidence from any of his otficcrs, but treated them all as innocent of any knowledge or share in so black a crime. To the honor of the Ameircan name ])e it re- corded, that not a single man in any station, high or low, took any ])art iu the "bad pre-eminence" of Benedict Arnold. Aiulre on the 2nth arrived at Rol)inson's house in the cus- tody of Major Tallmadge, On the 28th he was sent down the river to Stony Point and thence under escort of cavalry to Tap- pan. Andre, not unnaturally, was inquisitive about Major Tall- madge's opinion as to the result of his capture. '• When I -could no longer evade his importunity," says the major in a very interesting letter quoted by Mr. Sparks, '* I remarked to him as follows: I had a much loved classmate in Yale College by the name of Nathan Hale, who entered the army in 1775. Imme- diately after the battle of Long Island General Washington wanted information respecting movements of the enemy. Cap- tain Hale tendered his services, went over to Brooklyn, and was taken just as he was passing the outposts of the enemy on his return. Said I, with emphasis, ' Do you remember the sequel of this story? ' ' Yes,' said Andre, ' he was hanged as a spy. But you surely do not consider his case and mine alike? ' I replied, * Yes, precisely similar, and similar will be your fate.' He en- deavored to answer my remarks, but it was manifest he was more troubled in spirit than I had ever seen him before." The next day a court martial was appointed by the com- mander-in-chief, of which General Greene was president, and La Fayette, Steuben, and others, were members, to inquire into the cjiseof Major Andre and to pronounce upon the punishment which he deserved. On being examined he gave a candid recital of the circumstances of his case, as he had already stated them in his letter to Washington. He concealed nothing that re- garded himself, but steadily avoided all disclosures inculpating others. He acknowledged everything that was recorded essen- CAPTURE OF MAJOR ANDRE, BY PAULDING, VAN WART AND WILLIAMS. In the following Congress, the faithful services of these three brave and truo men was duly acknowledged on November 3. It was resolved: *'that Congress have a high sense of the virtnous and patriotic conduct of John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart; in testimony whereof, ordered, that each of them receive annually, S200 in specie or an equivalent in the current money of these States, during life, and that the Board of War be directed to procure for each of them a silver medal, on oue side of which shall be a shield, with this inscription. Fidelity, and on the other the following motto: Viiicit Amor Patrce, and forward them to the Commander-in-Chief who is requested to present the same with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of Congress for their £delitj, and .the eminent service they have rendered their Country." THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. ISS tial to his condemnation, and the board of general officers to whom his case was referred, without calling any witnesses, con- sidered merely that he had been within their lines in disguise, and reported that in their opinion Major Andre was a spy, and ought to suffer death as a spy. Washington communicated the result to Sir Henry Clinton and Andre was allowed to write a letter to the British general in regard to his personal aflfairs. Indirectly efforts were made by Washington to effect an exchange for Andre, in hope that Clinton might be induced to give up the traitor Arnold, and allow him to be hung instead of Andre; but much as Arnold was dispised and scorned by his new associates, Clinton declined to surrender him to the vengeance of his coun- trymen. The British commander, to whom Andre was espe- cially dear, opened a correspondence with Washington, and urged every consideration of justice, policy and humanity, in favor of Andre. Finding that his letters were ineffectual, he dispatched General Robertson and two other gentlemen on the 1st of October to confer with Washington, or army officers whom he might appoint. Robertson was met by General Greene at Dobb's Ferry, and every possible reason was urged by the British officer to induce the belief that Andre was not a spy, but entreaties and threats were alike of no avail. Robert- son presented an impudent letter from Arnold which was effec- tive in a high degree, and could not help the case of the pris- oner, and the conference ended without effect so far as Andre was concerned. The execution had been appointed to take place at five o^clock on the afternoon of October 1, but owing to the length of the interview with Robertson it was postponed till the next day at twelve o'clock. Andre had entreated that he might be shot as a soldier instead of being hung as a malefactor, but the request was not granted; it could not be granted consistently with the customs of war, and the established facts in regard to his case. We give the conclusion of this distressing scene in the words of Dr. Thatcher, who presents a vivid picture of the last hours of the hopeless Major Andre: " October 2d. Major Andre 134 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. is no more among the living. I have just witnessed his exit. It was a tragical scene of the deepest interest. During his confine- ment and trial he exhibited those proud and elevated sensil)ilities which designate greatness and dignity of mind. Kot a mur- mur, not a sigh, ever escaped him, and civilities and attentions bestowed on him were politely acknowledged. Having left a mother and two sisters in England, he was heard to mention them in terms of the greatest affection, and in his letters to Sir Henry Clinton he recommends them to his particular attention. The principal guard otHcer, who was constantly in the room with the prisoner relates that when the hour of his execution was announced to him in the morning he received it without emotion, and while all present were affected with a silent gloom, he retained a firm countenance, with calmness and composure of mind. Observing his servant enter his room in tears, he exclaimed, 'Leave me till you can show yourself more manly ! ' His breakfast being sent him from the table of Gen- eral Washington, which had been done every day of bis confine- ment, he partook of it as usual, and having shaved and dressed himself he placed his hat on the table and cheerfully said to the guard ofiicer, ' I am ready at any moment, gentlemen, to wait on you.' The fatal hour having ai-rived, a large detachment of troops were paraded, and an immense concourse of people as- sembled. Almost all our general and field officers, excepting his excellency and his staff:", were present on horseback; melancholy and gloom prevailed all ranks and the scene was effectingly awful. I was so near during the solemn march to the fatal spot as to observe every movement and participate in every emotion which the melancholy scene was calculated to produce. Major Andre walked from the stone house in which he had been confined between two of our subaltern officers, arm in arm; the eyes of the vast multitude were fixed on him, who, rising supe- rior to the fears of death, appeared as if conscious of the digni- fied deportment which he displayed. He betrayed no want of fortitude, but retained a complacent smile on his countenance, and politely bowed to several gentlemen whom he knew, which was i-espectfully returned. It was his earnest desire to be shot, as being the mode of death most conformable to the feelings of MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE. Born in Warwick, R. I., 1740. Was an anchor-smith when the Revolution hroke out. He hastened to Boston after the Lexington engagement, and teas one of the most useful officers in the army to the close of the war, receiving the rank of Major-Oeneral from Congress. Re was President of the Court Martial that triea and convicted Major Andre. Died J.une, 1786. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 135 a military man, and he had indulged the hope that his request would be granted. At the moment, therefore, when suddenly he came in view of the gallows, he involuntarily started backward and made a pause. ' Why this emotion, sir? ' said an officer by his side. Instantly recovering his composure, he said, ' I am reconciled to my death, but I detest the mode.' While waiting and standing near the gallows I observed some degree of trepidation, placing his foot upon a stone and rolling it over and choking in his throat as if attempting to swallow. So soon, however, as he per- cieved that things were in readiness he stepped quickly into the wagon, and at this moment he appeared to shrink, but instantly elevated his head; with iirmness, he said, ' It will be but a mo- mentary pang;' and taking from his pocket two white handker- chiefs, the provost-marshall, with one loosely pinioned his arms, and with the other the victim, after taking off his hat and stock bandaged his own eyes with perfect firmness, which melted the hearts and moistened the cheeks not only of his servant but of the throng of spectators. The rope being appended to the gallows he slipped the noose over his head and adjusted it to his neck without the as- sistance of the awkward executioner. Colonel Scammel now in- formed him that he now had an opportunity to speak if he desired it. He raised his hanckerchief from his eyes and said, 'I pray you to bear me witness that I meet my fate like a brave man.' The wagon being now removed from under him, he was suspended, and instantly expired. It proved, indeed, but a mo- mentary pang. He was dressed in his royal regimentals and boots, and his remains in the same dress were placed in an ordi- nary coffin and interred at the foot of the gallows, and the spot was consecrated by the tears of thousands." 136 TllK UlTGliOWTH UF UUK COUNTRY. BENEDICT ARNOLD'S ADDRESS. Ax Historical Treasure found after an OiisruRiTY of over A Century, Published in Full. After Benedict Arnold had l)etrayed his country to the British, he issued an address, on October 7. 17S0, to the American people in vindication of his course. That juldress, in the traitor's own handwriting, was found, this afternoon, Nov. 13, 1886, in a barrel of old papers, in Kings- ton. The precious document is now in the possession of Tlie Freeman^ who very kindly favored us with a true copy. For over a century it has "laid around anywheres," and it has finally been discovered by the merest accident. The document was found in the same loft where the Aaron Burr let- ters and the secret ciphers were discovered, recently. The Arnold letter is reproduced here, as near as it is possible to do so — the capitalization, punctuation and paragraphing having been followed closely, as follows: To THE Inhabitants OF America: — I should forfeit in my opinion, the phice I have so louj,' held in yours, if I could be iutliffereut to your ovra approbation, aud silent on the motives which have iuduoecl me to join the Kin<,''8 Arms. A very few words, however, shall sulHce upon a subject so personal, for to the Thousands who sufFer imder the tyranny of usurpers, in the Revolted Provinces, as well as to the great multitude who have Ion;,' wished for its subversion; this instance of my conduct can want no Vindication, and as to that Class of Men who are criminally protractin.,' the War from Sinister Motives at the Expense of the Public Interest, I pre- fer their Enmity to their Applause. I am therefore only concerned in thii? address to Explain myself to such of my Countrymen, as want abili- ties oi Opportunities, to detect the artifices by wliich they are duped. Having fought liy your sides, when the Love of f)ur Country ani- raatetl our Arms, I shall f]xpect from your .Justice and Candour Avhat BENEDICT ARNOLD. Born in Norwich, Conn., Jan. 5, 1140. He fought in the Revolutionary War until :?77S, tohen he was courtmartialed. His sentence was to be reprimanded by Washington, after which he was put in command at West Point and vicin- ity. He then bargained for the surrender of West Point to the British. The capture of Major Andre prevented the betrayal. Died in London, June 14, 1801. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 137 your deceivers witli more Art and less honesty, will find it Inconsistent "with their own Views to Admit. When I quitted domestic Happiness for the Perils of the Field, I conceived the rights of my Country in danger and that duty and honor called me to her defence, A redress of grevience was my only object and aim. However I acquiesced in a Step which I thought precipitate, The Declaration of Independence. To justify this measure many plausible Reasons were urged — which could no longer Exist, when Great Britain with the Open Arms of a Parent offered to Embrace us as Children and grant the wished for Redress, And now that her worst Enemies are in her own Bosom I should change my principles if I conspired with their designs. Yourselves being Judges, was the War less Just because fellow Subjects were Considered as Foes — you have felt the Tortures in which was raised our Arms against A Brother! God Incline the Guilty protractors of these unnatural dis- sentions, to Resign their Ambition and cease from their delusions in Com- passion to kindred blood. I anticipate your question, was not the War a defensive one. Until the French joined in the Combination? I answer that I thought so. You will add was it not afterwards necessary till the separation of the British Empire was Compleat? By no means in contending for the wel- fare of my Country I am free to declare my opinion, that this End at- tained, all Strife should have ceased. I lamented therefore the Impolicy, tyranny, and injustice, which with a Sovereign contempt of the people of America, Studiously neglected to take their collective Sentiments, of the British Proposals of Peace, and to negotiate under a suspension of Arms for an adjustment of differences, as a dangeroiis sacrifice of the great in- terests of this Country to the partial views of a proud, antient and Crafty foe. I had my suspicions of some Imperfections in our Coiincils, as pro- posals prior to the Parliementary Commission of 1778, but having then less to do in the Cabinet than the Field, (I will not pronounce premp- torily as some may, and perhaps justly) that Congress have Veiled them from the public Eye) I continued to be guided in the negligent confidence of a Soldier. But the whole world saw, and all America Confessed that the overtures of the Second Commission exceeded our Wishes and ex- pectations, and if there was any suspicion of the National liberalty it was from its Excess — Do any believe we were at that time really entangled by an Alliance with France, unfortunate Deception? and thus they have been duped, by a Virtuous Credulity in the precautious moments of intem- perate passion to give up their felicity, to save a Nation wanting both the Will and the Po-ster to protect us; and aiming at the destruction both of the Mother Country and the Provinces, in the plainness of Common Sense for I pretend to no casuistry, did the pretended treaty with the Court of Versailes amount to more than an Overture to America ? Cer- tainly not because no Authority has been given by the people to Conclude 138 THE OUTGROWTH OF Ol'K COUXTKY. it. Nor to this very Hour have they Authorized its iljititioatiou, thi> Ar- ticles of Coufeileration Remain still misi>,Tied. In the tinu jjprswasion thorefore, that the private .Tndgment of any Fn- dividual Citizen of this Country is as free from all conventional restraints since as bi'fore the insidnons offer of France I preferred those from Great Britian, thiukiu]^- it inliiiitely wiser and safer, to cast my contidenoe npon his justice and ^'enerosity, than to trust a Monarchy too feeble to Estab- lish your Independency so perilous to her distant dominions, the Enemy of the Protestant Faith, and fraudently avowing an Affection for tlie liberties of Mankind while she holds her Native Sons in Vassalage and Chains. I Affect no disguise, and therefore frankly declare, that in these principles I had determined to Retain my Arms and Command for an Opportunity to Surrender them to Great Britain, and in Concoting the measures for a purpose in my Opinion, as grateful as it would have been beneficial to my Country, I was only Solicitious to Accomplish an Event of decisive Importance, and to prevent as much as possible, in the Execu- tion of it the Effusion of Blood. With the highest satisfaction I bear testimony to my Old fellow Soldiers and Citizens, that I find solid Grouuds to rely upon the clem- ency of our Sovereign, and abnndent conviction that it is the Generous Intention of Great Britain, not only to leave the Rights and privileges of the Colonies unimpaired together with their perpetual Exemption from taxation, but to superadd such further benefits as may consist with the common prosperity of the Empire. In short, I fought for much less than the Parent Country is as willing to grant to her Colonies as they can be to receive or Enjoy. Some may think I continued in the Struggle of these unhappy days too long, and others that I quitted too soon. To the first I leply, that I did not see with their Eyes, nor perhaps had so favorable a situation to look from, and that to our Common Master I am willing to stand or fall — in behalf of the candid among the latter — some of whom I believe serve l)lindly but honestly in the bonds I have left, I pray God to give them all the light Requisite to their own Safety before its too late, (and with Re- spect to that hord of Censurers — whose enmity to me Originates in their hatred to the principles by which I am now led to devote my life to the Reunion of the British Empire, as the best, and only means to dry up the Streams of Misery that have deluged this Country, they may be assured tliat conscious of the Rectitude of my pretentions, I shall treat their malice and Calumnies with contempt and Neglect. New York, 7th Oct. 1780. B. Arnold. Note.— It is self evident that Arnold's gall mnst havo bfen preat when he took upon himself to write tli« above address to his (•(Hintryinen, attciniitinK to vindicate liis designs to defeat the will of liis country, and forever blast the liopes of enjoyinp the liberty of free and independent people. His address was simply "adding insult to inji-y." THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTET. 139 THE HISTORICAL SCHUYLER MANSIONS, AT ALBANY, N- Y. The Birth Place and Brief Sketch of Gen. Philip Schuy LEE AND the ScHUYLER FaMILT, ALSO OTHER NoTED COL- ONIAL AND Revolutionary Soldiers In the days that Not only tried Men but Women's Souls. None of the historic buildings of Albany, unless it be the Tan Rensselaer manor, has attracted more attention or posses- ses greater interest for citizens than the Schuyler mansion. This house, its exterior at least, is familiar to all Albanians, standing as it does on a commanding elevation at the head of Schuyler street. Its exterior is imposing and beautiful, and the most casual beholder can readily believe that romance and his- tory have strange tales to tell concerning it. The most roman- tic episode in the history of the house, the attempted capture of Gen. Philip Schuyler by Tories and Indians, and the brave rescue of an infant by his daughter Margaret, who afterwards became ihe wife of the last patroon. The Schuyler family are at all points identified with the city and country's history, and the records of this one mansion would form no mean chronicle of the old Dutch burgh. There are no less than three Schuyler houses known to his- tory, and all of them are now standing. The first, and perhaps the most interesting, is the one at the '"Flats," just south of West Troy, on the banks of the Hudson river. The old homestead — the family mansion — I could not but recall some of the many interesting historical incidents con- nected with the place. Here, in 1677, a party of Mohawks at- tacked the Mohegans and took many prisoners. About the same time, four Mohawk warriors routed eighty "Uncasmen," •Connecticut Indians. To this place General Fitz John Win- 140 THK OUTGROWTH OF OUFt COUNTRY. tliroj), in Ifi'.lO, sent the first detachment of his army from Albany for tlie invasion of Canada. Here, in KiUO, .John, the yonngest son of Peter Schuyler, conceived the design of attack- iiijj; La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, with a company of thirty whites and one hundred and twenty Indians. Here, his eldest brother. Major l*eter Schuyler, formed his plans for the invas- ion of Canada, the next year, and gathered his dusky warriors. Between this door and the river marched for tlie next seventy years the several armies against the French and here many of their officers found entertainment. Plere the galhmt Lord Howe spent the night, and ate his breakfast on the march under Abercronibie to attack Ticonderoga. Here the "Ameri- can Lady" of Mrs. Grant, "Aunt Schuyler," presided as mis- tress for thirty years after her husband's death, extending a generous hospitality. Under the shade of the trees before the door she sat one summer's afternoon, when the alarm of fire was raised. In yonder graveyard lies her dust with no stone to mark the spot. It is not probable that Philip Schuyler built the house. Arent Van Curler, a cousin of the first Patroon Van Renssel- aer, came with the first colonists of the manor, 1630, and was soon after uuide superintendent. He married in 1643, and on his return from Holland, where he had gone on his "bridal tour." he removed to his farm on the Flats. After him, Richard Van Rensselaer, a son of the patroon, occupied it. A deed in the county clerk's office, recites that K. V. Rens- selaer sold the property to Philip Schuyler on the 22d of .June, 1672, for five thousand Holland guilders. The second is at Schuylerville, which was known as Gen. Schuyler's country place in Saratoga Co. The original bouse belonged to an uncle of the general's, who was burned in the house by the French and Indians, under Marin. This uncle bequeathed his estate to General Philip Schuyler of Revolution- ary fame of whom we give a portrait of, and who also came into possession of several parts of other estates in that locality: A new house was erected near the site of the one that was burned, and the water-power was used by the construction of saw and grist mills. Wlien Rurgoyne swept dowii from the PHILIP SCHUYLER. Born in Albany, N. T., Nommber 22, 1733, Entered the army, 1775, serving three years. Was in expedition against Ticonderoga and Grown Point, as Colonel. Member of the second Continevtnl Congress. One of the four Mnjor-Oenerals appointed to command the army, 1775. Twice if. d. Senator. Died July, 1804. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 141 north, Gen. Schuyler had ah-eady taken out 6,000 logs, which were directly in the path of the invader, and were lost by fire, together with the mills and the new residence. The fact that logs were there is claimed by some to prove that Burgoyne was not expected to advance so far to the southward before being stopped. Just after the surrender, General Schuyler built the present edifice, of wood, but it is not occupied to-day by any of his descendants or relatives. The third "Schuyler house" is the one best known by the name, and the subject of onr illustration. When the mansion was built it stood half a mile from the stockade, but now it is in the center of our densest population. During the revolu- tion Albany was a stockaded city. The "'flats'' were at the north, and the -'pastures," where the city herdsmen cared for the cat- tle, were at the south. Jnst beyond the pastures the mansion was built, immediately preceding the revolution, like most of the structures of the time, with a frame of timber and a veneered front of bricks brought from Holland. There were no Buddensieks in those days, and the house is as substantial to-day as when the Indians forced its gates, and it gives prom- ise of lasting for centuries to come. The mansion was built by General Bradstreet, about the time of his success at Fort Frontenac, and not by Mrs. Schuyler, during the absence of her husband in Europe, as one account confidently states. General Schuyler was born in the old house at the corner of South Pearl and State streets, where his father lived, and where tlie earlier part of his married life was passed. He bought the Schuyler mansion of the Bradstreet estate, of which he was the executor. Various romantic stories have been related of the old structure; that the grounds extended to the river, and that a subterranean passage ran from the house thither, a quarter of a mile away. Neither of these is probable. A terrace runs abruptly from the street and this is crowned with a noble row of huge horse-chest- nut trees, and fringed with lilacs. The main part of the house is about sixty feet square, with the front entrance on the east. A hexagon, of later date than General Schuyler's time, forms a vestibule or outer hall. The contour of the roof is of the "double-hip" pattern, pierced with small dormers and two 142 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. square chimneys. Balustratles are carried all about the roof and across the dormers. A row of seven large windows with larger panes of glass than was common in those daj^s, have a place in the front wall above. The main hall is thirty feet long, twenty feet wide, and twelve feet high. There is a rear hall containing the historic stairway which still bears the mark of the tomahawk thrown at the brave girl heorine, Margaret Schuyler, by the blood-thirsty and cruel savage, A large room on the north of the main hall was evidently used as a sitting room, while the one on the south is a drawing room in which General Schuyler's second daughter Elizabeth, married Alex- ander Hamilton, then the aid and military secretary of General Washington. In this room, also, ex-President Fillmore mar- ried Mrs. Mcintosh, a subsequent owner of the property. The interior decoration of the house is very artistic, and of the genuine, solid quality in which our forefathers delighted. In the rear of the drawing room is the private room of Gen. Schuyler, which is connected with a retiring room. Accurate measurements have shown that a space of about four feet square close to one of the great chimneys cannot be accounted for in any other way than that it forms the access to a con- cealed way that led underground to the barracks, or fortified house, about fifteen rods distant. The recent caving in of this covered way has revealed its location and direction, but the secret passage in the house cannot be explored without ma- terially damaging the building. The hoase, at various times, sheltered many noted guests, and the host was famous for his generous hospitality. lu the large aud beautiful dining room General Burgoyne was enter- tained after his surrender, and his treatment called forth the spontaneous tribute: "You show me great kindness, though I have done you much injury.*' One of the large and generous chambers upstairs is famed as that in which General Burgoyne and several of his officers slept when they were prisoners of war. Here, during the earlier part of the revolution, were entertained J SCHUYLER MANSION". At the head of Schwjler Street, Alhani/, N. Y. ■M^ \M VAN RENSSELAER MANOR HOUSE. At Greenhush, Rensselaer Co.. N. Y. On the bank of the Hudson River opposite Albani/. Erected 1642. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 143 Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Charles Carroll, of Car- rolton, delegates from congress with a mission to persuade the Canadians to join the Americans. Carroll gave a Marylander''s view of Gen. Schuyler in these words: "He behaved to us with great civility; lives in pretty style; has two daughters (Betsey and Peggy), lively, agreeable, black-eyed girls." When Lady Harriet Ackland and the Baroness Riedesel, with her children, had nowhere to go after the defeat of Burgoyne, General Schuy- ler sent Col. Varick to Mrs. Schuyler to announce their arrival as guests. The ladies were captivated by the charming hospi- tality of the Schuyler mansion. The generosity of the host broke over all petty opposition and welcomed Gen. Gates, even when the latter was ready to remove him by all the arts in his power. La Fayette, Baron Steuben, Rochambeau and a long list of eminent Americans enjoyed the genial disposition of the host, and shared his bounty. Thither came Aaron Burr, with a letter of introduction from New York; and he, too, became a guest of the General before undertaking the practice of law in Albany. Washington, also, in the closing months of the war, came hither Avith Governor Clinton and was entertained on his way to view the northern battle fields and to examine the re- markable topography of the country. OLDEST AMERICAN HOMESTEAD- The Van Rensselaer House at Greenbush — Brief Histori- cal Events Connected With it. There is an old mansion in Greenbush, the subject of our illustration, nearly opposite Arch street, Albany, near the river, that would seem to be older than any house in that coun- try. The evidence of its age is not quite conclusive, but the inscription found in the cellar on one of the stones of the 144 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. fouiulatioii Willi reads: -K. V. R. 1G!2. Anno Domini." From this it would seem that the actual age of tlie house is clearly defined. But what are claimed to be complete records of that time made no mention of this manor. Bricks taken from its walls have been found to bear the date, 1G2'J. Wliile there is not much evidence in this alone, taken witli many other thin<2^s, it goes to prove that the house was erected in KVt'i. On another stone of the foundation wall is found this: "D. J. Megapalen- sis." This was the first preacher to come to Albany, influenced to do so by Killian Van Rensselaer. The old port holes are of great interest. These were made of a block of sandstone about a foot square each way. Into one side was dug out a comical shaped hole extending nearly through the centre, then from the other side was pierced a hole about the shape of a modern keyhole. The whole thing was then set into the wall of the building, the keyhole shaped aperture on the out- side. There are yet two of them seen in the front wall of the house. There were nine all told, beside one recently found in the cellar wall. The one seen shows the works plainly, of the glancing bullets fired against it. This is said to be the only house in the United States that still retain? these port holes. In the floor of the main hall there is a trap door, which opened downward into the cellar. Tradition says that this was used to entrap unfriendly Indians. They were lured into the house, and when they stepped on this trap, down they went to the cellar where the men awaited them. There is one port hole opening from the cellar. This was but recently discovered. There is nothing special about any of the rooms to be seen now, they having all been modernized. The linen room is in- teresting from ihe fact connected with it. The aristocracy of the old manor were so dependent upon the mother country''Holland,*' that they even had to have their linen washed there. For that pur- pose, once a year, it was all sent over and laundried. In the meiintime, the soiled linen was kept stored in this linen room. In the ''tile room" were formerly above fifty scenes from Scrip- ture, in old Dutch tiles, on one of the walls. These tiles, as were also the brick and timbers from which the house was built, were all brought from Holland. There has never been THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 145 many relics found in or about the house. One— and the only interesting one — is a weapon, evidently intended as a instru- ment of war. This is about five feet long, an inch wide at the handle and running out to a sharp point, of wrought iron. It was probably used in the same manner swords are used now. There are many legends connected with the old mansion, which for want of space,will render them out of place he^e. Cue only will suffice. A Gertrude Von Twilier and her brother Walter were "^^luiiig the manor one time. At evening, the young girl went down to the river's bank and sat down. She was approached from behind by Indians, and suddenly seized. She gave a scream, but was forcibly borne away, and never heard f roin .again. This scream is said to have l)een heard for years about the halls of the house. It was in the rear of this mansion that "Yankee Doodle" was composed. While Abercrombie's army was encamped there,by the old sweep well at the rear of the house, waiting for reinforcements, the country people came straggling in in all manner of costumes and dress. Their ludi- crous appearance so excited the humor of a British surgeon that he, while sitting by the bed (now to be seen) composed the original version of "Yankee Doodle," words and music both. Part XXIY. THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON. The FiusT Presidekt or thk United States of America, ix New York, April 80. 1789. At an expense of fifteen thousand florins, Columbns gave to the worhl America, out of which has grown the United States, whose poi)uhition exceeds fifty-five millions, which with its yearly influx of from three to four hundred thousand immi- grants, coupled with its native increase, invites the prediction that during the next twenty j^ears her population will ap])roxi- mate one hundred million. Its constitution, which declares that " We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, estab- lish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common, defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America," is the base stone upon which our Republican form of government wjis reared, and has been perpetuated. To insure the faithful im- planting and exercise of such constitutional provisions, George Washington/' the father of his country," was selected and in- auo-urated first President of these United States, on the 30th of April, 1789, while standing on the balcony in front of the Senate Chamber, in the old court lu)use in Wall street, fronting Broad street, the site now occupied by the sub-tn^asury, in full view of the multitude on the streets, roofs, and in the windows of neio-hboring buildings. The balcony where Washington stood was supported by lofty columns, and upon the conclusion of the reading of the oath of office, Washington, with liis hand resting upon the Bii)le, audibly responded, '' I swear, so help me God." This declai-ation Avas the signal for "Long live George Washington, President of the United States." A flag was hoisted amid the plaudits of the people and boom of cannon. Thus Im^- gan the life of a government which today has no equal on earth. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 147 THE PRESIDENTIAL VOTE FROM 1789 TO 1831. YEAR 1789 17116 1796 1800 180O 18i)i) 181)1 18' )1 181)8 181)8 1812 1812 1816 1816 1820 1824 1824 1824 1824 1828 1^28 1832 1833 1833 1833 1836 1838 1836 1836 1836 1840 1840 1840 1844 1844 1844 1848 1848 184S 18.V3 18,V2 1852 1856 1856 1856 1860 1860 1860 1860 1864 1864 1868 1868 1872 1872 1873 1872 1876 1876 1876 1876 1876 18sO issO IKSO isst IXSl: ISSl isst 1884 CANDIDATES. George Washington Jdhn Adams Federal. Tliomas Jefferson Democrat. Thomas Jefferson Democrat. Aaron Burr Democrat. John Adams Federal. Thomas Jefferson Democrat. C. C. Pinckney Federal. James Madison Democrat. ('. C. Pinckney Federal. James Madison Democrat. DeWitt Clinton Federal. James Monros Democrat. Rufus King Federal. James Monroe Democrat. Andrew Jackson Democrat. John Q. Adams 'Federal. W. H. Crawford Republican. Henry Clay 'Republican. Andrew Jackson ; Democrat. PARTY. John Q. Adams. Andrew Jackson Henry Clay John Floyd ,. William Wirt Martin Van Buren W. H. Harrison .. .. Hugh L. White Daniel Webster W.P. Mangum Martin Van Buren W. H. Harrison J. G. Birney James K. Polk Henry Clay James G. Birney Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren Frankli n Pierce Winfield Scott JohnP.Hale James Buchanan John C. Fremont Millard Fillmore Abraham Lincoln Stephen A. Douglas John C. Brecken ridge. John Bell Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan... Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour Ulysses S. Grant "Horace G reeley ('harles O'Connor James Black R. B. Hayes Samuel J. Tilden Peter Cooper G C.Smith Scattering James A. Garliold Winfield S. Hancock . . . James B. Weav. r Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine H. F. Butler St. John Belva Lockwood Federal. Democrat Nat.Repub'c'n. Whig. Whig. Democrat. Whig. Whig. Whig. Whig. Democrat. WMg. Liberty. Democrat. Whig. Liberty. Whig. Democrat. Free Soil. Dernocrat. Whig, Free Soil. Democrat. Republican. American. Republican. Democrat. Democrat. Union. Republican. Democrat. Republican. Democrat. I epublican. Liberal & Dem Democrat. Temperance. Republican. Democrat. Greenback. Prohibition. Republican. Democrat. Greenback. Democrat. Republican. Peoples'. Prohibition. Wom'n'sRig'ts POPULAR VOTE. Elect'l vote Elec ch by St'e Leg Elect'd by hoiire of Reps on 36th ballo'. Elect'd by St'e Log ButoneElec'l vote 152,827 105,321 44,282 46,587 647,231 509,097 687,502 530,189 761,549 736.656 1,128,702 1,275,017 7,059 1.337,243 1,299,0^8 62.300 1,360,101 1.233,544 291,263 1,601,474 1,386,578 156,149 1.838,169 1,341,262 874,534 1,866.352 1,375,157 845,763 589,581 2,216,067 1,808,725 3,015,071 2,709,613 3,597.070 2,834,079 29,4(:8 5,6C8 4,033,950 4,284,885 S1,74C 9,522 2,636 4,449,053 4,443,035 307,306 4,913,901 4,847,6.",9 133,886 150.633 Scattering. Unani. 71 69' 73 73 65 148 28 122 47 281 89 183 34 in oppo. Adams 99 eleCoby84 House 41 Reps. 37 178 83 219 49 11 7 170 r73 J26 il4 111 48 234 170 105 163 127 254 42 174 114 8 180 12 72 39 212 21 214 80 288 47 185 184 214 155 219 181 Note 1. No returns of tiie popular vote for President are presented with any accuracy prior to 1824. During the earlier elections the majority of the states chose the Presidential electors by their legislatures, and not by popular vote. Even as late as 1824 six states thus voted, while the state of South Carolina continued to choose Presidential electors by her legislature until 1868. Note 2. Previous to the election of 1804 each elector voted for two candidates for President. The one receiving the highest number of votes, if a majority, was declared elected President, and the next highe.st, Vice-President. 148 THK OUTGROWTH OP OUIl COUNTRY. X 2. AloJVyJ^ THE OUTGROWTH OF OTTR COUNTRY. 149 ^^x^^w<^ y^^^<^rtD Q^x'Xo^^^'»'^-'C«n^^ 150 THE OUTGROWTH OP OUR COUNTRY. TO OUR PRESIDENTS. THE name of Washington, like a fragrant rose, Wafts its perfume where'er it goes; If all the Presidents will follow in the patli he trod, They'll be beloved by the American people and the people's God- They should know no north, south, east or west; To secure the nation's interests they s-hould do their best; Let all issues tending to party strife sink and pass away. And the perpetuation of this Union be the order of the day. Then your name will go to posterity crowned with as great a fame,, Inimortal! as that of Washington, our great father's name! CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES. In the Citij of Washington^ District of Columbia. 152 THK OUTOUoWTH OF OUR COrXTKY. Ssa 2. The boiise of representatives shall be composed of members chosou every secouil year by the people of the several states; and the electors in each titato hIuiII have the qualiticatious requisite for electors of the most nunuM-ous branch of the state legislature. No i)ers()ii shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant ot that state in ■which he shall be chosen. Kepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according; to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by addinj,' to the ■whole number of free ])ersous, iucludiuj,' those bound to service for a term of years, and excludin;r Indians not taxed, three-lifths of all other per- sons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three ye.irs after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every siib- seid Mary College. Admitted to the bar, 1767. Member House of Burgesses, Va., 1769. Elected to the Colonial Congress, 1775. Chosen to jn-epare the Declaration of Independence, adopted, July 4, 1776. ElecUd Qovornor of Va., 1779. Member of Congress, 1783. Appointed Minister to France, to succeed Benjamin Franklin, 1784. Appointed Secretary of State by President Washington, 1789. Elected Vice-President, 1796. Elected President of the Un ited States, 1801, and re-elected for second term. Founder of the University of Virginia. Died July 4, 1826. Vice-President, Aaron Burr. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 157 person liaving tlie greatest number of votes shall be the President, if ■such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immedi- ately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case after the choice of the President the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot, the Vice-Presi- dent. ]* The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty -five years and been iourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the dis- ability be removed or a President shall be elected. The President shall at stated times receive for his services a compen- sation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enters upon the execution of his office, he shall take the foUowiug oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states when callod into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing of the principal efficer in each of the executive depart- ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; * The portion in brackets has been superseded by the 12th Amendment. 158 THE Ol'TOUoWTH OF Ol'R COUNTKY. ami lie Khali have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in caseH of inipeachiueiit. lie shall have power, by and with tlie advice and consent of the Sen- ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; anil ho shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other ollicors of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the ap- pointment of such inferior offices as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such meas- ures as he may judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case of disa- greement between them with respect to the time of atljoumment, he may adjourn them to such time as he may think proper; he shall receive am- bassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be fjiithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States . Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be n^noved from office on impeachment for, and con- viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judj^esboth of the supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times recieve for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and tr-'aties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas-sadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and marilime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states, be- tween a state and the citizens of another state, between citizens of differ- ent states, bstween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and for- eign states, citizens or subjects.* * See the 11th Amendment. /^fi,CO<^r^ .i^k>^^^^^ FOURTH PRESIDE]S"T. ^0771 in King George, Orange county, Va., March 16, 1751. Graduate av Princeton College. N.J., 1771. Elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, 1776; to the Executive Council of the State, 1778, and to the Congress, 1779, •Tiolding his seat uiitil 1783. Member of the Virginia Legislature, 1784, '85, 86, and of the Convention which framed the Constitution, 1787. Elected a Member of the first Congress, 1789, continuing as such until 1797. Appointed Secretary of State by President Jefferson, 1801. Elected President of the United States, 1808, and re-elected for a second term. Died Jniie 28, 1836. Vice-President, first term, George Clinton; second term, Elbridge Gerry. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 159' In all cases affecting ambassadors or other public ministers and con- suls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have oxiginal jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Su- preme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies,, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture^, except during the life of the person attained. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each stato to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Seo. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with trensou, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on de- mand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be deliv- ered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof,, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress in to this Union ; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states con- cerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- lar state. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a Republican form of government; and shall protect each of them 160 TIIK OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. ajjainst invasion, and on application of the legislature or the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Contrress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it nec- ■eesarj, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a conven- tion for proposiutf amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all inU'iits and purposes, as part of this Constituti(in, when ratified by the logi*^Jrttures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in tliree-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con),'ress: proridxl, that no amendment which may be mode prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eifjht shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sulfraitre in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States TUider this Constitution, as under the Confederation. Tliis Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. The S( nators and Representatives before mentioned, and tho mem- bers of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- cers, both of the United States and of the several states shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE Vn. The ratification of the conventions of nine states sliall be sufficient for tho establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. FIFTH PEESIDENT. Born in Westmoreland county, Va., April 28, 1758. Graduate at William nnd Mary College, 1776. Served that year in the Continental Army with Washington, and was Aide to Lord Sterling at Brandywine. Studied law with Thomas Jeferson. Elected to the State Legislature, 1782; to Congress, 1783 and the Legislature,!!^,^. Elected United States Senator, m^. Enmy Extraordinary to tlie Court of Versailles, where he bought the Louisiana tract from Napoleon for $15,000,000, 1794. Served a short time as Minister to England. Elected Governor of Virginia, 1810, and held the office until ap- pointed Secretary of State by President Madison. Elected President of the United States, 1817; re-elected, 1821. Died July 4, 1831. Vice-President, D. D. Tompkins. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 161 ARTICLES Tn addition to, and amendment of the Constitution offlie United States of America, proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. AETICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, or to petition the government for a redress of grievances. AETICLE II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. AETICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any bouse without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. AETICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be siezed. AETICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infa- mous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, ex- cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compen- sation. 102 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. ARTICLE VI. lu all criraiual prosecutions the accused shall eujoy the right to a speedy aud public trial by an impartial jury of the state aud district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained bylaw, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for t)btaining witnesses in his favor, and to have tlie assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the rif,'ht of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIIL Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments iuHicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, -or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to ex tend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. ARTICLE XIL The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhab- itant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in dirtinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, aud of the number of votes for each; which lists they shall sign and certify SIXTH PRESIDENT. Bom in Quincy, Mass., July 11, 1767. 8o,i of the second President. En- tered Harvard College, 1786, and on graduating studied law. Appointed Minister to the Hague, \m; transferred to Berlin, 1797; recalled, m\. Elected State Senator, 1802. Appointed United States Senator, 1803, and re- signed 1808. Appointed Minister to Russia, 1809. Assisted in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, 1815. Appointed Minister to Great Britain same year. Secretary of State under President Monroe, 1817, both terms. Ohosen President of the United States by the Congress, there being no choice by the people 1824. Elected Member of Congress, 1830; held the position to his death, which occurred Feb. 23, 1848, two days after being stricken toith par- alysis while arising to address the House. Vice-President, John G. Calhoun. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 163 and transmit, sealed, to the seat of fclie government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person havuig the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no per- son have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num- bers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Eepresentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the Presi- dent But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-Presidant shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitution aUy ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist mthin the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states 1C)4 TlIK ()rTC4ROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. according: tt) tlu'ir respective numbers, conutinj? the whole mimber of persons in each state, inchiding Imlians not tnxed. But when the ri<,'ht to vote at auv election for tlie choice of electors for President and Vice- PrcsidfMit of tlie United States. Representatives iu Congress, the executive and judicial oflicers of a state, or the monib.irs of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, ex- cept for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representa- tion therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec. 3, No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress or elector of President and Vice-President, hold any office, ci^^l or mili- tary, under the United States or under any state, wlio having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or ju- dicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or Rebellion against the same, or given aid aud comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. i. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions aud boun- ties for services iu suppressing insurrection or rebellion shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Tlie Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- propriate legislation. Note. — Tho Constitution was adopted Septemt)er ITtli, 1787, by tho unanimons conHpnt of the states present in the convention appointed iu piirsuiince of tlio resohi- tion of the Congress of tho Confederation, of the 21st of February, 1787. and was rati- fied by the conventions of tlio several states, as follows, viz.* By convention of Dela- ware, December 7th, 1787; Pennsylvania. December Vlth, 1787, New Jersey. December 18th, 1787; (Teorpia. January 2d, 1788; Connecticut, January Sttli. 17sS; Massachusetts, February fith, 178S; Maryland, April 2Hth, 17x8; Houtli Carolina, .May 2:id, 1788; New Hampshire, Juno 21st, 1788; Virginia. Juno 2i>tli, 17s,8; New York. July 2tiili. 178,S; North Carolina, Novomber2ist. 178 and was appointed Minister to England, but the Senate refused to confirm him. Elected Vice-President, 1832. Elected President of the United States, 1836. Nominated for President and defeated, 1840, (Gen. Harrison), 1844, iJames K. Polk), 1848, (Gen. Taylor). Made a tour of Europe, 1853, '55. Died July 24, 1862. Vice-President, (elected by Senate) B. M. Johnson. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 167 OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND HOW IT IS ADMINISTERED. Government is necessary for the restraint of disorderly persons and for the security of j astice. It is the manifestation of organized social power. Its primary and necessary functions are to maintain the peace and to execute justice between diilerent members of society. Where there is no transgression there is no necessity for law. Every citizen has a natural right to defend his life and property from injury. The collective body of citizens have the right to organize power for the general good— in other words, to create a government which, therefore, justly derives its powers from the will and consent of the governed— the PEOPLE. According to this fundamental principle the people of the United States, in representative convention assembled, established a national government in Republican form, having its functions prescribed by a written declaration adopted by the people and known as the '' Constitu- tion of the United States." THE GOVERNMENT. The national government is composed of three co-ordinate depart- ments, namely : 1. The Legislative, or that which makes the laws. 2. The Executive, or that which enforces the laws. 3. The Judicial, or that which interprets the laws and administers justice. These powers are lodged in different hands. The body which makes the laws has nothing to do with the enforcement of them, while the judi- cial department is independent of the legislative and executive depart- ments. LEGISLATIVE DEPAETMENTS. The legislative power is vested in a Congress of representatives of the people. It consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The members of the former are chosen by the several state legislatures, and those of the latter are chosen directly by the people by secret ballots. Representatives. — A representative, when chosen, must be twenty- five years of age, a citizen of the United States six years, and an inhabi- tant of the state in which he is chosen. 1()S TJIK Ol'TOKOWTH or Ol'li COrXTUY. The number of representatives of each state is determined by the population of the state. In order to keep the number of the members of the House of Ilepreseutatives about the same the ratio of representatives is changed from time to time. For example, in 1792 the apportionment was 3:{,()l>(t inhabitants to every representative; in 1870 the number was l;}8,000 inliabitauts to every representative. When a vacancy happaus in the representation of a state, the execu- tive authority of such state issues writs of election to fill such vacancy. The representatives choose their own presiding' oflBcer (the Speaker) and others, and have the sole power of impeachment. Senate. — A Senator, when chosen, munt be thirty years of age, nine years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the state for which ho is chosen. Each state is entitled to two senators, without regard to its popula- tion. They are chosen for a term of six years. Each Senator has one vote. The Vice-President of the United States is President of the Senate, ibut has no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting as such hii,'h court it is the duty of the chief justice of the United States to preside, and no person may be couvic^ted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the Senate present. Both Houses. — The two Houses of Congress meet at the same time and place, in separate chambers. Each House is the judge of the elec- tions, returns and qualifications of its own members. A majority in each House constitutes a quorum. Each House determines its own rules of proceeding, may punish its members, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the members pres- ■ent, may expel a member. Neither House during the session of Congress may, without the con- sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses may be sitting. Members of both houses are privileged from arrest (except in cases of treason, felony or breach of peace) during their attendance at the sessions of their respective Houses, or going to or returning from the same. Nor may they be questioned in any other place for any speech or words in de- bate in either House. No person holding office under the United States may be a member of either House during his continuance in office. The existence of each Congress is limited to two years. POWERS OF CONGRESS. Congress is vested with sovereign powers to levy ;md collect taxes, and provide for the national defence; to borrow money; to regulate com- mi>r>-o with foreign nations and among the several states; to coin money; to punish countcrrpitor.T. toostabli.'