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ANDREWS' SERIES ©F LATIN SCHOOL BOORS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY CROCKER & BREWSTER, 
 
 47 "WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 
 
 The Latin School Books pre^red by Prof. E. A. Andrews, exclusive of his 
 Latin-English Lexicon, foundea on the Latin-German Lexicon of Dr. Freund, 
 constitute two distinct series, adapted to different and distinct purposes. The 
 basis of the First Series is Andrews* First Latin Book ; of the Second, An- 
 drews and Stoddard's Latin Gramiiiar. 
 
 FIRST SERIES. 
 
 This Series is designed expressly for those who commence the study of 
 Latin at a very early age, and for such as intend to pursue it to a limited ex- 
 tent only, or merely as subsidiary to the acquisition of a good English educa- 
 tion. It consists of the following works, viz. : — 
 
 1. Andrews' First Latin Book; or Progressive Les- 
 sons in Reading and Writing Latin. This small volume contains most of the 
 leading principles and grammatical forms of the Latin language, and, by the 
 logical precision of its rules and definitions, is admirably fitted to serve as an 
 introduction to the study of general grammar. The work is divided into les- 
 sons of convenient length, which are so arranged that the student will, in al) 
 cases, be prepared to enter upon the study of each successive lesson, by pos- 
 sessing a thorough knowledge of those which preceded it. The lessons gen- 
 erally consist of three parts : — 1st. The statement of important principles in 
 the form of rules or definitions, or the exhibition of orthographical or etymo- 
 logical forms ; 2d. Exercises, designed to illustrate such principles or forms ; 
 and 3d. Questions, intended to assist the student in preparing his lesson. In 
 addition to the grammatical lessons contained in this volume, a few pages of 
 Reading Lessons are annexed, and these are followed by a Dictionary com- 
 prising all the Latin words contained in the work. This book is adapted to 
 the use of all schools above the grade of primary schools, including also 
 Academies and Female Seminaries. It is prepared in such a manner that it 
 can be used with little difficulty by any intelligent parent or teacher, with no 
 previous knowledge of the language. 
 
 2. The Latin Reader, with a Dictionary and Notes, 
 containing explanations of difficult idioms, and numerous references to the 
 Lessons contained in the First Latin Book. 
 
 3. The Viri Romae, with a Dictionary and Notes, re- 
 ferring, like those of the Reader, to the First Latin Book. This series of 
 three small volumes, if faithfully studied according to the directions contained 
 in them, will not only render the student a very tolerable proficient in the 
 principles of the Latin language and in the knowledge of its roots, from 
 which so many words of the English language are derived, but will constitute 
 the best preparation for a thorough study of English grammar. 
 
 SECOI^^D SERIES. 
 
 This Series is designed more especially /or those who are intending to be- 
 come thoroughly acquainted with the Latin language, and with the principal 
 classical authors of that language. It consists of the following works: — 
 
 1. Latin Lessons. This small volume is designed for 
 
 the younger classes of Latin students, Avho intend ultimately to take up the 
 larger Grammar, but to whom that work would, at first, appear too formida- 
 ble. It contains the prominent principles of Latin grammar, expressed in 
 the same language as in the larger Grammar, and likewise Reading and 
 Writing Lessons, with a Dictionary of the Latin words and phrases occurring 
 in the Lessons. 
 
New Series of Latin School Boolis. 
 
 2. Latin Grammar. A Grammar of the Latin Lan- 
 guage, for the use of Schools and Colleges. By Professors E. A. Axdke^vs 
 and S. Stoddakd. This work, which for many years has been the text-book 
 in the department of Latin Grammar in a large portion of American schools 
 and colleges, and which claims the merit of having first introduced into thf3 
 schools of this country the subject of grammatical analysis, which now occu- 
 pies a conspicuous place in so many grammars of the English language, has 
 been recently revised and carefully corrected in every part. 
 
 3. Questions on the Grammar. This little volume 
 
 is intended to aid the student in preparing his lessons, and the teacher in 
 conducting his recitations. 
 
 4. A Synopsis of Latin Grammar, comprising the 
 
 Latin Paradigms, and the Principal Rules of Latin Etymology and Syntax. 
 The few pages composing this work contain those portions of the Grammar 
 to which the student has occasion to refer most frequently in the preparation 
 of his daily lessons. 
 
 5. Latin Reader. The Reader, by means of two sepa- 
 rate and distinct sets of notes, is equally adapted for use in connection either 
 with the First Latin Book or the Latin Grammar. 
 
 6. Viri Romae. This volume, like the Reader, is fur- 
 nished with notes and references, both to the First Latin Book and to the 
 Latin Grammar. The principal difference in the two sets of notes found in 
 each of these volumes consists in the somewhat greater fulness of those 
 which belong to the smaller series. 
 
 7. Latin Exercises. This work contains exercises in 
 
 every department of the Latin Grammar, and is so arranged that it may be 
 studied in connection with the Grammar through every stage of the prepara- 
 tory course. It is designed to prepare the way for original composition in the 
 Latin language, both in prose and verse. 
 
 8. A Key to Latin Exercises. This Key, in which 
 
 all the exercises in the preceding volume are fully corrected, is intended for 
 the use of teachers only. 
 
 9. Caesar's Commentaries on the' Gallic War, with a 
 
 Dictionary and N^jites. The text of this edition of Ctesar has been formed by 
 reference to the best German editions. The Notes are principally grammati- 
 cal. The Dictionary, which, like all the others in the series, was prepared 
 with great labor, contains the usual significations of the words, together with 
 an explanation of all such phrases as might otherwise perplex the student. 
 
 10. Sallust. Sallust's Jugurthine War and Conspiracy of 
 Catiline, with a Dictionary and Notes. The text of this work, which was 
 based upon that of Cortius, has been modified by reference to the best modern 
 editions, especially -by those of Kritz and Geriach ; and its orthography is, in 
 general, conformed to that of Pottier and Blanche. The Dictionaries of 
 Cassar and Sallust connected with this series are original works, and, in con 
 nection with the Notes in each volujne, furnish a very complete and satisfac 
 tory apparatus for the study of these two authors. 
 
 11. Ovid. Selections frdm the Metamorphoses and Hero 
 ides of Ovid, with Notes, Grammatical References, and Exercises in Scanning 
 These selections from Ovid are designed as an introduction to Latin poetry 
 They are accompanied with numerous brief notes explanatory of difficult 
 phrases, of obscure historical or mythological allusions, and especially of 
 grammatical difficulties. To these arc added such Exercises in Scanning as 
 serve fully to introduce the student t6 a knowledge of Latin prosody, and 
 esi^ecially of the structure and laws of hexameter and pentameter verse. 
 
New Series of Latin School Books. 
 
 Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar has long since been intro- 
 duced into the Latin School of the City of Boston, and into most 
 of the other principal Classical Schools in this country. It is adopted by 
 all the Colleges in New England, viz., Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, 
 Amherst, Williams, Bowdoin, Waterville, Middlebury, Burling- 
 ton, Brown University at Providence, Wesleyan University at Mid- 
 dletovvn,and Washington College at Hartford; also at Hamilton Col- 
 lege, New York, New York University, city of New York, Cincinnati 
 College and Marietta College, Ohio, Randolph Macon College, 
 Virginia, Mount Hope College, near Baltimore, Maryland Institute 
 OF Lnstruction and St. Mary's College, Baltimore, and the Univer- 
 sities OF Michigan and Alabama; and has been highly recommended 
 by Professors Kingsley, Woolsey, Olmstead, and Gibbs, of Yale College; 
 Professor Beck, of Harvard College ; President Penney and Professor North, 
 of Hamilton College ; Professor Packard, of Bowdoin College ; Professor 
 Holland, of Washington College ; Professor Fisk, of Amherst College, and 
 by Professor Hackett, of Brown University; — also by Messrs. Dillaway 
 and Gardner, of the Boston Latin School ; Rev. Lyman Colman, of the 
 English High School, Andover; Hon, John Hall, Principal of the Elling- 
 ton School, Conn. ; Mr. Shaler, Principal of the Connecticut Literary 
 Institution, at Suffield ; Simeon Hart, Esq., Farmington, Conn. ; Pro- 
 fessor Cogswell, of Round Hill School, Northampton; President Shan 
 non, of Louisiana College, and by various periodicals. 
 
 As a specimen of the communications received from the above sources, 
 the following extracts are given : — 
 
 it gives me great pleasure to bear raj testnnony to the superiormerits of the 
 Latin GBainrnar lately edited by Professor Andrews and Mr. Stoddard. I express 
 most cheerfully, luihesitatingly, and decidedly, my preference of this Graninia.r 
 to that of Adam, which has, for so long a time, kept almost undisputed sway 
 in our schools. — Dr. C Beck, Professor of Latin iii Harvard Unweraity. 
 
 1 know of no grammar published m tUis country, which promises to answer so 
 well the purposes of elementary classieal instruction, and shall be glad to see it 
 introduced into our best schools. — Mr. Charles K. Dillaway, Master of ike 
 Public Latin School, Po-ston. 
 
 Your new Latin Cirammar appears to me much better suited to the use of 
 students than any other grammar I am acquainted with. — Professor VVilhum 
 M. Holland, Washington College, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 I can With much pleasure say tliat your Grammar seems to me much better 
 adapted to the present condition and wants of our schools than any one with which 
 I am ac(|uainted, and to supply that which has long been wanted — a good Latin 
 grammar for common use. — Mr. F. Gardner, one of the Masters Boston Lat. Sch. 
 
 'J'he Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard is deserving, in my opinion, of 
 th^ approbation which so many of our ablest teachers have bestowed upon it. 
 It is believed that, of all the grammars at present before the public, this h;is 
 greatly tlie advantage, in regard both to the excellence of its arrangement, and 
 the accuracy and copiousness of its information ; and it is earnestly hoped that 
 its merits will procure for it that general favor and use to which it is entitled. 
 — //. B. Hackett, Professor of Biblical Literature in Newt07i T/ieoL Sem, 
 
 The universal favor with which this Grammar is received was not unexpected. 
 j^ will bear a thorough and discriminating examination. In the use of well- 
 oefined and expressive terms, especially in the syntax, we know of no Latin oi 
 Greek grammar which is to be compared to this. — Amer. Quarterly Register. 
 
 The Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard I consider a woik of great 
 merit. I have found in it several principles of the Latin language correctly ex- 
 
 Eiained which I had myself learned from a twenty years' study of that language, 
 at had never seen illustrated in anv jpranimar. Andrewi's First Lessons I coo 
 
New Series of Latin School Books. 
 
 sider a valuable work for beginners, and in the sphere which it is designed to 
 occupy, I know not that 1 have met its equal. — Rev. James Shannon, President 
 of College of Louisiana. 
 
 These works will furnish a series of elementary publications for the study of 
 Latin altogether in advance of any thing which has hitherto appeand, either in 
 this country or in England. — American Biblical Repository. 
 
 We have made Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar the subject both of 
 reference and recitation daily for several months, and I cheerfully and < ecidedly 
 bear testimony to its superior excellence to any manual of the kind with which 
 I am acquainted. Every part bears the impress of a careful compiler. The 
 principles of syntax are happily developed in the rules, whilst those relating to 
 the moods and tenses supply an important deficiency in our former grammars. 
 The rules of prosody are also clearly and fully exhibited. — Rev. Lyman Cole- 
 man, Principal of Burr Seminary, Manchester, Vt. 
 
 I have examined Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and regard it as 
 superior to any thing of the kind now in use. It is what has long been needed, 
 and will undoubtedly be welcomed by every one interested in the philology of 
 the Latin language. We shall hereafter use it as a text-book in this institution 
 — Mr. Wm. H. Shaler, Principal of the Connecticut Lit. Institution at Suffifld. 
 
 This work bears evident marks of great care and skill, and ripe and accurate 
 scholarship in the authors. It excels most grammars in this particular, that, 
 while by its plainness it is suited to the necessities of most beginners, by its 
 fulness and detail it will satisfy the inquiries of the advanced scholar, and will 
 be a suitable companion at all stages of his progress. We cordially commend 
 't to the student and teacher. — Biblical Repository. 
 
 Your Grammar is what T expected it would be — an excellent book, and just the 
 thing which was needed. VVe cannot hesitate a moment in laying aside the 
 books now in use, and introducing this. — Rev. J. Penney, D. D., President of 
 Hamdion College, New York. 
 
 Your Grammar bears throughout evidence of original and thorough investiga- 
 tion and sound criticism. I hope, and doubt not, it will be adopted in our schools 
 and colleges, it being, in my apprehension, so far as simplicity is concerned, on 
 the one hand, and philosophical views and sound scholarship on the other, far 
 preferable to other grammars ; a work at the same time highly creditable to your- 
 selves and to our country. — Professor A. Packard, Bowdoin College, Maine. 
 
 This Grammar appears to me to be accommodated alike to the wants of the 
 new beginner and the experienced scholar, and, as such, well fitted to supply 
 what has long been felt to be a great desideratum in the department of classical 
 learning. — Professor S. North, Hamilton College, New York. 
 
 From such an examination of this Grammar as I have been able to give it, 1 
 do not hesitate to pronounce it superior to any other with which I am acquainted. 
 I have never seen, any where, a greater amount of valuable matter compressed 
 within limits equally narrow. — Hon. John Hall, Prin. of Ellington School, Conn. 
 
 We have no hesitation in pronouncing this Grammar decidedly superior to 
 any now in use. — Boston Recorder. 
 
 I am ready to express my great satisfaction with your Grammar, and do not 
 hesitate to say, that 1 am better pleased with such portions of the syntax as 1 
 have pertised, than with the corresponding portions in any other grammar witl- 
 which 1 am acquainted. — Professor N. \V. Fiske, Amherst College, Mass. 
 
 1 know of no grammar in the Latin language so well adapted to answer thfl 
 purpose for which it was designed as this. The book of Questions is a valuable 
 attendant of the Grammar. — Simeon Hart, F.sq., Farmingion, Conn. 
 
 This (Trammar has received the labor of years, and is the result of much re 
 flection and experience, and mature scholarship. As such, it claims the atten 
 tion of all who are interested in the promotion of sound learning. — A'. 1'. ()hs>. 
 
 This (iranmiar is an original work. Its arrangement is philosophical, and it* 
 rules clear and precise, beyond those of any other grammar we liave seen - 
 Portland Christian Mirror. 
 
 4 
 
SALLUST'S 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA. 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 CONSPIRACY OP CATILINE 
 
 WITH A 
 
 DICTIONARY AND NOTES. 
 
 BY 
 PROF. E. A. ANDREWS. 
 
 THIRTEENTH EDITION. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 CROCKER & BREWSTER. 
 
 1854. 
 
<^ 
 
 
 e re ^' -^ ,-»i 
 
 Rnterod ar.cnrdins<- to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by 
 l/uRRIB »t PECK, 
 
 111 iiui Oierk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The first edition of Sallust by the present editor having been favorably 
 received by the public, no alteration in its plan has been thought necessary 
 In preparing a second edition, however, every part has been carefully 
 revised. 
 
 The text, in the former edition of the Jugurthine War was based upon that 
 of Cortius. It was not until nearly the whole of that portion of the work was 
 printed off, that the editor was able to obtain the highly valuable editions, 
 which, within a few years past, have issued from the German press. Of these 
 such use was made in the remainder of the work, as the brief time allowed for 
 thifc purpose would permit. 
 
 The text of Cortius was distinguished from those previously in common use 
 by frequent ellipses, especially of particles, pronouns, and the substantive vert 
 These ellipses gave to the author's style an appearance of peculiar harshness; 
 and rende"''ed the connexion at times obscure and difficult. Besides other 
 valuable improvements in the text of this author, the German editors, after the 
 most careful collation of manuscripts and early editions have in many instances 
 restored the words omitted by Cortius. 
 
 The text adopted in both parts of the present edition is, in general, that of 
 Kritz, but modified by reference to the editions of Planche, Burnouf, Gerlach, 
 Herzog and the Bipont editors. The alterations made in this edition will, it is 
 believed, commend themselves to all, who shall examine them with care, 
 as serving to remove many of the difficulties found in the common 
 editions. 
 
 The orthography of the first edition, which, with few exceptions, was that 
 ad')pted by the Bipont editors and by Planche, has been retained. 
 
 The following extracts from the preface to the first edition will sufficiently 
 exx'lain its general plan. 
 
 " in .irranging the two treatises of Sallust constituting the text of this work, 
 the firit pirice has been assigned to the War against Jugurtha. Such an 
 arrangement seemed to be expedient in a work intended for the use of students 
 not previously familiar with Roman history; inasmuch as the History of 
 Catiline's Conspiracy, which occurred many years after the war against Jugur- 
 tha, contains numerous aHaoions to persons engaged in that war, and to politi- 
 cal events connected with it. 
 
 3 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 As some of the most prominent difficulties in Latin syntax arist from the use 
 of the oratio obliqua, the occurrence of this construction has generally been 
 denoted by means of single inverted commas, while direct quotations are distin 
 guished by the usual marks. 
 
 To the preparation of the accompanying Dictionary, much time and labor 
 have been devoted. The design has been to unite, so far as a due regard to 
 "brevity would permit, the advantages of a Lexicon Sallustianum with those of 
 a general dictionary." To this end the common significations of each word 
 are given, whether occurring in Sallust or not, but in noting the constructions of 
 words, those only are mentioned, which are found in this author. " The plan 
 of the work did not permit the introduction of extended discussions relating to 
 points of history or biography, customs or laws. For minute information on 
 these and kindred subjects, it was thought better to refer the student to his 
 Classical Dictionary and Roman Antiquities, and especially to some good 
 Roman history ; such, for example, as Ferguson's Roman Republic. 
 
 In preparing the notes of this edition, it has been the aim of the editor to 
 supply such information only, as could not progerly be inserted in the Dictionary. 
 He has endeavoured to furnish precisely such aid as he supposed a diligent stu- 
 dent would need, and to present it in such a form as would direct his investiga- 
 tions, instead of superseding them. A free use has been made of the materials 
 contained in the notes of Burnouf, Planche and Kritz, and such other notes 
 have been added as the design of the work seemed to require. In explaining 
 the grammatical constructions, the editor has generally contented himself with 
 a simple reference to that part of the grammar in which a solution of the diffi- 
 culty may be found, leaving it to the student's own reflection to make the 
 application 
 
LIFE OF CAITJS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS. 
 
 Sallust, the celebrated Roman historian, was bom at Amitemum, a towni 
 in the Sabine territory, in the year of Rome 668, 86 years before the birth of 
 Christ, and in the consulship of Cinna and Carbo. While young he removed 
 to Rome, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits, under the direction of 
 Atteius Prsetextatus, a celebrated Athenian grammarian, and an instructor in 
 the art of rhetoric. 
 
 At an early age, probably about the year of Rome 695, he obtained the 
 questorship, and consequently became entitled to a seat in the senate. In the 
 year 701, during a period of great civil commotion, he was made a tribune of 
 the people ; and in the dissensions consequent upon the death of Clodius, he 
 took an active part in opposition to Milo. To this course he was probably 
 moved not less by personal hostility to Milo, whom he had greatly injured, and 
 from whom he had received a severe, but well merited chastisement, than by 
 attachment to the party of Clodius. In the year 704 the censors, Appius Clau- 
 dius and Calpurnius Pi&o, deg-erled him from his rank as senator, on account 
 of the infamy of his private character. 
 
 It was probably about this time, that he wroie the Ilietory of the Catilinarian 
 Conspiracy, with the exception, perhaps, of the part relating to the characters 
 of Caesar and Cato, though some ascribe to the whole work a later date. Of 
 most of the events connected with this conspiracy, Sallust had been an eye 
 witness, and, with few exceptions, lie appears to have recorded them with ex- 
 emplary impartiality. Though at a later period, the bitter enemy of Cicero, he 
 manifests no such hostility in his account of this conspiracy, unless it be found 
 in the somewhat faint praise which he bestows upon that illustrious orator and 
 patriotic statesman. 
 
 Notwithstanding he expressed the determination in the introduction of this 
 history, of spending the remainder of his days remote from the agitations of 
 public life, he yet entered soon after with renewed ardor into the violent strug 
 gles which arose between the parties of Pompey and Caesar. In this contest he 
 espoused the cause of Caesar, to whom he was personally attached, and through 
 whose influence, in the year of the city 706, he was again made questor, and 
 consequently reinstated in the senate. In the following year by the same influ- 
 ence he was raised to the pretorship, and about this time also he married 
 Terentia, whom Cicero had recently divorced. 
 
 1* 5 
 
b LIFE OF CAIUS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS. 
 
 Soon after these events the civil war was renewed in Africa, where the rem- 
 nants, of the senatorial party had been assembled under the command of Scipio 
 and Cato. To oppose these Sallust was directed to conduct a detachment of 
 several legions, by the way of Capua to the shores of Campania, where they 
 were to embark for Africa. On arriving at the port of embarkation, a mutiny 
 arose among the troops on account of their unwillingness to leave Italy, and to 
 encounter anew the hardships and dangers to which they had been so long ex- 
 posed. Sallust found his authority of no avail to suppress the insurrection, and 
 was compelled to secure his own safety by a precipitate flight to Rome, 
 whither he was followed by a great number of the troops. Order being 
 at length restored by the presence and authority of Caesar, the legions consent- 
 ed to embark, and shortly afterwards landed in Africa. Subsequently in an expe- 
 dition entrusted to his command, against the island of Cercina, Sallust is said 
 to have evinced considerable courage, military skill and prowess. 
 
 After the close of this war, he was appointed to the command of the African 
 province, where he acquired immense riches by oppressing the people. On hia 
 return home, he was accused by the Numidians, of mal-administration of the 
 affairs of his province, but escaped punishment through the friendship of Cassar 
 with whom he is reported to have shared his spoils. Scarcely, however, had he 
 been acquitted, when Caesar, on whom all his fortunes depended, w^as 
 assassinated, on the ides of March, in the year of Rome 710. 
 
 With this event terminated the political career of Sallust, who thenceforward 
 devoted himself wholly to the pursuits of private life. In his retirement, besides 
 other historical works of which a few fragments now remain, he composed the 
 History of the Jugurthine AVar, for which he had collected ample materials 
 during his residence in Africa. He also erected a magnificent residence upon 
 the Quirinal Hill, and laid out those beautiful gardens, which afterwards bore 
 his name, and which were long considered as the pride and ornament of Rome. 
 After his decease, which occurred in the year 718, his house and gardens be- 
 came the favorite residenr^e of successive Roman emperors. 
 
 As a historian, Sallust has few equals. His style is in a high degree concise 
 resembHng in this and in other respects that of Thucydides, whom, he seems 
 to have taken as his model. H3 is distinguished also for his uncommon talent 
 at graphic description, and his masterly delineations of character. In hia 
 writings he is ever the advocate of virtue, and the stern, uncompromising toe 
 of corruption in every form, whether exhibited in the >'enal administration of 
 government, or in the obscurer vices ot private life. Unfortunately for hia 
 memory, the principles of virtue incuicateo in his writings seem to have had 
 but little influence in the conduct of his life ; and posterity has shown the less" 
 indulgence to his faults, from the contrast wnich they exhibit to his own mora^ 
 precepts. 
 
C CEISPI 
 SALLUSTII 
 
 JUGURTHA, 
 
 , SEU 
 
 BELLUM JUGURTHINUM 
 
 I. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum, quod, 
 imbccilla atque asvi brevis, forte potius quam,3#fute rega- 
 tur. Nam contra reputando neque majus aliud neque 
 prsBslabilius invenies, magisque naturis industriani homi- 
 num quam vim -aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque impe- 
 rator vitse mortalium. animus est ; qui ubi ad gloriam vir- 
 tutis via grassatur, abunde pollens potensque et clarus 
 est, neque fortuna eget: quippe qu^e probitatem, indus- 
 triam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere 
 cuiquam potest. Sin, captus pravis cupidinibus, ad iner- 
 tiam et voluptates corporis pessum datus est, perniciosa 
 jibidine paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, 
 ingenium defluxere, naturos infirmitas accusatur: suam 
 quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. Quod 
 si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto 
 studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam pericu- 
 losa petunt, neque regerentur magis, quam regerent casus, 
 et eo magnitudinis procederent, uti pro mortalibus gloria 
 abterni fierent. 
 
 II. Nam uti genus hominum compositum est ex corpore 
 et anima, ita res cunctse studiaque omnia nostra, corpo- 
 
:i^ C. cmSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 ris alia, alia animi naturam sequuntur. Igitur prseclara 
 facies, magnae divitiee, ad hoc vis corporis et alia omnia 
 hujuscemodi brevi dilabuntur; at ingeiiii egregia facinora, 
 sicuti anima, immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et 
 fortunoe bonorum ut iniiium, sic finis est, omniaque orta 
 occidunt, et aucta senescunt : animus incorruptus, sster- 
 nus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta, neque 
 . ipse habetur. Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est, 
 qui, dediti corporis gaudiis, per luxum atque ignaviam 
 (Etatem agunt, ceterum ingenium, quo neque melius neque 
 amplius aliud in natura mortalium est, incultu atque socor- 
 (lia torpescere sinunt, quum prsesertim tarn multse varioe- 
 que sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur. 
 
 III. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo 
 omnis cura rerum publicarum minime mihi hac tempes- 
 tate cupienda videntur ; quoniam neque virtuti honos 
 datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit, utique tuti, 
 aut eo magis honesti sunt. Nam vi quidem regere pa- 
 triam aut parentes quamquam et possis, et delicta corrigas, 
 tamen importunum est ; quum prsesertim omnes rerum 
 mutationes cgedem, fugam aliaque hostilia portendant. 
 Frustra autem niti, neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium 
 quserere, extremae dementias est : nisi forte quem inho- 
 nesta et perniciosa libido tenet potentise paucorum deci^s 
 atque libertatem suam gratificari. 
 
 IV. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, 
 in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum : 
 cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, 
 simul, ne per insolentiam quis existimet memet studium 
 meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, 
 quia decrevi procul a republica aetatem agere, tanto 
 tamque utili labori meo nomen inertiae imponant; carte, 
 
JUGURTHA. 3 
 
 quibus maxima industria videtur salutare plebem et con- 
 viviis gratiam quaerere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus 
 ego temporibus magistratus adeptus sim, et quales viri 
 idem assequi nequiverint, et postea quae genera hominum 
 in sonatum pervenerint, profecto existimabunt me magis 
 merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei mutavisse, ma- 
 jusque commodum ex otio meo, quam ex aliorum nego 
 tiis,reipublic8e venturum. Nam ssepe ego audivi, Q. Max- 
 imum, P. Scipionem, prgeterea civitatis nostras praeclaros 
 viros solitos ita dicere, ' quum majorum imagines intue- 
 rentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem accendi/ 
 Scilicet non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in 
 sese habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam 
 egregiis viris in pectore crescere, neque prius sedari, 
 quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam adaequaverit. 
 At contra quis est omnium his moribus, quin divitiis et 
 sumptibus, non probitate neque industria cum majoribus 
 suis contendat ? Etiam homines novi, qui antea per vir- 
 tutem soliti erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per 
 latrocinia potius quam bonis artibus ad imperia et hono- 
 res nituntur ; proinde quasi praetura et consulatus atque 
 alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica 
 sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, 
 virtus est. Verum ego liberiiis altiusque processi, dum 
 me civitatis morum piget taedetque : nunc ad inceptum 
 redeo. 
 
 V. Bellum scripturus sum, quod populas Romanus cum 
 Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit : primiim, quia mag- 
 num et atrox variaque victoria fuit ; dein, quia tunc pri- 
 miim superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est. Quae conlen- 
 tio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit, eoque vecordice 
 processit, uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italii:e 
 
CRISPI SALLUSTIl 
 
 fihem faceret. Sed priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium 
 expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad cognoscendum 
 omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint. Bello 
 Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post 
 magnitudinem nominis Romani Italiae opes maxima attriv- 
 erat, Masinissa rex Numidarum.. in amicitiam receptus 
 a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen ex virtute 
 fuit, multa et praeclara rei militaris facinora fecerat, ob 
 quae, victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in 
 Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit, populus Ro- 
 manus, quascumque urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi 
 dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissse bona atque hones- 
 ta nobis permansit : imperii vitasque ejus finis idem fuit. 
 Deinde Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Manastabale 
 et Gulussa fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et 
 Hiempsalem ex sese genuit ; Jugurthamque, Manastabalis 
 fratris filium, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex concubina 
 erat, priv^atum reliquerat, eodem cultu, quo liberos sues, 
 domi habuit. 
 
 VI. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora 
 facie, sed multo maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu 
 neque inertia3 corrumpendum dedit ; sed, uti mos gentis 
 illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum sequalibus certare; 
 et, quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus 
 esse ; ad hoc pleraque tempera in venando agere, leonem 
 atque alias feras primus aut in primis ferire ; plurimum 
 facere, et minimum ipse de se loqui. Quibus rebus Micip- 
 sa tametsi initio la^tus fuerat, existimans virtutem Jugur- 
 thse regno suo glorioe fore, tamen, postquam hominem 
 adolescentem, exacta sua aetate, et parvis liberis, magis 
 magisque crescere intellegit, vehementer eo negotio per 
 motus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat eum 
 
JUGURTHA. D 
 
 natura mortalium avida imperii et prseceps ad explendam 
 animi cupidinem, prasterea opportunitas suae liberorum- 
 ' que setatis, quas etiam mediocres viros spe prsedse trans- 
 versos agit, ad hoc studia Numidarum in Jugurtham ac- 
 censa, ex quibus, si talem virum interfecisset, ne qua se- 
 ditioaut helium oriretur.anxius erat. 
 
 VII. His difficultatihus circumventus, uhi vide^ neque 
 per vim neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem t? m accep- 
 tum popularihus, quod erat Jugurtha manu p^'omptus et 
 appetens gloriaj militaris, statuit eum ohjeclaie pericuHs, 
 et eo modo fortunam tentare. Igitur hello Numantino 
 Micipsa quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum 
 auxilia mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hos- 
 tium sasvitia facile eum occasurum, praefecit Numidis, 
 quos in Hispaniam mittehat. Sed ea res longe alitor, ac 
 ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque 
 acri ingenio, uhi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tunc Romanis 
 imperator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo lahore 
 multaque cura, praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe 
 ohviam eundo periculis in tantam claritudinem hrevi per- 
 venerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis maximo 
 terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primis est, 
 et proelio strenuus erat, et honus consilio ; quoruQi alterum 
 ex providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem 
 afFerreplerumque solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res 
 asperas per Jugurtham agere, in amicis habere, magis 
 magisque eum in dies amplecti ; quippe cujus neque consil- 
 ium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. Hue accedehat 
 munificentia animi et ingenii solertia, quis rebus sibi mul- 
 los ex Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat. 
 
 VIIL Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complurcs 
 iiovi atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono honestoque potio- 
 
O C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 res erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud socios, clari magis 
 quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non mediocrem animum pol- 
 licitando accendebant, ' si Micipsa rex occidisset, fore, 
 uti solus imperii Numidias potiretur : in ipso maximam 
 virtutem ; Romae omnia venalia esse.' Sed postquam, 
 Numantia deleta, P. Scipiodimittereauxilia et ipse revert) 
 domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum magnifice pro 
 concione Jugurtham in prsetorium abduxit, ibique secreto 
 monuit, * uti potiiis publice quam privatim amicitiam 
 populi Romani coleret, neu quibus largiri insuesceret; 
 periculose a paucis emi, quod multorum esset. Si perma- 
 nere vellet in suis artibus, ultro illi et gloriam et regnum 
 venturum ; sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum pecu- 
 nia praecipitem casurum.' 
 
 f IX. Sic locutus, cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae red- 
 deret, dimisit. Earum sententia haec erai : " Jugurthae 
 tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus fuit ; quam rem 
 tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus 
 est : uti idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope 
 nitemur. Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En 
 habes virum dignum te atque avo suo Masinissa." Igitur 
 rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris imperatoris ita 
 esse cognovit, quum virtute tum gratia viri permotus, 
 flexit animum suum, et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere 
 aggressus est; statimque eum adoptavit, et testamento 
 pariter cum filiis heredem instituit. Sed ipse paucos post 
 annos, morbo atque aetate confectus, quum sibi finem vitae 
 adesse intelligeret, coram amicis et cognatis, itemque 
 Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis, dicitur hujuscemodi verba 
 cum Jugurtha habuisse. 
 
 X. " Parvum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spa 
 sine opibus in meum regnum accepi, existimans non 
 
JUGURTHA. 
 
 minus me tibi quam [liberis,] si genuissem, ob betieficia 
 carum fore : neque ea res falsum me habuit. Nam, ut 
 alia magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime, rediens 
 Numantia, meque regnumque meum gloria honoravisti. 
 tuaque virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis amicissimos 
 fecisti ; in Hispania nomen familise renovatum est ; pos- 
 tremo, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invid- 
 iam vicisti. Nunc, quoniam mihi natura finem vitae 
 facil, per hanc dextram, per regni fidem moneo obtestor- 
 que te, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui, beneficio meo 
 fratres sunt, caros habeas; neu malis alienos adjungere, 
 quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque 
 thesauri prsesidia regni sunt, veriim amici, quos neque 
 armis cogcre, neque auro parare queas ; officio et fide 
 pariuntur. Quis autem amicior, quam frater fratri ? aut 
 quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equi- 
 dem ego vobis regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis ; sin 
 mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia parv^e res crescunt, 
 discord ia maximse dilabuntur. Ceteriim ante hos te, Ju- 
 gurtha, qui setate et sapientia prior es, ne alitor quid 
 eveniat, providere decet ; nam in omni certamine, qui 
 opulentior est, etiam si accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus 
 potest, facere videtur. Vos autem, Adherbal et Hiemp- 
 sal, colite, observate talem hunc virum ; imitammi virtu- 
 tem, et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar, 
 quam genuisse.'' 
 
 XL Ad ea Jugurtha, tarnetsi regem ficta locutum in- 
 telligebat, et ipse longe alitor animo agitabat, tamen pro 
 tempore benigne respond it. Micipsa paucis post diebus 
 moritur. Postquam ilU more regio justa magnifice fece- 
 rant, reguli in unum convenere, uti inter se de cunctis 
 negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis 
 
 2 
 
C. CmSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 erat, natura ferox, et jam ante ^gnooilitatem Jiigurthse, 
 quia materno genere impar erat, despiciens, dextera 
 Adherbalem assedit, ne medius ex tribus, quod apud 
 Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tarnen uli 
 setati concederet fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem alteram 
 transductus est. Ibi quum multa de administrando impe- 
 rio- dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit, ' oportere 
 quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi ; nam per 
 ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo 
 valuisse.' Tum ' idem' Hiempsal ' placere sibi' respondit; 
 * nam ipsum ilium tribus proximis annis adoptatione in 
 regnum pervenisse.' Quod verbum in pectus Jugurthse 
 altiud^(|uam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex 
 eo temporfe ira et metu anxius moliri, parare, atque ea 
 modo animo habere, quibus Hiempsal per dolum capere- 
 tur.' Quae ubi tardius procedunt, neque lenitur animus 
 ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum perficere. 
 
 XII. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra 
 memoravi, propter dissensionem placuerat dividi thesau- 
 ros, finesque imperii singulis constitui. Itaque tempus ad 
 utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad pecuniam dis- 
 tribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris, 
 alius alio, concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida 
 forte ejus domo utebatur, qui proximus lictor Jugurthae 
 carus acceptusque ei semper fuerat. Quem ille casu 
 ministrum oblatum promissis onerat, impellitque, uti tam- 
 quam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves aduiteii- 
 nas paret, nam verse ad Hiempsalem referebantur ; cete- 
 rum, * ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna manu ven- 
 turum/ Numida mandata brevi confecit, atque, ut doc- 
 tus erat, noctu Jugurthse milites introducit. Qui post- 
 quam m sedes irrunere, diversi regem quserere, dormien 
 
JUGURTHA. 
 
 tes alios, alios occursantes interficere, scrutari loca aldita, 
 clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu omnia miscere; quum 
 interim Hiempsal reperitur, occultans se in tugurio mu- 
 lieris ancillag, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfu- 
 gerat, Numidee caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham 
 refer unt. 
 
 XIII. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam 
 b]evi divulgatur: Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio 
 Micipsce fuerant, metus invadit. In duas partes disce- 
 dunt Numid^e : plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed ilium 
 alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas 
 potest copias armat, urbes partim vi, alias voluntate im- 
 perio suo adjungit, omni Numidi^ imperare parat. Ad- 
 herbal, tametsi Romam legates miserat, qui senatum do- 
 cerent de csede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus mul- 
 titudine militum parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res 
 ad certamen venit, victus ex proelio profugit in provin- 
 ciam, ac deinde Romam contendit. Turn Jugurtha, pa- 
 tratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidi83 potiebatur, in 
 otio facinus suum cum animo reputans timere populum 
 Romanum, neque adversiis iram ejus usquam, nisi in ava- 
 ritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua, spem habere. Itaque pan- 
 els diebus cum auro et argento multo legates Romam 
 mittit, quis prsecepit, primum ' uti veteres amicos muneri- 
 bus expleant, deinde novos acquirant, postremo qucEcum- 
 que possint largiendo parare, ne cunctentur.' Sed ubi 
 Romam legati venere, et ex prcecepto regis hospitibus 
 aliisqae, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas polle- 
 bat, magna munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, 
 uti ex maxima invidia in gratiam et favorem nobilitatis 
 Jugurtha veniret, quorum pars spc, alii proemio inducti 
 singulos ex senatu ambiendo nitebantur, ne gravius in 
 
10 ^ C. CRISPl SALLUSTII 
 
 eum consuleretur. Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die 
 constitute senatus utrisque datur. Turn Adherbalem hoc 
 modo locutum accepimus : 
 
 XIV. " Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus morierjs 
 mihi prsBcepit, ' uti regni Numidise tantummodo procura- 
 tionem existimarem meam, ceterum jus et imperium ejus 
 penes vos esse: simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam max- 
 imo Usui esse populo Romano ; vos mihi cognatorum, vos 
 affinium loco ducerem : si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia 
 exercitum, divitias, raunimenta regni me habiturum.' Quae 
 quum prsecepta parentis mei agitarem, Jugurtha, homo 
 omnium, quos terra sustinet, sceleratissimus, contempto 
 imperio vestry, Masinissas me nepotem, et jam ab stirpe 
 socium atque amicum populi Romani, regno fortunisque 
 omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres conscripti, quoniam 
 eo miseriarum venturus eram, vellem potius ob mea quam 
 ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium 
 petere, ac maxime deberi mihi beneficia a populo Roma- 
 no, quibus non egerem ; secundum, ea si desideranda 
 erant, uii debitis uterer. Sed quoniam parum tuta per se 
 ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit, Jugurtha quahs 
 foret, ad vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi 
 miserrimum est, cogor priiis oneri quam usui esse. Cet- 
 eri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a vobis recepti 
 sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram appeti- 
 verunt: famiha nostra cum populo Romano bello Cartha- 
 giniensi amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus 
 quam fortuna petenda erat. Quorum progeniem vos, 
 patres conscripti, nolite pati me, nepotem Masinissa^ 
 frustra a vobis auxilium petere. 
 
 Si ad impetrandum nihil causas haberem prseter mise- 
 randam fortunam, quod paulo ante )'ex genere, fam& 
 
J U G U R T H A . 11 
 
 atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus termnnis, inops, 
 alienas opes exspecto, tamen erat majestatis populi Ro- 
 mani prohibere injuriam, neque pati cujusquam regnum 
 per scelus crescere. Verum ego his finibas ejectus sum, 
 quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit ; undo pater 
 et avus meus una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Car- 
 thaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi erepta sunt, patres 
 conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu me 
 miserum ! Huccine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua eva- 
 sere, uti, quem tu parem cum liberis tuis, regniquepartic- 
 ipem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis tu^ extinctor sit? 
 Numquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit? semperne 
 in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthagini- 
 enses incolumes fuere, jure omnia saeva patiebamur: 
 hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes omnis in armis 
 erat. Postquam ilia pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti 
 pacem agitabamxus : quippe quis hostis nullus erat, nisi 
 forte quem vos jussissetis. Ecce autem ex improviso Ju- 
 gurtha intoleranda audacia, scelere atque superbia sese 
 efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo inter- 
 fecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui prsedam fecit : 
 post, ubi me iisdem dolis nequit capere, nihil minus quam 
 vim aut bellum exspectantem in imperio vestro, sic uti 
 videtis, extorrem patria, domo, inopem et coopertum 
 rniseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius quam in meo regno essem. 
 " Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, ut pra^dican- 
 tem audiveram patrem meum, ' qui vestram amicitiam 
 diligenter colerent, eos multum laborem suscipere, cete- 
 rum ex omnibus maxime tutos esse.' Quod in jamilia 
 nostra fuit, prcestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset vobis . 
 nos uti per otium tuti simus, in manu vestra est, patres 
 conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Ju- 
 
 2^ 
 
12 C. CmSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 gurtham, beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fon 
 Alter eorum necatus est, alterius ipse ego manus inipiafa 
 vix efiugi. Quid agam ? aut quo potissimum infelix 
 accedam? Generis prjesidia omnia exstincta sunt: pater, 
 uti necesse erat, naturae concessit ; fratri, quern minime 
 decuit, propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit ; afRnes, ami- 
 cos, propinquos ceteros, alium alia clades oppressit : capti 
 ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objccti sunt; 
 pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris cum 
 mcerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigant. Si 
 omnia, quas aut amisi, aut ex necessariis adversa fecta 
 sunt, incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improvise 
 mali accidisset, vos implorarem, patres conscripti, cuibu? 
 pro magnitudine imperii jus et injurias omnes curse esse 
 decet. Nunc vero exsul patna, domo, solus atque om- 
 nium honestarum rerum egens, quo accidam, aut quos 
 appellem ? nationesne an reges, qui omnes familisB nostra 
 ob vestram amicitiam infesti sunt ? an quoquam mihi 
 adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum hostilia monumenta 
 plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui 
 aliquando vobis hostis fuit ? 
 
 Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres conscripti, 
 * ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne socie 
 tates, ne foedera nova acciperemus ; abunde magna prss 
 sidia nobis in vestra amicitia fore ; si huic imperio fortuna 
 mutaretur, una nobis occidendum esse.' Virtute ac dis 
 volentibus, magni estis et opulenti, omnia secunda et obe- 
 dientia sunt ; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. 
 Tantum illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia JugurthcR 
 parum cognita transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima 
 ope niti, ambire, fatigare vos singulos, ' ne quid de ab- 
 sente, incocrnita causa, statuatis: fingere me verba, et 
 
JUGURTHA. 13 
 
 fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere ' Quod 
 utinam ilium, cujus impio facinore in has miserias projec- 
 lus sum, eadem heec simulantem videam, et aliquando aut 
 apud vos, aut apud deos immortales rerum humanarum 
 cura oriatur ! Nse ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox 
 atque praeclarus est, omnibus mails excruciatus, impietatis 
 in parentem nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque mise- 
 riarum graves pcenas reddet. Jam jam frater animo meo 
 carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo, et undeminime dec- 
 uit, vita erepta est, tamen lastandum magis quam dolen- 
 dum puto casum tuum : non enim regnum, sed fugam, 
 exsilium, egestatem et omnes has, qu8B me premunt, 
 serumnas cum anima simul amisisti. At ego infelix, in 
 tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, rerum humana- 
 rum spectaculum prssbeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne in- 
 jurias persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, 
 cujus vit^ necisque potestas ex opibus alienis pendet. 
 Utinam emori fortunis meis honestus exitus esset, neu 
 vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis injurise con- 
 cessissem. Nunc neque vivere hbet, neque mori licet 
 sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos, per liberos 
 atque parentes vestros, per majestatem populi Romani, 
 subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam injuriae, nolite pati reg- 
 num jNJumidias, quod vestrum est, per scelus et sanguinem 
 familise nostrse tabescere." 
 
 XV. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugur- 
 thae, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis respon- 
 dent : ' Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab Numidis inter- 
 fectum : Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquam 
 superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: 
 Jugurtham ab senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac 
 NumanticS cognitus esset, neu verba inimici ante facta 
 
14 C. CRISPI SALLXrSTII. 
 
 sua ponerent.' Deinde utrique curia egrediuntur. Sena^ 
 tus statim consulitur. Fautores legatorum, piaeterea 
 magna pars gratia depravata, Adherbalis dicta contem- 
 nere, Jugurthse virtutem extollere laudibus ; gratia, voce, 
 denique omnibus modis pro alieno scelere et flagitio, sua 
 quasi pro gloria, nitebantur. At contra pauci, quibus 
 bonum et sequum divitiis carius erat, * subveniendum 
 AdhertfSali, et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam' 
 censebant : sed ex omnibus maxime JEmilius Scaurus, 
 homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus potentiae, honoris, 
 divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is post- 
 quam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, 
 veritus, quod in tali re solet, ne poUuta licentia invidiam 
 accenderet, animum a consueta libidine continuit. 
 
 XVI. Vicit tamen in senatu pars ilia, quae vero pretium 
 aut gratiam anteferebat. Decretum fit, ' uti decem legati 
 regnum, quod Micipsa obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et 
 Adherbalem dividerent.' Cujus legationis princeps fuit 
 L. Opimius, homo cla^rus et tunc in senatu potens ; quia 
 consul, C. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acer- 
 rime victoriam nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat. Eum 
 Jugurtha tametsi Rom^ in inimicis habuerat, tamen accu- 
 ratissimc recepit: dando et pollicitando multa perfecit, 
 uti fama3, fidei, postremo omnibus sais rebus commodum 
 regis anteferret. Reliquos legatos eadem via aggressus, 
 plerosque capit : paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. 
 In divisione, quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit. 
 agro virisque opulentior, Jugurthae traditur; illam alteram 
 specie quam usu potiorem, quae portuosior et aedificiis 
 magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit. 
 
 XVII. Res postulare videtur Africae situm paucis ex- 
 [^onere, et eas gcntes, quibuscum nobis bellumaut amicit- 
 
J U G U R T H A . J 5 
 
 ia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca et nationes ob calorem 
 aut asperitatem item solitudines minus frequentata sunt, do 
 lis baud facile compertum narraverim ; cetera quam pau- 
 cissimis absolvam. 
 
 In divisione orbis terree plerique in partem tertiam 
 Africam posuere : pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam 
 esse, sed Africam in Europa. Ea fines habet ab occi- 
 dente fretum nostri maris et Oceani ; ab ortu solis decli- 
 vem latitudinem, quem locum Catabathmon incolae appel- 
 lant. Mare s^vum, importuosum ; ager frugum fertilis, 
 bonus pecori, arbore infecundus ; coelo terraque penuria 
 aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens 
 laborum : plerosque senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut 
 bestiis interiere, nam morbus baud ssepe quemquam su- 
 perat. Ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed 
 qui mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea ac- 
 cesserint, aut quomodo inter se permixti sint, quamquam 
 ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, diversum est, tamen, 
 uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis dicebantur, in- 
 terpretalum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores 
 ejus terrjB putant, quam paucissimis dicam : ceterum fides 
 ejus rei penes auctores erit. 
 
 XVIIL Africam initio habuere Gsetuli et Libyes, as- 
 peri incultique, quis cibus erat caro ferinaatque humi pab- 
 ulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque moribus neque lege, aut 
 imperio cujusquam regebantur : vagi, palantes, qua nox 
 coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania 
 Hercules, sicuti Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, com- 
 positus ex variis gentibus, amisso duce, ac passim multis, 
 sibi quisque, imperium petentibus, brevi dilabitur. Ex eo 
 numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in African) 
 ^'ansvecti, proximos nostro mari locos occupavere, seJ 
 
16 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 Pcrsa3 intra Oceanum magis : hique alveos navium in- 
 verses pro tuguriis habuere, quia neque materia in agris. 
 neque ab Hispanis emendi aut mutandi copia erat: mare 
 magnum et ignara lingua commercia proliibebant. Hi 
 paulatim per connubia Gsetulos secum miscuere ; et quia 
 ssepe tentantes agros, alia deinde alia loca petiverant, 
 semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere. Ceteriimadhuc sedific- 
 ia Numidarum agrestium, quae mapalia illi vocant, ob- 
 longa, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinse sunt. 
 Medi autem et Armenii, accessere Libyes ; (nam hi pro- 
 piiis mare Africum agitabant, Gaetuli sub sole magis, 
 baud procul ab ardoribus:) hique mature oppida habuere; 
 nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se institue- 
 rant. Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara 
 lingua Mauros pro Medis appellantes. Sed res Persarum 
 brevi adolevit ; ac postea, nomine Numidse, propter mul- 
 titudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca, quae 
 proxime Carthaginem Nuniidia appellatur. Deinde utri- 
 que alteris freti, finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium 
 suum coegere, nomen gloriamque sibi addidere ; magis 
 hi, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, quia Libyes quam 
 Gastuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africa pars inferior 
 pleraque ab Nuna'dis possessa est ; victi omnes in gentem 
 nomenque imperantium concessere. 
 
 XIX. Postea Phcenices, ahi multitudinis domi minu- 
 endse gratia, pars imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et 
 aliis novarum rerum avidis, Hipponem, Hadrumetum, 
 r eptim aliasque urbes in ora maritima condidcie ; hoeque 
 brevi multum auctas, pars originibus suis praesidio, aliae 
 decori fuere. Nam de Carthagine tacere melius puto, 
 <\uam parum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus 
 inonet. Tritnr ad Catabathmon. oui locus ^Eoryptum ab 
 
JUGURTHA. 17 
 
 Africa dividit, secundo mari prima Cyrene est, colonia 
 Thergeon, ac deinceps duae Syrtes, interque eas Leptis, 
 deinde Philasnon arae, quern locum ^^gyptum versus 
 finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses ; post alias Punicce 
 urbes. Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam NumidjB 
 tenent : proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. Super Numid- 
 lam Gagtulos accepimus, partim in tuguriis, alios incul- 
 tiiis vagos agitare, post eos iEthiopas esse, dein loca ex- 
 usta solis ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex 
 Punicis oppida et fines Carthagiensium, quos novissime 
 habuerant, populus Romanus per magistratus adminis- 
 trabat : Gsetulorum magna pars, et Numida3 usque ad 
 flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant : Mauris- omnibus 
 rex Bocchus imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus 
 populi Romani, itemque nobis neque bello neque pace 
 antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitud' 
 nem rei satis dictum. 
 
 XX. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, 
 et Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adep- 
 tum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex amicis apud Nu- 
 mantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et 
 illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante mu- 
 neribus expleverat, in regnum Adherbalis animum inten- 
 dit. Ipse acer, bellicosus ; at is, quem petebat, quietus, 
 imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuries, metuens 
 magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improvise fines ejus 
 cum magna manu mvadit ; multos mortales cum pecore 
 atque alia praeda capit, aedificia incendit, pleraque loca 
 liostiliter cum equitatu accedit : deinde cum omni multi- 
 t -^iine in regnum suum convertit ; existimans dolore per- 
 Diotum Adherbhiem nijurias suas manu vindicaturum: 
 
18 C. CRISPI SALLUSTIIu 
 
 eamque rem belli causam fore. At ille, quod neque se 
 parem armis existimabat, et amicitia populi Romani ma- 
 gis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de 
 injuriis questum misit : qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta 
 retulerant, prius tamen omnia pati decrevit, quam bellum 
 sumere, quia tentatum antea secus cesserat. Neque eo 
 magis cupido Jugurthse minuebatur; quippe qui tolum 
 ejus regnum animo jam invaserai. Itaque non, ut antea, 
 cum praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato 
 bellum gerere coepit, et aperte totius Numidise imperium 
 petere. Ceteriim, qua pergebat, urbes, agros vastare, 
 proedas agere ; suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere. 
 
 XXL Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti reg- 
 num aut relinquendum esset, aut armis retinen(lum,nec- 
 essario copias parat, et Jugurthse obvius procedit. In- 
 terim baud longe a mari, prope Cirtam oppidum, utrius- 
 que consedit exercitus, et quia diei extremum erat, prae- 
 liuni non inceptum. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, 
 obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites Jugurthini, signp dato, 
 castra hostium invadunt ; semisomnos partim, alios arma 
 sumentes fugant funduntque. Adherbal cum paucisequit- 
 ibus Cirtam profugit ; et, ni multitudo togatorum fuisset, 
 quae Numidas insequentes moenibus pronibuit, uno die 
 inter duos reges coeptum atque patratum bellum foret. 
 Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis turribusque 
 et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggreditur ; 
 maxime festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos, 
 ante proelium factum, ab Adherbale Romammissosaudiv- 
 erat. Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum accepit, 
 tres adolescentes in Africam legantur. qui ambos reges 
 atieant, senatus populique Romani verbis auntient, * velle 
 
JUGURTHA. 19 
 
 et censere eos ab armis discedere ; de controversiis suis 
 jure potiiis quam bello disceptare : ita seque illisque dig- 
 num esse.* 
 
 XXII. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo ma- 
 g]s, quod Romse, dum proficisci parant, de proslio facto 
 et oppugnatione Cirtas audiebatur : sed is rumor clemens 
 erat. Quorum, Jugurtha, accepta oratione,- respondit : 
 * sibi neque majus quicquam neque carius auctoritate 
 senati esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, uti ab optimo 
 quoque probaretur : virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, smn- 
 ino viro, placuisse ; ob easdem artes ab Micipsa, non 
 [)enuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum 
 quo plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum 
 injurirAin minus tolerare. Adherbalem dolis vitae suae 
 insidiatum ; quod ubi comperisset, sceleri ejus obviam 
 isse. Populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono 
 facturum, si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit. Postremo 
 de omnibus rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum.' Ita 
 utrique digrediuntur. Adherbalis appellandi copia non 
 fuit. 
 
 XXIII. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessit^^e ratus est, 
 neque propter loci naturam Cirtam arm-Is expugnare 
 potest, vallo atque fossa mosnia circumdat, turres ex- 
 struit, easque proesidiis firmat : pra^terea dies noctesque 
 aut per vim, aut dolis tentare ; defensoribus moenium 
 praemia modo, modo formidinem ostentare ; suos hortan- 
 do ad virtutem arrigere ; prorsus intentus cuncta parare. 
 Adherbal ubi intellegit omnes suas fortunas in extreme 
 sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria re- 
 rum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex his, qui 
 una Cirtam profugerant, duos, maxime impigros delegit 
 eos multa pollicendo ac miserando casum suum con- 
 
20 C. CRISPI SALLUSIII 
 
 firinat, uti per hostium manitiones noctu ad proximum 
 mare, dein Romam pergerent. 
 
 XXIV. Numidse paucis diebus jussa efficiunt ; litterse 
 Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, quarum sententia hsec fait. 
 -J "Non mea culpa sa-'pe ad vos ora^um mitto, patres 
 conscripti, sed vis Jugurthae subigit, quern lanta lil)ido 
 exslinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos neque decs im- 
 morlales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam om- 
 a.a malit. Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et ami- 
 cus populi Romani armis obsessus leneor, neque mihi 
 Micipsae patris mei beneficia; ncr^ue vestra decreta aux- 
 iliantur: ferro an fame acrius urgear, incertus sum. 
 Plura de Jugurtha scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea, 
 et jam antea expertus sum \ arum fidei miseris esse : nisi 
 tamen intelligo ilium supra ^ quam ego sum, petere, neque 
 simul amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare: 
 utrum gravius existimet, nemini occultum est. . Nam 
 initio occidit Hiempsalem, fratrem meum, deinde patrio 
 regno me expulit. Quas sane faerint nosti-se injuriae, 
 nihil ad vos. Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, 
 me, quem vos imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum 
 obsidet; legatorum verba quanti fecerit, pericula mea 
 declarant. Quid reliquum, nisi vis vestra, quo moveri 
 possit ? Nam ego quidem vellem, et haec, quae scribo, et 
 ilia, quae antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potiiis, 
 quam miseria mea fidem verbis faceret. Sed quoniam eo 
 natus sum, ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem, non jam 
 juortem neque aerumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium 
 et cruciatus corporis deprecor. Regno Numidiae, qu(^d 
 vesirum est, uti libet, consulite : me manibus impiis erip- 
 ite, per majestatem imperii, per amicitiae fidem, si uUa 
 apud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae." 
 
JUGURTHA. 21 
 
 XXV. His litteris recitatis, fuere, qui * exercituiii in 
 Africa m mittendum' censerent, 'et quam primum Adher- 
 bali subveniendum : de Jugurtha interim uti consulere- 
 tur, quoniam legatis non paruisset.' Sed ab iisdem iliis 
 regis fautoribus summa ope enisam, ne tale decretum 
 iieret. Ita bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis so- 
 let, privata gratia devictum. Legantur tamen in Africam 
 majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi ; in quis fuit 
 M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis, et 
 tunc in senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, 
 simul et ab Numidis obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere : 
 deinde brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad Jugurtham mit- 
 tunt, ' quam ocissime ad provinciam accedat, seque ad 
 eum ab senatu missos.' Ille ubi accepit homines claros, 
 quorum auctoritatem Romse poUere audiverat, contra 
 inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, metu atque 
 libidine diversus agitabatur. Timebat iram senati, ni 
 paruisset legatis : porro animus cupidine caecus ad incep- 
 tum scelus rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pra- 
 vum consilium. Igitur, exercitu circumdato, summa vi 
 Cirtam irrumpere nititur ; maxime sperans, diducta manu 
 hostium, aut vi aut dolis sese casum victorise inventurum. 
 Quod ubi seciis procedit, neque, quod intenderat, effTcere 
 potest, uti prius, quam legatos conveniret, Adherbalis 
 potiretur, ne amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimiim 
 metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis equitibus in provinciam 
 venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minse nuntiaban- 
 tur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen 
 oratione consumpta, legati frustra discessere. 
 
 XXVI. Ea postquam Cirtse audita sunt, Italici, quo- 
 rum virtute moenia defensabaritur, confisi, deditione facta, 
 propter magnitudinem populi Romani inviolatos sese fore, 
 
22 G. CRISPI SALLUSTll 
 
 Adherbali suadent, * uti seque et oppidum Jugurthas tra 
 dat; tantiim ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatiii 
 curse fore.' At ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurlhai 
 rebalur, tamen, quia penes eosdem, si adversaretur, co- 
 gendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant Italici, deditionem 
 facit. Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum 
 necat; deinde omnes puberes Numidas et negotiatores 
 promiscue, uti quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interfecit. 
 
 XXVII. Quod postquam Romoe cognitum est, et res in 
 senatu agitari coepta ; iidem illi ministri regis interpellan- 
 do, ac ssepe gratia interdum jurgiis trahendo tempus, 
 atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni C. Memmius, tribu- 
 nus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae no- 
 bilitatis, populum Romanum edocuisset * id agi, uti per 
 paucos factiosos Jugurthas scelus condonaretur,' profecto 
 omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus dilapsa foret : 
 tanta vis gratise atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi se- 
 natus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia 
 provinciae futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretse, 
 consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpur- 
 nius. Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit. De- 
 inde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur : sti- 
 pendium aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur. 
 
 XXVIII. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, 
 quippe cui Romae omnia venum ire in animo hfeserat, 
 filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum legatos mit- 
 tit ; hisque, ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat 
 praecepit, ' omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur.' Qui 
 postquam Romam adventabant, senatus a Bestia consul- 
 tus est, * placeretne legatos Jugurthae recipi mojnibus : 
 iique decrev^re, * nisi regnum ipsumque deditum venis 
 sent, uti in diebus proximis decem Italia decederent 
 
JUGURTHA. ' 23 
 
 Consul Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet : ita in- 
 fectis rebus illi domum discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, 
 parato exercitu, legat sibi homines nobiles, factiosos, 
 quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore spera- 
 bat : in quis fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra 
 memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae bonagque 
 artes animi et corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia prsepe- 
 diebat. Patiens laborum, acri ingenio, satis providens, 
 belli baud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula et insidias. 
 Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Sicilian!, 
 porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpur- 
 nius initio, paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam in- 
 gressus est, multosque mortales et urbes aliquot pugnando 
 cepit. 
 
 XXIX. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia tentare, 
 bellique, qcj\ administrabat, asperitatem ostendere coe- 
 pit, animus OGger avaritia facile conversus est. Cete- 
 rurn socius et administer omnium consiliorum assumitur 
 Scaurus; qui tametsi a principio, plerisque ex factione 
 ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen 
 magnitudine pecuniae a bono honestoque in pravum ab- 
 stractus est. Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo belli 
 moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Romas 
 pretio aut gratia effecturum; postea vero quam partici- 
 pem negotii Scaurum accepit, in maximam spem ad- 
 ductus recuperandas . pacis, statuit cum eis de omnibus 
 pactionibus "praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa 
 mittitur a consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthac 
 Vaccam; cujus rei species erat acceptio frumenti, quod 
 Calpurnius palam legatis imperaverat, quoniam deditio- 
 nis mora mduciae agitabantur. Igitur rex, uti constitue- 
 rat, in castra venit; ac pauca, praesenti consilio, locutus 
 
 3* 
 
24 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 de invidia £acti sui, atque in deditionem uti acciperetui 
 reliqua cum Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit: dein pos- 
 tero die, quasi per saturam exquisitis sententiis, in dedit- 
 ionem accipitur. Sed, uti pro consilio imperatum erat, 
 elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi cum parvo 
 argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam 
 ad magistratus rogandos proficiscitur. In Numidia et 
 exeicitu nostro pax agitabatur. 
 
 XXX. Postquam res in Africa gestas, quoque modo 
 actse forent, fama divulgavit, Romse per omnes locos et 
 conventus de facto consulis agitari. Apud plebem gra- 
 vis invidia; patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum 
 flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum con- 
 stabat: ac maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et 
 socius Bestise ferebatur, a vero bonoque impediebat. At 
 C. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentiae 
 nobilitatis supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras 
 senaii concionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, 
 monere, ne rempublicam, ne libertatem suam desererent ; 
 multa superba et crudelia facin0ra nobilitatis ostendere* 
 prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum accendebat. 
 Sed, quoniam ea tempestate Romae Memmii facundia 
 clara pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tarn 
 multis orationem ejus perscribere, ac potissimiim ea di- 
 cam, quae in concione post reditum Bestiae hujuscemodi 
 verbis disseruit. 
 
 XXXI. "Multa me dehortantur a vobis, Quirites, ni 
 studium reipublicas omnia superet, opes facrionis, vestra 
 patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, quod innocentiae plus 
 periculi quam honoris est. Nam ilia quidem piget die 
 ere, his annis quindecim quam ludibrio fueritis super 
 bia3 paucorum; quam foede quamque inulti perierint 
 
JUGURTHA. 25 
 
 vestri defensores ; ut vobis animus ab ignavia atque so- 
 cordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis in- 
 imicis, exsurgitis, atque etiam nunc timetis eos,quibus vos 
 decet terrori esse. Sed quamquam hsec talia sunt, tamen 
 obviani ire factionis potentiae animus subigit. Certe ego 
 libertatem, quae mihi a parente tradita est, experiar : ve- 
 rum id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vestra manu situm 
 est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod saspe majorcs 
 vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, 
 nihil secessione opus est: necesse est, suomet ipsi more 
 prascipites eant. Occiso Tiberio Graccho, quem reg- 
 num parare aiebant, in plebem Romanam qusestiones 
 habitas sunt. Post C. Gracchi et M. Fulvii caedem, item 
 vestri ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt: 
 utriusque cladis non lex, verum libido eorum finem fecit. 
 Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua restituere : quid- 
 quid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure factum 
 sit. Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini asrarium 
 expilari, reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal 
 pendere, penes eosdem et summam gloriam, et maximas 
 divitias esse : tamen hsec talia facinora impune suscepisse 
 parum habuere, itaque postremo leges, majestas vestra, 
 divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque 
 eos, qui ea fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt per 
 ora vestra magnifici, sacerdotia et consulatus, pars trium- 
 phos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi ea honori, non prae- 
 dse habeant. Servi aere parati imperia injusta domino- 
 rum non perferunt : vos, Quirites, imperio nati, aequo ani- 
 rno servitutem toleratis ? At qui sunt hi, qui rempublicam 
 occupavere ? Homines sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, 
 immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque superbissimi ; 
 quis fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque inho- 
 
26 C. CRISPI SALLUSTIl 
 
 nesta, omiia qusestui sunt. Pars eorum occidisse tribu 
 nos plebis, alii quiaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in 
 v-os fecisse pro munimento habent. Ita quam quisque 
 pessime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est ; metum a scelere 
 suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere ; quos omnes eadem 
 cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit: sed 
 haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quod 
 si tam vos libertatis curam haberetis, quam illi ad domi- 
 nationem accensi sunt, profecto neque respublica, sicuti 
 nunc^ vastaretur, et beneficia vestra penes optimos, non 
 audacissimos forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et maj- 
 estatis constituendce gratia bis per secessionem armati 
 Aventinum occupavere : vos pro libertate, quam ab illis 
 accepistis, non summa ope nitemini ? atque eo vehemen- 
 tius, quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, quam om- 
 nino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: "Quid igitur censes?' 
 Vindicandum in eos, qui hosti prodidere rempublicam; 
 non manu neque vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis 
 accidisse indignum est, verum quaestionibus et indicio ip- 
 sius Jugurthse, qui si dedititius est, profecto jussis vestris 
 obediens erit ; sin ea contemnit, scilicet existimabitis qua- 
 lis ilia pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham scelerum. 
 impunitas. ad paucos potentes maximas divitiae, in rem- 
 publicam damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte 
 nondum etiam vos dominationis eorum satietas tenet, ei 
 ilia quam haec tempora magis placent, quum regna, pro- 
 vinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella, atque, paces, postremo 
 divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant ; vos autem, 
 hoc est populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores 
 omnium gentium, satis habebatis animam retinere ; nam 
 servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare audebat? Atque 
 ego. tametsi flagitiosissimum existimo impune injuriam 
 
JUGURTHA. 27 
 
 accepisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, 
 quoniam cives sunt, aequo animo paterer, nisi misericordia 
 in perniciem casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum impor- 
 tunitatis habent, parum est impune male fecisse, nisi de- 
 inde faciendi licentia eripitur, et vobis aeterna sollicitudo 
 remanebit, quum intelligetis aut serviendum esse, aut per 
 manus libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quidem aut 
 concordise quae spes est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi 
 esse ; facere illi injurias, vos prohibere ; postremo sociis 
 vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis utuntur. Po- 
 -lestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? 
 Quare moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum 
 omittatis. Non peculatus aerarii factus est, neque per vim 
 sociis ereptae pecuniae ; quae quamquam gravia sunt, ta- 
 men consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur : hosti acer- 
 rimo prodita senati auctoritas, proditum imperium ves- 
 trum ; domi militiaeque respublica venalis fuit. Qu® nisi 
 quaesita erunt, ni vindicatum in noxios, quid erit reliquum, 
 nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes vivamus ? nam im- 
 pune quaelibet facere, id est regem esse. Neque ego vos, 
 Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam 
 recte fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum 
 eatis. Ad hoc in republica multo praestat beneficii quam 
 maleficii immemorem esse ; bonus tantummodo segnior 
 fit, ubi negligas, at mains improbior. Ad hoc si injuriae 
 non sint, hand saepe auxihi egeas." 
 
 XXXII. Haec atque alia hujuscemodi ssepe dicendo, 
 Memmius populo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui tunc pros- 
 tor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur, eumque, interposita 
 fide publica, Romam duceret, quo* facilius indicio regis, 
 Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebant, 
 delicta patefierent. Dum haec Roma3 geruntur, qui n 
 
28 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 Numidia relicti a Bestia exercitui prseerant, secuti moreni 
 imperatoris sui, plarima et flagiiiosissima facinora fecere. 
 Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos Jugurthae traderent : 
 alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis pr^edas agebant : 
 tanta vis avariti^ animos eoram veluti tabes invascrat. 
 At Cassius, perlata rogatione a C. Memmio, ac perculs4 
 omni nobilitate, ad Jugurtham proficiscitur ; eique timido 
 et ex conscientia diffidenti rebus suis persuadet, * quoniam 
 se populo Romano dedidisset, ne vim quam misericor- 
 diam ejus experiri mallet.' Privatim prseterea fidem 
 suam interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam 
 ducebat. Talis ea tempestate fama de Cassio erat. 
 
 XXXIII. Igitur Jugurtha, contra decus regium, cultu 
 quam maxime miserabili cum Cassio Romam venit. Ac 
 tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus ab om- 
 nibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quoe 
 supra diximus C. Bsebium tribunum plebis magna mercede 
 parat, cujus impudentia contra jus et injurias omnes mu- 
 nitus foret. At C. Memmius, advocata concione, quam- 
 quam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars * in vincula duci' 
 jubebat, pars, * ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more ma- 
 jorum de hoste supplicium sumi,' dignitati quam irse ma- 
 gis consulens, sedare motus, et animos eorum mollire; 
 postremo confirmare * fidem publicam per sese inviolatam 
 fore.' Post, ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, verba 
 facit ; Romae Numidi^que facinora ejus memorat, scelera 
 in patrem fratresque ostendit. 'Quibus juvantibus quibus- 
 que ministris ea egerit, quamquam intelligat populus Ro- 
 manus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo habere. Si 
 verum aperiat, in fide^et dementia populi Romani mag- 
 nam spem illi sitam : sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore, 
 sed se suasque spes corrupturum.' 
 
5f 
 
 JUGURTHA. 29 
 
 XXXIV. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicendi finem fecit, el 
 Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C Baebius tribunus plebis, 
 (|uem pecunia corruptum supra diximus, regem tacere 
 jubet : ac tametsi multitudo, quae in concione aderat, 
 vohementer accensa terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe 
 impetu atque aliis omnibus, quae ira fieri amat, vicit tamen 
 inipudentia. Ita populus ludibrio habitus ex concione 
 discedit : Jugurthae Besti^que et ceteris, quos ilia quaestio 
 exagitabat, animi augescunt. 
 
 XXXV. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, 
 nomine Massiva, Gulussae filius, Masinissae nepos ; qui, 
 quia, in dissensione regum Jugurtha adversus fuerat, 
 dedita Cirta, et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa 
 abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bes- 
 tiam cum Q. Minucio Rufo consulatum gerebat, per- 
 suadet, * quoniam ex stirpe Masinissae sit, Jugurthamque 
 ob scelera invidia cum metu urgeat, regnum Numidiae 
 ab senatu petat.' Avidus consul belli gerendi moveri, 
 quam senescere omnia malebat ; ipsi provincia Numidia, 
 Minucio Macedonia evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva 
 agitare coepit, neque Jugurtha3 in amicis satis praesidii 
 est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et 
 timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido 
 sibi, imperat, ' pretio,' sicuti multa confecerat, * insidia- 
 tores Massivae paret, ac maxime occulte, sin id parum 
 procedat, quovis modo Numidam interficiat.' Bomilcar 
 mature regis mandata exsequitur; et per homines talis 
 negotii artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo ioca 
 atque tempera cuncta explorat ; deinde, ubi res postula- 
 bat, insidias tendit. Igitur unus ex eo numero, qui ad 
 eaedem parati erant, paulo inconsultiiisMassivamaggred- 
 itur, ilium obtruncat ; sed ipse deprehensus, multis hor- 
 
50 - 
 
 30 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII. 
 
 tantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur. 
 Fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium 
 Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Romam fide publica venerat. 
 At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris non prius omisit 
 contra verum niti, quam animum advertit supra gratiam 
 atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur. quam- 
 quam in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades 
 dederat, regno magis quam vadibus consulens clam in 
 Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne reliquos pop- 
 ulares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium 
 sumptum foret, et ipse paucis diebus profectus est, jus 
 sus ab senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma e- 
 gressusest,fertur saepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dix- 
 isse : * urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem 
 invenerit.' 
 
 XXXVI. Interim Albinus, renovato bello, commea- 
 tum, stipendium aliaque, quss militibus usuiforent,maturat 
 in African! portare ; ac statim ipse profectus, uti ante 
 comitia, quod tempus baud longe aberat, armis aut de- 
 ditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra 
 Jugurtha trahere omnia, et alias, deinde alias moras cau- 
 sas facere ; polliceri deditionem, ac deinde metum simu- 
 lare ; instanti cedere, et paulo post, ne sui diffiderent, 
 instare : ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem ludi- 
 ficare. Ac fuere, qui tum Albinum baud ignarum con- 
 silii regis existimarent ; neque ex tanta properantia tarn 
 facile tractum bellum socordia magis quam dolo crede- 
 rent. Sed postquam, dilapso tempore, comitiorum dies 
 adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore 
 relicto, Romam decessit. 
 
 XXXVII. Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribu 
 niciis atrociter respublica agitabatur. P. LucuUus et L. 
 
31 
 
 JUGURTHA. 31 
 
 Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus collegis, coiitinuare 
 oiagistratum nitebantur : quae dissensio totius anni comit- 
 ia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quern 
 pro prsetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut con- 
 ficiendi belli aut terrore exercitus ab rege pecuniae capi- 
 endae, niilites inense Januario ex hibernis in expeditionem 
 evocat, mr.gnisque itineribus, hieme aspera, pervenit ad 
 oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quam- 
 quam et saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi 
 neque obsideri poterat ; nam circum murum, situm in 
 praerupti montis extreme, planities limosa hiemalibus 
 aquis paludem fecerat ; tamen, aut simulandi gratia, quo 
 regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine csecus ob thesauros 
 oppidi potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jafcere, aliaque, 
 quae incepto usui forent, properare. 
 
 XXXVIIL At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque im- 
 peritia legati, subdolus ejus augere amentiam, missitare 
 supplicantes legates, ipse quasi vitabundus per saltuosa 
 loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum 
 spe pactionis perpulit, uti, relicto Suthule, in abditas re- 
 giones sese veluti cedentem insequeretur: * ita delicta 
 occultiora fore.' Interea per homines callidos die noc- 
 tuque exercitum tentabat; centuriones ducesque turma- 
 rum, partim uti transfugerent, corrumpere ; alii, signo 
 date, locum uti desererent. Quae postquam ex senten- 
 tia instruit, intempesta nocte de improviso multitu- 
 dine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. MiUtes Ro- 
 mani, perculsi tumuUu insolito, arma capere ahi, alii se 
 abdere, pars territos confirmare; trepidare omnibus locis* 
 vis magna hostium, coelum nocte atque nubibus obscu- 
 ratum, periculum anceps : postremo fugere an manere 
 tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos 
 
 4 
 
32 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum 
 duabus turmis Thracum et panels gregariis militibus 
 transiere ad regem, et centurio primi pili tertiae legionis 
 per munitionem, quam, uti defenderet, acceperat, locum 
 hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numidse cuncti irru- 
 pere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis proxi- 
 mum coUem occupavere. Nox atque praeda castrorum 
 hostes, quo minus victoria uterentur, remorata sunt. De- 
 lude Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in colloquio verba 
 facit : ' tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame ferroque clau- 
 sum tenet, tamen se humanarum rerum memorem, si se- 
 cum foedus faceret, incoluraes omnes sub jugum missu- 
 rum: praeterea, uti diebus decem Numidia decederet.' 
 Quae quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, tamen, 
 quia mortis metu mutabant, sicuti regi libuerat, pax con- 
 venit. 
 
 XXXIX. Sed ubi ea Romae comperta sunt, metus at- 
 que moeror civitatem invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria 
 imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum timere libertati : 
 Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello sagpe praectari 
 fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potiiis quam manu 
 salutem quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto 
 fratris invidiam ac deinde periculum timens, senatum 
 de foedere consulebat; et tamen interim exercitui sup- 
 plementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino auxilia 
 arcessere, denique modis omnibus festinare. Senatus 
 ita, uti par fuerat, decernit, * suo atque populi injussu 
 nullum potuisse foedus fieri.' Consul impeditus a tribu 
 nis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portaret. 
 paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur : nam *omnis ex- 
 ercitus, uti convenerat, Numidia deductus, in prcvmcia 
 hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, quamquam persequi Ju 
 
JUGURTHA. 33 
 
 gurth^ni et mederi fraternse invidiae animus ardebat, 
 cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, soluto imperio, 
 liccntia atque lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum statuit 
 sibi nihil agitandum. 
 
 XL. Interea Romae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus 
 plebis rogationem ad populum promulgat, * Uti quaerere- 
 tur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha senati decreta neg- 
 lexisset; quique ab eo in legationibus aut imperiis pecu- 
 nias accepissent; qui elephantos, quique perfugas tradidis- 
 sent; item, qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones 
 fecissent.' Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex par- 
 tium invidia pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere 
 non poterant, quin ilia et alia talia placere sibi faterentur, 
 occulte per amicos, ac maxime per homines nominis La- 
 tini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed plebes 
 incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit, quantaque 
 vi rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit, magis odio 
 nobilitatis, cui mala ilia parabantur, quam cura reipublicae: 
 tanta libido in partibus erat. Igitur ceteris metu percul- 
 sis, M. Scaurus, quern legatum Bestiae fuisse supra docui- 
 mus, inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida etiam- 
 tum civitate, quum ex Mamilii rogatione tres quaesitores 
 rogarentur, effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur. 
 Sed quaestio exercita aspere violenterque, ex rumore et 
 libidine plebis. Ut sJBpe nobihtatem, sic ea tempestate 
 plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat. 
 
 XLL Ceterum mos partium popularium et senati fac- 
 tionum, ac deinde omnium malarum artium, paucis ante 
 annis Romae ortus est, otio et abundantia earum rerum, 
 quae prima mortales ducunt. Nam ante Carthaginem 
 deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque 
 inter se rempublicam tractabant : neque gloriae neque 
 
34 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 dominationis certamen inter cives erat : metus hostilis ir* 
 Donis artibus civitatem retinebat. Sed ubi ilia formido 
 mentibus decessit, scilicet ea, quae secundae res amant, 
 lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in adversis 
 rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius 
 acerbiusque fuit. Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem 
 in dominationem, populus libertatem in libidinem vertere: 
 sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas 
 'partes abstracta sunt ; respublica, quae media fuerat, 
 dilacerata. Ceterum nobilitas factione magis pollebat; 
 plebis vis, soluta atque dispersa in multitudine, minus 
 poterat. Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur; 
 penes eosdem serarium, provincise, magistratus, glorise 
 triumphique erant; populus militia atque inopia urgeba- 
 tur. Praedas bellicas imperatores cum paucis diripiebant: 
 interea parentes aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque po- 
 tentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur. Ita cum po- 
 tentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere 
 et vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad 
 semet ipsa prsecipitavit. Nam ubi primum ex nobilitate 
 reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam injustaepotenti^ antepon- 
 erent, moveri^ civitas, et dissensio civiUs, quasi permix- 
 tio terrae, oriri ccepit. 
 
 XLII. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, quorum 
 majores Punico atque aliis belHs multum reipublicae ad- 
 diderant, vindicare plebem in libertatem, et paucorum 
 scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia, atque eo per- 
 culsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per 
 equites Romanes, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, 
 Gracchorum actionibus obviam ierat; et prim.6 Tiberi- 
 um, dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Caium 
 tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis deducen 
 
JUGURTHA. 35 
 
 dis. cum M. Fulvio Flaccc> ferro necaverat. Et sane 
 Gro.cchis cupidine victorise haud satis modoratus animus 
 fuit : sed bono vinci satius est, quam malo more injuriam 
 vincere. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex libidine sua usa.^ 
 muitos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit ; plusque in rel- 
 iquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res 
 plerumque magnas civitates pessum dedit, dum alteri 
 alteros vincere quovis modo, et victos acerbiiis ulcisci 
 volunt. Sed de studiis partium et omnis civitatis moribus 
 si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem diserere, tempus 
 quam res ^turius me de^ergt : quamobrem ad inceptum 
 redeo. ft^ /^ ;'^- 1^ . ' - ^ ^-- 
 
 XLIII. Post Auli Tcedus exercitusque nostri foedam 
 fugam, Q. Metellus et M. Silanus, consules designati, pro- 
 vincias inter se partiverant, Metelloque Numidia evene- 
 rat, acri viro, et, quamquam adverso populi partium, fama 
 tamen eequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primiim magistratum 
 ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bel- 
 lum, quod gesturus erat, animum intendit. Igitur diffi- 
 dens veteri exercitui, milites scribere, pracsidia undique 
 arcessere, arma, tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militige 
 parare, ad hoc commeatum affatim, denique omnia, 
 quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui esse so- 
 lent. Ceierum ad ea patranda,^enatus auctoritate socii 
 nomenque Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittere ; postre- 
 mo omnis civitas summo studio adnitebatur. Itaque, 
 ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis compositisque, in 
 Numidiam proficiscitur magna spe civium, quum prop- 
 ter bonas artes, tum maxime, quod adversiim divitias 
 mvictum animum gerebat ; et avaritia magistratuum ante 
 id tempus in Numidia nostrae opes contusae, hostiumque 
 
 'xuctae erant. 
 
 4# 
 
36 C. CRLSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 XLIV. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei tradi 
 tur Sp. Albini proconsulis iners, imbellis, neque periculi 
 neque laboris patiens, lingua quam manu promptior 
 praedator ex sociis et ipse prseda hostium, sine imperio 
 et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plos ex malis 
 moribus sollicituoinis, qdam ex copia militum auxilii 
 aut bon^ spei accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quam- 
 quam et Eestivorum tempus comitiorum mora imminue- 
 rat, et exspectatione eventus civium animos intentos 
 putabat, non prius bellum attingere, quam majorum dis- 
 ciplina milites laborare coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli 
 fratris exercitusque clade perculsus, postquam decreverat 
 non egredi provincia, quantum temporis sestivorum in 
 imperio fuit, plerumque milites stativis castris habebat ; 
 nisi quum odos aut pabuli egestas ^pcum mutara subeg- 
 erat. Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari 
 vigiliae deducebantur : uti cuique libebat, ab signis abe- 
 rat. Lixae permixti cum militibus die noctuque vaga- 
 bantur, et palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pec- 
 oris et mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare 
 cum mercatoribus vino advectitio et aliis talibus ; pras- 
 terea frumentum publice datum vendere, panem in dies 
 mercari : postremo, quaecumque dici aut fingi queunt 
 ignavice luxuriaeque probra, in illo exercitu cuncta fuere, 
 et alia amplius. 
 
 XLV. Sed in ea difRcultate Metellum non minus 
 quam in rebus hostilibus magnum et sapientem viium 
 fuisse comperior, tanta temperantia inter ambitionem 
 saeviiiamque moderatum. Namque edicto primum ad- 
 jumenta ignaviae sustulisse; * ne quisquam in castris 
 panem aut quem alium coctum cibum venderet ; ne 
 lixjE exercitum sequerentur ; ne miles gregarius in cas 
 
3r 
 
 JUGURTHA. 37 
 
 tris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet :' cet- 
 eris arte^ modum statuisse. Prasterea transversis itineri- 
 bus quotidie castra movere, juxta ac si liostes adessent, 
 vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras ponere, et eas 
 ipse cum legatis circumire: item in agmine in primis 
 modo, modo in postremis, ssepe in medio adesse, ne quis- 
 quam ordine egrederetur, uti cum signis frequentes incede- 
 rent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita prohibendo a 
 delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi con- 
 firmavit. 
 
 XLVI. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quss Metellus agebat, ex 
 nuntiis accepit, simul de innocentia ejus certior Roma 
 factus, diffidere suis rebus; ac tum demum veramdedit- 
 ionem facere conatus est. Igitur legates ad consulem 
 C'7m suppliciis mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam 
 peterent, alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Me- 
 tello jam antea experimentis cognitum erat genus Numi- 
 darum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum avidum 
 esse. Itaque legates alium ab alio diversos aggreditur ; 
 ac paulatim tentando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, 
 multa pollicendo persuadet, * uti Jugurtham maxime vivum, 
 sin id parum procedat, necatum sibi traderent :' ceterum 
 palam, quas ex voluntate forent, regi nuntiari jubet. De- 
 inde ipse paucis diebus, intento atque infesto exercitu, in 
 Numidiam procedit; ubi, contra belli faciem, tuguria plena 
 hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis 
 et mapalibus pra^fecti regis obvii procedebant, parati fru- 
 mentum dare, commeatum portare, postremo omnia, quae 
 •jmperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus idcirco minus, sed 
 pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere, late 
 explorare omnia, ilia deditionis signa ostentui credere, et 
 insidiis locum tentari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohorti- 
 
38 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 bus, item funditorum et sagittariorum delecta manu apiid 
 primos erat; in postremo C. Marius legatus cum equitibus 
 curabat: in utrumque latus auxiliaries equites tribunis 
 legionum et prsefectis cohortium dispertiverat, uti cum his 
 permixti velites, quacunque accederent equitatus hostiuni^ 
 propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque pei- 
 itia locorum et militise erat, ut, absens an praesens, pacem 
 an bellum gerens perniciosior esset, in incerto haberetur. 
 
 XLVIL Erat baud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus 
 pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vacca, forum 
 rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum ; ubi 
 et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis multi 
 mortales. Hue consul, simul tentandi gratia, et, si pate- 
 rentur, opportunitate loci prsesidium imposuit ; prsetereu 
 >mperavit frumentum et alia, quoe bello usui forent, com- 
 oortare ; ratus, id quod res monebat, frequentiam nego- 
 Jiiatorura et commeatum juvaturum exercitum, et jam 
 paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter h^c negotia Jugur- 
 tha impensius modo legatos supplices mittere, paceu] 
 orare, prseter suam liberorumque vitam omnia Metello 
 dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul illectos ad prodit- 
 ionem domum dimittebat : regi pacem, quam postulabat, 
 neque abnuere neque polliceri, et inter eas moras pro- 
 missa legatorum exspectare. 
 
 XLVIII. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis com- 
 posuit, ac se suis artibus tentari animadvertit ; quippe 
 cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceteriim re bellum asperri- 
 mum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, 
 animi popularium tentati ; coactus rerum necessitudine, 
 statuit armis certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, 
 m spem victorias adductus ex opportunitate loci, quam 
 maximas potest copias omnium generum parat, ac pei 
 
JUGURTHA. 39 
 
 tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit. Erat in 
 ea parte Numidife, quam Adherbal in divisione possede- 
 rat, flumen oriens a meridie, nomine Muthul ; a quo ab- 
 erat mens ferme millia viginti, tractu pari, vastus ab 
 natura et humano cultu: sed ex eo medio quasi coUis 
 oriebatur, in immensum pertingens, vestitus oleastro ac 
 myrtetis aliisque generibus arborum, quae humi arido 
 atque arenoso gignuntur. Media autem planities deserta 
 penuria aquae, prseter flumini propinqua loca ; ea consita 
 arbustis pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur. 
 
 XLIX. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere 
 porrectum docuimus, Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie, 
 consedit : elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium Bo- 
 milcarem prsefecit, eumque edocet, quae ageret ; ipse pro- 
 pior montem cum omni equitatu pedites delectos coUo- 
 cat : dein singulas turmas atque manipulos circumiens 
 monet atque obtestatur, * uti memores pristinae virtutis 
 et victoriae sese regnumque suum ab Romanorum ava- 
 ritia defendant : cum his certamen fore, quos antea vic- 
 tos sub jugum miserint : ducem illis, non animum muta- 
 tum. Quae ab imperatore decuerint, omnia suis provisa ; 
 locum superiorem, uti prudentes cum imperitis, ne pau- 
 ciores cum pluribus, aut rudes cum bello melioribus ma- 
 num consererent. Proinde parati intentique essent, signo 
 dato, Romanes invadere : ilium diem aut omnes labores 
 et victorias confirmaturum, aut maximarum aerumnarum 
 initium fore.' Ad hoc viritim, uti quemque ob militare 
 facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacere 
 beneficii sui, et eum ipsum aliis ostentare : postremo 
 pro cujusque ingenio, pollicendo, minitando, obtestando 
 alium alio modo excitare ; quum interim Metellus, igna 
 rus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu, conspica* 
 
40 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tur, primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet, 
 (nam inter virgulta equi Numidseque consederant, nequa 
 plane occultati humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti, 
 quidnam esset, quum natura loci, turn dolo ipsi atque 
 signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis insidiis, 
 paulisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus, 
 in dextero latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus 
 subsidiis aciem instruxit; inter manipulos funditores et 
 sagittarios dispertit, equitatum omnem in cornibus local, 
 ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus, aciem, sicuti in- 
 struxerat, transversis principiis, in planum deducit. 
 
 L. Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque colle degredi ani- 
 madvertit, veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquas, ne 
 siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum expe- 
 ditis cohortibus et parte equitum prsemisit ad flumen, uti 
 locum castris antecaperet; existimans hostes crebro im- 
 petu et transversis proeliis iter suum remoraturos, et, quo- 
 niam armis diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum 
 tentaturos. Deinde ipse pro re atque loco, sicuti monte 
 descenderat, paulatim procedere : Marium post principia 
 habere : ipse cum sinistrse alse equitibus esse, qui in ag- 
 mine principes facti erant. .^ At Jugurtha, ubi extremum 
 agmen Metelli primos suos prsetergressum videt, praesidio 
 quasi duum millium peditum montem occupat, qua Me- 
 tellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus adversariis recep- 
 tui ac post munimento foret ; dein repente, signo dato, 
 hostes invadit; Numidse, alii postremos casdere, pars a 
 sinistra ac dextera tentare, infensi adesse atque instare, 
 omnibus locis Romanorum ordines conturbare ; quorum 
 etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus fuerant, ludi- 
 fjcati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus sauciabantur 
 neque contra feriendi aut manum conserendi copia erat. 
 
JUGURTHA. 4J 
 
 Antea jam docti ab Jugurtha equites, ubicumque Rom- 
 anorum turma insequi cceperat, non confertim, neque 
 in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime 
 diversi. Ita numero priores, si a persequendo hostes de- 
 terrere nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus cir- 
 cumveniebant : sin opportunior fugae collis, quam campi 
 fuerant, ea vero consueti Numidarum equi facile inter 
 virgulta evadere ; nostros asperitas et insolentia loci reti- 
 ncbat. 
 
 LI. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, fceda 
 atque miserabilis : dispersi a suis, pars cedere, alii inse- 
 qui ; neque signa neque ordines observare ; ubi quem- 
 que periculum ceperat, ibi resistero ac propulsare : arma 
 tela, equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti ; nihil consilio 
 neque imperio agi; fors omnia regere. Itaque multum 
 diei processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. 
 Denique omnibus labore et sestu languidis, Metellus, ubi 
 videt Numidas minus instare, paulatim milites in unum 
 conducit, ordines restituit, et cohortes legionarias quatuor 
 adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars 
 superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare, hortari 
 milites, ' ne deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes 
 vincere: neque illis castra esse, neque munimentum ullum, 
 quo cedentes tenderent : in armis omnia sita.' Sed nee 
 Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat ; circumire, hortari, 
 renovare proelium, et ipse cum delectis tentare omnia, 
 sub venire suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quosfirmoscognov- 
 erat, eminus pugnando retinere. 
 
 LIL Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri; 
 certabant, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus : nam 
 Metello virtus militum erat, locus adversus; Jugurthae 
 alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Ro- 
 
42 C CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 mani, ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse, neque 
 ah hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, et jam die vesper erat, 
 adverse coUe, sicuti prseceptum fuerat, evadunt. Amisso 
 loco, JMumidse fusi fugatique : pauci interiere, plerosque 
 velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt. Interea 
 Bomilcar, quern elephantis et parti copiaium pedestriurn 
 prasfectum ab Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi eum Rutilius 
 praetergressus est, paulatim sues in asquum locum dedu- 
 cit : ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus erat, fes- 
 tinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat,'aciem exornat; 
 neque remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret, explorare. 
 Postquam Rutilium consedisse jam, et animo vacuum 
 accepit, simulque ex Jugurthae proelio clamorem augeri, 
 veritus, ne legatus, cognita re, laborantibus suis auxilio 
 foret, aciem, quam, diffidens virtuti militum, arte statue- 
 rat, quo hostium itineri ofRceret, latius porrigit, eoque 
 modo ad Rutilii castra procedit. 
 
 LIII. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam an- 
 imadvertunt, nam prospectum ager arbustis consitus 
 prohibebat; et primo rati humum aridam vento agita- 
 ri ; post, ubi jequabilem manere, et, sicuti acies move- 
 batur, magis magisque appropinquare vident, cognita 
 re, properantes arma capiunt, ac pro castris, sicuti im- 
 perabatur, cor«Mstunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est, 
 utrimque magn:) clamore concurritur. Numidae tantum 
 modo remorati, dum in elephantis auxilium putant, post- 
 quam eos imped itos ramis arborum, atque ita disjectos 
 circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt, ac plerique, abjectis 
 armis, collis riut noctis quae jam aderat, auxilio integri 
 ubeunt. Elr.piianti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes, nu- 
 mero quadraginta, interfecti. At Romani, quamquam 
 itinere 8' rue opere castrorum et prcelio fessi lassique 
 
JUGURTHA. 43 
 
 erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinioiie inoraba- 
 tur, instruct! intentique obviam procedunt: nam dolus 
 Numidarum nihil languid! neque remissi patiebatur. 
 Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam baud procul inter se 
 erant, strepitu, velut hostes, adventare, alteri apud alteros 
 forrnidinem simul et tumultum facere: et pene impru- 
 dentia admissum facinus miserabile, ni utrimque prae- 
 missi equites rem exploravissent. Igitur pro metu re- 
 pente gaudium exortum ; milites alius alium Iseti appel- 
 lant, acta edocent atque audiunt ; sua quisque fortia facta 
 ad coelum ferre. Quippe res humanee ita sese habent: 
 in victoria vel ignavis gloriari licet ; adversag res etiam 
 bonos detrectant. 
 
 LIV. Metellus, in iisdem castris quatriduo moratus, 
 saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in proeliis more militias 
 donat, universos in concione laudat, atque agit gratias : 
 hortatur, ' ad cetera, quae levia sunt, parem animum 
 gerant : pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labo- 
 res pro praeda fore.' Tamen interim transfugas et alios 
 opportunos, Jugurtha ubi gentium, aut quid agitaret, cum 
 paucisne esset, an exercitum haberet, uti sese victus 
 gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca saltuosa 
 et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum 
 numero hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque, 
 agri ac pecoris magis quam belli cultorem. Id ea gra- 
 tia eveniebat, quod praeter regies equites nemo omnium 
 Mumidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque an- 
 jmus fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militiae du- 
 :itur; ita se mores habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt 
 iliamtum regis animum ferocem esse, bellum renovari, 
 quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset, praeterea 
 iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento 
 
44 G. CRTSPI SALLUSTIl 
 
 illos vinci, quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis neque 
 acie, sed alio more bellum gerendum. Itaque in Nu- 
 midia3 loca opulentissima pergit, agros vastat, multa cas- 
 tella et oppida, temere munita aut sine pragsidio, capit 
 incenditque ; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum 
 prsedam esse. Ea formidine multi mortales Romania 
 dediti obsides; frumentum et alia, quae usui forent, af 
 fatim prsebita ; ubicumque res postulabat, praesidium im- 
 positum. Quae negotia multo magis, quam proelium male 
 pugnatum ab suis, regem terrebant: quippe cui spes 
 omnis in fuga sita erat, sequi cogebatur ; et, qui sua loca 
 defendere nequiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. Tamen 
 ex copia, quod optimum videbatur, consilium capit: ex- 
 ercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet; ipse 
 cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et 
 aviis itineribus ignoratus Romanos palantes repente ag- 
 greditur. Eorum plerique inermes cadunt, multi capi- 
 untur, nemo omnium intactus profugit; et Numidias, 
 priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in 
 proximos colles discedunt. 
 
 LV. Interim Romas gaudium ingens ortum, cognitis 
 Metelli rebus; ut seque et exercitum more majorum 
 gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute fuisset, 
 hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham, magnificum ex Auli 
 socordia, spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset 
 habere. Itaque senatus ob ea feliciter acta dis immor 
 talibus supplicia decernere ; civitas, trepida antea et sol 
 licita de belli eventu, laeta agere ; de Metello fama prae- 
 clara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus 
 modis festinare ; cavere tamen, necubi hosti opportunus 
 fieret; meminisse, post gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita quo 
 ciarior eo magis anxius erat, neque post insidias Ju- 
 
JUGURTHA 45 
 
 gurthae efFuso exeicitu prasdari: ubi frumento aut pab- 
 ulo opus erat, cohortes cum oQini equitatu praesidium 
 agitabant : exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius duce- 
 bat. Sed igni magis quam prasda ager vastabatur. Du- 
 obus locis haud longe inter se castra faciebant: ubi vi 
 opus erat, cuncti aderant ; ceterum, quo fuga atque for- 
 mido .atiiis cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Ju- 
 gurtha per colles sequi, tempus aut locum pugnas qussr- 
 ere, qua venturum hostem audierat, pabulum et aquarum 
 fontes, quorum 'penuria erat, corrumpere, modo se Metello, 
 interdum Mario ostendere, postremos in agmine tentare, 
 ac statim in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis mini- 
 tari,neque proelium facere, neque otium pati, tantummodo 
 hostem ab incepto retinere. 
 
 LVI. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt, 
 neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam 
 et in ea parte, qua sita erat, arcem regni, nomine Za- 
 mam, statuit oppugnare ; ratus, id quod negotium posce- 
 bat, Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum, ibique 
 proelium fore. At ille, quae parabantur, a perfugis edoc- 
 tus, magnis itineribus Metellum antevenit; oppidanos 
 hortatur, ' moenia defendant ;' additis auxilio perfugis, 
 quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, jfirmis- 
 simum erat : praeterea pollicetur, ' in tempore semet cum 
 exercitu affore.' Ita compositis rebus, in loca quam 
 maxime occulta discedit, ac post paulo cognoscit Mari- 
 um ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Sic- 
 cam missum ; quod oppidum primum omnium post ma- 
 lam pugnam ab rege defecerat. E6 cum delectis equiti- 
 bus noctu pergit, et jam egredientibus Romanis, in porta 
 pugnam facit: simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur 
 * nti cohortes ab tergo circumveniant : fortunam illis prae 
 
46 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 clari facinoris casum dare. Si id fecerint, postea seso in 
 regno, illos in libertate sine metu astatem acturos.' Ac 
 ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavis- 
 set, profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem 
 mutavissent: tanta mobilitate sese Numidae agunt. Sed 
 milites Jugurthini, paulisper ab rege sustentati, posiquam 
 majore vi hostes urgent, paucis amissis, profugi disce- 
 dunt. 
 
 LVII. Marius ad Zamam pervenit. Id oppidum, in 
 campo situm, magis opere quam natura munitum erat, 
 nullius idonese rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. Igi- 
 tur Metellus, pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus, cuncta 
 moenia exercitu circumvenit; legatis imperat, ubi quis- 
 que curaret; deinde, signo date, undique simul clamor 
 ingens oritur. Neque ea res Numidas terret ; infensi 
 intentique sine tumultu manent. Prcelium incipitur. 
 Romani, pro ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut 
 lapidibus pugnare, alii succedere, ac murum modo suf- 
 fodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere proelium manibus 
 facere. Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere ; 
 sudes, pila, preeterea pice et sulphure taedam mixtam, 
 ardenti mittere. Sed ne illos quidem, qui procul manse- 
 rant, timer animi satis muniverat : nam plerosque jacula 
 tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant; pariqueperic- 
 ulo, sed fama imparl boni atque ignavi erant. 
 
 LVIII. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex 
 improvise castra hostium cum magna manu invadit: 
 remissis, qui in prsesidio erant, et omnia magis quam 
 prcElium exspectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, 
 repentino metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus con- 
 sulunt : alii fugere, alii arma capere ; magna pars vul- 
 nerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non 
 
JUGURTHA. 47 
 
 amplius quadraginta, memores nominis Romani, grege 
 facto, locum cepere pauIo quam alii editiorem, neque 
 inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela eminus missa 
 remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrati : sin Numidce 
 propius accessissent, ibi vero virtutem ostendere, et eos 
 maxima vi csedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Me- 
 tellus, quum acerrime rem gereret, clamorem hostilem ab 
 tergo accepit : deinde, converso equo, animadvertit fugam 
 ad se versum fieri ; . qu£e res indicabat populares esse. 
 Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac 
 statim C. Marium cum cohortibus sociorum ; eumque lac- 
 rymans per amicitiam perque rempublicam obsecrat, *ne 
 quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore, neve 
 hostes inultos abire sinat.' Ille brevi mandata efiicit. 
 At Jugurtha munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii 
 super vallum prsecipitarentur, alii in angustiis ipsi sibi 
 properantes officerent, multis amissis, in loca munita 
 sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox 
 aderat, in castra cum exercitu revertitur. 
 
 LIX. Igitur postero die, priiis quam ad oppugnandum 
 egrederetur, equitatum omnem in ea parte, qua regis ad- 
 ventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet ; portas et proxima 
 loca tribunis dispertit; deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum, 
 atque, ut superiore die, murum aggreditur. Interim Ju- 
 gurtha ex occulto repente nostros invadit. Qui in prox- 
 imo locati fuerant, paulisper territi perturbantur ; reliqui 
 cito subveniunt, neque diutius Numidas resistere quivis- 
 sent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem 
 in congressu facerent. Quibus illi freti, non, ut equestri 
 prcelio solet, sequi, dein cedere, sed adversis equis con- 
 currere, implicare ac perturbare aciem : ita expeditis 
 
 i;)editibus suis hostes pene victos dare. 
 
 5# 
 
48 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 I X. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certaba- 
 tur. Ubi quisque legatus aut tribunus curabat, eo acer- 
 rime niti ; neque alius in alio magis quam in sese spem 
 habere : pariterque oppidani agere. Oppugnare, aut pa- 
 rare oinnibus locis : avidius alteri alteros sauciare, quam 
 semet tegere: clamor permixtus hortatione, lsetitia,gemitu, 
 item strepitus armorum ad coelum ferri, tela utrimque 
 i^olare. Sed illi, qui mcenia defensabant, ubi hostes 
 paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium eques- 
 tre prospectabant. Eos, uti quasque Jugurthas res erant, 
 laetos modo, modo pavidos animadvcrteres ; ac sicuti 
 audiri a suis aut cerni possent, monere alii, alii hortari, 
 •lut manu significare, aut niti corporibus, et ea hue illuc, 
 quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela, agitare. Quod ubi 
 Mario cognitum est, (nam is in ea parte curabat), con- 
 sulto lenius agere, ac diffidentiam rei simulare; pati Nu- 
 midas sine tumultu regis proelium visere. Ita, illis studio 
 suorum adstrictis, repente magna vi murum aggreditur; 
 ct jam scaHs egressi milites prope summa ceperant, 
 quum oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea 
 tela ingerunt. Nostri primo resistere; deinde, ubi unae 
 atque alterae scalas comminutse, qui supersteterant, afflicti 
 sunt; ceteri quoquo modo potuere, pauci integri, magna 
 pars confecti vulneribus abeunt. Denique utrimque proe- 
 lium nox diremit. 
 
 LXL Metellus postquam videt frustra inceptum, ne- 
 que oppidum capi, neque Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut 
 suo loco pugnam facere, et jam sestatem exactam esse, 
 ab Zama discedit, ct in his urbibus, quas ad se defece- 
 tant, satisque munifce loco aut mcrnibus erant, praesidia 
 imponit: ceterum excfcitum in prvninciam, quae proxima 
 est Numidiae, hiemandi gratia cok-ooat Nequ^ id tern- 
 
JUGURTHA. 49 
 
 pus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxurise concedit; sed, 
 quoniam armis bellam parum procedebat, insidias regi 
 per amicos tendere, et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. 
 Igitar Bomilcarem, qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat, et 
 inde, vadibus datis, clam de Massivse nece judicium fu- 
 geiat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia 
 fallendi erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac pri- 
 me efficit, uti ad se colloquendi gratia occultus veniat: 
 deinde fide data, ' si Jugurtham vivum aut necatum tradi- 
 disset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua omnia con- 
 cederet,' facile Numidse persuadet, quum ingenio infido, 
 tum metuenti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per 
 conditiones ad supplicium traderetur. 
 
 LXII. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anx- 
 ium ac miserantem fortunas suas accedit ; monet atque 
 lacrymans obtestatur, ' uti aliquando sibi liberisque et 
 genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat: omnibus 
 prceliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales 
 captos aut occisos, regni opes comminutas esse : satis 
 saepe jam et virtutem militum et fortunam tentatam : 
 caveat, ne, illo cunctante, Numidss sibi consulant.' His 
 atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit. 
 Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui ' Jugurtham impe- 
 rata facturum' dicerent, * ac sine ulla pactione sese reg- 
 numque suum in illius fidem tradere.' Metellus propere 
 cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis arcessiri jubet : eo- 
 rum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. 
 Ita more majorum ex consilii decreto per legatos Jugur- 
 ihae imperat argenti pondo ducenta millia, elephantos 
 omnes, equorum et armorum aliquantum. Quae postquam 
 sine mora facta sunt, jubet ' omnes perfugas vinctos ad 
 ducL' Eorum magna pars, ut jussum erat, adducti: 
 
50 ^ C. CRISPl SALLUSTII 
 
 pauci, quum primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum 
 in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur Jugurtha, ubi armis vi- 
 risque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad imperandum 
 Tisidium vocaretur, rursus coepit flectere animurn suum, 
 et ex mala conscientia digna timere. Denique multis 
 diebus per dubitationem consumptis, quum modo tsedio 
 rerum adversarum omnia bello potiora duceret, interdum 
 secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in servitium ex 
 regno foret, multis magnisque preesidiis nequidquam per- 
 ditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de pro- 
 vinciis consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat. 
 
 LXIII. Per idem tempus Utic^e forte C. Mario per 
 hostias dis supplicanti magna atque mirabilia portendi' 
 haruspex dixerat : ' proinde, quse animo agitabat, fretus 
 dis ageret; fortunam quam ssepissime experiretur, cuncta 
 prospera e ventura.' At ilium jam antea consulatus in- 
 gens cupido exagitabat, ad quem cqpiendum prseter ve- 
 tustatem famiiise alia omnia abunde erant, industria, 
 probitas, militise magna scientia, animus belli ingens, 
 domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, tantummo- 
 do gloriee avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam 
 Arpini altus, ubi primum eetas militise patiens fuit, sti- 
 pendiis faciendis, non Graeca facundia neque urbanis 
 munditiis sese exercuit: ita inter artes bonas integrum 
 ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum 
 militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignoranti- 
 bus, facile notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde 
 ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit, semper 
 que in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, uti ampliore, quam 
 gerebat, dignus haberetur. Tamen is ad id locorum 
 talis vir (nam postea ambitione pra3ceps datus est) con- 
 tinlai.im petere non audebat : etiamtum alios magistratus 
 
47 
 
 JUGURTHA. 51 
 
 plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se per manus trade- 
 bat : novus nemo tarn clarus, neque tarn egregius factis 
 erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus habe- 
 re! ur. 
 
 LXIV. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem in- 
 tendere videt, quo cupido animi hortabatur, ab Metello 
 petendi gratia missionem rogat. Cui quamquam virtus, 
 gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant, tamen ine- 
 rat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis 
 malum. Itaque primiim, commotus insolita re, mirari 
 ejus consilium, et quasi per amicitiam monere, ' ne tarn 
 prava inciperet, neu super fortunam animum gereret: 
 non omnia omnibus cupienda esse ; debere illi res suas 
 satis placere : postremo caveret id petere a populo Ro- 
 mano, quod illi jure negaretur.' Postquam hsec atque alia 
 talia dixit, neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, * ubi 
 primiim potuisset per negotia publica, facturum sese, 
 quae peteret;' ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur 
 dixisse, ' ne festinaret abire ; satis mature ilium cum filio 
 suo consulatum petiturum.' Is eo tempore contubernio 
 patris ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti. 
 Quae res Marium quum pro honore, quem affectabat, 
 tum contra Metellum vehementer accenderat. Ita cu- 
 pidine atque ira, pessimis consul toribus, grassari, neque 
 facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo ambitiosum 
 foret: milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore impe- 
 rio quam antea habere : apud negotiatorea quorum 
 magna multitudo Uticae erat, criminose simul et mag- 
 nifice de bello loqui : ' dimidia pars exercitus sibi per- 
 mitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis habitu- 
 rurn: at) imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanib 
 et regiae superbiae imperio nimis gauderet.' Quae om- 
 
52 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 nia illis eo firmiora videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli 
 res familiares corruperant, et animo cupienti nihil satis 
 festinatur 
 
 LXV. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida qui- 
 dam, nomine Gauda, Manastabalis filius, Masinissa^ ne- 
 pos, quern Micipsa testamento secundum heredem scrip- 
 serat, morbis confectus, et ob eam causam mente pauliim 
 imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti, * more regum uti sel- 
 1am juxta poneret,' item postea ' custodise causa turmam 
 equitum Romanorum,' utrumque negaverat ; honorem, 
 quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges 
 appellavisset ; prsesidium, quod contumeliosum foret, si 
 equites Romani satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc 
 Marius anxium aggreditur, atque hortatur, uti con- 
 tumeliarum imperatoris cum suo auxilio poenas petat: 
 hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda ora- 
 tione extoUit : * ilium regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae 
 nepotem esse ; si Jugurtha captus aut occisus foret, im- 
 perium Numidiee sine mora habiturum ; id adeo mature 
 posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus forel/ 
 Itaque et ilium, et equites Romanes, milites et negotia- 
 tores, alios ipse, plerosque spes pacis impellit, uti Romam 
 ad sues necessaries aspere in Metellum de bello scribant, 
 Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortali- 
 bus honestissima sufTragatione consulatus petebatur : 
 simul ea tempestate plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem 
 Mamiliam, novos extollebat. Ita Mario cuncta proced- 
 ere. 
 
 LXVI. Interim Jugurtha, postquam, omissa deditione, 
 bellum incipit, cum magna cura parare omnia, festinaie, 
 cogere exercitum ; civitates, quae ab se defecerant, for- 
 iriidine aut ostentando prasmia aifectare; communire 
 
JUGURTHA. 53 
 
 suos locos; arma, tela, alia, quae spe pacis amiserat, re- 
 ficere aut commercari ; servitia Romanorum allicere, et 
 eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis erant, pecunia tentare ; pror- 
 sus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cuncta agitare. 
 Igitur Vaccenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtlm pacifi- 
 cante, praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis, 
 neque antea voluntate alienati, principes civitatis inter 
 se conjurant : nam vulgus, uti pleriimque solet, et max- 
 ime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque dis- 
 cordiosum erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio 
 adversum. Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem ter- 
 tium constituunt, quod is festus celebratusque per omnem 
 Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam formidinem 
 ostentabat. Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunos- 
 que militares, et ipsum praefectum oppidi T. Turpilium 
 Silanum, alius alium domos suas invitant: eos omnes 
 praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant: postea mili- 
 tes palantes, inermes, quippe in tali die ac sine imperio, 
 aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobili- 
 tate, alii studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consili 
 umque ignorantibus tumultus ipse et res novae satis pla- 
 cebant. 
 
 LXVII. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ig- 
 narique, quid potissimum facerent, trepidare : ad arcem 
 oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, praesidium hostium: portae 
 ante clausae fugam prohibebant : ad hoc mulieres puerique 
 pro tectis ^dificiorum saxa et alia, quae locus praebebat, 
 certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum, neque 
 a fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse : juxta boni 
 malique, strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta 
 asperitate, saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, 
 Turpilius praefectus unus ex omnibus Italicis profugit 
 
54 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 intactus. Id misericordiane hospitis, an pactione aut 
 casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus ; nisi, quia illi in 
 tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus 
 iritestabilisque videtur. 
 
 LXVIII. Metellus postquam de rebus Vaccas actis 
 comperit, paulisper moestus e conspectu abit ; deinde, ubi 
 ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura ultum 
 ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et 
 quam plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum oc- 
 casu solis expeditos educit ; et postera die circiter horam 
 tertiam pervenit in quamdam planitiem, locis paulo su- 
 perioribus circumventam. Ibi milites, fessos itineris 
 magnitudine, et jam abnuentes omnia, docet ' oppidum 
 Vaccam non ampliiis mille passuum abesse : decere illos 
 reliquum laborem aequo animo pati, dum pro civibus 
 suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, poenas caperent :' 
 praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Ita animis eorum 
 arrectis, equites in primo late, pedites quam artissime ire, 
 et signa occultare jubet. 
 
 LXIX. Vaccenses ubi animum advertere ad se ver- 
 sum exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metellum esse 
 rati, portas clausere : deinde, ubi neque agros vastari, et 
 eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum 
 Jugurtham arbitrati, cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. 
 Equites peditesque, repente signo dato, alii vulgum effu- 
 sum oppido caedere, alii ad portas festinare, pars turres 
 capere ; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam lassitudo 
 posse. Ita Vaccenses biduum modo ex perfidia la&tati : 
 civitas magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut prasda3 fuit. 
 Turpilius, quern prasfectum oppidi unum ex omnibus 
 profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello causam 
 dicere, postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus 
 
JUGURTHA. 55 
 
 verberatusque capite poenas solvit : nam is civis ex Latio 
 erat. 
 
 LXX. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Ju- 
 gurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, sus- 
 pectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cupere, ad 
 perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, die noctaque fatigare 
 animum. Denique omnia tentando, socium sibi adjun- 
 git. Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum 
 acceptumque popularibus suis, qui pleriimque seorsum 
 ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exsequi solitus 
 erat, quae Jugurthse fesso aut majoribus adstricto superav- 
 erant; ex quo illi gloria opesque mventse. Igitur utri- 
 usque consilio dies insidiis statuitur : ' cetera, uti res pos- 
 ceret, ex tempore parari' placuit. Nabdalsa ad exercitum 
 profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habe- 
 bat, ne ager, inultis hostibus, vastaretur. Is postquam 
 magnitudine facinoris perculsus ad tempus non venit, 
 m.etusque rem impediebat, Bomilcar, simul cupidus in- 
 cepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, omisso vetere 
 consilio, novum quaereret, litteras ad eum per homines 
 fideles mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri accu- 
 sare, testari deos, per quos juravisset, monere, ' ne pras- 
 mia Metelli in pestem converteret ; Jurgurthae exitium 
 adesse ; ceterum suane an Metelli virtute periret, id 
 modo agitari: proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia 
 an cruciatum mallet.' 
 
 LXXI. Sed quum has litterae allatae, forte Nabdalsa 
 exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi, cogni- 
 tis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, uti aegrum 
 animum solet, somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam, 
 negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium con- 
 siliorum, nisi novissimi, particeps. Qui postquam alia- 
 
 6 
 
56 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tas Jitleras audivit, ex consuetudine ratus opera aut in 
 genio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum introiit : dormiente 
 illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere positam, 
 sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem 
 pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus, ubi neque epis- 
 tolam reperit, et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, 
 primo indicem persequi conatus, postquam id frustra fuit, 
 Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit ; dicit ' quae ipse par- 
 avisset facere, periSdia clientis sui prseventa :' lacrymans 
 obtestatur ' per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, 
 ne super tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.' 
 
 LXXIL Ad ea rex, alitor atque animo gerebat, placide 
 respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insid- 
 iarum cognoverat, interfectis, iram oppresserat, ne qua 
 ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum 
 Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit : neque loco neque 
 mortali cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives, hostes 
 juxta metuere, circumspectare omnia, et omni strepitu 
 pavescere, alio atque alio loco, saepe contra decus re- 
 gium, noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus, arreptis 
 armis, tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia 
 exagitari. 
 
 LXXIII. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et 
 indicio patefacto ex perfugis cognovit, rursus, tamquam 
 ad integrum bellum, cuncta parat festinatque. Marium, 
 fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et ofFensum, 
 sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae 
 plebes, litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, 
 cognitis, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant. Imper 
 atori nobilitas, quae antea decori, invidiam esse : at illi 
 alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat: ceterum in 
 utroque magis studia partium, quam bona aut mala sua 
 
JUGURTHA. 57 
 
 moderata. Praeterea seditiosi magistratus valgum exag- 
 itare, Metellum omnibus concionibus capitis arcesscre, 
 Marii virtutem in majus celebrare. Denique plebes sio 
 a?censa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fides- 
 que in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus, frequentarent 
 Marmm, et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. 
 Ita, perculsa nobilitate, post multas tempestates novo 
 homini consulatus mandatur ; et postea populus, a tribune 
 plebis Manilio Mancino rogatus, 'quem vellet cum Jugur- 
 tha bellum gerere,' frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus 
 paulo ante Metello Numidiam decreverat : ea res frustra 
 fuit. 
 
 LXXIV. Eodem tempore Jugurtha, amissis amicis. 
 quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, para 
 ad Romanes, alii ad regem Bocchum prefugerant, quurr. 
 neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum 
 fidem' in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum 
 duceret, varius incertusque agitabat ; neque illi res, neque 
 consilium aut quisquam hominum satis placebat : itinera 
 praefectosque in dies mutare ; modo adversum hostes, 
 interdum in solitudines pergere ; saepe in fuga, ac post 
 paulo in armis spem habere ; dubitare, virtuti an fide 
 popularium minus crederet: ita, quocumque intenderat, 
 res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente sese 
 Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha 
 pro tempore parati instructique ; dein proelium incipitur. 
 Qua in parte rex pugnae adfuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum ; 
 ceteri omnes ejus milites primo concursu pulsi fugatique. 
 Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto numero, hostium 
 pimcorum potiti : nam ferme Numidas in omnibus proeliis 
 niagis pedes quam arma tuta sunt. 
 
 LXXV Ea fuga Jugurtha, impensiiis modo rebus suis 
 
58 C. CmSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 difRdens, cum perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, 
 dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulen- 
 tum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus multus pue- 
 ritiae cultus erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt, 
 quamquam inter Thalam fiumenque proximum, spatio 
 milliam quinquaginta, loca arida atque vasta esse cog- 
 noverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus oppidi potitus 
 foret, omnes asperitates supervadere, ac naturam etiam 
 vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari 
 jubet, nisi frumento dierum decern; ceterum utres modo 
 et alia aquee idonea portari. Prseterea conquirit ex agris, 
 quam plurimum potest domiti pecoris, eoque imponit vasa 
 cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta ex tuguriis 
 Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis 
 fugam Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae 
 portaret: diem locumque, ubi praesto forent, praedicit. 
 Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam oppido aquam supra 
 diximus, jumenta onerat : eo modo instructus ad Tha- 
 lam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo 
 Numidis praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, 
 tanta repente coelo missa vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo 
 exercitui satis superque foret. Praeterea commeatus spe 
 amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova deditione, 
 officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia 
 magis usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit ; nam 
 rati sese dis immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero 
 die, contra opinionem Jugurthae, ad Thalam perveniunt. 
 Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos crediderant, 
 magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum 
 pa rare : idem ncstri facere. 
 
 TiXXVI. Sed rex, nihil jam infectum Metello credens, 
 quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, denique 
 
JUGURTHA. 59 
 
 naturam ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, industria vicerat, 
 cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu 
 profugit. Neque postea in uUo loco ampliiis uno die aut 
 una nocte moratus, simulabat sese negotii gratia prop- 
 erare ; ceteriim proditionem timebat, quam vitare posse 
 coleritate putabat : nam talia consilia per otium et ex 
 o])portunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio 
 intentos, simul oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, 
 vallo fossaque moenia circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia 
 maxime idoneis vineas agei'e, aggerem jacere, et super 
 aggerem impositis turribus, opus et administros tutari. 
 Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare : prorsus ab utris- 
 que nihil reliquum fieri. Denique Romani, multo ante 
 labore proeliisque fatigati, post dies quadraginta, quam eo 
 ventum erat, oppido modo potiti : praeda omnis a perfugis 
 corrupta. li postquam murum arietibus feriri resque suas 
 afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quas prima 
 ducuntur, domum regiam comportant : ibi vino et epulis 
 onerati, illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt ; et 
 quas victi ab hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes 
 pependere. 
 
 LXXVIL Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex op- 
 pido Lepti ad Metellum venerant, orantes, * uti praesidium 
 praefectumque eo mitteret : Hamilcarem quemdam, hom- 
 inem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum 
 quern neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent : 
 ni id festinaret, in summo periculo suam salutem, illorum 
 socios fore/ Nam Leptitani jam inde a principio belli 
 Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam mise- 
 rant, amicitiam societatemque rogatum: deinde, ubi ea 
 impetrata, semper boni fidelesque mansere, et cuncta a 
 
 Bes'iia, Albino Metelloque imperata nave fecerant. Ita- 
 
 6* 
 
60 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 que ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, adepti, et missae 
 eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annms praefectus. 
 
 LXXVIII. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos 
 accepimus profugos ob discordias civiles navibus in eos 
 locos venisse : ceterum situm inter duas Sj^rtes, quibus 
 nonien ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in ex- 
 trema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura : quorum 
 proxima terrse prasalta sunt; cetera, uti fors tulit, alta, 
 alia in tempestate, vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse, 
 et sasvire ventis coepit, limum arenamque et saxa ingentia 
 fluctus trahunt : ita facies locorum cum ventis simul mu- 
 tatur. Syrtes ab tractu nominatae. Ejus civitatis lingua 
 modo conversa connubio Numidarum : leges cultusque 
 pleraque Sidonica, quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul 
 ab imperio regis aetatem agebant. Inter illos et frequen- 
 tem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. 
 
 LXXIX. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitano- 
 rum negotia venimus, non indignum videtur egregium 
 atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium memo- 
 rare: eam rem nos locus admonuit. Qua tempestate Car- 
 thaginienses pleraeque Africas imperitabant, Cyrenenses 
 quoque magni atque opulenti fuere. Ager in medio 
 arenosus, una specie : neque flumen, neque mons erat, 
 qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno di- 
 uturnoque bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque le- 
 giones, item classes saepe fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros 
 aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne mox victos victoresque 
 defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias sponsionem faci« 
 unt, * uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur : quo ir: 
 loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis ukiusque pop- 
 uli finis haberetur.' Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missis 
 quibus nomen Philaenis erat, maturavere iter pergire: 
 
JUGURTHA. 61 
 
 Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id socordiane an casu accid- 
 ent, parum cognovi : ceterum solet in illis locis tempes- 
 tas hand secus atque in mari retinere. Nam ubi per loca 
 sequalia et nuda gignentium ventus coortus arenam humo 
 excitavit, ea magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere 
 solet : ita, prospectu impedito, morari iter. Postquam 
 Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident, et ob rem 
 corruptam domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginien 
 ses ante tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem, deni- 
 que omnia malle, quam victi abire. Sed quum Poeni 
 aliam conditionem, tantummodo aequam, peterent, Grse- 
 ci optionem Carthaginiensibus faciunt, ' ut vel illi, quos 
 fines populo suo peterent, ibi vivi obruerentur, vel eadem 
 conditione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros.' Phi- 
 laeni, conditione probata, seque vitamque suam reipublicae 
 condonavere : ita vivi obruti. Carthaginienses in eo loco 
 Philasnis fratribus aras consecravere : aliique illis domi 
 honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo. 
 
 LXXX. Jugurtha postquam, amissa Thala, nihil satis 
 firmum contra Metellum putat, per magnas solitudines 
 cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad Gaetulos, genus hom- 
 inum ferum incultumque, et eo tempore ignarum nom- 
 inis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit, ac 
 paulatim consuefacit ordines habere, signa sequi, imperi- 
 um observare, item alia militaria facere. Prseterea regis 
 Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus pro- 
 missis ad studium sui perducit; quis adjutoribus regem 
 aggressus impellit, uti adversum Romanes bellum suscip 
 iat. Id ea gratia facilius proniusque fuit, quod Bocchus 
 initio hujusce belU legates Romam miserat, foedus el 
 amicitiam petitum : quam rem opportunissimam incepto 
 bello pauci impediverant, caeci avaritia, quis omnia, ho- 
 
62 C. CmSPl SALLUSTII 
 
 nesta atque inhonesta, vendere mos erat. Etiam antea 
 Jugurthse filia Bocchi nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo 
 apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia singuli, 
 pro opibus quisque, quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, 
 alii plures habent, sed reges eo amplius. Ita animus 
 multitudine distrahitur; nulla pro socia obtinet; pariter 
 omnes viles sunt. 
 
 LXXXL Igitur in locum ambobus placitum exercitus 
 conveniunt. Ibi, fide data et accepta, Jugurtha Bocchi 
 animum oratione accendit : * Romanos injustos, profunda 
 avaritia, communes omnium hostes esse: eandem illos 
 causam belli cum Boccho habere, quam secum et cum 
 aliis gentibus, libidinem imperitandi, quis omnia regna 
 adversa sint : tum sese, paulo ante Cartbaginienses, item 
 Person regem, post, uti quisque opulentissimus videatur, 
 ita Romanis hostem fore.' His atque aliis talibus dictis, 
 ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus 
 praedam captivosque et impedimenta locaverat : ita Ju- 
 gurtha ratus, aut, capta urbe, operae pretium fore ; aut, 
 si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, proelio sese certaturos. 
 Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem immi- 
 nuere, ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet. /> 
 
 LXXXII. Imperator postquam de regam societate 
 (!;ognovit, non temere, neque, uti, saspe jam victo Jugur- 
 tha, consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam facit 
 ceteriim baud procul ab Cirta, castris munitis, reges op- 
 peritur ; melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is 
 novus hostis accesserat, ex commodo pugnam facere. 
 Interim Roma per litteras certior fit provinciam Numidiam 
 Mario datam ; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. 
 Quis rebus supra bonum atque honestum perculsus, neque 
 lacrymas tenere, neque moderari linguam : vir egregius 
 
JUGURTHA. 63 
 
 m aliis artibus nimis molliter aegritudinem pati. Quam 
 rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii bonum ingenium 
 contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victo- 
 ria ex manibus eriperetur : nobis satis cognitum est, ilium 
 magis honore Marii quam injuria sua excruciatum, neque 
 tam anxie laturum fuisse, si adempta provincia alii quam 
 Mario traderetur. 
 
 LXXXIII. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitise 
 videbatur alienam rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad 
 Bocchum mittit, postulatum, ' ne sine causa hostis populo 
 Romano fieret: habere tum magnam copiam societatis 
 amicitiaeque conjungendse, quae potior bello esset : quam- 
 quam opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta 
 pro certis mutare : omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum 
 aegerrime desinere : non in ejusdem potestate initium 
 ejus et finem esse ; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere ; 
 deponi, quum victores velint. Proinde sibi regnoque suo 
 consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis 
 misceret.' Ad ea rex satis placide verba facit : ' sese 
 pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae fortunarum misereri; s"i 
 eadem illi copia fieret, omnia conventura.' Rursus im- 
 perator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit : ille pro- 
 bare partim, aha abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque 
 missis remissisque nuntiis tempus procedere, et ex Me- 
 telli voluntate bellum intactum trahi. 
 
 LXXXIV. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima 
 plebe consul factus, postquam ei provinciam Numidiam 
 populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, tum vero 
 multus atque ferox instare : singulos modo, modo uni- 
 verses laedere ; dictitare ' sese consulatum ex victis illis 
 spolia cepisse ;' alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis 
 dolentia. Interim, quae bello opus erant, prima habere : 
 
64 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 postulare legionibus supplementum, auxilia a populis et 
 regibus sociisqiie arcessere : praeterea ex Latio fortissi- 
 mum quemque, plerosque militise, paucos fama cognitos, 
 accire, et ambierido cogere homines emeritis stipendiis 
 secum proficisci. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adver- 
 sus erat, de uUo negotio abnuere audebat: ceterum sup- 
 plementum etiam Isetus decreverat ; quia neque plebi 
 militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli usum aut 
 studia vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata : tanta 
 libido cum Mario eundi plerosque invaserat. Sese quis- 
 que prseda locupletem fore, victorem domum rediturum, 
 alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant, et eos non paulum 
 oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam, omnibus, 
 quae postulaverat, decretis, milites scribere vult, hor- 
 tandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti consueverat, exag- 
 itandi, concionem populi advocavit; deinde hoc mode 
 disseruit. 
 
 LXXXV. " Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem 
 artibus imperium a vobis petere, et, postquam adepti sunt, 
 gerere : primo industries, supplices, medicos esse ; deinde 
 per ignaviam et superbiam setatem agere. Sed mihi 
 contra ea videtur : nam quo pluris est, universa respub- 
 lica quam consulatus aut prsetura, eo majore cura illam 
 administrari, quam hsec peti, debere. Neque me falht, 
 quantum cum maximo beneficio vestro negotii sustine- 
 am. Bellum parare simul, et a3rario parcere ; cogere ad 
 militiam eos, quos nolis offendere ; domi forisque omnia 
 curare ; et ea agere inter invidos, occursantes, factiosos, 
 opinione, Quirites, asperius est. Ad hoc alii si dehquere, 
 vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et af- 
 finium opes, multas clientela3, omnia ha3C praesidio ad- 
 sunt : mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est 
 
JUGURTHA. 65 
 
 et \drlute et innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. 
 Et illud intelligo, Quirites, omnium ora in me conversa 
 esse : aequos bonosque favere, quippe benefacta mea 
 reipublicae procedunt ; nobilitatem locum invadendi quasr 
 ere. Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, iit neque vos 
 capiamini, et illi frustra sint. Ita ad hoc setatis a pue- 
 ritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam. 
 Qu2e ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti, ac- 
 cepta mercede, deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. 
 Illis difficile est in potestatibus temperare, qui per am- 
 bitionem sese probos simulavere : mihi, qui omnem 
 aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex con- 
 suetudine in naturam vertit. Bellum me gerere cum 
 Jugurtha jussistis ; quam rem nobilitas segerrime tulit. 
 Quseso, reputate cum animis vestris, num id mutari 
 melius sit, si quem ex illo globo nobiUtatis ad hoc aut 
 aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapiae 
 ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut 
 in tant^ re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat 
 aliquem ex populo monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque 
 evenit, ut, quem vos imperare jussistis, is sibi imperato- 
 rem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, post- 
 quam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Grsecorum mil- 
 itaria praecepta lege re cosperint; proeposteri homines; nam 
 gerere quam fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius 
 est. Comparate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia 
 me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, 
 eorum partem vidi, aha egomet gessi : quae iUi litteris, ea 
 ego militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta 
 pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam ; ego illorum 
 ignaviam : mihi fortuna, illis probra objectantur. Quam- 
 quam ego naturam unam et communem omnium existi- 
 
66 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 mo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum. Ac si 
 jam ex patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, * mene 
 an illos ex se gigni maluerint,' quid responsuros creditis, 
 nisi, ' sese liberos quam optimos voluisse V Quod si jure 
 me despiciunt, faciant idem majoribus suis, quibus, utl 
 mihi, ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo ; 
 ergo invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, 
 quoniam per hoBC ilium cepi. Verum homines corrupt! 
 superbia ita setatem agunt, quasi vestros honores con- 
 temnant ; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae illi 
 falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter exspectant, ig- 
 navioB voluptatem et prsemia virtutis. Atque etiam 
 quum apud vos aut in senatu verba faciunt, pleraque 
 oratione majores sues extollunt; eorum fortia facta 
 memorando clariores sese putant : quod contra est. Nam 
 quanto vita illorum prseclarior, tanto horum socordia 
 flagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habet : majorum glo- 
 ria posteris quasi lumen est; neque bona eorum neque 
 mala in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei ego inopiam patior, 
 Quirites ; verum, id quod multo prseclarius est, meamet 
 facta mihi dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. 
 Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arrogant, id mihi ex mea non 
 concedunt ; scilicet, quia imagines non habeo, et quia 
 mihi nova nobihtas est, quam certe peperisse melius est, 
 quam acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, 
 si jam mihi respondere vehnt, abunde illis facundam el 
 compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro bene 
 ficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, 
 non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam 
 duceret. Nam me quidem, ex animi mei sententia, nulla 
 oratio Isedere potest : quippe vera necesse est bene pras* 
 dicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant, Sed quoni 
 
JUGURTHA. 67 
 
 am vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum hono- 
 rem et maximum negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam 
 reputate, num eorum poenitendum sit. Non possum, 
 fidei causa imagines, neque triumphos aut consulatus 
 majorum meorum ostentare ; at, si res postulet, hastas, 
 vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona ; prceterea cicatri- 
 ces adverso corpore. Hae sunt meee imagines, haec no- 
 bilitas, non haereditate relicta, ut ilia illis, sed quae ego met 
 plurimis laboribus et periculis quoesivi. Non sunt com- 
 posita mea verba ; parum id facio '; ipsa se virtus satis 
 ostendit : illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione 
 tegant. Neque litteras Groecas didici : parum placebat 
 ^as discere, quippe qu^e ad virtutem doctoribus nihil prof- 
 uerunt. At ilia multo optima reipublicae doctus sum, 
 fiostem ferire, praesidia agitare, nihil m.etuere nisi turpem 
 famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requies- 
 cere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His 
 ego praeceptis milites hortabor, neque illos arte colam, 
 me opulenter; neque gloriam meam laborem illorum 
 faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque, 
 quum tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cog- 
 ere, id est dominum, non imperatorem esse. Haec atque 
 talia majores vestri faciendo seque remque publicam cel- 
 ebravere. Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, 
 nos, illorum aemulos, contemnit ; et omnes honores, non 
 ex merito, sed quasi debitos, a vobis repetit. Ceteriim 
 homines superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum om- 
 nia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memo- 
 riam sui praeclaram : virtutem non reliquere ; neque pote- 
 rant: ea sola neque datur dono, neque accipitur. *Sordi- 
 dum me et incultis moribus' aiunt, quia parum scite con- 
 vivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris pretii 
 
68 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 coquum quam villicurn habeo. Quae mihi libet confi- 
 teri, Quirites, nam ex parente meo, et ex aliis Sanctis 
 viris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem con- 
 venire; omnibusque bonis oportere plus glorias quam divit- 
 iarum esse ; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. Quiii 
 ergo, quod juvat, quod carum sestimant, id semper faci- 
 ant ; ament, potent : ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi se- 
 nectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimse 
 parti corporis : sudorem, pulverem, et alia talia relinquani 
 nobis, quibus ilia epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum non 
 est ita : nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, 
 bonorum prsemia ereptum eunt. Ita injustissime luxuria 
 et ignavia, pessimse artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil offic- 
 iunt, reipublicae innoxiae cladi sunt. Nunc, quoniam illis, 
 quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia poscebant, res- 
 pondi, pauca de republica loquar. Primum omnium de 
 Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites. Nam quae ad 
 hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis, 
 avaritiam, imperitiam, superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi 
 est locorum sciens ; sed mehercule magis strenuus quam 
 felix ; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate du- 
 cum attrita est. Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris est 
 aetas, adnitimini mecum, et capessite rempublicam: neque 
 quemquam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum super- 
 bia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in proelio, con- 
 suitor idem et socius periculi, vobiscum adero; meque 
 vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram. Et profecto, diis 
 juvantibus, omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus * 
 quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei- 
 publicae subvenire decebat. Etenim ignavia nemo im- 
 mortalis factus, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti aeterni 
 forent, optavit ; magis, uti boni honestique vitam exige- 
 
JUGURTHA. 69 
 
 rent. Plura dicerem, Quirites, si tiaiidis virtutem verba 
 adderent ; nam strenuis abuiide dictum puto." 
 
 LXXXVI. Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius post- 
 quam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu, 
 stipendio, armis, aliis utilibus naves onerat : cum his A 
 Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites 
 scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti 
 cuj usque libido erat, capite censos plerosque. Id factum 
 alii inopia bonorum, alii per ambitionem consulis memo- 
 rabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et 
 homini potentiam quserenti egentissimus quisque oppor- 
 tunissimus, cui neque sua curae, quippe quas nulla sunt, 
 et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius 
 cum aliquanto majore numero, quam decretum erat, in 
 African! profectus, paucis diebus Uticam advehilur. Ex- 
 ercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato: nam Metellus 
 conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita ani- 
 mus tolerare nequiverat. 
 
 LXXXVIL Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohorti- 
 busque auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et prseda onustum 
 proficiscitur, omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein cas- 
 tella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; 
 proelia multa, ceterum levia, alia aliis locis facere. Inte- 
 rim novi milites sine metu pugnas adesse, videre fugientes 
 capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis 
 libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi, gloriam 
 atque divitias quasri. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque 
 coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi 
 de adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles 
 abeunt. Ita Jugurthae placuerat, speranti mox effusos 
 hostos invadi posse, Romanos, sicuti plerosque, remote 
 metU;, laxius licentiiisque futuros. 
 
70 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 LXXXVIII. Metellus interea Romam profectus, con- 
 tra spem suam Isetissimis animis excipitur, plebi patri- 
 busque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. !Sed 
 Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res par- 
 iter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra 
 esset, explorare itinera regum, consilia et insidias ante- 
 venire, nihil apud se remissum neque apud illos tutum 
 pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham, ex sociis nostris 
 prasdas agentes, saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, ip- 
 sumqiie regem baud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exue- 
 rat. Quae postquam gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandi 
 cognovit, statuit urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus 
 et adversiim se opportunissimae erant, singulas circum- 
 venire : ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis nudatum, si ea pat- 
 eretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios 
 ad eum saepe miserat, ' velle populi Romani amicitiam : 
 ne quid ab se hostile timeret.' Jd simulaveritne, quo 
 improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem 
 atque bellum mutare solitus, parum exploratum est. 
 
 LXXXIX. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castella- 
 que munita adire ; partim vi, alia metu aut praemia os- 
 tentando, avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo mediocria 
 gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in ma- 
 nus venturum. Sed ubi ilium procul abesse, et aliis ne- 
 gotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi 
 tempus visum est. Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppi- , 
 dum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa, cujus conditoi 
 Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugur 
 tham immunes, levi imperio, et ob ea fidelissimi habe- 
 bantur; muniti adversum hostes non moenibus modo et 
 armis att]ue viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum as 
 peritate. Nam, praeter oppido propinqua, alia omnia vas- 
 
JUGURTHA. 71 
 
 la, inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum 
 vis, sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi acrior ; ad hoc 
 natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti mag's quam alia 
 re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium maxima cupido 
 invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera 
 videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria 
 ceperat, baud dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod 
 apud Thalam non longe a moenibus aliquot fontes erant, 
 Capsenses una modo, atque ea intra oppidum, jugi aqua, 
 cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae 
 procul a mari incultiiis agebat, eo facilius tolerabatur, 
 quia Numidse plerumque lacte et ferina carne vesceban- 
 tur, et neque salem neque alia irritamenta guise qua3re- 
 bant: cibus illis adversiim famem atque sitim, non libidini 
 neque luxurise erat. 
 
 XC. Igitur consul, omnibus exploratis, credo, dis fre- 
 tus ; (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis provi- 
 dere non poterat ; quippe etiam frumenti inopia tentaba- 
 tur, quod Numidse pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo 
 student, et quodcumque natum fuerat, jussu regis in loca 
 munita contulerant ; ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus 
 ea tempestate, nam ^statis extremum erat) ; tamen pro 
 rei copia satis providenter exornat : pecus omne, quod 
 superioribus diebus prasdae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis 
 agendum attribuit : A. Manlium legatum cum cohortibus 
 expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commea- 
 tum locaverat, ire jubet, dicitque ' se praedabundum post 
 paucos dies eodem venturum.' Sic incepto suo occultato, 
 pergit ad flumen Tanam. 
 
 XCI. Ceterum in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui pei 
 centurias, item turmas aequaliter distribuerat, et, ex coriis 
 
 utres uti fierent, curabat : simul et inopiam frumenti 
 
 7 # 
 
72 C. CmSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 *enire, et, ignaris omnibus, parare, quae mox usui forent 
 Denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxi- 
 ma vis utrium effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento posi- 
 tis, milites cibum capere, atque, uti simul cum occasu 
 solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus sarcinis 
 abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, 
 postquam tempus visum, castris egreditur, noctemque 
 totam itinere facto, consedit : idem proxima facit. Dein 
 tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in locum tu 
 mulosum, ab Capsa non amplius duum millium . inter- 
 vallo, ibique, qi5am occultissime potest, cum omnibus 
 copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies coepit, et Numidae, nihil 
 hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente omnem 
 equitatum, et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere 
 ad Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet : deinde ipse inten- 
 tus propere sequi, neque milites praedari sinere. Quae 
 postquam oppidani cognovere, res trepidae, metus ingens, 
 malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra moenia in 
 hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ce- 
 terum oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, 
 alii omnes venum dati, prasda militibus divisa. Id facinu« 
 contra jus belli non avaritia neque scelere consulis ad- 
 missum : sed quia locus Jugurthag opportunus, nobis aditu 
 difRcilis ; genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque 
 beneficio neque metu coercitum. 
 
 XCII. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum 
 incommode patravit, magnus et clarus antea, major et 
 clarior haberi ccepit. Omnia, non bene consulta modo, 
 verum etiam casu data in virtutem trahebantur ; milites 
 modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes, ad coelum 
 ferre ; Numidae magis quam mortalem timere ; posiremo 
 omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam 
 
JUGURTHA. 73 
 
 esse, aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi. Sed consul, ubi 
 ea res bene evenit, ad alia oppida pergit : pauca, repug- 
 nantibus Numidis, capit, plura, deserta propter Capsen- 
 siiim miserias, igni corrumpit : luctu atque caede omnia 
 complentur. Denique multis locis potitus, ac plerisqiie 
 exercitu incruento, aliam rem aggreditur, non eadem 
 asperitate, qua Capsensium, ceterum baud secus diffici- 
 lem. Namque baud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod Ju- 
 gurtbo3 Boccbique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram 
 planitiem mons saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in 
 immensum editus, uno perangusto aditu relicto; nam 
 omnis natura, velut opere atque consulto, prseceps. Quern 
 locum Marius, quod ibi regis tbe^auri erant, summa vi 
 capere intendit. Sed ea res forte, quam consilio, melius 
 gesta. Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, mag- 
 na vis frumenti et fons aquae ; aggeribus turribusque et 
 aliis machinationibus locus importunus; iter castellanorum 
 angustum admodum, utrimque prsecisum. Vineae cum 
 ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulum 
 processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur : milites 
 neque pro opere consistere, propter iniquitatem loci, neque 
 inter vineas sine periculo administrare : optimus quisque 
 cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus augeri. 
 
 XCIII. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus con- 
 sumptis, anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne in- 
 ceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam opperiretur, 
 qua soepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies 
 noctesque sestuans agitaret, forte quidam Ligus, ex cohor- 
 tibus auxiliariis niiles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, 
 baud procul ab latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus 
 erat, animum advertit inter saxa repentes cochleas : qua- 
 rum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret, studio 
 
74 . C. CRISPl SALLUSTIl 
 
 legend! paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus est. 
 Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more ingenii humani 
 cupido difficilia faciendi animum vertit. Et forte in eo 
 loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa, paululum modo 
 prona, deinde flexa atque aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta 
 gignentium natura fert : cujus ramis modo, modo eminen- 
 tibus saxis nisus Ligus, in castelli planitiem pervenit, 
 quod cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant. Ex- 
 ploratis omnibus, quse mox usui fore ducebat, eadem 
 regreditur, non teinere, uti escenderat, sed tentans om- 
 nia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta 
 edocet ; hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, cas- 
 tellum tentet ; pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. 
 Marius cum Ligure, promissa ejus cognitum, ex prsesen- 
 tibus misit ; quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, ita rem^ 
 difRcilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Gonsulis animus ta- 
 men paulum arrectus. Itaque ex ©brfi^ tubicinum et cor- 
 nicinum numero quinque quam velocissimos delegit, et 
 cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor centuriones, omnes- 
 que Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem 
 constituit. 
 
 XCIV. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis 
 compositisque omnibus ad locum pergit. Ceterum illi, 
 qui ascensuri erant, prasdocti ab duce, arma ornatum- 
 que mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospec- 
 tus nisusque per saxa faciliiis foret : super terga gladii et 
 scuta, verum ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia 
 simul, et ofTensa quo levius streperent. Igitur praegre- 
 diens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate radices eminebant, 
 laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites faciliiis escende- 
 rent: interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu: 
 ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos pra:) se inermes 
 
JUGURTHA. 75 
 
 mittere, deinde ipse cum illorum arniis sequi : quas dubia 
 nisu videbantur, potissimus tentare, ac saepius eadem 
 ascendens descendensque, dein statim digrediens, ceteris 
 audaciam addere. Igitur, diii multumque fatigati, tan-, 
 dem in castellmn perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, 
 quod omnes, sicuti aliis diebus, adversum hostes aderant. 
 Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quas Ligus egerat, cognovit, 
 quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas habuerat, 
 turn vero cohortatus milites, et ipse extra vineas egres- 
 sus, testudine acta succedere, et simul hostem tormentis 
 sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus terrere. At Nu- 
 midas, saepe antea vineis Romanorum subversis, item in- 
 censis, non castelli mcenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro 
 muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis, ac 
 Mario vecordiam objectare, militibus nostris Jugurthae 
 servitium minari, secundis rebus feroces esse. Interim 
 omnibus Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, magna 
 utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute 
 certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere : ac primo mu- 
 lieres et pueri, qui visum processerant, fugere ; deinde, 
 uti quisque muro proximus erat, postremo cuncti, armati 
 inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani in- 
 stare, fundere, ac plerosque tantummodo sauciare ; dein 
 super occisorum corpora vadere, avidi glorias certantes 
 murum petere, neque quemquam omnium prasda mo- 
 rari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex cul 
 pa invenit. 
 
 XCV. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor 
 cum magno equitatu in castra venit : quos uti ex Latio 
 et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus erat. Sed quoniam 
 nos tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum est, de natura 
 cultuque ejus paucis dicere : neque enim alio loco de 
 
76 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 Sullae rebus dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et 
 diligentissime omnium, qui eas res dixere, persecutus 
 parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur Sulla 
 gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam exstincta 
 majorum ignavia : litteris Graecis ac Latinis juxta, atque 
 doctissime, eruditus ; animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, 
 sed glorias cupidior, otio luxurioso esse ; tamen ab nego- 
 tiis nunquam voluptas remorata, nisi quod de uxore potuit 
 honestius consuli : facundus, callidus, et amicitia facilis : 
 ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis : multa- 
 rum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque illi feli- 
 cissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super 
 industriam fortuna fuit; multique dubitavere, fortior an 
 felicior esset : nam, postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, 
 pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere. 
 
 XCVL Igitur Sulla, ut supra dictum est, postquam in 
 Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis 
 antea et ignarus belli, solertissimus omnium in paucis 
 tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne ap- 
 pellare ; multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare bene- 
 ficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes 
 mutuum, reddere, ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id lab- 
 orare, ut illi quam plurimi deberent; joca atque seria 
 cum humillimis agere ; in operibus, in agmine atque ad 
 vigilias multus adesse, neque interim, quod prava am- 
 bitio solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, 
 tantummodo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium 
 pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus et artibus brevi 
 Mario militibusque carissimus factus. 
 
 XCVII. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam ali- 
 osque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam pe 
 cuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, *quam 
 
JUGURTHA. n 
 
 primum in Numidiam copias adduceret ; prcelii faciendi 
 tempus adesse.' Quern ubi cunctari accepit, et dubium 
 Nelli atque pacis rationes trahere, rursus, uti antea, prox- 
 ^Tios ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique Mauro pollicetur Nu- 
 midise partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, aut, 
 iiitegris suis finibus, bellum compositum foret. Eo pra3- 
 mio illectus Bocchus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham 
 accedit. Ita amborum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam 
 in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte die reliqua, 
 invadunt, rati noctem, qu33 jam aderat, et victis sibi mu- 
 nimento fore, et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento, quia 
 locorum scientes erant; contra Romanis utrumque ca- 
 sum in tenebris difRciliorem fore. Igitur simul consul ex 
 multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi hostes ade- 
 rant ; et priusquam exercitus aut instrui, aut sarcinas col- 
 ligere, denique antequam signum aut imperium ullum 
 accipere quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie 
 neque uUo more proelii, sed catervatim, uti quosque fors 
 conglobaverat, in nostros incurrunt. Qui omnes trep- 
 idi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutes memores, aut arma 
 capiebant, aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant: 
 pars equos ascendere, obviam ire hostibus : pugna latro- 
 cinio magis quam proelio similis fieri : sine signis, sine 
 ordinibus equites pedites permixti caedere alios, alios 
 obtruncare ; multos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, 
 ab tergo circumvenire : neque virtus neque arma satis 
 tegere, quod hostes numero plures et undique circmfusi 
 erant. Denique Romani veteres et ob ea scientes belli, 
 si quos locus aut casus conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque 
 ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instructi hostium 
 im sustentabant. 
 XCVIII. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius ter- 
 
78 ^ C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 ritus, aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit; sej 
 cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam famil- 
 larissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laboranti- 
 bus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi ob- 
 stiterant, invadere ; manu consulere militibus, quoniam 
 imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. Jamque 
 dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remit- 
 tere, atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, 
 acriiis instare. Turn Marius ex copia rerum consilium 
 trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus esset, colles duos 
 propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris pa- 
 rum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportu- 
 nus quia magna parte editus et praeceps pauca munimen- 
 ta quaerebat. Ceterum apud aquam Sullam cum equit 
 ibus noctem agitare jubet : ipse paulatim disperses mil- 
 ites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis, in unum contra- 
 hit, dein cunctos pleno gradu in collem subducit. Ita 
 reges, loci difficultate coacti, prcelio deterrentur ; neque 
 tamen sues longius abire sinunt, sed, utroque coUe mul- 
 titudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris ig- 
 nibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari suo more laetari, 
 exsultare, strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non 
 fugerent, pro victoribus agere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis, 
 ex tenebris et editioribus locis facilia visu, magnoque 
 hortamento erant. 
 
 XCIX. Plurimiim vero Marius imperitia hostium con- 
 firmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet; ne 
 signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere. Deinde, 
 ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo ante 
 somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, tur- 
 marum, legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, 
 milites clamorem tollere atque portis erumpere. Mauri 
 
JUGURTHA. 79 
 
 atque Gsetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu repente exciti, 
 neque fugere, neque arma capere, neque omnino facere 
 aut providere quidquam poterant: ita cunctos strepilu, 
 clamore, nuUo subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, 
 terrore, formido, quasi vecordia, ceperat. Denique om- 
 nes fusi fugatique : arma et signa militaria pleraque cap- 
 ta; pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus in- 
 terempti : nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga. 
 
 C. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, 
 quas propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere de- 
 creverat. Neque tamen victoria socors aut insolens factus, 
 sed, pariter ac in conspectu hostium, quadrato agmine in- 
 cedere. Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos, in sinistra A. 
 Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, pr^terea co- 
 hortes Ligurum curabat ; primos et extremos cum expe- 
 ditis manipulis tribunos locaverat. Perfugas, minime carl 
 et regionum scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Si- 
 mul consul, quasT nuUo imposito, omnia providere, apud 
 omnes adesse, laudare, increpare merentes. Ipse arma- 
 tus intentusque, item milites cogebat ; neque secus, atque 
 iter facere, castra munire, excubitum in porta cohortes 
 ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios mittere, pras- 
 teroa alios super vallum in munimentis locare : vigilias 
 ipse circumire» non tarn difRdentia futurum, qu£e im- 
 peravisset, quam uti militibus exsequatus cum impera- 
 tore labos volentibus esset. Et sane Marius illoque aliis- 
 que temporibus Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo 
 exercitum coercebat: quod multi per ambitionem fieri 
 aiebant, pars, quod a pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia, 
 quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset: nisi ta- 
 men respublica pariter ac ssevissimo imperio, bene atque 
 decore gesta. 
 
 8 
 
80 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 CI. Igitur quarto denique die, baud longe ao oppido 
 Cirta undique simul speculatores citi sese ostendunt, 
 qua re hostes adesse intelligitur. Sed quia diversi rede- 
 untes, alius ab alia parte, atque omnes idem significa- 
 bant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret^ 
 nullo ordine comnriiitato, adversum omnia paratus ibi- 
 dem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham spes frustrata, qui copias 
 in quatuor partes distribuerat, ratus ex omnibus seque 
 aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, quern 
 primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et 
 quam maxime confertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros inva- 
 dunt ; ceteri in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis 
 corpora tegere, et, si qui in manus venerant, obtruncare. 
 Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum peditibus, 
 quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, 
 in itinere morati, adfuerant, postremam Romanorum 
 aciem invadunt. Tum Marius apud primos agebat, quod 
 ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat. Dein Numida, cognito 
 Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites convertit : 
 ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didiceiat) excla- 
 mat, ' nostros frustra pugnare ; paulo ante Marium sua 
 manu interfectum :' simul gladium sanguine oblitum osten- 
 dere, quem in pugna, satis impigre occiso pedite nostro, 
 cruentaverat. Quod ubi milites accepere, magis atroci- 
 tate rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari ani- 
 mos tollere, et in perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. 
 Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum Sulla, profligatis 
 iis, quos adversum ierat, rediens ab latere Mauris incurrit. 
 Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare 
 suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit, cir 
 cumventus ab equitibus, dextra, sinistra omnibus occisis, 
 solus inter tela hostium vitabundus erumpit. Atque inter 
 
^ JUGURTHA. 81 
 
 im Marius, fugatis equitibus, accurrit auxilio suis, quos 
 pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi 
 Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus : sequi, 
 fugere, occidi, capi ; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi, 
 vulneribus acceptis, neque fugere posse, neque quietem 
 pati; niti modo, ac statim concidere: postremo omnia, 
 qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter 
 ea humus infecta sanguine. 
 
 CII. Postea loci consul, baud dubie jam victor, perve- 
 nit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat. 
 E6 post diem quintum, quam iterum barbari male pug- 
 naverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis verbis ab 
 Mario petivere, ' duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret : 
 velle de suo et de populi Romani commodo cum iis dis- 
 serere.' Ille statim L. Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. 
 Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen placuit verba apud 
 regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent, aut 
 cupidum pacis vehementiiis accenderent. Itaque Sulla, 
 cujus facundise, non setati a Manlio concessum, pauca 
 verba hujuscemodi locutus : 
 
 " Rex Bocche, magna nobis Isetitia est, quum te talem 
 virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem quam bellum 
 malles ; neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium Jugurtha 
 miscendo commaculares ; simul nobis demeres acerbam 
 necessitudinem, pariter te erranlem et ilium sceleratissi- 
 mum persequi. Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio 
 melius visum, amicos quam servos quaerere : tutiusque 
 rati, volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi vero nulla 
 opportunior nostra amicitia: primum quod procul absu- 
 mus, in quo offensae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope ad- 
 essemus: dein, quod parentes abunde habemus, amicorum 
 ' neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis fuit. Atque 
 
82 C. CRISPI SALLUSTIT 
 
 noc utinam a principio tibi placuisset ! Profecto ex pop- 
 ulo Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, 
 qaam mala perpessus es. Sed quoniam humanarum re 
 rum Fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet placuisse te et 
 vim et gratiam nostram experiri, nunc, quando per illam 
 licet, festina, atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque op- 
 portuna habes, quo facilius errata ofRciis superes. Pos- 
 tremo hoc in pectus tuum demitte, nunquam populum Ro- 
 manum beneficiis victum esse ; nam, bello quid valeat, 
 tute scis." 
 
 Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro 
 delicto suo verba facit : * Se non hostili animo, sed ob 
 regnum tutandum arma cepisse : nam Numidiae partem, 
 unde vi Jugurtham expulerit, jure belli ^uam factam; 
 earn vastari a Mario pati nequivisse: prseterea, missis 
 antea Romam legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum 
 Vetera omittere, ac tum, si per Marium liceret, legatos 
 ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta, animus bar- 
 bari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione 
 SuUse et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis cor- 
 ruperat. 
 
 CIII. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernis composito, 
 cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur 
 in loca sola, obsessum turrim regiam, quo Jugurtha per- 
 fugas omnes pra^sidium imposuerat. Tum rursus Boc- 
 chus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus prceliis venerant, 
 seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha 
 reliquerat, ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, 
 quorum et fides cognita, et ingenia validissima erant. 
 Eos ad Marium, ac deinde, si placeat, Romam legatos ire 
 jubet ; agendarum rerum, et quocumque modo belli com* 
 oonendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiber- 
 
JUGURTHA. 83 
 
 4 
 
 na Romanorum proficiscuntur : deinde in itinere a Gas- 
 tulis latronibus circumventi spoliatique, pavidi, sine de- 
 core ad Sullam perfugiunt, quern consul in expeditionem 
 proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat. Eos ille non pro 
 vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter 
 Iiabuit ; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae 
 falsam, et Sullam, ob munificentiam in sese, amicum rati. 
 Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota erat; munificus 
 nemo putabatur, nisi pariter volens; dona omnia in benig- 
 nitate habebantur. Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchipat- 
 efaciunt ; simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi 
 adsit : copias, fidem, magnitudinem regis sui, et alia, quae 
 aut utilia, aut benevolentiae credebant, oratione extollunt : 
 dein, Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, quo modo apud Marium, 
 item apud senatum, verba facerent, circiter dies quadra- 
 ginta ibidem opperiuntur. 
 
 CIV. Marius postquam, confecto, quo intenderat, nego- 
 tio, Cirtam redit, de advent u legatorum certior fact us, 
 illosque et Sullam ab Utica venire jubet, item L. Bellie- 
 numpraBtorem,praeterea omnes undique senatorii ordinis; 
 quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit, quis legatis potes- 
 tas eundi Romam ab consule, interea induciae postula- 
 bantur. Ea Suite et plerisque placuere : pauci ferocius 
 decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum rerum, quae fluxae 
 et mobiles semper in ad versa mutantur. Ceterum Mau- 
 ri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti sunt, cum 
 Cn. Octavio Rufo, qui quaestor stipendium in Africam 
 porta verat: duo ad regem redeunt. Ex his Bocchus 
 quum cetera, turn maxime benignitatem et studium Sul- 
 lae libens accepit. Romae legatis ejus, postquam * errasse 
 regem, et Jugurthae scelere lapsum,' deprecati sunt, ami- 
 
 citiam et feed us petentibus hoc modo respondetur. " Sen- 
 
 8* 
 
84 e. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 • 
 
 atus et populus Romanus beneficii et injuriae memor esso 
 solet : ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, delicti gratiam 
 facit : fcedus et amicitia dabuntur, quum meruerit." 
 
 CV. Quis rebus cognitis, Bocchus per litteras a Marie 
 petivit, ' uti Sullam ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu do 
 communibus negotiis consuleretur.' Is missus cum prae- 
 sidio equitum atque peditum, item funditorum Belearium : 
 prceterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus 
 armis, itineris properandi causa ; neque his secus atque 
 aliis armis adversum tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, 
 muniti. Sed in itinere, quinto denique die, Volux, filius 
 Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non am- 
 plius equitibus sese ostendit ; qui temere et effuse eunteb' 
 Sullae aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero, et 
 hostilem metum efficiebant. Igitur se quisque expe- 
 dire, arma atque tela tentare, intendere : timer aliquan- 
 tus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, 
 quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum prae- 
 missi, rem, uti erat, quietam nuntiant. 
 
 CVI. Volux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicitque * se 
 a patre Boccho obviam iUis simul, et praBsidio missum.* 
 Deinde eum et proximum diem sine metu conjuncti eunt 
 Post, ubi castra locata, et diei vesper erat, repente Mau- 
 rus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit, dicitque 
 * sibi ex speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham baud procul 
 abesse :' simul, ' uti noctu clam secum profugeret,' rogat 
 atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat ' se totiens fusum 
 Numidam pertimescere : ' virtuti suorum satis credere : 
 etiam si certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius,quamprod- 
 itis, quos ducebat, turpi fuga incertae ac forsitan post 
 paulo morbo interiturse vitae parceret.' Ceterum ab eo- 
 dem monitus, * uti noctu proficiscerentur,' consilium appro- 
 
JUGURTHA. 85 
 
 bat : ac statim * milites coenatos^ esse, in castris ignes 
 quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silsntio egredi' 
 jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus, Sulla 
 pariter cum ortu solis castra metabatur, quum equites 
 Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter duum millium inter- 
 vallo ante consedisse. Quod postquam auditum est, turn 
 vero ingens metus nostros invadit : credere se proditos a 
 Voluce et insidiis circumventos : ac fuere, qui dicerent 
 manu vindicandum, neque apud ilium tantum scelus inui- 
 tum relinquendum. 
 
 CVIL At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen 
 ab injuria Maurum prohibet. Suos hortatur, ' uti fortem 
 animum gererent : saepe ante paucis strenuis adversum 
 multitudinem bene pugnatum : quanto sibi in prcelio 
 minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore : nee quemquam 
 decere, qui manus armaverit, ab inermis pedibus auxili- 
 um petere, in maximo metu nudum et caecum corpus ad 
 hostes vertere.' Deinde Volucem, quoniam hostiliafac 
 eret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque per- 
 fidiae Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille 
 lacrymans orare, ' ne ea crederet : nihil dolo factum, ac 
 magis calliditate Jugurthas, cui, videlicet speculanti, iter 
 suum cognitum esset. Ceterum, quoniam neque ingen- 
 tem multitudinem haberet, et spes opesque ejus ex patre 
 suo penderent, credere ilium nihil palam ausurum, quum 
 ipse filius testis adesset : quare optimum factum videri, 
 per media ejus castra palam transire: sese, vel praemissis 
 vel ibidem relictis Mauris, solum cum Sulla iturum.' Ea 
 res, ut in tali negotio, probata : ac statim profecti, quia 
 de improviso acciderant, dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha, 
 incolumes transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, f^uo ire in- 
 tenderant, perventum est. 
 
86 C. CmSPI SALLUSTII 
 
 CVIII. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nom 
 *ne, multum et familiariter agebat ; prsemissus ab Jugur- 
 tha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, orator, et sub- 
 dole speculatum Bocchi consilia : prasterea Dabar, Mas- 
 sugradse filius, ex gente Masinissse, ceterum materno 
 genere impar (nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat) 
 Mauro ob ingenii multa bona carus acceptusque. Quem 
 Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante tempestatibus 
 expertus, illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit, 'paraium sese 
 facere, quas populus Romanus vellet: colloquio diem, 
 iOCum, tempus ipse deligeret ; consulta sese omnia cum 
 illo integra habere: neu Jugurthas legatum pertimesceret ; 
 quo res communis licentius gereretur; nam ab insidiis 
 ejus alitor caveri nequivisse.' Sed ego comperior Boc- 
 chum magis Punica fide, quam ob ea, quae praedicabat, 
 simul Romanes et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse, multum- 
 que cum animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis, 
 an illi Sullam traderet : libidinem adversum nos, metum 
 pro nobis suasisse. 
 
 CIX. Igitur Sulla respondit, *pauca coram Aspare 
 locuturum ; cetera occulte, aut nullo aut quam paucissi- 
 mis praesentibus ;' simul edocet, quae sibi responderentur. 
 Postquam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit * se missum a 
 consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agita- 
 turus foret.' Tum rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, ' post diem 
 decimum redire' jubet; * ac nihil etiam nunc decrevisse/ 
 sed illo die responsurum :' deinde ambo in sua castra 
 digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a 
 Boccho occulte arcessitur: ab utroque tantummodo fidi 
 interpretes adhibentur ; praeterea Dabar internuntius, 
 sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus : ac statim sic rex 
 incipit : 
 
JUGURTHA. 87 
 
 ex. " Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus 
 in hac terra et omnium, quos novi, privato homini gra- 
 tiam deberem. Et, mehercule, Sulla, ante te cognitum, 
 multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nuUius in- 
 digui. Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego lae- 
 tor : fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae, qua apud 
 animum meum nihil carius habeo. Id adeoexperiri licet* 
 arma, viros, pecuniam, postremo quidquid animo libet, 
 sume, utere: et, quoad vivos, nunquam tibi reditam gra- 
 tiam putaveris; semper apud me integra erit: denique 
 nihil, me sciente, frustra voles. Nam, ut ego existimo, 
 regem armis quam munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum. 
 Ceteriim de republica vestra, cujus curator hue missus es, 
 paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo Romano neque feci, 
 neque factum unquam volui : fines meos adversum arma- 
 tos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita pla- 
 cet : gerite, uti vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flu men 
 Mulucham, quod inter me et Micipsam fuit, non egrediar, 
 neque Jugurtham id intrare sinam. Prseterea, si quid 
 meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis." 
 
 CXI. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice ; de pace 
 et de communibus rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi 
 patefecit, * quod poUiceatur, senatum et populum Roma- 
 num, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in gratiam 
 habituros; faciendum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam 
 sua retuUsse videretur. Id adeo in promptu esse, quo- 
 niam Jugurthae copiam haberet : quem si Romanis trad- 
 idisset, fore, uti illi plurimum deberetur; amicitiam, 
 foedus, Numidise partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro 
 adventuram.' Rex primo negitare : * affinitatem, cogna- 
 tionem, praeterea foedus intervenisse: ad hoc metuere, ne, 
 .fluxa fide usus, popularium animos averteret, quis et Ju- 
 
88 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 gurtha caras, et Romarii invisi erant:' denique ssepius 
 fatigatus, lenitur, et ex voluntate Sullse ' omnia se factu- 
 rum' promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujiis 
 Numida, defessus bello, avidissimus, quae utilia visa, con- 
 stituunt. Ita, composito dolo, digrediuntur. 
 
 CXII. At rex postero die Asparem, Jugurthas legatum, 
 appellat, dicitque * sibi per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, 
 posse conditionibus bellum poni: quamobrem regis sui 
 sententiam exquireret.' Hie laetus in castra Jugurthae ve- 
 nit. Deinde, ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere, 
 post diem octavum redit ad Bocchum, et ei nuntiat ' Ju- 
 gurtham cupere omnia, quae imperarentur, facere, sed 
 Mario parum fidere : saepe antea cum imperatoribus Ro- 
 manis pacem conventam frustra fuisse. Ceterum Boc- 
 chus, si ambobus consultum, et ratam pacem vellet, daret 
 operam, ut una ab omnibus, quasi de pace, in colloquium 
 veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam traderet. Quum talem vi- 
 rum in potestatem habuisset, tum fore, uti jussu senatus 
 atque populi Romani foedus fieret : neque hominem nobi- 
 lem, non sua ignavia sed ob rempublicam in hostium 
 potestate, relictum iri.' 
 
 CXIII. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem 
 promisit. Ceterum dolo an vere cunctatus, parum com- 
 perimus : sed pleriimque regiae voluntates, ut vehementes, 
 sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae. Postea, tempore et 
 loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Boc- 
 chus Sullam modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, 
 benigne habere, idem ambobus polliceri : illi pariter laeti, 
 ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, quae proxima fuit 
 ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus, adhibitis amicis, 
 ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis, dicitur secum 
 ipse multa agitavisse, vultu corporis pariter atque animo 
 
JUGURTHA. 89 
 
 varius : quas scilicet, tacente ipso, occulta pectoris pate- 
 fecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam arcessiri jubet, et ex 
 ejus sententia Numidae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi dies 
 advenit, et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham baud procul 
 abesse ; cum paucis amicis et qusestore nostro, quasi ob- 
 vius honoris causa, procedit in tumulum facillimum visu 
 insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis 
 suis inermis, uti dictum erat, accedit ; ac statim, signo 
 dato, undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtrun- 
 cati : Jugurtha Sullae vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium 
 deductus est. 
 
 CXIV. Per idem tempus adversum Gallos, ab ducibus 
 nostris Q. Caspione et Cn. Manlio male pugnatum : quo 
 metu Italia omnis contremuerat. Ibique et inde usque ad 
 nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere : ' alia omnia 
 virtuti suae prona esse ; cum Gallis pro salute, non pro 
 gloria certare.' Sed postquam bellum in Numidia con- 
 fectum, et Jugurtham vinctum adduci Romam nuntiatum 
 est, Marius consul absens factus, et ei decreta provincia 
 Gallia : isque calendis Januariis magna gloria consul tri- 
 umphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo 
 sitss. 
 
C. CRISPI 
 SALLUSTII 
 
 BELLUM CATILINARIUM, 
 
 SITE 
 
 DE CONJURATIONECATILINiE. 
 
 I. Omnes homines, qui sese student prsestare ceteris 
 animalibus, summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio 
 transeant, veluti pecora, quae natura prona atque ventri 
 obedientia finxit. [Sed nostra ononis vis in animo et 
 coi-pore sita estj^animi imperio, corporis servitio magis 
 utimur: alterum nobis cum dis, alterum cum belluis 
 commune est. Quo mihi rectius videtur ingenii quam 
 virium opibus gloriam quoerere, et, buoniam vita ipsa, 
 qua fruimur, brevis est, memoriam nostri quam max- 
 ime longam efficere. | Nam divitiarum et formse gloria 
 fluxa atque fragilis est ; virtus clara asternaque habetur. 
 Sed diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine cor- 
 poris an virtute animi res militaris magis procederet; 
 nam et, prius quam incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulue- 
 ris, mature facto opus est. Ita utrumque per se indigens, 
 alterum alterius auxilio eget. 
 
 II. Igitur initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id 
 piimum fuit) diversi, pars ingenium, alii corpus exerce- 
 bant: etiamtum vita hominum sine cupiditate agitaba- 
 tur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero quam in 
 Asia Cyrus, in Grascia I^acedaemonii et Athenienses 
 
 91 9 
 
92 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 coepere urbes atque nationes subigere, libidinem domi. 
 nandi causam belli habere, maximam gloriam in maximo 
 imperio putare ; turn demum periculo atque negotiis com- 
 pertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quod si 
 regum atque imperatorum animi virtus in pace ita uti in 
 bello valeret, ^quabilius atque constantius sese res hu- 
 manse haberent ; neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac 
 misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium facile his arti- 
 bus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro 
 labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque 
 superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immuta- 
 tur. Ita imperium semper ad optimum quemque a mi- 
 nus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, navigant, 
 sedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales, 
 dediti yentri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam, 
 sicuti peregrinantes, transiere ; quibus profecto contra 
 naturam corpus voluptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego 
 vitam mortemque juxta sestimo, quoniam de utraque sile- 
 tur. Verum enimvero is demum mihi vivere atque frui 
 anima videtur, qui, aliquo negotio intentus, prasclarifacin- 
 oris aut artis bonse famam quserit. Sed in magna copia 
 rerum aliud ahi natura iter ostendit. 
 
 III. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicse ; etiam bene 
 dicere baud absurdum est; vel pace vel bello clarum 
 fieri licet ; et qui fecere, et qui facta alioruQi scripsere, 
 multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem, tametsi haudqua- 
 quam paF glc^ria sequitur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, 
 tamen in primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere : pri- 
 mum, quod facta dictis sunt exsequanda ; dehinc, quia 
 plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, malevolentia et in- 
 vidia dicta putant ; ubi de magna virtute et gloria bono- 
 rum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo 
 
C A T I L I N A . 93 
 
 animo accipit; supra ea, veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. Sod 
 ego adolescentulus initio, sicuti plerique, studio ad lem- 
 publicam latus sum, ibique mihi ad versa multa fuere. 
 Nam pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, 
 largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quas tametsi animus asper- 
 nabatur, insolens malarum artium, tamen_inter tanta 
 vitia imbecilla setas ambitione xjorrupta tenebatur; ac 
 me, quum ab reliquis malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo 
 minus honoris cupido eademque, quae ceteros, fama atque 
 invidia vexabat. — 
 
 IV. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque pericu- 
 lis requievit, et mihi reUquam setatem a repubUc^ procul 
 habendam decrevi, non fuit consihum socordia atque 
 desidia bonum otium conterere ; neque vero agrum co- 
 lendo aut venando, serviHbus officiis, intentum setatem 
 agere ; sed a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala de- 
 tinuerat, eodem regressus, staUii res gestas popuU Romani 
 carptim, ut quseque memona digna videbantur, perscrib- 
 ere ; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus reipub- 
 licae animus hber erat. Igitur de CatiHnae conjuratione, 
 quam verissime potero, paucis abspjvam. Nam id faci- 
 nus in primis ego memorabile existimo sceleris atque 
 pericuK novitate. De cujus hominis moribus pauca priiis 
 explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. 
 
 V. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi 
 et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic 
 ab adolescentia beila intestina, csedes, rapinse, discordia 
 civiHs grata fuere, ibique juventutem suam exercuit. 
 Corpus patiens inediae, vigihae, algoris, supra quam cui- 
 quam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, 
 cujus rei hbet simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, 
 sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquentiae, 
 
94 C. CRISPI SAi.,LUSTII 
 
 sapientias parum. Vastus animus immoderata, incredi- 
 DiSa, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post domina- 
 tionem Lucii Suite libido maxima invaserat reipublica) 
 capiendae ; neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi 
 regnum pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatui 
 magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris 
 et conscientia scelerum ; qua3 utraque his artibus auxerat, 
 quas supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti civ- 
 itatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxu- 
 ria atque avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, 
 quoniam de moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, supra 
 repetere, ac paucis instituta majorum domi militiseque, 
 quomodo rempublicam habuerint, quantamque rejique- 
 rint, ut paulatim immutata, ex pulcherrima pessima ac 
 flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere. 
 
 VVI. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque 
 habuere initio Trojani, qui, Aenea duce, profugi sedi- 
 bus incertis vagabantur; cumque his Aborigines, genus 
 hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, liberum at- 
 que solutum. Hi postquam in una moenia convenere, 
 dispari genere, dissimiU lingua, alius alio more viventes, 
 incredibile memoratu est, quam facile coaluerint. Sed 
 postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, satis 
 prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque mor- 
 talium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur 
 reges populique finitimi bello tentare, pauci ex amicis 
 auxilio esse ; nam ceteri metu perculsi a pericuUs abe- 
 rant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti fcstinare, 
 parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, liber- 
 tatem, patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi 
 pericula virtute propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia 
 Dortabant ; magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis 
 
C A T I L I N A . 95 
 
 amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen im- 
 perii regium habebant: delecti, quibus corpus anms m- 
 firmum, ingenium sapientia validum erat, teipublicae con- 
 sultabant. Hi vel aetate vel curag similitudine Patres 
 appellabantiir. Post, ubi regium imperium, quod initio 
 conserva^dfe libertatis atque augendae reipublicae fuerat, 
 in superbiam dominationemque convertit, immutato mo- 
 re, annua imperia binosque imperatores sibi fecere. Eo 
 modo minime posse putabant per licentiam insolescere 
 animum humanum. 
 
 VII. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extol- 
 lere, magisque ingenium in prompt u habere. Nam regi- 
 bus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, semperque his alie- 
 na virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incrgdibile mem- 
 oratu est, adepta libertate, quantum brevi creverit : tanta 
 cupido glories incesserat. Jam primum juventus, simulac 
 belli patiens erat, in castris per laboris usum militiam 
 discebat ; magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis, 
 quam in scortis atque conviviis, libidinem habebant. 
 Igitur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus ullus 
 asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus : 
 virtus omnia domuerat. Sed glorioe maximum certamen 
 inter ipsos erat : sic se quisque hostem ferire, murum as- 
 cendere, conspici, dum tale facinus faceret, properabat ; 
 eas divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem 
 putabant ; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant ; gloriam 
 ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare pos- 
 sem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias populus 
 Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natura munitas 
 pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto tra- 
 
 heret. 
 
 VIII. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea 
 
 9* 
 
1 
 
 96 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 res cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero celebrat ob- 
 scuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti ego existimo, 
 satis amplas magnificaeque fuere ; verum aliquanto mino- 
 res tamen, quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere 
 ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe- 
 niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui 
 ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum verbis eam potu- 
 ere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nun- 
 quam ea copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque nego- 
 tiosus maxime erat : ingenium nemo sine corpore exer- 
 cebat; optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab aliis 
 bene facta laudari, quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 
 ^*IX. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur: 
 Concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat; jus bonumque 
 apud eos non iegibus magis quam natura valebat. Jur- 
 gia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant; cives ^ 
 cum civibus de virtute certabant: in suppliciis deorum I S 
 magnifici, domi parci, in amicis fideles erant. Duabus' 
 his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, eequitate 
 seque remque pubHcam curabant. Quarum rerum ego 
 maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius 
 vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 
 pugnaverant, quique tardiiis, revocati, proeHo excesserant, 
 quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi loco, cedere ausi 
 erant; in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis quam metu 
 imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ignoscere quam 
 persequi malebant. 
 
 X. Sed ubi labore atque justitia respublica crevit, reges 
 magni bello domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi 
 subacti, Carthago, asmula imperii Romani, ab stirpe in- 
 teriit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, saevire fortuna 
 ac miscere omnia ca3pit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias 
 
CATILINA. 91 
 
 atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his olium, divitiae, 
 optandae alias, oneri miseriseque fuere. Igitur primo pe- 
 cuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit : ea quasi materies 
 omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, prob- 
 itatem, ceterasque artes bonas subvertit ; pro his super- 
 biam, crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia ha- 
 bere edocuit. Ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri sub- 
 egit; aliud clausum in pectore, aliad in lingua promptum 
 habere ; amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re sed ex com- 
 modo sestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum 
 habere. Hasc primo paulatim crescere, interdum vindi- 
 cari : post, ubi contagio, quasi pestilentia, invasit, civitas 
 immutata ; imperium ex justissimo atque optimo crudele 
 intolerandumque factum, ^-i— 
 
 XL Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos 
 hominum exercebat, quod tamen vitium propius virtu- 
 tem erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium bonus et 
 ignavus asque sibi exoptant ; sed ille vera via nititur, 
 huic quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis con- 
 tendit. Avaritia pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo 
 sapiens concupivit : ea, quasi venenis malis imbuta, cor- 
 pus animumque virilem efFeminat; semper infinita, in- 
 satiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed 
 postquam L. Sulla, armis recepta republica, bonis initiis 
 malos eventus habuit, rapere omnes, trahere ; domum 
 alius, alius agros cupere, neque modum neque modes- 
 tiam victores habere^ foeda crudeliaque in cives facinora 
 facere. Hue accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem 
 in Asia ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem 
 majorum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat. Loca 
 amcena. voluptaria, facile in otio feroces militum animos 
 moliiverant. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi Ro- 
 
98 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 mani amare, potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa cselata 
 mirari, ea privatim ac publice rapere, delubra spoliare, 
 sacra profanaque omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, post- 
 quam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil rehqui victis fecere. 
 Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant ; nedum 
 illi corruptis moribus victorise temperarent. 
 
 XII. Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere, et eas glo 
 ria, imperium, potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, 
 paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevolentia 
 duci coepit. Igitur ex divitiis juventutem luxuria atque 
 avaritia cum superbia invasere : rapere, consumere ; sua 
 parvi pendere, ahena cupere ; pudorem, pudicitiam, di- 
 vina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque mode- 
 rati habere. Operas pretium est, quum domes atque 
 villas cognoveris in urbium modum exaedificatas, visere 
 templa deorum, quse nostri majores, religiosissimi mor- 
 tales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domes 
 suas gloria decorabant ; neque victis quidquam proeter 
 injuriae licentiam eripiebant. At hi contra ignavissimi 
 homines, per summum scelus omnia ea sociis adimere, 
 quae fortissimi viri victores hostibus reliquerant ; proinde 
 quasi injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti. 
 
 XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi his, qui videre, 
 nemini credibilia sunt, a privatis compluribus subversos 
 monies, maria constructa esse? Quibus mihi videntui 
 ludibrio fuisse divitiae; quippe, quas honeste habere Hce- 
 bat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido 
 stupri, ganeae ceterique cultus non minor incesseral ; 
 * * vescendi causa terra marique omnia exquirere : 
 dormire prius quam somni cupido esset; non fameni 
 aut sitim, neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperiri, setl 
 ua omnia luxu antecapere. Haec juventutem, ubi fa- 
 
C A T I L I N A . 99 
 
 miliares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. Ani- 
 mus imbutus malis artibus baud facile libidinibus care 
 bat : eo profusius omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui 
 deditus eral. 
 
 XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, i;i 
 quod factu facillimum erat, omnium flagitiorum atque 
 facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, catervas habe- 
 bat. Nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, * * 
 bona patria laceraverat, quique alienam aes grande con- 
 flaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret; praeterea 
 omnes undique parricidae, sacrilegi, convicd judiciis, aut 
 pro factis judicium timentes ; ad hoc, quos manus atque 
 lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat ; postremo om- 
 nes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat ; 
 hi Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis 
 etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quo- 
 tidiano usu atque illecebris facile par simiiisque ceteris 
 efBciebatur. Sed maxime adolescentium familiaritates 
 appetebat ; eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis baud 
 difRculteij capiebantur. Kajn . uti cujjjsque studium ex 
 ffitate flagrabat, aliis scorta preebere, aliis canes atque 
 equos mercari ; postremo neque sumptui neque modesti^ 
 suae parcere, dum illos obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. 
 Scio fuisse nonnullos, qui ita existimarent, juventutem, 
 quae domum Catilinae frequentabat, parum honeste pu- 
 dicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis, quam quod 
 cuiquam id compertum foret, heec fama valebat. 
 
 XV. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda 
 stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestae, 
 alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. Postremo captus 
 amore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus praeter formam nihil 
 imquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, 
 
100 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 timens privignum adulta estate, pro certo creditur, necato 
 filio, vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. Quae qui- 
 dem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse facinoris 
 maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque 
 iniestus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat: 
 ita conscientia mentem excitam vastabat. Igitur colos 
 exsanguis, foedi oculi, citus modo, modo tardus incessus ; 
 prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. 
 
 XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexe- 
 rat multis modis, mala facmora edocebat. Ex illis testes 
 signatoresque falsos commodare ; fidem, fortunas, peric- 
 ula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum' fa mam atque pudo- 
 rem attriverat, majora alia imperabat. - Si causa pec- 
 candi in prsesens minus suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes 
 sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugulare; scilicet, ne per 
 otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito potius 
 malus atque crudelis erat. His amicis sociisque confisus 
 Catilina, simul quod aes alienum per omnes terras ingens 
 erat, et quod plerique SuUani milites, largiiis suo usi, rapi- 
 narum et victorise veteris memores civile bellum exopta- 
 bant, opprimendse reipublicae consilium cepit. In Italia 
 nullus exercitus ; Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum 
 gerebat ; ipsi consulatum petenti magna spes ; senatus 
 nihil sane intentus ; tutse tranquillaeque res omnes ; sed 
 ea prorsus opportuna CatiUnae. ,^ 
 
 XVII. Igitur circiter calendas Junias, L. Csesare et 
 C. Figulo consulibus, primo singulos appellare; hortari 
 alios, alios tentare ; opes suas, imparatam rempublicam, 
 magna pra3mia conjurationis docere. Ubi satis explorata 
 sunt, qua3 voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus max 
 ima necessitudo et plurimum audaciae inerat Eo con 
 venere senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, 
 
CATILINA. 101 
 
 L. Cassius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullae, 
 Servii filii, L. Vargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius La3ca, 
 L. Bestia, Q. Curius ; praeterea ex equestri ordine M 
 Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinias Capito, C. 
 ("ornelius : ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi 
 nobiles. Erant praeterea complures paulo occultius con- 
 silii hujusce participes nobiles, quos magis dominationis 
 spes hortabatur quam inopia aut alia necessitudo. Cet- 
 erum juventus pleraque, sed maxime nobilium, Catilinas 
 inceptis favebat. Quibus in'otio vel magnifice vel mol- 
 liter vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellam quam 
 pacem malebant. Fuere item ea tempestate, qui cred- 
 erent M. Licinium Crassum non ignarum ejus consilii 
 fuisse ; quia Cn. Pompeius, invisus ipsi, magnum exer- 
 citum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius po- 
 tentiam crescere, simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, 
 facile aupd illos principem se fore. 
 
 XVIII. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci contra rem- 
 publicam, in quibus Catilina fuit. De quo, quam veris- 
 sime potero, dicam. L. Tullo, M. Lepido consulibus, P. 
 Autronius et P. Sulla, designati consules, legibus ambitus 
 interrogati poenas dederant. Post paulo Catilina, pecu- 
 niarum repetundarum reus, prohibitus erat consulatum 
 petere, quod intra legitimes dies profiteri nequiverat. 
 Erat eodem tempore Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, sum- 
 mse audacise, egens, factiosus, quern ad perturbandam 
 rempublicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. Cum 
 hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter nonas Decembres, con- 
 silio communicate, parabant in Capitolio calendis Janu- 
 arils L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere ; 
 ipsi, fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obti- 
 nendas duas Hispanias mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus 
 
102 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 in nonas Februarias consilium ca3dis transtulerant. Jam 
 turn non consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus per- 
 niciem machinabantur. Quodni Catilina maturasset pro 
 curia signum sociis dare, eo die post conditam urbem Ro- 
 manam pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia non- 
 dum frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium 
 diremit. 
 
 XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor 
 pro prsetore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infes- 
 tum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. Neque tamen 
 senatus provinciam invitus dederat ; quippe fedum hom- 
 inem a republica procul esse volebat ; simul quia boni 
 complures prsesidium in eo putabant, et jam tum poten- 
 tia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in pro- 
 vincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, 
 iter faciens occisus est. Sunt, qui ita dicunt, imperia 
 ejus injusta, superba, crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati; 
 alii autem, equites illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque 
 clientes, voluntate ejus Pisonem aggressos ; nunquam 
 Hispanos prseterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia soeva 
 multa antea perpessos. Nos earn rem in medio relinque- 
 mus. De superiore conjuratione satis dictum. 
 
 XX. Catilina, ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, 
 convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa seepe egerat, 
 tamen in rem fore credens universos appellare et cohor- 
 tari, in abditam partem sedium secedit ; atque ibi omni- 
 bus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujuscemodi hab- 
 uit. 
 
 "Ni virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, ne- 
 quidquam opportuna res cecidisset; spes magna, domi- 
 natio in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego per ignava 
 aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. Sed 
 
CATILINA. 103 
 
 quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes 
 fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maximum atque pul- 
 cherrimum facinus incipere ; simul quia vobis eadem, 
 quae mihi, bona malaque esse intellexi : nam idem velle 
 atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed, 
 ego quae mente agitavi, omnes jam antea diversi audistis. 
 Ceteriim mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, quum 
 considero, qua? conditio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi 
 vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam respublica in 
 paucorum potentium jus atque ditionem concessit, sem- 
 per ilhs reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse ; populi, nationes 
 stipendia pendere; ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles 
 atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine gratia, sine auctori- 
 tate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica valeret, formidini 
 essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae 
 apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliquere, 
 pericula, repulsas, judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque 
 tandem patiemini, fortissimi viri? Nonne emori per 
 virtutem praestat, quam vitam miseram atque inhones- 
 tam, ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus 
 amittere? Veriim enim vero, pro deum atque hominum 
 fidem ! victoria in manu nobis est ; viget astas, animus 
 valet: contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia consenue- 
 runt. Tantummodo incepto opus est, cetera res ex- 
 pediet. Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium 
 inest, tolerare potest, illis divitias superare, quas profun- 
 dant in exstruendo mari et montibus coaequandis, nobis 
 rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse ? illos binas 
 aut amplius domes continuare, nobis larem familiarem 
 nusquam uUum esse? Quum tabulas, signa, toreumata 
 emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, postremo omnibus 
 
 modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen summa libidine 
 
 10 
 
104 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 divitias vincere nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris 
 35S alienum ; mala res, spes multo asperior. Denique 
 quid reliqui habemus praeter miseram animam? Quin 
 igitur expergiscimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saspe optastis, 
 libertas, prseterea diviti^, decus, gloria in oculis sita 
 sunt ! fortuna omnia ea victoribus prsemia posuit. Res, 
 tempus, pericula, egestas, belli, spolia magnifica magis, 
 quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. Vel imperatore vel 
 milite me utimini: neque animus neque corpus a vobis 
 aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una consul agam ; 
 nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam im- 
 perare parati estis." 
 
 XXL Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala; 
 abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla, 
 tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces videbatur, 
 tamen postulare plerique, uti proponeret, quse conditio 
 belli foret, quse prsemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis 
 aut spei haberent. Tum Catilina polliceri tabulas no- 
 vas, proscriptionem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, 
 rapinas, alia omnia, quse bellum atque libido victorum 
 fert. Prseterea * esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, in 
 Mauritania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii 
 sui participes : petere consulatum C. Antonium, quem 
 sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem et 
 omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum : cum eo se 
 consulem initium agendi facturum.' Ad hoc maledictis 
 increpat omnes bonos, suorum unumquemque nominans 
 laudare; admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis 
 suse, complures periculi aut ignominise, multos victorise 
 Sullanse, quibus ea prsedae fuerat. Postquam omnium 
 animos alacres videt, cohortatus ut petitionem suam 
 curse haberent, conventum dimisit. 
 
CATILINA. 105 
 
 XXII. Fuere ea tempestate, qui diceient Catilinam, 
 oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum populares sceleris 
 sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem vino permix- 
 turn m pateris circumtulisse ; inde, quum post exsecra- 
 tionem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in solemnibus sa- 
 oris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium, suum ; atque eo, 
 dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii 
 tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli ficta et haec et multa 
 praeterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis invidiam, quae 
 postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, 
 qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine pa- 
 rum comperta est. 
 
 XXIII. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus 
 baud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus ; 
 quem censores senatu probri gratia moverant. Huic 
 homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia : neque 
 reticere, quae audierat, neque suamet ipse scelera occul- 
 tare ; prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi 
 habebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri vetus 
 consuetudo : cui quum minus gratus esset, quia inopia 
 minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria montesque 
 polliceri coepit ; minari interdum^ ferro, nisi obnoxia foret; 
 postremo ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, 
 insolentise Curii cadsa cognita, tale periculum reipublica^ 
 baud occultum habuit ; sed, sublato auctore, de Catilino3 
 conjuratione, quae quoque modo audierat, compluribus 
 narravit. Ea res in primis studia hominum accendit ad 
 consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque 
 antea pleraque nobilitas invidia sestuabat, et quasi pollui 
 consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo 
 novus adeptus foret. Sed ubi pericuum advenit, invidia 
 atque superbia post fuere. 
 
106 C. CRISPI SALLUSTIl 
 
 XXIV. Igitur, comitiis habitis, consules declarantur 
 M. Tullius et C. Antonius ; quod factum primo populares 
 conjurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinse furor 
 niinuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma per Italiam 
 locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide 
 sumptam mutuam Fsesulas ad Manlium quemdam por- 
 tare, qui postea princeps fuit belli faciendi. Ea tempes- 
 tate plurimos cuj usque generis homines adscivisse sibi 
 dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo ingentes sump- 
 tus stupro corporis toleraverant, post, ubi setas tantum 
 nriodo quoestui neque luxuries mcdum fecerat, ses alienum 
 grande conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse 
 servitia urbana soUicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum 
 vel adjungere sibi, vel interficere. 
 
 XXV. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe 
 virilis audaciae facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere 
 atque forma, praeterea viro atque liberis satis fortunata 
 fuit : litteris Graecis atque Latinis docta, psallere et sal- 
 tare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, multa aha, 
 quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper 
 omnia quam decus atque pudicitia fuit: pecuniae an 
 famae minus parceret, baud facile discerneres ; libidine 
 sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros, quam peteretur. Sed 
 ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, 
 caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps abie- 
 rat. Verum ingenium ejus baud absurdum ; posse ver- 
 sus facere, jocum movere, sermone uti vel modesto, vel 
 molli, vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque lepos 
 inerat. 
 
 XXVI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo minus Id 
 proximum annum consulatum petebat ; sperans, si desig- 
 natus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Ne- 
 
CATILINA. 107 
 
 que interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias 
 parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus 
 aut astutise deerant. Namque a principo consulatus sui, 
 multa pollicendo per Fulviam, effecerat, ut Q. Curius, 
 de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinas sibi prod- 
 cret. Ad hoc collegam suum Antonium pactione pro- 
 vinciae perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret : cir- 
 cum se prassidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habe- 
 bat. Postquam dies comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque 
 petitio neque insidias, quas consuli in campo fecerat, pros- 
 pere cessere, constituit bellum facere, et extrema omnia 
 experiri, quoniam quae occulte tentaverat, aspera foedaque 
 evenerant. 
 
 XXVII. Igitur C. Manlium Fassulas atque in eam 
 partem Etruri^, Septimium quemdam Camertem in 
 agrum Picenum, C. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; prae- 
 terea alium alio, quern ubique opportunum sibi fore cre- 
 debat. Interea Romae multa simul moliri; consuli in- 
 sidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna loca armatis 
 hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios ju- 
 bere, hortari, uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies 
 noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque la- 
 bore fatigari. Postremo ubi multa agitanti nihil proce- 
 dit, rursus intempesta noctq conjurationis principes con* 
 vocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia 
 eorum questus, docet * se Manlium praemisisse ad eam 
 multitudinem, quam ad capienda arma paraverat, item 
 alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium belH facerent, 
 seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem 
 oppressisset ; eum suis consiliis multum officere.' 
 
 XXVIII. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, C. 
 
 Cornelius, eqiies Romnnn?. opera m suam pollicitus, et 
 
 10* ' 
 
108 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 cum eo L. Vargunteius senator, constituere ea nocte 
 paulo post cum armatis hominibus, sicuti salutatum, in- 
 troire ad Ciceronem, ac de improviso domi suse impara- 
 tum confodere. Curius ubi intelligit, quantum periculi 
 consuli impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, 
 qui parabatur, enuntiat. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tantum 
 facinus frustra susceperant. 
 
 Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate 
 simul ac dolore injuries novarum rerum cupidam, quod 
 Sull85 dominatione agros bonaque omnia amiserat ; pras- 
 terea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione 
 magna copia erat ; nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus 
 libido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fec- 
 erant. 
 
 XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo 
 permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis privato consilio 
 longiiis tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii quantus aut 
 quo consilio foret, satis compertum habebat, rem ad se- 
 natum refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam. 
 Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci negotio solet, senatus 
 decrevit, * darent operam consules, ne quid respublica 
 detrimenti caperet.' Ea potestas per senatum, more Ro- 
 mano, magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare, 
 bellum gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, 
 domi militiseque imperium atque judicium summum ha- 
 bere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli earum rerum consuli 
 jus est. 
 
 XXX. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu 
 litteras recitavit, quas Fsesulis allatas sibi dicebat, in 
 quibus scriptum erat * C. Manlium arma cepisse cum 
 magna multitudine, ante diem sextum calendas Novem- 
 bres.' Simul, id quod in tali re solet. alii portenta atque 
 
CATILINA. 109 
 
 prodigia nuntiabant, alii * conventus fieri, arma portari, 
 Capuae atque in Apulia servile bellum moveri.' Igitur 
 senati decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus 
 Creticus in Apuliam circumque loca missi : hi utrique ad 
 urbem imperatores erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, ca- 
 lumnia paucorum, quibus omnia, honesta atque inhones- 
 ta, vendere mos erat. Sed prsetores Q. Pompeius Ru- 
 fus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in agrum Picenum ; bis- 
 que permissum, * uti pro tempore atque periculo exerci- 
 tum compararent.' Ad hoc, * si quis indicavisset de con- 
 juratione, quae contra rempublicam facta erat, premium' 
 decrevere ' servo libertatem et sestertia centum, libero 
 impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta ;' itemque dec- 
 revere, * uti gladiatoriae familise Capuam et in cetera 
 municipia distribuerentur, pro cujusque opibus ; Romae 
 per totam urbem vigiliae haberentur, bisque minores 
 magistratus praeessent.' 
 
 XXXI. Quibus rebus permota civitas, atque immu- 
 tata urbis facies erat ; ex summa lastitia atque lascivia, 
 quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes tristitia in- 
 vasit ; festinare, trepidare ; neque loco nee homini cui- 
 quam satis credere ; neque bellum gerere, neque pacem 
 habere ; suo quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mu- 
 lieres, quibus relpublicae magnitudine belli timer insolitus 
 inccsserat, afflictare sese, manus supplices ad ccelum ten- 
 dere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia pavere, su- 
 perbia atque deliciis omissis, sibi patriaeque difRdere. At 
 Catilinae crudelis animus eadem ilia movebat, tametsi 
 praesidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus 
 erat ab L. Paulo. Postremo dissimulandi causa et ut 
 sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum 
 venit. Tum M. TuUius consul, sive praesentiam ejus 
 
110 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 timens, sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculenlam 
 atque utilem reipublicae, quam postea scriptam edidit. 
 Sed, ubi ille assedit, Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimu- 
 landa omnia, demisso vultu, voce supplici postulare, 
 * patres conscripti ne quid de se temere crederent : ea 
 familia ortum, ita ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut 
 omnia bona in spe haberet : ne existimarent, sibi, patric- 
 io homini, cujus ipsius atque ma jorum plurima beneficia 
 in plebem Romanam essent, perdita republica opus esse, 
 quum earn servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis 
 Romas.' Ad haec maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere 
 omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furi- 
 bundus : " Quoniam quidem circumventus," inquit, " ab ini- 
 micis prceceps agor, incendium meum ruina reslinguam." 
 
 XXXII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit. Ibi multa 
 secum ipse volvens, quod neque insidiss consuli procede- 
 bant, et ab incendio intelligebat urbem vigiliis munitam, 
 optimum factum credens exercitum augere, ac, priiis 
 quam legiones scriberentur, antecapere, qu^e bello usui 
 forent, nocte intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra 
 profectus est. Sed Cethego atque Lentulo ceterisque, 
 quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, 'quibus 
 rebus possent, opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli 
 maturent, csedem, incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent : 
 sese propediem cum magno exercitu ad urbem accessii- 
 rum.' Dum haec Romae geruntur, C. Manlius ex suo 
 numero legates ad Marcium Regem mittit, cum manda- 
 tis hujuscemodi : 
 
 XXXIII. " Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos 
 arma neque contra patriam cepisse, neque quo periculum 
 aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab injuria tuta 
 forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate 
 
CATILINA. Ill 
 
 fceneratorum plerlque patriae, sed omnes fama atque for- 
 tunis expertes sumus : neque cuiquam nostrum licuit 
 more majorum lege uti, neque, amisso patrimonio, libe- 
 rum corpus habere : tanta saevitia foeneratorum atque 
 prastoris fuit. Saepe majores vestrum miseriti plebis 
 Romanae, decretis suis inopiae opitulati sunt: ac novis^ 
 sime memoria nostra, propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, 
 volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum aere solutum est. 
 Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, aut su- 
 perbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos 
 non imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum 
 causa bella atque certamina omnia inter mortales sunt, 
 sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul 
 amittit. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis mise- 
 ris civibus ; legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eri- 
 puit, restituatis ; neve eam nobis necessitudinem impona- 
 tis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo, maxime ulti sanguinem 
 nostrum, pereamus." 
 
 XXXIV. Ad base Q. Marcius respondit : * Si quid ab 
 senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam sup- 
 plices proficiscantur : ea mansuetudine atque misericor- 
 dia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut 
 nemo unquam ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit.' At 
 Catilina ex itinere plerisque consularibus, praeterea optimo 
 cuique litteras mittit : • Se falsis criminibus circumventum, 
 quoniam factioni inimicorum resistere nequiverit, fortunae 
 cedere, Massib'am in exsilium proficisci: non quo sibi tanti 
 sceleris conscius esset, sed uti respublica quieta foret, neve 
 ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.' Ab his longe diversas 
 litteras Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine 
 Catilinae redditas dicebat : earum exemplum infra scrip- 
 tum est. 
 
112 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 XXXV. " L. Catilina Q. Calulo. Egregia tua fides 
 re cognita gratam in magnis meis periculis fiduciam com- 
 mendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem defensionem in 
 novo consilio non statui parare : satisfactionem ex nulla 
 conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi : quam me dius 
 fidius veram licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque 
 concitatus, quod, fructu laboris industriaeque meas priva- 
 tus, statum dignitatis non obtinebam, publicam misero- 
 rum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi: non quin 
 8BS alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere 
 possem, quum et alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae 
 suis fili^eque copiis persolveret; sed quod non dignos 
 homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa sus- 
 picione alienatum esse sentiebam. Hoc nomine satis 
 honestas pro meo casu spes reliquse dignitatis conservan- 
 dae sum secutus. Plura quum scribere vellem, nuntia- 
 tum est vim mihi parari. Nunc Orestillam commendo, 
 tuaeque fidei trado : eam ab injuria defendas, per libe- 
 ros tuos rogatus. Haveto." 
 
 XXXVL Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud C 
 Flaminium in agro Arretino, dum vicinitatem, antea sol- 
 licitatam, armis exornat ; cum fascibus atque aliis impe- 
 rii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. Haec ubi 
 Romae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium 
 hostes judicat ; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam 
 sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, pra3ter rerum capi- 
 talium condemnatis. Prasterea decernit, 'uti consules de- 
 lect im habeant ; Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam perse- 
 qui maturet; Cicero urbi praesidio sit.' Ea tempestate 
 mihi imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile 
 visum est : cui quum ad occasum ab ortu solis omnia 
 domita armis parerent, domi otium atque divitiae, quae 
 
CATILINA. 113 
 
 prima mortales pufant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qu! 
 seqiie remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent 
 Namque duobus senati decretis,.ex tanta multitudine, ne- 
 que praemio inductus conjurationem patefecerat, neque ex 
 castris Catilinse quisquam omnium discesserat : tanta vis 
 morbi, uti tabes, plerosque civium animos invaserat. 
 
 XXXVII. Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui 
 conscii conjurationis fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes 
 novarum rerum studio Catilinas incepta probabat. Id 
 adeo more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civi- 
 tate, quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis invident, malos ex 
 toUunt; Vetera odere, nova exoptant; odio suarum re- 
 rum mutari omnia student; turba atque seditionibus 
 sine cura aluntur, quoniam egestas facile habetur sine 
 damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero praeceps ierat mul- 
 tis de causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro ai- 
 que petulantia maxime praestabant, item alii, per dedec- 
 ora patrimoniis amissis, postremo omnes, quos flagitium 
 aut facinus domo expulerat, hi Romam, sicuti in senti- 
 nam, confluxerant. Deinde multi memores Sullanag 
 victorise, quod ex gregariis mililibus alios senatores vide- 
 bant, alios ita divites, uti regio victu atque cultu aetatem 
 agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex victoria talia 
 sperabant. Praeterea juventus, quae in agris manuum 
 mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis lar- 
 gitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori praetule- 
 rat : eos atque alios omnes malum publicum alebat 
 Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, malis mori- 
 bus, maxima spe, reipublicae juxta ac sibi consuiuisse. 
 Praeterea quorum victoria Sullae parentes proscripti, 
 bona erepta, jus libertatis imminutum erat, baud sane 
 alio animo belli eventum exspectabant. Ad hoc qui 
 
114 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 cumque aliarum atque senati partium erant, conturbari 
 rempublicam, quam minus valere ipsi malebant. Id adeo 
 malum multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. 
 
 XXXVIIL Nam postquam, Cn. Pompeio et M. Cras- 
 so consulibus, tribunicia potestas restituta est, homines 
 adolescentes, summam potestatem nacti, quibus setas 
 animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando ple- 
 bem exagitare; dein largiendo atque pollicitando magis 
 incendere; ita ipsi clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos 
 summa ope nitebatur pleraque nobilitas, senati specie, 
 pro sua magnitudine. Namque, uti paucis verum ab- 
 solvam, per ilia tempora quicumque rempublicam agi- 
 tavere, honestis nominibus, alii, sicuti populi jura defen- 
 derent, pars, quo senati auctoritas maxima foret, bonum 
 publicum simulantes, pro sua quisque potentia certabant : 
 neque illis modestia, neque modus contentionis erat ; u- 
 trique victoriam crudeliter exercebant. 
 
 XXXIX. Sed postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum 
 maritimum atque Mithridaticum missus est, plebis opes 
 imminutse, paucorum potentia crevit. Hi magistratus, 
 provincias aliaque omnia tenere ; ipsi innoxii, florentes, 
 sine metu aetatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, qui 
 plebem in magistratu placidius tractarent. Sed ubi pri- 
 miim dubiis rebus novandi spes oblata est, vetus cer- 
 tamen animos eorum arrexit. Quod si primo proelio 
 Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto 
 magna clades atque calamitas rempublicam oppressisset ; 
 neque illis, qui victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti 
 Hcuisset, quin defessis et exsanguibus, qui plus posset, 
 imperium atque libertatem extorqueret. Fuere tamen 
 extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio 
 profecti sunt: in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, 
 
CATILINA. 115 
 
 quern retractum ex itinera parens necari jussit. Isdenri 
 temporibus Romse Lentulus, sicuti Catilina prasceperat, 
 quoscumque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos 
 credebat, aut per se aut per alios soUicitabat ; neque 
 solum cives, sed cujusque modi genus hominuin quod 
 niodo bello usui foret. 
 
 XL. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti le- 
 gatos AUobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impellat ad 
 societatem belli ; existimans publice privatimque sere 
 alieno oppresses, praeterea, quod natura gens Gallica bel- 
 licosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. 
 Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque prin- 
 cipibus civitatium notus erat, atque eos noverat : itaque 
 sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, percon- 
 tatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, 
 requirere coepit, ' quern exitum tantis malis sperarent V 
 Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, 
 accusare senatum, quod in eo auxilii nihil esset ; miseriis 
 suis remedium mortem exspectare: "At ego," inquit, 
 " vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua 
 tanta ista mala effugiatis." Heec ubi dixit, Allobroges in 
 maximam spem adducti Umbrenum orare, uti sui miser- 
 eretur : ' nihil tam asperum neque tam difficile esse, quod 
 non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem cere 
 alieno liberaret.' Ille eos in domum D. Bruti perducit, 
 quod foro propinqua erat, neque aliena consilii, propter 
 Semproniam ; nam tum Brutus ab Roma aberat. Prae- 
 terea Gabinium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni 
 inesset. Eo praesente, conjurationem aperit ; nominat 
 socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo 
 legatis animus amplior esset : deinde eos pollicitos ope- 
 ram suam domum dimittit. 
 
 11 
 
116 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 XLI. Sed Allobit)ges diii in incerto habuere, quidnam 
 consilii caperent. In altera parte erat aes alienum^, sta- 
 dium belli, magna merces in spe yictorisd ; at in altera 
 majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe certa prasmia 
 Hsec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna reipublica). 
 Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas pluri- 
 mum utebatur, rem omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. 
 Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, legatis praecepit, ut 
 studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros ade- 
 ant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam 
 maxime manifestos habeant. 
 
 XLII. Isdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque 
 ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia motus erat. 
 Namque illi, quos antea Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte 
 ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul agebant : noctur- 
 nis consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, festi- 
 nando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effece- 
 rant. Ex eo numero complures Q. Metellus Celer prae- 
 tor ex senati consultu, causa cognita, in vincula con- 
 iecerat ; item in ulteriore Gallia C. Murena, qui ei pro- 
 vinciae legatus praeerat. 
 
 XLIII. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes 
 conjurationis erant, paratis, ut videbantur, magnis copiis, 
 constituerant, uti, quum Catilina in agrum Faesulanum 
 cum exercitu venisset, L. Bestia tribunus plebis, con- 
 cione habita, quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique 
 gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli imponeret ; eo signo, 
 proxima nocte cetera multitudo conjurationis suum quis- 
 que negotium exsequeretur. Sed ea divisa hoc modo 
 dicebantur, Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu 
 duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo 
 tumultu facilior aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus 
 
CATILTNA. ill 
 
 msidise parabantur, fieret; Cethegus Ciceronis januam 
 obsideret, eumque vi aggrederetur, alius aatem alium ; 
 sed filii familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars 
 erat, parentes interficerent ; simul, csede et incendio per- 
 culsis omnibus, ad Catilinam erumperent. Inter base 
 parata atque decreta Cethegus semper querebatur de ig- 
 navia sociorum : ' illos dubitando et dies prolatando mag- 
 nas opportunitates corrumpere ; facto, non consulto in tali 
 periculo opus esse ; seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languen- 
 tibus aliis, impetum in curiam facturum.' Natura ferox, 
 vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum bonum in 
 celeritate putabat. 
 
 XLIV. Sed AUobroges ex prsecepto Ciceronis per Ga- 
 binium ceteros conveniunt; ab Lentulo, Cethego, Sta- 
 tilio, item Cassio postulant jusjurandum, quod signatum 
 ad cives perferant : * alitor baud facile eos ad tantum ne- 
 gotium impelli posse.' Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant; 
 Cassius semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur, ac paulo ante 
 legatos ex urbe proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Vol- 
 turcium quemdam Crotoniensem mittit, uti AUobroges, 
 priiis quam domum pergerent, cum CatiHna, data et ac- 
 cepta fide, societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio lit- 
 teras ad Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum 
 est. 
 
 " Quis sim, ex eo, quem ad te misi, cognosces. Fac 
 cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum 
 esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent: auxiHum 
 petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis." 
 
 Ad hoc mandata verbis dat : * quum ab senatu hostis 
 Judicutus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet ? in urbe pa- 
 rata esse, quae jusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse propius acced- 
 
118 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 XLV. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua prof- 
 iciscerentur, Cicero, per legates cuncta edoctus, L. Va- 
 lerie Flacco et C. Pomptino prsetoribus imperat, uti in 
 ponte Mulvio per insidias AUobrogum comitatus depre- 
 hendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur ; 
 cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, hom- 
 ines militares, sine tumultu prassidiis collocatis, sicuti 
 prseceptum erat, occulte pontem obsidunt. Postquam 
 ad id loci legati cum Volturcio venerunt, et simul utrim- 
 que clamor exortus est, Galli, cito cognito consilio, sine 
 mora praetoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo, cohorta- 
 tus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit ; deinde, ubi 
 a legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pompti- 
 num obtestatus, quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac 
 vitse difEdens, velut hostibus sese praetoribus dedit. 
 
 XLVL Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per 
 nuntios consuli declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque 
 iaetitia simul occupavere: nam laetabatur, intelligens, 
 conjuratione patefacta, civitatem periculis ereptam esse ; 
 porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere 
 tantis civibus deprehensis, quid facto opus esset ; poenam 
 illorum sibi oneri, impunitatem perdendae reipublicos fore 
 credebat. Igitur, confirmato animo, vocari ad sese jubet 
 Lentuluii, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, itemque 
 Cceparium quemdam Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad 
 concitanda servitia proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora 
 veniunt* Coeparius, paulo ante dome egressus, cognito 
 indicio, ex urbe. profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod 
 praetor erat, ipse manu tenens perducit; reliquos cum 
 custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire jubet. E6 sena- 
 tum advocat, magnaque frequentia ejus ordinis, Voltur 
 cium cum legatis introducit : Flaccum praetorem sc: W\ 
 
CATILINA. 119 
 
 um cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre 
 jubet. 
 
 XLVIL Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, 
 postremo quid, aut qua de causa, consilii habuisset, pri- 
 me fingere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione ; post, ubi 
 fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti gesta erant, ape- 
 rit ; docetque ' se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Coepa- 
 rio socium adscitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos; 
 tantummodo audire solitum ex Gabinio P. Autronium, 
 Servium Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos prseterea in ea 
 conjuratione esse.' Eadem Galli fatentur, ac Lentulum 
 dissimulantem coarguunt prseter litteras sermonibus, 
 quos ille habere solitus erat : ' ex libris Sibylhnis regnum 
 Romae tribus Corneliis portendi ; Cinnam atque Sullam 
 antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret urbis potiri ; pras- 
 terea ab incenso Capitolio ilium esse vigesimum annum, 
 quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello 
 civiU cruentum fore.' Igitur perlectis litteris, quum pri- 
 us omnes signa sua cognovissent, senatus decernit, ' uti 
 abdicate magistratu Lentulus, itemque ceteri in liberis 
 custodiis haberentur.' Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo Spin- 
 theri, qui turn sedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Sta- 
 tilius C. Caesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Coeparius (nam is 
 paulo ante ex fuga retractus erat) Cn. Terentiopenatori 
 traduntur. 
 
 XL VIII. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae 
 primo cupida rerum novarum nimis bello favebat, muta- 
 ta mente, Catilinae consilia exsecrari, Ciceronem ad coe- 
 lum tollere; veluti ex- servitute erepta, gaudium atque 
 laetitiam agitabat. Namque alia belli facinora praedce 
 magis quam detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele, 
 immoderatum. ac sibi maxime calamitosum putabat; 
 
 11 * 
 
(20 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 quippe cui omnes copiae in usu quotidiano et cultu cor- 
 poris erant. Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad 
 senalam adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscen- 
 tem ex itinere retractum aiebant. Is qaum se diceret 
 indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides publica data esset, 
 jussus a consule, quae sciret, edicere, eadem fere, qune 
 Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de it- 
 inere hostium senatum docet : praeierea * se missum a M. 
 Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret, ne eum Lentulus et Cethe- 
 gus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi terrerent ; eoque 
 magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum 
 animos reficeret, et illi faciliiis e periculo eriperentur.' 
 Sed ubi Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nob- 
 ilem, maximis divitiis, summa potentia, alii rem incredib- 
 ilem rati, pars, tametsi verum existimabant, tamen quia 
 in tali tempore tanta vis hominis lenienda magis quam 
 exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis 
 obnoxii conclamant * indicem falsum esse,' deque ea re 
 postulant, uti referatur. Itaque, consulente Cicerone, 
 frequens senatus decernit, * Tarquinii indicium falsum 
 videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius 
 potestatem faciendam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio 
 tantam rem mentitus esset.' Erant eo tempore, qui ex- 
 istimarent indicium illud a P. Autronio machinatum, quo 
 faciliiis, appellato Crasso, per societatem periculi reliquos 
 illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone im- 
 missiim aiebant, ne Crassus, more suo suscepto malorum 
 patrocinio, rempublicam conturbaret. Ipsum Crassum 
 ego postea praedicantem audivi, ' tantam illam contume- 
 liam sibi ab Cicerone impositam.' 
 
 XLIX. Sed isdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Pise 
 neque preclbus, neque gratia, neque pretio Ciceronem 
 
CATILINA. 12J 
 
 impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges ant per alium indi 
 cem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum 
 illo graves inimicitias exercebant; Piso oppugnatus in 
 judicio pecuniarum repetandarum, propter cujusdam 
 Transpadani supplicium injustum ; Catulus ex petitione 
 pontificatus odio incensus, quod extrema setate, maximis 
 honoribus usus, ab adolescentulo Caesare victus discesse- 
 rat. Res autem opportuna videbatur, quod is privatim 
 egregia liberalitate, publice maximis muneribus grandem 
 pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum faci- 
 nus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo, 
 atque ementiendo, quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus 
 audisse dicerent, magnam illi invidiam conflaverant ; us- 
 que adeo, ut nonnuUi equites Romani, qui praesidii causa 
 cum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi 
 magnitudine, seu animi mobilitate impulsi, quo studium 
 suum in rempublicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu 
 Caesari gladio minitarentur. 
 
 L. Dum hsec in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis Allob- 
 rogum et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum indicio, 
 praemia decernuntur ; liberti et pauci ex clientibus Len- 
 tuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in vicis ad 
 eum eripiendum sollicitabant ; partim exquirebant duces 
 multitudinum, qui pretio rempublicam vexare soliti erant. 
 Cethegus autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos sues, 
 Jectos et exercitatos in audaciam, orabat, ut, grege facto, 
 cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, ubi ea parari 
 cognovit, dispositis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus mone- 
 bat, convocato senatu, refert, * quid de his fieri placeat, 
 qui in custodiam traditi erant.' Sed eos paulo ante fre- 
 quens senatus judicaverat 'contra rempublicam fecisse.' 
 Turn D Junius Silanus, primus sententiam rogatus, quod 
 
122 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 eo tempore consul designatus erat, de his, qui in custodiis 
 tenebantur, prseterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio, P. Umbreno, 
 Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum 
 decreverat : isque postea, permotus oration^ C. Caesaris, 
 pedibus in sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum se dixerat ; 
 quod de ea re, prsesidiis additis, referendum censuerat. 
 Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a 
 consule, hujuscemodi verbg. locutus est. 
 
 LI. " Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus 
 dubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque misericor- 
 dia vacuos esse decet. Hand facile animus verum prov- 
 idet, ubi ilia officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini 
 simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si 
 libido possidet, ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna 
 mihi copia est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui reges 
 atque populi, ira aut misericordia impulsi, male consulue- 
 rint; sed ea malo dicere, quas majores nostri contra libid- 
 inem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Mace- 
 donico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodiorum civi- 
 tas, magna atque magnifica, quae populi Romani opibus 
 creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit : sed postquam, 
 bello confecto, de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, 
 ne quis divitiarum magis, quam injurias causa bellum in- 
 ceptum diceret, impunitos eos dimisere. Item bellis Pu- 
 riicis omnibus, quum saepe Carthaginienses et in pace et 
 per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam 
 ipsi per occasionem talia fecere : magis, quid se dignum 
 foret, quam quid in illis jure fieri posset, quaerebani 
 Hoc idem vobis providendum est, patres conscripti, ne 
 [)Ius valeat apud vos P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus, 
 quam vestra dignitas ; neu magis irae vestrae quam fama3 
 ^'onsulatis. Nam si digna pa^na pro fiictis eorum reperi 
 
CATILINA. 123 
 
 tur, novum consilium approbo ; sin magnitudo sceleris 
 omnium ingenia exsuperat, his utendum censeo, qu^ 
 legibus comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me 
 sentontias dixerunt, composite atque magnifice casum 
 reipublicae miserati sunt : quae belli sasvitia esset, quae 
 victis acciderent enumeravere : rapi virgines, pueros ; 
 divelli liberos a parentum complexu ; matres familiarum 
 pati, quae victoribus collibuissent ; fana atque domes ex- 
 spoliari; caedem, incendia fieri; postremo armis, cada- 
 veribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri. Sed, per 
 deos immortales ! quo ilia oratio pertinuit ? an, uti vos 
 infestos conjurationi faceret ? Scilicet, quem res tanta 
 atque tarn atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet ! 
 Non ita est ; neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae par- 
 vae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo habuere. Sed 
 alia aliis licentia est, patres conscripti. Qui demissi in 
 obscure vitam habent, si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci 
 sciunt ; fama atque fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui mag- 
 no imperio praediti in excelso aetatem agunt, eorum facta 
 cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima 
 licentia est : neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime 
 irasci decet : quee apud alios iracundia- dicitur, ea in 
 imperio superbia atque crudelitas appellatur. Equidem 
 ego sic existimo, patres conscripti, omnes cruciatus mi- 
 nores, quam facinora illorum esse ; sed plerique mortales 
 postrema meminere, et in hominibus impiis sceleris 
 eorum obliti de pi^ena disserunt, si ea paulo severior fuit. 
 D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio, 
 quae dixerit, studio reipublicae dixisse, neque ilium in 
 tanta re gratiam aut inimicitias exercere : eos mores, 
 eam modestiam viri cognovi. Verum sententia ejus mi- 
 hi non crudelis, (quid enim in tales homines crudele fieri 
 
124 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 potest ?) sed aliena a republica nostra videtur. Nam pro- 
 fecto aut metus aut injuria te suhegit, Silane, consuleni 
 designatum, genus poense novum decernere. De timore 
 supervacaneum est disserere, quum prsesertim diligentia 
 clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta preesidia sint in armis. De 
 pa3na possumus equidem dicere, id quod res habet, in 
 luctu atque miseriis mortem eerumnarum requiem, non 
 cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere ; 
 ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per 
 deos immortales ! quamobrem in sententiam non addi- 
 disti, uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur ? An, 
 quia lex Porcia vetat ? At aliae leges item condemnatis 
 civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permitti jubent. 
 An, quia gravius est verberari quam necari t Quid au- 
 tem acerbum aut nimis grave in homines tanti facinoris 
 convictos ? Sin, quia levius est ; qui convenit in minore 
 negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore neglexeris ? 
 At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas reipublicce 
 decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gen- 
 tibus moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit ; 
 ceterum vos, patres conscripti, quid in alios statuatis, 
 considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt ; 
 sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, 
 novum illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos 
 et non idoneos transfertur. Lacedsemonii devictis Athe- 
 niensibus triginta viros imposuere, qui rempublicam eo- 
 rum tractarent. Hi primo ccepere pessimum quemque 
 et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare: ea populus 
 la3tari et merito dicere fieri. Post, ubi paulatim licentia 
 crevit, juxta bonos et males libidinose interficere, ceteros 
 metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute oppressa stultae la^tit- 
 iae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla 
 
C A TIL IN A. 125 
 
 quum Damasippum et alios hujusmodi, qui malo reipub- 
 licse creverant, jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus lau- 
 dabat? 'Homines scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus 
 rempublicam exagitaverant, merito necatos' aiebant. Sed 
 ea res magnae initium cladis fuit : nam uti quisque do- 
 mum aut villam, postremo aut vas aut vestimentum 
 alicujus concupiverat, dabat operam, uti is in proscripto- 
 rum numero esset. Ita illi, quibus Damasippi mors lae- 
 titiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur; neque prius 
 finis jugulandi fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos divitiis ex- 
 plevit. Atque ego haec non in M. TuUio neque his 
 temporibus vereor ; sed in magna civitate multa et varia 
 ingenia sunt. Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item 
 exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro vero.credi. Ubi 
 hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxe- 
 rit, quis iUi finem statuet, aut quis moderabitur ? Majores 
 nostri, patres conscripti, neque consilii neque audaciag 
 unquam eguere ; neque illis superbia obstabat, quo minus 
 aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. Arma 
 atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum 
 ab Tuscis pleraque sumpserunt : postremo quod ubique 
 apud socios aut hostes idoneum videbatur, cum summo 
 studio domi exsequebantur ; imitari quam invidere bonis 
 malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, Graeci^ morem im- 
 itati, verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condem- 
 natis summum supplicium sumebant. Postquam respub-^ 
 lica adolevit, et multitudine civium factiones valuere, 
 circumveniri innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri coepere, 
 tum lex Porcia aliaeque leges paratse sunt, quibus legi- 
 bus exsilium damnatis permissum est. Hanc ego cau- 
 sam, patres conscripti, quo minus novum consilium capi- 
 amus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque 
 
126 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 sapientia major in illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum 
 imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene paiia y/\X 
 retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere exerciturn 
 Catilinae ? Minime ; sed ita censeo : ' publicandas eo- 
 rum pecunias, ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia', 
 quae maxime opibus valent ; neu quis de, his postea ad 
 senatum referat, neve cum populo agat : qui alitor fece- 
 rit, senatum existimare eum contra rempublicam et salu- 
 tem omnium facturum.' " 
 
 LIL Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri ver- 
 bo alius alii varie assentiebantur : at M. Porcius Cato, 
 rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi orationem habuit. 
 
 '* Longe mihi alia mens est, patres conscripti, quum 
 res atque pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias 
 nonnullorum mecum ipse reputo. lUi mihi disseruisse 
 videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, parentibus, aris at- 
 que focis suis bellum paravere : res autem monet cavere 
 ab illis magis quam, quid in illis st^tuamus, consultare. 
 Nam cetera maleficia tum p^rsequare, ubi facta sunt: 
 hoc, nisi provideris, ne accidat, ubi evenit, frustra judicia 
 implores : capta urbe, nihil fit reliqui victis. Sed, per 
 deos immortales ! vos ego appello, qui semper domes, 
 villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rempublicam 
 fecistis, si ista, cujuscumque modi sunt, quae amplex- 
 amini, retinere, si voluptatibus vestris otium praebere 
 vultis, expergiscimini aliquando, et capessite rempub- 
 licam. Non agitur de vectigalibus, neque de sociorum 
 injuriis; libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepe- 
 numero, patres conscripti, multa verba in hoc ordine 
 feci, saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium 
 questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos 
 habeo. Qui mihi atque animo meo nullius unquam de- 
 
CATILINA, 127 
 
 licti gratiam fecissem, baud facile alterius libidini male- 
 facta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi pendeba- 
 tis, tamen respublica firma erat ; opulentia negligentiam 
 tolerabat. Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis 
 moribus vivamus, neque quantum aut quam magnificum 
 imperium populi Romani sit; sed cujus base cumquo 
 modi videntur, nostra, an nobiscum una hostium futura 
 sint* 
 
 " Hie mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordi- 
 am nominat. Jampridem equidem nos vera rerum vo- 
 cabula amisimus, quia bona aliena largiri liberalitas, 
 malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur; eo respub- 
 lica in extreme sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mo- 
 res habent, liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericor- 
 des in furibus serarii : ne illi sanguinem nostrum largian- 
 tur ; et dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, bonos omnes 
 perditum eant. Bene et composite C. Csesar paulo ante 
 in hoc ordine de vita et morte disseruit; credo, falsa 
 exisiimans ea, quae de inferis memorantur ; ' diverse itin- 
 ere males a bonis loca tetra, inculta, foeda atque formid- 
 olosa habere.' Itaque censuit ' pecunias eorum publi- 
 candas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos;' videl- 
 icet timens, ne, si Romae sint, aut a popularibus conju- 
 rationis, aut a multitudine conducta per vim eripiantur. 
 Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in urbe, et 
 non per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit au- 
 dacia, ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare 
 vanum equidem hoc consilium' est, si periculum ex illis 
 metuit ; sin in tanto omnium metu solus non timet, eo 
 magis refert me mihi atque vobis timere. 
 
 " Quare quum de P. Lentulo ceterisque siatuetis, pro 
 certo habetote vos simul de exercitu CatiHnae et de om 
 
 12 
 
128 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 nibus conjuratis derernere. Quanto vos attentius ea 
 agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit: si pauluium 
 modo vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt. 
 Nolite existimare majores nostros armis rempublicam ex 
 parva magnam fecisse. Si ita res esset, multo pulcher- 
 rimam eam nos haberemus : quippe sociorum atque civ- 
 ium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis co- 
 pia quam illis. Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, 
 quae nobis nulla sunt ; domi industria, foris justurn im- 
 perium, animus in consulendo liber, neque delicto neque 
 libidini obnoxius. Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque 
 avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam ; lau- 
 damus divitias, sequimur inertiam ; inter bonos et malos 
 discrimen nullum ; omnia virtutis praemia ambitio possi- 
 det. Neque mirum, ubi vos separatim sibi quisque con- 
 silium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hie pecuniae aut 
 gratiae servitis ; eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam rem- 
 publicam. Sed ego haec omitto. 
 
 " Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam incendere, 
 Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad hel- 
 ium arcessunt ; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput 
 est : vos cunctamini etiam nunc, quid intra moenia dep- 
 rehensis hostibus faciatis? Misereamini, censeo, (deli- 
 quere homines adolescentuli per ambitionem,) atque 
 etiam armatos dimittatis. Ne ista vobis mansuetudo et 
 misericordia, si illi arma ceperint, in miseriam vertet. 
 Scilicet res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam. 
 Immo vero maxime ; sed inertia et mollitia animi alius 
 alium exspectantes cunctamini, videlicet dis immortali- 
 bus confisi, qui banc rempublicam in maximis saepe peric- 
 ulis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus 
 auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene con- 
 
C A T I L I N A . 1^9 
 
 sulendo prospera omnia cedunt: ubi socordiae te atque 
 ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos implores ; irati in- 
 festique sunt. Apud majores nostros T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra impe- 
 rium in hostem pugnaverat, necari jussit, atque ille 
 egregius adolescens, immoderatae fortitudinis, morte poe- 
 nas dedit : vos de crudelissimis parricidis quid statuatis, 
 cunctamini? Videlicet vita cetera eorum huic sceleri 
 obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudi- 
 citise, si famac suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis 
 pepercit: ignosciie Cethegi adolescentiae, nisi iterum 
 patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de Gabinio, Sta- 
 tilio, Coepario loquar ? quibus si quidquam unquam pensi 
 fuisset, non ea consilia de republica habuissent. 
 
 " Postremo, patres conscripti, si mehercule peccato 
 locus esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, quoniam 
 verba comtemnitis ; sed undique circumventi sumus. 
 Catilina cum exercitu faucibus urget; alii intra moenia 
 atque in sinu urbis sunt hostes; neque parari, neque 
 consuli quidquam occulte potest: quo magis properan- 
 dum est. Quare ita ego censeo : * quum nefario con- 
 silio sceleratorum civium respublica in maxima pericula 
 venerit, hique indicio T. Volturcii et legatorum Allobro- 
 gum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia, aliaque 
 se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque para- 
 visse, de confessis, sicuti de manifestis rerum capitaliurri, 
 more majorum supplicium sumendum.' " 
 
 LIII. iPostquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes item- 
 que senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, virtu- 
 tem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios increpantes timi- 
 dos vocant ; Cato clarus atque magnus habetur ; senati 
 decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa le- 
 
130 C. CRISPI SALLUSTIl 
 
 genti, multa audienti, quae populus Romanus domi mi- 
 litiseqae, mari atque terra prseclara facinora fecit forte 
 libuit attendere, qu£e res maxime tanta negotia sustinu- 
 isset. Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis 
 legionibus hostium contendisse ; cognoveram parvis co- 
 piis bella gesta cum opulentis regibus ; ad hoc saepe for- 
 lunae violentiam toleravisse ; facundia Grsecos, gloria 
 belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti 
 constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta 
 patravisse ; eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multi- 
 tudinem paucitas superaret. Sed postquam luxu atque 
 desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus respublica magnitu- 
 dine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vi'da susten- 
 tabat, ac, sicuti effeta parente, multis tempestatibus baud 
 sane quisquam Romae virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria 
 mea, ingenti virtute, diversis moribus fuere viri duo, M. 
 Cato et C. Caesar : quos quoniam res obtulerat, silentio 
 prseterire non fuit consilium, quin utriusque naturam et 
 mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem. 
 
 LIV. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia 
 fuere ; magnitudo animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii. 
 Caesar beneficiis atque munificentia magnus habebatur; 
 integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine et misericordia 
 clarus factus ; huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. Cae- 
 sar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo ; Cato nihil largiendo 
 gloriam adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium; in 
 altero mahs pernicies : illius f?icilitas, hujus constantia 
 laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum induxerat lab- 
 orare, vigilare ; negotiis amicorum intentus, sua neg 
 ligere ; nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset ; sibi 
 magnum imperium, exercitum, novum bellum exopta 
 
 , ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studiunn 
 
CATILINA. 131 
 
 modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non di- 
 vitiis cum divite, neque factione cum factioso, sed cum 
 strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, cum innocente ab- 
 stinentia certabal ; esse quam videri bonus malebat : ita, 
 quo minus gloriam petebat, eo magis sequebatur. 
 
 LV. Poslquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam 
 discessit, consul optimum factum ratus noctem, quas in- 
 stabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novaretur, triumvi- 
 ros, quas supplicium postulabat, parare jubet : ipse, dis- 
 positis praesidiis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit; idem 
 fit ceteris per prsetores. Est locus in carcere, quod Tul- 
 lianum appellatur, ubi paululiim descenderis ad Isevam, 
 circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt 
 undique parietes^ atque insuper camera lapideis fornici- 
 bus vincta, sed incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque ter- 
 ribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus 
 est Lentulus, vindices rerum capitalium, quibus prsecep- 
 tum erat, laqueo gulam fregere. Ita ille patricius, ex 
 clarissima gente Corneliorum, qui consulare imperium 
 Romae habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis exitium 
 vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Coepario 
 eodem modo supplicium sumptum est, 
 
 LVI. Dum ea Romae geruntur, Catilina ex omni co- 
 pia, quam et ipse adduxerat, et Manlius habuerat, duas 
 legiones instituit; cohortes pro numero militum com- 
 plet: deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis in 
 castra venerat, aequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio 
 legiones numero hominum expleverat, quum initio non 
 amplius duobus millibus habuisset. Sed ex omni copia 
 circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis instructa ; cot- 
 eri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas, alii 
 prseacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius cum 
 
 12^ 
 
132 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 exercitu adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere, 
 modo ad urbem, modo in Galliam versus castra movere. 
 hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare: sperabat pro- 
 pediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Romae socii 
 incepta patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus 
 initio ad eum magnas copioe concurrebant, opibus conju- 
 rationis fretus, simul alienum suis rationibus existimans, 
 videri causam civium cum servis fugitivis communica- 
 visse. 
 
 LVII. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romse 
 conjurationem patefactam, de Lentulo, Cethego, ceteris, 
 quos supra memoravi, supplicium sumptum ; plerique, 
 quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum rerum stu- 
 dium illexerat, dilabuntur : reliquos Catilina per montes 
 asperos magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem abdu- 
 cit, eo consilio, uti per tramites occulte perfugeret in Gal- 
 liam. At Q. Metellus Celer cum tribus legionibus in 
 agro Piceno praesidebat, ex difficultate rerum eadem ilia 
 existimans, quae supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. Igi- 
 tur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere 
 movit, ac sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi 
 descensus erat in Galliam properanti. Neque tamen An- 
 tonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu locis 
 sequioribus expeditus in fuga sequeretur. Sed Catilina, 
 postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clau- 
 sum, in urbe res adversas, neque fagae neque praesidii 
 ullam spem, optimum factum ratus in tali re fortunam 
 belli tentare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum con- 
 fligere. Itaque, concione advocata, hujuscemodi ora- 
 tionem habuit. 
 
 LVIII. *' Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba vivtu- 
 tem non addere; neque ex ignavo strenuum, neque 
 
CATILINA. 133 
 
 *oiiem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris fieri. 
 Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus in- 
 est, tanta in bello patere solet : quern neque gloria neque 
 pericula excitant, nequidquam hortere ; timor animi au- 
 ribus officit. ^ Sed ego vos, quo pauca monerem, advo- 
 cavi ; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Scitis 
 equidem, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam 
 ipsi cladem nobisque attulerit ; quoque modo, dum ex 
 urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam proficisci nequiverim. 
 Nunc vero quo in loco res nostras sint, juxta mecum 
 omnes intelligitis. Exercitus hostium duo, unus ab 
 urbe, alter a Gallia obstant : diutius in his locis esse, 
 si maxime animus ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum 
 egestas prohibet. Quocumque ire placet, ferro iter ape- 
 riendum est. Quapropter vos moneo, uti forti atque pa- 
 rato animo sitis, et, quum proelium inibitis, memineritis 
 vos divitias, decus, gloriam, prasterea libertatem atque 
 patriam in dextris vestris portare. Si vincimus, omma 
 nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, coloniae atque 
 municipia patebunt: sin metu cesserimus, eadem ilia 
 adversa fient: neque locus neque amicus quisquam te- 
 get, quern arma non texerint. Praeterea, milites, non 
 eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet: nos pro pa- 
 tria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus : illis supervacaneum 
 est pugnare pro potentia paucorum. Quo audacius ag- 
 gredimini, memores pristinae virtutis. Licuit vobis cum 
 summa turpitudine in exsilio aetatem agere; potuistis 
 nonnulli Romas, amissis bonis, alienas opes exspectare. 
 Quia ilia foeda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, hjec 
 sequi decrevistis. Si haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus 
 est : nemo, nisi victor, pace bellum mutavit. Nam in 
 I'uga salutem sperare, quum arma, quis corpus tegitur, 
 
134 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in 
 prcElio iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent ; 
 audacia pro muro habetur. Quum vos considero, mill- 
 tes, et quum facta vestra SBstimo, magna me spes victo- 
 riae tenet. Animus, setas, virtus vestra me hoitantur, 
 praeterea necessitudo, qu^ etiam timidos fortes facit 
 Nam multitude hostium ne circumvenire queat, prohi* 
 bent angusti^e loci. Quod si virtuti vestrse fortuna in- 
 videritj cavete inulti animam amittatis ; neu capti potius 
 sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnan- 
 tes, cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relin- 
 quatis." 
 
 LIX. Hsec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa 
 canere jubet, atque instructos ordines in locum sequum 
 deducit: deinde, remotis omnium equis, quo militibus, 
 exaequato periculo, animus amplior esset, ipse pedes ex- 
 ercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planit- 
 ies erat inter sinistros montes, et ab dextra rupes as- 
 pera, octo cohortes in fronte constituit, reliqua signa in 
 subsidio artiiis collocat. Ab his centuriones omnes lec- 
 tos et evocatos, prseterea ex gregariis militibus optimum 
 quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit. C. Man- 
 lium in dextera, Faesulanum quemdam in sinistra parte 
 curare jubet: ipse cum libertis et colonis propter aqui- 
 1am assistit, quam bello Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu 
 habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte C. Antonius, 
 pedibus aeger, quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio 
 legato exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veterarias, quas 
 tumulti causa conscripserat, in fronte ; post eas ceterum 
 exercitum in subsidiis locat. Ipse equo circumiens, 
 unumquemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, uti 
 meminerint se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro 
 
CATILINA. 135 
 
 liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere. Homo milita- 
 ris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus, aut praefectus, 
 aut legatus, aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu 
 fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat ; ea 
 commemorando militum animos accendebat. 
 
 LX. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba 
 signum dat, cohortes paulatim incedere jubet ; idem facit 
 hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum est, unde a 
 ferentariis proelium committi posset, maximo clamore 
 cum infestis signis concurrunt ; pila omittunt ; gladiis 
 res geritur. Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, com- 
 inus acriter instare ; illi baud timidi resistunt ; maxi- 
 ma vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima 
 acie versari, laborantibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis 
 arcessere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare, saepe 
 hostem ferire : strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia 
 simul exsequebatur. Petreius ubi videt Catilinam, con- 
 tra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam 
 m medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios 
 alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex latenbus 
 ceteros aggreditur. Manlius et Feesulanus in primis pug- 
 nantes cadunt. Postquam fusas copias, seque cum pau- 
 cis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis atque pristinae 
 dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit, ibique pug- 
 nans confoditur. 
 
 LXI. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres, quanta 
 audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae 
 Nam fere quem quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat, 
 eum, amissa anima, corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos 
 medios cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversiiis, sed 
 omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina 
 vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est 
 
136 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII CATILINA. 
 
 paululum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi, quam habu- 
 erat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia 
 neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus 
 captus est : ita cuncti suas hostiumque vitae juxta pcper- 
 cerant. Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam 
 aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat; nam strenuissi- 
 mus quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut graviter vulne- 
 ratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visendi 
 aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia ca- 
 davera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperi 
 ebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita 
 varie per omnem exercitum lastitia, moeror, luctus atque 
 gaudia agitabantur. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 A., an abbreviation of the prcsno- 
 
 men Aulus. 
 
 A, A6, Abs, prep, with the all, ^ 
 195, R. 2. From ; in regard to, in re- 
 spect of. Before the agent of a pas- 
 sive verb, by, Denoting relative posi- 
 tion, on, at, in : as, ah dextera parte, 
 on the right side. Denoting order of 
 time, after. After verbs of requesting 
 or demanding, of, from. In composi- 
 tion, see $ 196, 1, & $ 197, 1. 
 
 Abdicatus, a, um, part, disinherited, 
 dismissed, deposed : from 
 
 Abdico, are, avi, dtum. a. {ab ^ dico, 
 are, to give,) to turn out of doors, dis- 
 inherit; to depose; to lay down, re- 
 sign, abdicate. 
 
 Abditus,a, um,part. ^ adj., hidden, 
 concealed, removed, secret, retired, 
 private. AbditcB regiones, unknown 
 regions : from 
 
 Abdo, (tre, idi, itum, a. (ab ^ do), to 
 remove from view, hide, conceal, se- 
 crete; to remove. 
 
 Abduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ab <^ duco), 
 $ 225, IV, to take away, remove ; to 
 lead, lead away or off, lead aside, car- 
 ry ; to draw off, withdraw, 
 
 Abeo, ire, ii^ jtum, irr. n. (ab <^ eo), 
 $ 242, R. 1. to go away, depart, go 
 off, go. escape, retire, withdraw. PrcB- 
 ceps abire, to go headlong, to plunge 
 headlong into crimes. 
 
 Abjectus, a, um, part, cast off, 
 thrown away, cast down, thrown 
 iside : from 
 
 Abjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (ab ^ 
 Jacio) to cast, throw, throw or cast 
 
 ABSTRAHO 
 
 away ; to throw on the ground, pros- 
 trate ; to lay by, throw aside, remove. 
 
 Abjuro, are, avi, dtum, a. (ab ^ 
 juro,) to deny falsely upon oath. Ab- 
 jurare creditum, to forswear a debt, 
 falsely to deny under oath one's in- 
 debtedness 
 
 Abnuo, ere, ui, a. (ab ^ nuo, obs.), to 
 deny or refuse by countenance or ges- 
 ture; to express dissent by a nod or 
 shake of the head ; with ace. and dat. , 
 to refuse, deny, decline, reject ; Mili- 
 tes fessi et abnuentes omnia, — declin- 
 ing all farther efforts. 
 
 Aborigines, um, m. pi. (ab <^ origo), 
 a people of Italy who anciently inha- 
 bited the region where Rome was 
 afterwards built, and whose kings 
 were Saturn and Janus; the Aborigi- 
 nes. C. 6. 
 
 Absens, entis, adj. (abs ^ ens, $ 154, 
 1.), absent, abroad. 
 
 Absolvo, ere, olvi, olutum, a. (ab ^ 
 solvo), to loose, unloose ; to set at lib 
 erty, discharge, release, liberate; to 
 despatch, dismiss ; to finish, complete. 
 Absolvere paucis, to despatch in a few 
 words, declare briefly, speak briefly or 
 concisely. 
 
 Abstinentia, (B,f. (abstinens, tempe- 
 rate), abstinence, moderation; free- 
 dom from avarice, uprightness, disin- 
 terestedness ; temperance, sobriety. 
 
 Abstfneo, ere, ui, a. (abs <^ teneo), to 
 abstain from, keep from, refrain from. 
 
 Abstractus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Abstrdho, ^re, traxi, tractum, a. (abs 
 ^ traho), $ 242, R. 1. to draw or tear 
 
ABSUM 
 
 138 
 
 ACER 
 
 away; tase away by force, lead away, 
 lead or draw aside ; to tear, rend, divide. 
 
 Absum, esse,fui, irr. n, {ah ^ sum), 
 $ 242, R. 1. to be absent ; to be dis- 
 tant; to be wanting in assistance, 
 withhold one's help, keep or stand 
 aloof. Paulum ahesse, to be near, be 
 upon the point, want but little. 
 
 Absumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. {ah ^ 
 sumo), to consume, destroy; to slay, 
 cut off. 
 
 Ahsumptus, a, um, part, {absumo). 
 
 Ahsurdus, a, um, adj. {ah ^ surdus, 
 deaf), absurd, inconsistent, foolish, 
 ridiculous, unapt, unbecoming; des- 
 picable, contemptible. Absurdum est, 
 $ 269, R. 2. 
 
 Abundantia, cs, f. {abundans, abun- 
 dant), abundance, plenty. 
 
 Abunde, adv. ^ indec. subs. $ 212, R. 
 4. {abundus, abundant), abundantly, 
 amply, sufficiently, plentifully ; in abun- 
 dance, enough, plenty. 
 
 Abutor, i, usus sum, dep. {ah ^ 
 utor), to abuse, turn to an improper 
 use, misuse. 
 
 Ac, conj. the same as atque, but it is 
 used before consonants only, $ 198. R. 
 1. and. After alius, aliter,juxia. simi- 
 liter, par, similis, etc. than or as, $ 
 278, R. 9. Ac si, as if, $ 263. 2. Ac 
 is sometimes used for et quidem. See 
 Atque. Like et, it sometimes connects 
 adversative sentences, and may then be 
 translated but. 
 
 Accedo, ere, essi, essum, n. {ad ^ 
 cedo), $ 233, & (2.) 2d par. $ 224, $ 210. 
 to draw near, approach, arrive at, 
 come, come to, resort to, accost; to 
 go ; to attack ; to be added to, joined, 
 annexed; to accrue. Hac accedebat, 
 to this was added. 
 
 Accendo, ere, di, sum, a. {ad ^ can- 
 do, obs), to set on fire, light up, kin- 
 dle ; to burn. Fig. to excite, inflame, 
 etir up, heighten, increase. Accendi 
 ad dominationem, to be inflamed with 
 a lust of power. 
 
 Accensus, a, um, part. <^ adj {acceiu 
 do), set on fire, &c. Fig. excited, en- 
 kindled, inflamed, stirred up, animated* 
 stimulated, prompted ; exasperated. 
 
 Acceptio, onis, f. {accipio), an ac- 
 cepting or receiving. 
 
 Acceptus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {acd' 
 pio), received, accepted, heard, &c.; 
 grateful, pleasing, acceptable, $ 222. 
 
 Accido, ere, cidi, n. {ad ^ cado), $ 
 224, to fall, fall down at or before. 
 Quo accidam? i. e. ad cujus genua 
 supplex accidam? to whom shall I 
 prostrate myself (in supplication ?) To 
 fall upon, come upon. Quo gravior 
 accideret, that he might fall (upon him) 
 with greater weigh4. or eflfect : — to hap- 
 pen, occur, befall. Si quid mali acci- 
 disset, if any calamity had occurred. 
 
 Accio, ire, wi. Hum, a. {ad ^ do, to 
 move), to send for, call, call in, sum- 
 mon, desire to come, invite. 
 
 Accipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. {fld ^ 
 capio), $ 272, $ 273, $ 230, R. 2. to re- 
 ceive, take ; to bear, suffer, bear with ; 
 to hear, learn, be informed, compre- 
 hend, understand ; to admit ; to obtain, 
 gain, get; to accept of In regnum 
 accipere, to adopt as an heir to the 
 throne, to admit to a participation of 
 sovereignty. 
 
 Accitus, a, um, part, {accio), sum- 
 moned, invited, Ire accitus, to go on 
 invitation. 
 
 Accurate, adv. {accurdtus, accurate), 
 diligently, accurately, carefully, atten- 
 tively, cautiously. Habere accurate, to 
 treat with attention. Accuratissimh. 
 recipere, to receive with every atten 
 tion. 
 
 Accurro, ere, curri ^ cucurri, cur 
 su7n, n. {ad ^ curro, to run), to run to ; 
 to run. 
 
 Accuso, are, avi, dtxim, a. {ad ^ 
 causa), $217, to accuse, arraign, im- * 
 peach ; to blame, chide, complain of, 
 find fault with, censure. 
 
 Acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, 80ur» 
 
ACERBE 
 
 139 
 
 ADHEllBAL 
 
 acrid. Fig. sharp, brisk, powerful, 
 vehement; cruel, savage; fieiy^ iru' 
 petuous, furious ; severe ; brave, bold, 
 enterprising, gallant, fierce, courage- 
 ous; diligent, strenuous; acute, quick, 
 keen, penetrating : violent, energetic, 
 vigorous. 
 
 Acerbe, adv., sharply, severely, bit- 
 terly, harshly, cruelly : from 
 
 Acerbus, a, um, adj., unripe, sour. 
 Fig. cruel, inimical, bitter; hurtful, 
 troublesome, disagreeable, unpleasant ; 
 hard, severe, harsh ; austere, mO' 
 rose. 
 
 Acerrzme, see Acriter. 
 
 AcieSj ei,f., the sharp edge or point 
 of any thing ; the organ of sight, the 
 pupil of the eye, the eye ; a line of sol- 
 diers, file, battalion. Prima acies, the 
 first rank or van of an army. Postre- 
 ma acies, the rear rank, the rear : — an 
 army ; an army in battle array ; force, 
 power; acuteness, shrewdness, talent. 
 Statuit non proeliis neque acie helium 
 gerendum,— not by pitched battles, nor 
 by regular warfare. 
 
 Acquiro, ere, quislvi, quisitum, a. 
 ^d <^ qucBro), to acquire, get, procure, 
 gain, obtain. 
 
 Acriter, adv. comp. acrius, sup. acer- 
 rime (acer), vehemently, sharply, keen- 
 ly, eagerly, hard, closely; valiantly, 
 stoutly, courageously ; vigorously ; 
 strenuously; exceedingly; studiously, 
 diligently ; severely, cruelly. 
 
 Acta, drum, n. pi. (actus), acts, ac- 
 tions, deeds; glorious exploits. 
 
 Actio, onis, f. {ago), an act, action, 
 proceeding, measure, official conduct; 
 an accusation, charge ; an action at 
 law, arraignment, judicial process or 
 proceeding. Prior actio, the first 
 stage of a judicial process or action. 
 
 Actus, a, um, part, {ago), led, con- 
 ducted, &c. ; brought up or near. Acta 
 testiidine, the testudo being brought 
 up • — forced, compelled ; finished, 
 achieved, performed, done ; past, over, 
 
 1 
 
 gone by, spent. Acta edocere, to 
 make known what has been done. 
 
 Ad, prep, with the ace, to, unto; at, 
 near, hard by; in; even to; towards; 
 about ; against ; according to ; besides, 
 in addition to ; after ; for ; in regard to, 
 in what pertains to. In composition, 
 see $ 196, 2. & § 197, 2. 
 
 Adcequo, are, avi, atum, a. {ad <^ 
 cequo, to level), to equal, level ; to 
 equal, make equal. 
 
 Additus, a, um, part. ^ adj., added ; 
 appointed ; placed near or over : 
 from 
 
 Addo, ere, didi, ditum, a. {ad. ^ do), $ 
 224, to add ; to throw or cast in or upon; 
 to appoint, give, put, impart, bestow 
 Addere nomen gloriamque sibi, to ac- 
 quire, gain — . Addere multum rei- 
 publiccE, to aid, assist, benefit — . Ad- 
 dere for midinem alicui, to inspire with 
 fear, to intimidate. 
 
 Adduce, ere, uxi, uctum, a. {ad ^ 
 duco), to conduct, bring, lead; to in- 
 duce, cause ; to bring to, reduce ; to 
 bring, persuade. 
 
 Adductus, a, um, part, {adduco), 
 brought, brought to, Jed to, conduct- 
 ed ; induced. Adductus in spem, led 
 to hope or to entertain hopes. 
 
 Ademptus, a, um, part, {adimo), ta 
 ken away. 
 
 Adeb, adv. {ad ^- eb), so, so far, to 
 such a degree, insomuch ; too, indeed. 
 Id adeo, and this or that indeed, and 
 this too, and what is more ; then, 
 therefore, accordingly. 
 
 Adeo, ire, ii, Hum, irr. n. <^ a. {ad 
 ^ eo), $ 233, to go to ; to approach ; 
 to review, reconnoitre ; to come near ; 
 to approach in a hostile manner, at- 
 tack ; to undertake. 
 
 Adeptus, a, um, part, {adipiscor) 
 that has obtained, gained, acquired 
 Pass, obtained, acquired, gained, % 
 162, 17. 
 
 Ad esse, Aderam, etc, see Adsum. 
 
 Adherhal, dlis, m., a Numidian 
 
ADHIBEO 
 
 140 
 
 ADOLESCO 
 
 ijrincc, the son of Micipsa. J 5. 9, 
 10, &c. 
 
 Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. {ad ^ ha- 
 
 beo)f to adopt, use, employ; to take, 
 
 . admit, receive, call for ; to apply ; to 
 
 bring, bring on ; to offer, pay; to treat, 
 
 use. 
 
 Adhibltus, a, um, part. {adhiheo)j 
 Bent for, called for, admitted. 
 
 Adhuc, adv. {ad ^ hud), hitherto, 
 thus far, as yet, still, even yet. 
 
 Adigo, ere, egi, actum, a. {ad <^ ago), 
 to drive, thrust, impel ; to force, com- 
 pel. Adigere ad jusjurandum, to 
 oblige to make oath, to bind by an 
 oath. 
 
 Adimo, ere, Imi, emptum, a. {ad ^ 
 emo), to take away, remove, deprive of. 
 
 Adipiscor, i, adeptus sum, dep. {ad 
 ^ apiscor, to get), to acquire, get, ob- 
 tain, gain, procure ; to reach, over- 
 take; to undertake, assume, take upon 
 one's self. 
 
 Aditus, us, m. {adeo), a going to, ap- 
 proach, access ; an entrance. 
 
 Adjumentum, i, n. {adjuvd), aid, 
 help, assistance. Adjumenta ignavice, 
 the incentives to sloth, the means of 
 idleness. 
 
 Adjungo, ^re, junxi, junctum, a. {ad 
 ^ jungo, to join), $ 224, to add, join, 
 annex, unite ; to associate, take or 
 admit as an associate ; to conciliate ; 
 to acquire, obtain. 
 
 Adjutor, oris, m., an aider, abettor, 
 helper, assistant : from 
 
 Adjuvo, are, juvi, jutum, a. {ad ^ 
 juvo), to help, succor, aid, assist. 
 
 Administer, tri, m. {ad ^ minister, a 
 servant) a servant, inferior officer, 
 manager ; a laborer, workman ; an 
 assistant promoter, abettor. 
 
 Administro, are, dvi, atum, n. ^ a. 
 (ad (^ ministro, to serve), to act, min- 
 ister, attend, serve, work, do work or 
 service ; to perform one's part ; to ad- 
 minister, operate, manage, conduct, 
 direct, govern, regulate. Adminis- 
 
 trare helium, to have the management 
 of, or to be the leader in a war, to 
 wage war, to cany on war. 
 
 Admirandus, a, um, part. ^'- adj , 
 admirable, worthy of admiration, to 
 be wondered at, astonishing, amazing, 
 wonderful : from 
 
 Admtror, ari, dtus sum, dep. {ad ^ 
 miror), to wonder greatly, marvel, be 
 astonished or surprised; to look at 
 with admiration, admire, wonder at. 
 
 Admissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Admitto, ere, misi, missiim, a. {ad ^ 
 mitto), to send to, or onward ; to re- 
 ceive, admit : Fig. to commit a crime, 
 perpetrate ; to permit, allow. 
 
 Admodum, adv. {ad ^ modus), very, 
 exceedingly, much, greatly, truly, 
 about. 
 
 Admunco, ere, ui, itum, a. {ad <^ mo- 
 neo), $ 218, & R. 1., to remind, put in 
 mind, warn, admonish, advise, sug- 
 gest; to incite, encourage, stimulate, 
 urge on. 
 
 Admomtus, a, um, part, {admoneo). 
 
 Admtens, iis, part., striving, exert- 
 ing one's self, using one's interest : 
 from 
 
 Adnitor, i, isus ^ ixus sum, dep. 
 {ad ^ nitor), to rest or lean upon ; $ 
 273, 1. to strive, aim at, exert one's 
 self to reach or obtain. 
 
 Adolescens, entis, adj. ^ subs. m. ^ 
 f. {adolesco), young ; a young man or 
 woman ; a youth, one growing to ma- 
 turity. 
 
 Adolescentia, <b, f. {adolescens) 
 youth, the period of life intervening 
 between one's fourteenth and twenty- 
 eighth years, or, as others say, be* 
 tween one's fifteenth and thirtieth 
 years. 
 
 AdolescenivZus, i, m, dim. {adoles- 
 cens), a young man, youth, stripling 
 Also adj., young, very young. 
 
 Adolesco, ere, olevi, aduUum, n. {ad 
 <S(- olesco, to grow), to grow, grow up, 
 increase. Fig. to advance, increase 
 
ADOPTATIO 
 
 141 
 
 ^DES 
 
 t»ecomc greater; to mature, ripen, 
 come to maturity. 
 
 Adoptaiio, bnis, f, {adoptd)^ an 
 adopting, adoption. 
 
 Adoptdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Adopto, are, dvi, at urn, a. {ad ^ 
 opto), to choose, assume, take ; to se- 
 lect ; to adopt, take for a son. 
 
 Adscisco, ere, sclvi, scitum, a. {ad ^ 
 scisco, to inquire), to take, receive, ap- 
 prove, admit, unite ; to gain over, en- 
 list in one's cause. 
 
 Adscitus, a, urn, part, {adscisco), re- 
 ceived, admitted. 
 
 Adsisto, see Assisto. 
 
 Adstrictus, a, inn, part., straitened, 
 bound ; occupied, engaged, engrossed, 
 absorbed, earnestly mXeni: from 
 
 Adsiringo, ere, nxi, ictum, a. {ad ^■ 
 stringo, to bind), to bind close, tie, 
 fasten. 
 
 Adsum, adesse, adfid, irr. n. {ad ^• 
 sum), $ 224, to be present, be at hand, 
 be here; to arrive, come; to defend, 
 aid, assist, succor, stand by ; to come 
 upon, fall on, press on or upon; to 
 be; to be near, be fast approaching; 
 to give attention. 
 
 Adulter, cri, m., an adulterer ; a de- 
 bauchee, seducer. 
 
 Adulierinus, a. um, ay. {adulter)^ 
 adulterous, spurious; adulterated, 
 forged, false. 
 
 Adidtus, a, um, part. ^' adj., {ado- 
 lesco), grown up ; full grown, adult, 
 perfect, mature, ripe. 
 
 Advectitiiis, a, um, adj., brought 
 from abroad, foreign, imported: 
 from 
 
 Adveho, ere, exi, ectum, a. {ad <^ 
 veho, to carr}'), to conduct, carry to, 
 carry or remove ; to import, convey, 
 bring. 
 
 Advenio, ire, eni, entum, n. {ad ^'• 
 vciiio), to come, come to, arrive. 
 
 Advenio, are, dvi, n.freq. {ad.venio)^ 
 to come frequently; to come on, 
 tome, approach, arrive at. 
 
 Adventus, us, m. {advenio), a com- 
 ing, arrival, approach. 
 
 Adversarius, i, m., an adversary; 
 an enemy : from 
 
 Adversor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
 {adverto), to oppose, resist. 
 
 Adversus, a, um, p)art. ^ adj. {ad- 
 verto), $ 222, opposite, over against, 
 fronting, in front, Vulnera adversa^ 
 wounds in front. Adverso corpore, in 
 front, in the fore part of the body ; — 
 adverse, hostile, contrary, opposing 
 Passively, that which is an object of 
 hostility or aversion to any one ; — op- 
 posed, averse, unfavorable, disadvan- 
 tageous, bad. AdverscB res, calami- 
 ties, misfortunes, adversity. Volun- 
 tates ipscB sibi adversce, — inconsistent, 
 — at variance with. In adversa mu- 
 tari, to be changed to the opposites. 
 Adverso coUe evadere, to ascend the 
 hill in front. Adversis equis concur- 
 rere, to charge directly forward. Ad- 
 'versus, i, m., an adversary, enemy, 
 opponent. Metello adverso populi 
 partium. $ 222, R. 2. 
 
 Adversus ^' Adversiim, adv. ^' prep, 
 with the ace, against, in front of, op- 
 posite to, over against, facing ; unfa- 
 vorable to ; towards. - Cihus illis ad- 
 versumfamem eraf, their food was for 
 ;thc removal of hunger: from 
 
 Adverto, ere, erti, ersum, a. {ad ^ 
 W-erto), to turn to or towards. Fig. to 
 'advsrt to, apply one's thoughts to, at* 
 tend, heed, observe, perceive, under- 
 stand; so, adverto animum, or Ani' 
 mcLdverto, which see. 
 
 Advocdtus, a, um. part., being call- 
 ed, summoned, invited, called toge- 
 ther : from 
 
 Advoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
 voco), to call, call to ; to summon, em- 
 ploy, use. 
 
 A^des ^ jEdis, is, f, in the sing., a 
 room, chamber, apartment ; a temple ; 
 in the pL, a house, habitation, dwell- 
 ing, edifice ; temples. 
 
-fflDIFICIUM 
 
 142 
 
 ^STIVUS 
 
 ^dijicium, i, n., an edifice, struc- 
 fure, building : from 
 
 JEtdificOy are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a, 
 f^cBdes <^'facio)y to build ; to erect or 
 rear a building; to construct. 
 
 j^diHSf is, m. {cBdes), an edile, a Ro- 
 man magistrate who superintended 
 the repairs of the temples and other 
 public buildings. 
 
 JEger, cBgra, cegrum, adj., $ 250, 
 weak, infirm, lame, diseased, corrupt- 
 ed ; faint, sick, ill ; sorrowful, unhap- 
 py, troubled, afflicted. 
 
 JFJgre, adv. comp. cegrius, sup. ceger- 
 rime, ((Bger), unwillingly, discontent- 
 edly; with inconvenience; hardly, 
 scarcely, with difficulty, with much 
 ado. j^gre ferre, to bear ill, dislike, 
 be offended with, displeased. 
 
 jEgntudo, inu, f. {(Bger), sorrow, 
 grief, affliction, anguish, solicitude, 
 care, trouble. Nimis moUiter csgritu- 
 dinem pati, to take trouble too much 
 to heart, to feel affliction too sensi- 
 tively ;— bodily infirmity, illness. 
 
 JSgyptus, i,f., Egypt, a large coun- 
 try in the northeastern part of Africa ; 
 but, by some of the ancients, it was 
 reckoned a part of Asia. J. 19. 
 
 ji^milius, i, m'., a Roman name be- 
 longing to the ^milian geris. 
 
 j^mulus, a, um, adj. ^ subs., emu- 
 lous; a rival, emulator, imitator. 
 
 jEneas, cb, m., the son of Venus and 
 Anchises, who, after the fall of Troy, 
 is said to have led a colony of Tro- 
 jans into Italy, and to have laid the 
 foundations of the Roman stale. C. 6. 
 
 JEquaMlis, e, adj. {cequo, to level), 
 equal; equable, uniform, always the 
 same, unchanged; consistent. Vir 
 fama cBquabili, — of consistent charac- 
 ter, of unsulHed reputation. 
 
 JhJ(fuahiriler, adv. comp. cBqnahilius, 
 fcquahilis), equally, evenly, uniformly, 
 calmly, equably. 
 
 Ailqudlis, e, adj. {cequvs), equal, like 
 wmilai , even, level, plain, flat ; coe- 
 
 val, coetaneous. Subs, a contempo- 
 rary, one equal in years, of the same 
 age. 
 
 A^quaViter, adv. {ceqiialis), equally; 
 proportionally. 
 
 JEque, adv. {cequus), equally, in an 
 equal degree, similarly, alike, indif- 
 ferently, as it happens. 
 
 jEquitas, dtis, f. (cequus), equality. 
 Fig. equity, impartiahty, regard to the 
 equal rights or natural equality of 
 others ; justice ; moderation, equanimi- 
 ty ; moderation of affections, tranquil- 
 lity of mind. 
 
 ^quum, i, n., equity, justice : from 
 
 jEquus, a, um, adj., level, smooth, 
 plain, equal, even ; like, similar. Fig 
 just, equitable, fair, impartial, honest, 
 upright ; reasonable, right, fair, mode 
 rate. Injurias gravius cequo habere, 
 to feel injuries too deeply, $ 256, R. 9 ; 
 
 moderate, calm, unruffled, com- 
 posed, undisturbed. J^quo animo, pa- 
 tiently, calmly, with equanimity, with 
 indifference, without eriiotion. Ex 
 cequo bonoque, in accordajice with jus- 
 tice and equity. 
 
 JErarium, i, n. {ces, $ 100, 8.), the 
 place where the public money was 
 kept, treasury, exchequer ; the public 
 money, national revenue. 
 
 j^rumna, ce,f., labor, toil, hardship ; 
 difficulty, calamity, trouble, misfor- 
 tune, Inisery, adversity. 
 
 ^s, (Bris, n., copper, brass, bronze ; 
 any thing made of copper, &c. ; mo- 
 ney, coin, ^s alienum, money owed 
 to another, a debt. JEs mutuum, a 
 loan, money borrowed or lent. 
 
 JEstas, dtis,f. (ceslus), the summer; 
 summer air, summer heat. 
 
 jEsVimo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to esti- 
 mate, value, appreciate, regard ; to set 
 a value on any thing. Fig. to esti 
 mate, rate; to think, hold, judge, be* 
 lieve, determine ; to consider, weigh. 
 
 JEstivus, a, um, adj. (ceslus), relat- 
 ing to summer, summer. JEstiva can^ 
 
^STUO 
 
 143 
 
 AGGBEDIOR 
 
 •"a, or simply csstiva, drujrit n. sum- 
 mer quarters, a stationary summer 
 camp ; a campaign. 
 
 j^stuo, drej dvi, dtum, n. {cestus), to 
 6e very hot ; to boil with heat ; to boil, 
 undulate, flow. Fig. to burn with de- 
 eire ; to be anxious, perplexed, unde- 
 cided, disturbed in mind. Invidiaj to 
 be inflamed — . 
 
 ^stus, us, m.j any burning or 
 scorching heat, hot weather ; the ebb- 
 ing and flowing of the tide ; a boiling 
 or bubbling up. Fig. force, violence ; 
 doubt, uncertainty, perplexity. 
 
 A^fas, dtis, f. {cevum), age, time of 
 life ; life. yEtatem agere, or habere, to 
 live ; to pass one's life. JEtas extre- 
 ma, old age. 
 
 JFlternus, a, um, adj. {cevum), eter- 
 nal, everlasting ; durable, lasting, per- 
 petual ; immortal. 
 
 jEthiops, opis, m., an Ethiopian. J. 
 19. 
 
 JEvum, i, 71., length of time, dura- 
 tion ; time, life, age. ^vi hrevis, of 
 short duration, short-lived; — an age, 
 generation. 
 
 Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., African. 
 Afri, brum, m. pi., the Africans. J. 18. 
 
 Affdtim, adv. (ad 6ffatim, sufficien- 
 cy), abundantly, largely, in abundance, 
 copiously, sufficiently. 
 
 Affecto, are, dvi, dtum, a, freq. {affi,- 
 cio, to affect), to seek after, aim at stu- 
 diously, solicit; to covet, desire, as- 
 pire to; to strive after, try to gain 
 over. 
 
 Aff^ro, afferre, attuli, alldium, irr. a. 
 jid <^ fero), to take, bring, carry ; to 
 assert; to report, announce; to pro- 
 duce, cause, occasion. 
 
 Afflnis, e, adj. (ad <^ finis), contigu- 
 cms, adjoining; related by marriage. 
 Subs, a relation by marriage. 
 
 Affimtas, dtis, f. (ajjinis), vicinity, 
 near union, connection ; affinity, alli- 
 tnce by marriage. 
 
 Ajjlicio, are, dvi, dtum, a. frcq. {affii- 
 
 18 
 
 go), to agitate, toss. Fig. to afflict, 
 vex, torment, distress, harass. Afflic- 
 tare se, to be cast down or afflicted ; 
 to sorrow, grieve, give a loose to dis- 
 tress, to beat one's breast or wring 
 the hands in grief 
 
 Afflicius, a, um, part. ^ adj., trou- 
 bled, afflicted, ruined, prostrated, des- 
 perate : from 
 
 Affligo, ere, ixi, ictum, a, {ad ^fligo, 
 to dash against), to dash against, 
 throw to the ground, overthrow. Fig. 
 to harass, distress, vex, disquiet, trou- 
 ble ; to injure, hurt, ruin. 
 
 Affluo, ere, uxi, n. {ad <^ fluo, to 
 flow), to flow to or towards. Fig. to 
 run or flock towards ; to have in abun- 
 dance ; $ 224, to abound, be abundant. 
 
 Affore, def. verb {ad ^ fore), fut. 
 inf., to be about to be present : with a 
 suhject accusative, would be present, 
 would assist. 
 
 Africa, cB, f, Africa, one of the 
 three great divisions of the world, as 
 known to the Greeks and Romans. 
 It is sometimes put for the Roman 
 province in Africa. J. 5, 13, 14, 17 — 23, 
 39, &c. 
 
 Africdnus, a, um, adj. {Africa), Af- 
 rican. Africdnus, i, m., the agnomen 
 of the two Scipios, by whom the Car- 
 thaginians were conquered. J. 5. 
 
 Africus, a, um, adj. {Africa), Afri- 
 can. Mare Africum, the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea. J. 18. 
 
 Ageiidus, a, um, part, {ago), to be 
 done. Agendarum ' rerum licentia, 
 power to negotiate. 
 
 Agens, tis, part. {ago). 
 
 Ager, agri, m., a field, farm ; ground 
 land, soil; an estate; a territory, tract 
 country. 
 
 Agger, eris, m. {aggero, to heap ufi) 
 a heap or pile, as of stones, earth, 
 wood, <^c. ; a mound, bulwark, bank, 
 rampart, dam, mole 
 
 Aggredior, i, essns sum, dep. {ad ^ 
 gradior, to step), $ 233, (3.) $271, to 
 
AGGRESSUS 
 
 144 
 
 ALIBI 
 
 go to, come near, approach ; to attack, 
 assail, assault, to accost, address, 
 make court to. Fig. to undertake, 
 attempt, go about, prepare for, enter 
 upon, commence. Aggredi majora et 
 magis aspera, to attempt greater and 
 more difficult enterprises. Aggredi or 
 aggredi pecunia, to try to bribe or cor- 
 rupt, to tamper with. 
 
 Aggressus, a, um, part, (aggredior). 
 
 Agiidius, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Agito, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. {ago), 
 to drive, conduct; to toss about, drive 
 to and fro, agitate, disturb, toss, put 
 in motion ; to debate, discuss ; to fol- 
 low, pursue ; to pass, spend ; to be, live, 
 dwell, remain; to deport or conduct 
 one's self, behave, act ; to make, exer- 
 cise, be employed in, be engaged in. 
 Agiiare imperium, to govern, adminis- 
 ter the government. Agitare prcBsi- 
 dium or prcesidia, to mount or keep 
 guard, to guard, to do duty in a gar- 
 rison or escort. Agitare inducias, to 
 keep or observe a truce. Agitare pa- 
 cem, to be at peace;— to meditate, 
 think of, weigh, ponder over, revolve 
 in the mind. Mente or animo agitare, 
 abs. to think; to think of, plot;— to 
 prepare, set about, attempt ; to consi- 
 der. Id modo agitari, that this was 
 the only question, $ 265. Pass, imp, 
 debates are had, there is conversation. 
 Agitare gaudium, IcBtitiam, luctum, etc., 
 to manifest, exhibit or feel gladness, 
 &c. Mceror agitahatur, — was felt, pre- 
 vailed, was. Varius, incerfusque agi- 
 tare, to be in doubt and perplexity. 
 Statuit nihil sibi agitandum, — that 
 nothing was to be done by him, that 
 he must adopt no active measures. 
 Paucorum arbitrio agitabatur, life was 
 passed, or affairs were conducted, ac- 
 cording to the will of the aristocracy. 
 
 Agmen, Inis, n., an army on the 
 •?iarch ; the act of marching, a march ; 
 an army, troop, multitude. In agmine, 
 on a march : from 
 
 Ago, ere, egi actum, a., to corduct 
 drive, lead; to pursue; to guide, di- 
 rect, move. Animus agit cuncta, — 
 directs, moves, animates. Agere viw 
 eas, to push forward the mantelets; 
 — to do, perform, act, execute, trans- 
 act ; to be ; to live ; to abide, tarry, re- 
 main; to be employed, be engaged. 
 Agere se, to conduct one's self, be- 
 have. Agere cum aliquo, to hold in- 
 tercourse, treat with; to pass, spend, 
 consume; to procure; to treat, dis- 
 cuss. Agere cum populo, to treat 
 with or address a request to the peo- 
 ple, to apply to the people ; — to man- 
 age, conduct, direct. Agere jiro vie- 
 toribus, to act the part or assume the 
 air of victors. Agere joca atque seria, 
 to converse sportively or seriously. 
 Non agitur de vectigalibus, the ques- 
 tion is not concerning (our) revenues. 
 Dum licBC aguntur, while these things 
 are going on. Id agitur, this is at- 
 tempted, the aim is this, $ 273, 1. 
 
 Agrestis, e, adj. iager), belonging to 
 the fields, rustic, rural -F*^. unpo- 
 lished, savage, uncivilized, wild, rude. 
 Subs, a peasant, countryman, rustic. 
 
 Aio, ais, ait, def. verb, $ 184, 4. $ 
 272, to say, speak ; to affirm, assert, 
 testify, aver. 
 
 Ala, cB, f, a wing ; the wing of an 
 army, flank ; a squadron of horse sta- 
 tioned on the flanks of an army. 
 
 Alacer, cris, ere, adj., lively, spright- 
 ly, cheerful, ready, active, prompt; 
 fierce, eager. 
 
 Albinus, i, m. (albus, white), a Ro- 
 man surname of the Posthumian gens 
 Sp. Albinus, a Roman consul, A. U 
 C. 644. J. 35, 36, 44, 77. 
 