^h post-routes and iJost-offices; to grant NINTH PRESIDENT. Bom in Berkeley, Charles City Co., Va., Feb. 2, 1773. Educated at Hamp- ton Sidney College and studied medicine. Joined the Northwestern army 1792, sermng against the Indians. Secretary of the Northwestern territory, 1797, and delegate to Congress, 1799. First territorial governor of Indiana, 1800, serving twelve years, and concluding eighteen Indian treaties. Gained the celebrated battle of Tippecanoe over the Indians, Nov. 1, 1811. Commander of the Northicestern army during war o/1812. Elected to Congress from Ohio, 1816. Minister to the Republic of Columbia, S. A., 1828. Elected President of the United States, 1840. Died April 4, 1841, one month after inauguration. Vice-President, John Tgler. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 169 patents and copyrights; to declare war, carry it on on land and sea (but not to make appropriations for the purpose for a longer time than for two years) and conclude peace; to create and maintain a navy; to call forth the militia of the several states in certain contingencies, and to enact all laws necessary for the execution of the powers granted them. But Congress may not suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus unless where the public safety may require it; pass a bill of attainder or ex j)ost facto law; lay a tax or duty on inter-state exchanges of commod- ities; give commercial preference to any port; subject vessels bound to oi- from one state to enter, to clear, or pay duties in another state; cause money to be drawn from the public treasury, excepting appropriations made by law; grant any title of nobility, nor allow any person holding any office of profit or trust under the Uaited States, without the consent of Congress, to accept any gift from any foreign poAver while holding such office. MODE OF PASSING LAWS. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Repre- sentatives. Every bill must have the concurrence of both Houses, and then be presented to the President of the TJjited States. If approved by him he signs it and it becomes a law; if not approved he returns it with his written objections. This is called a veto. Then it may be reconsidered, and if passed by a vote of two-thirds of each House, it becomes a law without the signature of the President. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the two Houses may be necessary (excepting on a question of adjournment) is presented to the President of the United States, and may take the course of a bill. The enumerated powers vested in Congress are denied to the several states which compose the Republic. THE STATES. The several states of the Republic are independent in a degree, but not sovereign. By the provisions of the National Constitution they are denied the exercise of the functions of sovereign power. Originally there were thirteen states in the Union. Since then the process of forming a new state is by erecting a prescribed domain of the Republic into a territory and organizing a territorial government, admin- istered by a chief magistrate and other officers appointed by the Presi- dent of the United States, by and with the consent of the Senate. The territory has a legislature to enact laws of local application, but Congress may reject any of tliem. The inhabitants elect a delegate who represents them in Congress, tells that body what the territory needs, but has no vote. The people of a territory do not vote for President of the United 170 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. States. When a territory contains a specified number of inhabitants a t'ouveution may bo ciiUeil, a state constitution formed and adopted, and application be made to Congress for the admission of the territory into the Union as an independent state. The application may be rejected, and there is no appeal but to another Congress. If permitted to become a state it immediately assumes state powers and takes its position as an eijual of the otiier states accordiuij to its ability. NAVIGATION WITH STEAM. Its History Traced Back for Several Centuries — Early Experiments and Partial Successes — Fulton's Cler- mont — Some Famous Old Steam Vessels — The First Steam Railroad Train in America and the First in the World. The history of steam navigation starts back of the Christian era. Attempts were made as early as 1544, as set forth in the most authentic records, to propel a small boat by steam paddles. This was followed by many other machines and devices, applied either directly or indirectly to the propulsion of boats by steam. The idea of the method in which they were to proceed, seems to have been crude in the extreme in the minds of the old experi- menters. The idea was to propel the boat by means of paddles, erected either at the sides or a small crude wheel behind. The paddles resembled in a manner the oars used in modern row boats, and the motion aimel at was to imitate a man rowing. The steps in the progress of the steamboat are brielly followed: Belascode Garey, in 1543, is said to have made the first attempt at steam navigation. This was so unsuccessful that for many years little attention was paid to it. Papin tried in 1707, on the Fulda at Cassel, to demonstrate the value of his engine. In 1780, .Jonathan Hulls took out a patent for a marine TENTH PRESIDENT. Born in Charles City Co., Va., March 29, 1790. Graduated at WilUam and Mary College, 1807. Admitted to the bar when 19 years old, and elected to the Legislatzire when 21. Elected to Congress, 1816. Elected Governor of Virguiia, 1826, and sent to the U. S. Senate the following year, resigned in 1836. Elected Vice-President, 1840. Became President of the United States' by the death of President Harrison, April 4, 1841. Presiding officer of the the Peace Congress, Washington, D. 0., Feb., 1861. Member of Virginia Convention rohich decided to secede, April, 1861. Elected Member of Confed- erate Senate. Died Jan. 17, 1862. President U. S. Senate, William St King, THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 171 «ngine. The next year he issued a pamphlet, containing a de- scription of this engine; "a system of counterpoises, ropes, rachets and grooved wheels, giving a continuous motion." A man named William Chester, of Pennsylvania, in 1763, tried his model boat. A Frenchman next attempted the solution of the puzzle in 1774. Success in a small degree awaited the Marquis de JoufEray, who, in 1776 to 1783, worked on a larger scale. The first at- tempt that met auy success in America was that of James Rum- sej in 1784. John Fitch was working at the same time with Humsey. He made an experimental trip on his steamer in 1786, on the Delaware. This boat was about sixty feet long. His idea was to use the paddles, worked by cranks. A vessel which followed this in 1790 reached as high a speed as seven and a half miles per hour. It was abandoned in 1792. The first screw used was by Fitch, who returned from England to continue his experiment in New York in 1796. A party of Scotch experimenters conceived the idea of plac- ing two long, narrow boats a short ways apart, and connecting them in a parallel position, and propelling the two by a paddle wheel between tliem. Symington, in 1801, constructed the Charlotte Dundas, for Lord Dundas, for towing on a canal. It had a wheel on the stern, driven by an engine of twenty-two inches diameter of cylinder and four feet stroke. It drew vessels of one hundred and forty tons burden three and a half miles per hour. This was soon afterward laid away, the reason assigned being that the waves would injure the banks of the canal. Robert Fulton, the famous engineer who built the Cler- mont, which made her first tirp to Albany, built a boat on the Seine in 1803. He seems to have been familiar with the at- tempts of Henry in America and of the prominent English ex- periments. Fulton studied the problem at home and abroad and returned to the United States in 1806. The dimensions of the Clermont, the result of his labo-r on the question, were as fol- lows: One hundred and thirty feet long, eighteen feet beam, seven feet deep, one hundred and sixty tons burden. Charles Brown of New York, built the hull. The engine had a steam cylinder twenty-four inches in diameter and a stroke of four 172 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. feet. The boiler was twenty feet lon^, seven feet deep and eight feet wide. The wheels were fifteen feet in diameter, floats four feet ^on«);, two feet deep. The trip was made in 1807, leaving New York at 1 p. m., Monday, Angust 7. The average speed was nearly five miles an hour. This was the first steamboat ever made commercially successful. At almost the same time Stevens produced the Phoenix, another side-wheel steamer. Fnlton held a monopoly of the steam navigation of the Hudson river, and so this boat could not ply on it, and it was taken around by sea to the Delaware river. This was, therefore, the first trip on the ocean of any steam vessel. The steamboat now rapidly progressed; men saw it was a financial success, and it was rapidly introduced. In 1811, Fulton and Livingston commenced building steamers at Pittsburg. The Comet, built by Henry Bull, opened steam navigation on the Clyde, in Scotland. Compound engines were introduced in 1825 by Thomas Allaire of New York. With engines of this manufacture a speed of twelve hours and eighteen minutes was made for a trip between New York and Albany. Ocean navigation by steam was opened by Stevens in 1808. He sent a vessel from Savannah, Ga., to Russia iiia England. When she came back she made the trip from St. Petersburg to New York in twenty-six days. From this the progress of ocean steam navigation is easily followed. The screw is now used al- most entirely and much more successfully. The first steamer that ever arrived in Troy, N. Y., was the Fire Fly, in 1814, Capt. Keller. The Chancellor Livingston was the first steamer to provide a ladies' cabin, two smoke stacks, and was steered with a wheel with ropes from the head of the rudder attached. This was the first steamer to take a tow on a canal, and was at the celebration of the authorization of the canal project in 1817. Her ofticers were as follows: Captain, Samuel Wiswell; pilot, David Man- deville; engineer, H. Maxwell. The steamer Olive Branch, in 1824, was the first to have steam guards around her. She used a bell to call passengers, instead of the bugle used on the old boats. Her officers were: Captain, .James Moore; pilot, Thomas Hope; engineer, Philip ^^'^wning or controlling a vast number of miles and lines of railroads throughout the United States. It was the outgrowth of civilization and of quick transit, and has therefore opened to the world the rich prairie lands and the products of the far West, and also untold millions of mineral wealth. It has built up large cities, towns and villages. It was, and is, the gi-eat motive power that has principally caused the advancement and the outgrowth of our country. ■^X" Tr^/-' .~^- " ' ¥^ f TWELFTH PRESIDENT. Born in Orange Co.. Va., Sept. 24, 1784. Commissioned as Lieut, in the .Seventh Infantry, 1808. Brevetted Major for heroic defense of Fort Harri- son against Indians, June 19, 1812, From this period until 1840 7ie was enr/aged in almost constant warfare with the Indians in the West. Was in com;mand of Ai-my of tJie Bio Grande, at opening of Mexican War. Won the great bottles of Palo Alto, Resnca de la Palmn, Monterey and Bnena Vista. Elected President of the United States 1848. Died July 9, 1850. Vice-President, Millard Fillmore. ^ Part XXVI. PREFATORY. In presenting to our readers the following pages containing- the settlement, population, area, boundary and growth of the United states of America from 1790 to 1880, the date of the or- ganization of each territory and the admission of each state, together with the territories and their capitals, including the District of Columbia and Alaska, the publishers do this believing that the reader will get a much more correct idea of that vast portion of our country than can be elsewhere obtained. The early explorers in America consisted of English, Spanish, Rus- sian, French, Dutch, Swedes and Americans. And the events^ connected with the history of them date back to the years that are now historical in the pages of our country, and at the same time when the great Northwestern territory stretched from the mouth of the Mississippi river to the British possessions at the north, and to Russian America on the extreme northern Pacific coast, now Alaska. This vast domain, " as it were," empire, then was known as the territory of Louisiana. But the steady advancing columns of civilization has at last driven before them almost to extermination, the numberless roving bands and tribes of savages that for ages were the sole occupants of this immense tract of country, and out of which a number of terri- tories were created, and afterwards some as states were admitted into the Union. Thus the '' star of empire takes its way," the causes of which are probably due to the blessings of a free gov- ernment. The remaining territories are still advancing in wealth and population, and the historical reminiscences connected with those that first explored the wild frontier from the Atlantic to the Pacific, as well as the interior portion of this vast country, deserves a more lengthy mention, perhaps, than the one we have at this time given, but we hope our readers will excuse the brev- ity, and feel amply paid for their time. o. B. H. 170 THE OITCUOWTII OF Olll (orNTHY, STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES- A Chronological, Statistical Discussion of our Population AND Area from 1790 to 1880. — Official. The first census of the United States, taken as of the first Monday in August, 1790, under the provisions of the sec- ond section of the first article of the Constitution, showing the population of the thirteen states then existing, and of the unor- ganized territory, to be in the aggregate 3,929.214. This population was distributed almost entirely on the Atlantic sea- board, extending from the eastern boundary of Maine nearly to Florida, in the region known as the Atlantic Plain. Only a very small proportion of the inhabitants of the United States, not, indeed, more than five per cent., was then found west of the system of the Appalachian mountains. The average depth of settlement in a direction at right angles to the coast was two hundred and fifty-five miles. The densest settlement was found in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and about New York city, whence population had extended northward up the Hudson, and was already quite dense as far as Albany, N. Y. The settlements in Pennsylvania, which had started from Philadelphia, on the Delaware, had extended north- eastward and formed a solid body of occupation from New York through Philadelphia, down to the upper part of Delaware. The Atlantic coast, as far back as the limits of tide-water, was well settled at the time from Casco bay southward to the northern border of North Carolina. In what was the.n the dis- THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT. Born at Summer mil, N. Y., Jan. 7. 