 Algor, dris, m. {algeo, to be cold), 
 cold, chillness. 
 
 Alias, adv. {alius), in another way, 
 at another time ; otherwise ; some- 
 times. 
 
 Alibi, adv. {alius <^ ibi), elsewhere, 
 in another place. Alii — alibi, in dif* 
 
ALIENATUS 
 
 145 
 
 ALLOBROX 
 
 ferent places, some in one place, and 
 others in other places. 
 
 Alienatas, a, um, part., estranged, 
 alienated, made the property of an- 
 other, transferred, set aside, cast off, 
 rejected, slighted, repulsed : /ra;7i 
 
 Alieno, are, dvi, dtum, a., to alien- 
 ate, cause to become the property of 
 another, transfer, separate, cast off, 
 estrange : from 
 
 Alienus, a, um, adj. (alius), $ 222, 
 & R. 2, & R. 6. belonging to another 
 or others, of another, another's, fo- 
 reign, Alieni appetens, greedy of the 
 property of others, j^s alienum, a 
 debt ; — averse from, opposed to, alien- 
 ated or estranged in affection, inimi- 
 cal to ; unseasonable, inconsistent, in- 
 congruous, unsuitable, not adapted to 
 one's nature or genius ; hurtful, disad- 
 vantageous, unfavorable. Nequealie- 
 na consilii, not unsuitable for the pur- 
 pose. Alienus locus, a place or posi- 
 tion chosen by an opponent, and 
 hence, unfavorable, disadvantageous. 
 Sahs. a stranger, one of another fa- 
 mily. 
 
 Alio, adv. (alius), $ 191, R. 1, to 
 another place, thing or person; to 
 another subject; to another end or 
 purpose. Alius — alio, one to one 
 place another to another, one hither- 
 another thither. 
 
 Aliquamdiu, adv. (aliquis <^ diu), for 
 some time. 
 
 Aliquando, adv. (alius 6f quando) 
 at some time, sometimes; formerly; 
 at length, now at last. 
 
 Aliquantum, adv., somewhat, some, 
 considerably, a little, rather : from 
 
 Aliquantus, a, um, adj. (alius ^ 
 quantus), some, somewhat, considera- 
 ble. With a genitive, some part, a 
 considerable part. Aliquanto, dbl. 
 with comparatives, considerably, a 
 good deal. 
 
 Aliquis, qua, quod <^ quid, gen. ali- 
 eujus. indef. pro. $ 138. (alius <^ quis), 
 
 some, somebody, some one, some 
 thing, any, any one. 
 
 Aliquot, ind. adj. pi. (alius ^ quot, 
 how many), some, several, some cer- 
 tain, a few, not many. 
 
 Aliter, adv., in a different manner, 
 otherwise, in any other way, else. 
 Aliter ac, otherwise than, different 
 from what; — moreover, however, ne- 
 vertheless. 
 
 Alius, a, ud, adj. $ 107, another, 
 other, another person or thing; di- 
 verse, different ; alius — alius, one — 
 another, in which expression alius de- 
 notes one of many ; alii— alii, partim 
 — alii, pars — alii or alii — pars, some 
 — others. Aliis alia licentia, what is 
 lawful for some is not lawful for 
 others, all have not the same license. 
 Reguli alius alio concessere, the prin- 
 ces retired one to one place another 
 to another, or, to different places. 
 Alius alii assentiehantur, one agreed 
 with one (leader) another with an- 
 other. Alia deinde alia loca petive- 
 rant, — first one place and then another. 
 Prcelia rnulta alia aliis locis facere, — 
 in various places, $ 207, R. 32. Alius 
 ah alio, one after another. Alius ac 
 or atque, other than. With a com- 
 parative, any one or any thing else ; 
 with the addition of a negative, no one 
 or nothing else. In the plural it is 
 sometimes used for ceteri, the rest, the 
 others. 
 
 Alldtiis, a, um, part, (affero), 
 brought. 
 
 Allevdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Allevo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad ^ levo), 
 to lift up, raise aloft, support. 
 
 AlMcio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (ad <^ 
 lacio, to allure), to attract, invite, ai- 
 lure, entice, decoy, inveigle, wheedlct 
 seduce. 
 
 Allohrox, vgis, pi. Allohrvges, ogumf 
 m., the Allobroges, a people of Gallia 
 Narbonensis, whose principal city wad 
 Vienna near the Rhone. C 40 — 50. 
 
ALO 
 
 146 
 
 AMPtUS 
 
 Alo, ere, att^i, allium or altum, a., to 
 support by feeding; to nourish, cher- 
 ish, feed, sufMbrt, maintain. Pass, to 
 be maintaineAto live. 
 
 Alte, adv. ^Kfus), on high, high, 
 highly ; deeply, ^;w. Liberiits altiiis- 
 que processi, — to6;fi'eely and too far. 
 
 Alter, era, erum,'j^j. gen. alierius, 
 $ 107 $ 212, one ok.tvvo, the other. 
 Alter — alter, the one—the other, the 
 former — the latter, the Q^ne part^-the 
 other part ; — the second, $ 120, 1. 
 Unus et alter, one and the other, 
 several, some, one after the other. 
 It is used to express reciprocal action ; 
 as, Alteri alteros sauclant, — one an- 
 other, each other. 
 
 Altitudo, mis, f. (alius), highness, 
 loftiness, height; depth. Fig. depth, 
 inscrutableness, profundity. Aucta in 
 altitudinem, — in height, upwards. 
 
 Alius, a, um, part. {alo). 
 
 Altus, a, um, adj., high, tall, lofty ; 
 deep. Fig. lofty, elevated, noble, 
 great ; deep, profound. 
 
 Alveus, i, 771., the channel or bed of 
 a river ; a trough ; the hull, body, or 
 hold of a ship. 
 
 Ambio, Ire, ii, Hum, a, {amb, $ 196, 
 11, & 12, ^ eo), to go around; to sur- 
 round, encompass, invest ; to go about 
 soliciting votes, canvass for an elec- 
 tion; to solicit or endeavor to gain by 
 earnest entreaty, to endeavor to make 
 interest with. 
 
 Arnbilio, onis, f. (ambio), a going 
 round ; a soliciting or canvassing for 
 office ; an eager desire of honor, popu- 
 larity, power, &c., ambition; flattery, 
 adulation, seeking popularity, curry- 
 ing favor, 
 
 Ambitiosus, a, um, adj. (ambitio), 
 going or winding round; ambitious; 
 lending or calculated to conciliate fa- 
 vor, popular. 
 
 Ambitus, us, m. (ambio), a going 
 round; a compass, circuit; an unlaw- 
 ful seekiniy or canvassing for office, as 
 
 by bribery, courting of popular lavor. 
 Lex ambitus, a law concerning bribery 
 and corruption. 
 
 Ambo, CB, o, adj. pi. $ 118, 1., both. 
 
 Amentia, ce, f. (amens, mad), mad- 
 ness, insanity, folly. 
 
 Amicitia, ce, f., friendship, amity, 
 an alliance, league of friendship :/ro77i 
 
 Amicus, a, um, adj. (amo), $ 222, 
 friendly, kind, cordial, benevolent. 
 
 Amicus, I, m, (amicus, a, um), a 
 friend; an ally. 
 
 Amissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Amitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (a ^ mitto), 
 to send away, dismiss, let go ; to lose, 
 throw away. 
 
 Amo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to love, be 
 fond of, delight in ; to fall in love ; to 
 make love ; to be in love, to have a 
 mistress. Omnia quce ira Jieri amat, 
 — delights to have done, is wont to do, 
 $272. 
 
 Amoenus, a, um, adj. (amo), pleasant, 
 delightful, charming, sweet. 
 
 Amor, oris, m. (amo), love, desire, 
 affection, passion. 
 
 Amotus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Amoveo, ere, dvi, dtum, a. (a ^ mo- 
 veo), to remove, take away, withdraw. 
 Amovere aliquem senatu, to expel from 
 the senate. 
 
 Ample, adv. (amjdus), amply, large- 
 ly, profusely. 
 
 Amplector, i, exus sum, dep. (am ^ 
 plecto, to intertwine), to embrace, en- 
 circle, surround, clasp. Fig. to love, 
 cherish. 
 
 Amplexor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq 
 (amplector), to embrace. Fig. to love, 
 cherish. 
 
 Ampliiis, adv. (comp. of ample), $ 
 256, R. 6. moiv*, further, longer; be- 
 side. Morari ampliiis opinione, to 
 tarry longer than is expected. Amplias 
 posse or valuisse, to be more powerful 
 
 Amplus, a, um, adj., large, spacious, 
 ample, great, extensile. Fig. splen- 
 did, illustrious, magnificent, glorious 
 
AN 
 
 147 
 
 ANTEEO 
 
 high, honorable. Amplior, larger, 
 greater, more abundant, higher, more 
 honorable, &;c. Amplior vero, larger 
 than the reality, larger than it was. 
 
 An, adv. ^ conj., of doubt or inter- 
 rogation; in indirect questions, whe- 
 ther ; in direct questions it is not trans- 
 ated. An — an, whether — or : the first 
 an is sometimes omitted, or its place 
 supplied by ne or utrum, $ 265, R. 2. 
 
 Anceps, ancipttis, adj. $ 111, {am ^ 
 caput, § 112), having two heads; dou- 
 ble, twofold; doubtful, uncertain, du- 
 bious; faithless. 
 
 Ancilla, ce, /., a maid-servant, fe- 
 male slave. 
 
 AngiLSlia, cb, /., a narrow place, de- 
 file ; narrowness, straitness. It is used 
 most frequently in the plural : from 
 
 Angustus, a, um, adj. {ango, to 
 strangle), strait, narrow, close, con- 
 fined, limited. 
 
 Anima, cB,f, air, breath; the living 
 principle, life; the soul, spirit, mind, 
 intellect. 
 
 Animadverto, ere, rti, rsum, a. {ani- 
 mus <^ adverto), $ 272, to take heed, 
 attend to; observe, take notice of, 
 perceive; to punish, inflict punish- 
 ment. Animadvertitur, imp., punish- 
 ment is inflicted. 
 
 Animal, dlis, n. {anima), a living 
 creature, animal. 
 
 Animus, i m., wind, breath; the 
 mind, soul, intellect; the attention; 
 the thoughts, will, purpose, desire, de- 
 sign; inclination, disposition, regard, 
 affection, feeling, anger; courage, 
 spirit. Animum advertere, to turn 
 one's mind to, observe, see Animad- 
 verto. Vertere ammum, to turn one's 
 mind, change one's purpose or de- 
 sign. Bonum animum habere, to have 
 good courage, be of good courage. 
 Volvere, reputare or trahere cum ani- 
 mo, to revolve in one's mind. Animo, 
 abl., in mind, imagination, or purpose. 
 It may often be translated by a pro- 
 
 noun ; as, Faiigare animum, to weary 
 one's self See J. 11, 13, 39, 62, 70, 
 81, 110, &c. The genitive animi is 
 often annexed somewhat pleonastical- 
 ly to words denoting qualities or attri- 
 butes of the mind, as, timor animi^ 
 judicium animi, virtus animi, munifi- 
 centia animi, instead of timor, judi- 
 cium, etc. 
 
 Anmtor, i, ixus or tsus sum, dep. {ad 
 ^ nitor), to rest or lean upon ; to strive, 
 aim at, exert one's self to reach or 
 obtain. 
 
 Annius, i, m. (C), a Roman prsefect 
 sent by Metellus to command the gar- 
 rison of Leptis. 
 
 Annius, i, m. {L.), a tribune of the 
 Roman people. J. 37. 
 
 Annius, i, m. (Q.), a Roman senator 
 who was confederate with Cataline. 
 C. 17, 50. 
 
 Annus, i, m., a year. Amiis infir- 
 mus or confectus, — with age. 
 
 Annuus, a, um, adj. {annus), lasting 
 a year ; recurring every year, yeariy, 
 annual. 
 
 Ante, prep, with the ace, before, 
 previous to; in advance of; opposite 
 to; with persons, in a comparison, 
 more than, superior to. Ante te cog- 
 nitum, before knowing you. $ 274, 
 R. 5. 
 
 Ante, adv., before, formerly. Paulo 
 ante, just now, a little while ago, a 
 short time since, just before ; — for- 
 ward, in advance. 
 
 Antea, adv. {ante ^ is), before, afore- 
 time, previously, formerly, heretofore. 
 
 Antecapio, ere, cepi, captum, a. {ante 
 ^ capio), to take possession of befbre- 
 hand, pre-occupy; to anticipate, pre- 
 vent; to provide beforehand. Ante- 
 capere famem, sitim, etc., to excite 
 hunger and other appetites prema- 
 turely. 
 
 Anteeo, Ire, ii, irr. a. {ante <^ eo), $ 
 233, to go before, precede. Fig. to 
 surpass, outstrip, outdo, excel 
 
 V 
 
ANTEFERO 
 
 148 
 
 ARBITRATUS 
 
 Antefero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
 {ante (^ fero), $ 224, to carry before ; 
 to set before. Fig. to prefer, give the 
 preference to. 
 
 Antehac, adv. (ante ^ hid), before, 
 beforetime, formerly ; before that time, 
 previously. 
 
 Antepdno, ere, osui, ositum, a. {ante 
 ^ pono), $ 224, to set before. Fig. to 
 prefer, assign a higher place. 
 
 Anievenio, ire, eni, entuvi, a. ^ n. 
 {ante ^ venio), § 233, to get before, 
 get the start of, anticipate. Fig. to 
 prevent, thwart ; to excel, exceed, sur- 
 pass. 
 
 Antoniiis, i, m. {C. Hibrida), a Ro- 
 man consul, and the colleague of 
 Cicero, was the son of M. Antonius 
 the orator and the uncle of M. Anto- 
 nius the triumvir. He was the com- 
 mander in chief of the army by which 
 Catihne and his followers were de- 
 feated. C. 21, 36, 57. 
 
 Anxie, adv., anxiously, earnestly, 
 with concern, grief or pain : from 
 
 Anxius, a, um, adj. {ango, to stran- 
 gle), $ 213, R. 4, (1.) & $ 265, anxious, 
 disquieted, vexed, troubled, disturbed, 
 uneasy, apprehensive, solicitous, fear- 
 ful. 
 
 Aperio, ire, erui, ertum, a. {ad ^ 
 pario), to open, set open. Ferro iter 
 ayerire, to open a passage, — cut one's 
 way through with the sword: — to im- 
 cover, unveil. Fig. to open, display, 
 discover, show, disclose, make known, 
 exhibit, portray. 
 
 Aperte, adv., openly, clearly, dis- 
 tinctly, manifestly, without disguise; 
 publicly : from 
 
 Apertus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {aperio), 
 open, standing open. Fig. clear, ma- 
 nifest, evident. In aperto esse, to be 
 plain, evident or intelligible. 
 
 Appello, are, dvi, alum, a. {ad ^ 
 pello, obs. to speak), $ 230, to call, 
 name, term, entitle ; to pronounce, de- 
 r^re; to denominate; to designate; 
 
 to speak to, address, accost, hail, ap 
 ply or betake one's self to; to call 
 upon, invoke, entreat, beseech ; to ac- 
 cuse. 
 
 Appello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {ad ^ 
 pello, ere), to drive to or towards ; to 
 direct one's course to, arrive at, reach. 
 
 Appetens, entis, part. <^ adj., $ 213, 
 desirous of, thirsting after, fond of, 
 eager for ; covetous, greedy : from 
 
 Appeto, ere, wi,7.tum, a. {ad. <^peto), 
 to Vry to get or obtain, seek; strive 
 for, aim at ; to approach ; to attack ; 
 to wish for, desire eagerly, covet. 
 
 Apprehendo, ere, endi, ensum, a. {ad 
 (^ prehendo, to lay hold of), to catch 
 or lay hold of, take, seize, apprehend, 
 catch. 
 
 Appreliensus, a, um,part. {apprehen- 
 do). 
 
 Appruho, are, avi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
 probo), to approve, commend, applaud ; 
 to prove, confirm, demonstrate, make 
 evident. 
 
 Appropinquo, are, dvi, dtum, n. {ad 
 (^ propinquo, to approach), to draw 
 nigh, approach. 
 
 Appulsus, a, um, part, {appello, ere), 
 driven to, guided, having reached or 
 put into, having made for. 
 
 Apud, prep, with the ace, at, close 
 by, near, with, among, in, before, by, 
 on the part of, at or in the house of, in 
 the possession of. 
 
 Apulia, CB, /., Apulia, a country of 
 lower Italy bordering upon the Adri- 
 atic sea. C. 27, 30, 42, 46. 
 
 Aqua, ai,f., water. Hiemdles aqua', 
 the winter-rains. 
 
 Aquila, CB, /., an eagle ; the stand- 
 ard of the Roman legion. 
 
 Aquor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {aqua), to 
 get, draw or fetch water; to water. 
 
 Ara, (B, f., an altar; a monument. 
 Fig. religion. 
 
 Arbiter, tri, m., an arbitrator, um 
 pire, judge, mediator; a witness. 
 
 Arbitrdtus, us, m. {arbitror), will 
 
ARBITRIUM 
 
 149 
 
 ARS 
 
 judgment, opinion, pleasure, choice; 
 mediation, intervention. 
 
 Arhitrium, i, n. {arhiter), the sen- 
 tence of an arbitrator ; award, deter- 
 mination, decision, judgment; will, 
 pleasure, inclination. 
 
 Arbitrary dri, dtus sum, dep. {arbi- 
 ter), $ 272, to judge, think, imagine, 
 be of opinion, suppose. 
 
 Arbor <^ Arbos, oris,/., a tree. 
 
 Arbustum, i, n. {arbor), a plantation, 
 shrubbery, thicket, orchard ; brush- 
 wood. 
 
 Arcesso, ere, wi, itum, a., to call, 
 send for, invite, summon, to summon 
 to a court of justice; $ 217, accuse, 
 arraign. Arcessere capitis, to accuse 
 of a capital crime. In the pres. inf. 
 pass, this verb is of either the 3d or 
 the Mh conjugation, arcessi or arces- 
 siri. 
 
 Arcis, see Arx. 
 
 Arete, or Arte, adv. {arctus, strait), 
 straidy, closely, strictly, compactly, in 
 close order. 
 
 Ardens, eniis, part. ^ adj., on fire, 
 burning. $ 213, R. 4, (5.) ^ (4). 
 Fig. eager, ardent, impatient : from 
 
 Ardeo, ere, arsi, arsum, n., to burn, 
 be on fire ; to be ready, eager, impa- 
 tient. 
 
 Ardor, oris, m. {ardeo), heat, burn- 
 ing heat, fire. Fig. eagerness, impa- 
 tience, ardent desire, ardor. Haud 
 procul ab ardoribus, not far from the 
 burning heat, i. e. near the equator. 
 
 Arduus, a, um, adj., high, lofty, 
 steep, difficult to reach. § 222 Fig. 
 difficuh, hard, laborious, arduous, 
 troublesome. 
 
 Arena, ce, f. {areo, to be dry), sand, 
 gravel. 
 
 Arenosus, a, um, adj. {arena), sandy. 
 
 Argentum, i, n., silver; silver mo- 
 ney ; money. 
 
 Artdus, a, um, adj. {areo, to be dry), 
 dry parched, dried up, thirsty, arid. 
 
 Aries, Uis, m., a ram; an engine 
 
 used in battering down walls with h 
 head like that of a ram, a battering- 
 ram. 
 
 Arma, drum, n. pi., all kinds of war- 
 like arms offensive and defensive; 
 weapons; war, warfare. Arma atque 
 tela militaria, arms defensive and of- 
 fensive. Manus armare, to take arms 
 in one's hands. 
 
 Armdtus,a, um,part. {armo), armed, 
 equipped. Armati, drum, m. pi., arm- 
 ed men, men in arms, soldiers, 
 troops. 
 
 Armenius, a, um, adj., of Armenia, 
 a country of Asia, lying between the 
 Taurus and the Caucasus, Armenian 
 Armenii, drum, m. pi., the Armenians. 
 J. 18. 
 
 Armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {arma), to 
 arm, equip. 
 
 Aro, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n., to 
 plough ; to till, cultivate ; to acquire by 
 husbandry. 
 
 Arpinum, i, n., a town of Latium, 
 near Campania, where Plautus, Cice- 
 ro, and Marius were born. It is now 
 called Arpino. J. 63. 
 
 Arrectus, a, um, part, {arrigo). 
 
 Arreptus, a, um, part, {arripio). 
 
 Arretmus, a, um., adj., of or per- 
 taining to Arretinum, a city of Etru- 
 ria, now called Arezzo. C. 36. 
 
 Arrigo, ere, eoci, ectum, a. {ad ^ rego), 
 to lift up, raise ; to excite, rouse, ani- 
 mate, encourage. 
 
 Arripio, he, ipui, eptum, a. {ad ^ 
 rapio), to tak© by force, seize, lay 
 hold of. 
 
 Arrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
 rogo), $ 224, to arrogate, claim or 
 attribute to one's self unjustly. 
 
 Ars, artis, f, an art, faculty, quali 
 ty, endowment, character; method, 
 way, trait of character, manner 
 means ; profession, occupation, em- 
 ployment, habit, practice, pursuit; 
 science ; contrivance, skill, ability, 
 exertion, industry. In alUs artibus 
 
ARTE 
 
 150 
 
 ATQUE 
 
 in other respects, in other points: — 
 deceitful art, stratagem, artifice. 
 
 Arte, artiiis, artissime, see Arete. 
 
 Artifex, ids, m, ^^ /. [ars. ^ facio), 
 an artificer, artist. Adj. skillful, tried, 
 practised. 
 
 Artijicium, i, n, {artifex), an art, 
 trade; skill, science, contrivance, arti- 
 Wte, artfulness. 
 
 Arvum, i, n. (aro), a ploughed field ; 
 a fallow field; arable land, glebe; a 
 field. Fig. agriculture, tillage ; stand- 
 ing corn. 
 
 Arx, arcis, /., a lofty place, top or 
 summit of a hill; a castle, fortress, 
 strong hold, citadel, bulwark. 
 
 Ascend 0, ere, di, sum, a. ^ n. {ad Sf 
 scando, to climb), to ascend, mount,, 
 climb. Navim ascendere, to embark. 
 
 Ascensus, us, m. (ascendo), the act 
 of ascending ; an ascent. 
 
 Asia, ce, /., Asia, one of the three 
 great divisions of the earth as known 
 to the ancients, including also, accord- 
 ing to some writers, Egypt, or at 
 least that par. of it east of the Nile. 
 In a more limited sense, Asia Minor. 
 J. 17, C. 2, 11. 
 
 Asj^ar, aris, m., the name of a Nu- 
 midian, sent by Jugurtha as ambassa- 
 dor to Bocchus. J. 108—113. 
 
 Asper, a, um, adj., $ 222, rough, 
 rugged, harsh ; craggy, uneven ; sour, 
 acrid ; unpleasant, disagreeable. Fig. 
 unpolished; cruel, savage, bloody; 
 troublesome, difficult, calamitous ; 
 dangerous, perilous, stormy; severe, 
 /igorous, strict. Asperce res, difficult 
 enterprises, also troubles, calamities, 
 perils. Mala res, spes multo asperior, 
 (our) circumstances are bad, (our) 
 prospects still worse. Asperum foe- 
 dumque evenire, to terminate unsuc- 
 cessfully and disgracefully. Asperum 
 et acerbum, dangerous and trouble- 
 some. 
 
 Aspere, adv. {asper), roughly, harsh- 
 1) , bitterly, severely. 
 
 Asperitas, atis,f. {asper), roughness, 
 ruggedness, harshness, unevenness. 
 cragginess; sourness. Fig. trouble, 
 difficulty, danger, peril, formidable na- 
 ture or character. 
 
 Aspernor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {ad ^ 
 sperno, to reject), to reject, avoid, 
 shun, spurn; to slight, despise, dis- 
 dain, contemn, scorn. 
 
 Assentior, iri, ensus sum, dep. {2d 
 ^ sentio), to assent, consent, approve, 
 agree, express one's assent. 
 
 Assequor, i, cutus sum, dep. {ad ^ 
 sequor), $ 229, to come up with, reach, 
 overtake. Fig. to gain, obtain, pro- 
 cure, compass, accomphsh. 
 
 Assideo, ere, edi, essum, n. {ad ^ 
 sedeo, to sit), $ 233, to sit, sit down, 
 seat one's self, take one's seat near 
 or by. 
 
 Assisto, ere, stiti, n. {ad <^ sisto, to 
 stand), to stand near or by ; to stand. 
 
 Assume, ere, psi, ptum, a. {ad ^ 
 sumo), $ 210, R. 4, to take, assume, 
 choose, adopt, use ; claim, arrogate. 
 
 Astuiia, ce, f. {astutus, shrewd), 
 craftiness, knavery; circumspection 
 wariness, address. 
 
 At, conj. $ 198, 4, but, yet At enim, 
 but, is used to mark strong opposition 
 or dissent, and likewise serves to in- 
 troduce an objection. So likewise at, 
 especially with a pronoun ; as, at ego, 
 C. 40. 
 
 AthencB, drum, f. pi., Athens, the 
 capital of Attica, and most celebrated 
 city of Greece. 
 
 Atheniensis, e, adj. {Athence), Athe- 
 nian, belonging to Athens Atheni- 
 enses, ium, m. pi., the Athenians. C 
 2, 8, 51. 
 
 Atque, conj. ^ 198, R. 1, and; but; 
 but even, and even, certainly. After 
 aliter, secus, alius, etc. than. It often 
 has the force of et quidem, and that 
 too, and in ixuxh,and. serves to connect 
 two words or propositions of whicJi the 
 latter enhances or adds ireight to the 
 
ATROCITAS 
 
 151 
 
 AUTRONIUS 
 
 signification of the former ; as, atque regard. Auctoritas senatus, an ordi- 
 nance or decree of the senate. 
 
 Auctus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (augeo) 
 
 enlarged, increased, augmented, 
 
 grown, &c., advanced, promoted. 
 
 Moribus aucta, improved— 
 
 Audacia, cb, f {audax), boldness, 
 
 au- 
 
 I 
 
 vdj and that too. 
 
 Atrocitas, ads, f. {atrox)y cruelty, 
 atrocity, barbarity, severity; terrible- 
 ness, horribleness. 
 
 Atrociter, adv., cruelly, fiercely, 
 atrociously, barbarously, severely, vio- 
 lently, harshly : from j courage, intrepidity, spirit, valor 
 
 Atrox, ocis, adj., iSiW, crude ; savage, dacity, impudence, presumption, 
 atrocious, barbarous, fierce, cruel; ler- j Audaciter <^ Audacter, comp. auda- 
 rible, horrible ; perilous, dangerous, i clus, adv. boldly, courageously, auda- 
 
 Atfendo, ere, di, turn, a. {ad ^ tendo), ■ ciously : from 
 to stretch, extend. Atteiidere sc. an- Audax, acis, adj.y bold, resolute, 
 imum, to attend or give heed to, mind, , confident, courageous ; audacious, 
 give or direct one's attention to, mark, daring, impudent : from 
 
 observe, $ 233, $ 265. 
 
 Atiente, adv. {attenlus, attentive), at- 
 tentively, deliberately, diligently, care- 
 fully, assiduously, vigorously, with 
 spirit. 
 
 Atiero, ere, trivi, tritum, a. {ad <^ 
 tero, to rub), to rub against ; to chafe, 
 wear away, impair ; to wear, weaken, 
 wear out, destroy. 
 
 Aidneo, ere, inui, entum, a. {ad ^ 
 teneo), to hold, keep, detain; to occu- 
 py, keep possession of, keep in sus- 
 pense, amuse. 
 
 Audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. pass. $ 
 142, R. 2, $ 271, to dare, presume. It 
 may he followed, hij an accusative with 
 facere,aggredi or the like understood, 
 to attempt, endeavor to do, undertake. 
 
 Audio, ire, Ivi, itum, a., to hear, 
 hearken, listen to. It is construed 
 with the inf. and ace. or with an ace. 
 and a present participle, $ 272, &; R. 5. 
 Auditur, imp., it is reported, a report 
 is heard, $ 141 R. 
 
 Audltus, a, um, part, [audio). 
 
 Augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, a. ^' n., to 
 
 Attingo, ere, igi, actum, a. {ad. ^ /aTi- ; increase, augment, enlarge ; to height- 
 go, to touch), to touch, come in con- ' en, exalt, dignify, advance, promote ; 
 tact with; to reach, arrive at, attain; to grow, increase. 
 to border upon; to engage in, enter; Augesco, ere, n. inc. {augeo), to in- 
 upon; to treat slighdy of, touch hght- ' crease, grow greater. 
 ly upon, speak briefly of | Aulus, i, m., a Latin prcenomen ; a 
 
 Attfibuo, ere, ui, utum, a. {ad ^ /W- brother of the consul Sp. Albinus. J. 
 huo), to attribute, assign, bestow, 36 — 39, 55. 
 
 give. 
 Attritus, a, um, part, {attero.) 
 Auctor, oris, m. ^ f. {augeo), -oxi au- 
 thor, contriver, creator, maker, found- 
 er, cause; a reporter, informant; an 
 adviser, approver, instigator ; a doer, 
 performer. 
 
 A uctorttas, dtis, f. {auctor), authori- 
 
 Aurdia, cE,f. {Orestilla), the wife of 
 Catiline. C. 15, 35. 
 
 Auris, is,f., the ear. 
 
 Aurum, i, n., gold ; money. 
 
 Ausus, a, um., part, {audeo). 
 
 Aut, conj., $ 198, 2, or; aut — aut, 
 either— or ; non — aut, neither — nor. 
 
 Autem, conj., $ 198, 4, but, yet, never 
 
 ty, dominion, power, jurisdiction; pro- theless, however; also, likewise. 
 perty in a thing; commission, autho- Autronius, i, m. (P.), a Roman se- 
 nty to act; influence; force, weight, nator, who was an associate of Cati- 
 iuterest credit, reputation, esteem, line. In his childhood he had been 
 
 14 
 
AUXILIARIUS 
 
 152 
 
 BENIGNITAS 
 
 fhe school-fellow of Cicero. Ke was 
 elected to the consulship, for the year 
 689, in conjunction with P. Sylla, but 
 the}' were both set aside on account 
 of bribery He was aftei'wards ban- 
 ished fr«m his country on account of 
 the part he took in the conspiracy of 
 Catiline, as were also Cassius, Laeca, 
 Vargunteius, Servius Sylla and C 
 Cornelius. C. 17. 18, 47. 48. 
 
 Avxiliarius, a, um, adj. {auxilium), 
 aiding, helping, auxiliaiy. 
 
 Auxilior, dri, dius sum, dep., $ 223, 
 R. 2, to assist, help, aid, succor : from 
 
 Auxilium, i. n. (auged), assistance, 
 aid, help, succor: pi., auxiliary troops, 
 auxiliaries. 
 
 Avaritia, (B,f. {avdrus, avaricious), 
 avarice, covetousness. 
 
 Ave, aveto, n. def. $ 183, 8, hail, be 
 thou safe : farewell, adieu. It is often 
 aspirated, have, haveto. 
 
 Aventmum, i, n.. Mount Aventine, 
 one of the seven hills of Rome. J. 31. 
 
 Aversus, a, um, part. ^ adj., $ 222, 
 turned away, turned from, opposite 
 to ; unfriendly, hostile, alienated, op- 
 posed : from 
 
 Averto, ere, erti, ersum, a. (a ^ ver- 
 to), $242, R. 1, to turn away, avert, 
 remove, divert, turn ; to alienate, es- 
 trange ; to put to flight. 
 
 Avide, adv., eagerly, earnestly : from 
 
 Avidus, a, um, adj. {aveo, to desire),. 
 Si 213, eager, earnest, ardent, desirous, 
 greedy; avaricious, covetous; ambi- 
 tious. 
 
 Avius, a, um, adj. (a ^ via), impas- 
 sable, inaccessible ; unfrequented, so- 
 litary, lonely. 
 
 Avus, i, m., a grandfather. 
 
 B 
 
 BcbMus, i, rru (C), a tribune of the 
 Roman people, A. U. C. 643 ; corrupt- 
 ed by Jugurtha, J. 33, 34. 
 
 Baledris, e, adj., Balearic, of the 
 Balearic isles. The Baleares, or Ba- 
 
 learic isles, were two m number, lying 
 in the Mediterranean sea; they are 
 now called Majorca and Minorca. 
 Their inhabitants were anciently cele- 
 brated as Sitillful slingers. J. 105. 
 
 Barharus, a, um, adj., barbaric, not 
 Greek nor Roman, foreign; barba- 
 rian, wild, savage, barbarous, rude, 
 uncivilized. Barbdri, drum, m. pi., 
 barbarians; neither Greeks nor Ro- 
 mans; savages. 
 
 Bellicbsus, a, um, adj. (bellum), war- 
 like, valorous. 
 
 BelUcus, a, um, adj. {helium), of or 
 relating to war ; warlike, martial. 
 
 Bellienus, i, m. (L.), the name of a 
 Roman praetor. J. 104. 
 
 Bellua, €B,f., a beast 
 
 Bellum, i, n., war. Belli, gen. <^ 
 hello, ahl., $ 221, R. 3, in war, in time 
 of war. Belli domique, see Damns. 
 
 Bene, adv. {henus, ohs. for honus), 
 comp. meliiis, sup. opiime, well, large- 
 ly. Bene polliceri, to promise well, 
 make many and fair promises : — suc- 
 cessfully, happily. Bene facere, to act 
 well, perform illustrious deeds, see 
 Bene factum, under Factus, Bene di- 
 cere, to speak well or eloquently. 
 
 Benedico, ere, xi, ctum, a <^ n., to 
 speak well of, commend. 
 
 Benefado, ere, eci, actu7n, n. (bene ^ 
 facio), to do good, benefit, confer a 
 favor. 
 
 Benef actum, i, n. (benefucio), a kind- 
 ness, benefit, favor; a good act or 
 deed. 
 
 Benejicium, i, n. (benefado), a kind- 
 ness, benefit, favor ; an office, promo 
 
 Dn. 
 
 Benevolentia, cB,f. {benevolens,hene' 
 volent), benevolence, good-will, kind- 
 ness, favor. 
 
 Benigne, adv. (benignus, kind), kind- 
 ly, courteously, liberally, freely, wil- 
 lingly. 
 
 Benigmfas, alls, f. {benignus, kind) 
 kindness, liberality, bounty, benignity 
 
BESTIA 
 
 153 
 
 C^SAR 
 
 courtesy. In benignitate habere, to 
 attribute to kindness, to ascribe to 
 liberality. 
 
 Bestia, cB,f., a wild beast. 
 
 Bestia, cb, m. (L. Calpurnius), a Ro- 
 man senator and tribune of the people, 
 A. U. C. 691, confederate with Cati- 
 line. C. 17, 43. Also, Q. Calpurnius 
 Piso Bestia, a grand-son of the former, 
 who w^as consul, A. U. C. 643. J. 27— 
 35. 77. 
 
 Biduum, i, n. (bis ^ dies), the space 
 of two days. 
 
 Bun, CB, a, adj. pi. $ 119, III, t\vo by 
 t^vo ; tv\'o : from 
 
 Bis, num. adv. $ 119, twice, on t\vo 
 occasions. 
 
 Bocchus, i, m., a king of Mauritania 
 in alliance \vith Jugurtha. J. 19, 61, 
 &c. j 
 
 Bomikar, aris, m., a Numidian, in ' 
 whom Jugurtha placed great confi- 
 dence. J. 35. 49, 53. 61, 70—73. ! 
 
 Bonum, i, n., any good or blessing; 
 a good thing; right, rectitude, what 
 is right or proper ; benefit, advantage ; 
 profit; a favor; excellence, virtue, 
 equit}''. Bonum honestumque, \drtue 
 and honor; — an endo\sTnent, qualifi- 
 cation, good quality. Maximum bo- 
 num, the chief good. Neque recte 
 neque pro bono, i. e. neque recte neque 
 bene. Bona drum, n. pi., goods, pro- ! 
 pert}% effects, advantages, good things : 
 from 
 
 Bonus, a, urn, adj. (comp. melior, 
 sup. opfimus), $ 250, good ; brave, gal- 
 lant, resolute, energetic ; valuable, pre- 
 cious, useful, VV222; virtuous, worthy; 
 well disposed, friendly. Boni, drum, 
 m. pi, the opulent, prosperous ; able, | 
 respectable, men of character or tal- 
 ent. Bona amicitia, faithful, steadfast, 
 true — Boni fratres, aflfectionate — . 
 Ager bonus pecori, — suitaDie lor, — 
 adapted to. Imperium a minus bono 
 transfertur,— from the less able or c? 
 pable, the less skillful or expert 
 
 ■ Brev'is, e, adj., short, of short dura- 
 tion, transitory, short-lived, brief. Bre- 
 vi, abl., or brevi tempore, shortly, in a 
 
 ; short time. 
 
 Brevtler, adv. (brevis), shortly, in 
 brief, in a w^ord, briefly. 
 
 Bruttius, a, um, adj. of or belong- 
 ing to the Bruttii, a people inhabiting 
 a country at the southern extremity 
 
 I of Italy, now called Calabria. Brut- 
 
 \tius ager, the country of the Bruttii 
 C. 42. 
 
 i Brutus, i, m. (D. Junius), a Roman 
 consul A. U. C. 677 ; he was the hus- 
 band of Sempronia, who favored the 
 conspiracy of Catiline, but Brutus him- 
 self does not appear to have taken 
 part with the conspirators. C. 40. 
 
 i ' "*. 
 
 C, an abbreviation of the proeno- 
 men Caius. 
 
 Cadaver, eris, n., a corpse, carcass, 
 dead body : from 
 
 Cado, ere, cecidi, n., to fall ; to faU 
 or die in battle ; to be slain ; to perish ; 
 to fall out, happen, occur, turn out, 
 issue or result in. 
 
 CcBcus, a, um, adj., blind. Ccpcum 
 corpus, i. e. cceca pars corporis, the 
 blind side, the back. Cupidine ccp.cus, 
 blinded by passion, or desire. 
 
 CcBdes, is, f, a cutting ; a wound- 
 ing ; murder, slaughter, massacre, car- 
 nage : from 
 
 CcBdo, ere, ccBcidi, ccBSum, a., to cut, 
 cut down; to strike, beat; to kill, 
 slay, slaughter, destroy. 
 
 Ccddtus, a, um, part., car^'ed, sculfH 
 tured, embossed : from 
 
 CcbIo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {C(Blum a 
 graving tool), to carve figures in re- 
 Hef ; to emboss. 
 
 Ccepio, 57US, m. (Q. Servilius), a Ro- 
 man general who was defeated by tne 
 Gauls^ and Cimbri A. U. C. 649. J. 
 114. 
 
 C(Bsar, aris, m. (C. Julius), was the 
 
C^SAR 
 
 154 
 
 CAPITOLIUM 
 
 son of L. Julius Cessar and Aurelia, 
 the daughter of Aurehus Cotta. After 
 the con-quest of the Germans, Gauls, 
 and Britains, he turned his arms 
 against Pompey, who had espoused 
 the cause of the senate, and having 
 defeated him, estabhshed himself as 
 sole monarch of the Roman empire. 
 In the conspiracy headed by Catiline, 
 CsBsar was suspected of favoring the 
 cause of the conspirators. C. 47, 
 50—54. 
 
 CcBsar arts, m. (L. Julius), was 
 consul with C. Figulus A. U. C. 690. 
 He was the uncle of the triymvir M. 
 Antony, and brother in law of Lentu- 
 lus. C. 17. 
 
 Caius, i, m., a Roman prcBnomen. 
 
 Calaniitas, atis,/., calamity, mishap, 
 misfortune, disaster, adversity, loss, 
 injury, damage ; distress. 
 
 Calamitdsus, a, um, adj. {cfdamitas), 
 $ 222, calamitous, ruinous, disastrous, 
 pernicious, destructive. 
 
 CalendcB, drum,/, pi., {calo, to call,) 
 $ 326, the first day of the month ; the 
 calends. 
 
 Callide, adv. (callidus), skillfully, 
 expertly, shrewdly, cunningly, art- 
 fully. 
 
 Calliditas, dtis, /., skillfulness, art- 
 fulness, shrewdness, skill, craft, sub- 
 tilty : from 
 
 CalUdus, a, um, adj. {callum, callus), 
 skillful, tried, experienced, shrewd, 
 crafty, sly, subtle, cunning. 
 
 Calor, oris, m. {caleo, to be warm), 
 warmth, heat. 
 
 Calpurnius, i, m ., see Bestta. 
 
 Calumuia, ce, f., false accusation, 
 slander, calumny; wiles, chicanery, 
 cabals. 
 
 Camera, ce, /., a vault, arched roof, 
 or ceiHng. 
 
 Gamers, ertis, adj., of c^ pertaining 
 to Camerinum, now Camerino, a town 
 of Umbria. Subs., a Camertian. C. 
 27. 
 
 Campus, i, m., a level surface; a 
 plain, open field. Campus or Campus 
 Martius, the field of MarSr an open 
 field in Rome where the comitia were 
 held. 
 
 Canis, is, m. ^ f., a dog. 
 
 Cano, ere, cecini, cantum, n. ^ a., to 
 sing; to play upon a musical instm- 
 ment. With signum,canere is some- 
 times active and sometimes neuter, and 
 signum, accordingly, is either the ob- 
 ject or the subject. Tubicines signa 
 canere (i. e. canebant), the trumpeters 
 sounded or gave the signal. Signa ' 
 canunt, the signals sound or are given. 
 
 Capesso, ere, Ivi, Itum, a. intensive, 
 $ 187, II, 5, to take, catch at, lay hold 
 of, seize, take in hand, undertake, en- 
 ter upon, take the management of. 
 Capessere rempublicam, to engage 
 zealously in public affairs or in the 
 service of the repubhc, take care of 
 the state : from 
 
 Capio, ere, cepi, captum, a., to take, 
 take up, receive, adopt ; to hold, con- 
 tain; to seize, lay hold of, overtake, 
 catch ; to make use of Arma capere, 
 to seize or take up arms. Consilium 
 capere, to form a design, adopt a plan, 
 conclude, determine, consult ; — to ac- 
 quire, obtain, derive; to choose, se- 
 lect; to enjoy, feel; to capture, take 
 possession of, occupy, overpower, op- 
 press ; to charm, captivate, allure, gain 
 over, attract ; to take prisoner ; to take 
 in, deceive, cheat, entrap, ensnare, 
 circumvent, get the advantage of. 
 Capere poenam or pmnas, see PoRua. 
 Capere detrimentum, to suffer — . 
 RempuMicam capere, to seize, usurp — . 
 
 Capitalis, e, adj. {caput}, relating to 
 the head or life, capital, deadly. Res 
 capitalis, a capital crime, a crime to 
 be punished with death. 
 
 Capito, onis, m., a Roman cogno- 
 men, see Gabinius. 
 
 Capitolium, i, n., (caput), the Capi 
 tol, one of the seven hills of Romo 
 
CAPSA 
 
 155 
 
 CATILINA 
 
 the citadel of Rome and the temple 
 of Jupiter Capitolinus, built upon the 
 Capitoline hill. 
 
 Capsa, (B, /., a city of Numidia, 
 built in the midst of vast deserts, but 
 taken and destroyed by Marius. J. 
 89—94, 97. 
 
 Capsenses, ium, m. {Capsa), the in- 
 habitants of Capsa. J. 89, 92. 
 
 Captivus, a, um, adj. {capio), cap- 
 tive, taken prisoner. Subs, a pri- 
 soner. 
 
 Capto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. {ca- 
 pio), to catch at, catch, strive to ob- 
 tain, seek for or strive after eagerly. 
 
 Capius, a, um, part, (capio), seized, 
 captured, taken, enslaved, caught, 
 overtaken, captivated. Captus somno, 
 overtaken or overcome by sleep. 
 
 Capua, cB,f., a city of Campania, in 
 Italy. C. 30. 
 
 Caput, ilis, n., a head ; a man, per- 
 son; life. Capite censl, the poorest 
 class of Roman citizens, who, in the 
 assessments, were rated at nothing, 
 but merely numbered as citizens. 
 Supra caput, see Supra. Capite poe- 
 nas solvere, to suffer capital punish- 
 ment, be put to death. 
 
 Career, eris, m., a prison, gaol, 
 place of confinement. 
 
 Careo, ere, ui, n., $ 250, R. 1, (2.) 
 to be v^^ithout, want, be in want of, be 
 free from, be destitute of; abstain 
 from. 
 
 Carina, cB,f., the keel or bottom of 
 a ship. 
 
 Caro, carnis,/., flesh. 
 
 Carptim, adv. (carpo, to pluck), by 
 detached parts ; separately, in separate 
 parts. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, e, adj., of or be- 
 longing to Carthage, Carthaginian. 
 Carthaginienses, ium, m. pi , the Car- 
 thao^inians, inhabitants of Carthage. 
 J. 5,14, 19, 79. C. 51.:/ro77i 
 
 Carthago, 'inis, f., Carthage, a cele- 
 brated mar time city of Africa, and the 
 
 rival of Rome, founded oy a colony of 
 Tyrians under the direction of queen 
 Dido. It was destroyed by the Ro- 
 mans under P. Scipio ^milianus, A 
 U. C. 608. J. 18, 19, 41, 79. C 10. 
 
 Carus, a, um, adj. $ 222, dear, pre- 
 cious, costly; beloved, valued. Carum 
 (Bstimare, to reckon precious, value 
 highly. 
 
 Cassius, i, m. (i.) a Roman praetor, 
 who was sent to invite Jugurtha to 
 come to Rome, A. U. C. 643. As a 
 judge he was distinguished for the 
 soundness and wisdom of his deci- 
 sions, and it is to him that Cicero as- 
 cribes the custom of enquiring, in ju- 
 dicial investigations, cui bono fuissct. 
 See also Longinus. J. 32, 33. 
 
 Castelldni, drum, m., soldiers in gar- 
 rison ; a garrison : from 
 
 Castellum, i, n, dim. (castrum, a 
 castle), a castle, fortress, fort, fortified 
 place. 
 
 Castra, drum, n, pi., a camp, en- 
 campment. Facere or locare castra, 
 to encamp, pitch. Fig, war, warfare. 
 
 Casurus, a, um, part. (cado). 
 
 Casus, us, m. (cado), a fall or fall- 
 ing. Fig. misfortune, adversity, disas- 
 ter, calamity ; an event, case, circum- 
 stance, situation, accident, fortune, 
 chance. Casu, abl., by chance, acci- 
 dentally; — occasion, opportunity. Pro 
 meo casu, considering my situation, 
 case or circumstances. Casum dare, 
 to aflford an opportunity. 
 
 Catabathmos, i, m. $ 54, a declivity, 
 gradual descent ; a sloping valley be- 
 tween Egypt and Africa, the Catabath- 
 mus. J. 17, 19. 
 
 Catena, ce,f., a chain. 
 
 Caierva, cb, /., a troop, baltalion, 
 band or company of soldiers ; a mul- 
 titude, concourse of people. 
 
 Catervdtim, adv. (caterva), in com- 
 panies or troops ; in crowds. 
 
 Catilwa, ce, m. {L. Sersrius), Cati- 
 line, a Roman of noble birth but pro 
 
 14* 
 
CATO 
 
 156 
 
 CEPI 
 
 fiigate manners, who, with many 
 others of the nobility, conspired 
 against the republic, and collected an 
 army m Etruria, intended to act 
 against his countiy. His conspiracy 
 being brought to light by the vigi- 
 lance of M. T. Cicero, the consul, 
 Catiline took the command of his ar- 
 my, which he attempted to lead to 
 Rome, but was defeated by C; Anto- 
 nius. the other consul, and, with most 
 of his army, perished in a desperate 
 battle. C. 4, 5, &c. 
 
 Cato, onis, m. {M. Porcius), was the 
 grandson of Cato the censor, and like 
 him was distinguished for great strict- 
 ness and severity of manners. After 
 the rest of Pompey's party had surren- 
 dered to Caesar, Cato, who had com- 
 manded the army in Africa, put an 
 end to his own life at Utica ; whence 
 he has obtained the agnomen of Uti- 
 censis. C. 52 — 55. 
 
 Catulus, i, m. (Q. Lutatius), a Ro- 
 man senator of great dignity and in- 
 fluence. He was consul with M. 
 Lepidus, A.U.C.676. C. 34, 35, 49. 
 
 Causa, cBf /., a cause, reason, 
 ground. Causa with a genitive, on 
 account of, for the sake of, as; a 
 color, pretext, pretence, excuse ; occa- 
 sion, motive, provocation; a cause, 
 suit or process at law. Causam di- 
 cere, to plead for one's self, to plead, 
 to defend, make a defence. Qtia de 
 causa ? from what motive ? for what 
 reason ? 
 
 Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, n. ^ a.^ 
 273, 1, ^ 262, R. 6. to beware or take 
 heed of, be aware, be on one's guard, 
 avoid, shun ; loith prep, a or ah, to 
 guard against ; to take care, provide ; 
 to keep ofli ward off 
 
 Cecidi, see Cado. Cecidi, see Ccedo. 
 
 Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. <^ a., to 
 give place, give way, yield, withdraw, 
 retire, leave, depart ; to cede, give up, 
 yield, concede, grant ; to submit ; $223. 
 
 to yield to, give place to, retire before 
 retreat, fly ; to happen, turn out, suc- 
 ceed, end, result, issue, go on. 
 
 Celehrdius, a, um, part. ^ adj., cele- 
 brated, extolled, distinguished, brought 
 into notice; solemnized, frequented: 
 from 
 
 Celehro, are, dvi, dtum, a. {celebcr, 
 frequented), to frequent, resort to ; to 
 celebrate, solemnize ; to praise, extol, 
 celebrate, honor, render famous, illus- 
 trious, or distinguished. 
 
 Celer, eris, m. (Q. Metellus), a Ro- 
 man praetor, who commanded the 
 forces of the state in the country of 
 the Piceni, during Catiline's conspi- 
 racy, A. U. C. 691. C. 30, 42, 57. 
 
 Celeritas, dtis,f. {celer, swift), swift- 
 ness, quickness, speed, celerity, acti- 
 vity. 
 
 Censeo, ere, ui, censum, a., §272, 
 $273, 2, $262, R. 4, to think, judge, 
 suppose, imagine, apprehend, be of 
 opinion ; to express one's opinion in 
 a deliberative assembly, to vote, ad- 
 vise; to ordain, decree, resolve; to 
 rate, assess, tax, appraise ; to make a 
 census or an estimate of the property, 
 and an enumeration of the famihea 
 of the citizens ; to estimate, value. 
 
 Censor, oris, m. (censeo), a censor, 
 a Roman magistrate appointed ever}' 
 fifth year to take the census, and to 
 inquire into the character of the citi- 
 zens. 
 
 Census, a, um, part, (censeo). Capite 
 censi, see Caput. 
 
 Centum, num. adj. pi. ind., a hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Centuria, ce,f. {centum), a century 
 or hundred of any thing; a squadron, 
 consisting of a hundred horse ; a hun- 
 dred foot soldiers; a division o^ ths 
 Roman people, a century, a hun red 
 
 Centurio, onis, m. (centuriay a cap 
 tain of a centuiy or hundred a can 
 turion. 
 
 Cepi, see Capio. 
 
CERA 
 
 157 
 
 CIRCUMFUSUS 
 
 Cera, <b, /., wax ; the material of 
 i?ihich tamily images were formed. 
 
 Cernoy ere, crevi, creium, a., to sift ; 
 to consider, deliberate, distinguish, de- 
 cide, judge, decree; $272, to discern, 
 seC; perceive ; to contend, fight 
 
 Certdmen, mis, n. (certo), a contest, 
 strife, contention, debate, dispute, dis- 
 sension ; a battle, engagement ; com- 
 petition, zeal. 21ie adverse party is 
 in the abl. with cum. Certamen est. $265. 
 
 Certans, tis, part, (certo), contend- 
 ing, striving, vieing with one another. 
 
 Certdtim, adv. {ceHo), earnestly, 
 eagerly, emulously. 
 
 Certe or Certb, adv. (certus), cer- 
 tainly, for certain, assuredly. 
 
 Certo, are, dvi, dium, n., to con- 
 tend, strive, vie, stmggle, fight; to 
 strive emulously, try to outdo each 
 other, strive to be first. Certatur, the 
 contest is carried on, they contend, 
 $ 184, 2. The thing in which one con- 
 tends is in the abl. without a prep., and 
 the person with whom he contends is in 
 the abl. with cum. 
 
 Certus, a, um, adj., determined, re- 
 solved; fixed upon, established, ap- 
 pointed ; sure, well acquainted. Cer- 
 tiorem facer e, to inform, acquaint, no- 
 tify, apprise ; Certior fieri, to receive 
 notice, be informed, — tried, faithful ; 
 safe, trust- worthy, certain, fixed; re- 
 solute, bold ; clear, well-known, well- 
 ascertained, manifest, evident. Pro 
 certo habere, credere, etc., to consider 
 as certain, be well assured, confident- 
 ly believe. Certa, n. pi., certainties. 
 
 Cessi, see Cedo. 
 
 Cetera, ccterum, adj. (not used in 
 nom. mas.), other, the other, the rest, 
 residue, remainder. Cetera, ace. pi. 
 in other respects, as for the rest $ 234, 
 II. 
 
 Cet^riim, adv. ^ adversative conj. 
 {cetera), as for the rest, in other re- 
 spects, otherwise; but, furthermore, 
 moreover 
 
 Cethegus, i, m. (C), a Roman sena- 
 tor of the Cornel sn gens. He was 
 put to death for the part he took in 
 the Catilinarian conspiracy. C. 17, 
 32, 43, &c. 
 
 Cibus, i, m., food, nourishment, ali 
 ment, victuals, meat. 
 
 Cicdtri-x, wis,/., a cicatrice, scar. 
 
 Cicero, onis, m. (M. Tidlius), the 
 most illustrious of the Roman orators, 
 was born at Arpinum in the year B. 
 C. 103. In his consulship, A. U. C. 
 691, occurred the celebrated conspi 
 racy of Catiline, which was detected 
 and suppressed by his patriotic vigi- 
 lance. He was put to death during 
 tlie triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, 
 and Lepidus, at the age of sixty-four. 
 C. 23. 26, &c. 
 
 Cimbricus, a, um, adj., Cimbrian, 
 pertaining to the Cimbri, a people of 
 Geamany. C. 59. 
 
 Cinna, ce, m. (L. Cornelius), an as* 
 sociate of Marius in the civil wars, 
 and distinguished for his acts of cru- 
 elty. His daughter Cornelia was the 
 wife of Julius Caesar. C. 47. 
 
 Circiter, prep, with the ace. Sf adv. 
 about, near. 
 
 Circum, prep, with the ace, around 
 about; near. Ac?v., around, near. 
 
 Circumdatus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. (cir- 
 cum ^ do), to put, place or set round , 
 to surround, encompass, environ, in- 
 vest. 
 
 Circumeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. a. (ci^ , 
 cum ^ eo), to go round ; to surrounU. 
 Circumire vigilias, to visit the guards, 
 go the rounds. 
 
 Circumfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr 
 a. (circum ^ fero), to carry round. 
 
 Circumfundo, ere, ud.i, vsum, o, 
 (circum ^ fundo), to pour around. 
 sprinkle about, circumfuse; to sur 
 round, encompass. 
 
 Circumfusus, a, um part, (circum 
 fu?i/l'^. poured round ; surrounding. 
 
CmCUMSIDEO 
 
 158 
 
 CLIENS 
 
 Circumstdeo, ere, edi, essum, a, ^ n. 
 'fiircum <^ sedeoy to sit), to sit or take 
 one's stand round ; to besiege, invest, 
 lay siege to. 
 
 Circu7}i,spectOf are, a. ^ n.freq'y to 
 look round or about ; to look upon or 
 regard with suspicion : from 
 
 Circwnspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. ^ n. 
 {circum ^ specio, to see), to look round. 
 Fig. to take heed, weigh, consider 
 carefully. 
 
 Circumvenio, Ire, hii, entum, a, {cir- 
 cum ^ venio), $233, (3.) to come round ; 
 to surround, encompass, enclose, in- 
 vest, blockade, beset. Fig. to oppress, 
 crush, overthrow, take by surprise ; to 
 circumvent, defraud, deceive, betray, 
 beset. Falsis criminihus circumvenire, 
 to beset with false charges. 
 
 Circumventus, a, um, part, {circum' 
 nenio), surrounded, encompassed, be- 
 set on all sides; circumvented, op- 
 pressed. 
 
 Cirta, cB,f., a city of Numidia not 
 far from the sea, the capital of the 
 kingdom of Syphax, of Masinissa, and 
 of his son Micipsa. It is now called 
 Constantia. J. 21 — 26, &c. 
 
 Citerior, adj. of the comp. degree, 
 Bup. cifimus, $ 126, 1, {cis, on this side), 
 nearer, hither. 
 
 Citb, adv. {citus), soon, quickly, 
 Bpeedily, shortly. 
 
 Citus, a, um., part. ^ adj. {cieo, to 
 excite), excited; swift, quick, rapid. 
 Speculatores citi sese ostendunt, — at 
 full speed. 
 
 Civilis, e, adj., of or belonging to a 
 citizen, civil. Civilia studia, civil con- 
 tention, strife among the citizens. 
 Civilis victoria, a civil victory, a vic- 
 tory in a civil war. Civile imperium, 
 a government befitting citizens, cour- 
 teous or humane government : from 
 
 Civis, is, m. ^ f, a citizen, free in- 
 habitant of a town or city. 
 
 Civltas, atis, f, gen. pi. in um or 
 twm, ^ 83, 4, {civis), the body of citi- 
 
 zens living in the same place, and an 
 der the same laws ; a city, state, na- 
 tion, empire, government ; the freedom 
 of the city, citizenship. 
 
 Clades, is, f, loss, injury, misfor- 
 tune, disaster; overthrow, discomfit- 
 ure ; slaughter, destruction. 
 
 Clam, adv. <^prep. with ace. and ahl., 
 privately, privily, sex^retly ; without the 
 knowledge of. 
 
 Clamor, oris, m., {clamo, to cry 
 aloud), a loud voice, cry, shout, shout- 
 ing ; a loud noise, din. 
 
 Claritudo, mis, f, clearness, dis* 
 tinctness ; fame, character, reputation, 
 renown: from 
 
 Clarus, a, um, adj., clear, bright, 
 splendid; loud, distinct. Fig. mani- 
 fest, open, evident; famous, illustri- 
 ous, noble; renowned, distinguished, 
 celebrated. 
 
 Classis, is,f, a class, company, or- 
 der or rank of citizens, one of the five 
 or, including the capite censi, six dir\'i- 
 sions of the Roman people made by 
 Servius Tullius, according to the com- 
 parative value of their estates ; a fleet 
 of ships of war, an armament. Ex 
 classibus, according to classes. 
 
 Claudo, ere, si, sum, a., to shut, 
 close, confine, shut in, inclose; to sur- 
 round, encompass ; to finish. 
 
 Clausus, a, um, part, {claudo), shut 
 up, inclosed, surrounded, hidden, con- 
 cealed. Subs, clausiim, i, n., an en- 
 closure, a place shut up. 
 
 Clavis, is,f. {claudo), a key. 
 
 Clemens, entis, adj., quiet, placid, 
 calm, gentle; mild, meek, mercifiil; 
 light, easy. Clemens rumor a mild 
 report, i. e. extenuating the deed a 
 mild rumor, a doubtful, obscure, or 
 vague report. 
 
 dementia, (E, f {clemens), mildness, 
 gentleness, calmness, stillness; kind- 
 ness, humanity, clemency, mercy, mo- 
 deration. 
 
 Cliens, entis, m., a client, one undei 
 
CLIENTELA 
 
 159 
 
 COGO 
 
 the protection of a patron ; a retainer, 
 beneficiary, dependent. 
 
 Clientela, ce,/. {diens), the relation 
 of clients to their patrons, clientship ; 
 protection; a train of clients, or de- 
 pendents. 
 
 Cn., an abbreviation of Cnceus. 
 
 CncBus, 1, 771., a Roman prcsnomen. 
 
 Coactus, a, um, part. {cogo). 
 
 Cocequo, are, avi, a. {con <^ cBquo, to 
 level), to make equal or even, to level. 
 
 Coalesco, ere, lui, titum, n. {con ^ 
 alesco, to grow), to grow together, co- 
 alesce, unite, blend or be blended, 
 grow to, grow. Fig. to be or become 
 united ,• to agree. 
 
 Coarguo, ere, ui, a. {con intensive ^ 
 arguo, to show), to prove, show, de- 
 monstrate; to convince, convict; to 
 disprove, confute. 
 
 Cochlea, cB,f., a snail, cockle, peri- 
 winkle. 
 
 Coctus, a, um, part, {coquo). 
 
 Coegi, see Cogo. 
 
 Codum, i, n., heaven, the heavens ; 
 the air, skies, region of the air, atmos- 
 phere. Coilo terraque penuria aqua- 
 rum, — from the atmosphere and the 
 earth, i. e. — of rain and spring- water. 
 
 Ccend.tus, a, um, part. ^ 162, 16, hav- 
 ing supped : from 
 
 Coeno, are, avi, atum, n. ^ a. {coena, 
 supper), to sup. Esse coenatus, to sup, 
 dispatch supper. 
 
 Cobparius, i, m. (Q.), a Terracinian 
 who was confederate with Catihne. 
 C. 46, 47, 52, 55. 
 
 Cospi, def. verh, $ 183, 2, $271, 1 be- 
 gan, commenced. Perf. pass., coepius 
 est, which has an active stgnijication, 
 hid is used in preference to coepit be- 
 fore a passive infinitive: see $ 183, 
 2, N. 
 
 Cceptus, a, um, part, {coepi), having 
 begun. Pass, begun. 
 
 Coerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. {con ^ ar- 
 ceo, to ward off), to surround, em- 
 brace; to keep in, confine, restrain, 
 
 check; to repress, curb, control, stop : 
 to chastise, punish. 
 
 CoercUus, a, wn, part. ^ adj. {coer- 
 ceo), restrained, controlled; capabld 
 of being restrained. 
 
 Cogito, are, avi, dtum, a. ^ n. {con, 
 ^ agito), $ 265, to revolve in the mind, 
 think, ponder, consider, meditate, re- 
 flect, deliberate. 
 
 Cognatio, dms,f. {con <^ nascor), re 
 lation by blood, kindred. 
 
 Cognatus, a, um, adj. {con ^ nas 
 cor), connate ; related by blood, nearly 
 akin, closely aUied, kindred. Suhs., 
 a relative, kinsman, relation by blood. 
 
 Cogmtus, a, um, part. ^' adj. {cog- 
 nosco),§ 222, ascertained, known, dis- 
 covered, tried, proved, understood, ex 
 amined. Causa cognita, — the cause 
 having been tried, judicially invest! 
 gated. Hence it may he translated, af- 
 ter trial. Cognitum est mihi, I have 
 ascertained or learned. $ 272. 
 
 Cognomen, mis, n. {con ^ iiomen), a 
 surname, family name, name subjoin- 
 ed to the nomen or name, as prceno- 
 men was prefixed to it ; as P. Come- 
 luLS Scipio, $ 279, 9. It is sometimes 
 used for the agnomen, the appellation, 
 title; as, P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 
 nus. 
 
 CogJiosco, ere, novi, mtum, a. icon ^ 
 nosco), $ 265, $ 272, to know ; to learn, 
 hear, find, find out, make one's self 
 acquainted with, ascertain, discover ; 
 he7ice, to know, understand, be in- 
 formed, be assured ; — to study, exam- 
 ine, investigate, explore, inspect; to 
 try a cause ; to find by experience ; to 
 recognize; to acknowledge, confess; 
 to perceive, see. Promissa ejus cog- 
 nitum misit, despatched (some) to ex- 
 amine his proposals, i. e. to ascertain 
 the practicability of what he proposed. 
 
 Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, a. {con ^ 
 ago), to collect, assemble, gather, drive 
 or bring together; to drive, impel ; to 
 constrain, compel, force, urge, neces- 
 
COHORS 
 
 160 
 
 COMMERCOR 
 
 sitate, induce, prevail on; to confine,; 
 restrain, restrict. Cogere sub imperi- 
 um, to reduce, bring, — . Cogere in' 
 unum, to bind or unite together. With 
 inf. and ace. or suhj. with ut. The 
 passive takes the inf. $ 271. 
 
 Cohors, tis,f., a pen or coop; a co- 
 hort, a band of soldiers consisting of 
 the tenth part of a legion, and conse- 
 quently containing at different peri- 
 ods from 300 to 600 men. Cohortes 
 legionaricB or ex legionibus, legionary 
 cohorts or cohorts of the legions. See 
 Legionarius. 
 
 Cohortdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Cohortorf dri, dtus sum^ dep. {con ^ 
 hortor), $ 274, 2, to exhort, encourage. 
 
 CoUectus, a, um, part, {colligo). 
 
 Collega, CB, m., a colleague, copart- 
 ner in office. 
 
 ColUbeU libuit or libitum est, imp. 
 verb, {con ^- libet), it pleases, is agree- 
 able. It is sometimes used personally, 
 as, qucB victor ibus collibuissent, what 
 should please the victors, what the 
 victors pleased. 
 
 Colligo, ere, egi, ectum, a. {con <jr 
 lego), to gather together, collect, as- 
 semble. 
 
 Collis, is, 771., a hill, hillock, rising 
 ground. 
 
 Collvco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 loco), to place, settle, dispose, arrange, 
 set, set in order, station, post. 
 
 Colloquium, i, n., conversation, con- 
 verse, discourse ; a conference, inter- 
 view : from 
 
 Colloquor, i, cutus sum, dep. {con ^ 
 loquor), to speak together, converse, 
 confer. 
 
 Colo, ere, colui, cultum, a., to exer- 
 cise, practise, pursue, study, labor 
 upon, cultivate, attend to, tend, till, 
 cherish, take care of; to respect, 
 honor, regard, venerate, worship, love, 
 esteem, favor, treat respectfully, culti- 
 vate the friendship of; to inhabit. A^e- 
 que illos arte colam, me opulenter, 1 
 
 will not treat them rigorously and 
 myself indulgently. 
 
 Colonia, (E,f, a colony, plantation, 
 settlement ; a number of people emi- 
 grating by public authority to a dis- 
 tant settlement, colonists, emigiants: 
 from 
 
 Colonus, i, m. {colo), a huslandman, 
 tenant, farmer, cultivator ; a colonist, 
 settler, emigrant. 
 
 Color, or colos, oris, m., a color, 
 complexion, tint, hue. Colos is used 
 by Sallust in preference to color. 
 
 Comes, itis, m. ^ f., a companion 
 associate, attendant, assistant, com- 
 rade, friend. 
 
 Cominus, adv. {con ^ manus), hana 
 to hand, in close combat. 
 
 Comitdtus, us, m. {comttor, to ac- 
 company), a number of followers, a 
 train, company, retinue, suit. 
 
 Comitia, drum, n. pi. {comes), a pub- 
 lic meeting or assembly of the people 
 for the puipose of voting; a public 
 election. Comitia habere, to hold an 
 assembly of the people. 
 
 Commaculo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con 
 ^ maculo, to stain), to spot, stain, pol- 
 lute, disgrace. 
 
 Commedtus, us, m. {commeo, to go 
 and come), a passage ; a fuiiough ; a 
 convoy ; provisions, supplies, victuals. 
 
 Commemvro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con 
 <^ memoro), to mention, make mention 
 of, call to mind, recount, relate. 
 
 Commendatio, dnis, f, commenda- 
 tion, recommendation, praise : fro?n 
 
 Commendo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con <^ 
 mando), to commit to the charge of 
 any one, consign to any one's care, 
 intrust with ; to commend, recom* 
 mend. 
 
 Commercium, i, n. {con ^ merx, mer- 
 chandise), commerce, trade, traffic, 
 bartering. 
 
 Commercor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {con 
 ^ mercor), to buy together, purchase, 
 buy up. 
 
COMMINUO 
 
 161 
 
 COMPONO 
 
 ComntinuOf tre, ui, utum, a. (con <^ 
 minuo), to lessen, diminish ; to crush 
 or break to pieces. Fig. to weaken, 
 impair, wear away. 
 
 - Comminutus, a, urn, part, (commi- 
 nuo). 
 
 Committo, ere, isi, issum, a. {con <^ 
 mitto), to join together, unite or bring 
 together; to do, act, cause, perform, 
 perpetrate, commit; to begin, com- 
 mence. Committere ijrodium, pug- 
 nam, etc., to begin a battle, to make an 
 attack, to fight, engage. 
 
 Commodo, are, dvi, atum, a. {corn- 
 modus, convenient), to adjust, adapt, 
 accommodate ; to give, afford, allow, 
 lend, furnish, supply. 
 
 Commudum, i, n. {commodus), ad- 
 vantage, profit, interest, utility, con- 
 venience. Ex commodo cBstimare, to 
 estimate according to (its) profit. Ex 
 commodo pugnamfacere, — at a favora- 
 ble opportunity, under favorable cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 Commonefdcio, ere, feci, factum, a. 
 {commoneo, to remind, ^ facio), % 218, 
 to put in mind, remind, advise. 
 
 Commordtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Commoror, dri, dtus sum, dep. {con 
 ^ moror), to stop, pause, stay, abide, 
 remain, tarry. 
 
 Commdtus, a, um, part., moved, 
 troubled, disturbed, &c. : from 
 
 Commoveo, ere, dvi, otum, a. {con ^ 
 moved), to move together, move, stir, 
 remove; to move, touch, affect; to 
 disquiet, trouble, alarm ; to stir up, ex- 
 cite, provoke. 
 
 Communicdtus, a, um, part.: from 
 
 Communtco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {com- 
 munis), to communicate, impart, share 
 with any one, commune, confer; to 
 join, unite, connect; to share, par- 
 take, mingle. Causam communicare, 
 to make common cause. 
 
 Communio, Ire, Ivi, iium, a. {con <^ 
 munio), to fortify, secure. 
 
 Communis, e, adj., ^ 222, common. 
 
 I the same, general, universal, belong 
 jing to many or all, belonging to th« 
 public. Res communis, a joint or mu- 
 tual interest, common concern. 
 
 Commutatio, onis, f {commuto), a 
 changing, change, alteration. 
 
 Commutdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Commuto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con ij- 
 muto), to change, alter ; to exchange, 
 traffic. 
 
 Compardtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Compdro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 paro), to procure, get, furnish, pre- 
 pare, provide, get ready ; to collect ; to 
 establish, institute, ordain ; to acquire; 
 to connect ; to compare. 
 
 Comperio, ire, peri, perium, a. oi 
 Comperior, iri, partus sum., dep. {con 
 (^ pario), $ 272, $ 265, to discover, find 
 out, ascertain, learn, be informed, 
 know. Parum comperimus, I have 
 not ascertained, I am uncertain. 
 
 Compertus, a, um, part., {comperio^, 
 found out, fully ascertained, known 
 for certain; discovered, detected. 
 Narrare compertum, to speak with 
 certainty. Compertum est milii, or 
 compertum habeo, $ 274, R. 4, it has 
 been made known to me, I have as- 
 certained, I know, I am certain, $ 
 272. 
 
 Compleo, ere, evi, eturn, a. {con ^ 
 pleo, ohs., to fill), $ 249, 1, to fill, fill up; 
 to complete, perfect, finish, perform. 
 
 Complexus, its, m. {complector), a 
 compassing, encircling; an embrac- 
 ing, embrace. 
 
 Complures, ura, $ 110, adj. pi, {con 
 ^ plus), many, a great many, a con- 
 siderable number. 
 
 Compono, ere, osui, ositum, a. {con ^ 
 pond), to put or place together ; to put 
 in order, arrange, dispose, order, to 
 lay up; to bury; to end, bring to a 
 close or conclusion; to settle, adjust, 
 accommodate; to calm, still, appease, 
 tranquilize; to compound, compose, 
 make up; to make, compose, contrive, 
 
COMPORTO 
 
 162 
 
 CONDITUS 
 
 )Ian ; to agree upon, arrange, concert ; 
 o compare. 
 
 Comporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 porto), to carry or bring together, 
 bring, carry, collect. 
 
 Composiie, adv., sedately, calmly, 
 quietly, orderly, neatly, handsomely; 
 in elegant language, in well turned 
 periods, in good set terms : from 
 
 Compositus, a, um, part. ^ adj. 
 {compono), put together, arranged, 
 composed, made up, compounded; 
 elegant, regular, well arranged, in 
 good order, skillfully disposed, set in 
 order, apt, fit, beautiful; ended, set- 
 tled. 
 
 Comprohdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Comprabo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 proho), to approve, prove, confirm ; to 
 allow ; to make good, verify. 
 
 Condtus, a, um, part, (conor). 
 
 Concedo, ere, essi, essum, n. ^ a. 
 {con ^ cedo), $ 223, & $ 225, IV. to re- 
 tire, yield, depart, withdraw, give 
 place ; to go, repair ; to assent to ; to 
 yield, give up; to grant, give, allow, 
 permit, concede, resign, relinquish. 
 Concedere naturcB, to pay the debt of 
 nature, to die a natural death. Inju- 
 ricB concedere, to submit to. In gen- 
 tern nomcnque imperantium concessere, 
 were merged, sunk or lost in — . In 
 jus atque ditlonem concedere, to come 
 under, become subject to, yield to—. 
 Concessum est, imp., it was yielded or 
 accorded. 
 
 Concessus, a, um, pari, {concede), 
 permitted, conceded, granted, allowed, 
 &c. 
 
 Concido, ere, \di, n. {con ^ cado), to 
 fall down, fall to the ground. Fig. 
 to fall, die ; to perish, sink. 
 
 Concio, onis, f {concieo, to call to- 
 gether), a meeting or assembly of peo- 
 ple. Pro condone, in public, before 
 a public assembly : — an oration, 
 harangue, public speech or address. 
 
 CatLcitdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Concito, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con <J 
 cito, to excite), to stir up, put in mo- 
 tion, excite, stimulate, incite, rouse, 
 provoke, irritate, move, cause, raise. 
 
 Concldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. 
 {con ^ clamo, to cry), $ 272, to cry out 
 together, cry aloud, cry out with a 
 loud voice, shout, exclaim. 
 
 Concordia, oi, f. {concors, concord- 
 ant), concord, agreement, union, har- 
 mony, unanimity. Also the name of 
 a Roman goddess. Concord. C. 46, 
 49. 
 
 Concublna, cb, f. (concuho, to lie 
 with), a concubine. 
 
 Concupio, ere, <^ Concupisco, ere, 
 wi, itum, a. {con ^ cupio), to desire 
 greatly, long for, covet. 
 
 Concurro, ere, curri, cursum^ n. {con 
 <^ curro, to run), to run together, 
 meet, flock together ; to fight, engage 
 in fight, charge, rush to the fight, join 
 battle, engage, contend, rush together; 
 to concur, agree. Concurritur, they 
 rush together, charge, an onset or 
 charge is made. 
 
 Concur sus, us, m. {concurro), a run- 
 ning or meeting together; a con- 
 course; a conflict, charge, engage- 
 ment, onset, shock. 
 
 Concutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. {con ^ 
 quatio, to shake), to shake, move vio- 
 lently, agitate, cause to tremble. Fig. 
 to trouble, disquiet, alarm, terrify, put 
 in fear, agitate; to injure, weaken. 
 
 Condemndtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Condemno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 damno), $ 217, to condemn. 
 
 Condtdi, see Condo. 
 
 Conditio, bnis.f. {condo), a making, 
 constructing, framing; a laying up, 
 preserving; a state, situation, condi 
 tion, circumstances ; a contract, stipu 
 lation, condition, promise, advantage, 
 terms of agreement. 
 
 Conditor, oris, m. {condo), a maker, 
 builder, founder, inventor, author. 
 
 Conditus, a, um, part., founded 
 
CONDO 
 
 163 
 
 CONFUGIO 
 
 built Post conditam urhem, after or 
 ■ince the foundation of the city sc 
 Rome : from 
 
 Condo, ere, drdi, ditum, a. {con, ^'• 
 io), to lay or treasure up, hoard ; to 
 hide, conceal, bury ; to finish, end ; 
 to make, build, found, establish. 
 
 Condono, are, dui, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 asr>; o give freely, grant, present, 
 Desrou • to remit, excuse, pardon, 
 overlook, pass over, forgive ; v^iih the 
 accusative of the crime and the dative 
 of the person, it signifies to pardon the 
 fault for his sake, on his account. 
 Alterius libidini malefacta condonare, 
 
 away, wear out, injure, weaken. Siti 
 conficit to perish with thirst. 
 
 Confidot ere, Jlsus sum, n. jtass 
 $ 142, R. 2, {con ^fido, to trust to), 
 ahs. to trust, feel confident ; with daL 
 or abl. $ 223, R. 2, & § 245, II. or inf. 
 with acc.^2T2. depend upon, believe 
 confidently, confide or put confidence 
 in, trust to, rely upon. 
 
 Confinis, e, adj. {con ^ finis), $ 222, 
 R. l.next to, adjoining, bordering up- 
 on, contiguous, near. 
 
 Confirmdtus, a, um, part. . fro?n 
 Confirmo, are, dvi, alum, a. {con «J- 
 firmo), to confirm, strengthen, estab- 
 to pardon crimes to gratify the lust of j lish, reestablish, restore strength, to 
 another ;— to give up, devote, sacrifice. ; render efficient ; § 273. 2, to encour- 
 Conduco, ere, xi, ciiim, a. {con 4^ du- \ age, animate, support ; to persuade, 
 CO,) to bring or lead together, conduct, : induce, inspire with courage, reas- 
 assemble, collect; to hire, bargain for. sure; to ratify, confirm; to prove, 
 Conductus, a, um, part, (con^/aco), I show ; to affirm, assert, assure, de- 
 brought together, collected; hired. | dare. $ 272. Lahores et victorias con- 
 Confectus, a, um, part, {conficio), fin- \ firmare, to crown—. 
 
 ished, ended, destroyed, injured ; wast- 
 ed, worn out. Confectus annis, su- 
 perannuated. 
 
 Confercio, ire, si, turn, a. {con (^far- 
 do, to stuff), to stuff or cram to- 
 
 Conf'isus, a, um,part. {confido), trust- 
 ing to, relying or depending on, being 
 confident, trusting. 
 
 Confiteor, eri, essus, sum, dep. {con 
 ^fateor), V271, R. 3, 2d;?ar. to con- 
 
 gether, crowd together; to stuff, or ^ss, acknowledge, own. 
 
 fill full. ' Confllgo, ere, xi, ctum, a. {con ^^fligo, 
 
 Conf^ro, ferre, contuli, colldtum, a.jto beat against), to strike against; to 
 
 irr. {con 4'fero), to bring, carry, put -fight, contend, engage, conflict. 
 
 Confio, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con <^ flo, 
 to blow), to blow together, bring to- 
 gether; to make up, compound; to 
 raise, make, create, excite. JEs alie- 
 num confiare, to contract a debt, to 
 run into debt: — to excite, stir up, 
 
 or lay together ; to collect, gather. 
 
 Confertim, adv., closely, in a heap 
 or crowd, in a compact body : from 
 
 Confertus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {con- 
 fercio), crammed full, crowded, full: 
 thick, close, dense, in close array. 
 
 Co? f essus, a, um, part. (co7?/t/eor), ! cause, occasion, 
 having confessed. Subs, one who h^s\ Confluo, ere, xi, n. {con ^ fiuo, to 
 
 made confession. 
 
 Conficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. {con <^ 
 ficio), to make together; to make. 
 
 flow), to flow or run together ; to flock 
 or crowd together. 
 
 Confvdio, ere, ddi, ossum, a. {con ^ 
 
 cause, effect, execute, prepare, per- /<»^*'o» to dig), to dig. F/^". to wound, 
 form: to end, finish, terminate, ac- Pierce, stab, thrust through, 
 complish, complete, conclude ; to kill, I Confugio, ere, ugi, ug-itum, n. {con 
 slay, destroy, consume ; to overpower, 1 4rf^gio), to flee to tor succor, flee or 
 subdue, prostrate ; to waste, wear i ^^^'^ recourse to. 
 
 15 
 
CONGLOBO 
 
 164 
 
 CUNSERVO 
 
 Congloho, are, avi, alum, a., {con <^' ' 
 globo. to make round), to gather into ! 
 a round body, conglobate, crowd to- 
 gethtr, gather together, collect. 
 
 Congredior, i, gressiis sum, dep. {con 
 ^ gradior, to step), to move or go to- 
 gether, go with; to meet, come to- 
 gether go up to, accost, address, speak 
 to, converse with ; to fight, engage. 
 
 Coiigressus, us, m. {congredior), a 
 coming together, meeting ; a conflict, 
 encounter, contest, battle, engage- 
 ment. 
 
 Congressus, a, um, part, {congre- 
 dior). 
 
 Conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. {con ^ 
 jacio), to throw together, throw, cast, 
 hurl, discharge, thrust, force, impel. 
 Conjicere in vincida, to put in prison, 
 to imprison. 
 
 Conjuncius, a, um, part. ^ adj., con- 
 nected, united, attached : from 
 
 Conjungo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. {con ^ 
 jungo, to join), $224, to join or unite 
 together, connect, associate. 
 
 Conjuratio, onis, f. {conjuro), a 
 swearing together, a confederacy or 
 combination confirmed by oath; a 
 plot, conspiracy ; the body of conspi- 
 rators. 
 
 Conjurdtus, a, um, part., combined, 
 leagued. Sitbs. conjurati, drum, m., 
 conspirators : from 
 
 Conjuro, are, dvi, dtum, n. {con ^ 
 juro),'^21l, to swear together, com- 
 bine, league together ; to conspire, en- 
 ter into a conspiracy. 
 
 Connuhium, i, n. {con ^y nuho), a 
 lawful marriage, wedlock, marriage, 
 intermarriage. 
 
 Conor, dri, dins sum, dep., $271, to 
 strive, endeavor attempt, tiy, under- 
 take. 
 
 Conquiro, ere,istvi,is'Uum, a. {con^ 
 qucero)y to seek after, search for dili- 
 gently, get together, try to procure, 
 foliect. 
 
 Conscientia, cb, f. {conscio, to be 
 
 conscious), joint knowledge: con- 
 science, consciousness ; conscious- 
 ness of guilt, a bad conscience, an 
 evil or guilty conscience ; guilt, guil- 
 tiness. 
 
 Conscius, a, um, adj. {conscio), $213, 
 & $ 222, R. 3. conscious, privy to, ac- 
 cessary, witness of, partaking of, con» 
 cemed in, in the secret of The noun 
 denoting the crime is sometimes want- 
 ing, and it is then translated guilty, 
 conscious of guilt. Alius alii — conscii, 
 being witnesses for one another, being 
 mutually privy. 
 
 Conscribo, ere, ipsi, iptum, a. {con ^ 
 scriho), to write, write together. Con- 
 scribere milites, to raise, levy, enlist, 
 enroll — . 
 
 Conscriptus, a, um, part, (conscribo), 
 written; enlisted, enrolled. Patres 
 conscripti, the senators, the 'Conscript 
 fathers. The first Roman senators 
 were called patres, and those subse- 
 quently added to their number were 
 denominated conscripti. In process 
 of time it became customary to ad- 
 dress the whole body of senators by 
 the term patres conscripti. 
 
 Consecro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 sacro, to consecrate), to consecrate, 
 dedicate, make sacred, devote to the 
 gods ; to devote, appropriate. 
 
 Consenesco, ere, senui, n. {con ^^ se- 
 nesco), to grow old ; to grow into dis- 
 use, become obsolete, or out of date ; 
 Fig. to grow weak or feeble fade, de- 
 cay, waste, lose energy or strength, 
 be impaired. 
 
 Consero, ere, sevi, sltum, a. {con ^ 
 sero, to sow), $ 249, 1, to sow, set, 
 plant, fill. 
 
 Consero, ere, ui, turn, a. (a^i ^ sero 
 to join together), to join or knit to- 
 'gether, Conserere manum, to join 
 batde, fight hand to hand, engage in 
 close combat. 
 
 Conservo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {con 4 
 
CONSIDERO 
 
 165 
 
 CONSUESCO 
 
 servo), to preserve, keep, defend, prO' 
 tect, save, maintain. 
 
 Considero, are, uv'i, dtum, a., $ 265, 
 to consider, meditate, think of, weigh. 
 
 Consido, ere, edi, essum, n. {con ^^ 
 sido, to sit), to sit down together ; to 
 sit down, seat one's self; to settle, 
 take up one's abode ; to fall, sink ; to 
 pitch, encamp ; to sit in ambush. 
 
 Consilium, i, n, $ 275, III. R. 1, (1.) 
 counsel, advice; deliberation, consi- 
 deration, consultation, agreement, pre- 
 meditation ; a notion, idea, design, in- 
 tention, measure, aim, plan, scheme, 
 intent, purpose, end ; determination, 
 judgment, resolve. Non est consi- 
 lium, it is not (my) intention, § 273, 1. 
 Consilium capere or trahere, to form 
 a design or resolution, adopt a plan or 
 measures : — prudence, wisdom, dis- 
 cretion, skill, sagacity, forethought, 
 penetration, reason; artifice, strata- 
 gem, art, management; a council, 
 assembly of men in council. PrcB- 
 senti consilio, in presence of the coun- 
 cil. Quo consilio 1 for what reason? 
 why? Habere consilium, to hold a 
 council. Non est consilium, may be 
 -followed by quin for ut non. $ 262, 
 R. 10, 2. 
 
 Consisto, ere, consUti ,n. {con ^ sisto, 
 to place), to stand firmly, stand fast, 
 make a stand, stand, stand still, stop, 
 post one's self, stay. 
 
 Consitus, a, um, part, {consero), 
 planted, sown, set, filled, overgrown. 
 
 Conspectus, us, m., the act of see- 
 ing ; a sight, view, observation : from 
 
 Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. {con ^ 
 specio, to see), to see*, behold, look at. 
 observe, discern, perceive ; to look at 
 with admiration, look upon, mark. 
 Conspici, to be admired, to attract at- 
 tention, to gain admiration, to render 
 one's self conspicuous. 
 
 Conspicor, ciri, dtus sum, dep. {con ^ 
 tpecio, to see), to see, behold, descry. 
 
 Constanter, iiis, issimc, adv. 'con- 
 
 sfajis, firm), firmly, steadily, uniform 
 ly, evenly, regularly. 
 
 Consiantia, <b, f. {constans), firm 
 ness, steadiness, uniformity of con 
 duct, constancy, consistency, perse 
 verance. 
 
 Consterno, ere, sirdvi, stratum, €L 
 {con 4" sterno, to strew), to strew at 
 cover over. 
 
 ConsUtuo, ere, ui, utitm, a. {con ^ 
 statuo), to set up, erect; to found, 
 build ; to place, put, dispose, arrange, 
 station, post; to stop, cause to halt, 
 to establish, appoint, fix, assign, set- 
 tle, vindicate, assert; §271, $273,2, 
 to resolve, determine, decide, decree, 
 ordain, prescribe. Constituere in 
 diem, to agree upon, fix, appoint — . 
 Iter constituere, to resolve to advance 
 or march. Qucb utilia visa consti- 
 tuere, to decide upon such measures 
 as seemed proper, to adopt suitable 
 measures. 
 
 Constilutus, a, um, part, {constituo). 
 
 Const 0, are, siiti, n. {con ^ sto, to 
 stand), to stand together, stand ; to be 
 consistent, correspond. Imp., constaty 
 $ 223, it is evident, manifest, clear or 
 certain ; it is agreed, it is the common 
 opinion, $ 269, R. 2. $ 265. 
 
 Constrdtus, a, um, part, {consterno), 
 
 Constructus, a, um, part. .* from 
 
 Construo, ere, xi, ctum, a. {con ^'* 
 struo, to build), to put together, tc 
 construct, fabricate, build, form. Con- 
 struere maria, to form seas, i. e. fish 
 ponds of vast extent. 
 
 Consuefdcio, ^re, feci, factum, a. 
 {consuesco ^ facio), $ 272, to accus- 
 tom, train by use or practice, inure, 
 habituate. 
 
 Consuesco, tre, evi, etum, n. ^ a. {con 
 (^ suesco, to become accustomed), $ 
 271, to become accustomed or used to 
 a thing, acquire a habit by practice , 
 to accustom, inure. Consucvi, 1 am 
 accustomed, am wont or used. Con- 
 suevit, imp., is wont, customary. 
 
CONSUETUDO 
 
 166 
 
 CONTEMPTUS 
 
 Consuetudo, inisyf. (consuesco), cus- 
 tom, usage, use, habit; intercourse, 
 familiarity, intimacy. Stupri consue- 
 tudoy a criminal intercourse. 
 
 Consuetus, a, um, part. ^ adj.., ac- 
 customed, habituated, inured; usual, 
 ordinary, wonted. Pericula consueta 
 habere, to be inured to — . 
 
 Considj ulis, m. {consulo), a consul, 
 one of the two supreme magistrates 
 annually elected at Rome. Consul 
 designatus, consul elect, one who had 
 been elected consul, but had not yet 
 entered upon the duties of his office. 
 The Romans marked the year by the 
 names of the consuls then in office, 
 as L. Ccesare et C. Figulo consuUhus, 
 in the consulship of L. Ceesar and C. 
 Figulus. 
 
 Consuldris, e, adj. {consul), of or be- 
 longing to a consul, consular. Subs, 
 consularis, is, m., one who has been 
 consul, an ex-consul, a man of consu- 
 lar rank or dignity. 
 
 Consuldtus, us, m. {consul), the of- 
 fice of consul ; the consulship or con- 
 sulate. 
 
 Consulo, ere, ui, turn, n. ^ a., to con- 
 sult, deliberate; to deliberate upon, 
 discuss, take counsel, ask one's opi- 
 nion, ask advice, consider, consult 
 about, judge, $ 265. Male consulere, 
 to adopt wrong measures. De aliquo 
 consulitur, a discussion or delibera- 
 tion is had, we, they, &c., deliberate, 
 $ 248, 1. R. 1. Senatus consulitur, the 
 opinion of the senate is asked: — with 
 the dative, to provide for, take care of, 
 look to, consult for, regard, respect, 
 serve, aid. Consultum est mihi, my in • 
 terests have been provided for, my 
 safety has been consulted. Consulere 
 irai,fam(E, elc, to be influenced by or 
 by a regard for — . Gravius in aliquem 
 consulere, to adopt severe measures 
 towards — . 
 
 Consultatio, onis, f. {consultd), a 
 consultation, deliberation. 
 
 Consultb, adv. {consultus), designed' 
 ly, on purpose, deliberately. 
 
 Consulto, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a.freq 
 {consulo), ^ 265, to advise, consult, de- 
 liberate ; to take care of, provide for, 
 look to, consult for, constitute a coun 
 cil for. 
 
 Consultor, oris, m. {consulo), one 
 who asks counsel or advice, a client, 
 one who gives counsel, a counsellor, 
 adviser, counsel. 
 