1800. Learned tke Mier's Vra^; ,ougM Ms time .ken 19. and Ugan a cor.se of legal .tudy under Judge Wood, .no defrayed all Ms expenses. AdmUted to tUe ,ar at ^^ora^^^d as an attorney, 1827, and as a councilor in the Supreme Oourt,m9 Elect cl I tU LegiZ^e, 1829. Elected to Congress, 1832 183 • M^^^ g'^ Oulernatorial election, 1844. Elected Comptroller of tke State, 1847. Elected vte-President, 1848. Became President of tke United States ,y the deatU of President Taylor. July 9, 1850. Died March 8, 1874. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 177 trict of Maine, sparse settlement extended along the whole sea- hoard. The southern two-thirds of New Hampshire and nearly all of Vermont were covered by population. In New York, branching off from the Hudson from the mouth of the Mohawk, the line of population followed up a broad gap between the Adirondacks and the Catskills, and even reached beyond the center of the state, occupying the whole of the Mohawk valley and the country about the interior of New York lakes. In Penn- sylvania population had spread northwestward, occupying not only the Atlantic plain, but with sparse settlements, the region traversed by the numerous parallel ridges of the eastern portion of the Appalachians. The general limit of settlement was, at that time, the southeastern edge of the Allegheny plateau, but beyond this, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, a point early occupied for military purposes, considerable settlements had been established prior to the war of the Revo- lution. In Virginia the settlements had extended westward be- yond the Blue ridge and into what is now West Virginia, on the western slope of the Allegheny mountains, though very sparsely. From Virginia also, a narrow tongue of settlement had penetrated down to the head of the Tennessee river, in the great Appalachian valley. In North Carolina the settlements were abruptly limited by the base of the Appalachians. In South Carolina there was evi- dence of much natural selection, apparently with reference to tlie character of soil. Charleston was then a city of considerable mag- nitude, and about it was grouped a comparatively dense pop- ulation. At this date settlements were almost entirely agricul- tural, and the causes for variations in their density were general ones. Outside the area of continuous settlement, which we have attempted to sketch, were found, in 1790, a number of smaller settlements of greater or less extent. The principal of these lay in northern Kentucky, bordering upon the Ohio river, and one upon the Cumberland, comprising an area of 12.850 square miles. In addition to this there were a score or more of small posts, or incipient settlements, scattered over what was then an almost untrodden wilderness, such as Detroit, Vin- cennes, Kaskasia, Prairie du Chien, Mackinac and Green Bay,. 178 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. besides the humble beginnings of Elniira and iiinglianiton, in New ^()l•k, whicli, even at that time, hiy outside the body of Continuous setthMnent. In 17U0 the district of Maine belonged to Massachusetts. Georgia comprised not only the present state of that name, but nearly all of what are now the states of Ala- bama and Mississip))i. The states of Kentucky and Tennessee were then known as the " territor}'^ south of the Ohio river," and the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- consin, and part of Minnesota, as the ''territory northwest of the Ohio river." Spain claimed possession of what is now Flor- ida, with a strip along the southern border of Alabama, Missis- sippi, and all of the region west of the Mississippi river. In 1800, in Maine and New Hampshire there is apparent only a slight northward movement of settlement. In Vermont, its density has become greater. Massachusetts shows but little change, but in Connecticut the settlements have appreciably increased. In New York settlement has poured up the Hudson to the mouth of and beyond the Mohawk to Schenectady, and thence through the great natural roadway westward, and down the St. Lawrence and along the northern border of the state to Lake Champlain, completely surrounding Avhat may be defined as the Adirondack region. In Pennsylvania settlements have extended up the Susquahanaand joined the New York groups, and the population has streamed across the southern half of the state and settled in a dense body about the forks of the Ohio river at the present site of Pittsburg, and thence extended slightly into the state of Ohio. In Virginia we note but little change, although there is a general extention of settlement, with an increase in density along the coast. In North and South Carolina there is a general increase in density of settle- ment. The incipient settlements in northern Kentucky have spread southward across the state and into Tennessee, on the Cumberland river, and across the Ohio into the present state of Ohio, where we note the beginning of Cincinnati. Other infant settlements appeared at this date in Mississij)pi along the bluffs below the Yazoo bottom. Beside the settlement on the present site of St. Louis, there was not a settlement in what is now the state of Illinois. FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT. Son of General Benjamin Pierce, of the Revolutionary Army. Born at Eillsboro, N. H., Nov. 23, 1804. Graduate at Bowdoin College, Me., 1824. Admitted to the bar, 1827. Elected to State Legislature, 1829, remaining four years, and being Speaker two. Elected to Congress, 1833; to the U. S. Senate, 1837; and re-elected 1841. Resigned 1842 and resumed practice of law at Concord, N. H. Declined appointment as Attorney-General by Pres- ident Polk. Enrolled himself for the Mexican War as a private, but received: a Brig-General's commission from the President before his departure, March,. 1847. Resigned his commission after the war, resuming his law practice. Elected President of the United States, 1852. Resumed his profession at close of term. Died Oct. 8, 1869. Vice-President, William R. King. Died, before taking his seat. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 179 It appears from the region embraced between tlie frontier line and Atlantic, that the total area of settlement is 305,708 square miles, and an aggregate of population of 5,308,483. Dur- ing the decade just passed Vecmont, formed from a part of New York, had been admitted to the Union, also Kentucky and Ten- nessee, formed from the "territory south of the Ohio river." In 1810 the occupation of the Ohio river had now become complete from its head to its mouth, with the exception of small gaps below the mouth of the Tennessee; and the Kentucky set- tlements covered almost the entire state to the Tennessee river in northern Alabama. In Ohio the settlements had worked their way northward and westward until two-thirds of the area of the state was covered. St. Louis, from a fur trading post, had become an important center of settlement, the population having spread above the mouth of the Missouri, and southward along the Mis- sissippi to the mouth of the Ohio. At the mouth of the Arkan- sas, in what is now the state of Arkansas, was a similar body of settlements. The transfer of the territory of Louisiana to our jurisdiction in 1803 brought in the country a large population along the Mississippi river. The purchase of Louisiana added 1,124,685 square miles to the United States, and gave to us the control of the Mississippi and its navigable tributaries. Georgia, during the same period, ceded to the United States that portion of its territory which now constitutes the larger part of the states of Alabama and Mississippi. The state of Ohio had been formed from what was known as the " territory north of the Ohio river." Michigan territory had been erected. Indiana territory became restricted to the present limits of the state of that name. Illinois territory, comprised of the present state of Illinois and Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. The Louisiana purchase had been carved under the name of the "territory of Orleans,"" and all that part of the present state of Louisiana west of the Mississippi river, the name of " Louisiana territory." The total area of settlement in 1810 was 408,945 square miles, the aggre- gate population being 7.239,881. The decade from 1810 to 1820 had witnessed several terri- torial changes. Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Louisi- ana and Mains, had all been erected as states. The Indian terri- 180 THK OrT(iIier of Mex- icans reported, being over 48,000 — about two-thirds of all re- ported in the United States — and also has a large representation in the state of Austrians, Bohemians, Swiss and French. In like manner California, though put down as the eighth in ag- gregate of foreign population, ranks as high as eighth in respect to only one of the five specified nationalities, the large number of Chinese in this state (being seventy per cent, of the total number in the country) serving to make up its relative defi- ciency in the enumerated elements. The concentration of the British American population in the New England states and in Michigan, are due in the former case equally to the lumber in- terest and the factory industries, and in the latter case to the lumber interest mainly, and the settlement of the Scandinavian population to the west and north of Michigan are notable fea- tures due to the latitude of the climate. The Swiss are mainly found in California, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania; total population of 88,621 souls. The Bohemians are found mainly in Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Ohio and AVisconsin. A majority of the Poles are found in Illinois, Michigan, New York and Wiscon- TWENTY-FIKST PRESIDEiNT. Chester Alan Arthur was the son of an Irishman named William Arthur, who was a Baptist Minister, and was born at Fairfield, Franklin Co., Vt., on the 5th of October 1830. While his father was preaching in Schenectady, N. Y. he entered Union College in 1845 in that city, and graduated in 1848. Went to New York City, studied late and was admitted to the bar. Appointed Engineer-in-Chief by Governor Morgan, Jan. 1861, and Quarterinaster-Gen- eral on his Staff, Jan. 1862, The rajrid despatch of New York troops to the seat of tear was due almost exclusively to his tact and energy. Appointed Collector of the Port of New York, Nov. 20, 1871 ; re-appointed Dec. 1875. Removed by President Hayes, July 21, 1878. Elected Vice-President 1880. Became President of the United States by the death of President Garfield, Sept. 19, 1881. Died in New York City at his residence after a long illness^ Nov. 18, 1886. THE OUTGEOWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 198 sin. Of the 35,722 Russians (predominately Mennonites) in the country, a large majority are found in three states and ter- ritories, as follows: Kansas, 8,032; New York, 5,438; Dakota, 6,493. One-third of the 15,535 Belgians in the United States are found in Wisconsin. More than one-half of the Portuguese and almost one-half of the natives of the Portuguese Atlantic Islands are found in California. Massachusetts is the only other state in which these elements appear in an appreciable degree. The Austrians are found principally in Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wisconsin, and the French are chiefly inhabitants of California, Illinois, Indi- ana, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. The Chinese are found in considerable numbers in the follow- ing states and territories: California, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho and Washington territory. The natives of Holland resident in the United States num- ber 58,090. Of these 17,177 are found in Michigan, 8,399 in. New York, 5,698 in Wisconsin, 5,012 in Illinois and 4,743 in Iowa, leaving 17,061 in all other states and territories. Thus we have a total population of Swiss, 88,621; of Bohe- mians, 85,361; of the Poles, 48,557i of the Russians, 35,722; of the Austrians, 38,663; of the French, 106,971; of the Chinese, 104,468; of the Hollanders, 58,090; making a sum total of 550,731 souls of these nationalities, included in the population of the United States, but principally located in the western states and territories. 194 THK OLTHKOWTll UF OUK COL'NTRY. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The territory embracing our national capital, the District of CoUmibia, was organized March 3, 1791. At that time it Avas composed of lands on both sides of the Potomac river. But on July 9, 1846, all that portion of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac river, was retroceded to Virginia. The city of Washington is on the nortli side of the Potomac and oc- cupies a tract of land tak8n from Maryland, which comprises a territory of ten miles square. In 1874 the county government was abolished and the present form of government established, under the charge of the President and Congress. Washington cit}'. where the capital is established, is a city of about two hun- dred thousand people, and is handsomely laid out with broad streets and avenues. All the government buildings are located there — the White House or Presidential mansion, the treasury, general post-office, patent office, pension office and interior de- partment; also all other departments, consisting of justice, agri- culture, printing and engraving, the navy yard and arsenal, and all the general offices belonging to the United States govern- mental machinery. Washington is a city of palatial residences, principally owned by government officials and members of Congress and United States Senators. It has many important attractions, fine hotels and boarding houses. The churches are a predominent feature, and consists in all denominations. The school system is one of rare excel- lence. The city government is conducted upon a first-class basis, and Washington without doubt is, and is destined to be, the handsomest metropolis in the United States, and perhaps the world. The first Co. .gress that assembled in Washington in the capitol Iniilding was the second session of the sixth Con- gress, November 17, 1800. TWENTY-SECOND PRESIDENT. Born in Caldwell, N. J., March 18, 1837. Educated at Clinton Seminary,, Oneida Oo.,N. T. until 16. Went to New York City and taught for a tchile in the Aftylumfor the Blind. Then icent to Buffalo, N. T,, studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar 1859. Appointed Assistant District Attorney of Erie Co., 1863. Drafted into the army while Assistant District Attorney and furnished a substitute. In 1870, elected Sheriff of Erie Co., N. Y. Elected Mayor of Buffalo, 1881. Nominated in 1882 for Oovernor of New York and elected by a majority of nearly 200,000. Meceived the nomination for President in 1884 as a Democrat and elected by less than 1,200 majority in New York. Vice-President Hon. Thomas A, Hendricks, of Indiana. THE OUTtmOWTH OF OL'B COUiJTiiY. 195 GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN. A Shoet Biogeaphical Sketch of the Eventful Life of THE Dead Statesman, Citizen, Soldiee and Comeade. Among the last of the long procession of great men who have disappeared forever from the arena of human affairs in the past two years, is Senator Jolm Alexander Logan, of Illinois, Born in Jackson county, February 9, 1826, the Celt and Scot were united in his parentage, and the sterling and sagacious qualities of both were evident. He served through the Mexican war, graduated at Louisville Law School, Kentucky, 1851. Member of Illinois legislature four years. Prosecuting attorney, 1853-57. Presidential elector, 1856. Elected to the Thirty- seventh Congress and resigned to enter the Union army^ At- tained the rank of major-general. Declined appointment as Minister to Mexico, 1865. Elected to the Fortieth and Forty- second Congress. Before he could take his seat in the Forty- second Congress he was elected United States Senator, 1871, 1879, 1885, and was Republican candidate for Vice-President of the United States in 1884. Died after a short illness at Wash- ington, D. C, December 26, 1886. General Logan's services in the war were signal and brilliant. He fought first as a private in the first Bull's Run and then returned home to resign his seat, stay the tide of secession sentiment that was arising in ''Egypt" in southern Illinois, and raise a regiment — of which he was made colonel — for the Union service. At Bel- mont he left his horse dead on the field; at Fort Henry he was at the head of his command; at Fort Donelson he was badly wounded; and at Pittsburg Landing he was made a brigadier- general. Refusing a re-election to Congress with the memorar ble words: " I have entered the field to die, if need be, for this lUO THE OUTGROWTH OF UlU COUNTRY. governiiuMit." His l)ravery ami skill led in 1SG2 to Lis appoint- ment as major-general, as which he fonghtat PortGibson, Ray- mond. .Jackson and Cliaini)ion Hill. At Vicksburg his column was the first to enter the city, and he became its military gov- ernor. In November, 1863, General Logan succeeded General Sherman in command of the fifteenth army corps, and the fol- lowing May he joined Sherman as tin; Georgia campaign was opening. General Logan led the advance of the army of the Ten- nessee at the battles of Resaca, Dallas and Keuesaw Mountain. July 22 he was in the fierce battle before Atlanta, which cost the gallant McPherson his life. In his report of the battle General Sherman said: " General Logan succeeded him (McPherson)." He accompanied Sherman in his "march to the sea," and con- tinued with him until the surrender of General Joseph E. John- ston, April 20, 18G5. President Johnson quickly tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. During his congres- sional life, the soldier showed himelf a statesman and an orator, and his speeches gave him a more than national reputation. In the Republican convention of 1880 at Chicago, General Logan was one of the famous triumvirate which stood out for Grant's iiomination, and four years later was a prominent candidate himself. Gracefully acquiescing in Blaine's nomination, he took the second place on the ticket. In 1888 he would have been at least a leading candidate, and many of his friends predicted that he would lead the Republican hosts. But death has stepped in and once more set at naught human speculations. General Logan was married at Shawneetown, Illinois, in 1855, to Miss Mary S. Cunningham, and much of his success in life was due to his noble wife. A great and good feature of General Logan's later life has been his prominence in G. A. R. matters and his untiring zeal for the unfortunate soldiers. He was a true friend to their interests, and has always advocated their cause at all times and upon all occasions; and without doubt it is the universal feeling of a,ll his comrades that they have lost a true friend and the nation a brave and faithful de- fender. "When the last reveille has been beaten, and the last bugle call sounded, then the immortal command is given — 'Surrender!' " JOHK A, LOGAN". The citizen, soldier and statesman. Born February 9. 1826, Died December 26, 1886. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUKTRY. 197 THE TERRITORY OF UTAH. The capital of Utah, Salt Lake City, is situated near a lak •of the same name, in Salt Lake county. It has a population of 21,000. The inhabitants are composed of Mormon and Grentile people. The city is well laid out and shows a very business-like appearance, and is reached by railroads in two directions. The principal attractions of the city are the Mormon temple and tab- ernacle. Utah was settled in 1847 by the Mormons fleeing from Nauvoo, Illinois. This community then differed, and still differs, radically from that of the Rocky Mountains, being es- sentially agricultural, mining having been discountenanced from the first by the church authorities, as tending to fill the "Promised Land'" with Gentile adventurers, and thereby imperil Mormon institutions. The increase in population from 1870 to 1880 was sixty per cent., and rating higher by a steady growth than any of the other territories from first settlement. The set- tlements of Utah extend from southern Idaho southward through central Utah, and along the eastern base of the Wah- satch range into northern Arizona. They consist mainly of scattered hamlets and small towns, about which are grouped the farms of the communities. Utah has an area of 88,056 square miles, and a ijopulation of 143,906. 198 THE OUTGliOWTlI OF OUU COUXTUY. THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO- The capital of New Mexico, Santa Fe, is situated in Santa Fe county, and has a population of about ten thousand inhabi- tants. The government officials have their headquarters there^ and is also military headquarters of the army for that district. It is now reached by rail, and shows a marked sign of improve- ment since the bugle of the iron horse was fii-st sounded in its limits. Santa Fe has the oldest record of any city now in the United States, as it dates back to 1580, when it was founded by Antonio de Espejo. The territory of New Mexico was created in 1850 and comprises an area of 121,201 square miles, and in 1880 had a population of 119,565; this shows an increase since 1870 of thirty per cent. New Mexico was acquired by treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo from Mexico in 1845, on account of the Mexican war. Tradition says, that some four hundred years ago, in Montezuma's reign. New Mexico was a part of his empire, and was inhabited by Spanish and Indians. Whether this be so or not, it is to this day in some parts of the territory, and espe- cially at Taos, a small domain in the interior, self evident that Montezuma was held in high favor over four hundred years ago as his memory is still kept alive by a continually burning fire in an old cathedral at Taos, which the followers and believers in the chief or king, Montezuma, have kept burning for a period of four hundred years. In New Mexico it is not an uncommon thing to find large land owners, as large tracts were held as Spanish claims, which was recognized by the treaty of the Uuittnl States. New Mexico belongs to the Cordilleran belt, known as the " mineral or irrigating range." ROBERT FULTON. IBorn in Little Britain, Pa„ 1765, At the age of 21 lie legan studying with West, the painter, but gradually developed a genius for mechanics, and be- 4iame a civil engineer He made a voyage from JSfew York to Albany in the ■'Clermont, his first experimental steamboat in 36 hours, 1807. Successfully 'Constructed submarine batteries, and built the first steam man-of-war for the '■Qov&mment. Died Feb. 2A, 1815. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 19& THE TERRITORY OF WYOMING^ Cheyenne, the o.apital of Wyoming, is situated in Laramie county on the Union Pacific Railroad, and has a population of about 7,000. It is a flourishing city, nicely laid out, and has first- class railroad facilities. It was for a number of years the out- fitting post for the northwestern frontier and still retains a good share of this business. It was for a long time the military headquarters for Fort De Russe. It has fine hotel accommoda- tions, good churches and school system, and does the chief mer- chandizing for the territory. Chyenne is where most all of the first Black Hills' outfitting trains was supplied, and from where the first start was made by prospecters for that part of the unin- habited frontier. The territory of Wyoming belongs to the same range or belt as Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mex- ico. It has an area of 93,107 square miles and a population in 1880 of 20,788, and makes a showing of 128 per cent, increase since 1870. Wyoming abounds in mineral wealth of all kinds; however, stock and sheep raising is the chief business, which is conducted on a large scale mostly by eastern capitalists, who own large herds of cattle or sheep. 200 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. THE TERRITORY OE IDAHO- Tlic territory of Idaho was first traversed l)y white men in 1804, when the party of explorers under Lewis and Clarke passed through this region. It was then a part of the great ter- ritory known as Louisiana, which had just previously l)een pur- chased from France l>y the United States government. Many years before this time the existence of one or more large rivers west of the great water-shed of the Rocky Mountains was con- sidered very probable by geographers, including Thomas Jeffer- son, afterwards President of the United States. Search for this superstitious river was vigorously prosecuted by various explor- ers and others. In 1793 Captain Gray, who had been sent out to buy furs in the interest of Boston merchants, made the dis- covery of the mightiest river of the Pacific slope, and named it the Cohimbia, after the vessel of which he was master. Not long afterward Captain Gray, in company with Captain Vancou- ver, an Englishman, sailed some distance up the Columbia, but they made no overland explorations of tlie country, and conse- quently did not penetrate as far as the limits of what is now Idaho. Vancouver formally claimed the country for his sover- eign. King George III., "by right of discovery and explorations/' while at the same time Gray laid claim to it for the United States. Under tlie provisions of the treaty of 1818, the country north of the forty-second parallel of latitude and west of the Rocky Mountains was occupied jointly by Great Britian and the United States. To this whole region was given the name of Oregon (from an Indian word signifying wild marjoram). The international line by the terms of the treaty was made the forty- ninth parallel of north latitude, so that the territory of Oregon emln-aced all the vast region west of the Rocky Mountains and THE OUTGEOWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 201 between the forty-second and forty-ninth parallels of latitude Congress, „i 1847, offered rich bounties in land to those who would take up their residence in Oregon, and in 1849, when the California gold discoveries were made, it had a population of several thousand. Idaho was created a territory by act of Congress of March 3, 1863, from portions of Washington, Dakota and Nebraska territories, comprising an area of 326,373 square miles and em- BOISE CITY AND VALLEY, FROM FORT BOISE. bracing the present state of Nebraska and nearly all of Wyo- ming. The name Idaho is a corruption of the Indian word E-dah-hoe, which has been translated "Gem on the Mountains." In 1868, the territories of Montana and Wyoming, having been called