 Consultum, i, n. {consultus, part.) 
 deliberation, consideration ; a decree, 
 statute, ordinance, resolution; coun- 
 sel, advice '; a measure, plan, design ; 
 a subject of deliberation, consultation 
 or discussion, a question. Consulto, 
 abl., by design, on purpose. 
 
 Consultus, us, m. {consulo), a decree, 
 ordinance, statute, resolution. 
 
 Consultus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {con- 
 sulo), dehberated upon, considered; 
 asked, consulted. Consulto opus est, 
 there is need of deliberation. Con- 
 sulta sese omnia cum illo integra ha- 
 bere, that every thing deliberated upon 
 with him, was (still) unchanged. 
 
 Consumo, ere, umpsi, umpium, a. 
 {con ^ sumo), to eat, devour, consume, 
 destroy ; to kill, slay ; to waste, spend, 
 squander, exhaust, use up, lose, lay 
 out, employ, use, make use of Mul- 
 tarn orationem consumcre, tn waste 
 many words, to debate a long time. 
 
 Consumptus, a, um, part, {consumo). 
 
 Confagio, dnis, f. {contingo, to 
 touch), contact, touch; contagion, 
 infection, disease. Fig. moral conta- 
 gion or infection. 
 
 Contemno, ere, empsi, emptum, a. 
 {con ^ temno, to despise), to make no 
 account of, contemn, despise, slight 
 hold in contempt, make light of, tieat 
 with contempt. 
 
 Contempior, oris, m. {contemno), z 
 despiser, contemner. Adj. disdainful, 
 haughty, contemptuous. 
 
 Contemptus, a, um, part. ^ adj. yjxnt 
 
CONTENDO 
 
 161 
 
 CONTUSUS 
 
 temno), despised, contemned, slight- est, it is exactly the reverse, or the re- 
 ed; contemptible, abject, vile, despica- verse of this is true. 
 ble. Coniraho, ere, xi, cium, a. {con ^ tra- 
 
 Contendo, ere, di turn, a. ^ n. {conj^ ho), to draw together, assemble, unite 
 tendo), to stretch, strain ; to exert, put together, collect 
 forth, employ , to strive, attempt, en- Contremo, ere, ui, a. {con <^ tremo, to 
 deavor ; to seek for earnestly, urge, tremble), to tremble, tremble greatly, 
 solicit ; to compare ; to go to, shape quake through fear, be greatly agita- 
 one's course, hasten ; to contend, dis- ted. 
 pute, fight, engage. j Co?itroversia,cB,f.{controversus,dis- 
 
 Cojitentio, bnis, f, {contendo), a puted), a controversy, debate, dispute, 
 straining or stretching ; an effort, ex- Coniuhemium, i, n. {con <^ taberna, 
 ertion, endeavor ; a contention, con- a hut,) a certain number of soldiers 
 test, dispute, debate, controversy. ! living in the same tent ; a tent ; a liv- 
 
 Contero, ere, irivi tritum, a. {con <^ ing together, intimacy, companion- 
 terQ, to rub), to break or bruise small, ship, intimate familiarity, constant in- 
 pound, grind ; to wear out ; to spend, tercourse, company. Also, a company 
 employ, waste, consume. j of noble youth, who followed a gene- 
 
 Continentia, cB,f., a holdmg, check' ml into his province, and continued 
 ing, restraining ; probity ; moderation, near him, in order to learn the art of 
 temperance, continence, abstinence, war, and the management of the 
 self-control :/ro77i j affairs of a province. These seiTcd 
 
 Contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. {con <^ in the pretorian cohort. Is contuber- 
 teneo), to contain, hold or keep to- nio patris militabat, — was serving in 
 gether ; to hold, keep, retain ; to keep the cohort of his father. 
 
 in, restrain, curb, check. 
 
 Coniinuo, are, dv'i, atum, a. {con- 
 
 Coniuli, see Confero. 
 
 Contumelia, ce,/., an affront, an in- 
 
 tinuus, continued), to continue, pro- ' jury coupled with contempt, outrage, 
 long, join one to another, connect, insult, contumely, reproachful Ian- 
 unite. Continuare raagistralum, to pro- ' guage. 
 
 long a magistracy, to continue it be-| Coniumelidsusj a, um, adj. {contu- 
 yond its proper term. | melia), reproachfol, abusive, insolent, 
 
 Contra, prep, with the ace, against, outrageous, injurious, contumelious, 
 contraiy to, in opposition to. Facer e insulting. 
 
 contra rempublicam, to act against the Contundo, ere, udi, usum, n. {con ^ 
 state, to be guilty of treason. Contra tundo, to beat), to beat, batter, break. 
 ea, in opposition to these things, on the bruise, crush. Fig. to lessen, weaken, 
 other hand, on the contiary:foUowed impair; to quell, subdue; to check, 
 by ac, atque, etc., contrary to what, baffle, thwart, 
 otherwise than. Contra postulaia, in Conturbdtus, a, um, pari : from 
 reply to—. Contra inceptum suum \ Conturbo, are, dvi, atum a. [con ^ 
 venisse, had come for the purpose o( turbo, to disturb,) to disturb, disquiet, 
 opposing his design. Adv. against, ' disorder, confuse, throw into confu- 
 in opposition, on the contrary, on the gjon. 
 
 other hand, in return, Contra ferire,i Contusus, a, um, part, {contundo), 
 to return blows. With suin, the broken, bruised, reduced, weakened, 
 contraiy, the opposite. Qwcxf con^m i jj^jpaired. 
 
 15* 
 
CONVENIO 
 
 168 
 
 CORNELIUS 
 
 Comenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. ^ a. 
 {con (^ venio), to come together, meet, 
 flock, assemble, collect. Convenire 
 aUquem, to meet, meet or have an in- 
 terview with, go up to, speak to, ac- 
 cost, visit—; — to agree, correspond, 
 harmonize, consent ; to be agreed or 
 settled. Pax convenit, a peace is 
 agreed upon, and in the passive, Pax 
 conventafuerat, — had been concluded : 
 — $ 223, to suit, agree, fit, be adapted 
 to, belong to ; to become or be be- 
 coming to. Imp., convenit, it is fit, pro- 
 per, suitable, becoming ; it is agreed, 
 it is settled; it is consistent. 
 
 Conventio, dnis,f. (convenio), a meet- 
 ing or assembling together ; an assem- 
 bly, meeting ; an agreement. 
 
 Conventus, a, um, part, (convenio). 
 
 Conventus, us, m. {convenio), a meet- 
 ing either public or private, assembly, 
 convention; a council, assembly for 
 consultation. Primo conventu, at the 
 first sitting or meeting. Facere con- 
 ventus, to hold meetings. 
 
 Conversus, a, um, part., turned, 
 changed, altered : from 
 
 Converto, ere, ti, sum, a. {con <^ 
 verto), to turn about, wheel, turn ; to 
 turn back, return; to betake one's 
 self; to change, transform, alter, con- 
 vert ; to apply, turn, direct. Regium 
 imperium in superhiam convertit, sc. se, 
 turned, changed, $ 229, R. 4. 
 
 Convictus, a, um, part, '.from 
 
 Convince, ere,v~ici, victum, a. (con ^ 
 vinco), $ 217, to convict, convince^ 
 overcome by argument, prove clearly. 
 
 Convivium, i, n. {con ^ vivo), a feast 
 banquet, entertainment. 
 
 Convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
 voco), to call together, assemble, sum- 
 mon, convoke. 
 
 Cooperio, Ire, ui, tum, a. {con <^ ope- 
 rio, to cover), to cover over, envelop. 
 
 Coopertus, a, um, part, {cooperio), $ 
 249, 1, covered over. Fig. overwhelm- 
 ed, covered, plunged, or sunk in. 
 
 Coorior, Iri, ortus sum, $ 177, dep 
 {con ^ orior), to rise together ; to rise, 
 arise. 
 
 Coortus, a, um, part, {coorior). 
 
 Copia, (E, f. {con ^ ops), plenty, 
 abundance, supply, store, number ; ef- 
 fects, substance, wealth, riches, re- 
 sources, property; $ 275, III, R. I, 
 power, opportunity, ability, means, 
 facilities, leave, permission. Est mild 
 copia, or habeo copiam, I have it in my 
 power, I am able, I can. Magna mihi 
 copia est memorandi, I could easily re- 
 late. $ 259, R. 3. Hahehat magnam 
 copiam societaiis conjungendce, he had 
 great facilities for forming, or he could 
 easily form an alliance. Facere co- 
 piam, to give or afford opportunity. 
 Populo Romano nunquam ea copia 
 fuit, — that advantage. Jugurihcc co- 
 piam hahehat, he had Jugurtha in his 
 power. Ex copia, or ex copia rerum, 
 from or in the existing state of things, 
 in present, or under existing circum- 
 stances, all things considered, on the 
 whole. Pro rei copia, considering his 
 circumstances. Rarely in the singu- 
 lar, a multitude of men, also, an armed 
 force, especially an undisciplined mul- 
 titude ; in the plural copies, an army, 
 forces, troops. 
 
 Coquo, ere, coxi, coctum, a., to cook 
 or dress victuals, to boil, roast, toast, 
 bake. 
 
 Coquus, i. m. {coquo), a cook. 
 
 Coram, prep, with the ahl., before, 
 in presence of, before the eyes of, in 
 view of 
 
 Corium i, n., the skin or hide of a 
 beast ; leather. 
 
 Cornelius, i, m., a Roman name be- 
 longing to persons of the gens Cor 
 nelia. C. 47, 55. The Cornelian 
 gens contained many families, among 
 which were the Lentuli, Scipiones, 
 CinncE, Rufini and SuU(P. C. Corne- 
 lius a Roman knight confederate wit'p 
 Catiline. C. 17,28. 
 
CORNICEN 
 
 169 
 
 CRUCIATUS 
 
 Comtcen, \nisi m. {cornu 6f cano), 
 he that blows a horn, a horn-blower, 
 cometer. 
 
 Cornijicius, i, m. (Q.), a distinguish- 
 ed Roman, the colleague of Cicero in 
 the office of augur. C. 47. 
 
 Cornu, 71. indec. in sing, in pi. cor- 
 nua, uum, $ 87, a horn ; sail yards ; the 
 wing of an army. 
 
 Corpus, oris, n., a body, solid sub- 
 stance; the body, the person; cor- 
 poreal or physical powers. Vis cor- 
 poris, bodily strength. 
 
 Correctus, a, uvi, part, {corrigo), set 
 right, corrected, remedied, repaired. 
 
 Correptus, a, um, part, {corripio). 
 
 Corrigo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (con ^ 
 rego), to set right, make straight, 
 order, regulate. Fig. to amend, cor- 
 rect, reform, remove, remedy. 
 
 Corripio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. [con ^ 
 rapio), to snatch, lay hold of hastily, 
 seize ; to attack ; to carry off. 
 
 Corrumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. {con 
 ^ rumpo, to break), to waste, impair, 
 mar, debase, spoil, damage, hurt, in- 
 jure, destroy, ruin, corrupt. Res fa- 
 miliares corrumpere, to impair — . Op- 
 portunitates corrumpere, to lose, throw 
 away. Fig. $ 273, 2, to bribe, seduce, 
 corrupt, mislead, deceive. 
 
 Corruptus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (cor- 
 rumpo), spoiled, mined, corrupted; 
 bad, corrupt, depraved; misled, de- 
 ceived, seduced, bribed. Oh rem cor- 
 ruptam, on account of the ruin of the 
 affair, or, of their failure in the busi- 
 ness, (entrusted to them). § 274, R. 5. 
 
 Cotia, (B, m. (L. Aurelius), a Roman 
 consul in the year of the city 689. 
 C. 18. 
 
 Cro.ssus, i, VI. (M. Licinius), sur- 
 named Dives or the Rich, on account 
 of his immense wealth, was a member 
 of the firet triumvirate in connexion 
 with Pompey and Caesar. He perish 
 ed in a war with the Parthians, A. U. 
 C. 700. C. 17, 38, 47, 48. 
 
 Creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, oft 
 repeated, thick, close, numerous. 
 
 Credibilis, e, adj. (credo), § 222, cre- 
 dible, probable, likely, that may be 
 believed. 
 
 Creditum, i, n., any thing com* 
 mitted to one's trust, a trust, debt, 
 loan, credit : from 
 
 Credo, ere, \di, itum, n. <^ a., $ 223 
 R. 2, $ 272, to credit, believe, trust; 
 to think, suppose, imagine. Credo, 
 when interposed between the parts of 
 a sentence, may be translated, T sup- 
 pose, I imagine, I should think, or, 
 perhaps, probably ;— to confide in, 
 trust, rely on ; to confide or consign 
 to one's care, commit to one's trust, 
 intrust, commend. 
 
 Creo, are, dvi, alum, a., to make, 
 create, form; to cause, occasion; to 
 appoint, elect, create. 
 
 Cresco, ere, crevi, n., to increase, 
 grow; to extend, spread; to be pro- 
 moted, advanced, rise; to become 
 greater, thrive. 
 
 Creticus, i, m. (Q. Metellus) a Roman 
 consul, A. U. C. 684, and a general 
 in the war with Catiline. C. 30. 
 
 Crevi, see Cresco. 
 
 Crimen, mis, n., a charge, accusa- 
 tion, crimination, impeachment, re- 
 proach ; a crime, fault. Falsa crimi- 
 na, false accusations, slanders, calum- 
 nies. 
 
 Crimmor, ari, dtus sum, dq). (cri- 
 men), $ 272, to accuse, charge with a 
 crime, blame, reproach. 
 
 Criininosl, adv. (crimindsus, accu- 
 satory), reproachfully, slanderously, in 
 an accusatory manner, severely, cen- 
 soriously. 
 
 Croioniensis, e, adj. iCroton), ot 
 Crotona, now Crotone, a town in the 
 south part of Italy, Crotonian. Subs 
 a Crotonian. C. 44. 
 
 Cruciutus, us, m. (crucio, to tor- 
 ment), torment, torture, pain, agony 
 anguish. 
 
CRUDELIS 
 
 170 
 
 CURA 
 
 Crudelis, e, adj. {crudus, bloody), 
 cruel, fierce, savage, barbarous. 
 
 Crudelitas, dtis, f. {crudelis), cruel- 
 ty, inhumanity. 
 
 Crudehier, adv. {crudelis), in a cruel 
 manner, cruelly. 
 
 Cruenio, are, dvi, dium, a., to make 
 blo(jdy, stain, imbrue, sprinkle with 
 blood : from 
 
 Cruentus, a, urn, adj., bloody, cruel, 
 fierce, ferocious : from 
 
 Cruor, oris, 7/1., blood from a wound, 
 gore. 
 
 Crujc, crucis,f., a cross. In crucem 
 agere, to crucify. 
 
 Cuiquam, see Quisquam. 
 
 Cujuscumquemodi, or cujuscumque 
 modi, {gen. of quicumque <^' modus), of 
 whatever kind or sort, whatsoever it 
 may be. 
 
 CujusliheU see Quilihei. 
 
 Cujusmodi, or cujus modi, of what 
 kind or sort, of whatever kind. 
 
 Cvjusquemodif or cujusque modi, 
 {gen. of quisque ^ modus), of what 
 kind; of each or every kind, every. 
 
 Culpa, cc, /., a fault, blame, guih, 
 offence, crime. 
 
 Cultor, oris, m. {cnlo), a cuUivator, 
 tiller, husbandman ; an inhabitant. 
 Escercitus agri ac pecoris magis quam 
 belli cultor, — skilled in, conversant 
 with fields and herds of cattle — . 
 
 Cultus, us, m. {cold), cultivation, cul- 
 ture. Fig. culture, care, attention, im- 
 provement, education; attire, dress, 
 clothing, apparel, habit. Cultus cor- 
 poris, dress, apparel;— style; manner 
 of living, habits of life; elegance in 
 dress, furniture, &c. ; provision or sup- 
 plies of the necessaries and conve- 
 niences of life, things necessary or 
 convenient for sustenance, education, 
 &C. Filiorum ejus mxdtus pueritico 
 mltus, large supplies for the childhood 
 of his sons, i. e. supplies of whatever 
 was requisite for his sons during their 
 childhood ; — luxuries, delights, plea- 
 
 sures, delicacies, indulgences. Libido 
 stupri, ganecB, ceierique cidtus, — other 
 sensual indulgences. Cultus misera- 
 bilis, a sorry plight, a mean garb. 
 
 Czcm and Quum, adv., see Q,uum 
 
 Cum, prep, with ahl., with, along 
 with, together with, in conjunction or 
 company with. So simul cum or cum 
 srmuZ .—provided with. With verbs 
 and phrases denoting contention, with, 
 against. With the ablative of accom- 
 paniment it may often be translated 
 and. In composition, see $ 196, 4. 
 
 Cuncians, iis, part. : from 
 
 Cunctor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to de- 
 lay, stay, linger ; to hesitate, be per- 
 plexed or at a loss, doubt, scruple, 
 $ 265. 
 
 Cunctus, a, um, adj., all, all toge- 
 ther, the whole. It either agrees with 
 its noun or governs it in the genitive. 
 $ 212, R. 2. N. 6. 
 
 Cupid e, adv. {cupidus), eagerly, 
 gladly. 
 
 Cupiditas, dtis, f {cupidus), desire, 
 fondness; eager or inordinate desire, 
 lust, passion ; thirst for gain, avarice, 
 excessive love of money, covetous- 
 ness. 
 
 Cupido, inis,f. ^ m. {cupio), desire, 
 eagerness, appetite, thiftt, cupidity, 
 passion. Cupido honoris, the desire 
 of preferment, ambition. 
 
 Cupidus, a, um, adj. {cupio), $ 213, 
 $ 275, III, R. 1. (2.) desirous, fond, 
 eager. 
 
 Cupiendus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {cU' 
 pio), to be desired, desirable. 
 
 Cupiens, tis, part. ^ adj., desiring, 
 desirous, wishing, willing, favoring, 
 friendly, eager, ardent: from 
 
 Cupio, ere, Ivi, ttum, a., $ 271, to 
 covet, desire, be willing, wish, long 
 for. 
 
 Cura, (E, f, care, concern, anxiety, 
 solicitude, trouble, sorrow, affliction ; 
 diligence, attention, study, thought, 
 regard ; management, charge. Hahe- 
 
CURATOR 
 
 171 
 
 DECEDO 
 
 re euros, $ 227, & R. ] & 2, to pay re- 
 gard to, attend to, aid. Est mihi curcB, 
 I have a care or regard, I take care 
 of, attend to. Cum cura, carefully, 
 diligently. Curam habere, to be cox- 
 cemed or anxious, to care for. 
 
 Curator, oris, m. {euro), an overseer, 
 agent, manager, superintendent. 
 
 Curia, ce, /.', one of the thirty parts 
 into which Romulus divided the Ro- 
 man people, a curia or ward ; the con- 
 secrated place where the curicc assem- 
 bled ; the place where the se^^ate met, 
 the senate-house. 
 
 Curius, i, m. (Q.), a profligate Ro- 
 man senator who conspired with Ca- 
 tiline. C. 17, 18. 
 
 Curo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {euro), $ 273, 
 1. to take care of, look to, cause, 
 order, attend to, provide, regard ; also, 
 either with or without an accusative, to 
 have the superintendence, care, or 
 con trol,todo the duties of acommander, 
 to manage, preside over, govern, com- 
 mand. 
 
 Cursus, us, 771. (curro, to run), a run- 
 ning, the act of running; a course, 
 journey, way. Cursu, ahl., quickly, 
 speedily, in haste ; also, in running. 
 
 Custodia, (E, f., the act of keeping 
 or guarding ; a guard-house, a prison. 
 Libera custodia, free custody, when a 
 criminal of high rank was committed 
 to the charge of some responsible indi- 
 vidual, to he kept safely until he was 
 tried, but without being committed to 
 prison : — a guard, watch : from 
 
 Custos, bdis, m. ^ f., a keeper, pre- 
 server, guard, watch; a guardian, de- 
 fender, protector. 
 
 Cijrene, es, f $ 44, Cyrene, a Gre- 
 cian city in the north part of Africa. 
 J. 19. 
 
 Cyrenensig, e, adj. (Cyrene), Cyre- 
 nian, relating to Cyrene. CyrenenseSi 
 ium, 7/1., the Cyrenians. J. 79. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m, Cyrus the Great, the 
 founder of the Persian empire. C. 2. 
 
 D 
 
 D., an abbreviation of the prcBno- 
 men Decimus. 
 
 Dabar, aris, m., a Numidian, the 
 grandson of Ma^inissa. J. 108, — 
 112. 
 
 Damasippus. L m., (L.) was city- 
 pretor, A. U. C. 671. He was attach- 
 ed to the party of Marius, and put to 
 death great numbers of the nobility 
 belonging to the opposite faction. He 
 was himself ultimately put to death 
 by SyUa. C. 51. 
 
 Damndtus, a, um, part. : from. 
 
 Damno, are, dvi, dtum, a., to con 
 demn, doom, sentence : from 
 
 Damnum, i, n., loss, hurt, damage, 
 injuiy, disadvantage. 
 
 Datus, a, um, part. (do). 
 
 De, prep, with the abl., of, from ; by ; 
 after ; about, concerning ; because of, 
 on account of, owing to; among. 
 De with the abl. is sometimes used in- 
 stead of the accusative after an active 
 verb, but in a sense somewhat different ; 
 presenting the object not as one thing 
 but as resolved into parts ; and may be 
 translated simply concerning, respect- 
 ing, or the things, the circumstances, 
 the particulars, the facts, &c. relating 
 to ; as, indicare de conjuratione ; do- 
 cere de ccede ; de casu alicujus cogno- 
 scere, etc. This form of expression 
 is equivalent to the Greek to. -ntpi or 
 TO., followed by the genitive. For its 
 force in composition, see $ 197, 3. 
 
 Debeo, ere, ui, 2tum, a. (de ^ habeo)^ 
 to owe, be in debt, be indebted to, be 
 obliged to. With the infinitive, it de- 
 notes duty, it is proper, it is indibpen- 
 sable, one ought. $ 271. 
 
 Debitus, a, um,part. {debeo), owing, 
 due, merited, deserved. 
 
 Decedo, ere, essi, essum, n. {de ^ 
 cedo), $242, & R 1. to depart, go 
 away, withdraw, retire, retreat; to 
 abate, die away, subside; to retire 
 
DEC EM 
 
 172 
 
 DEFENSO 
 
 Irom. depart from, quit ; to give place, 
 yield. 
 
 Deaym, num. adj. ind., ten. 
 
 Becemler, bris, m. (decern), the month 
 December, the tenth month from 
 March, which was the first month of 
 the Roman year. It is also used as 
 an adjective, of December. 
 
 Decerno, 6re, crevi, cretum, a. {de 4'- 
 cerno), $ 271, § 272, $ 273, 2, § 262, R. 
 4, to think, judge, conclude ; to delib- 
 erate, determine, resolve ; to decide, 
 pronounce, settje ; to decree, vote, or- 
 der, appoint, assign, grant ; to fight, 
 contend. 
 
 Decet, decere, uit, imp., it becomes, 
 is becoming or proper, beseems, be- 
 hooves, is right, fit, suitable or meet, 
 one ought, ^yith a nominative^ Quw 
 ah imperaiore decuerint, such things 
 as it behooved a commander (to pro- 
 vide). For its co7isl ruction, see § 223, 
 & $269, & R. 2, &$209,.S. 3. (5), last 
 clause. 
 
 Decimus, a, um, num. adj. {decern), 
 the tenth. 
 
 Decimus, i, m. {decem), a Roman 
 prcrjiomen. 
 
 Decldro, are, dvi, dtum, a. {de <^ 
 claro, to make clear), to declare, show 
 clearly, evince, tell, manifest ; to de- 
 clare, proclaim. 
 
 Declwis, e, adj. {de ^ cliviis, an as- 
 cent), bending downwards, steep, slop- 
 ing, declining. 
 
 Decore, adv. {decoriis), becomingly, 
 fitly, properly. 
 
 Decor 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. (decus), to 
 adorn, beautify, grace, embellish, de- 
 corate. 
 
 Decorus, a, um, adj. {decus), come- 
 ly, graceful, beautiful ; proper, becom- 
 ing, fit, seemly, decorous. 
 
 Dec return, i, n, {decerno), a decree, 
 act, ordinance, statute. Decretumft, 
 with ut. J. .16. 
 
 Drcretus, a, um, part, {dcccrjio), de- 
 termined, resolved, appointed. DUer 
 
 Jicccparata atque dccrcta, during theso 
 preparations and resolves. 
 
 Decus, oris, n. {decet), an ornament, 
 grace; credit, reputation, character, 
 honor; what is becoming. Contra 
 decus regium, contrary to, or in dero- 
 gation of regal dignity. Sine decore,, 
 in Sony plight. 
 
 Dedecoro, are, dvi, a., to dishonor 
 disgrace, render infamous : from 
 
 Dedecus, oris, n. {de <^ decus), dis- 
 grace, dishonor, shame, infamy; a 
 disgraceful action. Per dedecus or 
 per dedecora, dishonorably, disgrace- 
 fully, in disgraceful ways. 
 
 Dedi, see Do. 
 
 Deditio, onis, f. {dedo), a yielding 
 up, surrender, submission, capsula- 
 tion. Facere deditionem, to surrend- 
 er, capitulate. In deditionem accipere, 
 to receive on surrender. 
 
 Dedititius, a, um, adj. {deditio), one 
 who has surrendered. Dedititius est, 
 he has surrendered. 
 
 Deditus, a, um, part. ^ adj., given, 
 given up ; devoted, addicted, attached 
 to : from 
 
 Dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum, a. {de in- 
 tensive ^ do), $ 223, to give, give up, 
 submit, surrender, capitulate; to ap- 
 ply or devote one's self to. 
 
 Deduco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. {de ^ 
 duco, $ 197, 3), to bring or lead down; 
 to convey, conduct, remove, with- 
 draw, bring or lead forth, lead 
 out; to accompany; to bring, lead, 
 move. 
 
 Dcductus, a, um, part, {deduco,) led, 
 conducted, brought, removed. $ 242. 
 
 Defendo, ere, di, sum, a. {de <^ fen- 
 do, obs.), abl. with ah. to keep or ward 
 off*, repel; to defend, keep, protect, 
 guard, preserve; to maintain, assert, 
 support. 
 
 Defensio, onis, f. {defendo), a de- 
 fending, defence. 
 
 Defenso, are, a. freq {defendo), to 
 defend. 
 
DEFENSOR 
 
 1- 
 
 DEMO 
 
 Defensor, oris, m. {(iefendo), a de- 
 fender, advocate, preseiTer. 
 
 Defessus, a, urn, adj. {de <^fessus), 
 weary, tired, worn out, fatigued, faint, 
 languid, exhausted. 
 
 Deficio, ere, eci, ectiim, n. ^^ a. {de 
 ^ facia), to fail, be wanting; to lose 
 strength or power, become feeble ; to 
 perish, cease; to be discouraged or 
 disheartened, give up, give over; to 
 end; to forsake; with a and abl. to 
 rebel, revolt. i 
 
 Dejiuo, ere, uxi, n. {de <^ flue, to 
 flow), to flow do\vn ; to fall off! Fig. 
 to escape, vanish, pass away, cease, \ 
 perish, go to waste or decay. j 
 
 Deformuius, a, u?n, part., deformed,' 
 disfigured, marred. Fig. changed,; 
 humbled, brought low, shorn of one's '. 
 glory : from j 
 
 Defer mo, are, dvi, alum, a. {de ^ 
 formo, to form), to form, fashion ; to , 
 deform, disfigure, spoil. j 
 
 Degredior, i, gressus sum, dep. {de i 
 ^ gradior, to step), $ 242, to descend, 
 go dowTi. j 
 
 Degusto, are, avi, dtum, a. {de ^ 
 gusto, to taste), to taste, taste of j 
 
 Dehinc, adv. {de ^ hinc), henceforth, ■ 
 hereafter; afterwards, after this or 
 that, next, then, in the next place. 
 See Deinde. 
 
 Dekortor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {de ^^ 
 hartor), to dissuade, discourage, ad- 
 vise to the contrary, dissuade from. 
 An infinitive following it is translated 
 by the Enghsh gerundive, as, Scribere 
 dehortatur me fortuna mea, — from 
 writing. Dehortari ab aliquo, to 
 discourage from espousing one's 
 cause 
 fence, 
 
 Dein, or Deinde, adv. {de <^ in, or 
 inde), then, after that, afterwards, 
 again, thence, from thence ; hereafter, 
 in future ; in marking the divisions of 
 a subject, next in order, in the next 
 place. P^micm — deinde, and rarely 
 
 primum — dehinc, in the first place- 
 in the second place. 
 
 Deinceps, adv. {dein ^y capin), sue* 
 cessively, after that, next, in the next 
 place. 
 
 Delectus, a, uvi. part. ^- adj. {deli go), 
 chosen, selected, elected. Delectif 
 drum, m. pi., men chosen or selected ; 
 a select band of soldiers. 
 
 Delectus, us, m. {deligo), a choosing 
 selecting, choice ; a le\y of soldiers. 
 Habere delectum, to make a levy, draft 
 soldiers. 
 
 Deleo, ere, evi, etum, a., to blot out, 
 efface, expunge, erase. Fig. to over- 
 throw, destroy. 
 
 Deletus, a, um, part, {deleo). 
 
 Delicico, drum, f. pi. {delicio, to en- 
 tice), delights, pleasures, pastimes, de- 
 licacies, luxuries. 
 
 Delictum, i, n. {delinquo),- a fault, 
 crime, guilt, offence, sin. Delicta cor* 
 rigere, to rectify abuses, correct evils. 
 
 Deligo, ere, egi, ectum, a. {de 4- l€go)f 
 to choose, pick out or select, in refe- 
 rence to a particular use or purpose. 
 
 Delinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, a. &• n. 
 {de (^ linquo, to leave), to fail, be want- 
 ing ; to fail in duty, offend, trespass, 
 transgress, do \NTong, do or act amiss. 
 Fa, qucB delinquo, the faults which I 
 commit, my crimes or faults. 
 
 Delubrum, i, n., a shrine, temple. 
 
 Dementia, ce,f. {demens, mad), mad- 
 ness, folly. Per dementiam, through 
 madness, madly. 
 
 Demissus, a, um, part. ^^ adj., low, 
 let down, sunk. Fig. cast down, dis- 
 heartened, dejected, sad, melancholy, 
 downcast, discouraged ; low, humble, 
 in humble life, in a private station: 
 from 
 
 Demitto, ere, isi, issum, a. {de ^ 
 mitto), to send down, cast, thrust or 
 let down, lower. Fig. to fix, fasten, 
 impress. In pectus demittere, to im- 
 press deeply on the mind. 
 
 Demo, ere, dempsi, demptum, a. [de 
 4^ 
 
DEMUM 
 
 174 
 
 DETRECTO 
 
 ^ emo), $ 224, R. 2, to take away, take 
 off, Subtract, withdraw, remove. 
 
 Demum, adv., at length, at last, 
 finally, only, alone, exclusively. Tarn 
 deimim, then at length, not till then ;■ 
 truly, certainly, indeed, in truth, espe- 
 cially. Ea demum jirma amicitia est, 
 that indeed — . 
 
 Dejiego, are, dvi, dtum, a. {de ^ 
 nego), to deny, not suffer ; not to give, 
 refuse to give ; to refuse. 
 
 Deni, cb, a. num. adj. $ 119, III, {de- 
 cem), ten by ten, ten, ten each. 
 
 Denique, adv., to conclude, in fine, 
 at last, finally, in short ; at length. 
 
 Depello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {de ^ 
 pello), to drive, put or thrust down ; 
 to drive away, expel, remove, repel. 
 
 Depdno, ere, posui, positum, a. {de ^ 
 pond), to lay or put down, lay, put ; to 
 lay by, throw aside ; to cast away, lay 
 aside, abandon; to leave, leave off, 
 give up. 
 
 Deprdvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {de ^pra- 
 vus), to deprave, spoil, corrupt, vi- 
 tiate. 
 
 Deprecor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {de ^ 
 precor, to pray), to pray for earnestly, 
 supplicate, beseech, beg ; to deprecate, 
 avert by prayer, beg to be freed or 
 saved from, pray that some evil may 
 be averted ; to avert, remove, drive or 
 turn away, avoid, escape ; to allege in 
 deprecation or plead in excuse, offer 
 as an apology. $ 272. 
 
 Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. {de ^ 
 wehendo, to take), to seize, catch, ar- 
 rest, take unawares, overtake ; to take 
 in the act, detect, surprise; to find, 
 discover, perceive, discern. 
 
 DeprehensuSf a, urn, pari, {depre- 
 hendo). 
 
 Depressus, a, um, part., depressed, 
 sunk :/rom 
 
 Dcprimo, ere, pres.'ii, presstim, a. {de 
 i^ preino), to press or weigh down, de- 
 piess, sink. 
 
 Desccndo, ere, di, sum, n. {de (f- 
 
 scando, to climb), to go down, des* 
 cend, descend from. Fig. to pene- 
 trate, sink into, pierce, make an im 
 pression. 
 
 Descensus, us, m. {descendo), a de- 
 scent. 
 
 Desero, ere, serui, sertum, a. {de ^ 
 sero), to abandon, leave, forsake, de- 
 sert. Tempus deserat, time would 
 fail. Deserere lahores, etc., to ceaso 
 to perform, discontinue, leave off 
 
 Desertus, a. um, part ^ adj. {desero), 
 abandoned, deserted, <^c. ; desert, lone- 
 ly, uninhabited. 
 
 Desidero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to de-^ 
 sire, wish, long for ; to regret, need, 
 require. 
 
 Desidia, cb, f. {deses, idle), sloth, 
 sloth fulness, idleness, inactivity, 
 
 Designdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
 consul, prcBtor, etc. designatus, consul, 
 &c. elect: /row 
 
 Designo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {de <^ 
 signo), to mark, mark out ; to signify, 
 denote, mean; to choose, elect, ap- 
 point. 
 
 Desino, ere, sivi, situm, n. ^ a. {de 
 ^ sino), to cease, leave off, give over, 
 desist, to end, terminate. 
 
 Desisto, ere, sttti, stiium, n. {de ^ 
 sisto, to stand) ; $ 242, R. 1. to cease, 
 give over ; desist from, leave off 
 
 Despectus, a, um, part, '.from 
 
 Despicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. {de ^ 
 specio, to see), to look down upon. 
 Fig. to despise, contemn, look upon 
 with contempt; to disdain. 
 
 Desum, deesse, de/ui, irr. n. {de <J- 
 sutji), with dat. $ 224, R. 1. to fail, be 
 wanting or lacking. Deest mild, it is 
 wanting to me, I lack. 
 
 Deterreo, ere, ui, tlum, a. {de ^ icr-' 
 reo), $ 242, & R. 1. to deter, frighten, 
 scare, discourage. 
 
 Det^nieo, ere, ui, entwn, a. {de «^ 
 tciieo), to detain, keep, hold, hinder 
 
 Detreclo, dre, dvi, alum, a. {de (J- 
 iracto), to decline, refuse ; to speak U 
 
DETRIMENTUM 
 
 175 
 
 DILIGENTER 
 
 of, disparage, diminish, lower, sink, 
 imjiair the reputation of. 
 
 Detrimentum, z, 72. {deter o^ to wear), 
 detriment, disadvantage, damage, loss, 
 harm. 
 
 Deus, i, m. ^ 53, a god, deity, divi- 
 
 die nociuque, $ 253, day and night. In 
 dieSf daily, from day to day, every 
 day. Diem statuere, to appoint or fix 
 a day ; — time, length of time. 
 
 Dijicilis, e. adj. {dis <^ facilis), $ 
 222, hard, difficult. Difficilis aditUt 
 
 .lity. Fer deos immortales, in questions hard to approach, of difficult access, 
 
 and exhortations denotes earnestness, $ 250. 
 
 really, pray tell, &c. Dijjicaltas, dtis, f. (dijicilis, § 101, 
 
 Devictus, a, um, part, conquered, ! 1), difficulty, trouble, 
 overcome, made to yield, overruled: DifficuUer, adv. {difficilis), difficulty, 
 from with difficulty. Haud difficulter, with- 
 
 Devinco, ere, vici, victum, a. {de ^ out difficulty, 
 vinco), to conquer, vanquish, subdue, Diffidentia, ce, f., mistrust, distrust. 
 
 overcome, make to yield. 
 
 Dexter, tera, teriim, ^ tra, trum, adj. 
 $ 325, 4, right, on the right hand. 
 
 Dexiera <^ Dextra, (B,f. (sc. manus), 
 the right hand ; the right side. Dex- 
 tra, sinistra, on the right and left. 
 
 Dexfimus, a, um, adj. sup. of dexter, 
 i 125, 4, farthest to the right, on the 
 extreme right. 
 
 Dico, ere, ixi, ictum, a., $ 272, $ 271, 
 2d par. § 265, to speak, say, tell. Dicere 
 sententiam, to give one's opinion as a 
 senator, to vote ; — to set forth, recount, 
 narrate, relate, record, write, write of, 
 celebrate, report ; to appoint ; to agree 
 to, determine, fix upon ; to mention ; 
 to speak in public, harangue, plead. 
 
 Dictito, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. {dico), 
 $ 272, ^ 276, III. to speak or tell often. 
 
 want of confidence, diffidence :/ro7» 
 
 Diffldo, ere, diffisus sum, n. pass. $ 
 142, R. 2, {dis <^ fido, to tmst to), and 
 § 223, R. 2, to distrust, mistrust, lack 
 confidence, despair, give up as hope- 
 less, despair of, fear. 
 
 Dign'Uas, dtis,f., merit, desert; dig- 
 nity, greatness, authority, rank, repu- 
 tation, standing, honor, nobility, ex- 
 cellence, eminence, worth ; office : 
 from 
 
 Dignus, a, um, adj. $ 244, worthy, 
 deserving, either in a good or had sense. 
 Non dignus, unworthy; — convenient, 
 meet, fit, suitable, proper, deserved. 
 Digna timere, to fear condign or merit- 
 ed punishment. 
 
 Digredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. 
 {dis (^gradior, to step), to go or step 
 aside, turn aside ; to depart, set off, 
 
 give out, say commonly ; to pretend. 
 
 Dictum, i, n. {dico), a word, saying, separate, part, 
 expression; a command; a proverb;! Digressus, a, um, part, {digredior). 
 the response of an oracle ; an answer, I Dildbor, i, lapsus sum, dep. {dis ^ 
 reply; a prediction, prophecy. labor), to slip or glide different ways; 
 
 Dictus, a, um, part, {dico), said, ' to flee, run away, disperse, be scatter- 
 spoken, narrated, related, recorded, ed ; to decay, go to ruin, fade or meh 
 
 mentioned, determined. 
 
 Didici, see Disco. 
 
 Diduco, ere, xi,ctum, a. {dis. ^ duco, 
 % 196, 11), to lead or draw aside, sepa- 
 rate, sever, part, divide. 
 
 away, waste, come to nothing, pasa 
 
 away. 
 
 Dilacerdtus, a, um.part. .-from 
 Ddacero, are, dvi, alum, a. {dis <^ 
 
 lacero), to tear or rend in pieces, de* 
 
 Diductns, a, um,part. {d'lduco). \ stroy, waste, make havoc of 
 
 Dies, diei, m. i^'f.,inpl. m. only, $ 
 90, a day. Dies noctesque $ 236, and ; 
 
 16 
 
 Dilapsus, a, um, part, {dilabor). 
 Diligenter, adv. {diligens, d ligent) 
 
DILIGENTIA 
 
 176 
 
 DLSSERO 
 
 diligently, carefully, attentively, indus- 
 triously. 
 
 Diligentia, cc,f. {diligens), diligence, 
 carefulness, attention, industry. 
 
 Dimidius, a, um, adj, {dis ^ medi- 
 us), halved, half. 
 
 Dimitto, ere, misi, missum, a. {dis ^ 
 mitto), to send different ways or to 
 difierent places, send off or away, dis- 
 patch; to dismiss, discharge, let go, 
 send away, discard ; to lay aside ; to 
 leave, omit, forego, pass over ; to re- 
 mit, forgive. 
 
 Dimoveo, ere, movi, motum, a. {dis 
 ^ moveo), to move, stir ; to put aside, 
 remove, separate. Fig. to alienate. 
 
 Dirimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. {dis ^ 
 emo), to part, divide, separate ; to in- 
 terrupt, put an end to, put a stop to, 
 break off; to render nv.ll, frustrate. 
 
 Diripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. {dis ^'• 
 rapio), to tear asunder or in pieces ; 
 to plunder, spoil, pillage, rob, seize, 
 carry off. 
 
 Diruo, ere, ui, utum, a. {dis ^ ruo, 
 to overthrow), to pull down, over- 
 throw, destroy, demolish. 
 
 Dis see Deus. 
 
 Discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. {dis ^ 
 cede), to part, divide, open ; to depart, 
 go away; to go, betake one's self 
 Discedere, abire, etc. are used to mark 
 the result of a contention, to come off; 
 as, discedere cequa manu, see Manus. 
 Discedere v ictus, to be vanquished or 
 worsted. In alicujus senienliam dis- 
 cedere, to go over to his opinion, to 
 vote with him on a division of the 
 senate, to approve of or assent to his 
 opinion. Ab armis discedere, to lay 
 down one's arms. Profugus disce- 
 dere, to flee. 
 
 Discepto, are, uv'i, dtum, a. {dis ^ 
 capto), with de and ahl. to contend, 
 dispute, debate, discuss, confer, rea- 
 son; to judge, decide, determine. 
 
 Discerno, ere, crevi, rrelum, a. {dis 
 df cerno), to distinguish, discern ; to 
 
 separate, divide; to determiiie, judge 
 $ 265. 
 
 Disciplma, cb, f. {disco), discipline, 
 instruction, learning, education ; sci- 
 ence, skill ; an art, profession ; mili- 
 tary discipline ; use, custom, habit. 
 
 Disco, ere, didwi, a. ^ n., $ 271, to 
 learn, acquire a knowledge of; to 
 study ; to understand, know. 
 
 Discordia, cb, f. {discors, discord- 
 ant), discord, dissension, disagree- 
 ment, variance, debate, strife, broil. 
 
 Discordidsus, a, um, adj. {discor- 
 dia), prone to discord, quarrelsome. 
 
 Discrimen, mis, n. {discerno), a di- 
 vision, separation ; a difference, dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 Disjectus, a, um, part. ^ adj., dis- 
 persed, routed, scattered : from 
 
 Disjwio, ere, jeci, jecttim, a. {dis ^ 
 jacio, to cast), to cast asunder, to 
 overthrow, disperse, scatter, rout, dis- 
 comfit, put to flight. 
 
 Disjungo, ere, xi, ctum, a. {dis ^ 
 jungo, to join), to disunite, disjoin, 
 separate, divide. 
 
 Dispar, aris, adj {dis <^ par), une- 
 qual, dissimilar, unlike, different. 
 
 Dispergo, ere, si, sum, a. {dis ^ spar- 
 go, to scatter), to scatter on all sides, 
 disperse. Fig. to spread abroad, dis- 
 seminate, scatter. 
 
 Dispersus, a, um, part, {dispergo). 
 
 Dispertio, ire, ivi, itum, a. {dis ^ 
 partio), to divide, distribute. 
 
 Dispone, ere, posui, positum, a. {dis 
 (^ pono), to place here and there, to 
 distribute; to place or set in order, 
 dispose, arrange ; to station. 
 
 Dispositus, a, um,part. {disjtono). 
 
 Dissensio, dnis,f., a disagreement, 
 dissension, difference, variance • from 
 
 Dissenlio, ire, si, sum, n. {dis ^ sen- 
 do), to be of a contrary opinion, dis- 
 sent, disagree. Fig. to difler, be dif* 
 ferent or dissimilar. 
 
 Di.ssero, Srt", sertii, sertum, n. {dis ^ 
 sero, to join togethoi), u'Uh de a7id th$ 
 
DISSIMILIS 
 
 177 
 
 DO 
 
 abl. rarely with ace. and sometimes 
 with both ace. ($• ahl. to discourse, talk, 
 converse, debate, reason, argue, dis- 
 pute, speak, treat or speak of, discuss ; 
 to declare, relate, § 265. 
 
 Dissimllis, e, adj. {dis <^ similis), 
 $ 250, unlike, dissimilar, different 
 
 Dissimiliter, adv. {dissimilis), differ- 
 ently, in a different manner. 
 
 Dissimulator, oris, tt?., a dissembler ; 
 one who conceals the truth, one who 
 pretends that that is not which is, 
 skillful in dissimulation : from 
 
 Dissimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {dis <^ 
 simulo), to dissemble, cloak, disguise, 
 conceal, counterfeit, feign. 
 
 Dissolvo, ere, sohi, solutum, a. {dis 
 ^' solvo), to dissolve, loose, untie, tm- 
 loose, disunite; to dissipate; to re- 
 move, terminate, end, put an end to, 
 destroy. Dissolvi senectute, to die of 
 old age. 
 
 Distraho, ere, axi, actum, a. {dis ^'• 
 traho), to draw or pull asunder, di\ade, 
 separate ; to perplex, distract. 
 
 Dis'rihuo, ere, ui, utam., a. {dis ^ 
 trihuo), to divide, distribute. 
 
 Di!io, dnis,f., rule, power, domin- 
 ion, empire, authorit5^ 
 
 Dill, adv. comp. diutius, sup. diutis- 
 sime, {properlij the ahl. of dius, obs. a 
 day), in the day-time, by day ; long, 
 for a long time. The comparative, 
 diutius, is sometimes used for tlie 
 positive, din. 
 
 Dius Fidius, i. e. Jovisfilius, the son 
 of Jupiter, see Fidius. Dius, in this 
 combination, is by some supposed to 
 be a Greek genitive, by others the no- 
 minative for Deus. 
 
 Diuturjutas, atis,f, length of time, 
 long continuance, long duration: 
 from 
 
 Diuturnus, a, um, adj. {diu), of long 
 duration or conthiuance, long, last- 
 ing, long continued, protracted. 
 
 Divello, ere, velli, ^^ vulsi, vulsum, 
 M. {dis ^ veUo, to pluck), to pull asun- 
 
 der or in pieces, separate, disjom; ta 
 tear a^'ay, separate by %dolence. 
 
 Diverse, adv., in different parts, di- 
 versely; different ways. Fauci pau/- 
 lo diversiics coneiderant, — in places 
 slightly different, — a little removed: 
 from 
 
 Diversus, a, um,part. ^' adj. {diver* 
 to, to turn aside), turned another way, 
 turned different ways, in different di- 
 rections, from different quarters, at 
 different places, separate. Omnesjam 
 antea diversi audistis, — have already 
 heard separately, or some in one 
 place, some in another; — opposite, 
 contrary; different, unlike, of a differ- 
 ent character, having different viewa 
 or tastes, inconsistent, diverse, vari- 
 ous. Diversus agitahatur, was vari- 
 ously agitated, was agitated by oppo- 
 site feelings- Reges diversi, pars in- 
 genium, alii corpus exercehant, — pur- 
 suing opposite courses. 
 
 Dives, itis, adj., rich, wealthy, opu- 
 lent. 
 
 Divido, ere, v'lsi, visum, a., to divide, 
 part, separate; to distribute, ponioi 
 out, allot. 
 
 Div'inus, a, um, adj. {divus, divine), 
 divine, heavenly. 
 
 Divisio, dnis,f. {divido), a dividing, 
 division, separation ; a distribution. 
 
 Divisus, a, um, part, {divido). 
 
 Diviiia;, uru7n,f. pi. {dives), riches, 
 wealth. 
 
 Divulge, are, uvi, dtum, a. {dis ^ 
 vulgo, to publish), § 265, to make pub- 
 lic, publish, divulge, spread abroad. 
 
 Do, dare, dedi, datum, a., $ 223 to 
 give, bestow, grant, afford, offer, pre- 
 sent, furnish, confer, impart, make, 
 occasion. Darefidem, fo give a pro- 
 mise, promise. Darejidem publicarru 
 to pledge the public faith, to give as- 
 surance of impunity. Dare jusjurari' 
 dum, to take an oath, to swear. Dare 
 operam, to endeavor, labor, strive, 
 take care, be at pains. Dare ncgo- 
 
DOCEO 
 
 178 
 
 DOxN'UM 
 
 tnim, to give in charge, to charge, 
 commission, direct. Dare poenas, to 
 give satisfaction, Jience, to suffer pun- 
 ishment, be punished. Dare se, to 
 yield, submit, give up to, resign. Dare 
 hostes victos, to conquer the enemy, $ 
 274, R. 4. Dare senatum legatis, to 
 give an audience of the senate — , to 
 admit the ambassadors to plead their 
 cause before the senate. Prcccipitem 
 dare J to throw, plunge or carry head- 
 long, to precipitate. Darelitteras, to 
 deliver — . Dare dono aliqind, to give 
 anything as a present, to present, $ 
 227. Dare provinciam, to commit, 
 allot, assign — . 
 
 Doceo, ere, ui, turn, a., $ 231, & R. 
 3, $ 272, $ 271, $ 265, to show, inform, 
 tell, declare ; to teach, instruct. Doc- 
 tus sum, I have been taught, hence, I 
 know. 
 
 Docte, adv. {doctus), learnedly, skill- 
 fully. 
 
 Doctor, oris, m. {doceo), a teacher, 
 instructor, master. 
 
 Doctus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {doceo), 
 $250,^271, R. 1, taught, instructed; 
 learned, skilled, well versed. 
 
 Documentum, i, n. {doceo), a docu- 
 ment, example, pattern, lesson; a 
 proof, instance, specimen. 
 
 Dolens, tis, part, ^ adj., grieving, 
 sorrowing, deploring, lamenting, occa- 
 sioning vexation or chagrin, painful, 
 afflictive, offensive, $ 222 : from 
 
 Doleo, ere, ui, n. <^ a., $ 232, (2.) to 
 grieve, sorrow, be sad or sorry, be in 
 pain, be grieved or afflicted ; to mourn, 
 take to heart, grieve or be sorry for, 
 deplore, lament. 
 
 Dolor, oris, m. {doleo), pain, grief, 
 distress, sorrow, anguish, a painful 
 sense or feeHng, indignation, chao^rin, 
 vexation, resentment, anger, mortifi- 
 cation. Dolor injuria:, indignation or 
 resentment on account of—. 
 
 Dolus, i. m., a device, crafty pur- 
 pose, artifice, stratagem, trick ; guile. 
 
 deceit, treachery, cunning, frs jd, arti" 
 fice, craftiness; subtlety, dexterity 
 adroitness, address, acuteness. Dolo 
 an vere, in pretence or in reality. 
 
 Dominatio, bnis, /., dominion, rule, 
 authority, government, power, sove- 
 reignty, tyranny, despotism, domina- 
 tion ; from 
 
 Dominor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to be 
 lord and master, rule, bear rule, reign, 
 govern, domineer. 
 
 Dominus, i, m. {domus)s a master of 
 a house, master of slaves, proprietor, 
 possessor, owner, lord, ruler, master, 
 tyrant. 
 
 Domiius, a, um, part. <^ adj., tamed, 
 subdued ; tame : from 
 
 Domo, are, ui, itam, a., to subdue, 
 conquer, overcome, vanquish, break 
 or tame wild animals ; to obtain the 
 mastery over, gain the ascendency, 
 surmount ; to render easy or practica- 
 ble. 
 
 Domus, us, ^ i, /., $ 89, a private 
 house, a house, home, habitation, 
 dwelling, place of abode. Domi, at 
 home, $ 221, R. 3, in one's own house, 
 in one's own country. Domi militicB- 
 que or belli, in peace and in war 
 Domi— f oris, at home— abroad. D(- 
 mum, after a verb of motion, home ; 
 se domum proripere, to hasten home, 
 § 237, R. 4. Domo, from home ; domo 
 egressus, leaving home, '^ 255. R. 1. 
 Extorrem patria, domo, an exile from 
 my country and my home. 
 
 Donatus, a, um, part., presented, 
 honored, rewarded, loaded with pre- 
 sents : from 
 
 Dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. {donum), to 
 give liberally, bestow freely, present ; 
 with an accusative of the person, tO 
 honor, reward, distinguish by re- 
 wards. 
 
 Donum, i, n. {do), a gift, free gift 
 present, offering, bribe. Militaria 
 dona, military rewards, honorary re- 
 wards bestowed publicly upon merit o 
 
DORMIO 
 
 179 
 
 EDICO 
 
 /ions soldiers. Dignum dono, worth 
 the giving. 
 
 Dormioy Irs, Ivi, it urn, n., to sleep, 
 be asleep, slumber. 
 
 I) able, adv. {dubius), doubtfully, du- 
 biously. Haud dabie, without doubt, 
 undoubtedly, unquestionably. 
 
 Dubitatio, onis, /., a doubting ; 
 doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, sus- 
 pense, irresolution, indecision. Per 
 dubitationem, in indecision : from 
 
 Dubito, are, avi, dtum, n., $ 271, 
 $ 265, to doubt, be in doubt, be un- 
 certain, hesitate, scruple, waver, de- 
 lay, be backward, be reluctant. 
 
 Dubium, i, n., doubt, uncertainty. 
 In duh'io, in doubt, in danger: 
 from 
 
 Diibius, a, um, adj. {dud), $ 265, 
 doubtful, dubious, uncertain, danger- 
 
 263, 2, & 4. Dum pararet, providec 
 he could — so he could but obtain. 
 
 Duo, CO, o, nam. adj., two, ^ 118, 1. 
 
 Duodecim, num. adj. ind. {duo <^ dC' 
 cem), twelve. 
 
 Duritla, cc, f, {durus, hard), hard' 
 ness, callousness, roughness; hardi 
 ness, austerity, self-denial, power of 
 endurance. 
 
 Duitm, see Duo, & § 118, 1. 
 
 Dux, ducis, m. <^f, a leader, guide, 
 conductor, general. 
 
 E. 
 
 E or Ex, prep, with the dbl. $ 195, 
 R. 2, from, out of. Denoting the ma- 
 terials of which any- thing is rnade, of; 
 out of. Denoting time, from, since, 
 after. — Of; on account of, in conse- 
 
 ous; hesitating, wavering; dark, | quence of ; pam^iueZy, of, among ;— 
 threatening, gloomy. Dubicb re5, accordmg to, in accordance or con- 
 troubles, difficulties, perils, perplexi- jfoi'^ntty with; in, on. Ex altera parte, 
 ties, adverse or untoward circumstan- on the other side. Pendere ex aliquo, 
 
 ces: aLs'o, subjects of doubt or peiplex- 
 ily. Hostes dubii, — wavering, on the 
 point of giving way. 
 
 Ducenti, a?, a, num, adj. {duo ^ cen- 
 tum), two hundred. 
 
 Duco, ere, xi, ctum, a., to drav/, lead, 
 conduct, take along; to protract; to 
 lead, command, as a general; to at- 
 tract; to take, assume, acquire; to es- 
 teem, hold, think, consider, account, 
 reckon, regard, place, put, $ 214, $ 227, 
 $ 230, $ 272; to ascribe, impute, attri- 
 bute, construe. When joined with 
 trahere and rapere which denote the 
 act of acquiring by violence, ducere is 
 supposed to mean, to obtain by cun- 
 ning and deceit, to enrich one's self 
 by fraud. 
 
 Ducto, are, avi, atum, a.freq. {duco). 
 
 to depend upon — . E or ex with the 
 ablative is often used to denote a re- 
 mote cause. With its noun it is often 
 used instead of an adverb ; as, Ex im- 
 proviso, unexpectedly. Denoting a 
 change of condition, from, in place of, 
 instead of, from being, after : Ex sum- 
 ma IcBtitia, tristitia invasit. Ex vo- 
 luntate, according to one's pleasure, 
 wish, desire, as one pleases. Ex copi^ 
 rerum, literally, from the store of 
 things, plans, or measures, i. e. from 
 which a choice could be made, in pre- 
 sent circumstances. Ex senientia, ac- 
 cording to one's wishes. Ex senten- 
 tia anibobus, acceptable to bcth. In 
 composition, see $ 196, 5, & $ 197, 5. 
 
 Ea, see Is. 
 
 Ea, adv, {is), sc. parte, or via, that 
 
 to lead frequently, lead, conduct, com- iway, through that place, in that way. 
 niand as a general. | Eadem, adv. {properly abl. fern, of 
 
 Dam conj. <^ adv., while, whilst, idem, sc. via), the same way. 
 whilst that, during the time that or in j Ecce, int., lo! see! behold! 
 which, as long as; until: prov-dcd. <^ Edlro, ere, xi, ctum, a. <^ 7i. (e ^ 
 
 16* 
 
EDICTUM 
 
 180 
 
 EJECTUS 
 
 dico), $ 265, to declare publicly, speak 
 out, relate, tell, publish, order. 
 
 Edictum, i, n. {edico), an edict, pro- 
 clamation, order, charge, injunction, 
 general order. 
 
 Edttus, a, urn, part. ^ adj., publish- 
 ed ; raised, elevated ; high, lofiy. Edi- 
 tiis in immensum, of vast height : from 
 
 Edo, ere, edidi, edit urn, a., to utter 
 or put forth, speak ; to declare, show, 
 tell, relate, set forth, exhibit ; to pub- 
 lish, put out, spread abroad, make 
 known ; to raise, elevate. 
 
 Educeo, ere, ui, turn, a. (e ^ doceo, 
 $ 197, 5), § 231, & R. 3, $ 265, § 271, to 
 teach, instruct carefully ; to direct, 
 show, inform, make known. 
 
 Edocius, a, um, part, {edoceo), $ 
 234, 1. 
 
 Educo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (e ^ duco), 
 to draw or lead forth, draw out, draw. 
 
 Effectus, a, um, part, (efficio), made, 
 done, finished, completed. 
 
 Effemino, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^'■ 
 femina, a female), to make feminine; 
 to enervate, render soft or effeminate. 
 
 Effero, ferre, extuli, eldtum, irr. a. 
 (ex <^fero), to bring forth, carry forth 
 or out ; to produce, yield ; to publish ; 
 to say, speak ; to raise, exalt, advance, 
 promote. Se efferre, to boast one's 
 self, pride one's self, be elated, puffed 
 up. Pecunia aut honore efferre, to 
 distinguish by pecuniary rewards or 
 promotion. 
 
 Effelus, a, um, adj. {ex ^ fetus, hav- 
 ing brought forth), having brought 
 forth young ; past bearing ; worn out, 
 exhausted, decayed, weak, feeble. 
 
 Efficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. {ex ^fa- 
 do), ^ 273, I, to bring to pass, do, 
 effect, accomplish, complete, finish, to 
 make, perform, execute ; to render ; to 
 cause, occasion. 
 
 Effringo, ere, fre<ri,fr actum, a. {ex 
 ^f ranged, to break, break open, break 
 in pieces 
 
 Effugio, ere, ugi, ugilum n., ^ a. 
 
 {ex ^fugio), to fly, fly away, escipQ 
 flee: $ 229, to avoid, shun, evade, 
 escape from. 
 
 Effundo, ere, fudi, fusuvi, a. {it ^ 
 fundo), $ 242, to spill, pour out, shed; 
 to spread, scatter, disperse ; to pour or 
 rush forth in crowds. 
 
 Effuse, adv., in a scattered manner 
 without restraint, loosely, scatteringly 
 irregularly c/rom 
 
 Effusus, a,um,part. <^ adj. {effundo)y 
 poured out; let loose, scattered, dis- 
 persed, in disorder, spread abroad, 
 poured forth. Effusi consedere, — irre- 
 gularly, in a disorderly manner. 
 
 Egens, tis, part. ^ adj. {egeo), need- 
 ing, wanting, demanding, requiring ; 
 needy, in want, poor, destitute of. 
 Egentissimus quisque, the most needy : 
 from 
 
 Egeo, ere, ui, n. $ 250, R. 1, (2.) ^ $ 
 220, 3, to need, want, be in want of, 
 stand in need of, require, be destitute 
 of, lack, be lacking in. 
 
 Egestas, dtis, f. {egeo), want, po- 
 verty, indigence, beggary ; destitution. 
 
 Ego, mei, pro. § 132, & $ 133, tti. ^ 
 /. I ; pi. nos, we. Mecum, with myself, 
 in my own mind. 
 
 Egomet, intensive pro. m. ^f., $ 133, 
 R. 2, 1 myself Nosmet, we ourselves. 
 
 Egredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. {e 
 ^ gradior, to step), $ 242, & R. 1, & 
 R. 3, last clause, § 276, II. to go out, 
 depart, depart from, set forth from ; to 
 ascend, mount, climb; to pass over, 
 go beyond. Scalis egressi, having as- 
 cended by means of ladders. 
 
 Egregius, a, um, adj. (e ^ grex), ex- 
 cellent, remarkable, eminent, surpass- 
 ing, egregious, notable, noble, singu- 
 lar, rare, extraordinary. 
 
 Egressus, us, m. {egredior)y a going 
 out. 
 
 Egressus, a, um, part, {egredior). 
 
 Eheu,int. ^ 238, 2. Sl^<^ 240, ah! 
 alas! 
 
 Ejectus, a, um, part. : from 
 
EJICIO 
 
 181 
 
 EQUES 
 
 Kjiciot ^re,jeci,jectum, a. (e (^jacio), 
 ^ 242, & R. 1, to cast or throw out, 
 eject, expel; to banish, drive out. 
 
 Elegaj-ter, adv. {elegans, elegant), 
 elegantly, choicely, nicely, gracefully. 
 
 Elephantus, i, m. ^f., an elephant. 
 
 Eloquentia, cc, f.j {eloquens, elo- 
 quent), eloquence, 
 
 Ementior, iri, itus suvi, dep. {e ^ 
 mentior), to lie ; to pretend falsely, 
 feign, falsify, state or report falsely. 
 
 Emereo, ere, ui, itum, a., and Erne- 
 reor, eri, itus sum, dep. (e <J' mereo), to 
 merit, deserve ; to serve out. 
 
 Emeritus, a, um, part. pass. ^ act. 
 ^ adj. {emereo <^ emereor), merited, de- 
 served. Homines emeritis stipendiis, 
 $211, R. 6, men vs^ho have completed 
 their term of militaiy service. 
 
 Eminens, tis, part. ^ adj., rising up, 
 standing out, eminent, high, lofty, pro- 
 jecting ;/ro?7i 
 
 Emineo, ere, ui, n. (e df mineo, to 
 hang over), to rise or grow up, be 
 raised above, stand out, project. 
 
 Emmus, adv. (e ^ manus), from a 
 distance, at a distance, afar off. 
 
 Emissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Emitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. (e <^ 
 mitto,) to send forth or out, let go ; to 
 sling, hurl, throw, discharge. 
 
 Emo, ere, emi, emptum, a., to buy, 
 purchase. 
 
 Emorior, i, mortuus sum, dep. (e ^ 
 morior), to die, die outright, utterly 
 perish. Emori per virtutem, to die 
 bravely. 
 
 Emptor, oris, m. (emo), a buyer, pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 Efi, int., lo ! see ! behold ! 
 
 Enim, conj. $ 279, 3, for, indeed, but, 
 .low. At enim, but, indeed. Enim 
 \ fro, or enimvero, indeed, truly. 
 
 Enisus, a, um, part, {enitor). 
 
 Enitesco, ere, nitui, n. inc. (eniteo, to 
 shine), *o shine forth, become famous, 
 become distinguished. 
 
 F.nltor, i, nlsus sum, dep. (e ^ nitoi). 
 
 with a suhj. or inf., $ 273, 1, to makt 
 an effort, strive, struggle, endeavor 
 try, exert one's self Enisum est 
 jxiss. impers., an effort was made 
 they exerted themselves. 
 
 Enumero, are, avi, dtum, a. (e ^ nip' 
 mero, to number), $ 265, to enumerate, 
 recount, reckon up, recite. 
 
 Enuncio, are, avi, dtum, a. (e ^ nun- 
 cio), to pronounce, proclaim, declare, 
 express, divulge, disclose, reveal. 
 
 Eo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n., % 182, $210, 
 to go, travel, march, proceed. Venum 
 ire, see Venus. Perditum ire, to be 
 going to destroy, to be bent upon de- 
 stroying, $ 276, II. Eunt ereptum 
 prcsmia, $ 276, II. R 2. Contra in- 
 jurias armatus ire, to go in arms — , 
 to take up arms — . Ire pedibus in 
 sententiam, to agree, or go over to any 
 one's opinion. In the Roman senate, 
 when two or three of the senators had 
 expressed their opinions, the rest were 
 accustomed to go over to the seats of 
 those of whose opinions they approved. 
 Obviam itum esf, see Obviam, 
 
 Ed, adv. (is), Eo is used either for 
 the old dative of is, or for the ablative, 
 {a), thither, to that place, to this. 
 When followed by ut, quo, or a geni- 
 tive, so far, to such a pitch or degree, 
 to that degree, to such a pass, $ 212, 
 R. 4, N 3. (b) For ibi or in eo loco, 
 there, in that place. With compara- 
 tives, by so much, so much, the. 
 Also, either with or without the par- 
 ticles, quo, quod, quia, &c. on that ac- 
 count, for that reason, for that, there- 
 fore ; for this or that purpose. 
 
 Eo, see Is. 
 
 Ecdcm, adv. {idem) to the same 
 place, thither, to the same end or ob- 
 ject, to the same purpose, 
 
 Epistula, cB,f., a letter, epistle. 
 
 EpulcE, drum,f. pi., food, victuals; 
 a feast, banquet. 
 
 Eques, ilis, m. ^ f. [equus), a horse- 
 !man, trooper; a knight. Equif.es 
 
EQUESTER 
 
 182 
 
 EVADO 
 
 Knights, a title of rank amongst the 
 Romans. The knights constituted an 
 order of citizens between the patricians 
 and plebeians. Also, cavaliy, horse, 
 horsemen. 
 
 Equester, tris, tre, adj. (eques), per- 
 taining to a horseman, equestrian. 
 Equestre prcelium, a battle of cavalry ; 
 —belonging to the Equites or knights. 
 Equester ordo, the order of knights. 
 
 Equidem, conj. (ex or e intensive, ^ 
 quidem), indeed, truly, in truth, for my 
 part. This word in most authors is 
 usually joined with verbs of the first 
 person singular. 
 
 Equitdtus, us, m., riding ; the cav- 
 alry, a body of horsemen, troop of 
 horse : from 
 
 Equito, are, dvi, dtum, n. (eques), to 
 ride on horseback. 
 
 Equus, i, m., a horse, steed. Equo 
 circumire, to ride round. 
 
 Erectus, a, um, adj. ^ part, (erigo), 
 erect, elevated. Fig. confident, en- 
 couraged, attentive, roused, excited, 
 awakened. 
 
 Ereptus, a, um, part, (eripio). 
 
 Ergo, illative, conj., therefore, then. 
 
 Erigo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (e ^ rego), 
 to raise, erect, set upright ; to lift or 
 set up, — build up, elevate; to cheer 
 up, encourage ; to rouse, excite. i 
 
 Eripio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. (e ^ ra- 
 pid), $ 224, R. 2, & $ 242, R. 1, to take 
 away by force; take away, extort, 
 wrest from ; to free, liberate, rescue, 
 withdraw, extricate, save, deliver from. 
 Ire ereptum, to be bent upon taking 
 away, strive to take away. 
 
 Erratum, i, n., a mistake, error ; a 
 fault, offence : from 
 
 Erro, are, dvi, dtum, n., to wander 
 wp and down, wander about, stray, go 
 astray. Fig. to err, mistake, go wrong, 
 be mistaken. 
 
 Ericdio, ire, wi ^ it, Uum, a. (e ^ 
 rudis), to teach, instruct, inform, di- 
 rect ; to bring up, educate. 
 
 Eruditus, a, um, part <^ adj. {efu^ 
 dio), taught, instructed, 1 earned, skill- 
 ful, versed, skilled. 
 
 Erumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. ^ n. (e 
 ^ rumpo, to break), $ 242, to break or 
 burst forth, sally forth. 
 
 Escendo, ere, di, sum, n. (e ^ scan- 
 do, to climb), to mount, ascend. 
 
 Et, conj., and, even : et — et, both — 
 and, not only — but also. TJie clause 
 introduced by et is sometimes explana- 
 tory of the preceding one. Et like ac 
 or atque has sometimes the force of et 
 quidem : see Atque, and is sometimes 
 used instead of sed. See Ac. Et is 
 sometimes omitted, at the close of an 
 enumeration, before alius, cetera, reli- 
 quus, omnes, etc. 
 
 Etenim, conj. {ct ^ enim), for, truly, 
 because that. 
 
 Etiavi, conj. ^ adv., also, likewise, 
 besides, even ; yet, still, as yet. Eti- 
 am atque etiam, again and again, over 
 and over again, repeatedly. Etiam 
 nunc, even now, still, yet. Etiam turn, 
 even then, do\vn even to that time, 
 already. Etiam si, even if, although, 
 though. Etiamtum, adv. {etiam ^ 
 turn), still at that time, still. This 
 particle denotes that something former- 
 ly existed which has now ceased to exist. 
 
 Etruria, (B,f., Etruria, now Tusca- 
 ny, a country of Italy lying on the 
 right of the Tiber. C. 27. 
 
 Eundo, gerund, (eo, ire). 
 
 Eurdpa, (B, f, Europe, one of the 
 three great divisions of the eastern 
 continent. It is said to have been 
 named from Europa the daughter of 
 Agenor king of Fhconicia. J. 17. 
 
 Evddo, ere, si, sum, n. ^^ a. \e ^- va- 
 do), $ 242, & R. 1. to go out, get away, 
 escape from; to make one's vvay 
 penetrate, pass ; to ascend, mount, 
 climb; to run away, escape. Fig. to 
 end, turn out, terminate become, 
 prove. Evadere hue to end hi this, 
 come to this. 
 
EVENIO 
 
 183 
 
 EXISTIMO 
 
 Evhiio, ire, cm, entum, tu {e ^ ve- 
 mo), $ 223, $ 260, 51. 3, to come out, 
 come, proceed; to happen, fall out, 
 occur, turn out; to fall by lot, fall to 
 the lot of. 
 
 Eventus, us, m. (evenio), an event, 
 accident, issue, effect, result, conse- 
 quence, end. 
 
 Evocdtus, a, um, part, called out, 
 summoned, invited. Evocati, drum, 
 771. pi., in military language, were vete- 
 ran soldiers, who after completing their 
 term of service were induced to enlist 
 again, and to whom a more honorable 
 station was assigned, re-enlisted vete- 
 rans ; from 
 
 Evoco, are, avi, atum, a. (e ^ voce), 
 $ 242, R. 1, to call out, invite, sum- 
 mon ; to reenlist. 
 
 Ex, see E, 
 
 Exactus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (exigo), 
 driven av,^ay ; past, finished, spent. 
 
 Exa:dijicatus, a, um, part., built: 
 from 
 
 Excsdifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex ^ 
 mdifico), to build up, build, finish. 
 
 ExGBquatus, a, um, part., shared 
 equally, made equal : from 
 
 Excequo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 (Bquo, to level), to make equal or even, 
 equalize, equal ; to make to tally with 
 or agree. Facta dictis sunt exccquan- 
 da, deeds must be tmly represented 
 by w^ords, must be faithfully narrated. 
 
 Exagiidtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Exagito, are, dvi dtum, a. {ex ^ agi- 
 to), to harass, vex, agitate, disturb ; to 
 rouse, stir up, irritate, move, excite ; 
 to inveigh against, censure, reproach; 
 to debate, agitate, discuss, bruit, noise 
 abroad. 
 
 Excedo, ere, essi, essiwi, n. {ex ^ 
 cedo), $ 242, & R. 1, to depart, go forth, 
 retire, withdraw. 
 
 Excelsus, a, um, adj. {excello, to be 
 high), high, lofty. In excelso csiatem 
 agere, to live or pass one's life in an 
 elevated station. 
 
 Excio, ire, ivi, itum, and Excieo 
 ere, ivi, itum, a. {ex ^ cio or aeo» 
 $ 242, to move), to raise, excite, rouse* 
 to call out, incite, induce, lead, dis- 
 turb. 
 
 Excipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. {ex <^ ca- 
 pio), to receive, take up ; to except. 
 
 Excito, dre, dvi, dtum, a.freq. {ex 
 cio), to call out, rouse, to move, stir 
 up, excite, incite, spur on, stimulate. 
 
 Excitus, and Excltus, a, um, part, 
 {excio and excieo). 
 
 Excldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 clamo, to cry aloud), $272, to cry or 
 call out, exclaim ; to call or say with 
 a loud voice. 
 
 Excrucio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 crucio, to torment), to torture. Fig 
 to afflict, torment, distress, disquiet, 
 harass, fret, vex, disturb. 
 
 Excuho, dre, ui, itum, n. {ex ^ cubo, 
 to he), to sleep out of doors ; to watch, 
 keep watch, mount guard, stand sen- 
 try. 
 
 Exemjjlum, i, n. {eximo, to take out), 
 a copy, transcript; an example, in- 
 stance, precedent. 
 
 Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. {ex <^ ar- 
 ceo, to keep off), to practice, train, 
 exercise, employ, use, make use 
 of, occupy, indulge, gratify; to con- 
 duct, carry on, prosecute. Exer- 
 cere inimicitias cum aliquo, to be on 
 terms of enmity with — . 
 
 Exercitdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., ex- 
 ercised, versed, trained, practiced, ha- 
 1 bitua^ed : from 
 
 Exercito, dre, dvi, dtum, a.freq. {ex- 
 ' erceo), to exercise. 
 
 Exercitus, us, m. {exerceo), an army 
 
 Exercitus, a, um, part, {exerceo), ex 
 ercised; wearied, tired; conducted, 
 carried on. 
 
 Exigo, ere, egi, actum, a. {ex ^ ag&, 
 to lead out, to send fortn or out, to 
 drive out ; to pass, lead, spend ; to 
 finish, complete, perform. 
 
 Exisiimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ex ^ «# 
 
EXITIUM 
 
 184 
 
 EXSANGUIS 
 
 Hmc), "J 272, to judge, think, esteem, 
 account, reckon, suppose, innagine ; to 
 decide, deternnine ; to estimate, consi- 
 der, weigh, § 265. 
 
 Erxitiunij i, n. {exeo, to go out), ruin, 
 niiscliief, destruction ; issue, end, 
 death. 
 
 Exitus, us, m. (exeo), a going out, 
 exit ,• an event, issue, end, close, ter- 
 mination, resuh. 
 
 Exopto, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 vpto), to wish or desire greatly, covet, 
 desire ; to choose. 
 
 Exorior, iri, ortus sum, dep. $ 177, 
 {ex ^ orior), to rise, arise, spring up. 
 
 Exorndtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
 adorned, furnished, embellished ://'om 
 
 Exorno, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 orno, to fit out), $ 249, I, to adorn, 
 embellish, deck out, dress ; to furnish, 
 supply, equip; to arrange, prepare, 
 provide, dispose, make preparations. 
 
 Exortus, a, um, part, {exorior). 
 
 Exjjedio, Ire, Ivi <^ ii, itum, a. <^ n. 
 {ex <^ pes), to free, discharge, liberate ; 
 to disentangle, free from difficulties, 
 disengage, unloose, extricate ; to des- 
 patch, finish, put an end to, accom- 
 plish, bring about, bring to a happy 
 conclusion ; to get ready, put in readi- 
 ness, prepare ; to explain, relate, tell, 
 set forth. 
 
 Expeditio, dnis, f. {expedio), a mih- 
 tary expedition. 
 
 Expeditus, a, um, part. <^^ adj. {erpe- 
 dio), freed, liberated, disengaged; 
 light armed, unencumbered ; free from 
 baggage, prepared, equipped, ready. 
 
 Expello, ere, puli, pvlsum., a. {ex ^ 
 pello),§ 242, to drive out or away, ex- 
 pel. 
 
 Expergiscor, i, experrectus sum, dep. 
 {erpergo, to awaken), to awake, rouse 
 one's self, rouse up. 
 
 Experimentum, i, n., an experiment, 
 Dial, proof; experience : from 
 
 Expcrior, iri, expertus sum, dep., to 
 try, make trial of, use, attempt, prove. 
 
 experience ; to find. Extrema omnia 
 experiri, to try all desperate measures, 
 to go to all extremes. 
 
 Experrectus, part, {expergiscor). 
 
 Expers, tis, adj. {ex <^ pars), $ 213 
 R. 5, (2.) not concerned in, free from, 
 without, destitute of, void of 
 
 Expertus, a, um, part, {experior). 
 
 Expilo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex <^ pilo 
 to pillage), to rob, plunder, pillage. 
 
 Expldno, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 piano, to make plain), to make plain 
 or smooth. Fig. to explain, interpret, 
 shew, relate, tell. 
 
 Expleo, ere, evi, etum, a. {ex ^' pleo, 
 obs.) § 249, I., to fill, fill up ; to satisfy, 
 satiate, gratify; to complete, accom- 
 plish, supply. Munerlhus explere, to 
 load with gifts. 
 
 Explordtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., cer- 
 tainly known, ascertained, explored, 
 sure : from 
 
 Explbro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ex <^ 
 ploro, to cry), $ 265, to search dili- 
 gently, search, scrutinize, explore, ex- 
 amine, spy out, seek out, ascertain, 
 reconnoitre. 
 
 Expbno, ere, osui, ostium, a. {ex ^ 
 pono), to put out, set forth, expose; to 
 explain, tell, relate, declare; to dis- 
 play. 
 
 Expugno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ex <^ 
 puguo), to conquer, vanquish, subdue, 
 overcome. Expugnare or expvgnare 
 armis, to storm, carry or take by 
 storm ; to assault. 
 
 Expulsus, a, um, part, {expello). 
 
 ExpurgQ, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 purgo, to cleanse), to purge, cleanse, 
 purify. Fig. to clear, justify, excul- 
 pate, excuse. 
 
 Exqulro, ere, quislvi, quisltum, a 
 {ex ^ qiicBro), to search out, examine, 
 ask, explore, inquire into, seek out 
 Exquirere senteidias, to take the ^otee 
 or opinions. 
 
 Exquisltus, a, um, part, {czquiro). 
 
 Exsavguis, e, adj. {ex ^ savguisk 
 
EXSECRATIO 
 
 185 
 
 EXUO 
 
 without blood, bloodless, pale, lifeless, 
 feeble, weak, exhausted. 
 
 Exsecratio, bnis, f., imprecation 
 execration, curse ; an oath : from 
 
 Exsecror, dri, dtus sum, dep. {ex <^ 
 sacro, to make sacred), to curse, exe- 
 crate, detest. 
 
 Exsequor, i, cuius surn, dep. (ex <^ 
 sequor), to follow, pursue; to copy, 
 imitate; to prosecute, continue; to 
 execute, accomplish, do, perform. 
 
 Exsiliumi i, n. {ex ^^ solum, the soil), 
 banishment from one's native soil, 
 exile. 
 
 Exspectatio, onis, /., an expecting, 
 expectation, desire: from 
 
 Exspecto, are, dvi, alum, a. ^ n. {ex 
 ^ speclo), to look for, wait for, expect ; 
 to long for, hope or wish for, de- 
 sire. 
 
 ExspoUo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 spolio), to spoil, rob, strip, plunder, 
 pillage. 
 
 ExsthictOT, oris, m. {exstinguo), an 
 extinguisher, destroyer. 
 
 Exstinctus, a, um, part. ^ adj., ex- 
 tinguished, cut off, extinct, destroyed ; 
 decayed, sunk into obscurity : from 
 
 Exstinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. {ex ^ 
 stinguo, to extinguish), to put out, ex- 
 tinguish, quench ; to cut oflf, kill, de- 
 stroy, remove. 
 
 Exstruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. {ex ^ 
 struo, to build), to build up, raise, rear, 
 heap or pile up, construct. Exstruere 
 mare, to build up a sea, i. e. to fill and 
 build upon the sea, fill the sea with 
 buildings. 
 
 Exsul, ulis, m. cff. {ex <^ solum, the 
 soil) one banished from his country, 
 an exile. It is followed by the ablative 
 of the place, from which one is banish- 
 ed, depending on ex in composi- 
 tion. 
 
 Exsulto, are, dvi, dtum, v.freq. {ex- 
 silio, to leap out), to leap, frisk, bound, 
 leap with joy. Fig. to rejoice great- 
 ly, exult. 
 
 Exsupero, are, dvi, dtum, n. (^ a, 
 {ex ^ supero), to surpass, excel ex- 
 ceed, go beyond, overcome. 
 
 Exsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, n, 
 {ex <^ surgo, to rise), to rise, rise up, 
 rouse one's self; to recover strength* 
 take courage. 
 
 Extenudtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Exienuo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
 tenuo, to make thin), to make small 
 or slender, to attenuate, thin. Ex- 
 tenuare aciem, to diminish the depth 
 of the line by extending it in length, 
 to draw out, extend. 
 
 Exter or Exterus, a, um, adj. $ 125, 
 4, {ex), of another country, foreign, 
 comp. exterior, sup. extremus, which 
 see. 
 
 Exiollo, ere, a. {ex ^ tollo), to hft or 
 hold up, raise up, elevate ; to raise to 
 high honors or otfices ; to praise, mag- 
 nify, exaggerate. Extollere se, to 
 raise up one's self, assume import- 
 ance, feel one's importance. Extol- 
 lere verbis, laudibus or laudando, to 
 praise, extol. 
 
 Extorqueo, ere, orsi, ortum, a. {ex ^ 
 torqueo, to turn), to extort, wrest, take 
 away by force. 
 
 Extorris, c, adj., exiled, banished. 
 It is construed with the ablative like 
 Exsul, which see. 
 
 Extra, prep, with the ace, without, 
 out of 
 
 Extrenium, i, n., the end, close, ex- 
 tremity. Esse, or situm esse in extra- 
 mo, to be reduced to the last extremi- 
 ty. Eo in extremo, in so critical a 
 situatioti : from 
 
 Extrhnus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 Exter ; extreme, last, latest final 
 farthest, very or most remote, utmost, 
 greatest, outermost. Extreme demen- 
 tia, the height of madness. Primos 
 et extremos locare, to station in fiont 
 and rear. Extremnm agmen, the rear 
 rank, the rear, ^ 205, R. 17. 
 
 Exuo, Ire, ui, utum, a., ^ 251, to 
 
EXURO 
 
 186 
 
 FACTUS 
 
 Strip off, put off Fig. to deprive of, 
 dispossess, strip. 
 
 Exuro, ere, ussi, ustum, a. {ex ^ uro, 
 to burn), to burn. 
 
 Exustus, a, um, part {exuro)^ burnt, 
 ■corched, parched, burnt up. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fahius, if m. Q. Fahius Maximus 
 Verrucos^us Cunctator, a descendant 
 from the illustrious family (gens) of 
 the Fabii, was appointed dictator in 
 the war against Hannibal, and by 
 wisely protracting the war, at length 
 freed Italy from her formidable inva- 
 ders. 
 
 Fahius, i, m., see Sanga. 
 
 FacelicBy drum, f. pi. {facltus, face- 
 tious), facetiousness, pleasantry, wit, 
 humor. 
 
 Fades, ei,f. (facio), the face, coun- 
 tenance, visage; the form, figure, ap- 
 pearance, sight, aspect, mien, look. 
 
 Facile, adv., easily, readily, without 
 difficulty ; willingly, contentedly ; cer- 
 tainly, indisputably, evidently: Hand 
 facile, not easily, not readily, rarely, 
 seldom ; from 
 
 Facilis, e, adj., $ 125, 2, (facio), $ 
 222, $ 276, III. easy, ready, without 
 difficulty. Amicitia facilis, easily con- 
 ciliating friendship, $ 250. 
 
 Facilitas, utis, f (facilis), easiness, 
 facility, readiness. Fig. gentleness, 
 courteousness, courtesy, kindness, 
 good humor, complaisance, sociabili- 
 ty, conversablenees. 
 
 Facijiordsus, a, um, adj., wicked, 
 villainous, atrocious : from 
 
 Facmus, vris, n., an action, deed, 
 exploit, affair or enterprise (either 
 good or had) ; a bold or audacious act 
 Ingvnii egregia facinora, the great 
 achievements — , choice products — . 
 Rei militaris facinora, military ex- 
 ploits. Belli facinora, warlike mea- 
 sures ; — wickedness, villainy, guilt, 
 crime. Catervce facinorum, instead 
 
 of catervm facinorosorum hominum 
 $ 324, 2. 
 
 Facio, ere, feci, factum, a. ^ n., to 
 make, do, form ; absolute, to act, per* 
 form deeds or exploits; — to electa 
 choose, create, constitute, excite, 
 cause,render; to commit, perform, exe- 
 cute ; to pretend, feign ; to value, es- 
 teem, care for, $ 214. Facere versus, to 
 compose — ; with the accusative it often 
 forms a periphrasis, as, facere inju' 
 riam, to nijure: deditionem, to surren- 
 der ; verba, to speak, converse. Bene 
 facere, see Bene. Parum facere, to 
 value little. Gloriam meam laborem 
 illorum facere, to turn or convert 
 their toil to my glory. Dilicti gra- 
 tiam facere, to pardon, forgive, excuse 
 — . Facere optionem, to give a choice, 
 give hberty of choice : modum, to set 
 bounds : insidias, to lay snares : nihil 
 reliqui, to leave nothing :^d'em verbis, 
 to give assurance to, cause to be be- 
 lieved — : periculam alicui, to cause 
 danger to: qucestionem, to institute 
 a prosecution. Imperative /ac, $ 162. 
 4. Fac cogites, reflect, consider, § 267, 
 R. 3. 
 
 Factio, dnis,f. {facio), a making, do- 
 ing ; a faction, party, side ; union or 
 combination, for the purpose of gain- 
 ing or retaining undue power. 
 
 Factiosus, a, um, adj. {factio\ fac- 
 tious, seditious, addicted to faction, 
 devoted to party, influenced by party 
 spirit. 
 
 Factum, i, n., a deed, action, enter- 
 prise, exploit, act, occurrence, pro- 
 ceeding, conduct, achievement, fact, 
 circumstance. Optimum factum est, it 
 is the best way, it is best :/rom 
 
 Factus, a, um, part, {fo), made, 
 done, elected. Bene factum, a thmg 
 done well, a well performed act, a 
 noble or illustrious deed. Facto opus 
 est, there is need of action, one must 
 act. Quid facto opus est, what needs 
 to be done. Uti facto opus sit, iia 
 
FACUNDIA 
 
 187 
 
 FAUX 
 
 agantt as should need to be done, as 
 circumstances should requne — . 
 
 Facundia, (s,f., eloquence : from 
 
 Facundus, a, um, adj. (fari, to say), 
 eloquent. 
 
 ^ Fasulcc, arum, f. pi., a town of Etru- 
 ria, liov) Fiezoli. C. 24, 30, &c. 
 
 Fasiddnus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to Feesulae, Faesulan. Subs. A. 
 Fsesulan, an inhabitant of Faesulae. 
 C. 59, 60. 
 
 Fallacia, <2,f. {fallax, deceitful,) de- 
 ceit, trick, artifice, craft. 
 
 Folio, ere, fefelli, f ahum, a. ^ n., to 
 deceive, delude, mislead; to violate 
 one's promise; to act treacherously, 
 disappoint, betray. Nisi me animus 
 fallit, unless I am mistaken ; — to be 
 concealed, escape the notice of, elude. 
 Nee me fallit, I am not ignorant, I 
 well know. Fallor, I am deceived or 
 mistaken. 
 
 Falsb, adv., falsely, without reason, 
 unjustly :/r 0771 
 
 Falsus, a, um, part. ^^ adj. (fallo), 
 deceived, mistaken, misled, deluded; 
 deceitful, treacherous, faithless, hypo- 
 critical, insincere, false; pretended, 
 feigned, untrue; unfounded, ground- 
 less. Habere falsum, to deceive, dis- 
 appoint. Pro falsis ducere, to con- 
 sider as untrue. 
 
 Fama, cc, /., fame, report, rumor ; 
 fame, reputation, character, renown ; 
 Fama cognitns, known by reputation; 
 —fama or mala fama, ill fame, oblo- 
 quy, censure, calumny, infamy, scan- 
 dal ;— opinion, belief 
 
 Fames, is,f, hunger, fasting. 
 
 Familia, a:,f., {famulus, a servant), 
 the slaves belonging to one master ; 
 a family; a company, band. Filius 
 familias, and mater familias^ see Fi- 
 lius and Mater : for the genitive fa- 
 milias, see $ 43, 2. 
 
 Familiaris, e, adj. {familia), of or 
 belonging to the same retinue of 
 slaves. Of ti> a family , intimate, friend- 
 
 ly, familiar. Res famili ares, and O'pes 
 familiares, family estate, private pro- 
 perty, property. Familiarist is, m., a 
 friend, acquaintance. 
 
 Familiarttas, atis, f {familiaris), 
 familiarity, acquaintance, familiar 
 friendship, intimacy. It is found in 
 the plural, C. 14, when an intimacy 
 with several persons is spoken of 
 
 Familiariter, adv. famiharis), fa- 
 miliarly, intimately, on terras of inti- 
 macy. 
 
 Famdsus, a, um, adj. {fama), famous, 
 much talked of, celebrated, notorious ; 
 infamous. 
 
 Fannm, i, n., consecrated ground, a 
 temple, fane. 
 
 Fas, n. ind. $ 94, divine law, justice, 
 equity, right. Jusfasque, human and 
 divine law. 
 
 Fascis, is, m., a bundle of wood, 
 twigs. &c., a faggot; the fasces, a 
 bundle of rods, containing an axe, 
 carried by the lictors before certain 
 Roman magistrates, especially before 
 the consuls. Fasces corripere, to 
 seize upon the fasces, and by metonyme, 
 to seize upon the consular power, to 
 make one's self consul by force. 
 
 Fateor, eri,fassus sum, dep., to con- 
 fess, own, grant, acknowledge; to 
 show, manifest, discover. 
 
 FaCigo, are, avi, dtam^ a., to tire, 
 weaiy, fatigue ; to vex, trouble, harass 
 to importune, press with solicitation, 
 urge importunately, ^ 273, 2 ; to rouse, 
 incite, stimulate, push on ; to weaken, 
 impair, corrupt. 
 
 Fatum, i, n. {for, to say), a pro 
 phecy, oracle, prediction; fate, des 
 tiny. Cui fatum f Orel, who was des- 
 tined. 
 
 Fautor, oris, m, {faveo), a favorer, 
 promoter, partisan. 
 
 Faux, cis,f $ 94, the larynx, gullet, 
 throat, jaws ; a narrow passage, pass 
 or defile. Faucibus urgel, is clos« 
 upon (us), has (us) in his jaws. 
 
 17 
 
FAVEO 
 
 188 
 
 FIDES 
 
 Faveo, ere,favi, fautum, ??., $ 223, 
 R, 2, to favor, countenance, befriend. 
 
 Favor, oris, m. {faveo), favor, good 
 will, kindness, popularity. 
 
 Fehruarlus, a, um, adj. (februus, 
 purifying), of or pertaining to the 
 month February. 
 
 FeUciter, adv., happily, fortunately ; 
 lu(;kily, prosperously, successfully : 
 from 
 
 Felix, iciSf adj. (feo, ohs. to create), 
 happy, fortunate, felicitous ; rich, opu- 
 lent; prosperous, successful ; fruitful, 
 fertile. 
 
 Fenerdtor, oris, m. (fenero, to lend 
 money on mterest), a money lender, 
 one who lends money on interest, a 
 usurer. 
 
 Fera, cB,f. (ferus), a wild beast. 
 
 Fere, adv., almost, nearly, well nigh, 
 about ; for the most part. 
 
 Ferentarii, drum, m. pi. {fero), light 
 armed troops. 
 
 Ferinus, a, um, adj. {fera), of or be- 
 longing to a wild animal. 
 
 Ferio, Ire, a., to strike, smite, beat, 
 cut, wound, to encounter hand to 
 hand. Ferire arietihus, to batter, 
 
 Ferme, adv. {fere), almost, nearly, 
 about; for the most part, generally, 
 \isually. 
 
 Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. <^ n., to 
 carry, bear, bring, cany away ; to pro- 
 duce; to carry off, plunder; to cause, 
 occasion ; to exhibit, show ; to gain, 
 attain; to suffer, endure, sustain; to 
 say, tell, relate, report, represent. 
 Fertur, is said, ^ 271 ; — to lead, con- 
 duct, tend; to move, incite, incline, 
 dispose; to extol, exalt; to propose, 
 report, represent. Ferre opem alicui, 
 to give assistance, to assist — . Utifors 
 tulif, as chance has brought about, as 
 it happens. Fert animus, — inclines, is 
 disposed. Neque aliud aliofcrri cer- 
 neres, you would not see {lit.) one 
 thing carried one way, another an- 
 other, L e. perpetual commotion 
 
 Fern studio, to be moved or carried 
 away by ardor of feeling. 
 
 Ferocia, c£,f. {ferox), ferocity, licrco 
 ness. 
 
 Ferociter, adv., fiercely, savagely, fe- 
 rociously, insolently, violently, harsh- 
 ly : fro7n 
 
 Ferox, ocis, adj. {fero), insolent, 
 fierce, headstrong, violent ; bold, in- 
 trepid, brave, warlike, gallant ; cruel, 
 savage, ferocious, untamed, unsub- 
 dued. Multus atque ferox instare, — 
 incessantly and furiously. 
 
 Ferrum, i, n., iron. Fig. a sword. 
 
 Fertilis, e, adj. $ 213^ R. 5, (2.) 
 {fero), fertile, fruitful, productive; 
 abundant, copious, rich. 
 
 Ferus, a, um, adj., wild, rude, uncul- 
 tivated, uncivilized ; fierce, cruel, bar- 
 barous, savage. 
 
 Fessus, a, um, adj. {faiiscor, to 
 grow tired), wearied, tired, fatigued; 
 weary, exhausted, worn out, enfee- 
 bled. 
 
 Fesfino, are, dvi, dtum, n, ^ a. {festi- 
 nus, quick), § 271, to hasten, make 
 haste, bestir one's self, be in a hurry ; 
 to hasten, accelerate, hurry, do speedi- 
 ly, hasten to accomphsh ; to hurry to 
 and fro, be agitated. 
 
 Festus a, um, adj., festival, festive ; 
 joyful. Festus dies, a holiday, fes- 
 tival. 
 
 Fictus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {fngo), 
 made, formed, contrived ; false, feign- 
 ed, fictitious, imaginaiy, fabulous. 
 Ficta loquij to dissemble, speak in- 
 sincerely. 
 
 Fidelis, e, adj. {fides), faithful, sin- 
 cere, trusty, sure. 
 
 FideWer, adv. {fdelis), faithfully, 
 sincerely, honestly. 
 
 Fides, ci,f. {fido, to trust to), faith, 
 truth, honesty, honor, veracity, faith 
 fulness, fidelity, devoted attachment, 
 friendship ; a promise, assurance, word, 
 obligation, engagement; a promise of 
 pardon ; public faith, security, pro 
 
FIDIUS 
 
 189 
 
 FLECTO 
 
 lection, help, aid, assistance ; credit ; 
 faith, beUef", confidence, trust; credi- 
 bility, certainty, truth. Resjidesque, 
 property and credit. Fidei causa, for 
 credit's sake, to maintain appearan- 
 ces, also, for the purpose of inspiring 
 confidence. Pro deum atque hominum 
 jldem ! in earnest asseverations, wit- 
 ness gods and men ! Per regnifidem, 
 by royal faith, by the honor of a king. 
 Data et acceptajide, having exchanged 
 promises of fidelity. Fide nuntii, con- 
 'fidence in — . Punica fides, Cartha- 
 ginian faith, i. e. bad faith, perfidy. 
 Fide puhlica dicere, to speak under a 
 public pledge of impunity. 
 
 Fidius, i, m., the same as filius, a 
 Bon. It is found only in the combi- 
 nation Dius fidius, or Medius fidius ; 
 me Dins fidius, sc. juvet, so help me 
 the son of Jupiter, i. e. Hercules, or, 
 by Hercules. Others take fidius to be 
 properly an adjective signifying faith- 
 ful, and Dius fidius to be, the god of 
 faith. 
 
 Fiducia, ce, f. {fido, to trust to), 
 trust, confidence, reliance. 
 
 Fidus, a, um, adj. {fido, to trust to), 
 $ 222, faithful, trusty, to be relied on ; 
 safe, secure. 
 
 Figulus, i, m, (C. Marcius Figulus 
 Thermus), was consul with L. Caisar, 
 A. U. C. 690. C. 17. 
 
 Figura, (E,f. ifingo), a figure, form, 
 shape ; image, likeness. 
 
 Filia, cc,f., a daughter: from 
 
 Filius, i, m., a son. Filius familias, 
 a son who is under his father's autho- 
 rity. 
 
 Fiiigo, ere,finxi,fictum, a., to form, 
 fashion, make ; to suppose, feign, pre- 
 tend; to imagine, conceive; to de- 
 vise, contrive. Finger e verba, to con- 
 trive a fictitious narrative, set up false | 
 pretences. 
 
 Finis, is, m. c^fi., the end, conclu- j 
 sion : a boundary, limit. Fines, lim- 
 its Dounds ; a country, territory. Fac- 
 
 ere finem, to make an end, to ena 
 terminate. Finem statuere, to fix a 
 limit, set boundaries. 
 
 Finitimus, a, um adj., (finis), neigh 
 boring, bordering upon, adjoining. 
 Finitimi, drum, m., neighbors, neigh' 
 boring people. 
 
 Fio, fieri, /actus sum, irr. pass, of 
 facio, ^ 180, $ 210, to be made or done, 
 to become, happen, come to pass , to 
 be conducted or carried on; to be 
 elected, to be. Fit, imp. it happens, 
 $262rR. 3. For other significations, see 
 Facio. 
 
 Fir mo, are, avi, atum, a., to -make 
 firm, strengthen, estabfish, confirm, 
 secure, fortify, guard : from 
 
 Firmus, a, um, adj., firm, steady, 
 constant, stable, sure, resolute, intre- 
 pid, determined, solid, strong, secure, 
 robust, durable, lasting, substantial, to 
 be depended upon, faithful, certain. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m. (L. Valerius), a Ro- 
 man prcBtor, who adhered to the cause 
 of the senate during the conspiracy 
 of Catiline. A. U. C. 691. C. 45, 46. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m. {M. Fulvius), a fi'iend 
 of C. Gracchus. J. 16., 31.42. 
 
 Flagitiosus, a, um, adj., infamous, 
 flagitious, wicked, profligate, disso- 
 lute, disgraceful, dishonorable : from 
 
 Flagitium, i, n. {fiagito, to dun), a 
 disgracefijl or shamefiil crime, profli- 
 gacy, dissoluteness, lewdness ; shame, 
 disgrace, dishonor, infamy, reproach. 
 CatervcB flagitiorum, instead of flagi- 
 tiosorum hominum, the abstract for the 
 concrete, $ 324, 2. 
 
 Flagro, are, dvi, dtum, n. (fio, to 
 blow), to bum, be on fire. Fig. to be 
 inflamed, enkindled, excited. 
 
 Flaminius, i, m., (C), a confederate 
 of Catiline of whom nothing is known. 
 C. 36. 
 
 Flamma, c3,f, a flame, blaze. Fig 
 ardor, desire. 
 
 Flecto, ere, xi, xum, a., to bend, bow 
 turn- Fig. to move, touch, persuada 
 
FLEXUS 
 
 190 
 
 FRATER 
 
 prevail uj^on, appease, to change, alter, 
 influence. 
 
 Flexus, a, um, part, {flecto). 
 
 Florens, tisy part. ^ adj., flourishing, 
 olooming. Fig. prosperous : from 
 
 Floreoj ere, ui, n. (Jlos, a flower, 
 *S 187, 1, 1), to flourish, bloom, blossom. 
 
 Fluctus, us, m. ijiuo, to flow), a 
 wave. 
 
 Flumen, mis, n. {fluo), a stream, a 
 river. 
 
 Fluxus, a, um, adj. {jiuo), flowing, 
 running. Fig. fleeting, transient, un- 
 steady, inconstant, not to be depend- 
 ed upon. Fluxa jlde uti, to be trea- 
 cherous ; — pliant, weak, feeble. 
 
 Focus, i, m. ifoveo), a hearth. Fig. 
 a house, home, fireside. 
 
 Fcede, adv., basely, cruelly, disgrace- 
 fully ; from 
 
 Fcedus, a, um, adj., ugly, deformed, 
 unseemly, unsightly, ghastly, foul, 
 loathsome, filthy ; Fig. base, shame- 
 less, disgraceful, vile, mean, dishon- 
 orable ; cruel, barbarous. 
 
 Faedus, eris, n., a league, covenant, 
 treaty, alliance. 
 
 Fons, tis, m., a fountain, sprmg, 
 well, fount. 
 
 Forem, es, et, etc. def. ($154, R. 3), 
 $227, I might be, &c. ; inf. fore, the 
 same as futurus esse ; with a subject 
 accusative, would or should be. Imp. 
 with ut and the subjunctive. $ 262, R. 
 3. Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti. 
 I never thought it would come to 
 pass — PerdendcB reipubliccB fore, 
 see Sum. 
 
 Foris, adv., without, out of doors, 
 abroad, away from home, in foreign 
 parts or countries. 
 
 Forma, cc,f, a form, shape, figure, 
 person . beauty, comeliness, 
 
 Formido, tnis,f, fear, terror, dread ; 
 that which produces fear, a terror, in- 
 timidation; an object of apprehen- 
 sion. Facere or addere formidinem, 
 to excite fear inspire fear. 
 
 Formidolosus, a, um, adj. {formid&, 
 timorous, afraid ; $ 222, causing feai 
 fearful, terrible, formidable, fright- 
 ful. 
 
 Fornix, wis, m., an arch or vault. 
 
 Fors, tisyf, chance, luck, hap, fop 
 tune. Forte, abl., by chance, by for- 
 tune, casually, accidentally, peradven 
 ture. After si, nisi, ne, etc., perhapa 
 perchance. 
 
 Forsitan, adv. (fors, sit, an), per- 
 haps, perchance, peradventure. 
 
 Fortis, e, adj., brave, valiant, gal- 
 lant, courageous, bold, fiim, resolute, 
 intrepid, fearless. Fortia facta, glori- 
 ous deeds, gallant achievements. 
 
 Fortitudo, mis,f (fortis), fortitude, 
 bravery, courage, resolution, magna- 
 nimity, intrepidity, boldness, fearless- 
 ness. 
 
 Fortuna, cb, f. (fors), fortune, 
 chance, hazard, hap, luck; the god- 
 dess Fortune ; good fortune ; bad for- 
 tune, misfortune; state or condition 
 in fife, rank, fortune, situation, lot, 
 circumstances; the favor, smiles or 
 interposition of fortune. Maxima for- 
 tuna, the highest rank -.—fortuncc, pL, 
 property, possessions, riches, wealth, 
 an estate, fortune ; also, lot, fortune, 
 fate, condition, circumstances. 
 
 Fortundtus, a, um, adj. (fortune, to 
 prosper), happy, fortunate, lucky, pros- 
 perous, blest. 
 
 Forum, i, n., a market place, mar- 
 ket, mart; the Forum, a place in 
 Rome where assemblies of the people 
 were held, justice was administered, 
 and other public business transacted. 
 Oppidum, forum rerum venalium, a 
 market-town, mart. 
 
 Fossa, <T.,f. (fodio, to dig), a ditch ; 
 a trench, moat. 
 
 Fragilis, e, adj., brittle, weak, frail 
 fragile. Fig. frail, perishable : from 
 
 Frnngo, ere, fregi, fractimi, «., tc 
 break, break m pieces. 
 
 Frater, iris, m., a brother. 
 
FRATERNUS 
 
 191 
 
 FUNDO 
 
 Frate-'nus, a, urn, adj. {frater), of a 
 brother, fraternal. 
 
 Fraus,fraudis,f., fraud, deceit, guile, 
 treachery, dishonesty ; punishment, 
 loss, damage, detriment, harm, injuiy. 
 Sine fraude, without hurt or harm, 
 with impunity ;~a fault, crime. 
 
 Fiegi, see Frango, 
 
 Frequens, iis^ adj.., frequent, con- 
 stant ; numerous, many, in great num- 
 bers; crowded, full, populous, in full 
 assembly. Frequentes incedere, to 
 march in a body. Frequens Numidia, 
 the populous parts of Numidia. 
 
 Frequentdtus, a, um, part. ^^ adj. 
 (frequento), frequented, much used, 
 resorted to, visited. 
 
 Frequentia,^/. (frequens), a crowd, 
 throng, press,-^concourse, multitude, 
 assembly. 
 
 Frequento, are, dvi, dtum, a. (fre- 
 quens), to frequent, go often to, attend 
 upon, resort much to, haunt ; to go in 
 great numbers ; to fill with inhabitants, 
 crowd, fill, ^ 249, 1. 
 
 Fretum, i, n., a strait, narrow part 
 of the sea. Fretum nostri nuiris et 
 oceani, i. e. the straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 Frelus, a, um, adj. $ 244, trusting to, 
 relying or depending on. 
 
 Frigus, oris, n., cold. 
 
 Frons, tis, /., the front of the head, 
 the forehead, brow ; the front of any 
 thing, Frons aciei, the front or 
 van. 
 
 Fructus, us, m. (fruor), the fruits of 
 the earth, income, profits ; profit, ad- 
 vantage, benefit, use. 
 
 Frumentor, dri, dius sum, dep., to 
 collect corn, purvey, forage : from 
 
 Frumentum, i, n., com or grain of 
 all kinds, wheat, barley : from 
 
 Fruor, i, itus or ctus sum, dep $ 
 245, 1, to enjoy, reap the fruits of. 
 
 Frustra, adv., to no purpose, in 
 vain. Frustra esse, to be frustrated, 
 disappointed ; to be in vain, to fail, to 
 be unsucres5.ful. See Sum. 
 
 discedere, to depart wuhout accom 
 plishing one's purpose. 
 
 Frustrdius, a, um, part, firustrated, 
 disappointed. Fauci in pluribus 
 minus frustrati, a few among many 
 being less disappointed (in their aim,) 
 i. e. missing less ; (i. e. than did the 
 enemy) : from 
 
 Frustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. and Frus- 
 tror, an, at us sum, dep., (frustra), to 
 deceive, disappoint, frustrate. Spes 
 mefrustratur, I am disappointed in my 
 expectation. 
 
 Frux, frugis, f. $ 94, the firuit or 
 produce of the earth, com, pulse, fruit. 
 
 Fudi, see Fundo. 
 
 Fug a, (B, /., flight; exile, banish 
 ment. Fig. dismay, consternation 
 Facere fugam, to flee. 
 
 Fugdtus, a, um,part. (fugo), routed^ 
 discomfited, put to flight. 
 
 Fugiens, tis, part. ^ adj., flying, try- 
 ing to escape, fugitive : from 
 
 Fugio, ere, fugi, n. ^ a., to flee or 
 fly, run away, escape; to avoid, 
 shun. 
 
 Fugitwus, a, um, adj. (fugio), fugi- 
 tive. Fugitivus servus, a runaway 
 slave. 
 
 Fugo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to put to 
 flight, rout. 
 
 F2ii, etc., see Sum. 
 
 Fulvia, GB, /., a woman of noble 
 family but profligate character, by 
 whom the conspiracy of Catiline was 
 first brought to light. C. 23. 
 
 Fulvius, i, m. (A), the son of a Ro- 
 man senator, put to death by his father 
 for adhering to the party of Catiline. 
 C. 39. 
 
 Fulvius, i, m, (M.) see Nobilior. 
 See also Flaccus. 
 
 Fundilor, oris, m. (funda a sling), 
 a slinger. 
 
 Fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a., to pour; 
 to scatter abroad, discomfit, rout, dis- 
 perse; to pour out, shed, to over- 
 Fr u sf ra^ th^ow. lay prostrate. 
 
 17 '"" 
 
LliAA3 
 
 FUR 
 
 192 
 
 '1 
 
 GERO 
 
 FuTt furls, m. i^f., a thief, pilferer, 
 plunderer. Fur ccrarii, a peculator. 
 
 Furibundus, a, um, adj. (furo, to be 
 mad), raging much, furious, mad, out- 
 rageous. 
 
 Furius, i, m. (P.), an associate of 
 Catiline, and one of the colonists es- 
 tablished by L. Sylla at FccsuIcb. C. 50. 
 
 Furor, oris, m. ijuro), fury, mad- 
 ness, rage. 
 
 Furtim, adv. (Jur), by stealth, se- 
 cretly, furtively. 
 
 Fusus, a, um,part. {fundo), scatter- 
 ed, routed ; defeated, worsted. 
 
 Futurus, a, um, part, {sum), about to 
 be, future. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gahtnius, i, m., a Roman name. 
 P. Gahinius Capito, a Roman knight, 
 who was put to death as an accom- 
 plice of Catihne. C. 17, 40, 43, 
 &c. 
 
 GcEtulus, a, um, adj., Getulian, of 
 or belonging to Getulia, a large coun- 
 try of Africa south of Numidia. Gcb- 
 tuli, drum, m. pi., Getulians. J. 18, 
 19, 80, 88, &c. 
 
 Gallia, en,/., Gaul Gallia exterior, 
 hither Gaul, otherwise called Cisalpine 
 Gaul, that part of Italy lying between 
 the Alps and the Rubicon. Gallia 
 ulterior, farther Gaul, also called 
 Transalpine Gaul, a large country of 
 Europe nearly commensurate with the 
 modem kingdom of France. J. 114. 
 C. 42, 56-58. 
 
 Gallicus, a, um, adj. {^Gallia), of or 
 pertaining to Gaul, Gallic. C. 52. 
 
 Gallus, i, m., an inhabitant of Gaul, 
 a Gaul. J. 114. C. 47, 52. 
 
 Ganea, cb, /., a place appropriated 
 to revelry and debauchery, a brothel, 
 bagnio ; a sumptuous feast, luxurious 
 banquet; debauchery, riot, revelling, 
 drunkenness, gluttony. 
 
 Ganeo, bnis, m. {ganea), a frequent- 
 
 er of brothels, rioter, reveller, glutton, 
 debauchee. 
 
 Gauda, ce, m., a Numidian, the son 
 of Manastabal, and grandson of Ma 
 sinissa. J. 65. 
 
 Gaudeo, ere, gavisus su7n, n. pass 
 $ 142, R. 2, & $ 245, II, to rejoice, be 
 glad ; to delight in. 
 
 Gaudium, i, n. {gaudeo), joy, glad- 
 ness, pleasure. Corporis gaudia, sen 
 sual pleasures. Gaudium denotes an 
 emotion less violent than Isetitia. 
 
 Gemltus, us, m. {gemo, to groan), a 
 groan, sigh. 
 
 Generdsus, a, um» adj. {genus), no- 
 ble, born of a noble race ; generous, 
 brave, excellent, noble. 
 
 Gens, tis, jf, a clan^nong the Ro- 
 mans, contpming rn^^ families de- 
 scended frJm a common ancestor. 
 Fro?n the gens each individual of the 
 Romans derived his name (nomen); 
 from the family (familia), Ms cogno' 
 men, as M. Porcius Cato, C. Julius 
 Cccsar, from the Porcian and Julian 
 cla?is: also, those who have a com- 
 mon origin and language, a race, 
 stock, people, nation, tribe. It is 
 often synonymous with natio, hut 
 strictly includes it, being of wider sig' 
 nification. Ubi gentium, see Ubi. 
 
 Genus, eris, n., a race, descent, kind, 
 family, stock, lineage, kindred, breed ; 
 a race, tribe, nation, people ; a kind 
 sort, quality, class. Maternum genus, 
 the maternal side. Genus humanum 
 or hominum, the human race, man- 
 kind ; a race of men. 
 
 Gero, ere gessi, gestum, a., to bear, 
 carry, have; to show, exhibit. Gerere 
 se, to act, carry or conduct one's self, 
 behave ; — to do, execute, perform, des- 
 patch, carry on. Diim hcec geruntur, 
 while these things are going on : — to 
 administer, manage, conduct, sustain, 
 regulate, rule, govern; to practice, 
 pursue, exercise, entertain, to treat. 
 Gerere bellum, to wage or carry on 
 
f^T 
 
 GESTUS 
 
 193 
 
 ^'^iL V U\l^ 
 
 GRATUITO 
 
 war. Gerere consulatum, to bear or 
 execute the office of consul. Animo 
 gerere, to bear in mind, think, feel. 
 Ahteratque animo gerebat, at variance 
 with his real sentiments. Rem gerere, 
 to fight a battle, to conduct an attack. 
 Ees geritur, the afiair is carried on, 
 the battle is fought. Gerere animum 
 super forlunam, to cherish desires 
 above one's rank. 
 
 Gesius, a, um, part, (gero), done, 
 performed. Res gestce, things done, 
 actions, deeds, exploits, warlike 
 achievements, illustrious deeds, feats, 
 undertakings. 
 
 Gignentia, ium, n. pL, plants, herbs, 
 shrubs, trees, vegetables : from 
 
 Gigno, ere, a^ui, gerktum, a., to 
 generpte, beg^Broduce,'jring forth. 
 So, ei sese gignere, to be^, to have 
 offspring of one's own, in distinction 
 from adopted children. Gigni, to be 
 produced, be born, to grow, spring. 
 With abl. without a prep. J. 48, liJie 
 genitus, $ 246. 
 
 Gladiatorius, a, um, adj. {gladiator, 
 a gladiator), of a gladiator, pertaining 
 to gladiators, gladiatorial. Familia 
 gladiatoria, a company or school of 
 gladiators. -^^ 
 
 Gladius, i, m., a swordif -^ 
 
 Glans, dis,f., mast, an acorn, chest- 
 nut ; a leaden ball or bullet, such as 
 was discharged from the slings or 
 other military engines. 
 
 Globus, i, m., a globe, ball, sphere ; 
 a troop, squadron, crowd, body. Glo- 
 bus nobilitatis, a body of nobihty. 
 
 Gloria, cB,f, glor}^ renown, fame, 
 splendor. Gloria belli, military glory. 
 
 Glorior, dri, dtus sum, dep. {gloria), 
 to glory, boast, brag, vaunt, pride 
 one's self. 
 
 Gloriosus, a, um, adj. {gloria), glo- 
 rious, renowned, illustrious. 
 
 Gracchus, i, m., Tiberius and Caius 
 Gracchus were the sons of Tib. Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus and Corneha» the 
 
 daughter of Scipio Africanus the el 
 der. They w^ere educated with great 
 care by their mother, and became 
 distinguished orators, but in conse- 
 quence of espousing the cause of the 
 people in a factious manner, and pass- 
 ing laws odious to the nobility, they 
 were put to death. J. 16, 31, 42. 
 
 Gradus, us, m., a step, stair. Plem 
 gradu, at full speed, rapidly. 
 
 GrcBcia, cc,f, Greece. C. 2, 51. 
 
 Grcecus, a, um,, adj., of Greece, 
 Greek, Grecian. Greed, m. pi, the 
 Greeks, the Grecians. C. 53. 
 
 Grandis, e, adj., large, big, great 
 Grandis pecunia, a large sum of mo- 
 ney. 
 
 Grassor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq, 
 {gradior, to step), to go on, advance, 
 proceed, press forward. Ad gloriam 
 grassari, to advance, to pursue, aim 
 at — . Cupidine atque ira grassari, to 
 proceed or act with vehemence under 
 the influence of—. 
 
 Gratia, (L,f. {gratus), grace, favor, 
 benevolence, good-will, good graces, 
 friendship ; popularity, favor with oth- 
 ers; influence, intrigue, interest, au- 
 thority, power ; a kindness, favor, ob- 
 ligation ; a requital, return, gratitude, 
 thanks. Agere gratias, to give thanks. 
 Facere gratiam, to grant pardon, for- 
 give. Gratia, with a genitive, often 
 of a gerund ^275, III, R. 1. (1,) or 
 with an adj. pronoun, for the sake of, 
 on account of, in reference to, for the 
 purpose of. Ea gratia, for this or 
 that reason, on this or that account. 
 Colloquendi gratia, $ 275, III, (1.) Gra 
 tiam debere, to owe thanks, be under 
 obligations to. Gratiam reddere, to re- 
 quite, recompense — ; In gratiam ha- 
 bere, to consider as a favor. 
 
 Gratificor, dri, dtus, sum,dep. {gra^ 
 tus (^ facio), to gratify, oblige; to 
 yield, sacrifice, give up, ^ 223. 
 
 Giatuitd, adv. {gratnltus, gratuit- 
 ous), $ 223, R. 2, without a recora- 
 
GRATULOR 
 
 194 
 
 H^REO 
 
 pense, gratuitously; wantonly, with- 
 out^ause. 
 
 Gralulor, dri, dtus surrty dep., to 
 congiTtulate, wish one joy: frojn 
 
 Gratus, a, um, adj., grateful, pleas- 
 ing, acceptable, agreeable. 
 
 Gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty. Fig. 
 important ; violent, vehement, great ; 
 severe, sore, bitter, oppressive ; griev- 
 ous, sad, calamitous. Morte gravior 
 Vita, worse than — . 
 
 Graviter, adv. (gravis), heavily, 
 strongly, forcibly, vehemently, great- 
 ly, exceedingly, violently, much, se- 
 verely, grievously. 
 
 Gregarius, a, um, adj., of a flock. 
 Gregarius miles, a common soldier, 
 private : from 
 
 Grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, 
 drove ; an assembly, company. Grege 
 facto, having formed a band, in a 
 body. 
 
 Gula, CD, f., the gullet, windpipe; 
 the neck ; gluttony, appetite. 
 
 Gulussa, <E, m., a brother of Micip- 
 sa king of Numidia. J. 5, 35. 
 
 H 
 
 Habeo, ere, ui, itum, a. ^ n., to have, 
 hold, entertain, enjoy, possess, retain; 
 to make ; to assemble ; to obtain, get, 
 occupy ; to keep, detain ; to bear, to- 
 lerate, endure, support, sustam; to 
 treat; to pass, spend; to account, 
 judge, esteem, think, reckon, hold, 
 estimate, consider, $ 272 ; to use, wear ; 
 to give, bestow; to occupy, inhabit; 
 to deliver, pronounce, utter, speak. 
 In promptu habere, to manifest, dis- 
 play; with certain participles habeo 
 forms a periphrasis, $ 274, R. 4, as, 
 compertum habeo, I have ascertained, 
 I know. — Habere animo or in animo, 
 to have in mind, to intend ; to think 
 of, regard. Post ])rincipia aliquem 
 habere, to place, station — . Se habere, 
 to be. Dicere id quod res habet, that 
 which the thing has, i. e. that which 
 
 is true or certain. Habere occuUum, 
 to keep secret. Habere intentumy to 
 keep intent upon. Juguriham eodem 
 cultu, quo liberos suos, domi habuitj 
 brought up — . In incerto habere, to 
 be uncertain. Parum habere, to ac- 
 count or think it litde, reckon it not 
 enough. Aliquem manifestum habere, 
 to bring one out to the light, to make 
 the evidence of one's guilt clear. In 
 spe habere, see Spes. Rempublicam ha- 
 bere, to administer — . Habere silen- 
 tium, to keep, preserve or maintain 
 silence. Habere ludibrio, to make a 
 mock of, befool, $ 227, R. 2. QucbS' 
 tionem habere, to make or carry on — . 
 Avarilia pecunicB studium habet, — im- 
 plies, comprehends, habere vitam, to 
 live, pass life. Hao^ in amicis, to 
 reckon among one's friends, to treat 
 as a friend. Animus habet cuncta, the 
 mind holds all things in subjection. 
 Haberi, to be had or held ; to be kept, 
 preserved or retained, hence, to con- 
 tinue, to be ; also, to be held, reckon- 
 ed, accounted,, considered, thought 
 Virtus clara cBterna — que habetur, — is, 
 continues; $210. Eg estas facile ha- 
 betur sine damno, — is preserved or con- 
 tinues easily unharmed ; i. e. is very 
 safe from loss. Audacia pro muro 
 habetur, — seiTes for — , is instead of—. 
 Sicuti pleraque mortalium habeniur 
 as most human affairs are, as for the 
 most part happens in human affairs. 
 
 Hairitus, a, um, part, (habeo), had, 
 held, reckoned, accounted, treated, 
 kept, controlled, restrained, governed. 
 
 Habitus, us, m. (habeo), habit, con- 
 dition, state ; dress ; disposition, cha- 
 racter, manners, habits. 
 
 Hadrumetum, i, n., a city of the 
 Roman province in Africa, founded 
 by the Phenicians. J. 18. 
 
 Hccreo, ere, hccsi, ?ia:sum, n., to be 
 fixed, adhere, stick ; to remain fixed 
 stick fast. Alicui in animo hcererc, to 
 stick fast in one's mind, $ 272. 
 
H^SITO 
 
 195 
 
 HONESTE 
 
 Hcesito, are, %vi, dtum, n.fTeq Qke- 
 reo)y to hesitate, be at a loss, be per- 
 plexed. 
 
 Hamilcar, aris, m., a factious noble- 
 man of the town of Leptis. J. 77. 
 
 Hannibal, alis, m., a Carthaginian 
 general, celebrated for his hatred to 
 the Romans. J. 5. 
 
 Haruspex, wis, m., one who fore- 
 told future events by inspecting the 
 entrails of victims, a soothsayer, di- 
 viner. 
 
 Hasia, cb, f., a spear, lance, pike, 
 javelin. The hasta pura, or headless 
 spear, was sometimes given to soldiers 
 as a reward of valor. 
 
 Baud, adv. $ 191, R. 5, not. 
 
 Haudqudqicam, adv. Qiaud Sf qua- 
 quam, sc. ratiorie), by no means, not 
 at all. 
 
 Haveto, see Ave. 
 
 Hebes, etis, adj., blunt, dull, obtuse, 
 heavy, stupid. Hehes exercitus, new, 
 'aw, undisciplined — . 
 
 Hebesco, ere, n. inc. (hebeo, to be 
 blunt), to grow blunt, dim or languid ; 
 to languish, lose its lustre, be ob- 
 scured. 
 
 Hercle, adv., by Hercules, truly: 
 from 
 
 Hercules, is, m., a Theban hero, the 
 son of Jupiter and Alcmena; also a 
 Phcenician and Libyan hero, the son 
 of Jupiter and Astcrie. J. 18, 89. 
 
 Hereditas, dtis,f, inheritance, heir- 
 ship ; an inheritance : from 
 
 Heres, edis, m. ^ f., an heir or heir- 
 ess. Heredem instituere or scribere, 
 to name or appoint as heir. Heres 
 secundus, second heir, one who suc- 
 ceeded to the inheritance on failure 
 of the first heir. 
 
 Hiberna, drum, n. pi. (Jiibernus, 
 wintry), winter quarters. Agere hiber- 
 na, to hold or make — . 
 
 Hic, hcbc, hoc, adj. pro.^ $ 134, this, 
 this man; he, she; that, the same, 
 duch. Hoc est, that is, is used to con- 
 
 nect two expressions which are thus de 
 dared to be of similar import. 
 
 Hic aiv.,here, in this place. 
 
 Hicce, hcBcce, hocce, adj. pro., this, f 
 134, R. 4. 
 
 Hiemdlis, e, adj. Qiiems), of winteii 
 wintry, 
 
 Hiemo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (hiems), tO 
 winter, pass the winter. 
 
 Hiempsal, alis, m., the youngest son 
 of Micipsa, king of Numidia. Also a 
 son of Gulussa and the successor of 
 Jugurtha, and father t)f Juba. J. 5, 9, 
 12, 15, 17, 24, 28. 
 
 Hiems, emis, f, winter; stormy 
 weather. 
 
 Hippo, onis, m., a seaport town of 
 the Roman province in Africa. J. 19. 
 
 Hispania, <b, f, Spain ; Hispanice, 
 drum, the two divisions of Spain, viz. 
 Citerior, or the division nearest to 
 Italy, and Ulterior, or that most re- 
 mote. J. 7, 10, 18, 19. C. 18. 
 
 Hispdnus, a, um, adj. {Hispania), 
 pertaining to Spain, Spanish. Hispd- 
 ni, orum, m., the people of Spain, the 
 Spaniards. J. 18. C. 19. 
 
 Histrio, onis, m., a stage-player, a 
 play-actor, buffoon, mimic. 
 
 Hoc, see Hic. Ad hoc, besides this, 
 besides, add to this, moreover. 
 
 Homo, mis, m. ^ f, a man or 
 woman, a person ; homines, pi., men, 
 persons, people, folks. Noviis homo, 
 a new noble, one who was the foun- 
 der of his own honors, the first of hia 
 family that obtained the office of con- 
 sul, praetor, censor, or curule edile, 
 and consequently, the right of placing 
 a waxen image ot himself in the 
 atrium of his house, which right con- 
 stituted nobility. Homo militaris, an 
 experienced warrior, a brave soldier. 
 
 Honeste, adv., (Jionestus), decently, 
 virtuously, honorably, becomingly, 
 creditably. Parum honeste pudici- 
 tiam habere, to have too little regard 
 for—. 
 
riONESTO 
 
 196 
 
 IBI 
 
 n\ 
 
 Honesto are, dvi, dtum, a., to make 
 honorable, adorn, dignify, grace. 
 Honestatus honore, elevated to office, 
 $ 249, 1. : from 
 
 Honestus, a, um, adj. (honor), honor- 
 able, noble, dignified, respectable; 
 discreet, virtuous; right, fit, correct. 
 Omnium honestarum reriim egens, des- 
 titute of every thing befitting (my 
 rank). Honestco diviiice, respectable, 
 moderate — . Amidtia honesla, com- 
 mendable, inviolable, true^ faithful. 
 Honestum, i, n., what is honorable, 
 fit, decent, proper or becoming, honor, 
 virtue. Supra bonum atque honestum, 
 beyond what is proper or becoming. 
 
 Honor ^ Honos, oris, m., honor, 
 respect, reverence; a public office, 
 magistracy, preferment, post, dignity. 
 Honoris causa, out of respect, in token 
 of respect. Est or ducitur honori, — 
 as an honor, honorable. Honores, 
 honors, marks of distinction. Impe- 
 ria et honores, military and civil offi- 
 ces. 
 
 Honoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (honor), to 
 honor, respect ; to dignify, exalt. Glo- 
 ria aliquem honorare, to confer glory 
 upon, $ 249, L 
 
 Hora, ai, f., an hour, the twelfth 
 part of a day or night ; a space of time, 
 period ; a season of the year. 
 
 Horrihilis, e, adj. (horreo, to trem- 
 ble), to be dreaded, dreadful, horrible, 
 frightful, terrible. 
 
 Hortamentum, i, n. (hortor), an en- 
 couragement, incitement, stimulus. 
 
 Hortatio, onis, f., an encourage- 
 ment, exhortation : from 
 
 Hortory dri, dtus sum, dep., $ 273, 
 2, $ 262, R. 4, to exhort, encourage, 
 excite, cheer; to incite, stir up, stimu- 
 late, spur on;* to prompt, suggest. 
 Pauca hoHari, to exhort briefly. 
 
 Hospes, Vis, m ^ f, one who is en- 
 tertained in one's house, a guest, 
 stranger, sojourner, visitor; also, one 
 who entertains, a host, entertainer. 
 
 Hostia, (B,f.,Q. victim, animal sacif 
 ficed, a sacrifice. 
 
 HostlUs, e, adj. (hostis), of or per 
 taining to an enemy, hostile. Hostiln 
 vietus, fear of the enemy. Hostile, n., 
 a hostile act or deed. Hostilia face- 
 re, to commit hostilities, or acts of 
 hostility. 
 
 Hostiliter, adv., in a hostile manner: 
 fro7n 
 
 Hostis, is, m. ^ f, % 2^Jl, N. an ene- 
 my, a public enemy. It is used hoik 
 actively and, passively ; he who is an 
 enemy to us or to whom we are ene- 
 mies. 
 
 Hue, adv. (hie $ 19], R. 1.), hither, 
 to this place, here; to this, to this 
 thing. Hue illuc, hither and thither, 
 this way and that. 
 
 Huccme, adv. (hue, ce, intensive, $ 
 134, 4, ^' ne, interrogative), hither? 
 to this? Huccme henejicia tua eva- 
 sere? have your favors ended in this? 
 
 Hujusce, see Hie. 
 
 Hujuscemodi, ^ Hujusmodi, (hie ^ 
 modus, $ 134, R. 5), of this kind or 
 sort, of the following kind, such, of 
 the same character. 
 
 Humdnus, a, um, adj. (homo), hu- 
 man, of or belonging to a man ; hu- 
 mane, kind ; polished. Humanw res, 
 human aflfairs. 
 
 Humtlis, e, adj., low, near the earth. 
 Fig. humble, poor, mean. 
 
 Humilitas, dtis, f. (humilis), low- 
 ness, shortness. Fig. baseness, mean- 
 ness, poverty. 
 
 Humus, i,f, the ground, earth, soil, 
 Humi, gen., on the ground, in the 
 ground, $ 221, R. 3. Humo, from the 
 ground, $ 255, R. 1. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ihi, adv. (is), there, in that place, 
 then, at that time; also for in illo or 
 271 illis, in that, in these, in or among 
 them, therein; — then, thereupon. 
 
 Itst \ 
 
IBIDEM 
 
 197 
 
 IMAGO 
 
 Ibidem, adv. {jlU ^- dem), in the same 
 place. 
 
 Id, see Is. 
 
 Idcirco, adv. (id ^ circa), on that 
 account, therefore, for that reason. 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, pron. {is <Sr 
 demum, $ 134, R. 6), the same, the 
 same person or thing. Idem qui, et, 
 ac, etc., the same as,— also, at once, 
 yet, ^ 207, R. 27. Idem ille, that same, 
 the same. Isdem for iisdem. 
 
 Idoneus, a, urn, adj., % 222, fit, meet, 
 proper, suitable, convenient; good, 
 worthy, deserving, either in a good 
 or had sense ; sufficient, trust-worthy, 
 safe ; in a fit condition, ready for, pre- 
 pared for. Non idoneus, unsuitable, 
 not deserving. 
 
 leram, etc., see Eo. 
 
 Igitur, illative, conj., $ 198, 6, there- 
 fore, then, accordingly, of course, con- 
 sequently ; after a parenthesis, then, as 
 I was saying, I say; at length, finally, 
 at last, in conclusion. 
 
 Ignurus, a, um, adj., $ 213, $ 272, 
 $ 265, {in 4^ gnarus, skillful), ignorant, 
 unskillful, not knowing, unacquainted 
 with, inexperienced in, uninformed, 
 tmaware, unapprised ; unknown, $ 222. 
 
 Ignavia, cb, f., inactivity, sluggish- 
 ness, sloth, idleness, cowardice. Per 
 ignaviam, in sloth, slothfully: /rom 
 
 Ignavus, a, um, adj. {in ^^ gnavus, 
 active), inactive, slothful, remiss, slug- 
 gish ; cowardly, dastardly, irresolute ; 
 worthless. 
 
 Ignis, is, 771., fire ; a watch-fire. Ig- 
 nemfacere, to kindle a fire. 
 
 Ignolnlis, e, adj., {in <^ nobilis), un- 
 known, mean, ignoble ; of mean ex- 
 traction, of low birth, base-bom. 
 
 Ignohilitas, atis, /., meanness of 
 birth, low birth, humble extraction. 
 
 Ignominia, cb, /., {in ^ nomen), ig- 
 nominy, disgrace, reproach, dishonor, 
 infamy. 
 
 Ignon'Jus, a, um, part., not known, 
 tinknown, undiscovered : from 
 
 Tgnbro, are, dvi, dtum, a. Sf n. {ignO' 
 rus), to be ignorant of, not to know, 
 to be unacquainted with. 
 
 Ignosco, ere, dvi, dtum. a. ^ n. {in 
 (^ nosco), % 223, R. 2, to pardon, ex- 
 cuse, overlook, forgive,- be indulgent. 
 It commoidy takes the dative either of 
 the person orthijig, sometimes the accitt 
 sative of the thing. 
 
 Igndtus, a, um,part. ^ adj. {ignosco)^ 
 % 222, not known, unknown. 
 
 Hex, wis, f, the ilex or great scar- 
 let oak, holm-oak, evergreen oak. 
 
 Hie, ilia, illud, gen. illius, adj. pro, 
 § 134, he, she, that, that man, &c., 
 this, this man, &c. In Sallust ille in 
 oratio obliqua usually takes the place 
 of hie and tu in oratio directa. In 
 Ccesar is is more commonly used for 
 the same purpose. — For the distinction 
 in the use of ille and hie, see $ 207, R. 
 23. Ille at the beginning of a sen- 
 tence often relates to the noun next pre- 
 ceding, when the latter is in an oblique 
 case, and ille in the nominative : some- 
 times also when an adversative par- 
 ticle or a relative precedes ille. 
 
 Ulecehra, cB,f., an enticement, allure- 
 ment, attraction, charm, inducement: 
 from 
 
 Ulectus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 IlTicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. {in ^ lacio, 
 to allure), to draw in, allure, entice, 
 decoy, attract, invite, induce. 
 
 Illico, adv. {in ^ locus), there, in 
 that place ; straightway, instantly, im- 
 mediately, presently. 
 
 Illuc, adv. {illic, $ 134, R. 3 & $ 191, 
 I, R. 1), to that place, thither. Hux: 
 et illuc, see Hue. 
 
 Ulustris, e, adj. {in 4- lustro, to illu- 
 minate), clear, bright, luminous ; mani- 
 fest, clear, evident, plain. 
 
 Imago, vii^, f, an image, figure, 
 likeness, picture. Imagines, pi., is of- 
 ten used in reference to nobility, the 
 images of one's ancestors, the posses- 
 sion of which was evidence of inherited 
 
IMBECILLUS 
 
 198 
 
 IMPERANS 
 
 nobilitijf see Homo novus. Homo mul- 
 tarum imaginum, one descended from 
 a long line of noble ancestors. Ima- 
 gines non habeo, I am not of a noble 
 family. 
 
 Imbecillus, a, iim, adj.,yve8ik, feeble, 
 imbecile. Imhecilla cBtas, tender years, 
 youth. 
 
 ImheUis, e, adj. {in ^ helium), not 
 suited to war, unwarlike, effeminate, 
 weak; cowardly, dastardly, faint- 
 hearted. 
 
 Imbuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to wet, mois- 
 ten, steep, soak, imbue ; to initiate, in- 
 struct. 
 
 Imbutus, a, um, part (imbuo), wet, 
 steeped, imbued, tainted, infected ; in- 
 itiated, instructed, trained, inured, ex- 
 ercised. 
 
 Imitor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to imi- 
 tate, seek to resemble, copy after. 
 
 Immdnis, e, adj. {in ^ magnus), 
 huge, vast, boundless, excessive, en- 
 ormous; hurtful, cruel, fierce, sa- 
 vage. 
 
 Immaturus, a, um, adj (in ^ ma- 
 turns), unripe, unseasonable, imma- 
 ture, not fully grown, before the time, 
 untimely. 
 
 Immemor, oris, adj. {in ^ memor), 
 unmindful, forgetful, heedless, regard- 
 less, neglectful. 
 
 Immensus, a, um, adj. {in ^ mensus, 
 measured), immense, vast, huge, im- 
 measurable. In immensum, to a vast 
 extent or distance, immensely. In 
 immensum editus, see Kditus. 
 
 Imminuo, ere, ui,utum,a. {in ^ min- 
 uo), to lessen, diminish, shorten ; to 
 impair, weaken, debilitate ; to violate, 
 infringe. Pacem imminuere, to dis- 
 turb, hinder, prevent — . 
 
 Imminutus, a, um, part, {imminuo). 
 
 Immissus, a. um, part, sent in, in- 
 troduced ; suborned : from 
 
 Immilto, ire, Isi, issum, a. (m ^ 
 mitto), to send or let in, cast, throw; 
 to suborn. 
 
 Immo, adv., nay, yes, yea. Im7nn 
 verb, yes indeed, nay rather. 
 
 Immoderdtus, a, um, adj. {in ^ mt^ 
 deratus), immoderate, excessive, in 
 temperate, irregular, unregulated, ex- 
 travagant, indiscriminate, undistiii- 
 guishing ; vast, boundless, immense. 
 
 Immortdlis, e, adj. {in ^ mortalis)^ 
 immortal, everlasting, undying ; never 
 to be forgotten. 
 
 Immunis, e, adj. {in ^- munus), free 
 or exempt from a pubhc office, burden 
 or charge ; free or exempt from taxes, 
 privileged. 
 
 Immutdlus, a, um,part. :from 
 
 Immuto, are, dvi, dtiim, a. {in ^ 
 muto), to change, alter. 
 
 Impar, dris, adj. {in <^par), uneven, 
 unequal, inferior, $ 250. 
 
 Impardtus, a, um, adj. {in ^ para^ 
 tus), not ready, unprepared, unawares, 
 off his guard. Imparaia respublicOf 
 the unprepared condition of the state. 
 
 Impedimentum, i, n., hindrance, im- 
 pediment, obstacle; the baggage be- 
 longing to an army :/rom 
 
 Impedio, ire, ivi, itum, a. {in 6f pes), 
 to entangle, hamper, embarrass ; with 
 prep, a or subj. with ne, to hinder, re- 
 tard, prevent, stop, debar, obstruct, 
 impede, keep back, check. Impedio 
 ne, see Ne. 
 
 Impeditus, a, um, j^cl^t. {impedio.) 
 
 Impello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {in ^ 
 pello), to push, press or drive forward, 
 urge on, impel ; to lead, lead on, incite, 
 induce, constrain, compel, move : loith 
 ad and the ace. or with uti to denote a 
 jDurpose, § 273, 2. 
 
 Impendeo, ere, n. {in <^ pendeo), $ 
 224, to overhang, hang over, impend, 
 threaten. 
 
 Impensc, adv. {impensus, expended) 
 at great charge or cost. Fig. greatly 
 exceedingly, earnestly, eagerly, zeal- 
 ously, much. Impensius mcdo legaios 
 mittere, — with very great earnestness 
 
 Imperans, tis, part, {impero), ordfT 
 
IMP ERATO R 
 
 199 
 
 IMPONO 
 
 bag, governing, ruling, command- 1 quered people to furnish militaiy 
 ing. j stores, troops, &c. $223, {!.) 2d par. 
 
 Imperdtnr, oris, m. {impero, $ 102, to order one to furnish or supply, to 
 6), a commander, leader, general ; the demand, require of Imperatur mihi, 
 commander in chief of an army, a I am ordered. 
 
 name given by the anny or senate to a Impetro, are, avi, dtiun, a. ^ n. (in 
 victorious general, and retained by ; ^ patro), to obtain, get, accomphsh ; 
 him until he had triumphed ; a ruler, j to procure by request or entreaty ; to 
 governor, director. Iniperator ad wr- obtain one's request, gain one's suit. 
 bem, see Urbs. Impetus, us, m. {iinpeto, to assail), 
 
 Imperdtum, i, n., an order, com- an attack, assault, onset. 
 mand. Facere imperata, to do what I Impietas, dtis, f. (impius), impiety, 
 is ordered, to obey orders. Jacia/re undutifulness, undutiful behavior to- 
 
 imperata, or qucE imperarentar, is a 
 form of submission by one who ac- 
 knowledges himself vanquished. 
 
 Imperltia, cb, f. {imperitus), igno- 
 rance, unskilfulness, inexperience 
 
 Imperiio, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n. 
 freq. {impero), $ 223, R. 2, to com- 
 mand, rule, govern. 
 
 wards the gods, one s parents, coim- 
 tr}% &c. 
 
 Implger, gra, grum, adj. (in <^piger, 
 inactive), diligent, active, prompt 
 quick, ready, strenuous. 
 
 Impigre, adv. (impiger), quickly, 
 readily, promptly, actively. 
 
 Impius, a, um, adj. (in^pius,'g\ 
 
 Imperilus, a, um, adj. {in (^ peritus, \ ous), vranting in duty to parents or 
 skilful), unskilful, ignorant, inexpe- 1 other relatives, to rulers, one's coun- 
 rienced. \try, or the gods; impious, irrehgious, 
 
 Imperium, i, n., a command, order ; wicked ; undutiful, unkind, disloyal ; 
 authority, power, control, sway, direc- barbarous, savage, cruel. 
 
 tion, discipline, government, rule ; em- 
 pire, dominion, office, station, com- 
 mand, supreme power ; militaiy power 
 or authority (in distinction from ma- 
 
 Impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. iin ^^ plea, 
 obs.), to fill. 
 
 Implico, are, dvi, dtum, or ui, 7tam, 
 a. {in (^ plico, to fold), to inwi'ap, in- 
 
 gistratus, civil magistracy). Civil ma- j fold, envelop, involve, entangle, in- 
 gistrates, whether of the city or of a twine ; to perplex, throw into disorder, 
 province, were said to be in imperioS Lnploro, dre, dvi dtum, a. {in ^ plo- 
 Military officers, to whom was given ro, to cry out), to beg for, cry out for, 
 V the power of making war, were said beseech earnestly, implore, invoke, 
 to be cum imperio. — Also, an empire, \ entreat. 
 
 a realm. Contra impemum, contrary 
 to orders. Natus imperio, bom to 
 command. Legitimnm imperium, a 
 government founded on laws, a regu- 
 ar government : from 
 
 Impero, dre, dvi, dtum, n. <^ a., $ 
 223, R. 2, ^ 26.=S, $ 262, R. 4, $ 273, 2, 
 to command, enjoin, order, direct, 
 appoint, give directions; to rule, go- 
 vem. With an accusative of a thing 
 and dative of a person, it is employed 
 to denote the orders given to a con- 
 
 Impbno, ere, posui, positum, a. {in ^ 
 J90710), $224, to place, put, set or lay 
 upon or in ; to set or place over ; to 
 impose, give, assign, confer, bestow; 
 to throw upon, charge to, impute, lay 
 upon, cast upon. Invidiam imponere^ 
 to cast the odium, lay the blame ; — 
 prcBsidium, to place, or station — . In 
 stead of the dative after this verb, oi 
 the accusative or ablative with in $ 224) 
 Sallust sometimes uses an adverb of 
 platt as hue, eo, quo, &c. J. 47, 6^> 
 
 18 
 
IMPORTUNITAS 
 
 200 
 
 INANIS 
 
 75 : and sometimes uses the verb abso- 
 lutely. J. 100. 
 
 Importumtas, dtis, f.^ importunity, 
 eagerness, unreasonableness ; bold- 
 ness, audacity, insolence : from 
 
 Importunus, a, um, adj., § 222, dan- 
 gerous, perilous; unseasonable, in- 
 convenient, unadapted, unfavorable, 
 unsuitable, inopportune ; troublesome, 
 painful, grievous, vexatious. 
 
 ImportubsuSy a, um, adj. (in 6f por- 
 tuosus), without harbors. 
 
 Impositus, a, um, part, (impono), 
 laid or put upon, imposed, cast upon, 
 set over, put in charge ; placed, sta- 
 tioned. 
 
 Imprimis, or Inprimis, adv. {in <^ 
 primus, the same as in primis), above 
 all, chiefly, especially, in the first 
 place, first of all. 
 
 Improhus, a, um, adj. {in 6f probus,) 
 wicked, dishonest, knavish, depraved, 
 bad, unprincipled ; vile, infamous ; au- 
 dacious, impudent. 
 
 Improvisus, a, um, adj. {in ^ provi- 
 sus), unforeseen, unlooked for, un- 
 thought of, unexpected. De impro- 
 viso, or ex improviso, unexpectedly, 
 suddenly, on a sudden. 
 
 Imprudentia, cc,f. {imprudens, not 
 knowing), want of knowledge, igno- 
 rance, error, inadvertence, mistake, 
 misapprehension. 
 
 Impudens, tis, adj. {iin^pudens, mo- 
 dest), shameless, impudent, barefaced. 
 
 Impudentia, cc,f. {impudens), shame- 
 lessness, impudence, effrontery. 
 
 Impudlcus, a, um, adj. {in ^ pudi- 
 cus, modest), unchaste, immodest, 
 lewd. 
 
 Impvgno, are, dvi, dtum, a, {in <^ 
 pugno), to attack, assail, thwart, op- 
 pose, impugn. 
 
 ImpuUus, US, m. {impello), an im- 
 pulse. Fig. impulse, instigation, in- 
 citement, persuasion. 
 
 Impulsus, a, um, part, {impello), dri- 
 \ en impelled ; moved, infiuenced. 
 
 Impune, adv. {impunis, without pun 
 ishment), without punishment, loss o? 
 damage, with impunity, safely ; with 
 out restraint, freely ; quietly, tamely, 
 without resentment. 
 
 Impunitas, dtis,f. {impunis), impur 
 nity, security or exemption from pun- 
 ishment; remission of punishment 
 pardon. 
 
 Impumtus, a, um, adj. {in ^ punltusj 
 punished), unpunished. 
 
 Impurus, a, um, adj. {in ^ purus 
 pure), foul, filthy, impure. Fig. base, 
 flagitious, debauched, wicked, viie, 
 contemptible, abandoned. 
 
 In, prep, with ace. 4' abl., $ 235, (2). 
 With the ace. into, to, unto, towards, 
 till, until, for, as, against, according 
 to, through, on account of, in regard 
 to, respecting. In potestatem habere, 
 to have in one's power : tlie same as 
 in potestate habere, with the superad- 
 ded idea in the former case of getting 
 into one's power. The accusative 
 therefore in such cases depends not on 
 the verb expressed, but on a verb of 
 motion understood, as in this case upon 
 accipere, or the like. With the abl. in, 
 upon, among, amidst, within, at, near, 
 in the number of, over, notwithstand- 
 ing, in the case of, for ; concerning, 
 respecting, in regard to. In with tem- 
 pus, tempestas, aetas or dies signifes 
 not simply a particular time, but also 
 the condition of things then existing ; 
 as, Quippe in tali die, because the day 
 was such. It may sometimes be trans- 
 lated by when or since, with the addi- 
 tion of the substantive verb, the abla- 
 tive being translated as its subject ; as, 
 Novorumfidem in tanta perfidia vete- 
 rum experiri ])ericidosum duceret, — 
 since such had been the perfidy of 
 his former friends. In composition 
 see $ 195, G, & § 197, 6. In— versus 
 see Versus. 
 
 Indnis, e, adj., empty, void. Fig. vain 
 frivolous, ostentatious, boastfijl, proud 
 
INCEDO 
 
 201 
 
 INCREPO 
 
 Iiicedo, ere, ce.'^si, cessum, n. (in (^ 
 cedo), to walk, go, proceed ; to come, 
 arrive ; to approach, advance, march ; 
 to walk with an air of consequence 
 or dignity, strut, go in state ; to be, 
 appear ; $ 224, to come on, come upon ; 
 quibus— belli timor insolitusijicesserat, 
 — the fear ol war had rarely occur- 
 red, had been unusual, — to arise, be- 
 come prevalent, occur, take place. 
 
 Incendium, i, n., a fire, conflagra- 
 tion. Fig. a vehement emotion or 
 passion ; danger, calamity, ruin. In- 
 cendium meum, the flame which sur- 
 rounds me, the fire raised about me : 
 from 
 
 Incendo, ere, ndi, iisum, a. {in ^'■ 
 candeo, to glow), to kindle, set fire to, 
 bum, consume. Fig. to inflame, stir 
 up, instigate, incite, encourage, ani- 
 mate, excite : to vex, incense, irritate, 
 provoke. 
 
 Incensus, a, um, part, {incendo), 
 burnt, consumed, inflamed. 
 
 Inceptum, i, n. {incipio), a begin- 
 ning, attempt; enterprise, undertak- 
 ing, design, purpose. 
 
 InceptiLS, a, um, part, {incipio), be- 
 gun, commenced, entered upon, en- 
 gaged in, attempted, projected. 
 
 Incertus, a, um, adj. {in ^ certus), 
 $ 265, uncertain, doubtful, dubious ; 
 not manifest, clear or certain; at a 
 loss, undecided. In incerlo esse or 
 habere, or incertum habere, to be un- 
 certain, know not. Equi Numidceque 
 inccrti, qnidnam esset, they were not 
 manifest, what they were ; instead of 
 incertum erat, quidnam essent, it was 
 doubtful, &c. Maurus incerto vultu, 
 — with anxious looks, disturbed coun- 
 tenance. Vagari incertis sedibus, — 
 without a fixed residence. Incertum, 
 }, n, an uncertainty, an uncertain thing. 
 
 Incessi, see Incedo and Incesso. * 
 
 Incesso, ire, cesslvi or cessi, a. freq. 
 (incedo), to attack, assail, assault, 
 seizc, take possession of; to appear. 
 
 I Incessus, us, m. {incedo), a gait, 
 ' pace, walking. 
 
 I Incido, ere, cidi, n. {in ^ cado), to 
 I fall into or upon ; to chance, happen. 
 ; It is used especially concerning evils 
 and viisfortunes. In amicitiam ejus 
 I inciderat, had been so unfortunate as to 
 :form a friendsliip with him, $233, 
 R.2. 
 
 Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. ^' n. {in 
 i^" capio), to commence, begni ; to at- 
 tempt, undertake. 
 
 Incite, are, dvi, atum, a. freq. {incieo, 
 to incite), to incite, hasten or put for- 
 ward ; to stir up, excite, provoke ; to 
 encourage, stimulate, incite. 
 
 Incogmtus, a, um, adj. {in ^ cogni- 
 tus), unknov^Ti. Causa incognitd, with- 
 out trial, without a hearing. 
 
 Incula, cc, m. <^ f, an inhabitant; a 
 resident foreigner : from 
 
 Incolo, ere, colui, cultum, a. <^' n. {in 
 ^' colo), to inhabit, abide, dwell or re- 
 side in a place. 
 
 Incolumis, e. adj. {in ^ col%mis, 
 safe), safe, sound, whole, entire, un- 
 changed, in its original condition, 
 uninjured, unhurt, unhamied, unsub- 
 dued. 
 
 Incommodum, i, n. {in ^ commo- 
 dum), inconvenience, disadvantage, 
 detriment, loss, damage. 
 
 Inconsulte, adv. {inconsultus, incon- 
 siderate), inconsiderately, imprudent- 
 ly, rashly, injudiciously, foolishly, in- 
 discreetly. 
 
 Incorruptus, a, um, adj, {in ^ cor' 
 ruptus), incorrupt, incorruptible, im- 
 perishable, pure, uncorrupted, un- 
 bribed, uninjured. 
 
 IncredibVis, e, adj. {in ^ credihilis), 
 $ 276, III. $ 265. incredible, improba- 
 ble, wonderful, strange. Incredibile 
 memoratu, wonderful to tell or relate 
 $276,111. R. 3. 
 
 Incripo, are, avi, atum, <^ id, ^turOt 
 a. {in (^ crepo, to sound), to sound, re- 
 sound. Fig. to chide, blame, rebuke. 
 
INCRUENTUS 
 
 202 
 
 INFECTUS 
 
 reprove, upbraid, censure, assail, re- 
 proach ; to urge on, stimulate. 
 
 Incruentus, a, um, adj. {in ^ cruen- 
 tus), bloodless, without bloodshed or 
 slauahter. Exercitu incruento, with- 
 out loss. 
 
 Incultl, adv., plainly, rudely Agere 
 inculte, to live rudely : from 
 
 Incultus, us, m. {in ^ cultus), ne- 
 glect, want of cultivation ; filth. 
 
 Incultus, a, um, adj. {in ^ cultus, 
 cultivated), uncultivated, uninhabited, 
 desert. Fig. rude, uncouth, unpolish- 
 ed, without cultivation or refinement. 
 
 Incurro, ere, curri <^ cucurri, cur- 
 sum, a. <^ n. {in ^ curro, to run), § 
 23'3, & (2.) to run into, upon or against ; 
 to rush, rush upon, attack. 
 
 Incurvus, a, um, adj. {in ^ curvus, 
 crooked), crooked, bending, curved- 
 
 Inde, adv. § 191, R. 1, thence, fi*om 
 thence, fi'om that, therefi'om, fi-om 
 that place ; fi-om that time, then, next, 
 afterwards, thenceforth. 
 
 Indemndtus, a, um, adj. {in ^ dam- 
 natus), uncondemned, untried, un- 
 heard, without a trial. 
 
 Index, \cis, m. ^ f. {indico), a disco- 
 verer, discloser, informer, witness. 
 
 Indicium, i, n. {index), a discovery; 
 evidence, proof, information, disclo 
 sure, testimony. Indicium projiteri, 
 to make a disclosure, turn informer or 
 state's evidence. Indicium pateface- 
 re, a pleonastic expression, instead of 
 indicium facere. 
 
 Indico, are, am, dtum, a. {in ^ dico, 
 to give), ^ 265, to show, discover, dis- 
 close, inform, give evidence or infor- 
 mation, reveal, tell. 
 
 Ind^igens, tis, part., wanting, indi- 
 gent, needy, defective, deficient; frojn 
 
 Indigeo, ere, ui, n. {in, $ 197, 6, (^ 
 egeo), to want, need, stand in need of, 
 require, $ 250. R. 1. & 220, 3. 
 
 Indignor, dri, dtus sum, dep. $ 272, 
 to scorn, disdain, be displeased with, 
 incensed, indignant : frojn 
 
 Indignus, a, unt, adj. {in ^ dignus) 
 unworthy, undeserving; unbecoming 
 shameful, unsuitable, unfit, inappro* 
 priate, improper. In connection with 
 words denoting crime or suffering, in- 
 nocent, not deserving punishment, 
 worthy, deserving better things. 
 IncLztus, a, um, part, : from 
 Indo, ere, didi, ditum, a. {in ^^ do), to 
 put, put into, set upon ; to give, apply. 
 Indoctus, a, um, adj. {iji ^ doctus), 
 untaught, unlearned,, ignorant, unedu- 
 cated, without learning. 
 
 InducicB or Indutice, drum,f. pi. {in* 
 duo, to put on), a truce or cessation 
 from hostilities, suspension of arms, 
 armistice. Inducias agitare, see Agi' 
 to. Per inducias, during an armis- 
 tice. 
 
 Induco, ere, xi, ctum, a. {in <^ duco)t 
 to lead or bring in, lead into, intro- 
 duce. Fig. to induce, persuade. Li 
 animum inducere, to make it a princi- 
 ple, to propose, resolve, $271. 
 Inductus, a, um, part, {induco). 
 Industria, ce, f, § 101, 1, industry, 
 diligence, activity : from 
 
 Industrius, a, um, adj., industrious, 
 prompt, active, assiduous, diligent. 
 
 Inedia, cB,f. {in <^ edo, to eat), want 
 of food, hunger, fasting. 
 
 Ineo, ire, Ivi, itum, irr. n. ^ a. {in ^ 
 eo), to go into, enter ; to commence, 
 begin, enter upon. 
 
 Inermis, e, ^ Inermus, a, um, adj. 
 {in (^ arma), without arms, unarmed, 
 defenceless. 
 
 Iners, tis, adj. {in <^ ars), without 
 art or skill ; slothful, indolent, inactive, 
 lazy, spiritless, without energy, cow- 
 ardly. 
 
 Inertia, cc,f. {iners, $ 101, 1,) unskill- 
 fulness; sloth, idleness, laziness, inac- 
 tivity, sluggishness, indolence. 
 
 Infectus, a, um, adj. 'in ^ f actus), 
 not done, undone, not made, unac 
 complished, unperformed ; $ 222, im- 
 practicable. Infecto negotio, or i;i/"o^ 
 
INFECTUS 
 
 203 
 
 INIMICUS 
 
 lis rihus^ without accomplishing one's 
 purpose. 
 
 Infectus, a, um, part, {injicio), $ 249, 
 I. dyed, stained, colored. 
 
 Infecundas, a, urn, adj. {in ^ fecun- 
 dus, fruitful), with abl. $ 213, 250, un- 
 fruitful, barren, unproductive. 
 
 Infelix, tcis, adj. {in ^ felix), un- 
 happy, miserable, wretched, unfortu- 
 nate ; barren, unfiuitful. 
 
 Infensus, a, um, adj., angry, dis- 
 pleased, enraged, hostile. 
 
 Inflro, ferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. a. 
 (in (^ fero), to bring or carry into, in- 
 troduce ; to bring upon. Inferre hel- 
 ium, to wage war, carry on war, make 
 war upon. Inferre signa, to carry the 
 standards against (the enemy), ad- 
 vance or march against the enemy, 
 to advance. 
 
 Infer us, a, um, adj., below, beneath, 
 underneath ; Inferi, dram, m., the in- 
 fernal regions, the woi Id of spirits ; the 
 infernal gods, the shades, the dead, 
 who were supposed to live in a lower 
 world, spread out beneath the surface 
 of the earth. Comp. Inferior, lower, 
 inferior. Sup. Inflmus, lowest ; last ; 
 meanest, poorest, basest, humblest, 
 worst. 
 
 Infestus, a, um, adj., act., $ 222, hos- 
 tile, unfriendly, inimical, at enmity 
 with, bitter, implacable ; pass., hateful, 
 odious; exposed to, infested with. 
 It is followed by the dative. Infesta 
 signa, hostile standards, standards di- 
 rected against the enemy. 
 
 Inflcio, ere, feci, fectum, a. {in <^ 
 facio), to stain, dye, color, tinge. 
 
 Infidus, a, um, adj. {in ^ fidus), $ 
 222, unfaithful, faithless, false, treach- 
 erous, perfidious. 
 
 Irf^mus, see Inferus. 
 
 Injinitus, a, um, adj. {in ^ fimtus, 
 limited), infinite, endless, immense, 
 boundless. 
 
 Injirmitas, dtis,f., weakness, feeble- 
 ness, infirmity, frailty : from 
 
 18* 
 
 Infirmus, a, um idj. {in ^ Jlrmus), 
 weak, feeble, infirm; faint-hearted. 
 Infirmissimum genus, the feeblest 
 class, so the women and children. 
 
 Infra, prep, with ace. (^^ adv., below, 
 under, beneath. 
 
 Ingenium, i, n. {in ^ geno, to beget), 
 nature, genius, quality ; natural dispo- 
 sition, character, feelings, tempera- 
 ment, heart, temper, manner, way; 
 natural capacity, genius, understand- 
 ing, talents, parts, abilities, ingenu- 
 ity, mind, intellect, intellectual pow- 
 ers or faculties; counsel, advice. In- 
 tendere ingenium or animum, to apply 
 the mind, employ the understanding, 
 exercise the judgment. ^ 
 
 Ingens, tis, adj., great, large, huge, 
 vast; prodigious, immense, enormous; 
 powerful, mighty, great, important. 
 
 Ingenuus, a, um, adj., {ingeno, to 
 implant by nature), native, natural; 
 free-born, bora of parents who had 
 never been slaves, liberal, honorable, 
 gentlemanly. 
 
 Ingero, ere, gessi, gestum, a. {in ^ 
 gero), to carry or put into ; to throw, 
 cast, hurl or heap upon. 
 
 Ingrdtus, a, um, adj. {in ^ gratus), 
 unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive ; 
 ungrateful, unthankful. 
 
 Ingredior, i, gressus sum, dep. {in 
 <^ gradior, to step), $ 233, to enter, go 
 into ; to walk, go, advance, proceed ; 
 to enter upon, set out ; to commence, 
 begin. Eadem ingrediens, commenc- 
 ing the same course, pursuing the 
 same measures. 
 
 Inhonestus, a, um, adj. {in <^ hones- 
 tris), dishonorable, disgraceful, shame- 
 ful, base, inglorious. 
 
 Inimicitia, <b. /., enmity, hostility ; 
 from 
 
 Inimicus, a, um, adj. {in ^ amicus), 
 inimical, hostile, unfriendly. Immi- 
 cus, i, m., an enemy, a private enemy, 
 in distinction from hostis, a public 
 enemy. 
 
INIQUITAS 
 
 204 
 
 INSTANS 
 
 Iniquiias, dtis, f., inequality, un- 
 evenness, steepness, disadvantageous 
 nature ; difficulty, disadvantage ; injus- 
 tice, oppression, unfairness: /row 
 
 Inlquus, a, um, adj., {in ^ cequus), 
 unequal, uneven ; hard, difficult ; dis- 
 advantageous, unfavorable ; unjust, un- 
 fair partial, unreasonable. 
 
 Inilium, i, n. iineo), a commence- 
 ment beginning, origin. Initio, abl., 
 in the beginning, at first, in the first 
 place, originally. Initium agendi fa- 
 cere, to commence action. 
 
 Injuria, cc,f., {injurius, unjust), in- 
 jury, wrong, injustice ; damage, detri- 
 ment, hurt, harm. Facere injuriam, 
 to inflict injury. 
 
 Injussu, abl. $ 94, {in ^ jussu),W\\h.- 
 out orders, without leave. 
 
 Lijuste, adv., unjustly, wrongfully, 
 injuiiously : from 
 
 Injustus, a, um, adj. {in 6f Justus), 
 unjust, wrongfiil, unreasonable; op- 
 pressive. 
 
 Innvcens, tis, adj. (i7i <^ nocens), in- 
 nocent, faultless, harmless, guiltless, 
 blameless: disinterested, upright, free 
 from rapacity or avarice 
 
 Innocentia, ce, f. (innocens), inno- 
 cence, purity, integrity, probity; dis- 
 interestedness, feeedom from rapacity 
 or avarice. 
 
 Innoxius, a, um, adj. {in ^ noxius), 
 act., harmless, innocent, inoffensive, 
 blameless, innoxious ; jpass., safe, un- 
 hurt. 
 
 Inopia, cc,f, want, indigence, need, 
 poverty, scarcity, lack: /rom 
 
 Inops, upis, adj, {in <^ ops), poor, 
 needy, indigent, necessitous, destitute, 
 helpless, powerless. 
 
 Inprlmis, see Imprimis. 
 
 fnquam or inquio, inquis, inquit, 
 &c. dej. verb, '^ 183, 5, I say. 
 
 InquiUnus, i, m. (incolo), one who 
 lodges in a hired house ; a renter, ten- 
 ant; a stranger, denizen. Also adj. 
 smmigrant, naturalized. 
 
 Insatidbilis, e, adj (in ^ sa lio, to sa 
 tiate), insatiable. 
 
 Insequor, i, cuius sum, dep. (in ^ 
 sequor), to follow, pursue, follow close 
 after, press upon, urge. 
 
 Insid.icB, drum, f. pi [insideo), an 
 ambu«h, ambuscade; lying in wait, 
 snares, treacheiy, a plot, conspiracy. 
 Insidias alicui tendere ox facere, to lay 
 snares for, form plots against, pre- 
 pare an ambuscade for. 
 
 InsidianSjtis, part (Insidior), lying in 
 wait, lying in ambush. 
 
 Insidiator, oris, m., a Her in wait, 
 lier in ambush : from 
 
 Insidior, ari, dtus sum, dep. (in- 
 sidim), $ 224, to he in wait, lie in am- 
 bush, lay snares for, plot against. 
 
 Insigne, is, n. {ijisigriis, distinguish- 
 ed), a badge, mark of distinction, sign, 
 ensign. Insignia, pi., badges or in- 
 signia of office ; e. g. the axes and 
 rods, ivoiy seat, the prcctexta or robe 
 of office, &c. 
 
 Insolens, tis, adj. (in 6f soleo), unac- 
 customed to, ignorant of; insolent, 
 arrogant, haughty, presumptuous. 
 
 Insolentia, en, f. {insolens), unusual 
 ness, uncommonness, unusual nature 
 or character, novelty, strangeness, 
 strange behaviour, want of acquaint- 
 ance with; excess, extravagance; 
 pride, haughtiness, insolence, arro- 
 gance, vanity. Fer insolentiam, ex- 
 travagantly, excessively, beyond mea- 
 sure. 
 
 Insolesco, ere, n. inc. (in ^ soleo), to 
 grow haughty or insolent. 
 
 Insolltus, a, um, adj., (in 6f solitus), 
 $S13, R. 1,(2), § 222, unaccustomed 
 to, unacquainted with ; strange, ex- 
 traordinary, unusual, unwonted. 
 
 Insomnia, cF,f. (insomnis, war ting 
 sleep), want of aleep, watching, >vak- 
 ing 
 
 Insons, tis, adj., (in 4' so7is) innch 
 cent, guiltless, unoffending. 
 
 Instans, tis, part, (insto). 
 
INSTITUO 
 
 205 
 
 INTER 
 
 In^dtuo, ere, ui, utum, a. {in ^ 
 ttatuo), to plant, place, appoint, insti- 
 tute; to construct, build, make, form; 
 to pronounce, declare, make, appoint : 
 to establish, introduce, ordain, deter- 
 mine; $ 271, to begin, commence; to 
 teach, instruct, bring or train up, edu- 
 cate, direct; to decree; to order, regu- 
 late ; with ut or ne and the suhj. or with 
 inf. 
 
 Inslitutum, i, n. (insiituo), a purpose, 
 object, subject, plan, design, principle ; 
 a custom, practice, institution, fash- 
 ion, manners. 
 
 Insto, are, st^ti, n. {in <^ sto, to stand), 
 $224, to stand in, over, o^r upon; to 
 be near or at hand, draw nigh, im- 
 pend, approach, threaten ; to push or 
 press upon, urge, harass, assail, be 
 earnest or pressing, pursue, pursue 
 with reproaches, inveigh against. 
 
 Instructus, a, urn, part, {iristruo), set 
 in order, arranged, marshalled ; ^^ 249, 
 R. 1. lurmshed, equipped, accoutred, 
 provided, prepared, in battle array. 
 
 Ins tr amentum, i, n., furniture, an 
 uiensil, implement, instrument; bag- 
 gage, apparatus; means, assistance, 
 aid. Instrumenta militicc, munitions 
 of war : from 
 
 Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. {in ^ 
 struo, to build), to construct, build ; to 
 set in order, dispose, arrange; to 
 draw up in battle array, marshal ; to 
 prepare, furnish, provide, equip, fit out, 
 accoutre. 
 
 Insuesco, ere, evi, etiim, a. <^ n. {in 
 ^ suesco, V271, to become accustom- 
 ed), to be accustomed, be in the habit 
 of. 
 
 Insum, esse, fid, irr. n. {in ^ sum), 
 $ 224, ^ abl with in, to be in. 
 
 Insupcr, adv. {in ^ super), upon, 
 above; from above; besides, more- 
 o\er. 
 
 Intactus, a, um, adj. {in ^ tactus, 
 touched), untouched, unhurt, unat-' 
 •empted. Bellum iniactum,— not begun. , 
 
 Integer, gra, grmn, adj., whole, en- 
 tire, undiminished; strong, vigorous, 
 new, fresh, unimpaired; pure, spot 
 less, unsullied; unhurt, uninjured; 
 untouched, undetermined, open; up- 
 right, honest, virtuous. De integrOf 
 afresh, anew. 
 
 Integrilas, diis,f. {integer), sound- 
 ness; integrity, uprightness, probity 
 honesty. 
 
 IntelUgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. {inter ^ 
 lego), $ 272, & § 265, to understand, 
 comprehend, know, perceive, see. 
 
 Intempestus, a, um, adj. {in <^ tern 
 pestus, seasonable), unseasonable. In- 
 tempesta no<c, midnight, the dead ol 
 night. 
 
 Intendo, ere, di, turn ^^ sum, a. {iri ^ 
 tendo), to bend, stretch ; to increase, 
 augment. Intendere qfflcia, to go be- 
 yond or exceed one's duty, to do more 
 than is required : — to direct, turn, ap- 
 ply. Intendere or intendere animum, 
 to turn one's self, turn one's mind or 
 thoughts, direct one's attention or en- 
 ergies, set one's heart upon; $271, to 
 intend ; to strive, exeit one's self; to 
 aim, point. Intendere or iter inten- 
 dere, to bend, turn or direct one's 
 course. Intendere ire, to design to go. 
 Intendere aliquid, to propose, aim at, 
 wish, intend. Intendere arma, atque 
 tela, to hold forth, present — . 
 
 Intentus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {inten- 
 do), stretched, bent ; intent upon, fix- 
 ed, attentive, eager, intent, occupied 
 with, bent on; vehement, forcible; 
 watchful, careful, cautious, on the 
 alert. It is followed hy the dative or 
 hy the ablative, either with or without 
 in, and sometimes hy the accusative 
 with ad or in. 
 
 Inter, prep, {in), with the ace $ 235, 
 R. 2, between, betwixt, iimong, 
 amongst, amid, amidst; in, at, dur- 
 ing, within ; above, before. Inter *'e, 
 mutually, to or with one another or 
 each other, together, between them 
 
INTERBTJM 
 
 206 
 
 INVERSCTS 
 
 jointly. Procul or longe inter se, far 
 from each other, far apart. Diversi 
 inter se, opposite to one another. 
 
 Interdum, adv. {inter <^ dum), some- 
 times, now and then, occasionally. 
 
 Interemptus, a, um, part, {interimo), 
 slain, killed, destroyed. 
 
 Tntereo, ire, iif itum, irr. n. {inter ^ 
 eo), to perish, be destroyed, be slain, 
 die. 
 
 Interfectus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Inter/ zcio, ere, feci, fectum, a. {inter 
 ^ facio), to kill, slay, murder, put to 
 death, destroy. 
 
 Interim, adv. {inter), in the mean 
 lime, meanwhile, in the meanwhile, 
 in the interim. 
 
 Inter zmo, ere, emi.^ emptum, {inter ^ 
 vno), to take away ; to kill, slay, mur- 
 der, destroy. 
 
 Interiturus, a, um, part, {intereo). 
 
 Internuntius, i, m. {inter ^ nuntius), 
 a messenger that goes between two 
 parties, an internuncio, interposer, 
 go-between, common or mutual friend 
 or adviser. 
 
 Interpello, are, dvi, dtum, a. {inter 
 ^ i?eZ^o6.«?.)» to interrupt ; to hinder, 
 disturb, prevent, stop, obstruct ; to pre- 
 ventl^ tribune by a veto. 
 i^^grpdno, ere, posui, positum, a. 
 (^^r ^- pono), to interpose, put in be- 
 tween. Interponere fidem, to pledge 
 one's credit, to engage one's word or 
 honor, pledge his faith or word of 
 honor. 
 
 Interpositus, a, um, part, {interpono), 
 interposed, pledged. 
 
 Interpres, etis, m. ^ f, a mediator, 
 umpire, arbitrator, agent ; an explain- 
 er, translator, interpreter, dragoman. 
 
 Inter pretdtus, a, um, part, pass., in- 
 terpreted, explained, translated, $ 162, 
 17 : from. 
 
 Interpreter, dri, dtus sum, dep. {in- 
 terpres), to irherpret, expound, explain. 
 
 hiterrofrdtus, a um, part. : from 
 
 Jnferrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {inter <^ 
 
 rogo), $ 265, to ask, question, inquire, 
 interrogate ; to examine, accuse, 
 charge, prosecute, impeach, try. 
 
 Intervallum, i, n. {inter ^ vallus, a 
 palisade), a space, interval, distance. 
 
 Intervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. (in- 
 ter (^ venio), to come upon or between ; 
 to interfere, intervene; to interrupt, 
 come or stand in the way, be opposed. 
 
 Intestahilis, e, adj. {in <^ testahihs, 
 that may testify), not permitted to 
 give evidence in a court of law, exe- 
 crable, detestable, odious, infamous. 
 
 Intestmus, a, um, adj. {intus, with- 
 in), internal, inward, intestine, civil, 
 domestic. 
 
 Intolerandus, a, um, adj. {in 6f tole- 
 randus), not to be borne or endured, 
 intolerable, insufierable. 
 
 Intra, prep, with the ace., within, in. 
 Also adv., within. 
 
 Intro, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to go into, 
 enter, penetrate; to come over, pass 
 within. 
 
 Introduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. {intro, 
 within, ^ duco), to bring or lead in, 
 conduct within, introduce. 
 
 Introeo, ire, ii, irr. n. {intro ^ eo), 
 § 276, II. to enter, go into. 
 
 Intueor, eri, itus sum, dep. {in ^ 
 tueor), ^ 233, to look at, gaze upon, 
 behold. 
 
 Inultus, a, um, adj. {in <^ ultus), un- 
 revenged ; unpunished, with impunity. 
 
 Invddo, ere, si, sum, n. ^ a. {in ^ 
 vado), $ 233, (3,) to go into, enter, fall 
 upon, invade, attack, assail, rush 
 against or upon ; to seize, seize upon, 
 lay hold of, take possession ; absolute, 
 to prevail, spread, extend. 
 
 Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. {in ^' 
 venio), to find, find out, meet with 
 discover, ascertain ; to contrive, de- 
 vise, invent; to acquire, gain, get, pro- 
 cure; to detect, bring to light. 
 
 Inventus, a, um, part, {invenio). 
 
 Inversus, a, um, part., turned upside 
 down, inverted : from 
 
INVERTO 
 
 207 
 
 ITAQUE 
 
 Inverto, ere, ii, sum, a. (in ^' verio), 
 to turn upside down, invert. 
 
 Invictus, a, um, adj. {in <^ victus). 
 unconquered, unsubdued, invincible, 
 unconquerable. 
 
 Jnvtdeo, ere, vldi, visum, n. ^^ a. {in 
 ^ video), $ 223, R. 2, to envy, grudge, 
 dc ny, refuse. Fortuna virtuti invidet, 
 ---denies succq^s — . 
 
 Invidia, €c,f., envy, jealousy, hatred, 
 ill-will, spite, malice, odium, blame, 
 dislike, dissatisfaction, popular odium, 
 unpopularity. Invidice alicui esse, to 
 serve as a reproach, to cause one to 
 be odious. In invidia esse, to be 
 odious : from 
 
 Invidus a, um, adj. (invideo), en- 
 vious, invidious, malignant, spiteful. 
 
 Invioldtus, a, um, aJj. {in <^ vi id- 
 tus, injured), inviolate, unhurt, unin- 
 jured, irreproachable, unimpeachable, 
 pure, immaculate, unpolluted, unbro- 
 ken. 
 
 Inmsus, a, um, adj. {in ^ visus), not 
 seen, unseen. Also, from invideo, $ 
 222, odious, hateful, hated, offensive, 
 disliked, detested. 
 
 Invito, are, dvi, dtum, a., to invite, 
 ask, bid. 
 
 Invitus, a, um, adj., unwilling, re- 
 luctant, against one's will. 
 
 Ipse, a, um, gen. ipsius, $ 135, & 
 $283, I, Exc. 4. adj. pro., himself, her- 
 self, itself; or, he himself, &c. ; also, 
 he, she, it; with ego or tu, expressed 
 or understood, myself, thyself Is ipse, 
 he himself, even he. Of its use when 
 joined with substantive pronoujis used 
 rejlexively, as,parum tuta per se ipsa 
 prohitas, see $ 207, R. 28. Ipse some' 
 times signifies, in himself, &c., person- 
 ally, as, Duo imperatores, — ipsi pares ; 
 also, in itself, of itself; as, Natura ser- 
 pentium ipsa perniciosa, siti accendi- 
 tur. 
 
 Ira, cB,f, anger, displeasure, wrath, 
 passion, ire, rage, resentment. 
 
 Iracundia, <b, f- {iracujidus irasci- 
 
 ble), hastiness of temper, irascibility 
 anger, wrath, passion. 
 
 Irascor, i, dep. {ira), to be angry 
 displeased, influenced by anger or re- 
 sentment. 
 
 Irdtus, a, um, adj. {ira), angry, dis- 
 pleased, enraged. 
 
 Ire, pres. inf. of Eo. 
 
 Irritamentum, i, n. {irrlto, to irri- 
 tate), an incitement, incentive, induce- 
 ment, encouragement, provocation. 
 
 Irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, n. {in ^ 
 rumpo, to break), I 233, & (2.) 2d par. 
 to break in or into, enter or rush in 
 by force, burst in or into. 
 
 Is, ea, id, gen, ejus, adj. pro. § 134, 
 he, she, it ; this or that man, &c., the 
 same ; such, so great, such a one, that 
 kind of person or thing. Id loci or 
 locorum, see Locus. Eo, ahl. n., with 
 comparatives, so much, by so much, 
 the. Id quod, the thing which, which 
 indeed, what, as, ^ 206, (13.) last part. 
 Is with et, atque, etc. and that indeed, 
 and that too. In the oratio obhqua, is 
 sovietimes takes the place of tu in the 
 oratio directa. See Ille in Diet. 
 
 Isdem the same as iisdem. See Idem. 
 
 Isse, perf. inf. of Eo. 
 
 Isie, isla, istud, gen. istius, dem^ro, 
 $ 134, & % 283, I, Exc. 4, this, th^e, 
 she, it, % 207, R. 23, & 25. 
 
 Ita, adv, {is), so, even so, so truly, 
 so certainly, thus, in this manner, in 
 such a manner ; so much, to such a 
 degree, such, so constituted; there- 
 fore, consequently, accordingly. It is 
 sometimes used redundantly, or by way 
 of apposition, before a clause, in a 
 manner similar to id, § 206, (13). 
 
 Italia, ce,f., Italy. J. 5. 27, 28. C. 
 16, &c. 
 
 Ilalicus, a, um, adj. {Italia), Italian. 
 Itatici, drum, m., Italians, the inhabi- 
 tants of all parts of Italy, except Gal 
 lia Cisalpina, and Latium. J. 47, 67 
 
 Itdque, illative conj. $ 198, 6, (ito ^ 
 que), therefore, then ; and so, and ihua 
 
ITE 
 
 208 
 
 JUGUM 
 
 TtCf etc.f see Eo. 
 
 Uejn, adv., also, likewise, in like 
 % inner. Item often denotes the re- 
 p "ition of a preceding predicate ; as, 
 ly xe armafus inteniusque, item m,iUtes 
 cCi^^'ehat, sc. ut armati intentique essent, 
 •-^Co he armed — . 
 
 /ter, itinerisj n., a going along ; a 
 jot Tney, way, march, rout, road, path, 
 course, progress, method, plan. Ejo 
 itii'^^e, in itinere, and itinere, on the 
 way- on the journey or march. Iter 
 /actv-f, to go, march, travel. Iter 
 perf: ' re, to continue, pursue, prose- 
 cute — . Magnis itinerihus, by forced 
 marcJ^s, with all speed. Iter trans- 
 versmfi, a cross road, a transverse 
 course w direction, a march across 
 the country. liinere transverso, at 
 right svji^^es. 
 
 Iteru.^ . adv., again, a second time, 
 anew. 
 
 Itujn, we Eo. 
 
 Iturus, *, um, part. {eo). 
 
 Jacio, t-^t. ifci, jactum, a., to throw, 
 cast, fling, Ixeirl ; to throw or cast up, 
 raise, erect, pitxCx:. Fig. to throw out i 
 a remark, Wt> , Jtmark casually, ob- 
 serve, $272. 
 
 Jaculor, ari, afati, sum, dep., to throw 
 a javelin, throw, dJuit cast, fling, hurl, 
 shoot : from 
 
 Jaculum, i, n. (jt^cio), javelin, dart. 
 
 Jajn, adv., now, immediately, pre- 
 sently, instantly, diicutly; even; be- 
 fore; then; already. Jamantea,jam 
 ante or antea jam, Icrg before, long 
 ago, sometime ago, already, previous- 
 ly. Jam inde, all along. Jam inde a 
 principio, from the very beginning, 
 as far back as the beginning. Jam 
 jam, just now, instantly, now truly, 
 now indeed. Jam pridem, long, long 
 ago, long since, for a long time. Jam 
 primum, now, in the first place, now, 
 first of all. Jam turn, even then, already. 
 
 Jampridem, adv., see Jam. 
 
 Janua, (bJ„ a gate,door, entrance. 
 
 Januarius, a, um, adj. {Janus), of o» 
 pertaining to the month of January 
 JanuaricB Calendcc, the first of Janu- 
 ary. 
 
 Jocus, i, m. in pi. joci m, ^joca, ?u 
 $92, 2, a joke, jest; wit, railleiy; hu- 
 mor, pleasantry. Mover e jocum, to 
 joke, jest, excite mirth, cause merri 
 ment. 
 
 Jovis, see Jupiter. 
 
 Juheo, ere, jussi, jussum, a., $ 272, 
 $ 273, 2, ^tli par. to order, bid, com- 
 mand, charge, direct, enjoin; to 
 choose, elect, appoint ; with the accu- 
 sative of the tiling, and the dative of 
 the person, to vote, decree, assign; — 
 to ratify, approve. Rogationem jubere, 
 to vote for a bill, to enact a law. 
 Pass, impers, ut jussum erat, as had 
 been commanded. 
 
 Jucundus, a, um, adj. {juvo), $ 222, 
 pleasant, agreeable, delightful, grate- 
 ful, pleasing, joyful. 
 
 Judicium, i, n. {judex, a judge), 
 judgment ; a trial, sentence, decision ; 
 judicial power ; a court of justice; a 
 suit or action at law, a law-suit, legal 
 process, legal remedy or redress; 
 judgment, opinion, belief Mutare 
 judicium animi, to alter one's pur- 
 pose or design. Judicium summum, 
 supreme or unlimited jurisdiction. 
 
 Judico, are, dvi, utum, a. {jus ^ 
 dico), $ 210, R. 3, (3,) (c.) & $ 230, R. 1. 
 to judge, give judgment, pass sen» 
 tence, determine, decide; to declare, 
 pronounce. 
 
 Jugis, e, adj., perpetual, continual, 
 never failing, perennial. Jugis aqua, 
 a fountain, spring. 
 
 Jugulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {jugnlum, 
 the throat), to cut the throat, butcher, 
 kill, slay, murder. 
 
 Jugu?n, i, n., a yoke, tn militcry 
 language, a yoke, a frame consisting 
 of two spears placed erect, and a 
 
JUGURTHA 
 
 209 
 
 LABOR 
 
 third laid transversely upon them, un- 
 der which vanquished enemies were 
 sometimes made to pass in a crouch- 
 ing posture, as a mark of disgrace. 
 
 Jugurtha, cc, m., a son of Manasta- 
 bal, and adopted son of Micipsa king 
 of Ts'umidia. After murdering Ad- 
 herbal and Hiempsal, sons of Micipsa, 
 he became sole king of Numidia, and 
 for a long time waged war with vari- 
 ous success against the Romans. He 
 was finally taken captive by Marius, 
 and after gracing the triumph of the 
 conqueror, perished in the same "pri- 
 son in which the associates of Cati- 
 line were subsequently put to death. 
 A. U. C. 649. J. 5, &c. 
 