into existence, Idaho embraced its present area, "it ex- tends from latitude 42° to 49°, has the British possessions on the north, Montana and Wyoming on the east, Utah and Nevada on the south, and Oregon and Washington on the west. The 202 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR roUNTKY. length of the territory is 410 miles, ami its width from 257 miles in the extreme south to 00 miles at its northern limit. Boise City, the capital of Idaho, is located in the Boise valley, on the Boise river, in the county of Ada, on a line of the Union Pacific Railroad, in latitude 33° 37' north,and longi- tude 116° 12' west, 2.880 feet above the sea level, on a beautiful plateau, near Fort Boise. It has a population of about 2.500 inhabitants. A United States Government general land office and United States troops are located there. THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 203 THE TERRITORY OF ARIZONA. Historical and Modern. With a history older than that of any other political divi- sion of the American Union, Arizona still remains compara- tively unknown. The Pacific coast of northern Mexico was ex- plored by Spanish adventurers early in the sixteenth century, and in the spring of 1540, Vasqtiez de Coronado led an expedi- tion through the wilds of Arizona. This was twenty-five years before the founding of San Augustine, sixty-seven years before the settlement of Jamestown, and eighty years before the May- flower cast Anchor at Plymouth Rock. Like other daring spirits who followed in the wake of Columbus, Coronado was a soldier of fortune who sought wealth and fame in the New World. Glowing reports had reached New Spain of the existence, far to the north, of seven cities called " Cibola, or Cities of the Bull." They were said to be large and populous, magnificently built, and fabulously rich in the precious metals. Sallying out of Culiacan early in April, 1540, at the head of nearly 1,000 men, mostly Indians, the Spanish cavalier turned his face to the north, eager to reap the golden harvest that awaited him in the Seven Cities. Through the rugged defiles of the Sierra Madre and the parched plains of Sonora, by the val- ley of the Santa Cruz, and past the present site of Tucson, where an Indian village was encountered, Coronado reached the Pima towns on the Gila. After visiting the ruins, which he named ''Casa Grande," and of whose origin and history the Indians knew nothing, he pursued his way to the San Francisco Mountains, and from thence to the valley of the Colorado CJiiquifo. Two days' jour- ney northeast from this point and forty-five from Culiacan, brought the expedition in sight of the long sought " Cities of Cibola." 204 THE OUTOROn'TH OF OVU fOUNTHY. Bitter was tlie disappointiuciit of the Spanish leader and his deluded followers. Instead of rieh and populous cities they found a collection of miserable Moquis villages, and instead of the stores of wealth they found semi-savage penury. The peo- ple were a primitive race, who tilled the soil in a crude way and had no knowledge of metals. Many other towns of a similar character were encountered east and north, hut in none was there an indication of that mar- velous wealth for which the Spaniards and their dusky allies had journeyed so many weary leagues to fir.d. A wiser, if not a richer man, Coronado turned his steps homeward, and the gor- geous myth of the " Cities of the Bull " was dissipated forever. Forty years later, Antonio de Espejo, the founder of Santa Fe, visited the Moquis towns and northern Arizona; but as his expedition, like that which preceded it, was undertaken with the hope of acquiring sudden wealth, no effort was made to effect permanent settlements. A century later another class of explorers visited Arizona. Animated by different motives, and inspired by loftier purposes, the mission fathers came to spread the doctrine of peace and good will to m"n. While Coronado and Espejo sought gold and glory, Father Kino and his companions were content to undergo poverty, suffering and self-denial. The founding of the Mission of Guevavi, south of Tucson, in 1G87, marks the estaldishment of the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the territory of Arizona. Thirty years later there were nine missions south of fhe Gila, all in a prosperous condition. Large number of Indians were baptized, and instructed in the arts of peaceful in- dustry. The rich mineral deposits in the surrounding moun- tains were worked in a primitive way by the neophytes, under the direction of the par/r^s. A number of presidios were estab- lished by the Viceroy of Spain, and many adventurers from Sin- aloa and Sonora found their way to the new finds in the north. The only obstacle to prosperity was the Apache. That Islimae- lite of the hills frequently raided the settlements, carrying off what plunder he could secure. Incapable of civilization and dis- daining peaceful labor, his delight was in deeds of rapine and murder. Despite his incursions, the missions grew and pros- THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 205 pered, until their suppression by tlie Mexican government in 1828. For nearly one hundred ane fifty years they kept ablaze the torch of civilization; when it dropped from their hands it was quenched in blood. With the abandonment of the mis- sions the Apache swept down from his mountain strongholds, despoiled the churches, laid waste the fields, destroyed the min- ing plants, and reduced the country to its primeval savage con- dition. At the close of the Mixican war, that portion of Arizona. north of the Gila river was added to the United States. In 1854 that portion of the territory lying south of the Gila was ac- quired from Mexico by purchase. At that time the inhabitants of the entire region now known as Arizona numbered a fev;- hundred Mexicans, huddled together in the wretched presidios of Tucson and Tubac. After the acquisition, the enterprising American soon made his appearance, and many of the abandoned mines were profitably worked. Capital sought investment, the country's wonderful resources were becoming known, and it seemed entering upon a career of lasting prosperity. From 1864 to 1874 civilization and savagery struggled for the mastery. More than a thousand men, women and children fell victims to Apache hate, while more than double that number of red de- mons bit the dust. The close of 1874 saw the last of the hostile Indians placed on reservations, and Arizona for the first time in its history enjoyed the blessings of peace. But the true era of Arizona's advancement dates from the hour when the iron horse crossed the Colorado river. This event occurred in the latter part of 1878. The shriek of the locomotive was the death-knell of savagery and isolation — the trumpet peal of progress and prosperity. Since then despite the spasmodic outbreaks of a small band of discontented Apaches, which are now entirely subdued, the country shows a steady growth in population and wealth. This, in brief, is the history of Arizona, from the advent of the Spaniards to the present time. Through centuries of blood and fire the coming commonwealth faces the future, vigorous, confident and self-relient. Possessed of all the resources that build up strong and prosperous states, she invites the immigrant and capitalist to share in their development. Untold millions 200 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. are locked in her mountain ranges, and lier smilin o H ■H fd l-H H O THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 21 S THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA. Montana is the third largest territory of the United States, being surpassed in size only by Alaska and Dakota. It has an area of 143,776 square miles, or 92,016,000 acres of land. Its average lengtli from east to west is 500 miles, and its average width from north to south is 275 miles. Its greatest length is on its extreme northern boundary, which borders on the Cana- dian provinces of Assiniboine and Alberta. The southern boun- dary of the territory is in about the same latitude as middle Min- nesota. Eastern Montana has an altitude of about 1,800 feet. The land gradually rises wastward at an average of about eight feet per mile until a height of about 4,500 feet is reached at Liv- ingston, at the eastern basis of the Belt Mountains. The aver- age altitude of the territory is about 3,000 feet above the sea level. The highest mountain peaks in Montana have an altitude of 11,000 feet above the sea level. Montana was created a ter- ritory May 26, 1864, and has an estimated population of 45,000 souls. Helena, the capital of Montana, has a population of about 10,000, and is the important railroad, banking, commercial and political center. It is situated in what was formerly known as " Last Chance Gulch," from which over $30,000,000 worth of gold was taken during the early days of placer mining. Placers are still worked in this gulch. The site of the town is high and commands a view over the Prickly Pear valley as far as the Mis- souri river and the Belt Mountains. Helena has a United States assay office. United States land office, four national banks, four large, and numerous small, hotels, an opera house, two daily newspapers, and many large mercantile establishments. Some of the richest quartz mines in Montana are situated within a few miles of the city. Trains on the Wickes Branch of the Northern Pacific, and on the branch road running to the Ten Mile mining district, leave Helena. Stages connect with the Northern Pacific Railroad to all the towns and mining camps not reached by rail. 214 THK UUTGHOWTII OF OVH rorNTRY WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Waslu'ngtoii torritory is iibout as large as the states of Pennsylvania and New York combined. It has a great variety of surface, soil, climate and scenery, The lofty range of the Cascade Mountains, running north and south, separates it into two natural grand divisions known as Eastern and VVestein Washington. There are numerous other m(nintain ranges, such as the Olympic range, a continuation of the Ooast range of Cal- ifornia and Oregon; the Peshastin range, the Columbia river range, the Pend d'Oreille range and the Blue Mountains. Hon. Watson C. Squire, governor of Washington territory, in his report to the legislative session of 1885-6, estimates the population of the territory at 175,000. The territory is free from debt, with $72,597.27 in the treasury, consequently, taxa- tion is low with a low assessed valuation of taxable property. The assessed valuation for 1885 was $50,484,437, and the num- ber of acres of land assessed was 3.754.564. The capital and surplus of the national banks in the territory is $1,120,000, and there are a number of private banking institutions. The terri- tory enjoys good religious and educiitional advantages. Upwards of 2,000,000 acres of the public lands have been appropriated to the territory for public school purposes, which secures to it a large school fund. In addition to heavy shipments of the pro- ducts of the territory to foreign and coastwise markets, via Portland and via Puget Sound, the shipments eastward via the Northern Pacific Railroad to the Atlantic and Western states and territories are growing to large proportions. Olynipia, the capital, is a beautiful town at the head of Puget Sound, and has a population of 2.500. It has some lumber interests and con- siderable tributary farming country. A narrow gunge railroad runs to Tenmo, on the Northern Pacific; steamboats to Tacoma and Seattle. Puget Sound has an extensive commerce. Lumber is exported to China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand. Mexico and South America. Coal is shipped to San Francisco. Daily steam er.-« ])ly l)i'twet'n Tacoma and Seattle, and Victoria, British Columbia. THI OUTGROWTH Oi OUB COUNTRY. 215. OREGON. Portland is the commercial metropolis of the Pacific North- west. The city is situated on the Willamette river, twelve miles above its confluence with the Columbia, and has now a population of about 40,000. It is a seaport, with ample wharf accommodation for large vessels. Portland is the seat of a steamship company which runs lines of ocean steamers to San Francisco, Puget Sound, BritishColumbiaand Alaska, as well as a fleet of river boats. Railroads lead to Portland from each di- rection, making it a great railroad center. The buildings in the business thoroughfares would do credit to any city, and the same may be said of many churches, school houses, and other public buildings as well as private residences. Oregon became a st. t February 14, 1859. Salem, the capital, is situated in Marion county, fifty-two miles from Portland. The population of Oregon in 1885 was estimated at 225,000. Oregon, in its climate and pro- ductions, resembles Washington territory in most respects, and, like Washington, it is divided into eastern and western divisions by the Cascade Mountains. The country in Oregon east of the Cascades, however, has less rainfall than that in Washington, and is principally valuable for grazing, although it contains some good farming districts. West of the Cascades is the Coast range; between these mountain ranges lies the productive Willa- mette valley, extending south from the Columbia river for a dis- tance of about 200 miles, with an average width of about 30 miles. This is the oldest settled section of the Pacific Northwest, and the valley compares favorably with any in the world for fertility and scenic beauty. United States land offices are located at Ore- gon City, Roseburg, The Dalles and La Grande. 210 THE OUTGROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY si o o 5 _ CO Lp O.o •S3 -2 O <1> 'si <3 ^ 3 = iS'sf « * S'32 ids'!''' 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CDCSOWOGDQO C«cDi;iCOOS**05050rf--C:t-*l-*#*')^Cn»KtOtOLCCC«D05050 t-*co I c;TWcoa;;Cii-JX'-*(ic:^+-c si S-2. 5' 3-S gs 1 c; c: o LC ■£ c-" ac CO ti J (t O 0>a O a M M O I— I Q > O H ;> I— I cc M ;> P> W \r o »^ 1^ w tei d M 1-3 b GD CD 218 APPENDIX I. THE FINANCIAL HISTORY- PUBLIC DEBT, REVENUE, EXPENDITURES, IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES. In carrying forward tlie ''Historical Sketches and the Ont- ^lHnti m^^^m ; *»4' * ij