 Jugurthlnus, a, um, adj. (Juguriha), 
 of or relating to Jugurtha, Jugurthine. 
 J. 19, 56. 
 
 JuliuSy 1, 771. (C), a confederate of 
 Catiline. C. 27. 
 
 Jumerdum, i, n. (jungo, to join), a 
 beast of burden, pack-horse. 
 
 Junius, a, um, adj., of or pertaining 
 lo the month of June. Caleiidcc Ju- 
 nicB, the Calends of June. 
 
 Junius, i, m., a Roman name, see 
 Silanus^ 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis, m., $ 85, Jupiter or 
 Jove, a son of Saturn, and chief of 
 the Greek and Roman gods. J. 107. 
 
 Jurgium, i, n. {jurgo, to quarrel), a 
 dispute, quarrel, altercation, strife, 
 contention, slander, scandal, defa- 
 matory speeches. 
 
 Juro, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a., to 
 swear, take an oath, make oath :/rowi 
 
 Jus, juris, n., right, law, reason, 
 justice, that which is conformable to 
 law ; the laws ; a court of justice ; a 
 sentence, judgment; state, condition; 
 power, authority ; leave, license. Jure, 
 justly reasonably, of course, also, by 
 law, according to law. Jus honum- 
 que, what is just and useful, rectitude 
 and public interest. Jus fasque, hu- 
 man and divine laws. Jus libertatls. 
 
 the rights of freedom, or the privi 
 leges of free citizens. Jus nullum 
 the total absence of justice. 
 
 Jusjurandum, i, n., $ 91, {jus <iju 
 randum, an oath), an oath. 
 
 Jussu, ahl., $ 94, ijubeo), by com 
 mand. Sine jussu, without command 
 
 Jussum, i, n. (juhto), an order, com 
 mand, charge. Jussa effi^ere, to exe 
 cute — . 
 
 Jussus, a, um, part, (jubeo). 
 
 Justitia, (B,f., justice, impartiality; 
 clemency, mercy, uprightness, probi- 
 ty : from 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, up- 
 right, virtuous; mild, clement; just, 
 equitable ; suitable, merited, due, rea- 
 sonable, proper; lawful; justa, drum, 
 71., funeral rites, obsequies. 
 
 Juvaturus, a, mn, part, {juvo), $ 16a 
 
 Juventus, utis,/., (Juvenis, a youth) 
 youth, younger days, the age of youth, 
 a period of life, which appears strictly 
 to have extended oidy from thirty to 
 forty five, hut which is often made to 
 embrace also the preceding period of 
 fifteen years, properly called adoles- 
 centia. It is also used in a vague 
 manner for the period immediately fol- 
 lowing childhood. The youth, young 
 persons, young men. Juventus nohil- 
 ium, the young nobles or nobility. 
 
 Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a., to help, 
 aid, assist, succor, profit, benefit; to 
 please, delight, amuse; imp., it de- 
 lights. Diis juvantibus, with the bles- 
 sing of heaven. 
 
 Jiixta, adv., nigh, near, by, hard by ; 
 equally, ahke. Juxta ac, just as, 
 equally as. Juxta ac si, just as if, 
 just as though, $ 263. 2. Juxta mecum, 
 equally with me, as well as I. 
 
 L., an abbreviation of the prano 
 men Jjucius. 
 
 Labor, i, lapsus sum, dep., to fall 
 
LABOR 
 
 210 
 
 LAKGIOR 
 
 gently, glide down, descend. Fig. to 
 mistake, err, falter, go wrong, miss. 
 
 Labor ^ Ijibos, oris, m., labor, toil, 
 fatigue, activity, industry. Fig. dis- 
 tress, hardship, trouble, misfortune, 
 difficulty. The form labos occurs 
 more frequently in Sallust than labor. 
 
 LahorOy are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. {labor), 
 to labor, be oppressed with toil or fa- 
 tigue ; to be in want, trouble, difficul- 
 ty or distress ; to be hard pressed ; to 
 maintain one's ground with difficulty ; 
 $ 273, 1, to strive, struggle, labor for, 
 do one's utmost to efiect, try to ob- 
 tain, strive to accomplish; to work, 
 labor, toil, exert one's self. 
 
 Lac, lactis, n., milk. 
 
 Lacedcomon, onis, f, Lacedemon, 
 otherwise called Sparta, a celebrated 
 city of Peloponnesus, the capital of 
 Laconia. 
 
 Lacedccmonius, a, um, adj. {Lacedcc- 
 nioji), Lacedemonian, Spartan. Jm- 
 cedcemonii, drum, m., the Lacedemo- 
 nians or Spartans. C. 2, 51. 
 
 Lacero, are, dvi, dtum, a. (Jacer, 
 maimed), to maim, mangle ; to rend, 
 tear, lacerate ; to w^aste, squander, con- 
 sume, dissipate ; to revile?, defame, raii 
 at, asperse, censure; to torment, af- 
 flict. 
 
 Lacessitus, a, um, part., provoked, 
 roused, irritated, exasperated: from 
 
 Lacesso, ire, Ivi, Itum, a., to pro- 
 voke, challenge, irritate, exasperate, 
 excite ; to rouse, stimulate, assail. 
 
 Lacryma, cr,f., a tear. 
 
 Lacrymo, ^ Lacrimo, are, dvi, dtum, 
 n. {lacryma), to weep, shed tears. 
 
 La:ca, ce, m. {M. Porcius), a Roman 
 senator, confederate with Catiline. 
 C. 17, 27. 
 
 LoBdo, ere, si, sum, a., to hurt, harm, 
 injure, offend, annoy ; to asperse, slan- 
 der, defame, reproach, rail at, censure, 
 inveigh against, assail. 
 
 LcBtandiis, a, um, part. pass, {la^tor) 
 to be rejoiced at. 
 
 Lcetitia, ce, f. {hutus), joy, gladness, 
 mirth, joy fulness, exultation. See 
 Gaudium, 
 
 Loitor, dri, dtus sum, dep. $ 273, 5, 
 to rejoice, be glad or joyful ; $ 232, (2.; 
 to rejoice at or on account of; to be 
 delighted with, take delight in : from 
 Lcctus, a, um, adj. $ 213, R. 5, (4.) 
 glad, joyful, cheerful, joyous; ready, 
 willing ; pleasing, acceptable ; favora- 
 ble; fruitful. Lcetus aliqua re, to be 
 pleased or satisfied with. Lceti pacem 
 agitabamus, we enjoyed the delights 
 of peace. Agere lcetus, to be joyful. 
 
 Lcevus, a, um, adj., left, on the left 
 side. LcBva, ce, f, sc. manus, the left 
 hand, the left side. Ad Icevam, on or 
 towards the left. 
 
 Lancea, cc, f, a lance, spear, jave- 
 lin, pike, dart. 
 
 Langueo, ere, ui, n., to languish, be 
 sick, feeble or faint, fade, droop, be- 
 come weak or languid, grow dull or 
 heavy, remiss, inactive or listless ; to 
 be wanting in spirit or energy. 
 
 Langmdus, a, um, adj. {langueo), 
 faint, languid, weak, feeble, listless, 
 inactive, remiss, dull, sick. 
 
 Lapideus, a, um, adj., of stone, 
 stony : fro7n 
 Lapis, idis, m., a stone. 
 Lapsus, a, um, part, {labor), 
 Laqueus, i, m., a noose, halter, cord, 
 snare, Laqueo gulam frangere, to 
 strangle. 
 
 Lar, laris, m., a household god, a 
 god who presided over the house and 
 family, and to whom the hearth was 
 consecrated, a guardian god who pre- 
 sided over all inhabited places. Fig. 
 lar or lar familiar is, a house, home. 
 
 Lares, ium,f. pi., a town of Africa. 
 J. 90. 
 
 Largior, iri, itus sum, dep. {largus, 
 abundant), to give in abundance, be- 
 stow largely, lavish; to give, grant, 
 give away; to make presents, give 
 largesses, bribe. 
 
LARGITER 
 
 211 
 
 LEGIO 
 
 largely, 
 
 I/irgV.ert adv. (largus). 
 lentifully, freely, lavishly. 
 Largltio, dnis, f. {largior), a giving 
 freely, bountifulness, liberality; lar- 
 gesses; bribery, corruption, a bribe; 
 profusion, prodigality. 
 
 Largitor, oris, m. (largior), a profuse 
 
 spender, liberal giver; a briber. 
 
 Lascivia, co, f. {lasclvus, wanton), 
 
 commend, extol, so, laudando extol 
 lere; to esteem, prize, value: from 
 
 Laus, dis,f., praise, commendation ; 
 glory, honor ; fame, renown. 
 
 Laxe, adv., loosely, slackly, widely, 
 openly. Sperans Romanos laxiusfu- 
 turos, — would be more free from re- 
 straint, disorderly. For this use of the 
 : adverb in the predicate^ see Sum : from 
 petulance, licentiousness; wanton- 1 Laxus, a, um, adj., loose, large, 
 ness playfulness, relaxation, gayety, open, spacious, wide, slack, lax. 
 sportiveness, love of amusement; las- 1 i^a-2:i"5 imperium, less severe, less 
 civiousness. strict, more indulgent 
 
 Lassiiudo, mis, f, weariness, fa-j Lectus, i, m., a, bed or coucth. 
 tigue, lassitude : from Lectus, a, um, part. <^ adj. (lego), 
 
 Lassus, a, um, adj., weary, tired, chosen, selected, choice, 
 faint. Legatio, dnis, f. (lego, are), an em- 
 
 Lale, adv. (latus, wide), widely, ex- bassy, lieutenancy, legation, the office 
 tensively, far and wide. Late ire, to of an ambassador or lieutenant; per- 
 
 march widely extended 
 
 LaCine, adv., after the manner of 
 the Latins; in the Latin tongue, in 
 Latin : from 
 
 Latlnus, a, inn, adj. (Latium, a 
 country of Italy), of or belonging to 
 Latium, iLatin. Nomen Latinum, La- 
 tins, inhabitants of Latium. J. 39, 
 42, 43. 
 
 Latitudo, mis, f. (latus), breadth, 
 width, large extent; a broad tract. 
 DecUvis latitudo, a gradually descend- 
 mg tract of great extent, a broad de- 
 clivity. 
 
 Latro, djiis, m., a life-guard; a mer- 
 cenary ; a marauder, bandit, highway- 
 man, robber. 
 
 sons sent on an embassy, ambassa 
 dors. 
 
 Legdtus, i, m. (lego, are), an ambas- 
 sador, envoy, legate, commissioner ; a 
 lieutenant, deputy, lieutenant-general; 
 the governor of a conquered province. 
 
 Legio, dnis,f (lego, ere), a legion, a 
 body of Roman soldiers consisting of 
 ten cohorts. The number of soldiers 
 in a legion was different at dfferent 
 periods of the Roman slate, having 
 originally consisted of three thousand 
 foot and three hundred horse, which 
 number was gradually enlarged to 
 four, five, or six thousand exclusive 
 of cavalry. In every legion there were 
 three classes of soldiers called the 
 
 Latrocinium, i, n. (latrocmor, to ; hastati, principes arzii triarii or pilani. 
 rob), robbery, highway-robbery, \)ira- .Ecich class contained ten companies 
 cy ; fraud, artifice, stratagem, violence ;kordines), and the same number of cen- 
 an attack of banditti, a contest with ^^?*io«s. The centurion who led the 
 robbers. first company of the principes, as well 
 
 iMtus, a, um,part. ifero). as the company itself, was called pri- 
 
 Latus, eris, n., the side, flank, ribs, mus princeps, the second secundus, 
 Ab latere, from the side ; also, in the cj'C. In like manner among the has- 
 
 flank : near, at one's side, at one's el 
 bow. Ex or a lateribus, on the sides 
 or flanks. 
 Laudo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to praise, 
 
 tati and the pilani, the first centurion 
 was called primus hasiatus and pri- 
 mus pilus or centurio primi pili. -As 
 the triarii constituted the class highest 
 
 19 
 
LEGIONARIUS 
 
 212 
 
 LIBERAL ITER 
 
 tn rank, the centurio priini pili held 
 the first rank among the cejiturions of 
 a legion. It is sometimes used in a 
 general sense for an army and even 
 for the army of a foreign nation. C. 
 53. 
 
 Legionarius, a, um, adj. (legio)y of a 
 legion, legionary. Cohors legionaria 
 or ex legionibus is used in distinction 
 from cohors auxiliaria. 
 
 Legitwms, a, um, adj. (lex), accord- 
 ing to law, appointed or regulated by 
 law, legal, lawful, right, just, legiti- 
 mate. Legitimi dies, the legal time, 
 the days prescribed by law. Candi- 
 dates for ojjice were required to offer 
 themselves seventeen days hefore the 
 day of election. 
 
 Lego, are, dvi, dtiim, a., $ 264, 5, to 
 send as . an ambassador, depute, de- 
 spatch ; to appoint as lieutenant. Le- 
 gare sibi aliquem, to choose for one's 
 deputy or lieutenant. 
 
 Lego, ere, legi, ledum, a., to collect, 
 gather, cull, pick up; to run over, 
 read, peruse ; to choose, select, elect. 
 
 Lenio, Ire, wi. Hum, a. (ienis, soft), 
 to soften, mitigate, calm, alleviate, 
 assuage, allay, appease, propitiate, pa- 
 cify, lessen, diminish, soothe, extenu- 
 ate, prevail upon, persuade. Lenire 
 inopiam frumenti, to compensate, 
 make amends for, cause to be less 
 felt 
 
 Lemter, adv. {Ienis), gently, softly, 
 sweetly, mildly, placidly, calmly ; re- 
 missly, inactively. Lenius agere, to 
 act (I. e. to prosecute the attack) with 
 less vigor. 
 
 Lentulus, i, m. (P. Cornelius Lentu- 
 lus Sura), a Roman senator who took 
 a prominent part in the conspiracy 
 ol Catiline. lie was at that time a 
 praetor, and had once been consul. 
 lie married the sister of L. Cassar. 
 C. 17, 32, 39, 43, &c. See also Spin- 
 iher 
 
 Jjeo onis, m., a lion. 
 
 Lepzdus, i, m. {M. JE^milius), a Ro 
 man consul, A U. C. 688. C. 18. 
 
 Lepor, ^^ Lepos, oris, m., mirth, wit 
 humor, facetiousness, grace, eleganca 
 
 Leptis, is, /., $ 79, 1. Leptis, the 
 name of two towns in Africa, one 
 near Hadrymetum. sometimes called 
 Leptis minor, the other between the 
 Syrtes, called also Leptis major and 
 Neapolis. J. 19, 77. 
 
 Leptitdni, drum, m. pi., the inhabi 
 tants of Leptis. J. 77, 79. 
 
 Levis, e, adj., light, of little weight ; 
 small, little, slight; trifling, trivial, 
 inconsiderable, of small moment; 
 easy, mild, gentle. 
 
 Leviter, adv. (levis), lightly, slightly, 
 softly ; comp. leviiis, less. Levius stre- 
 pere, to ring less, make less noise. 
 
 Levo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (Zet;is),$251, 
 to lift up,^ raise ; to make lighter, li^jht- 
 en, ease, relieve. 
 
 Lex, legis, f, law; a law, statute 
 ordinance. Leges etjura, the consti- 
 tution and laws. 
 
 Lihens, tis, adj. {lihet), willing, pleas- 
 ed, glad; merry, cheerfial, joyful. Li- 
 bens accipere, — gladly, with pleasure, 
 §205, R. 15. 
 
 Liber, bri, m., the inner bark of a 
 tree ; a book. 
 
 Liber, era, erum, adj. (libct), free, in 
 a state of liberty ; open, bold, frank, 
 unrestrained, uncontrolled, uninflu- 
 enced, unshackled; void of, exemji 
 from. 
 
 Liberdlis, e adj. {liber), $213, libe 
 ral, befitting a freeman or gentleman 
 genteel, well bred, ingenuous ; boun 
 tiful, generous, munificent, libera, 
 free. 
 
 Liberalitas, dtis,f. (liberalis), ingen 
 uousness, civility; bounty, liberalii} 
 munificence, generosity. 
 
 LiberaPiter, adv. {liberalis), ingcnv. 
 ously, liberally, honorably ; pro 
 fusely, boifntifully, liberally, muniii 
 cently. 
 
LIEERE 
 
 213 
 
 LITTERA 
 
 Lihere, adv. {liber), ingenuously, libe- 
 rally, honorably, freely; largely, copi- 
 ously. Liherius processi, — too freely. 
 
 Liberi, drum, m, pi, {liber), children 
 ifreeborn, not slaves), 
 
 IJbcro, are, dm, dtum, a. (Liber), to 
 set at liberty, free, make free ; to de- 
 liver, release, extricate. 
 
 Libertas, dtis,f. {liber), liberty, free- 
 dom, the state and condition of a free- 
 man ; independence, fearlessness. Jus 
 liberlalis, see Jus. 
 
 Libertus, i, m. (libero), a freed man, 
 slave made free. This appellation is 
 used when reference is made to the for- 
 mer master ; as, liberti Lentuli, the 
 freed-men of Lentulus ; otherwise the 
 freed-man is called, libertinus; but 
 libertus appears lo be sometimes used 
 for libertinus, C. 59. 
 
 Libel, libuit or libitum est, § 169, 
 imp., S^ 223, & $ 269, R. 2. it pleases, 
 it is agreeable. Uti libet, sc. tibi or 
 vobis, as you please. Libet mihi con- 
 fiteri, I am wilhng to confess, free to 
 own. 
 
 TJbidindse, adv. {libidindsus, wan- 
 ton), according to one's pleasure or 
 caprice, wantonly, arbitrarily, capri- 
 ciously. 
 
 Libido, mis,f. {libet), '^ 275, III, R, 
 1, will, inclination, feelings, fancy, 
 humor, caprice ; extravagance of de- 
 sire, wantonness; desire, propensity, 
 inclination, passion, lust, cupidity, sen- 
 suality, inordinate or ungoverned ap- 
 petite. In a good sense, pleasure, sat- 
 isfaction, delight. Habere libidinem, 
 to take pleasure, to delight Libido 
 dominandi, the lust of dominion. li- 
 bido animi, the same as libido, inclina- 
 *ion, passion. Ex libidine, as one 
 leases, arbitrarily, according to one's 
 pleasure, humor or caprice, in pursu- 
 ance of one's wishes. 
 
 IJbys, yos, adj., Libyan. Also, 
 nubs, m., a Libyan, an inhabitant of 
 Libya, a country in the western part 
 
 of Africa between Gaetulia and the 
 Atlantic ; pi. Libyes, Libyans. J. 18. 
 89. 
 
 Licenter, adv. {licens, free), too free- 
 ly, without due restraint ; freely, with 
 freedom. Sperans Romanos licentiiLi 
 futuros, — more remiss in their disci 
 pline. 
 
 Licentia, (L,f. {licens), § 275, III. R 
 1, (1.) licence, liberty, permission, in- 
 dulgence, leave, power, ability, free- 
 dom from restraint, opportunity; li- 
 centiousness, insubordination. Pol- 
 luta licentia, shameful corruption. 
 
 Licet, licuit ^^ licitum est, imp. $ 169, 
 $ 223, $ 269, R, 2, $ 262, R. 4, ^ 273, it 
 is lawful, it is pennitted or allowed, 
 one may. Licet mihi, illi, etc., I may 
 or can, he may, &c. : — it is possible, 
 
 Licinius, i, m. {M.), see Crassus. 
 
 Lictor, oris, m., a iictor, an officer 
 who attended on the principal Roman 
 magistrates, going before them, bear- 
 ing the fasces. They preceded the 
 magistrates in single file ; hence the 
 one who led the fie was called pri- 
 mus lictor, the one in the rear, and 
 next to the magistrate, was called prox- 
 imus. 
 
 Ligneus, a, um, adj. {lignum, wood), 
 of wood, wooden, ligneous, 
 
 Ligur, ^ Ligus, uris, m. ^f, of 
 Liguria, a countiy of Italy, a Liguri- 
 an. The Ligurians were subdued by 
 the Romuns under L. jErnilius Scau- 
 rus, A. U. C. 571, and became allies 
 of the Romans, J. 38, 77, 93, &c. 
 
 Umetdnus, i, m. {C. Mamilius), a 
 tribune of the people, A. U. C. 644. 
 J. 40. 
 
 Limosus, a, um, adj., miry, muddy. 
 from 
 
 IJmus, i, m., mud, slime. 
 
 Lingua, cc,f., the tongue. Fig. lan- 
 guage, words, speech, conversation, 
 discourse ; a tongue, language 
 
 Lit tern, ir,f, a letter of the alpha- 
 bet. Fig. littercB, a writing, compo 
 
LIXA 
 
 214 
 
 LUXUS 
 
 iition ^ook ; a letter, or letters, epis- 
 tle, or epistles; literature, letters, 
 learning. 
 
 Lixay CO, m., a suttler, victualler in 
 a camp. 
 
 Locdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Loco, are, dvi, atum, a. (locus), to 
 place, set, lay, dispose, arrange, sta- 
 tion ; deposit, store, put. Locare pri- 
 mos et exiremos, — in front and rear. 
 
 Locnples., Ids, adj. {locus ^ pleo, 
 ohs., to fill), rich, wealthy, opulent; 
 well stored, well furnished. 
 
 Locus, i, m., pi. loci, m. ^^ loca, n. 
 $ 92, 2, a place, room, situation, re- 
 gion, part, station, post, position ; na- 
 tural situation. Fig. a place, room, 
 • cause, opportunity, time ; reason, 
 ground, pretext ; condition, state, fa- 
 mily, rank, station, dignity. Omni' 
 bus locis, in all places, every where, 
 . $ 254, R. 3. Loco cedere, to give way, 
 abandon one's post, retire. Pelli loco, 
 to be driven from one's post. Urbes 
 munil(B loco, — strong by situation or 
 nature. Pro loco, according to the 
 situation, or the nature of the ground. 
 Id loci, that place, § 212, R. 3. Td lo- 
 corum, that time. Postea loci, or, as 
 some think it should be written, post 
 ea loci, corresponding in form with 
 id loci, after that, afterward, $ 212, R. 
 4, N. 4. Peccalo si locus esset, if error 
 were admissible, if a mistake were 
 allowable, or of httle consequence. 
 I^ocus difficilis, in military language, 
 a place of difficult approach. Cogna- 
 torum loco ducere, to reckon in the 
 place of— put instead of— esteem as- 
 
 I^ocutus, a, iLm, part, (loquor). 
 
 Longe, adv. (longus), far off, at a 
 distance, far ; very, very much, much, 
 exceedingly : of time, long, far. J^on- 
 gius, farther ; too far, $ 256, R. 9. 
 
 Longlnns, i, m. {L. Casnus), a Ro- 
 man senator confederate with Cati- 
 line. C. 17, 44, 49. 
 
 Longus, a, um, adj., long, either in 
 
 space or time : lasting, durable, ot long 
 continuance. 
 
 Loquor, i, cuius sum, dep., to speak 
 say, tell, declare, discourse, talk, utter 
 The ace. is sometimes omitted, $229 
 R. 4, 2. 
 
 I^ucius, i, m., a Roman prccnomen. 
 
 Luctuosas, a, um, adj., mournfiil 
 sorrowflil, lamentable, sad, doleful, 
 calamitous : from 
 
 Luctus, us, m. {lugeo, to mourn,) la 
 mentation, mourning, sorrow, afflic 
 tion, grief 
 
 Luculentus, a, um, adj. {lux), bright, 
 clear. Luculenta oratio, elegant, splen- 
 did-. 
 
 luucullus, i, m. (P.), a tribune of the 
 people in the Jugurthine war. J. 
 37. 
 
 Ludibrium, i, n. {ludo, to play), a 
 mock, mockery, laughing stock, jest, 
 sport, derision. Habere ludlbrio, to 
 mock, make a mock of, make sport 
 with, make game of, to impose upon, 
 trick, befool. Esse ludlbrio aliciii, to 
 serve as a laughing stock, to be the 
 sport of 
 
 Jjudif^co, are, dvi, dtum., a. ^ n., or 
 Ludificor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {Indus 
 ^facio), to mock, deceive, make a 
 fool of, trifle with, baffle. 
 
 Ludus, ?., m., play, sport, diversion, 
 pastime, amusement. 
 
 Lumen, inis, n., {luceo, to shine), 
 light ; a light, day-light. Fig. an or- 
 nament, honor. 
 
 Lux, lucis,f., light, day-light. 
 
 Luxuria, <b, f. (luxus), luxury, ex- 
 cess, riot, profusion, extravagance, 
 waste. 
 
 Lnxurios^, adv., luxuriously, sump- 
 tuously : from 
 
 Luxuriosus, a, um, adj. (luxuria). 
 luxurious, excessive, wasteful, prodi 
 gal, extravagant, voluptuous; rank 
 luxuriant. 
 
 Luxus, us, m., luxury, excess, riot 
 Per luxum, in luxury, luxuriously. 
 
M 
 
 215 
 
 MALEDICTUM 
 
 M. 
 
 M.f an abbreviation of the prceno- 
 men Marcus, 
 
 Macedonia, cb, /., Macedonia or Ma- 
 cedon, a large country between Thes- 
 Baly and Thrace. J. 35. 
 
 Macedonicus, a, urn, adj., pertaining 
 to Macedonia, Macedonian. C. 51. 
 
 Machma, cd, /., a frame, fabric, 
 work ,• a machine, engine ; a mihtary 
 machine, warhke engine. 
 
 Machinatio, onis, f. {machinor), a 
 contrivance, device, artifice; a ma- 
 chine, engine. 
 
 Machindtus, a, mn^ part, with a 
 passive signification, $ 162, 14, planned, 
 devised, contrived : from 
 
 MacJanor, dri, dius sum, dep. (ma- 
 cldna), to contrive, devise, plan, de- 
 sign, project, plot. 
 
 Magis, adv., more ; rather ; especial- 
 ly. It is often joined with eo, quo, 
 tanto, quanto, &c., as, eo magis, and 
 that the more, so much the more or 
 the more ; 7nagis magisque, more and 
 more. Its superlative degree is max- 
 ime, which see. Magis is not unfre- 
 quenily omitted before quam. Cat. 8, 
 48, etc. 
 
 Magistrdtus, us, m. {magistro, to 
 rule), an office either civil or military, 
 but especially a civil magistracy : also, 
 a civil or mihtary officer, but particu- 
 larly a civil magistrate. The ordina- 
 ry Roman civil magistrates were di- 
 vided into two classes, the majores, or 
 greater, and the minores or less. In 
 the former were included the consuls, 
 praetors and censors ; in the latter, the 
 ediles, quaestors and tribunes of the 
 people. 
 
 Magnifice, adv., magnificently, 
 splendidly, nobly, grandly, pompously, 
 in a lofty strain, in a style of enhance- 
 ment or amplification, boastfully, 
 Bumptuousiy, haughtily, pathetically; 
 from 
 
 Magnificus, a, um, adj. {viagnui 4* 
 facio), magnificent, splendid, noble; 
 boastful, proud, gloiying, ostentatious, 
 sumptuous, rich, costly; great, glo- 
 rious, exalting, conferring honor. 
 Magnifica pro se dictitare, — self glori- 
 fying. 
 
 Magnitudo, inis,f., (magnus), great- 
 ness, bulk, magnitude, extent ; multi- 
 tude, quantity ; weight, importance, 
 dignity. Magnitudo itineris, the length 
 of the march. Magnitudo animi, 
 greatness of soul, loftiness of spirit, 
 magnanimity. Post magnitudinem 
 nominis Romani, after the Roman 
 name or nation had become great. 
 Magnitudo pecunia:, a great sum, — a 
 great amount — . Pro magnitudine, 
 considering the importance, accord- 
 ing to the importance. 
 
 Magnum, adv., $ 192, 4, (h.) very, 
 greatly, extensively : from 
 
 Magnus, a, um, adj. (comp. major, 
 sup. maximus, $ 125, 5.), $ 250, great, 
 large, powerful, mighty, excellent; 
 much, considerable ; momentous, im- 
 portant, valuable. Magna vox, a loud 
 voice. Uhi mare magnum esse ccepit, 
 when the sea begins to swell. Cele- 
 brare in majus, to exaggerate, to en- 
 hance, to extol beyond due bounds, 
 magnify. 
 
 Majestas, dtis,f., {majus, ohs., great), 
 greatness, majesty, grandeur, digni- 
 ty- 
 
 Major, see Magnus. Major natu, 
 see Natu. 
 
 Majores, um, m. pi. {major), fore- 
 fathers, ancestors; the ancients. 
 
 Male, adv., comp. pejus, sup. pes- 
 sime, {malus), badly, ill, wrongly, 
 amiss, disastrously, wickedly. Malt 
 pugnatum, unsuccessfully — 
 
 Maledlco, ere, dixi, dictum, a. (male 
 (^ dico), ^ 225, 1, to speak ill of, rail ot 
 carp at, revile, slander, asperse, abuse, 
 reproach. 
 
 Maledictum, i, n., {mnledico), a re- 
 
 19 
 
MALEFACTUM 
 
 216 
 
 MANUS 
 
 proach, opprobrious or abusive lan- 
 guage ; an imprecation, curse. 
 
 Malefactum, i, n. {malefaclo, to in- 
 jure), evil deeds, crimes, injuries. 
 
 Maleficium, i, n., a bad action, mis- 
 deed, wickedness ; hurt, harm, wrong, 
 injury: from 
 
 Malvflcus, a, um, adj. (malefacio), 
 hurtful, ill-disposed, mischievous, in- 
 jurious, pernicious. 
 
 Malevolentia, cb, f. {malevvlens, ill- 
 natured), ill-will, envy, spite, malice, 
 malevolence. 
 
 Maliiia,cB,f,, malice; bad qualities, 
 demerit, perversity, villainy, wicked- 
 ness, vice. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui, irr. n. ^ a. {ma- 
 gis ^ volo), (3 178, 3,) $ 229, $ 271, $ 
 273, 4, to be more willing, choose 
 rather, desire more, prefer. It is often 
 followed hy quam, referring to magis 
 171 composition. 
 
 Malum, i, n., an evil, mischief, mis- 
 fortune, calamity, harm, punishment; 
 a fault, bad quality : from 
 
 Mains, a, um, adj. (comp. pejor, sup. 
 pesstmus), bad, evil, wicked, corrupt, 
 vicious ; worthless, mean, despicable, 
 vile, unprincipled; unsuccessful, un- 
 favorable, adverse, unfriendly, unfor- 
 tunate, mischievous, pernicious, un- 
 lucky. Fratres mali, — wanting in af- 
 fection, contentious, quarrelsome. 
 
 Mamilius, a, um, adj., of or relating 
 to Mamilius, Mamilian. Mamilia lex, 
 a law introduced by C. Mamilius 
 Limetanus for the trial of those who 
 had favored the cause of Jugurtha. 
 J. 40, 65. 
 
 Mamilius, i, m. (C), see Limetanus. 
 
 Manastahal, alis, m., a Numidian 
 prince, a son of Masinissa, brother of 
 Micipsa, and father of Jugurtha. In 
 some editions it is written Mastana- 
 lal. J. 5, 65. 
 
 Manchius, i, m. {Manillus), a tribune 
 of the Roman people, A. U. C. 646. 
 
 Mancipiuviy i, n. {jnancejjs, a pur- 
 
 chaser,) property, right of perpetual 
 possession, dominion ; a slave. 
 
 Manddtum, i, n., a commission, 
 order, command, charge, message. 
 Mandata efjicere or conficere, to exe- 
 cute, perform — . Dare maridata ver- 
 bis, to give a verbal message : from 
 
 Mando, are, dvi., atum, a., $ 223, 
 R. 2, ^ 273, 2, $ 262, R. 4, to commit 
 to one's charge, bid, enjoin, order, 
 command ; to commit, consign, com- 
 mend, confide, entrust. 
 
 Maneo, ere, si, sum, n. ^ a., to stop, 
 stay, tarr}% abide, remain, wait; to 
 last, endure, continue; to remain 
 firm. 
 
 Manifestus, a, um, adj., manifest, 
 clear, evident, plain, apparent; $ 213, 
 clearly convicted, evidently guilty. 
 Manifestum habere, see Habeo. 
 
 Manilius, i, m., see Mancinus. 
 
 Manipulus, i, m. {manns ^^ pleo, obs, 
 to fill), a handful ; a band of foot sol- 
 diers, a company, maniple, the third 
 part of a cohort. 
 
 Manlidnus, a, um, adj., Manlian, of 
 or pertaining to Manlius. 
 
 Manlius, i,m., (T.), see Torquatus. 
 
 Maidius, i, m (A.), a lieutenant of 
 Marius in the war against Jugurtha. 
 J. 86, 90, 100, 102. 
 
 Manlius, i, m. (C), a confederate of 
 Catiline, to whom was intrusted the 
 command of a large part of the forces 
 raised by the conspirators. C. 24, &c. 
 
 Manlius, i, m. {Cn.), a Roman gene- 
 ral who was defeated by the Gauls, 
 A. U. C. 649. J. ] 14. 
 
 Mansi, see Maneo. 
 
 Mansuetudo, 'inis, f, (jnansuetuSf 
 tame), gentleness, mildness, tamene8^ 
 lenity, clemency, humanity. 
 
 Mansurus, a, um, part, {maneo). 
 
 Majius, us, /., a hand ; art, labor 
 skill, workmanship; a body of men, 
 an armed force, army, band. Conse- 
 rere ?nanum, see Consero. Manu, by 
 hand, forcibly, by force of arms, vio- 
 
 ■ 
 
MAP ALIA 
 
 217 
 
 MAXIME 
 
 lently. Consulere alicui manu, to aid 
 by fighting. Neqiie consilio neque 
 manu,—'m action, in feats of arms. I 
 JEqua manu discedere, to come off 
 with equal advantage. Mami promp- 
 tus, prompt in action. In manu or in 
 manihus esse, to be in one's power, to 
 depend on one, with ut and the subj., 
 also, to be at hand, to be near or close, 
 in distinction from eminus. Facer e 
 prcdium manibus, to come to close 
 quarters, fight hand t) hand. Per 
 ntanus, by force, by main force, forci- 
 bly, also, from hand to hand. Res 
 iidesque in manibus siicc erant, their \ 
 property and credit depended upon 
 their manual labor. In manus venire, 
 to come within one's reach, come to 
 blows, come to an engagement. 
 
 Mapalia, ium, n. pL, the name given 
 by the Numidians to their cottages or 
 cabins ; also villages, hamlets. 
 
 Marcius, i, m., (,Q. Rex), see Rex. 
 
 Marcus, i, m., a Roman prcenomen. 
 
 Mare, is, n., the sea. Terra man- 
 que, or mari atque terra, ^ 251, R. 3, 
 2d par., by land and sea. Nostrum 
 mare, our sea, i. e. the Mediterranean. 
 Maria et montes poUiceri, to promise 
 seas and mountains, to promise bound- 
 less wealth, to make extravagant pro- 
 mises. 
 
 Marifimus, a, um, adj. (mare), of the 
 sea, lying near the sea, maritime. 
 Maritima ora, the sea-coast. 
 
 Marius, i, m. (C), a celebrated Ro- 
 man general, who conquered Jugurtha 
 and the Cimbri, and afterwards en- 
 gaged in a bloody civil war in oppo- 
 sition to Sylla. He was first appointed 
 consul A U. C. 647. J. 46, 63, &c. 
 
 Masinissa, ce, m., a king of Nu- 
 midia, and grandfather of Jugurtha. 
 J. 5,9, 14,24, 35,65. 
 
 Mas^iUa, cB,f., a maritime city in 
 ihe souihern part of Gaul, now Mar- 
 seilles. It was founded by the Pho- 
 ceans and was long distinguished on 
 
 account of the learning and refine- 
 ment of its inhabitants. C. 34. 
 
 Masslva, ce, m., a jNumidian, the 
 grandson of Masinissa, assassinated 
 by order of Jugurtha. J. 35, 61. 
 
 Massugrada, a:, m., the name of a 
 Numidian prince, the son of Masi- 
 nissa by a concubine. J. 108. 
 
 Mater, tris,f., a mother. Mater fa- 
 milias, ^ 43, 2, the mistress of a family 
 lady, wife. 
 
 Materia, a;, 6f Materies, ei,f. (mater), 
 matter, stuff, materials; wood, timber. 
 Fig. occasion, cause, source. 
 
 Maternus, a, um, adj. {mater), of a 
 mother, motherly, maternal. 
 I Mature adv. {maturus), in time, sea 
 ; sonably, opportunely ; quickly, prompt- 
 [ly, early, speedily, soon, hastily. 
 ! Maturo, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^ n., to ri 
 pen, make ripe, mature ; to accelei;ate, 
 hasten, quicken, despatch, expedite, 
 imake haste, $ 271,- to do a thing be- 
 fore the time, anticipate, be precipi- 
 , tate. ^Vith an injlnitive it may often 
 he translated, swiftly, speedily, rapidly, 
 with haste, &c. ; as, Maturare iter per- 
 gere, to pursue a journey with rapi- 
 dity; so Legati matarantes veniunt: 
 from 
 
 j Maturus, a, um., adj , ripe, mature, 
 j ready: seasonable, timely, opportune; 
 early, speedy, quick. 
 ! Mauritania <y Mauretania, (b, f., a 
 large country in the western part of 
 Africa, now Morocco and Fez. J. 16, 
 19,62. C. 21. 
 
 ! Maurus, a, um, ccZ;., Moorish Mauri* 
 tanian. Maurus, i, m., an inhabitant 
 of Mauritania, a Moor, Mauritanian 
 I J. 18, 19, 80, 82, 97, &c. 
 
 Max^inie. adv. {sup. of magis), § 127 
 I very greatly, in the highest degree 
 j most, most of all, eminently, much 
 very, for the most part, very much 
 above all ; particularly, chietly. espe- 
 cially, principally, in the first piuce. 
 Quammaxime, sexy much, asinuchas 
 
MAXIMUS 
 
 218 
 
 MENTIOR 
 
 possible Quam maxime longus, $ 
 127, as lasting as possible. Si maxime 
 animus feraf, if (our) minds (i. e. if we) 
 were ever so much disposed. Maxime 
 — secundum, most of all — next to that ; 
 in the first place — in the second place. 
 Multo maxime, most especially, in the 
 very highest degree. 
 
 Maximus, a, um, adj. {sup, of mag- 
 nus], greatest, very great, largest, ut- 
 most, chief, highest, most important. 
 Maxima amiciiia, very intimate friend- 
 ship. Maxima documenia, the strong- 
 est proofs. Maximum silentium, the 
 most profound silence. 
 
 Maximus, i, m., see Fabius. 
 
 Mecum, see Ego (^ Cum. 
 
 Medeor, eri, dep., $ 223, R. 2, to 
 cure, heal, remedy ; to correct, relieve, 
 obviate. 
 
 Mediocns, e, adj. {medius), middling, 
 moderate, tolerable, ordinary, indif- 
 ferent, common, of moderate extent or 
 size ; moderate, calm, temperate, well 
 balanced, unambitious. No7i medi- 
 ocris animus, not moderate, i. e. ar- 
 dent, ambitious. Mediocria gerere, 
 to engage in moderate enterprises, or 
 in hostilities of little moment. 
 
 Medium, i, n., the middle, midst. 
 In medio relinquere, to leave undeter- 
 mined or undecided. In medio, in 
 the middle, between ; also, in the cen- 
 tre : from 
 
 Medius, a, um, adj., mid, middle; 
 miiddle of, <i 205, R. 17, in the middle 
 or midst, the middle one, between; 
 as, medius ex irihas, $ 212, R. 2, N. 4, 
 intervening; common to all; mode- 
 rate ; neutral, taking part with neither, 
 inclined to neither side • 
 
 Me Dius Fidius, or as some prefer 
 writing it in one word, mediusfdius, 
 ere Diits <^ Fidius 
 
 Medus, a, um, adj., pertaining to 
 Media, a country of Asia ; of Media. 
 Medus, 1, m, a Mcde, an inhabitant 
 of Media J. 18. 
 
 Mehercule, adv., by Hercuies, truly 
 in truth. 
 
 Melior, oris, adj. (comp. of bonus) 
 better, superior, more excellent, pre 
 ferable. Bella melior, more warlike, 
 braver. 
 
 Melius, adv. {comp. of bene), better. 
 
 Memet, see Egomet. 
 
 Memmi, def.pret, $ 183, $ 272, 1 re 
 member, keep in mind, bear in mind 
 recollect, call to mind; mention. /: 
 is followed by a genitive or accusative 
 of the object, $ 216 and R. 1—3. 
 
 Memmius, i, m. (C), a tribune of the 
 people in the war with Jugurtha. J. 
 27, 30, 32. 
 
 Memor, oris, adj. {memini), $ 213, 
 mindful, remembering. 
 
 Memorabilis, e, adj. {memoro), wor- 
 thy of memory, worthy of being re- 
 membered or mentioned, memorable, 
 remarkable. 
 
 Memoria, as, f {memor), memory, 
 remembrance, recollection; time, so 
 far as its events are remembered ; as, 
 mea memoria, within my memory, in 
 my time ; — a record, report, narrative. 
 Memoria rerum gestarum, a narrative 
 of past events, history, the composi- 
 tion of history. 
 
 Memoro, are, avi, atum, a. {memor), 
 $ 272, $ 265, to mention, make men- 
 tion, recount, tell, relate, say, speak of. 
 Capso) conditor Hercules Libys memo- 
 rabatur, — was said to be, $ 210, N. 1. 
 
 Mens, tis,f, the mind, soul, under- 
 standing ; thought : a design, plan ; 
 intention ; will, purpose, memory, re- 
 collection, wisdom, skill ; reason, judg- 
 ment, opinion; nature, dispositinn, 
 feelings. 
 
 Mensis, is, m., a month. 
 
 Mentior, iri, Itus sum, dep., to lie, 
 speak falsely, assert falsely; to de- 
 ceive ; to feign, counterfeit, pretend, 
 invent. Cujus consilio tantmn rem 
 mentitus esset, — had devised such a 
 falsehood. 
 
MERCATOR 
 
 219 
 
 MILLE 
 
 Mercdtor, oris, m. (mercof), a mer- 
 chant, trader. 
 
 Merces, ed'is,f. (mereo), hire, wages, 
 pay, reward ; fruit, profit, gain, a de- 
 sirable object Manuum merces, the 
 wages of manual labor. 
 
 Mercor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {merx, 
 merchandise), to trade, traffic ; to buy, 
 purchase. 
 
 Merens, entis, part. ^ adj., deserv- 
 mg, worthy of, either in a good or had 
 sense : from 
 
 Mereo, ere, ui, itum, a. ^ n. ^ Me- 
 reor, Iri, itus sum, dep., to deserve, 
 merit, earn. 
 
 Meridies, ei, m.. (medius ^ dies), 
 mid-day, noon ; the south. 
 
 Merilb, adv. imeritus), deservedly, 
 with reason. 
 
 Meritum, i, n., merit, desert; a kind- 
 ness, favor; worth. Ex meritOj on 
 account of merit : from 
 
 Merifus, a, tim, part. ^^ adj. (mereo 
 ^ mereor), having merited or deserved, 
 deserving well; merited, deserved; 
 fair, reasonable, suitable, fit, right, 
 just. Meritus in prcclio, distinguish- 
 ed-. 
 
 Metellus, i, m.. (Q. CcBciUus), a Ro- 
 man consul who commanded in the 
 war against Jugurtha, A. U. C. 645 & 
 646, but was superseded by Marius. 
 He was subsequently honored with a 
 triumph, and received the surname of 
 Numidicus on account of his success 
 m the war against Jugurtha. J. 43 — 88. 
 
 Metellus, i, m., see Celer and Crei- 
 
 1CUS. 
 
 Meiior, iri, mensus sum, dep., to 
 mete, measure, take measure of; to 
 estimate, judge of 
 
 J\Ielor, dri, dtuSj sum, dep. {meta, a 
 bound), to measure ; to plan, arranga 
 Metari castra, to measure out the 
 ground for a camp, to pitch a camp, 
 to encamp. 
 
 Metuendus, a, um, part, (metuo), to 
 be leared, formidable 
 
 ; Metuens, entis, part, ^adj,, feanng, 
 afraid, afraid of: frojn 
 
 Metuo, ere, ui, n. ^ a., to fear, bta 
 afraid, apprehend, be afi-aid of: froin 
 Metus, us, m., fear, dread, care, con- 
 cern, apprehension, afright, alarm; a 
 terror, something feared. See Timor, 
 Mens, a, um, adj. pro. ^139 (wei, 
 gen. of ego), belonging to me, my, 
 mine, my own : meamet, the same as 
 mea, or mea ipsius. 
 
 Micipsa, cc, m., a king of Numidia 
 who died A. U. C. 636, after a reign 
 of thirty years. He was the son of 
 Masinissa and uncle of Jugurtha. J. 
 5, 6, 8, 9, &c. 
 
 Miles, itis, m. ^ f. (jnille), a soldier, 
 a foot soldier, a common soldier, in 
 distinction from an officer. Milites 
 scribere, to le^y or enlist soldiers. 
 
 Militdris, e. adj. {miles), of or be- 
 longing to a soldier, pertaining to 
 war, military, warlike, martial. Res 
 militaris, the art of war, military af- 
 fairs, war. Homo militaris, — experi- 
 enced in war, a good soldier. Mili- 
 taris a:tas, the military age, the age at 
 which the Romans- were bound to 
 serve in war, viz. from the seventeenth 
 to the forty-sixth year. Militaria 
 signa, standards. Militaris equus, a 
 I war-horse. Militaria facer e, to per- 
 form military duties. Militaris rei 
 j facinora, military exploits. 
 j Militia, cb, f {miles), militaiy ser- 
 j vice, warfare ; war. The genitive mili- 
 j tiae often signifies in war, or abroad, 
 in service, cspeciallij when joined with 
 ; domi ; Militia) patiens, able to bear 
 I arms. Militice Jlagitium, a disgrace 
 in war, a mihtary disgrace or of 
 fence. 
 
 I Milito, are, dvi, dtum, n. {?niles), to 
 serve as a soldier, be a soldier, serve. 
 Mille, num. adj. ind., a thousand. 
 Also a noun, ind. in sing., in pi. mil- 
 lia, ium, etc., n. $ 118, R 6. Mi'le 
 passuum, a thousand Roman paces. 
 
MIN^ 
 
 220 
 
 MITTO 
 
 or o ic Romaa mile; passimm in this 
 construction, is often omitted. 
 
 Mines, arum,f.pL, threats, menaces. 
 
 Minhne, adv. (sup. of parum), least 
 of all, least ; in negation, not at all, 
 not in the least, by no means. 
 
 Minimus, a, um, adj. (sup. oi par- 
 vus), least of all, the least or smallest, 
 very small or little. Minimus, or more 
 frequently minimus natu, the young- 
 est. 
 
 Minister, tri, m., a servant, attend- 
 ant; an aider, abettor, accomplice, 
 tool ; a helper, assistant. 
 
 Minitor, art, citus sum, dep. freq. 
 (minor), §223, R. 2. to threaten often 
 or much, menace. 
 
 Minor, us, gen. oris, adj. (comp. of 
 parvus), less, smaller, inferior, less 
 important. Minor is, n. ivith sum and 
 verbs of valuing, $214, for less, at a 
 less price, cheaper, of less value. Mi- 
 nores magistratus, see Magistratus. 
 
 'Minor, dri, dtus sum, dep., § 223, R. 
 2, (1,) 2d par. to threaten, menace. 
 Mina.ri alicui aliquid, to menace one 
 with — . Fig. to overhang, project. 
 
 Minucius, i, m., the name of a Ro- 
 man gens. Q. Minucius Rufus, see 
 Rufus. 
 
 Minuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to lessen ; 
 make less, diminish, abate, impair ; to 
 restrict, stay, check, restrain. 
 
 Minus, adj (n. comp. of parvus). 
 Bee Minor. 
 
 Mlniis, adv (comp. of parum), less ; 
 not. Si minus, if not. Quo minus, 
 the less. 
 
 Mirahilis, e, adj., v^^onderful, mar- 
 vellous, strange, astonishing: from 
 
 Miror, uri, dtus sum, dep., to won- 
 der, marvel, be amazed or astonished 
 at; to esteem, prize, value, admire. 
 
 Minis, a, urn, adj., wonderful, 
 strange, extraordinary. 
 
 Mfsceo, ere, miscui, mistum t^- m'lx- 
 <um, a, $245, II. & R. 2, to mix, min- 
 gle, blend, unite ; to confuse, disturb, 
 
 throw into confusion, fill with, con* 
 found, embroil. Miscere se cum ah- 
 quo, to unite or make common cause 
 with one. 
 
 Miser, a, um, adj., miserable, wretch- 
 ed, unfortunate;, distressing, sad, aP- ' 
 ilicting. 
 
 Miserahilis, e, adj. (miseror), to be 
 pitied, pitiable, deplorable, soriy, mis- 
 erable, lamentable, wretched. 
 
 Miserandus, a, um, part, (miseror), 
 pitiable, deplorable. 
 
 Misereor, eri, ertus ^ eritus sum^ 
 dep. (miser), $215, to pity, commise- 
 rate, compassionate. 
 
 Miseria, ai,f. (miser), trouble, mis- 
 fortune, calamity, misery, wretched- 
 ness; affliction, distress. Alicui in 
 miseriam vertere, to result in one's 
 ruin. Quoniam eo miseriarum ventu' 
 riis eram, since I was destined to 
 come to such an extremity of misery. 
 
 Misericord ia, cc,f., mercy, compas- 
 sion, pity . frojn 
 
 Misericors, dis, adj. (misereo, to 
 pity, ^ cor, the heart), merciful, com- 
 passionate, pitiful. 
 
 Miseritus, a, um, part, (misereor). 
 
 Miseror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (miser), 
 to pity, commiserate, lament, deplore. 
 
 Missio, dnis,f. (mitto), a sending, 
 mission; a sending away, discharg- 
 ing ; dismissal, discharge from office 
 or from military service ; in J. 64 it 
 seems to signify a temporary leave of 
 absence, a furlough. 
 
 Missito, are, dvi, dtum, a freq. (mit- 
 to), to send frequently. 
 
 Missus, a, um, part, (mitto). 
 
 Mithridattcus, a, um, adj., pertain- 
 ing to Mithridates, king of Por.tus, 
 Mithridatic. C. 39. 
 
 Mitto, ere, misi, missum, a., to send 
 despatch, depute, $230, R. 2, to throw 
 away, lay aside, dismiss; to omit, 
 pass over, let alone ; to throw, cast, 
 hurl, discharge. The purpose after 
 mitto is expressed by the former su 
 
MTXTUS 
 
 221 
 
 MOLLITIA 
 
 pine or the sutj. with qui. $ 276, II. & 
 264, 5. or a dative, $ 227. 
 
 Mixms, a, um,part. (jnisceo), mixed, 
 mingled, tempered, blended. 
 
 Mofnlis, e, adj. {moved), easy to be 
 moved, moveable ; fleet, swift, quick ; 
 inconstant, ficlde, flexible, pliant, 
 cliangeaole, variable. 
 
 Mobilzlas, dlis,f. {mobilis), mobility, 
 activity. Fig. inconstancy, fickleness, 
 levity, mutability, changeableness. 
 
 Moderdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., go- 
 verned, guided ; directing or regulat- 
 ing one's self, moderate, discreet, tem- 
 perate. Tanta teinperantia inler am- 
 bitlonem scEvitianique mcderaius, di- 
 recting his course in so happy a me- 
 dium between courting popularity and 
 the practice of excessive severity. 
 Nihil pensi neqae rriGderaH habere, to 
 have no consideration or self-control : 
 from 
 
 Moderor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {mo- 
 dus), §223, R. 2, & (1.) to moderate, 
 restrain, govern, regulate, rule, guide, 
 manage, steer, direct. 
 
 Modesie, adv. (modestus), moderate- 
 ly, with moderation, temperately, dis- 
 creetly ; modestly, humbly. 
 
 Modestia, cb, /., moderateness; mo- 
 deration, dispassionateness, discretion, 
 sobriety, modesty, decorum, shame, 
 subordination ; honor, dignity, charac- 
 ter ; lowliness, humility : from 
 
 Modestus, a, um, adj. (modus), mo- 
 derate, modest, temperate, sober, dis- 
 creet, gentle, unassuming, kind. 
 
 Modice, adv., moderately, modestly : 
 from 
 
 Modicus, a, um, adj. (modus), mode- 
 late, modest, temperate, sober. 
 
 Mod 6, adv., just now, now, lately, 
 but this moment. Modo — mode, modo 
 — interdum, m,odo — deinde, now — 
 now, sometimes — sometimes, at one 
 moment — at another moment, now — 
 then, at first— afterwards. Only, 
 alone, merely, simply. Si modo if 
 
 only, provided that. Modo or dum- 
 modo, provided, $ 263, 2. Quod modo. 
 provided it. Non modo, not only. 
 from 
 
 Modus, i, 772., a measure, manner, 
 way, method, means, fashion, rule, 
 mode; limits, bounds; order, rule, mo- 
 deration. Facere or slatuere modum 
 to set bounds or limits. Sine modo, 
 without measure, boundless. In mo- 
 dum, in the manner of, like. Omni' 
 bus modis, in every way. Habere 
 modum, to regard, observe — . Impen- 
 sius modo, very vehemently or great- 
 ly, beyond measure, very earnestly. 
 
 Moenia, ium, n, pi., the walls of a 
 city, taken as a whole or surrounding 
 the whole city. Any portion of the 
 mcenia is called murus ; and sometimes 
 the whole is so called, but a part of the 
 wall is never called mcenia ; the forti- 
 fications of a city; a city. 
 
 Moeror, oris, m., (mcereo, to mourn), 
 lamentation, sorrow, sadness, grief, 
 mourning. 
 
 Muesius, a, um, adj. (mcereo), sad 
 sorrowful, afflicted, melancholy. 
 
 Molior, Iri, itus sum, dep. (moles, a 
 mass), to attempt something difficult, 
 struggle, strive, labor, toil ; to attempt, 
 undertake ; to contrive, plot, meditate, 
 prepare. 
 
 Mollio, ire, wi, Itum, a., to soften, 
 mollify ; to appease, pacify, calm ; to 
 enervate, make effeminate : from 
 
 Mollis, e, adj., soft, tender, delicate, 
 pliant, flexible, gentle, weak, feeble, 
 susceptible; smooth, kind, pleasing. 
 Mollis sermo, tender, voluptuous, 
 amorous—. 
 
 Moltiter, adv. (mollis), softly, gent- 
 ly, calmly, easily ; delicately, luxuri 
 ously, effeminately; weakly, feebly 
 sensitively. 
 
 Mollitia, ce, and Molliiies, ei,f.(mol 
 Zis), softness, tenderness; effeminacy, 
 voluptuousiipss; gentleness, mildr't-s 
 weakness, imbecility, irresDluiiun 
 
MONEO 
 
 222 
 
 MULTUS 
 
 Agere per moUitiem, to live voluptu- 
 ouslyr delicately or effeminately. 
 
 Moneo, ere, ui, ttum, a. $ 218, & R. 
 1, & R. 2. to put in mind, remind, ad- 
 monish, advise, warn ; to teach, in- 
 struct, counsel, suggest. It takes the 
 subjunctive, and more rarely the injin- 
 itive, $ 273, 2. 
 
 Monitor, oris, m. (moneo), an advi- 
 ser, counsellor, admonisher, monitor, 
 prompter, teacher. 
 
 Moriitus, a, um, jtart. imoned). 
 
 Mons, tis, m., a mountain, high hill. 
 Fig. a great quantity. 
 
 Monumentum, i, n. {moneo, § 102, 4), 
 a monument, memorial, record. Mo- 
 numenta hostilia, monuments of hos- 
 tility. 
 
 Mora, cB, /., a delay, stay, stop, hin- 
 drance ; an impediment, obstacle, ob- 
 struction. Sine mora, without delay, 
 immediately, instantly. Agitare mo- 
 ras, to frame delays. 
 
 Moratus, a, um, part, (moror). 
 
 Morbus, i, m., a disease, distemper, 
 disorder, malady, sickness. Fig. a 
 bad passion, vice, weakness, failing. 
 
 Morior, i, mortuus sum, dep. $ 174, 
 (mors), to die, expire. 
 
 Moror, dri, dtus sum, dep. {inora), 
 to delay, tarry, stay, linger, loiter ; to 
 stay, abide, remain, dwell, live ; to re- 
 tard, detain, hinder, impede, delay, 
 stop, prevent* check. 
 
 Mors, tis,/., death. 
 
 Mortalis, 6, adj. {mors, $ 128, 2.), 
 mortal, perishable. Mortalia, human 
 affairs. Mortalis, is, m., a mortal, a 
 mortal man, pi., men, mankind, per 
 sons, mortals. Mortales is often used 
 instead of homines when joined with 
 multi or omnes, as including more 
 emphatically many or all of all ages 
 and of both sexes. Omnes mortale 
 all persons, every body. 
 
 Mos, moris, m., a manner, custom, 
 way, fashion, usage, conduct, man- 
 ners, behaviour, practice, habit, na- 
 
 ture, kind ; pi. morals, character, man • 
 ners. Sibi quisque pro moribus con- 
 sulunt, — according to their (several) 
 characters. More, or ex more, accord- 
 ing to custom : also, after the manner 
 of, like. Katura aut moribus, natu- 
 rally or by custom, by practice. More 
 militari, or militicc, according to mili- 
 tary usage. Illi mos est, he is wont 
 or accustomed. Ita se mores habenU 
 such is the custom or fashion. 
 
 Motus, us, m. {moveo), a motion, 
 moving, movement; a commotion, tu- 
 mult, disturbance, sedition, mutiny. 
 
 Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. ^ n., $ 
 251, to move, stir, impel, agitate, put 
 in motion, attempt, prosecute, pursue ; 
 to remove, drive away, eject, turn out, 
 degrade, expel; to excite, promote, 
 stir up, cause, occasion ; to affect, in- 
 fluence; to disturb; to incite; toper- 
 form. Movere castra, to remove one's 
 camp, to decamp. Movere jocum, see 
 Jocus. 
 
 Mox, adv., by and by, presently 
 quickly, immediately, soon. 
 
 Muliebris, e. adj., of or pertaining 
 to a woman, feminine, female, woman- 
 ish, soft, effeminate : from 
 
 Midier, eris,f., a woman, lady. 
 
 Multitudo, mis,f. (midtiis), a multi- 
 tude, great number, crowd ; the multi- 
 tude, rabble, populace. Plebis vis in 
 multitudine minus poierat, — notwith- 
 standing their number. Duces multi- 
 tudinum, the ringleaders of the popu- 
 lace. 
 
 Mrdtum, adv, (comp. plus, sup. pin- 
 rimiim, $ 192, II, 4.), much, very 
 much, very, greatly, far. Multum et 
 familiariter agere, to have frequent 
 and familiar intercourse :— in many 
 respects, in many cases, often : from 
 
 Multus, a, um, adj. (comp. n. plus 
 sup. phirimus, which see), many 
 much, a great deal, numerous, Ire 
 quent, too frequent ; great, consid»'ra 
 ble. Multus adessc, to be assiduous, 
 
MULUCHA 
 
 223 
 
 MUTUUS 
 
 diligent, intent, to be continually pre- , bulwark. Fig. securit}', protection 
 sent. 3/uZ?M5i/i5/are,— constantly, in- defence, preservation, presen'ative •- 
 cessantly. Multi, many, many per- ' from 
 
 sons; 2^50, the many, the multitude.; Munic, ire, ivi, lium, n. ^- a., to en 
 Midia, n„ much, many things, many close with walls, fortify, secure, pro- 
 words. D'lsserere multis, sc. fgr5i5, tect, defend, strengthen, 
 copiously, at length, at large. Mul- Munitio, dnis,f. [munio), the slcI o^ 
 tuniy 71., much, a great part, a consider- fortify^ing, a strengthening, defending; 
 able part Multo, n. abl., joined often a fortification, defence, rampart, bul- 
 vcith comparatives, superlatives, ^c. ^3,wark. 
 
 256, R. 16, <fc $ 127, 3d paragraph,- Munltus, a, um, part. <^' adj. (mu- 
 much, by much, far, by far, a great nio), fortified, defended, guarded, pro- 
 deal, considerably. Multi — pars, tected, secured, 
 many — some. The conjunction et or 3iM7iW5, ms, 72., a gift, present, boon, 
 atque a/fer multi, w:Ae7i another adjec- Te^ard, favor; an office, part, duty, 
 five follows, may commonlt/ be omitted charge, trust, employment; a show, 
 in translating into English ; as, Multa spectacle, entertaimnent, exhibition, 
 atque opportuna hahes. J. 102. Multas public games. 
 
 bonsque artes. J. 28. Multiset mag- Murena, <z?, m, (C. Licinius\ a Ro- 
 nis tcmpesta-ibus. . man general commanding in Tran- 
 
 Mulucha, (E,f., a river of Afiica se- salpine Gaid, A. U. C 692. C. 42. 
 paraiing Xumidia fi-om Mauritania. 
 
 J. 19. 9-2, 110. 
 
 Murus, i, m., the wall of a town or 
 city. See Moenia. Fig. a defence, 
 
 Mulvius or Milvius, c, ujh^ a^*., protection, security. 
 Mulvius pons, now Ponte Molle, a Mutalio, dnis,f. (muto), a chang'mg, 
 bridge over the Tiber, three miles altering, change, aheration ; an inno- 
 fi-om the middle of Rome upon the vation, revolution. Mutationes or 3/m- 
 Flaminian road, which led to Etruria. . tationes rerum, changes of govern- 
 C. 45. jment, pohtical changes. 
 
 Munditia, (k,f. (jnundus, ornament), i Muthul, is, m., a river of Xumidia. 
 cleanness, neatness, cleanliness, neat- J. 48. 
 
 ness in dress or habit, attention to- Muto, are,c2vi, atum, a. <)2Ad,11, to 
 dress; elegance, polish, refinement, i change, remove from its place, alter, 
 
 Municipium, i, 7i, [municcps, a bur- exchange, turn ; to barter, traffic, 
 gess), a town, particularly in Italy,! Mutare fdem, to \iolate one's en- 
 enjoying it3 own laws, while its in- ' gagements, be treacherous, change 
 habitants possessed the rights, in sides, break one's word. Mutare ia 
 whole or in part, of Roman citizens, sometimes used for mutare se, to 
 a free town, a municipal town. I change, alter, Gr. $229, R. 4. Qucc, quia 
 
 Munifcentia, az, f., munificence, ' mori'/s TTze/w thz^/o^/?/, (sc. 5e) because, 
 bountifidness, liberality, generosit}\ through fear of death, they changed, 
 Munifcentia animi, see Animus: i. e. assumed a different character, or 
 from : appeared differently from what they 
 
 Miuiif 2CUS, a, um, adj. {munus 4' fa-' would have done in other circum- 
 CIO), liberal, oountiful, bounteous, gen- stances, — did not appear to be gravia. 
 erous, munificent. ' et fiagitii plena. 
 
 Munimeiitum, i, n., a fortification,' Mutnus, a, am, adj., that is borrow- 
 snelter, protection, defence, rampart, [ ed or lent, borrowed, lent Sumen 
 
 30 
 
MYRTETUM 
 
 224 
 
 NRCESSARIUS 
 
 miituam pecuniam, to borrow money. 
 Reddere ccs mutuum, to repay a loan ; 
 mutual, reciprocal. 
 
 Myrtetum, i, n. {rnyrtus, a myrtle), 
 a myrtle grove, grove of myrtles. 
 
 N 
 
 Ndbdalsa, cb, ?«., a Numidian gene- 
 ral. J. 70, 71. 
 
 Nadus, a, um, part., {nanciscor). 
 
 NcB or Ne, adv., certainly, truly, 
 surely, indeed. 
 
 Nam, or Namque, causal conj. $ 198, 
 5, for; but, then. As a causal con- 
 junction it often relates to something 
 implied rather than fully expressed. 
 See J. 19, 28, 31, 63, 82 & 87. 
 
 Nanciscor, i, nactus sum, dep., to 
 meet with, find, light upon; to get, 
 gain, obtain. 
 
 Narro, are, avi, dtum, a., $ 265, to 
 tell, recount, relate, report, recite, set 
 forth, declare, narrate. Initium nar- 
 randi facer e, to commence a narra- 
 tion. 
 
 Nasica, cc, m., see Scipio. 
 
 Nascor, i, natus sum, dep., to be 
 born; spring, arise, grow, be pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Natio, bnis,f. (nascor), a being born ; 
 a stock, race ; a race of people, na- 
 tion, people, country. 
 
 Natu, ahl. of the defective noun na- 
 tus, us, m. ^94, (nascor), $250, by 
 birth, in age. Major natu, older, § 126, 
 4. Majores natu, men advanced in 
 years. 
 
 Natura cs, f. (nascor $ 102, 7.), na- 
 ture, the creative power; the nature, 
 natural property, character or consti- 
 tution of any thing ; inclination, dis- 
 position, genius. Concedere naturco, 
 to pay the d6bt of nature, to die. Ver- 
 tere in naturam, to become natural. 
 Natura and ah natura, by nature, na- 
 turally. 
 
 Natus, a, um, part, (nascor), $246, 
 born, sprung ; born to or for, intended 
 
 or fit for, suited. Annos natus cirnter 
 viginti, about twenty years old. 
 
 Navigo, are, avi, dtum, a. ^^ 71. 'navis 
 4" ago), to steer or navigate a ship ; to 
 sail, sail in or upon, navigate ; to ob- 
 tain by navigation. 
 
 Navis, is,f. $79, 3, a ship, vessel 
 bark, boat. 
 
 Ne, adv. ^ conj. $ 262 & $ 267, R. 1, 
 not, that not, lest : also for nedum, 
 much less; and for dummodo non 
 provided that not. Ne quidem, not 
 even, they are usually separated by an 
 emphatic word or words, $ 279, 3. Af- 
 ter verbs of hindering, from, with the 
 English gerundive ; as, Impedire ne 
 triumpharent, to hinder from triumph 
 ing. It is used instead of non before 
 imperatives and subjunctives used as 
 imperatives, $ 267, R. 1, & $ 260, R. 6, 
 3d clause. See also Nee. 
 
 Ne, enclitic conj. $ 198, R. 2. hi di- 
 rect questions it is commonly omitted 
 in translating into English ; in indi- 
 rect questions, whether; ne — an, or 
 ne — ne, whether — or. 
 
 Nee or Neque, conj. ^' adv. (ne ^ 
 que), neither, nor, and not ; also not ; 
 but not, not; nee — nee, or neque — 
 neque, neither — nor. Neque — neque 
 sometimes stand for et non — et non, 
 and in translating, the first que may 
 often be neglected. Neque iamen 
 or neque alone, referring to a conces 
 sive clause, and still or but still — not, 
 nor yet. Neque alone has sometimes 
 the same force as neque tamen. Ne- 
 que — et, and not — and ; or, not — and, 
 neglecting the que. 
 
 Necdtus, a, um, part. (need). 
 
 Neccssario, adv., necessarily, of ne 
 cessity: from 
 
 Necessarius, a, um, adj^ necessary 
 needful, unavoidable, indispensable, 
 urgent; friendly, favorable; JSecessQ' 
 rius, i, VI., a relation, particular ac- 
 quaintance, intimate friend, confi 
 ^VLWi'from 
 
NECESSE 
 
 225 
 
 NIHIL 
 
 Necesse, adj. n. ind., necessary, of 
 necessity, needful. <> 273, 4, $ 262, R. 
 4, Necesse est, it is necessary, it must 
 needs be, one must 
 
 Necessiiudo, mis,f. {necesse), neces- 
 sity ; want, need ; the tie of relation- 
 ship or friendship, relation, connex- 
 ion, acquaintance. 
 
 Neco, dreidvi,aUu?i,necui, necturrij 
 a, (7iex), to put to death in a cruel 
 manner, to slay, kill, destroy, murder. 
 
 Necubi, adv. {ne ^ alicubl, some- 
 where), lest any where, nowhere, that 
 nowhere. 
 
 xS'edum, adv., not to say, not only, 
 much or still less, much more. 
 
 Nefandus, a, um, adj. {ne ^^ fandus, 
 to be spoken), not to be named, impi- 
 ous, base, heinous, execrable, abom- 
 inable, atrocious. 
 
 Nefarius, a, um, adj. {nefas, unlaw- 
 ful), wicked, impious, base, heinous, 
 abominable, execrable, nefarious. 
 
 Negito, are, a.freq. (nego), to deny 
 often or strongly, persist in denying ; 
 to refuse positively. 
 
 Negligentia, ce, f. {jiegUgens, negli- 
 gent), negligence, neglect, careless- 
 ness, heedlessness, supineness. 
 
 Negligo, ere, lexi, ledum, a. {nee <^ 
 lego), to neglect, disregard, slight, 
 make light of, take no notice of, not 
 to care for or regard, scorn, contemn, 
 despise. 
 
 Nego, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n., $ 272, 
 to say no or not, deny, refuse. With 
 the infinitive active, to declare that 
 one is not, does not or will not. 
 
 Negotiator, oris, m., one who trades 
 or traffics, a merchant, factor, trader ; 
 particularly a Roman citizen residing 
 in a province, and lending money on 
 interest to the inhabitants of the pro- 
 vince, a banker, usurer : from 
 
 Negoiior, dri, atus sum, dep. {nego- 
 Hum), to trade, traffic, transact busi- 
 ness ; to loan money in the provinces, 
 to be a bajiker or broker. 
 
 Negotiosus, a, um, adj., full of bu- 
 sniess, busy, actively engaged in bu- 
 siness, occupied with public affairs 
 from 
 
 Negotium, i, n. {nee ^ otium), a bu 
 siness, office, employment, part, oc- 
 cupation, pursuit ; an affair, measure, 
 transaction, enterprise ; difficulty, trou- 
 ble, burden, task, charge; a matter, 
 thing, fact. Dare negotium alicui, to 
 commit, confide, intrust ; vnth ut, (^c., 
 $ 273, 2, to commission, order, charge, 
 Culpam ad negotia transferre, — to the 
 course of events, to circumstances. 
 
 Nemo, mis, m. fy f. {ne ^ homo), no 
 one, no body, no man, no. Nemo 
 omnium, no one, no man. 
 
 Nepos, Otis, 771., a grandson. 
 
 Neque, eonj. $ 198, R. 4, see Nee. 
 
 Nequeo, ire, Ivi, itum, irr, n., $ 271, 
 not to be able, to be unable, I cannot, 
 imp. it is impossible. It is commonly 
 .used as a deponent verb when followed 
 by a passive infinitive. 
 
 Nequicquam, <^ Nequidquam, adv., 
 in vain, to no purpose. 
 I Nequis, Ne quis, or Neu quis, qua, 
 quod CY quid, adj. pro. {ne ^ quis, ^ 
 \ 137, R. (c), ^ $ 138), lest any one, lest 
 some, lest a, that no, that no one, nor 
 any one. 
 
 Nero, onis, m. {Tib.), a Roman sena- 
 ■ tor during the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 jC. 50. 
 
 ; Neve, by apocope, Neu, {ne ^ ve, 
 or), nor, neither, or not, and not, and 
 that not. Neu quis, see Nequis. 
 I Nex, necis, /., violent death, mur- 
 der. 
 
 Ni, eonj. (by apocope for nisi), in 
 the protasis, $ 261, if not, unless. Ni 
 multitudo togatorum fuisset, if there 
 had not been, or had it not been for 
 the multitude — . 
 
 Nihil, n. ind. {nihilum, by apocope), 
 nothing. It is often used in the ace. 
 with a prep, understood, instead of 
 non, or nullus, not, in no respect, id 
 
NIHILUM 
 
 226 
 
 NOMEN 
 
 nothing, not at all, no. With a geni- 
 tive, no ; as, nihil causa:. Nihil reliqui 
 or reliquum facere, to leave nothing, 
 omit nothing. Nihil pensi, no con- 
 sideffition or care, $ 212, R. 3, N. 3. 
 Nihil languidly no inactivity or listless- 
 ness. Nihil remissi, no negligence. 
 Nihil ad me, te, <^c. sc. periinet or est, 
 is no concern of mine, does not con- 
 cern me, &c. 
 
 Nihilum, i, n. {ne fy hilum, the least), 
 nothing. Pro nihilo habere, to make 
 no account of, to account as nothing. 
 Nihilo, abl. with comparatives, not a 
 whit, not at all, in nothing, no. Ni- 
 hilo minus, nihilominus, or nihilo seg- 
 nius, no less, notwithstanding, never- 
 theless, § 256, R. 16. 
 
 Nimis, adv., too much, too, ex- 
 tremely, exceedingly. 
 
 Nisi, conj. $ 198, 8, {ne ^ si), used 
 in the protasis, $ 261, if not, unless, but 
 that, except, save only, but, and yet, 
 however. Nisi quod, except that, 
 only, but, but still. Nisi tamen, marks 
 an ellipsis, which is commonly to be 
 supplied from that which has gone 
 beibre;but still, but however that may 
 be, but yet. Nisi forte, unless per- 
 chance, used ironically, and com- 
 monly followed by the indicative. 
 
 Nisus, us, m., an attempt, endea- 
 vor, effort, exertion ; a tread, step. 
 Dubia nisu, perilous to attempt or 
 dangerous to tread upon, § 250 : from 
 
 Nisus, a, um, part., from. 
 
 Nitor, i, nisus ^ rtixus sum, dep, $ 
 245, II., $ 271, & $ 273, 1, to lean 
 upon, rest upon, be supported by, de- 
 pend upon, trust to, to strive, strain, 
 labor, endeavor, attempt, exert one's 
 se*f ; Niti ad, to strive for : — to make 
 one's way with effort, move, rise, 
 mount, advance, climb. Niti cor- 
 pore, to make gestures or motions, 
 make signs, gesticulate. 
 
 Nobilior, oris, m. (A/. Fulvius), a 
 
 Roman knight confederate with Gati 
 line. C. 17. 
 
 Nobilis, e, adj., {nosco), known, well 
 known, noted; famous, remarkable 
 noble, illustrious, glorious, celebrated, 
 distinguished; noble, high-born, ot 
 high birth. Nobilis, is, m., a noble 
 man. Nobiles, nobles, the nobility. 
 
 Nobilitast dtis,f., (nobilis), fame, re 
 putation, renown; excellence, noble 
 ness; high-birth, nobihty; greatnesw 
 of soul, magnanimity, generosity. By 
 metonomy, the nobles, the nobility, 
 the Patricians. Magna nobilitas, high 
 birth. 
 
 Nobis, see Ego. 
 
 Nocens, entis, part. ^ adj., {noceOt to 
 hurt), hurtful, mischievous, pernicious, 
 destructive, baneful ; bad, wicked, cri- 
 minal. 
 
 NoctUjf. abl. sing. "^ 94, {nox), by 
 night, in the night time. Ifie noc- 
 tuque, day and night, § 253. 
 
 Nocturnus, a, um, adj. inoctu), of 
 night, nocturnal, in the night. 
 
 Nolo, nolle, nolui, n. ^ a. irr. {non 
 4- volo, § 178, 2), § 271, 273, 4, to be 
 unwilling or averse. The imperative 
 oinclo, with an infinitive, is trans- 
 lated by not, and the infinitive, by an 
 imperative; as, nolite existimare, do 
 not suppose. Idem velle atque idem 
 nolle, to like and dislike the same 
 thing, to have the same desires and 
 aversions. 
 
 Nomades, um, m. <^ f. nomads, a 
 name given by the Greeks to the wan- 
 dering tribes of Asia and Africa, who 
 lived by pasturage. The same peo- 
 ple were called by the Romans Nu- 
 midcc. J. 18. 
 
 Nomen, \nis, n., a name, appel aticn 
 title. Nomine, by name, in the name, 
 and it may sometimes be translated by 
 the participles called or named, $ 250 
 Servants, among the Romans, had 
 but one name, but men who were free 
 
NOMINO 
 
 227 
 
 NUCERINUS 
 
 bom were distinguished by three jour relatives, friends, fellow- country- 
 names ; the nnmeyi, or name of their , men, soldiers, troops, &c. 
 gens or clan, the cognomen, or name NotuSy a, urn, part. <^ adj. {nosco,, 
 of their famila or family, and the \ known, well known. 
 prccnomen, or name of the individual. ! JSove, adv. {novus], newly; ^up. no- 
 To these was sometimes added the v/s5777ze, kiiely, veiy lately, last of all, 
 agnomen, on account of some exploit, lastly, finally. 
 
 &c. of the individual, $ 279, 9. — A fa- 1 November, <^ Novemhris, bris, brci 
 mily, stock, race, nation ; as, Xomen adj. {jiovem, nine), of or belonging to 
 Lalinum, the Latin nation, the La- November. November, brii>, m., the 
 tins ; — reputation, dignity, renown, '■ month November, 
 fame, character, name ; as, memores \ Novitas, utis, f. (noviis), ne^Tiess, 
 nominisRomajii,— bl ^pretext, pretence, freshness, novelt>% strangeness; new- 
 account, reason, excuse. Meo no- ness of family, want of noble ancestry 
 mine, in my name, on my account, see Horno. 
 
 Meis nominibus, on my own. personal, ! Novo, are, avi, dtnm, a., to intro- 
 private or individual account. Alienis (Juce as new, invent ; to change, aher, 
 nominibus, on account of others, in '^ j\^ovare, oxnavare res, to effect arevo- 
 the name of others. Hoc nomine, on \^x\q^ or change in government, to 
 this account, for this reason. ^ake an insurrection : from 
 
 Nommo, are, avi, alum, a, (nomen), 
 to name, call by name, to speak of. 
 to accuse. 
 
 Novas, a, um, adj., new, fresh, 
 recent, novel, unusual, uncommon, 
 strange, extraordinary ; inexperienced, 
 
 Non.adv. $ 191, R. 5, not, no. iVo^ unaccustomed to. Novus homo, see 
 quo, not that, not as if Et non and /fo^^^. ^Vo^j rnilites, new recruits, 
 ac non following quasi serve to cor- j.^^ soldiers. Novi atque nobilts, new 
 rect the preceding proposition, " and and old nobility. Res novce, innova- 
 not rather.' jtionsor changes in the state of af- 
 
 Nona, arum, f. {nonus, the ninth), ' fairs, a revolution, sedition, rebellion; 
 the nones, the ninth day inclusive be- change. Nova: tabula:, a remission 
 fore the ides. The nones occurred on i of debts, in whole or in part. See 
 the fifth day of each month except in j Tabula. Novissimus, a, um, sup., 
 March, May, Jtdy, and October, when j^^i^ extreme. 
 they fell upon the seventh, $ 326. j ^^ox, ncctis, /., night, night-time, 
 
 Nondum, adv. {non ^ dum), not yet, the night. Noctes atque dies, night 
 
 Nondum etiam, not even 
 
 not as yet. 
 yet. 
 
 Nonnullus, a, um, adj. {non ^ nullus), 
 some ; pi. some, some persons. 
 
 Nos, Nostrum, Nosmet, 
 Ego, ^ Egomet. 
 
 Nosco, ere, novi, notum, a., to be- 
 come acquainted with, learn. Novi, 
 I have learned, and hence, I know. 
 
 Noctem agitare, to pass the 
 
 and day. 
 night. 
 
 Noxius, a, um, adj. {noceo, to hurt), 
 hurtful, injurious, noxious; bad, wick- 
 etc, see ed, guilty, criminal. 
 
 Nubes, is,f., a cloud. 
 
 Nubo, ere, nupsi, ^ nupta sum, 
 nuptum, a. ^ n. $ 223, R. 2, to cover, 
 veil. Hence, as brides, in ancient 
 
 understand, am acquainted with, '^' times, were accustomed to put on a 
 183, 3 N. veil, to marry, be married, spoken of 
 
 Noster, tra, trum, adj. pro. $ I39,\the bride ojdy. 
 {nos), our. ours, our own. Nostri, ' Nucennns, i, m. (P. Sitlius), a Ro 
 
 20* 
 
NUDO 
 
 228 
 
 OBEDIENS 
 
 man, whose cognomen is derived 
 from Nuceria, a city of Campania, 
 where he was born. To avoid a 
 prosecution, he fled from Rome just 
 before the conspiracy of Catihne, 
 and having collected an army from 
 Italy and Spain, he passed over 
 into Africa, where he engaged in 
 the service of various native princes. 
 C.21. 
 
 Nudo, are, aviy dtum, a. $ 251, to 
 make naked, strip bare; to deprive, 
 bereave, strip, spoil : frotn 
 
 Nudus, a, um, adj., $ 213, naked, 
 bare, uncovered, unprotected, unde- 
 fended ; destitute, without. . 
 
 Nullus, a, um, adj. $ 107, {ne <^ 
 ullm), not any, none, no, nobody, no 
 one. Alia fuere, quce nulla sunt, — 
 none of which. 
 
 Nitm, adv. In direct questions it is 
 not translated, in indirect questions 
 whether, whether or no. 
 
 Numantia, cn,f.^ a city of Spain, an- 
 ciently of great celebrity, built upon 
 rising ground near the Duero. It was 
 destroyed by Scipio Africanus the 
 younger, A. U. C. 621. J. 15, 20. 
 
 Numantinus, a, um, adj. {Numantia), 
 Numantine, of or belonging to Nu- 
 mantia. Suhs. a Numantine. J. 
 7.9. 
 
 Numerus, i, m., a number, quantity, 
 multitude. Numero, ahl., is sometimes 
 added to numerals, as, numero quadra- 
 ginta, forty in number, to the number 
 of forty, or simply forty, ^ 250. In 
 numero, among, one of Ex numero 
 takes a demonstrative or possessive 
 pronoun in the same number and case 
 by attraction, instead of the genitive 
 plural as, Ex eo numero, instead of 
 ex eorum numero. Ex suo numero, 
 instead of ex siiorum numero, $ 207, 
 R.20. 
 
 Nuniida, cp, m., a Numidian, an in- 
 habitant of Numidia. J. 5, &c. 
 
 Numidia, cc, /., a large country in 
 
 the northern part of Africa, between 
 Africa Proper and Mauritania, com- 
 prehending the modern territories of 
 Algiers, Tunis, and a part of Tripoli 
 J. 8, 14, 16, &c. 
 
 Numidwus, a, um, adj., Numidian. 
 
 Numquam, see Nunquam. 
 
 Nunc, adv., now, at present. Nunc 
 commonly denotes a time actually pre- 
 sent to the speaker. In speahing of a 
 past time as then present, tunc isiised. 
 In arguments, now, such being the 
 fact, in this state of things. In this 
 sense it is frequently connected with 
 the imperative. 
 
 Nunquam or Numquam, adv. (ne ^ 
 unquam), at no time, never. 
 
 Nuntio or Nuncio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
 $ 273, 2, ^ 272, to announce, bear 
 tidings, tell, report, declare, relate, in- 
 form, give notice, make known, signi- 
 fy ; warn, charge ; pass. imp. nuncia- 
 tum est, word was brought, notice was 
 given ; from 
 
 Nuntius or Nuncius, i, m., news, 
 tidings, intelligence, advice, a mes- 
 sage ; a messenger, reporter. 
 
 Nupticc, drum, f pi. (nubo), a wed- 
 ding day ; a marriage, wedding, nup- 
 tials. 
 
 Nusquam, adv. {ne ^^ usquam), in n(7 
 place, no where. 
 
 Nutus, us, m. {nu9, ohs.), a nod, 
 beck, sign made by a motion of the 
 head. Fig. will, pleasure, consent. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oh, prep, with ace, for, on account 
 of, in consequence of; for the purpose 
 of, for the sake of; for, instead of 
 Oh rem, to the purpose, with advan 
 tage, profitably, usefully. Oh ea, i'm 
 these reasons, therefore, on this ac- 
 count. 
 
 Ohediens, tis, part. ^ adj. $ 222, obe 
 dient, compliant, yielding, subject, sub 
 missive, in subjection to, devoted o* 
 
OBEDIO 
 
 229 
 
 OBTINEO 
 
 enslaved to; prosperous, favorable, in 
 accordance with one's wishes : frcym 
 
 Obedio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. {oh ^ audio), 
 $ 223, R. 2, to obey, give ear to, com- 
 ply with, listen to, sei-ve. 
 
 Object 0, are, dvi, alum, a.freq. (obji- 
 cio), $ 224, to throw in the v/ay of, ex- 
 pose ; to object, charge, upbraid, cast 
 in one's teeth. Objectare aliquid ali- 
 cui, to charge one with — . 
 
 Objectus, a, um, part., thrown to, 
 exposed : from 
 
 Objicio, ere, jec'i, jectum, a. {oh ^ ja- 
 do), ^ 224, to throw before, throw to, 
 give, expose. 
 
 Obldius, a, um, part, (offero). 
 
 Oblmo, ere, levi, litiim, a. {ob ^ lino, 
 to smear), to daub or smear over, be- 
 daub, besmear, stain. 
 
 Obllius, a, um, part, (obliviscor), 
 having forgotten, forgetful, unmindful. 
 
 OblUus, a, um, part, {oblino), % 249, 1, 
 smeared, stained. 
 
 Obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, dep. $ 216, 
 to forget. 
 
 Oblongus, a, um, adj. {ob ^ longus), 
 oblong, having greater length than 
 breadth. 
 
 Obnoxius, a, um, adj. {ob <^ noxius), 
 $ 222, liable, subject, obnoxious; sub- 
 ject, dependent upon, obliged, be- 
 holden, or under obligations to, sub- 
 missive, in one's power, responsible, 
 devoted, influenced, swayed; abject, 
 sordid, fearful; exposed, liable to. 
 Esse obnoxia alicui, to humor or gra- 
 tify any one, to comply with his 
 wishes. ■ 
 
 Obruo, ere, ui, utum, a. {ob 6/- ruo, to 
 throw down), to cover over, over- 
 whelm, bury, sink. 
 
 Obrutus, a, um part, {obruo). 
 
 Obscuro, are, dvi, alum, a., to ob- 
 scure, darken ; to cover, hide, conceal ; 
 to render obscure, cause to be un- 
 known, cover with obscurity: from 
 
 Obscurus, a, um, adj., obscure, dark, 
 faint, dim, shady; obscure, hidden; 
 
 ignoble, mean. In obscuro vitam 
 habere, — in obscurity, in privacy. 
 
 Obsecro, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n. \flb ^ 
 sacro, to consecrate), $ 273, 2, to en- 
 treat or pray earnestly, beseech, im- 
 plore, supphcate, conjure, importune. 
 
 Observo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n. {oh <^ 
 servo), to observe, watch, note, mark, 
 mind, heed, attend to ; to obey, com- 
 ply with, submit to, regard ; to look up 
 to, esteem, honor, respect, reverence. 
 
 Obses, idis, m. ^ f. {oh <^ sedeo,) a 
 hostage ; any person who is a pledge 
 or security. 
 
 Obsessus, a, um, part, {obsideo ^ oh- 
 sido). 
 
 Obsideo, ere, edi, essum, n. ^' a. {ob ^ 
 sedeo), to sit around, beset, to take 
 possession of, occupy; to besiege, 
 blockade, invest, surround. 
 
 Obsido, ere, edi, essum, a. {oh ^ sido, 
 to settle down), to beset ; to besiege, 
 occupy, take possession of, surround, 
 environ. 
 
 Obstindtus, a, um, adj. {obstmo, t(* 
 resolve firmly), obstinate, stubborn, 
 perverse, inflexible» resolute, deter- 
 mined. 
 
 Obsto, dre, stiti, stdtum, n. {oh ^ sto, 
 to stand), § 224, $ 262, R. 9, to stand 
 in the way, oppose, withstand, hinder, 
 obstruct, be inconbistent or at variance 
 with. 
 
 Obstrepo, ere, pui, pitum, n. {ob tj- 
 strepo), to make a noise at or against, 
 interrupt by noise, prevent from being 
 heard. 
 
 Obtestdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Ohtestor dri, dtus sum, dep. {ob ^ 
 iesfor), to call solemnly to witness* 
 protest; to conjure, supplicate, en- 
 treat, beseech, $ 273, 2, $ 262, R. 4 
 Malta prius Pomptinum obtestatus, 
 having first on many grounds hn« 
 plored Pomptinus, $ 231, R. 5. 
 
 Obtineo, ere, tenui, tentum, a. ^ n 
 {ob ^^ teneo), to hold, have, possess ; to 
 keep, retain, preserve; to occupy oV 
 
OBTHUNCATUS 
 
 230 
 
 OFTENSUS 
 
 tfcin, get possession of, acquire, gain. 
 JE.a fama, quce plerosque obtinet, — 
 which holds possession of most per- 
 sons, i e. which generally prevails, — 
 is currently received. Nulla pro soda 
 obtinet, — occupies as a partner, holds 
 the place of a partner or companion. 
 Obtruncdtas, a, um, part. : from 
 Obtrunco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (o5 <^ 
 trunco, to maim), to cut off the head 
 or limbs, dismember, cut to pieces, 
 slaughter, slay. 
 Obtuli, see Offer o. 
 Obvenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. {oh ^ 
 nenio), $ 224, to meet by chance ; to 
 fall to one's lot, fall to ; to fall out, 
 happen, occur, offer itself 
 
 Obviam, adv. {ob <^ via), $ 228, 1, in 
 the way, so as to meet. Obviam pro- 
 cedere, prodire, ^c, to go to meet, 
 advance to meet. Obviam mitlere, to 
 send to meet. Obviam ire periculis, 
 to expose one's self to, encounter — . 
 Obviam ire, to go to meet, resist, op- 
 pose, go against, encounter. Obviam 
 itum est, opposition was made. 
 
 Obvius, a, um, adj. {ob ^ via), §222, 
 • meeting in the way ; going against, 
 opposing ; offering itself, obvious. 
 Obvius procedere, to go to meet ; also 
 to march against. Obvius esse, to 
 meet. 
 
 Occasio, bnis, f. {occzdo, $ 102, 7), 
 an occasion, opportunity, fit or con- 
 venient season. Per occasionein, when 
 opportunity offers, oil a convenient 
 opportunity. 
 
 Occasurus, a, um, part, {occzdo). 
 Occdsus, us, m. {occzdo), fall, ruin, 
 destruction; the going down or set- 
 ting of the heavenly bodies. Solis 
 occasus, sunset, the west. 
 
 Occzdens, cutis, m. {occzdo), the west, 
 the sotting-sun. 
 
 Occido, ere, cidi, czsum, a. {ob ^ 
 ca:dn), to beat, strike; to kill, slay, 
 murder, slaughter, destroy. 
 
 Occzdo, ^re, cidi, cdsum, n. {ob ^ 
 
 cado), to fall, fall down ; to go down, 
 set ; to die, perish, be lost. 
 
 Occisus, a, um, part, {occido). 
 
 Occulo, ere, cului, cultum, a., to co- 
 ver over, hide, conceal. 
 
 Occulte, adv. {occultus), secretly, 
 closely, privately, in private. 
 
 Occulto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. {oc- 
 culo), to hide, cover, conceal. 
 
 Occultus, a, am, adj. {occulo), hid- 
 den, secret, concealed, private. Oc- 
 cidtum habere, to keep secret. OccuU 
 turn, i, n., a secret place, a secret, a 
 hiding place, concealment. Esse in 
 occulto, to be concealed. 
 
 Occupo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ob ^ 
 capio), to seize, take possession of, 
 invade, occupy, fill, engross; to at- 
 tack. 
 
 Occurso, are, dvi, dtum, n. freq. {oc- 
 curro, to meet), to meet, fall in with ; 
 to oppose. 
 
 Oceanus, i, m., the ocean or main 
 sea. 
 
 Ocius, comp., ocisszme. sup. adv 
 {odor, swifter), more quickly or swift- 
 ly, more speedily, sooner. Quam 
 odssime, as speedily as possible, with 
 all speed. 
 
 Octavius, i, m., a Roman gentile 
 name, see Rufas. 
 
 Oculus, i, m., the eye. In oculis 
 situm esse, — before the eyes, in one's 
 view. 
 
 Odi, or osus sum, def. preteritive 
 verb, $ 183, 1, 1 hate, detest, abhor. 
 
 Odium, i, n. {odi), hatred, ill-will, 
 spite, animosity, dislike, aversion. 
 
 Odor 4' Odos, oris, m., a scent, 
 smell, odor; a stench, offensive smell. 
 
 Offendo, ere, di, sum, n. (J- a. {ob <^ 
 fendo, obs.), to hit, strike or run 
 against. Fig. to offend, give oflfeuce 
 to, displease. 
 
 Offensa, <c, /. {offendo), a striking 
 against; disgust, displeasure; an of 
 fence, injury; liability of offence. 
 
 Offensus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {offtn- 
 
OFFERO 
 
 231 
 
 OPPORTUNITAS 
 
 do)t being struck \ offensive, disliked, 
 odious; offended, displeased, averse, 
 angry, hostile. 
 
 Offero, ferre, obtuli, ohldtum, irr. a. 
 iob ^ fero)^ to bring before, present, 
 show, offer, give, hold forth. Qaosj 
 quoniam res obtulerat, as the subject 
 had brought them before (us). 
 
 Officio, ere, feci, fectum, n. {oh <^ 
 facio), ^ 2-24, to hinder, stop, obstruct, 
 oppose, stand in the way; hurt, be 
 hurtful or injurious to. 
 
 Officium, i, n., a duty, office, charge, 
 trust, engagement; business; kind- 
 ness, obligingness ; service, attention ; 
 employment, part. 
 
 Oleaster, tri, m. (olea, the olive), the 
 oleaster or wild olive-tree. 
 
 Omissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Omitto, ere, Isi, issiim, a. {ob ^ mit- 
 to), $271, to lay aside, leave off, omit, 
 let alone, let go, give over, cease, pass 
 over, say nothing of, leave, make no 
 use of Deditionem omittere, to give 
 over thoughts of surrender. 
 
 Ommno, adv. {omnis), wholly, en- 
 tirely, altogether, utterly, at all ; in 
 all, in the whole, but, only ; univer- 
 sally, generally. 
 
 Omnis, e, adj., all, every, the whole, 
 of all kinds; omnia, all things, every 
 thing. Honesta atque inhonesta, di- 
 vina et humana. are annexed to omnia 
 for the sake of emphasis, every thing 
 of whatever nature, every thing what- 1 
 ever. Omnia haec, after an enumera- ' 
 lion, are used for the purpose of em- ; 
 phasis. Sometimes in the predicate] 
 of a sentence omnis signifies only, 
 solely, purely; as, Perfugas omnes 
 prcBsidium imposuerat, — a garrison 
 consisting of deserters only, or de- 
 serters only as a garrison, $ 230, R. 2. 
 
 Onero, are, avi, alum, a., $ 249, I. 
 to load, burden, lade, fill, gorge: J rom 
 
 Onus, Sris, n., a burden, load, weight. 
 Fig. a trouble, burden. 
 
 Onu&tus, a, um, adj. (07i7zs), $213. 
 
 R. 5, (4,) laden, burdened, loaded 
 freighted. Ager onustus prceda, fulJ 
 of, filled with, abounding in — . 
 
 Opera, (E,f. {opus), work, labor, ser- 
 vice, assistance, aid, pains, exertion. 
 Dare operam, $ 273, 1, to manage, con- 
 trive, effect, cause, strive, exert one's 
 self, take care, see to it. Operce pretium 
 est, there is a reward for one's labor, 
 one's labor is repaid, it is worth the 
 while, it is profitable or advantageous. 
 
 Operio, ire, erui, ertum, a., to cover, 
 to close ; to conceal, hide. 
 
 Opes, see Ops. 
 
 Opifex, wis, m. <^f. {opus ^ facw), 
 a workman, maker, framer, artificer ; 
 an artist, artisan, mechanic. 
 
 Opimius, {L.), L. Opimius Nepos, a 
 Roman senator, (A. U. C. 633,) by 
 whom C. Gracchus and more tnan 
 three thousand of his adherents were 
 slain, and who is said to have been 
 subsequently corrupted by the bribes 
 of Jugurtha. Being brought to trial 
 for this, he was banished to Dyrra- 
 chium where he died in poverty. J. 16. 
 
 Opinio, onis, /., opinion, imagina- 
 tion, belief, conjecture, expectaiion. 
 Opinione asperius est, is more difficult 
 than is generally imagined. 
 
 Opitulor, dri, dtas sum, dep. {ops ^ 
 tulo, obs. to bring, whence tali), $ 223, 
 R. 2, to help, aid, assist, succor, re- 
 lieve. 
 
 Oporiet, uiU imp., $269, R. 2, it 
 behooves, it is meet, fit or proper, it 
 ought. 
 
 Opperior, Iri, oppertus <^ opperitus 
 sum, dep., to wait, wait for, tariy for, 
 expect. 
 
 Oppiddnus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
 longing to a tovm. Oppiddni, drum, 
 townsmen, inhabitants of a town- 
 town's-people : from 
 
 Oppidum, i, n., a walled town, town. 
 
 Opportanlfas, dtis, /., fitness, con- 
 venience, advantageousness, opportu- 
 nity ; benefit, advantage ; a favorable 
 
OPPORTUNUS 
 
 232 
 
 ORBIS 
 
 circumstance, lucky chance. Magna 
 opportunitas, a rare or favorable op- 
 portunity. Ex opportunitate, in con- 
 sequence of opportunity : from 
 
 Opportunus, a, um, adj., $ 222, com- 
 modious, fit, convenient, suitable, pro- 
 ])er, adapted to the pui-pose, advanta- 
 geous, favorable, seasonable, oppor- 
 tune; useful, serviceable; compliant, 
 subservient; exposed, subject, liable, 
 obnoxious. Malta atque opportuna 
 habes, — many facilities or advantages. 
 Opportuna res, a favorable conjunc- 
 ture, an advantageous state of affairs. 
 
 Oppressus, a, um, part, pressed 
 down, loaded, oppressed, borne down, 
 crushed, depressed : from 
 
 Opprimo, ere, pressi, pressinn, a. {ob 
 ^premo), to press, press or bear down, 
 oppress ; to cover, hide, conceal, stifle, 
 suppress; catch, surprise; to over- 
 power, rout, crush, subdue, make one's 
 self master of, seize upon, put down, 
 conquer, overcome, overthrow, kill, 
 slay. 
 
 Oppugnatio, onis, /., a fighting 
 against, attacking, assaulting, storm- 
 ing ; an attack, assault : from 
 
 Oppugno, are, avi, alum, a., (ob ^ 
 pxigno), to fight against, assail, as- 
 sault, attack, storm. Fig. to attack, 
 oppose, prosecute, harass, trouble. 
 
 Ops, ojns, f. $ 94, strength, power, 
 means, resource, might; aid, assist- 
 ance, succor, protection, help, sup- 
 port: pi. opes, opum, riches, wealth, 
 opulence, substance, property, estate, 
 treasure; power, weight, influence, 
 interest, authority; forces, resources, 
 means, strength ; help, aid, assistance. 
 Summa or maxima ope, with all one's 
 might or power. 
 
 0])tandus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {oj)to), 
 to be wished for, desirable. 
 
 Opttme, adv., (sup. of bene), very 
 well, excellently, best of all, best. 
 
 Optlnins, a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus), 
 very good, best, kindest, most bene- 
 
 ficent, best of all, excellent, most 
 eligible, most usefiil; bravest. Op- 
 iimus quisque, every man of high dis- 
 tinction or merit, of high standing ; 
 also, the most capable, the ablest, the 
 bravest. 
 
 Optio, onis, f, choice, liberty to 
 choose. Option. Facere optionem, see 
 Facere : from 
 
 Opto, are, dvi, otum, a. ^ n., § 273, 
 R. 4, to wish, choose, prefer ; to wish 
 for, long for, desire ; to wish, pray, re- 
 quest, ask. 
 
 Opulenter, adv. (opulentus), richly, 
 abundantly, splendidly, magnificently, 
 sumptuously, generously, bountifially. 
 
 Opulentia, a^,f (opulens, rich), opu- 
 lence, wealth, riches, abundance; 
 power, greatness. 
 
 Opulentus, a, um, adj. {ops), rich, 
 wealthy, opulent, abundant; powerfiil; 
 fertile. With the abl. rich or abound- 
 ing in, well supplied with, $213, R. 5, (3.) 
 
 Opus, eris, n., work, labor ; a work, 
 task; toil fatigue, hardship; military 
 works, fortifications, engines. In dis- 
 tinction from natura or locus, it signi- 
 fies, an artificial work, and hence 
 opere may often be translated, by art. 
 
 Opus, indeclinable noun <y adj. $ 
 243, & R. 1, $ 222, need, occasion, ne- 
 cessity; needful, necessary. Tantum- 
 modo incepto opus est, we need but to 
 begin. 
 
 Ora, <i:,f, the extremity, edge, mar- 
 gin, border, boundary; the coast, 
 shore. 
 
 Oratio, onis, f (oro), speech, dis- 
 course, language, speaking; a speech, 
 oration, harangue ; eloquence. Ha- 
 bere orationerji, to deliver, pronounce, 
 speak or make a speecli address, <kc. 
 
 Orator, oris, m. {oro), a speaker, ora- 
 tor ; an ambassador, deputy. 
 
 Orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, orb, 
 globe, sphere. Orbis terra; or terra- 
 rum, the circle of the earth, the earth 
 the world. Orbem facere, to draw up 
 
ORDO 
 
 233 
 
 PACI3C0R 
 
 troops in the form of a circle, to make 
 a circle. 
 
 Ordoj mis, m., order, arrangement, 
 disposition, regularity ; a series, course, 
 train : a rank, row ; a rank or file of 
 soldiers ; a battalion, band, company ; 
 an order, rank, degree, state, condi- 
 tion. Ordo senatorius, equester and 
 plebeius, the senatorial, equestrian and 
 plebeian orders, the rank of a senator, 
 knight, &c. Ordine, according to 
 law or custom, regularly, rightly, 
 wisely, properly, justly, $ 249, II. Ob- 
 servare or habere ordines, to keep or 
 mind the ranks, to remain in line. 
 Ordine egredi, to leave the hne or 
 ranks. Commutare ordines, to alter 
 the arrangement, or to change the 
 front (of an army). 
 
 Orestllla, ce,/., see Aurelia. 
 
 Oriens, entis, part, (orior). 
 
 Orlgo, mis, /., a beginning, head, 
 source, origin, original, cause, stock, 
 fountain, root; founder; a parent city 
 or state, mother-country :/rom 
 
 Orior, iri, ortus sum, dep. $ 177, to 
 rise, arise, grow up, spring, spring up, 
 commence, begin, appear. 
 
 Orndtus, us, m. (orno, to adorn), 
 ornament, embellishment, decoration ; 
 dress, garb, attire ; trappings, accou- 
 trements. 
 
 Oro, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. {ps, oris), 
 $ 273, 2, to speak, utter ; to beg, ask, 
 entreat, pray for, request, beseech, 
 make supplication. 
 
 Ortus, us, 771. {orior), a rising ; origin, 
 birth. Ortus solis, the rising of the 
 sun, the east. Ab ortu solis, on the 
 east. 
 
 Ortus, a, um, part, (orior), with all. 
 either alone or with ex., $ 246, & R. 2, 
 risen, sprung up, born, descended. 
 
 05, oris, n., the mouth. Fig. lan- 
 guage, speech ; the face, countenance ; 
 presence, sight. Loqui parum libero 
 ore, to speak with too litde boldness, 
 with too much caution or reserve. 
 
 Incedunt per ora vestra. — before youi 
 faces. Omnium ora in me conversa 
 sunt, the eyes of all — . 
 
 Ostendo, ere, di, sum <^ turn, {oh 4" 
 tendo), to show, hold forth or expose 
 to view, point out, indicate, betoken, 
 mean, manifest, display, discover, tell, 
 declare, make known. Ostendere se, to 
 sho\v or manifest one's self, to appear. 
 
 Ostento, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
 {ostendo), to show, to show often, point 
 out, display ; to make show of, exhibit, 
 hold out, offer, promise; to threaten, 
 menace ; to show vainly, vaunt, 
 boast of 
 
 Ostentus, us, m. {ostendo,) a show, 
 appearance, display. Esse ostentuij 
 to serve to display ; also, to be a 
 show, pretence or trick. 
 
 Otium, i, 71., ease, leisure, freedom 
 from business, want d^ employment, 
 idleness, retirement from public bu- 
 siness, private life ; quiet, repose, tran- 
 quillity, rest, peace. Per otium, ia 
 peace, during leisure; through want 
 of employment 
 
 P., an abbreviation of the prcEii> 
 men Publius. 
 
 Pabulum, i, n. (pasco), food for cat- 
 tle, herbage, gr-<?y, pasture, fodder, 
 forage, pasturaj^e. Humi pabulum, 
 the herbage of tlu> fields, the produc- 
 tions of the soil, as hexhs, roots, &c. 
 
 Pacdtus, a, um, \nrt. ^ adj. ipaco), 
 peaceful, peaceable, quiet, tranquil 
 reduced to peaceablo v-,ubjection, con- 
 quered, subdued. A'^ pacatis prccdas 
 agere, — from those >* ^o were at peace 
 (with the Romans.) 
 
 Pacifico, are, dv-. : Cum, a. ^ n. 
 {paclficus, pacific), to • \3at about or 
 make proposals of peac make or de- 
 sire peace. 
 
 Paciscor, i, partus sum ^t/ n ^ ^ * 
 bargain, covenant, agre- s.i v 
 
PACTIO 
 
 234 
 
 PAr^TICEPS 
 
 to promise or demand by covenant, 
 stipulate for. 
 
 Pactio, dniSff. (paciscor), an agree- 
 ment, bargain, contract, covenant, en- 
 gagement, condition, stipulation; a 
 corrupt bargain; a promise. Facere 
 piictlonem, to bargain or agree. 
 
 Pccne or Pene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 Palam, adv., openly, manifestly, pub- 
 licly. 
 
 Palans, lis, part, wandering, strag- 
 ling, dispersed :/ro77i 
 
 Palor, dri, dtus, sum, dep., to wan- 
 der to and fro, wander up and down, 
 rove, ramble, straggle, be dispersed. 
 
 Palus, udis, f., a marsh, morass, 
 bog, fen, swamp, pool, lake. 
 
 Panis, is, m., bread. 
 
 Par, parts, adj., § 222, and R. 2 & 
 6, $ 250, equal, even in number, like, 
 similar. When followed by et, ac ^ 
 atque, the same as. Par est, it is con- 
 venient, meet, proper, suitable, right. 
 Par esse alicui, to be equal to, to be 
 a match for — . 
 
 Paratio, onis, f. (paro), an aiming 
 at, getting, procuring. 
 
 Pardtus, a, urn, part. ^ adj. {paro), 
 with the inf. ^^ 270, R. 1, and rarely 
 with the suhj., prepared, ready, pro- 
 vided, furnished, fitted, equipped; in 
 readiness ; procured, bought. 
 
 Par CO, ere, peperci, <^ parci a. ^ n. 
 (parous), ^ 223, R. 2, to cease, give 
 over, abstain, let alone, omit, spare ; 
 to regard, favor, consult, respect, re- 
 frain from hurting or injuring, be care- 
 ful of; to pardon, forgive ; to use mo- 
 derately, be sparing of, save, keep, 
 preserve, reserve. 
 
 Parous, a, um, adj., sparing, frugal, 
 thrifty, economical, moderate. 
 
 Parens, tis, m. <^ f (pario), a parent, 
 flither or mother. 
 
 Parens, tis, pari. ^- adj., obedient. 
 Subs., a vassal, subject, dependent: 
 from 
 
 Pareo, ere, ui, ttum, n., $ 223, R. 2, 
 
 to appear, be seen ; to be in waiting 
 or attendance; to obey, submit to 
 comply with ; to indulge, gratify, hu- 
 mor, follow, be guided by, give way to 
 listen to, yield to ; to depend upon, be 
 subject to, be ruled or governed by. 
 
 Paries, etls, m., the wall of a house 
 or other edifice. 
 
 Pario, ere, peperi, partum, a., to 
 bear or bring forth young, produce ; io 
 occasion, cause, make, produce; to 
 acquire, procure, get, gain, obtain. 
 
 Pariter, adv. {par), equally, in like 
 manner, alike, just as much, at the 
 same time, together. Pariter ac, 
 atque, <^c., just as, equally as, as much 
 as. Pariter ac si, just as if Pariter 
 cum, at the same time with, at ; equal- 
 ly with, jointly with. 
 
 Paro, are, dvi, dtum, a. $ 271, to 
 make ready, provide, put in readiness, 
 prepare, make preparations, under- 
 take, attempt, go about, contrive, 
 order, dispose, furnish, equip; to ac- 
 quire, procure, get, obtain, aim at, 
 strive to obtain; to buy, purchase, se- 
 cure. Parare insidiai alicui, to plot 
 against — . It is also used absolutely 
 for parare se. 
 
 Parriclda, cc, m. ^ f {pater ^ ccedo)^ 
 a parricide, murderer of parents or 
 near relations ; a murderer, assassin ; 
 a miscreant, villain ; a rebel, enemy. 
 
 Pars, tis, f, a part, portion, piece, 
 share, side; some, part; ;)ars—/)ars, 
 pars — alii, alii— pars, some — others. 
 Magna pars, many. , Maxima pars, 
 most. Magna parte, in a great mea- 
 sure, for the most part.. Pars and 
 partes, a party, side, faction. Studia 
 partium, party zeal, party spirit. Par- 
 tium invidia, party rancor. Ab omni- . 
 bus partibus, on all sides. 
 
 Pariiceps, c'ipis, adj. {pars (J- capiof, 
 $ 213, partaking of, participating or 
 sharing in, privy to. Subs, a sharer 
 partaker, associate, accomplice, part- 
 ner. 
 
PARTIM 
 
 235 
 
 PAUCI 
 
 Partim, adv. (pars), partly, in part, 
 Bome some part. It is often used as 
 an indeclinable noun, and is frequent- 
 ly repeated or followed hy alii ,* partim 
 — partim, or partim — alii, some — 
 others. 
 
 Partio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. {pars), to 
 I art, divide, distribute. 
 
 Partus, a, um, part, (pario), acquir- 
 ed, gained, obtained. 
 
 Par urn, adv. (comp. minus, sup. 
 minime, which see), little, but a little, 
 too little, not enough. Parum muni- 
 ta, feebly — . Parum valere, to be 
 wanting in strength, to be feeble. It 
 is also used for minus or non, not. 
 Parum habere, see Habere, Parum 
 cognovi or comperi, I have not satis- 
 factorily ascertained. Parum facere, 
 to value little, to think little of. Pa- 
 rum seems sometimes to be a noun or 
 adjective in the nominative or accusa- 
 tive ; as, Parum sapientiw. Illis pa- 
 rum est impune male fecisse, it is not 
 enough for them — . Parum habere. 
 See f 212, R. 4, & N. 1. 
 
 Parvus, a, um, adj. (comp. minor, 
 sup. minimus, which see), little, small ; 
 young. Parvi pendere, see Pendo. 
 
 Passim, adv., here and there, up 
 and down, at random; every where, 
 every way. 
 
 Passus, us, m. {pando), a pace, step; 
 a pace, a Roman measure of five feet. 
 Mille passuum, a mile. See Mille. 
 
 Patefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. {pateo 
 ^ facio), to open, set or lay open, 
 throw open. Fig. to manifest, de- 
 clare, disclose, discover, detect, bring 
 to light, show, explain, make known. 
 
 Patef actus, a, um, part, (patefa- 
 cio). 
 
 PafefiQ , eri,f actus sum, irr. pass, of 
 Patefacio, $ 180, N. 
 
 Patens, entis, part. <^ adj., open, ly- 
 ing open, extending, stretching, ex- 
 tended wide : from 
 
 Pateo, ere, ui n., to be open, lie 
 
 21 
 
 open, extend, stretch; to be accessi- 
 ble; to be plain, evident, manifest, be 
 known, appear ; to be subject to one's 
 power. 
 
 Pater, tris, m., a father. Also, a 
 term of respect applied to Roman sen- 
 ators ; see Conscriptus. 
 
 Patera, cb, f. (pateo), a goblet a 
 broad cup or bowl. 
 
 Patiens, tis, part. ^ adj. (patior) 
 with ace, enduring, suffering ; with 
 gen., $ 213, able to bear or endure, ca- 
 pable of enduring, ready to endure, 
 patient 
 
 Patientia, (n,f., a bearing, suffering, 
 enduring, patience, forbearance, lame- 
 ness under injuries: from 
 
 Patior, i, passus sum, dep. $ 273, 4. 
 to bear, undergo, suffer, endure, brook, 
 tolerate, support; to submit to, bear 
 contentedly, to permit, allow, suffer, 
 let. 
 
 Patria, cc, f. (patrius), one's native 
 country or city, native soil or land, 
 one's countr)^ 
 
 Pafricius, a, um, adj. (pater), of or 
 belonging to a patrician, of patrician 
 rank, patrician, noble. Pafricius, i, 
 m., a patrician, a descendant of the 
 first senators, a nobleman of the first 
 rank at Rome. 
 
 Palrimonium, i, n. (pater), a pater- 
 nal estate, inheritance, patrimony ; an 
 estate. 
 
 Patrius, a, um, adj. (pater), of or be- 
 longing to a father, fatherly, paternal; 
 of one's country, native. 
 
 Patro, are, dvi, atum, a., to effect, 
 perform, execute, perpetrate, commit, 
 achieve, bring to a conclusion, end, 
 finish, accomplish. 
 
 Patrocinium, i, n. (pair onus, a pa- 
 tron), protection, patronage, support. 
 
 Pauci, <c, a, adj. pL, few, a few; 
 paiLci, a few men ; also, the few, the 
 aristocracy; a clique, cabal, junta 
 Paucis or paucissimis, sc. verbis, in 
 few words, briefly. Pauca milites hor 
 
PAUCITAS 
 
 236 
 
 PENSUS 
 
 tan, — briefly, in few words, § 205, R. 
 10, & $ 231, R. 5. 
 
 Paucitas, uiis, f. (pauci), fewness, 
 scarcity, smallness or paucity of num- 
 bers, paucity ; a small number. 
 
 Pauldiim, adv. {paiilus), by little 
 and little, by degrees, gradually. 
 
 Paulisper, adv., for a little while, a 
 little while. 
 
 Paululiim, adv. (paululus, very lit- 
 tle), a little, a very little, somewhat ; a 
 little distance ; a short time. 
 
 Paulwn, adv., a little. 
 
 Paulus, a, urn, adj., little, small 
 paulo, abl. with comparatives, ^'C. § 
 256, R. 16, (2); by a little, a little, 
 somewhat. Paulo post or post paulo, 
 just after, a little after, soon. Paulo 
 ante, see Ante. Paulum procedere, 
 ' — a little way. 
 
 Paulus, i, m. {L. j^milius Lepidus), 
 a Roman senator, who commenced a 
 prosecution against Catiline, under the 
 Plautian law. C. 31. 
 
 Paupertasy dtis, f. {pauper, poor), 
 poverty, need, indigence. 
 
 Paveo, ere, pavi, n., $ 232, (2.) to 
 tremble or be alarmed at, to fear, be 
 afraid, dread. 
 
 Pavesco, ere, n. inc. (paveo), to be or 
 begin to be much afraid, show signs 
 of fear, be alarmed, tremble. 
 
 Pavidus, a, urn, adj. (paveo), timid, 
 timorous, afraid, fearful, alarmed, af- 
 frighted. 
 
 Pax, pads, f., peace, quiet, tranquil- 
 lity. Agitare pacem, to live in a state 
 of peace, be at peace. Pace, and in 
 pace, in peace, in time of peace. 
 
 Peccdtum, i, n., a fault, error, of- 
 fence, sin : from 
 
 Pecco, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a., to do 
 wrong or amiss, commit a fault, err, 
 mistake, transgress, offend, sin. 
 
 Pectus, oris, n., the breast, chest. 
 Fig. $ 324,2, the heart, mind, soul, 
 memory, thoughts. 
 
 Peculdtus, U8, m. (peculor, to em 
 
 bezzle), the crime of stealing or exoe 
 bezzling the public money or proper- 
 ty, peculation, embezzlement. 
 
 Pecunia, cb, /., money, a sum of 
 money : goods, property, wealth, ricii- 
 es. Pecunia sumpta mutua, borrowed 
 money. Pecunia magna, a great sum 
 of money : from 
 
 Pecus, oris, n., tame animals; as 
 oxen, horses, swine, sheep, goats, &c.v 
 cattle, a herd. Pecora, pL, in disiinc 
 tion from man, the brutes, brute 
 beasts. 
 
 Pedes, itis, m. (pes), on foot ; a foot 
 soldier ; collectively, the foot, foot sol- 
 diers, infantry. 
 
 Pedestery tris, tre, adj. (pes), on 
 foot, going on foot, pedestrian. Pe- 
 destres copice, the infantry, foot sol- 
 diers. 
 
 Pelignus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to the Peligni, a people of Italy. 
 J. 105. 
 
 Pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, a., $251, 
 to drive or chase away, discomfit, 
 rout; to remove forcibly, expel, dis- 
 
 Pendeo, ere, pependi, n., to hang 
 from, to be suspended ; to hang, rest 
 or depend upon. 
 
 Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, a., to 
 weigh ; to weigh or ponder in one's 
 mind, think of, consider, deliberate 
 on ; to esteem, value, appreciate, re- 
 gard; to pay, liquidate, discharge. 
 Pendere parvi, to value little, care lit- 
 tle for, $214. Pendere pa: nas, to snif- 
 fer punishment. 
 
 Pene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 Penes, prep, with ace, with, in tlie 
 power of, in the hands or possession 
 of Fides ejus rei penes auctores erit, 
 the credibility of this account will 
 rest with the writers, i. e. the writers 
 must be held answerable for its truth 
 
 Peiisus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (peiidc) 
 weighed, considered, esteemed , prized, 
 valued ; valuable, precious, dear. Ni 
 
PENURIA 
 
 237 
 
 PERGO 
 
 kilf or nee quidqaam pensi habere, or dispirited, disheartened, surprised, as 
 <?«cere, $265, $271, not to care or re- tonished, filled with consternation, 
 gard, not to mind or consider, to have dismayed. 
 
 no consideration, regard nothing, re- 
 spect nothing, to reckon nothing pre- 
 cious. 
 
 Penuria, cc, /., want, need, lack, 
 scarcity. 
 
 Peperci, see Parco. \ 
 
 Peperi, see Pario. I 
 
 Perdttus, a, urrii part. <^ adj. lost, 
 ruined, spoiled, desperate, abandoned : 
 from 
 
 Perdo, ere, dMi, ditum, a. {per ^ 
 do), to destroy, ruin. Perditum eo, 
 see Eo, and $ 276, II, R. 2. 
 
 Perduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (per-^ 
 
 Per, prep, with ace, along, over, <?uco), to bring through, conduct, lead, 
 through, throughout ; for, during, ': convey, accompany ; to bring or draw 
 about, in, at, by ; between ; with, by, ' over, persuade, gain over, 
 through, by means of, on account of | Peregrlnans, tis,part., going or liv- 
 III prayers, ^c, for the sake of, in ing abroad. Subs, a traveller in a fo- 
 the name of Per me, se. etc. of my- reign country, a sojourner, 
 self, himself, &c. by myself, himself \ Peregrlnor, art, dtus sum, dep. {per- 
 &c. singly, without assistance, of eg-nnus, foreign), to go abroad, live in 
 one's own accord, without solicita- foreign countries, 
 tion, as far as depends on me, him, i Pereo, ire, ii, irr. n. {per ^ eo), to 
 &c. as far as I, he, &c. are concerned, perish, be lost or ruined, be destroyed ; 
 as far as I, he, &c. can effect ; intrin- 1 to die. 
 
 sically. So Ubiprimum potuissetper^^^ Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a 
 negolia puhlica, — so far as public bu- 1 {per ^ Jero), to bear or carry through ; 
 siness was concerned, For its use to bear, cany, bring, convey; to sup- 
 with words denoting the means: See; port, suffer, bear patiently, bear or put 
 
 % 247, R. 4. With an abstract noun it 
 often supplies the place of a corre- 
 sponding adverb ; as, per laxum, per 
 ignaviam, per scelus,per molUtiem,per 
 superbiam, per dedecus, &:c. ; see luocus^ 
 
 up with, brook. Perferre legem, or 
 rogailonem, to carry a bill through, 
 get a law passed. 
 
 Perficio, ere, feci, fecium, a. {per ^ 
 facio), $ 273, 1, to finish, complete, 
 
 &c. With the name of a person it often accomplish, effect, perform, execute 
 signifies, by tlie intervention of, by dispatch ; to bring about, cause. 
 
 the means or instrumentality of. In 
 composition, see $ 197, 8. 
 
 Perangustus, a, um, adj. {per, $ 197, 
 8, ^ angustus), very strait or narrow. 
 
 Percello, ere, culi, culsum, a. {per ^ 
 cello, to impel), to thrust or strike 
 aside, move forcibly, overthrow, over- 
 turn; to strike, hit, smite; to cast 
 dovm; to astonish, amaze, stun, sur- 
 prise, strike with consternation. 
 
 Percontor, dri, dtus sum, dep. $231, 
 {per (^ contor, to explore), to ask, in- 
 quire, question, interrogate. 
 
 Perculsus, a, um, part, {percello^, 
 
 Perfidia, ai,f. {perfulus, perfidious), 
 pei-fidy, treachery, perfidiousness, false- 
 hood, faithlessness. 
 
 Perfuga, 6c, m.^ a runaway, fugi- 
 tive ; a deserter : from 
 
 Perfugio, ere, fugi,fugitum, n. {per 
 i^fugio, to fly or flee for succor or 
 shelter, take refuge. 
 
 Perfugium, i, n. {perfugio), a refuge, 
 shelter, sanctuary, asy.nm, a place of 
 safe retreat. 
 
 Pergo, ere, perrexi perrectum, n 
 {per <^ rego), to go, proceed, go on, 
 come, pass on, go forward, advance. 
 
 struck, strongly affected, disquieted, I continue on one's way. Pergere iter^ 
 
PERICULOSE 
 
 238 
 
 PERTURBATUS 
 
 90 prosecute, pursue, proceed oii, — 
 $ 232, (1). Pergere festinans, to 
 hasten. 
 
 Pericidosl, adv., dangerously, with 
 danger, hazardously : from 
 
 Peri( hIosus, a, um, adj., dangerous, 
 hazardous, perilous : from 
 
 Periculum, i, n., a trial, experiment, 
 proof; risk, danger, hazard, peril. 
 Facere periculum alicui, to occasion, 
 cause — . Periculo suo, at his own risk. 
 
 Perinde, adv. (per 4'- inde), similar- 
 ly, just the same. Perinde ac, atque, 
 ut, just as, as, just so. Perinde ac si 
 or quasi, as if, as though, just as if. 
 
 Peritia, (B,f. {perltas, skillful), skill, 
 skillfulness, knowledge, expertness. 
 
 Perjurium, i, n. (peijuro, to swear 
 falsely), a false oath, perjury. 
 
 Perldlus, a, um. part, {perfero). 
 
 Perlego, ere, legi, ledum, a. {per <^ 
 lego), to read through, read over. 
 
 Permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. 
 {per ^ maneo), to remain, endure, 
 continue, last, hold out, persevere. 
 
 Permisceo, ere, iniscui, mixtum or 
 mistum, a. {per ^ misceo), $ 245, II. & 
 R. 2. to mingle, mix or blend together, 
 throw into confusion, confound. 
 
 Permiito, ere, isi, issum, a. {per ^ 
 mitto), to dispatch, send away ; $ 273, 
 4, to permit, give, grant, allow, suffer ; 
 to commit, intrust. Fis permissum 
 est, it was permitted them, they were 
 allowed or empowered. 
 
 Permixtio, bnis, f. {permisceo), a 
 mixing or mingling together, mix- 
 ture, confusion, convulsion. Permix- 
 tio terrce, a convulsion of the ele- 
 ments. 
 
 Permixlus, a, um,part. {permisceo). 
 
 Permbtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Permoveo, ere, movi, mbtum, a. {per 
 ^ moveo), to move, move greatly, stir 
 up, stir, affect, influence, lead, induce. 
 
 Pernicics, ei, f. (perneco, to kill), 
 death, destruction, ruin ; disaster, ca- 
 lamity. 
 
 Perniciosus, a, um, adj. {permcies\ 
 pernicious, hurtful, baneful, mischiev- 
 ous, destructive, deadly. 
 
 Perpello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {per 
 4' pello), to move, force ; to move, af- 
 fect, touch; to drive, induce, per 
 suade, lead, prevail upon, $ 273, 2. 
 
 Perperam, adv. {perperus, wrong) 
 wrong, amiss, preposterously ; falsely 
 incorrectly. 
 
 Perpetior, i, pessus sum, dep. {per ^' 
 patior), to suffer, endure, bear, abide, 
 undergo, submit to. 
 
 Persa, cc, m., a Persian. J. 18. 
 
 Perscrlbo, ere, psi, ptiim, a. {per ^ 
 scribo), to viTite, write out, write fully 
 or at large, report, record, copy out, 
 narrate. 
 
 Persequor, i, cuius sum, dep. {per i^ 
 sequor), to follow, come after ; to fol- 
 low close, pursue, press upon; to 
 revenge, avenge, punish ; to overtake ; 
 to execute, perform, do, accomplish ; 
 to recount, relate, narrate, treat of! 
 
 Perses, ce, $ 44, ^ Perseus, i, w., 
 the last king of Macedonia. He was 
 conquered by the Romans under the 
 command of jFlmilius Paulus, A. U. 
 C. 586. J. 80. C. 51. 
 
 Persolvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a. ^^ ru 
 {per (^ solvo), to pay, pay completely. 
 
 Persuadeo, ere, sudsi, sudsum, a. 
 {per df suadeo), $223, R. 2, $273, 2. 
 to persuade, advise, induce, prevail 
 upon. 
 
 Perierreo, ere, ui, ttum, a., {per ^ 
 terreo), to frighten greatly, terrify. 
 
 Peterritus, a, tun, part, {perterreo). 
 
 Pertimesco, ere, ui, a. <^ n. {per ^ 
 timesco, to become afraid), to fear 
 gready, be gready afraid. 
 
 Pertineo, ere, tinui, n. {per ^ ieneo), 
 to reach, extend, stretch ; to tend, aim. 
 Quo ilia o ratio pertinuit ? v/liither did 
 it tend ? what was its aim ? 
 
 Pertingo, ere, n. {per ^' tango), the 
 jsame as Pertineo. 
 
 Perturbdtus, a, um part, ^ adj.. 
 
PERTURBO 
 
 239 
 
 PISO 
 
 disturbed, disquieted, confused, thrown reach, go or repair to, make for, travel 
 
 into confusion : from 
 
 Perturbo, are, dvi, dium, a. {per ^ 
 turbo, to disturb), to disturb greatly, 
 throw into confusion, 
 quiet, discompose. 
 
 to, advance to. 
 
 Petreius, i, m. (M.), the heutenant 
 of C. Antonius in the war w^Ui Cati- 
 trouble, dis-line. C. 59, 60. 
 
 Petulantia, (p.,f. {petulans, petulant), 
 
 Pervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. {per | wantonness, insolence, petulance, im- 
 $- venio), $ 225, IV, to come to, arrive 'Pudence, lasciviousness. 
 at, reach, come. Imperium pervenit \ Phalerce, arum, f. pi., trappings for 
 ad ignaros, falls into the hands of—, horses; ornaments of men or women. 
 Perventum est, imp. sc. a nobis, illis, I Philmrd, drum, m. pi., the Philaeni, 
 
 &c., we. they, &c., arrive, $ 184, 2, & 
 $ 248, R. 1. 
 
 Pes, pedis, m., the foot Also the 
 measure of a foot. Irepedibus in sen- 
 tentiam, see Eo. 
 
 Pessime, adv. (sup. oimale), very ill, 
 very badly, worst. Quam quisque 
 pessime fecit, tam maxime tutus est, 
 the worse any one has behaved, the 
 safer ne is. 
 
 Pessimus, a, um, adj. (sup. ormolus), 
 very ill, very bad, the worst, most vi- 
 cious, depraved or corrupt. 
 
 Pessum, adv., down, to the bottom. 
 Pessum do or Pessumdo, $ 225, IV, 
 to send or throw to the bottom, sink, 
 plunge; to ruin, destroy, undo. Ad 
 inertiam pessum datus est, has sunk 
 into sloth. 
 
 Pestilentia, cb, f. {pestUens, pesti- 
 lent), a plague, pestilence. 
 
 Pestis, is, f, a pest, plague, infec- 
 tion, contagion; mischief, calamity, 
 destruction, ruin ; a pestilence, di- 
 sease. 
 
 Petitiot onis, /., a canvassing or 
 soliciting for an office, suit ; a petition, 
 demand, desire, request Petitionem 
 alicvjus cures habere, to strive to pro- 
 mote one's election : from 
 
 Peto, ere, tivi, tltum, a., $ 231, R. 4, 
 ^ 273, 2, $ 262, R. 4, to ask, seek, re- 
 quest, desire, entreat; to seek, sue, 
 Btand or apply for an office, to be a 
 candidate ; to seek after, covet, desire ; 
 solicit court woo ; to aim at, assail, 
 attack, aim a blow at; to desire to! young nobleman, who was an associ' 
 
 21* 
 
 two Carthaginian brothers employed 
 as commissioners to settle the boun- 
 daries of the Carthaginian and Cyre- 
 nian territories. J. 19, 79. 
 
 Phosnix, ids, m., a Phcenician, an 
 inhabitant of Phcenicia. J. 19. 
 
 Picenus, a, um, adj., Picene, per- 
 taining to Picenum, a region of Italy 
 on the Adriatic sea. Agcr Picenus, 
 Picenum. C. 27, 30, 42, 57. 
 
 Pictus, a, um, part, {pingd), painted. 
 Picta tabula, a painting. 
 
 Pietas, dtis, f. {pius, pious), piety, 
 veneration, respect, duty, love, affec- 
 tion, devotion, religion. 
 
 Piget, nit, itum, est, imp., with ace. 
 of the person and dat. of the thing, $ 
 229, R. 6, & § 215, (1,) & R., it grieves, 
 repents, pains, it is irksome or trouble- 
 some. Me piget, I am sorry, grieved, 
 pained, ashamed, &c. 
 
 Pilum, i, n., a javelin or dart 
 
 Pilus, i, m., a company of soldiers 
 armed with the pilum, a company of 
 the triarii or third hne of Roman sol- 
 diers, the first line consisting of the. 
 hastati,a7i^ the second of the principes- 
 Primufs pilus, the first company of the 
 triarii : see Legio. 
 
 Pingo, ^re, pinxi, pictum, a., to de- 
 pict delineate, paint, draw. 
 
 Piso, onis, m. (C. Calpurnius), a 
 personal enemy of Ca?sar, and a col- 
 league of M. Glabrio m the consul- 
 ship, A. U. C. 687. C. 49 
 
 Pise, onis, m. {Cn.), a profligate 
 
PISTORIENSIS 
 
 240 
 
 PLUS 
 
 4(6 of Catiline and Autronius in a 
 treasonable conspiracy, A. U. C. 688. 
 C. 18. 
 
 Pistoriensisj e, adj., of or pertaining 
 to Pistorium, a town of Etruria, now 
 Pistoia. C. 57. 
 
 Fix, picis,/., pitch. 
 
 Placeo, ere, ui, itum, n. $ 223, R. 2, 
 $ 269, R. 2, to please, give satisfaction, 
 be agreeable. Satis placere, to satis- 
 fy Placet, imp., it pleases: — mihi, 
 tioi, <^c. it seems good to me. it is my 
 pleasure, I like, I choose, decider de- 
 termine, resolve ; also, it is my opi- 
 nion. The dative of the person is 
 sometimes wanting. 
 
 Placide, adv., softly, gently, mildly, 
 quietlj/, peaceably, calmly, placidly: 
 from 
 
 Placidus, a, um, adj. {placed), quiet, 
 gentle, soft, mild, calm, easy, still, 
 placid. 
 
 Placitus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {placeo, 
 $ 162, 16\ $ 222, agreeable, pleasing, 
 grateful; agreed upon. 
 
 Placo^ are, dvi, dtum, a., to appease, 
 pacify, make calm, soften, reconcile, 
 quiet. 
 
 Plane, adv. {planus), openly, mani- 
 festly, clearly ; altogether, totally, en- 
 tirely 
 
 Planities, li,f., a plane, smooth or 
 even surface, a plain, level ground. 
 jEra< inter ceteram planitiem. mons, — 
 in the midst of what was otherwise a 
 plain : from 
 
 Planus, a, um, adj., plain, even, flat, 
 level, smooth. Planum^ i, n.» a 
 plain. 
 
 Plautius, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to the Plautian gens, Plautian. 
 Plautia lex, the Plautian or Plotian 
 law, a law introduced by P. Plautius, 
 A U. C. 665, for the punishment of 
 those who should be guilty of either 
 open or secret violence. C. 31. 
 
 Plthes, ei, or Plebs, is, /., the com- 
 mon people, plebeians, in distinction 
 
 from the patricians; the mob, rabble 
 populace. 
 
 Plenus, a, um, adj. {pleo, obs., to 
 fill), $ 213, full, replete, filled, rich, 
 abounding in. Pleno gradu, with a 
 quick step, at a quick pace. 
 
 Pleriimque, adv., for the most part, 
 commonly, generally, often. Uti pie- 
 ricmque solet, as usually happens: 
 from 
 
 Plerusque, ague, umque, adj. {plerus, 
 most, ^^ que), most, the greatest part. 
 It occurs more frequently in the plural, 
 and has in both numbers a partitive 
 translation, like primus, medius, etc. 
 $ 205, R. 17: as, Pleraque nobiliias, 
 the greatest part of the nobility, many, 
 many persons, a great part, the great- 
 er part, most, most persons or things. 
 Plerique, most men, $ 205, R. 7. (1.) N. 
 1. The neuter gender is followed by the 
 genitive; as, Plerumque noctis, $212, 
 R. 3. So the other genders with a 
 relative ; as, quorum plerisque. 
 
 Plurwiiim, adv. (sup. of multiim), 
 very much, most, especially, principal- 
 ly, chiefly, for the most part, general- 
 ly, commonly. 
 
 Plurwius, a, um, adj. (sup. of mul- 
 tus), very many or much, most, the 
 greatest part. Plurimum, the most, 
 very much : with a genitive, $ 212, R. 
 3. Qudm plurimum, or quam pluri- 
 mum potest, as many or as much as 
 possible. 
 
 Plus, pluris, adj. (comp. of multus, 
 $ 125, 5), pi. plures,plura, $ 110, more, 
 pluris or pluris pretii, of more value, 
 higher, of a higher price, dearer, worth 
 more, $ 252. Facere pluris, to value 
 higher, esteem more, $ 214. Plures, 
 more, a greater number, a majority 
 Quam plures, see Quamplures. Plus, 
 in the singidar is used with a noun in 
 the genitive expressed or understood ^ 
 212, R. 3. 
 
 Pliis, adv. (comp. of mnliiim) 
 more. 
 
PLUVIUS 
 
 241 
 
 PORCIUS 
 
 Pluvius, a, um, adj. {pluo, to rain), 
 lainy. Pluvia aqua, rain-water. 
 
 Poena, ce, /., punishment, satisfac- 
 tion, a penalty, fine. JUarejreddere or 
 solvere pcenas, to give satisfaction, 
 to suffer punishment. Capere poenam, 
 to take satisfaction, to inflict punish- 
 ment. Peterepcenas, to seek satisfac- 
 tion, try to inflict punishment. Esse 
 •posncL, $ 227, to serve for or to be de- 
 voted to pimishmont. 
 
 Pmm, dram, m. pi., the Carthagi- 
 nians. J. 79. 
 
 PcBTiitendus, a, um, part., to be re- 
 pented of, be sorry for : from 
 
 PcBTiileo, ere, ul, n. ^ a. {pccna), to 
 repent, be sorry, $ 229, R. 6. Imp., Pcs- 
 niiet me, etc., it repents me, &c., I re- 
 pent, regret, am sorry. 
 
 Pollens, tis, part. <^ adj.. § 213, 
 R. 5, (4.), having great power, able to 
 do much, powerful, strong, potent, ex- 
 celling, surpassing : from 
 
 Pollex), ere, n., ^ 250, to be able, be 
 very strong or mighty, be of great 
 force or power, prevail much, excel, 
 exceed, be powerful, great or strong. 
 
 Polliceor, eri, itus sum, dep., $ 272, 
 to promise, assume, hold forth, offer. 
 Malta polliceri, to promise many 
 things, make great promises. 
 
 Pollicitatio, bnis,f., a free or volun- 
 tary promise, promising frequently: 
 from 
 
 Pollicitor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
 (polliceor), to promise, assure, hold 
 forth, promise often. PolUcitando, by 
 oft repeated assurances. 
 
 PolUcltus, a, um, part, {polliceor) 
 having promised. In other authors 
 it is sometimes passive. 
 
 Polluo, ere, ui, utum, a., to pollute* 
 infect, defile, corrupt, contammate, 
 violate, dishonor, disgrace. 
 
 Pollutus, a, um,part. <^adj. {polluo), 
 polluted, defiled, unchaste, debauched, 
 foul, detestable, shameful. 
 
 Pompeius, i,m. {Cn.), Pompey the 
 
 Great, the distinguished rival of Julius 
 Caesar. C. 16, 17, 38. 39. See also 
 Kufas. 
 
 Pomptmus, i, m. (C), a praetor who 
 was faithfiil to the state during the 
 conspiracy of Catiline. He was Ci 
 cero's lieutenant in Cilicia, A. U. C 
 711. C.45. 
 
 Pondo, ahl. $ 94, (pendo), in weight 
 It is often used as an indeclinahh 
 noun, a pound. 
 
 Pondus, eris, n. (pendo), weight 
 gravity, heaviness; a load, burden; a 
 sum. 
 
 Pono, ere, posui, positum, a., to put, 
 place, set, lay ; to lay aside, lay down, 
 put off, terminate ; to propose, offer ; 
 to think, repute, judge, esteem, reckon, 
 account; to speak of, mention, set 
 down ; to make, constitute, $ 230, R. 
 2. Ponere vigilias, to post, station — . 
 Ponere castra, to pitch a camp, en- 
 camp. In partem tertiam ponere, to 
 set down as a third part. Ponere ante, 
 to place before ; to value more, allovi^ 
 more weight or influence to. 
 
 Pons, tis, 771., a bridge. 
 
 Pontifictdus, us, m. {pontifex, a pon 
 tiff), the office or dignity of a pontifex 
 or high priest, the pontificate. 
 
 Populdris, e, adj., of or belonging 
 to the people, popular ; one's country- 
 man, a fellow-countryman, one born 
 in the same town or country ; one of 
 the same party, an associate, partner, 
 accomphce; one acceptable to the 
 people, a popular man, one who courts 
 the favour of the people : from 
 
 Populus, i, m., those who compose 
 one state under the same laws, a peo- 
 ple, state, nation, community. It is 
 used v)ith less extent of signification 
 than natio and gens. Also in the sense 
 of plebs, the common people, com- 
 mons, the people, in distinction fnnn. 
 the magistrates or nobles. 
 
 Porcins, i, m., a Roman cognomen 
 or family name. 
 
PORCIUS 
 
 242 
 
 POSTERIOR 
 
 Porcius, a, um, adj., Porcian, of or 
 .elating to Porcius. Porcia lex, the 
 Porcian law, a law introduced by P. 
 Porcius Laeca, when tribune of the 
 people, requiring that no magistrate 
 should scourge a Roman citizen or 
 put him to death, but should permit 
 such as were condemned to go into 
 exile. C. 51. 
 
 Porrectus, a, um,part. ^ adj., stretch- 
 ed out, extended : from 
 
 Porrigo, hre, rexi, rectum, a. (porro 
 ^ rego), to stretch, reach or spread 
 out, extend, lengthen. 
 
 Porro, adv., right onward, farther, 
 afar off; then, moreover, besides. 
 next It often continues a discourse 
 in such a manner as to connect some- 
 Hiing which is the opposite of that 
 which had preceded it, and may then 
 not improperly he translated, on the 
 other hand, on the contrary. 
 
 Porta, (B, /., the gate of a city or 
 camp; a door, port, portal. 
 
 Portaiio, dnis,f. (porto,) a carrying, 
 carriage, conveyance, transportation. 
 
 Portendo, ere, di, turn, a. {porro ^^ ten- 
 do), to presage, portend, forebode, fore- 
 tell, foreshow, betoken, augur, reveal. 
 
 Portentum, i. n. {portendo), an omen, 
 prodigy, portent, miracle. 
 
 Porto, are, avi, atnm, a., properly 
 to bear or carry something heavy, and 
 this meaning may be traced even in its 
 figurative use, to carry, bear, convey, 
 bring, take, conduct, transport. 
 
 Portudsus, a, um, adj. comp. ior. 
 [portus, a harbor), abounding in har- 
 bors, having many good havens. 
 
 Posco, ere, poposci, a., to ask, de- 
 ntand, pray earnestly, importune, re- 
 (iuire, call for. 
 
 Posttus, a, um, part. {pono). 
 
 Posscssio, onis,f, possession ; a pos- 
 i^ession, an estate, property :/ro77i 
 
 Fossessus, a, um, part., possessed, 
 ovvned, held in possession. 
 
 Pussideo, ere, cdi, essum, a., to pos- 
 
 sess, have, hold, enjoy, be master of, 
 have possession of 
 
 Posszdo, ere, Idi, essum, a., to take 
 possession of, take into possession. 
 
 Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. {potis ^'• 
 sum, $ 154, 6), $ 271, to be able, have 
 power, I can ; to have authority, power, 
 influence, ability, weight. Possum is 
 joined with quam and the superlative 
 degree, in the sense of, as possible, &c. 
 See Quam. Possum is of ten followed 
 by the accusative of a neuter adjective 
 or pronoun, ^ 234:. Quantum ingenio 
 possem, as far as 1 should be able, 
 as far as my talents would per- 
 mit. Plus or amplius posse, to be 
 more powerful or efficient. Posse plu- 
 rimum, to be most efficient or ser- 
 viceable, of most avail. Quibus rebus 
 possum, by all the means in my power, 
 by all practicable means. Potest, imp., 
 it is possible, it can be. Potuit ho- 
 neslius consuli, one might have pur- 
 sued a more reputable course, or a 
 more reputable course might have 
 been pursued, § 209, R. 3, (6). 
 
 Post, prep, with the ace, after, since, 
 behind, in the rear of, next in order, 
 back of, subsejyuently to. Post eum 
 diem, the day after. Post diem oc- 
 tavum, the eighth day after. Ducere 
 post, to reckon of less importance. 
 Postfuere, were dropped or laid aside, 
 gave place. In most editions, the 
 words are united, postfuere. With 
 names of persons, in expressions de- 
 noting time, it supplies the place of a 
 clause ; as. Qui proximo anno post Bes- 
 iiam consulatum gerebat ; instead of, — 
 post annum, quo Bestia consulatum 
 gesserat. Also adv., after, afterwards. 
 
 Posiea, adv., {post <^ is), afterward, 
 after that or this, subsequently, here- 
 after. Postea loci, the same aspostca, 
 $ 212, R. 4, N. 4. See Locus. 
 
 Postcdquam, or Postea quam, adv 
 {postea (^ quam), after that, after, 
 
 Posterior, us. gen, oris, adj. (comp. 
 
POSTERUS 
 
 243 
 
 PR^CEPTUM 
 
 of poster us) J that comes after, poste- 
 rior, later, too late. 
 
 Ppsterus, a, mn, adj. (post), comp. 
 posterior^ sup. postremus, which see ,* 
 coming after, following, next, ensu- 
 ing. Posteri, drum, m., posterity, de- 
 scendants. 
 
 Posifui, see Post. 
 
 Postquam, adv.j {post ^ quam), $ 259, 
 R. 1, (2.) after, after that, when, as 
 soon as. 
 
 Postremo, adv., lastly, ultimately, 
 finally, at last. After an enumeration of 
 particulars, in fine, in short, in a word. 
 
 Postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of pos- 
 terus), last, hindmost. Poslrema acies, 
 the rear. In postremo or iii postremis, 
 in the rear. 
 
 Postuldtum, i, n., a demand, re- 
 pest, desire : from 
 
 Poslulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (posco), 
 ^ 272, $273, 2, to demand, ask, desire, 
 require ; beg, implore, urge. 
 
 Potens, tis, adj. {possum), $213, R. 
 5, (3) able, having power, capable, 
 strong, etficacious, powerful, mighty, 
 vigorous, rich, having great weight or 
 influence. 
 
 Potentia, cc, /., {potens), power, 
 force, efficacy; might, authority, in- 
 fluence, sway; empire, rule, domin- 
 ion, power not granted by the laws, 
 usurped power. 
 
 Potestas, utis, f. {possum), $276, 
 III, R. 1. (1.) ability, power, leave, li- 
 cense, liberty permission, opportuni- 
 ty; power granted by the laws and 
 constitution, dominion, rule, empire, 
 authority, command ; an office, post, 
 magistracy Potestatem facere, to 
 give liberty, afford opportunity. 
 
 Potior, in, Itus sum, dep. {pods), 
 S» 245, 1, & R. 1, to be or become mas- 
 ter of, gain possession of, conquer, 
 acquire, get, obtain, possess. 
 
 Potior, us, gen. oris, adj. (comp. of 
 potis), better, preferable, more excel- 
 lent, dearer, more esteemed. 
 
 Potis, indecl. adj., able, possible. 
 
 Potissimum, adv. {potior), most of 
 all, especially, chiefly, principally, in 
 preference to others, first of all, above 
 all. 
 
 Potissimus, a, um, adj (sup. of 
 potis), most of all, first of all. Igna 
 ri quid potissimum facerent, — what 
 they had best do. 
 
 Potiundus, a, um, part, {potior), 
 $ 162, 20. 
 
 Potiiis, adv. comp. {potior), rather, 
 preferably. It is sometimes omitted 
 before quam. 
 
 Poto, are, dvi, dtum ^ potum, n. ^ 
 a., to drink ; to drink to excess, tipple, 
 indulge one's self in drinking. 
 
 Potui, ^c, see Possum. 
 
 PrcB, prep, with the abl., before ; for, 
 by reason of, on account of; in com- 
 parison of In composition, see $ 197, 9. 
 
 Prccacuo, ere, ui, utum, a. {pro: <^ 
 acuo, to sharpen), to make very sharp ; 
 to sharpen, sharpen at the end or point 
 
 Praacuius, a, um, part, {prceacuo). 
 
 Prcealtus, a, um, adj. {prce, $ 197, 9, 
 ^ alius), very high or lofty, very deep. 
 
 Prccbeo, ere, ui, itum, a. {prco ^ 
 habeo), to give, supply, afford, minis- 
 ter, offer, furnish, provide. 
 
 Prabitus, a, um, part, {prccbeo), 
 given, supplied, furnished, provided. 
 
 Pra^ceps, cipitis, adj. {prce ^^ caput), 
 headlong, rapid; downhill steep, pre- 
 cipitous. Fig. rash, hasty, sudden, 
 inconsiderate, precipitate, headlong, 
 hastening. Agere pra:cipitem, to drive 
 headlong, to drive to desperation. 
 Dari prcBceps, to be plunged head- 
 long, precipitated, rush headlong, to 
 be ruined. Ire prcer.eps, to rush head- 
 long, plunge inconsiderately; to go 
 to destruction or ruin, to fall, be ru- 
 ined. 
 
 Prccceptum, i, n. {prcccipio), an oi 
 der or direction ; a precept, rule, max 
 im; advice, counsel, instruction; a 
 command 
 
PR^CEPTUS 
 
 244 
 
 PR^TiRUPTUS 
 
 PrcBceptus, a, um, part. {prcBcipio). 
 
 Prcccldo, ere, cldi, cisu?n, a. {prcB ^ 
 ecedo), to cut off; to shorten, abridge. 
 
 PrcBcipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. {prcB 
 ^ capio), to take before; $223, R. 2; 
 & $ 273, 2, to instruct, teach, direct, 
 charge, enjoin, order, command. PrcB- 
 ceptum est mihi, I have been ordered, 
 mstructions have been given to me. 
 
 Prcccipitdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 PrcBcipito, are, dvl, dtum,, a. {prce- 
 ceps), to precipitate, plunge, throw 
 headlong, huriy, drive. Fig. Se prce- 
 cipitare to hasten to ruin ; to min or 
 destroy one's self, accomphsh one's 
 ow^n destruction. 
 
 PrcBcisus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {prcs- 
 cido), cut off; steep, broken, precipi- 
 tous, 
 
 Pr (Belarus, a, um, adj. {pros, ^ cla- 
 ms), veiy clear or bright ; noble, illus- 
 trious, brilliant, conspicuous, famous, 
 celebrated, excellent, distinguished; 
 beautiful. 
 
 Pra^da, cc,f., prey, booty, plunder, 
 spoil, pillage; plundering, pillaging; 
 gain, profit, advantage. Agere prce- 
 dam or pra:das, to drive off captured 
 cattle and captives as booty ; collect 
 booty, plunder, take booty. BelUca; 
 prcedcB, the spoils of war. 
 
 PrcBdabundus a, am, adj. {prcedor), 
 $ 129, 1, ravaging, pillaging. Dicit se 
 proidabundum eodem esse venturum, 
 — after going on a predatory excur- 
 sion. 
 
 PrcBddtor, 5ris, m. {prccdor), a rob- 
 ber, pillager, plunderer. 
 
 Pra:datorius, a, um, adj. {prcedator), 
 robbing or plundering, predatory. 
 
 Prcedico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {prce ^ 
 dico, are), to spread abroad, proclaim, 
 report, publish, declare, give out, pre- 
 tend, say, tell, relate ; to praise, com- 
 mend, extol, celebrate. Be7ie prcBdi- 
 care, to speak well of, extol. 
 
 Pra:dico, ere, x'l, ctum, a. (prw ^ 
 dico, ire), to tell before, premise ; to 
 
 foretell, forewarn, predict ; to admon- 
 ish, charge, order, direct, enjoin; to 
 make known, appoint, give notice of, 
 $265. 
 
 Prcoditus, a, um, adj. (prcB^datus), 
 $244, having, possessed of, endued 
 with. 
 
 Prccdvceo, ere, cui, ctum, a. {prcs <^ 
 doceo), to teach beforehand. 
 
 Pradoctus, a, um,part. (prcedoceo), 
 previously instructed. 
 
 Praidor, dri, dtus stem, {prosda), to 
 rob, plunder, pillage, spoil, ravage. 
 
 Prafectus, a, um, part. (prcEfido), 
 set over, appointed to the command. 
 
 Prcefectus, i, m. {prceficio), a super- 
 hitendent, overseer, director, presi- 
 dent, governor, prefect, a general, 
 commander, a general of cavaliy, the 
 general commanding the cavalry of 
 the allies in the wing of the army. 
 
 Prayfero, ferre, tuli, Idtum, irr. a. 
 {pros. ^ fero), $224, to bear or carry 
 before; to show; to prefer, give the 
 preference to, choose rather. 
 
 PrcBficio, ere, feci,fectum, a. {prm 
 dffacio), $ 224, to set over, appoint to 
 the command. 
 
 Pr(£gredior, edi, gressus sum, dcp. 
 iprcD <^ gradior, to step), to go before, 
 precede. 
 
 Prccmissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Pra^miito, ere, m'lsi, inissum, a. {prce 
 ^ m'lito), to send before. The purpose 
 is expressed by qui and the subj. $ 264, 
 5, or by the former supine, ^ 276 II. 
 
 PrcBmium, i, n., money ; utility, pro- 
 fit, advantage ; a reward, recompense, 
 premium, prize ; a promised reward, 
 offer. 
 
 Prcrpedio, Ire, wi, Hum, a. {prcr. ^ 
 pes), to impede, hinder, obstruct; to 
 bind, shackle. 
 
 Pra:posterus, a, um, adj. {pro; ^ 
 posterus), having that first which 
 ought to be last, preposterous, ab- 
 surd. 
 
 Prcerupius, a, um, adj. {prcBrumpo, 
 
PRiESi^NS 
 
 245 
 
 PREX 
 
 to break off), broken, steep, craggy, 
 rugged, hard to climb. 
 
 PrcESens, tis, adj. {prcB ^ ens, § 154, 
 1), present, at hand, in person ; vigor- 
 ous, active, ready, prompt, resolute. 
 In prcesens, sc. tempus, at present, for 
 tne present, now. 
 
 PrcBsentia,Gc,f. {prcBsensX presence, 
 sight, appearance. 
 
 Prcosertim, adv., especially, chiefly, 
 particularly. Quum prcesertim or prco- 
 sertim quum, especially since. 
 
 Prceszdeo, ere, edi, essujn, n. (prce ^ 
 sedeo), to preside over, superintend, 
 direct, command, have the command. 
 
 PrcEsid'uim, i, n. (prceses, a presi- 
 dent), a guard, garrison, escort; a de- 
 fence, protection, security, guard ; aid, 
 succor, help, assistance, support, re- 
 source, refuge, relief, reinforcement. 
 
 PrcEstabilis, e, adj. {prcESto, are, 
 $ 129, 3), excellent, distinguished, no- 
 ble : from 
 
 Prccsto, adv., present, ready, at 
 hand : joined with sum it signifies to 
 be ready, be present, be in attendance. 
 
 PrcESto, are, iti, itum, a. ^ n. {prcB 
 ^ sto), $ 224, & R. 5, to stand before ; 
 $ 250, to be superior to or better than, 
 excel, surpass, be distinguished ; rare- 
 ly also in a had sense, to be distin- 
 guished or notorious ; to do, execute, 
 perform, cause, make, effect, $ 273, 1. 
 PrcBstat, imp., it is better. 
 
 PrcESiim, esse, fui, irr. n. {prce ^ 
 sum), $224, to be set over, preside 
 over, have the charge or command 
 of, rule over, direct. 
 
 Procter, prep, with the ace, before, 
 close by, near, past, besides, in addi- 
 tion to ; except, save. Also adv., ex- 
 cept, save only. 
 
 PrcBterea, adv. (prceter <^ is), be- 
 sides, moreover; then, next; at any 
 other time, in any other instance. As 
 a connective, before a noun, and also, 
 before a noun and adjective, and other. 
 
 Prdtereo, Ire, ii, ttum, irr. n. ^ a. 
 
 (prcBter ^ eo), $ 182, R. 3. to go or pass 
 by, pass along ; to pass over, leave out, 
 pass over in silence, let slip, omit 
 
 Proitergredior, edi, gressus sum, 
 dep. {propter <^ gradior, to step), ^ 233, 
 to go past or beyond, pass by. 
 
 Praetor, dris, m. {pra-eo, to go be- 
 fore), a pretor, chief commander or 
 magistrate, a general. Prcetor or 
 Praetor urbanus, a civil magistrate 
 next in rank to the consul, a judge. 
 Pro pra:tore, one invested with the 
 power of a pretor or commander in 
 chief; sometimes temporarily, as dur- 
 ing the absence of the general. 
 
 PrcEtorium, i, n., the pretorium, the 
 general's tent or pavilion in the camp : 
 from 
 
 I PrcBtorius, a, um, adj. {prcetor), of 
 I or belonging to a pretor, pretorian. 
 ^Prcetoria cohors, the pretorian cohort 
 i or general's guard. 
 
 I PrcBtura, (B,f., the pretorship, ofBce 
 of pretor. 
 
 PrcBvenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. {prce 
 <^ venio), to come before, prevent, an- 
 ticipate. 
 
 PrcLventus, a, um, part, {prccvenio). 
 
 Pravitas, dtis, f, crookedness, de- 
 formity. Fig. perverseness, depravi- 
 ty, wickedness, knavery : from 
 
 Pravus, a, um, adj., crooked, dis- 
 torted. Fig. wrong, bad, wicked, 
 vicious, depraved, evil, unprincipled, 
 perverse, improper, unsuitable. Pra- 
 vum, 2, n., depravity, villainy, vice, 
 error. 
 
 Premo, ere, pressi, pressum, a., to 
 press, press upon; to oppress, over- 
 whelm, press hard upon. 
 
 Pretium, i, n., a price, worth, value ; 
 a reward, meed ; pay, hire, wages, 
 gain, profit, gold, money, wealth, 
 riches. Pretium est, the same aa 
 opercB pretium est, see Opera. Cum 
 pretio, with gain, gainful, profitable. 
 
 Prex, dat. preci, $ 94, a prayer, sup- 
 plication, entreaty. 
 
PRIDEM 
 
 246 
 
 PROBRUM 
 
 Pridem, adv., long ago, long since. 
 
 Primo, adv. {primus), at the first, at 
 first, in the first place. 
 
 Primiim, adv., first, in the first 
 place, for the first time. Primum 
 omnium, first of all, $ 212, R. 4, N. 7. 
 Ubi primum or quum primum, when 
 first, as soon as : from 
 
 Primus, a, um, adj. (sup. of prior), 
 first, foremost, in the van, in fi*ont; 
 principal, chief, excellent, distinguish- 
 ed, best, most important, most valua- 
 ble ; earliest. In primis or imprimis, 
 above all, chiefly, especially, pecu- 
 liarly, first, in the first place, first of 
 all ; also, among the first, in the van ; 
 so, in primo, and apud primos. Pri- 
 ma habere, to reckon of first import- 
 ance. 
 
 Princeps, tpis, m. ^ /. (primus ^'• 
 capio), first, foremost; an author, ad- 
 viser, promoter, encourager, leader, 
 head; chief, principal, head-man, 
 prince, first in rank. Princeps sena- 
 tus, or princeps in senatu, the prince 
 or leader of the senate, the senator 
 whose name was first marked by the 
 censors in the list of senators. Prin- 
 cipes, heavy armed soldiers, who were 
 stationed in the second line; see 
 Pilus. Princeps belli faciendi, the 
 first to commence hostilities. 
 
 Principium, i, n. {princeps), a be- 
 ginning, commencement. Principia, 
 in military language, the first line 
 of an army in order of battle, the front. 
 Principiis transversis, the front hav- 
 ing been formed at right angles, hav- 
 ing converted the flank into the front. 
 A principio, from the beginning, first, 
 first of all, at first, in the first place. 
 
 Prior, us, gen. oris, adj. $ 126, 1, 
 (sup. primus, which see), $ 250, form- 
 er, first, antecedent, previous, prior, 
 superior. 
 
 Pristinus, a, um, adj., former, first, 
 accustomed, wonted, pristine, origi- 
 nal 
 
 Prius, adv. {prior), first, at first, be* 
 fore, previously, sooner; with quara 
 following, before that, before, sooner 
 than, rather than. For the mood after 
 priusquam, see § 266, 3. 
 
 Priusquam, adv., see Prius. 
 
 Privdtim, adv., privately, in private, 
 in a private capacity, as a private citi- 
 zen, in private life. Privatim capere 
 or rapere, to take from private citi- 
 zens, or on one's own private ac- 
 count ; — as an individual, individually. 
 Privatim amicitiam popidi Romani 
 colere, — by purchasing the favor of in- 
 dividuals, by private favor : from 
 
 Privdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {privo)^ 
 deprived of, $ 251 ; private, one's own, 
 particular ; belonging to an individual 
 or individuals ;sw65. a private person, 
 one not in any public office. 
 
 Privignus, i, m., a step-son. 
 
 Privo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {privus, 
 single), $ 251, to take away from, de- 
 prive, bereave. 
 
 Pro, prep, with the abl., before, in 
 front of, opposite to, in presence of; 
 in, on ; according to, in proportion to, 
 conformably with; as is suitable to, 
 as becomes; for, on account of, by 
 reason of, in consideration of; for, in 
 the place of, instead of, from being; 
 as, for, as if; in favor of, on the side 
 of, in behalf of, to the advantage oi\ 
 for; in comparison of; considering. 
 Pro tempore respondit, as became the 
 occasion — . Pro tectis, on the verge 
 of the roofs. 
 
 Pro or Proh! int., O! ah! Pro 
 deum atque hominum fidem, $ 238, 2, 
 see Fides. 
 
 Probitas, dtis, f. {probus, $ 101, 1,) 
 goodness, probity, rectitude, honesty, 
 virtue. 
 
 Probo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (probus), 
 to approve, praise, commend, assent 
 or agree to. 
 
 Probrum, i, n., a shameful or wick- 
 ed action, loose or disorderly conduct, 
 
PROBUS 
 
 247 
 
 PRJFLIGO 
 
 any heinous or detestable offence, vil 
 lainy, wickedness; disgrace, infamy, 
 dishonor, reproach, shame. Prohro 
 habere, to consider disgraceful, $ 227. 
 Probri gralia, as a mark of dis- 
 grace. 
 
 Probus, a, um, adj., good, honest, 
 virtuous, upright, worthy, modest, 
 chaste. 
 
 Procax, acts, adj. (proco, to ask), 
 petulant, pert, saucy, wanton, bold, 
 forward, lascivious. 
 
 Procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. $ 276, 
 II, to proceed, go forward, advance, 
 go forth, go ; pass, elapse ; to happen, 
 turn out, eventuate; to go on well; 
 succeed, prosper; to be aided, pro- 
 moted or advanced; to be favorable 
 to, be useful or serviceable, $ 224. 
 Eo vecordicB processit, advanced to 
 such a pitch of madness. Adherbal 
 ubi intelligit eo processum, — that it 
 had come to this. 
 
 Proconsul, is, m. {pro <^ consul), a 
 proconsul, one who governed a pro- 
 vince or commanded an army with 
 consular power. 
 
 Procul, adv., far, far off, at a dis- 
 tance, remote ; very much, great\y. 
 
 Procuralio, bnis,f. (procuro, to take 
 care of), the administration of a thing, 
 management, charge, care. 
 
 Prodigium, i, w., a prodigy, portent, 
 miracle, omen. 
 
 Proditio, onis, f. {prodo), a dis- 
 covery, manifestation, indication ; 
 treachery, faithlessness, treason. 
 
 Proditus, a, um, part, betrayed : 
 from 
 
 Prodo, ere, didi, diUim, a. {pro ^ 
 do), to declare, disclose, manifest, 
 show, discover, betray; to yield or 
 surrender perfidiously, desert, forsake 
 
 out, bring forth, bring before the peo* 
 pie. 
 
 Prodiictus, a, um, part. (produco)t 
 lengthened; brought out, brought for- 
 ward before the people. 
 
 Prcelians, tis, part., fighting. Pros- 
 liantes, pi., combatants : from 
 
 Prodior, dri, dtus sum, dep., to fight, 
 engage, join battle, combat, contend 
 in fight : from 
 
 Proelium, i, n., a fight, battle, en- 
 gagement, combat, contest, attack ; a 
 pitched battle, regular warfare. Prce- 
 lium committere ox facer e, to join bat- 
 tle, engage. Prodium manibus facere, 
 to engage hand to hand or in close 
 combat. Ante prodium factum, be- 
 fore the engagement. 
 
 Prof anus, a, um, adj. {pro ^ fa- 
 num), profane, not sacred or conse- 
 crated. 
 
 Profectio, onis, f {projiciscor), a 
 going or setting out, departure, jour- 
 ney. 
 
 Profecto, adv. {pro ^ f actus), cer- 
 tainly, surely, truly, indeed, in truth, 
 doubtless. 
 
 Profectus, a, um, part, (projiciscor). 
 
 Profero,ferre, tuli, latum, a. {pro<^ 
 fero), to carry or bring out ; to pub- 
 lish, make known, spread abroad, 
 manifest, reveal; to defer, put off, 
 postpone, adjourn. 
 
 Projiciscor, i, profectus sum, dep. 
 {pro ^facio), $ 276, II, to set out on 
 a journey, go, go away, depart; to 
 journey, travel ; to go on, proceed. 
 
 ProfUeor, eri,fessus sum, dep. {pro 
 (^fafeor), to profess, declare openly, 
 own, acknowledge, avow ; to declare 
 one's self a candidate. P'-ofiteri in- 
 tra legitimos dies, to declare one's 
 self a candidate within the appointed 
 
 treacherously, deceive, betray. Pro- i time, i. e. three market days, or sev- 
 dere jidem, to betray confidence, vio- enteen days before the election. 
 
 late one s ene^agements. 
 
 Produco, ere, xi, ctum, a. {pro <^ 
 duco) to draw out, extend; to lead 
 
 22 
 
 Projligufus, a, um, part., routed, dis- 
 comfited : from 
 
 Projl'igo, are, dvi, alum, a. {pro ^ 
 
PiiOFUGIO 
 
 248 
 
 PROPE 
 
 fi'igo to strike against), to throw or 
 dash to the ground, cast down; to 
 rout, put to flight, defeat, overthrow. 
 
 Profugio, ere,fugi,fug^tum, n. {pro 
 ^fugio), to flee, fly, run away, es- 
 ciape. 
 
 Profugus, a, um, adj. (profugio), 
 fleeing without knowing whither, es- 
 caping by flight, fugitive ; put to flight, 
 driven away, banished, exiled. Abire 
 or discedere profugus, to flee. 
 
 Prof undo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. {pro 
 $• fundo), to shed copiously, pour 
 forth; to throw away; to lavish, 
 squander, waste, consume. 
 
 Profundus, a, um, adj., deep, pro- 
 found. Fig. profound, boundless, in- 
 satiable. 
 
 Profuse, adv., profusely, lavishly, 
 extravagantly, immoderately, exces- 
 sively : from 
 
 Profusus, a, um, part. 6f adj. {pro- 
 fundo), $ 213, immoderate, excessive, 
 profuse ; prodigal, wasteful, lavish. 
 
 Profuturus, a, um, part, {prosum). 
 
 Progenies, ei,f. {progigno, to beget), 
 a progeny, oflspring, descent ; a line, 
 lineage, race ; children, descendants. 
 
 Prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. {pro ^ 
 habeo), $ 251, & R. 1. to keep ofl" or 
 away, keep or ward offi debar, hinder, 
 impede, stop, prevent, prohibit, ob- 
 struct ; to keep, preserve, defend, pro- 
 tect ; to check, curb, restrain, repress ; 
 to prohibit, forbid, $25i,&R. 1: some- 
 times also, instead of the ablative of a 
 noun, it takes a verb in the infinitive 
 or subjunctive. Prohibere ne, etc., see 
 Ne. 
 
 Proinde, illative coiijs ^ adv. {pro 
 ^ inde), therefore, for that reason, on 
 that account; just so, equally, the 
 same as, in like manner. Proinde 
 quasi, just as if 
 
 Projeclus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Projicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. {pro <^ 
 jacio), to throw or fling forth or away ; 
 to throw ; to cast or drive out, expel. 
 
 eject. In has miserias projectus sum 
 — plunged into these misfortunes. 
 
 Proldto, are, dvi, atum, a. {profero\ 
 to extend, lengthen, prolong, dilate 
 to defer, put off", delay, protract, post 
 pone. 
 
 Promiscue, adv., confusedly, pro ^ 
 miscuously, indiflerently, without or- 
 der or distinction, indiscriminately: 
 from 
 
 Promiscuus a, um, adj. {promisceo, 
 to mix), promiscuous, confused, com- 
 mon, mingled. Pudorem, pudicitiam, 
 divina atque humana promiscua habere, 
 to reckon common, to regard as in- 
 discriminate, to make no diflerence 
 between, to contemn alike — , pay no 
 regard to — . 
 
 Promissum, i, n. {promitto), a pro- 
 mise, pledge, vow, proposition, pro- 
 posal, engagement, something pro- 
 mised. Promissa expectare, to wait 
 for the fulfilment of promises. 
 
 Promissus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Promitto, ere, misl, missum, a. {pro 
 (^ mitto), to fling, hurl or dart foi ward, 
 send before; to promise, engage, 
 $272. 
 
 Promptus, us, m. {promo, to draw 
 out), in the abl., in promptu, in readi- 
 ness, at hand, visible, manifest, pre- 
 sent, evident, clear, easy. Ingeninm 
 in promptu habere, to bring out or 
 display one'^ talents or abilities. 
 
 Promptus, a, um, adj. {promo), clear, 
 manifest, evident, open; ready, pre- 
 pared ; practicable, easy ; prompt, ac- 
 tive, ready, bold, brave, valiant, quick, 
 zealous, ardent, ^ 250. 
 
 Promulgo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to pub- 
 lish, proclaim, propose, promulgate. 
 
 Promts, a, um, adj., inclined or bend 
 ing forward, bending down, stooping 
 looking towards the earth, groveling 
 prone. Fig. easy, practicable, $222 
 
 Prope, adv. (comp. propiiis, sup 
 proxime), near, nigh, almost, nearly 
 Also prep, with ace, near, nigh, b(r 
 
PROPEDIEM 
 
 249 
 
 PRO SUM 
 
 side, close by, near to, almost, nearly. 
 Proxime Hispaniam, <^'C. $235, R. 5. 
 
 Propediem, adv. {prope ^ dies), 
 shortly, after a while, within a few 
 days, in a short time, presently. 
 
 Prqpello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {pro 
 ^ pello), to drive forward, propel ; to 
 drive away, repel, repulse, keep or 
 ward off. 
 
 Properans, lis, part. <^'adj. ipropero), 
 hastening, in haste, quick. 
 
 Properanter, adv. (propero), hastily, 
 quickly, speedily. P roper aniiiis per- 
 gere,— too precipitately, too rashly, 
 $ 256, R. 9. 
 
 Properantia, ce, f. {propero), a mak- 
 ing haste, haste, dispatch, expedition. 
 
 Propere, adv. {properus, hasty), in 
 haste, in a hurry, hastily, speedily, 
 quickly. Propere adlre, to hasten to. 
 
 Propero, are, uvi,ulum, n. 4' a. {pro- 
 perus), to make haste, hasten, accele- 
 rate, to prepare with haste ; $ 272, to \ 
 be eager, desire. Properandum est^ 
 there is need of dispatch. 
 
 Propinqnus, a, um, adj. {prope), 
 $222, R. 1, neighboring, near; near 
 of kin, allied, nearly related. Suhs., 
 a kinsman, relation, intimate friend. 
 Propiaqai inter se, near to one an- 
 other. Oppido propinqaa, sc. loca, 
 the parts or places near the town. 
 Propinqui genere, nearly related by 
 birth. 
 
 Propior, us, gen. oris, adj. $ 126, 1, 
 {prope), sup. proximus, which see; 
 nearer, higher, closer; more nearly 
 related or allied ; more like. It is fol- 
 lowed by either the dative or the accu- \ 
 sative, $ 222, R. 1, & R. 5, & $ 235, R. 5. | 
 
 Propiiis, adv. (comp. oi prope), near- 
 er, more nearly, nearer to. Propiiis 
 mare Africum^ $ 235, R. 5. 
 
 Propono, ere, posui, posilum, a. {pro 
 ^' pono), $ 2G5, to set out or expose to 
 view, set forth or display, offer, pre- 
 
 sent; to publish, make known; to 
 
 tell, explam, show, pi^int out, declare.! 
 
 Propnxtor oris, m. {pro ^ pra:ior\ 
 a propretor, one sent to govern a pro- 
 vince with the authority of pretor, 
 one invested with the authority of 
 pretor. 
 
 Propter, prep, {prope), with the ace, 
 near, hard by, close to ; for, on ac- 
 count of, by reason of, owing to, 
 through; for the sake of. Adv., near 
 
 Prop also, are, dvi, a turn, a. freq. 
 {propello), to drive away or back, repel, 
 keep or ward off 
 
 Prortpio, ire, ripui, reptum, a. {pro 
 <^ rapio), to snatch away. Proripere 
 se, to hurry or hasten away, rush out, 
 escape quickly. 
 
 Prorsus, adv. {pro ^ versus), straight 
 on or along, directly, right onward ; 
 altogether, entirely, utterly, wholly, at 
 all, totally; exactly; at the end of an 
 enumeration of jjarticulars, in a word, 
 in short ; in fact. 
 
 Prosapia, cE,f., a race, lineage, stock, 
 progeny, pedigree, family. 
 
 Proscriho, ere, psi, ptum, a. {pro <^ 
 scribo), to publish any thing to be sold ; 
 to confiscate one's property ; to pro- 
 scribe or outlaw one; to doom to 
 death and confiscation of property. 
 
 Proscriptio, dnis,f. {proscribo), ad- 
 vertising a thing to be sold; a pro- 
 scription of one's effects ; a proscrip- 
 tion or outlawry, dooming to death 
 and confiscation. 
 
 Proscripfus, a, um,part. proscribo), 
 proscribed, outlawed. 
 
 Prospecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
 {prospicio), to view, behold, see afar 
 off, gaze upon. ^ 
 
 Prospectus, us, m. {prospicio), a look j^ 
 
 ing forward, view, prospect, sight. ^^^ 
 
 Prosper 4' Pre sperus, a, um, adj.-;" 
 favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate. 
 
 Prosper e, adv. {prosper), happily, 
 prosperously, fortunately, luckily, suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 Prosum, desse,fui,'^ I5i, 5, irr. n. 
 {pro ^ sum), $ 224, 9, to do good, 
 
proved; io 
 
 250 
 
 PULCHER 
 
 rel 
 ^^ int 
 
 profit, be profitable or serviceable, 
 avail, conduce, be of use. 
 
 Provenio, Ire, veni, ventiim, n. {pro 
 ^ venio)y to come forth, appear, be 
 Dorn, spring up, arise. 
 
 Providens, tis, part. ^ adj. (provi- 
 deo), provident, foreseeing, circum- 
 spect, careful, prudent. 
 
 Providenter, adv. (providens), pro- 
 vidently, with foresight or precaution, 
 Vi^isely, prudently. 
 
 Providentia, cb, /., foresight, fore- 
 cast, forethought, providence, caution, 
 prudence, carefulness : from 
 
 Provideo, ere, v'ldi, visum, a. ^ n. 
 {pro (^ video), to look forward, fore- 
 see ; $ 273, 1, to provide or guard 
 against, shun, avoid, take measures 
 to prevent, take care ; to prepare, pro- 
 vide, make provision, see to, look 
 after, take care of, provide for, $ 224, 
 $ 273, 1 ; to perceive, discern. 
 
 Provincia, cc, /., a conquered coun- 
 try governed by a magistrate sent 
 from Rome, a province. Provincia 
 OT provincia Romana, in the Jugur- 
 ihine vxir, signifies the Roman pro- 
 vince in Africa, consisting of the 
 former possessions of the Cartha- 
 ginians. 
 
 Provlsus, a, um, part, {provideo). 
 
 Proxime, adv., nearest, next; see 
 Prope. 
 
 Proximus, a, um, adj., (sup. of pro- 
 pior)y $ 222, R. 1, ^ 5, ^ $ 235, R. 5, 
 very near, nearest, next, last ; nearly 
 related, closely allied, intimate. Proxi- 
 mus, i, m., a relation, familiar or 
 intimate friend, partisan, associate. 
 Proximum, i. n., neighbourhood, vici- 
 
 ity. 
 
 Prudens, tis, adj. (for providens) 
 'udent, sagacious, provident, wise, 
 considerate; skillful, expert, able, 
 learned, experienced. 
 
 Prudenter, adv. (for providenter), 
 prudently, providtjn^ly, wisely, dis- 
 creetly. 
 
 Psallo, ere, i, n., to play on a string 
 ed instrument ; to sing to the sound 
 of the lyre. 
 
 Puhes ^ Puher, eris, adj. of ripe 
 years, arrived at the age of puberty, 
 adult. Puberes, um, m. pi., yodth, 
 young men, persons of mature age; 
 adults. 
 
 Puhlice, adv. {puhUcus), publicly, in 
 public, in the state, in the name or be- 
 half of the public, by public authority, 
 on the public account, on the part of 
 the public; collectively. Puhlice ra- 
 pere, to take fi-om the public. Uti 
 puhlice amicitiam, populi Romani co- 
 leret, — by public services. 
 
 Puhlico, are, dvi, dtum, a., to con- 
 fiscate, make public property of: 
 from 
 
 PuhUcus, a, um., adj. {populus), com- 
 mon, public, belonging to the public ; 
 general. 
 
 Puhlius, i, m., a Roman prcenomen. 
 
 Pudet, nit, puditum est, imp., $ 229, 
 R. 6, to be ashamed. Ulum pudet, he 
 is ashamed. 
 
 Pudicitia, ce, f. {pudicus, modest), 
 chastity, modesty, virtue. 
 
 Pudor, oris, m. {pudeo), shame, mo- 
 desty ; respect, reverence ; reputation, 
 fame, a sense of honor, character. 
 Pudor refers to the mind, pudicitia 
 rather to the hody. 
 
 Puer, eri, m., a male child, boy; 
 a boy, slave, servant. 
 
 Pueritia, (B,f. {puer), boylipod, child- 
 hood. 
 
 Pugna, (E,f. {pugnus, a fist), a bat- 
 tle, fight, encounter, engagement, com- 
 bat. Facere pugnam, to join battle, 
 fight. 
 
 Pugno, are, dvi, dtum, n. {pvgna)^ 
 to fight, combat, engage, contend. 
 Capere urhes pugnando, to take by 
 assault — . Male pugjiatum est, an un 
 successful battle was fought. 
 
 Pnlcher, chra, chrum, adj., fair, beau- 
 tiful, handsome; excellent, glorious. 
 
PULSUS 
 
 251 
 
 QUAMQUAM 
 
 splendid, honorable, noble, magnifi- 
 cent. Pulchrum est, $ 269, R. 2. 
 
 Pulsus, a, um, part, {pello). 
 
 Pulvmas, i, m., a cushion, pillow, 
 holster. 
 
 Pulvis, eris, m. <^f., dust, powder. 
 
 Pumcus, a, um, adj., Punic, Cartha- 
 ginian; pei'fidious, false. T/<e Cartha- 
 gtnians were accused hy the Romans 
 of frequent violations of their com- 
 pacts, and hence Punica fides, signifies 
 treachery, perfidy. Punicum bellum, 
 Purnc war. The wars of the Romans 
 with the Carthaginians were called 
 Panic wars, and were three in number. 
 J. 17, 19, 108. C. 51. 
 
 Puto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to lop, prune ; 
 to adjust, settle or liquidate one's ac- 
 counts; to weigh, ponder, consider, 
 revolve in mind, ^ 272 : to think, ac- 
 count, esteem, judge, hold, reckon, 
 imagine, suppose. In the passive it 
 takes the inf., $ 271. 
 
 Q 
 
 Q., an abbreviation of the prccno- 
 men Quintus. 
 
 Quel, adv. {abl. fern, of qui, sc. via 
 or parte), which way ; where ; whence ; 
 in what way; wherever, whereso- 
 ever. 
 
 Qudcunque, adv., {quicunque sc. 
 parte or via), wheresoever, whence- 
 soever, from whatsoever side. 
 
 Quadraginta, num. adj (quatuor), 
 forty. 
 
 Quadra tus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {quad- 
 ro to square), squared, square, quadrate. 
 Quadratum agmen, an army formed 
 mto a paralellogram or hollow square, 
 with Its baggage in the centre. 
 
 Queer o, ere, sivi, situm, a., $ 231, R. 
 4, $ 265, to seek, seek after, look for ; 
 to provide, procure, get, gain, find, ac- 
 quire, obtain ; to make inquisition, in- 
 vestigate, search, examine into, try ; 
 to ask, inquire, interrogate ; to desire, 
 aim a\, purpose ; to demand, require, 
 
 22 
 
 ' need, to plan, devise, contrive. Dolum 
 : qucerere, to seek to devise or contrive 
 ^some stratagem. Imp. Quctritur in 
 aliquem, a prosecution is instituted 
 against — , he is tried, or prosecuted. 
 I QucBslior, oris, m. {qu(Ero), a seeker, 
 a searcher ; a judge, examiner, com- 
 missioner. 
 
 QuGLSO, ere, a. def. verb, $ 183, 7, to 
 seek, pray, entreat ask. beg, beseech, 
 desire, request. 
 
 QuGcstio, bnis,f. 'qucero], a seeking, 
 inquiring, searching; a question, sub- 
 ject of inquiry ; an examination, in- 
 quiry, inquisition, trial, prosecution. 
 Exercere qucEstionem, to conduct an 
 investigation or trial. 
 
 Quccstor, oris, m. (qucero), a questor, 
 a Roman magistrate who had the care 
 of the public money; a treasurer; a 
 paymaster. Qucestor pro prcBtore, a 
 questor with pretorian power. 
 
 QucBStus, us, m. {qucero), a trade, 
 employment, occupation, profession; 
 gain, profit, advantage, interest. Qms 
 omnia qucnstui sunt, § 227, & R. 3. 
 
 Qualis, e, adj., of what kind or sort, 
 what manner of, what. 
 
 Quam, conj. <^ adv., how, how much, 
 as much. 7am — quam, so — as, or 
 quam — tarn, as — so. It is often omit- 
 ted after plus, minus and aniplius, 
 $256, R. 6. With superlatives or pos- 
 sum, as possible, $ 127, par. 4. Quam 
 primum, or quamprimum, as soon as 
 possible. Quam scspissime, as fre- 
 quently as possible. With compara- 
 tives, and words implying comparison, 
 as, than. So after alius, aliter, ccque, 
 secus, contra, etc. 
 
 Quambbrem, illative conj. {quis, obt 
 res), why, wherefore, therefore, fc 
 which cause or reason. In questioriT, 
 why ? wherefore ? for what reason ? 
 
 Quamplures, adj. pi. {quam (^ plu< 
 res), very many, a great many. 
 
 Quamprimum, see Quam. 
 
 Quamquani, concessive conj,, al- 
 
 m, 
 
 le, ^ 
 
 f 
 
QUAMVIS 
 
 252 
 
 QUIES 
 
 Aough, though. Before tamen, quam- 
 quam or quamvis must sometimes he 
 supplied. 
 
 Quamvis, adv. ^ conj. {quam ^ vis, 
 from volo), as much as you will, very 
 much, greatly, never so — , however ; 
 although, though. 
 
 Quando, adv. ^ conj., when; since, 
 Beeing that. 
 
 Quantum, adv., how much, as much 
 as. After tantus, as : from 
 
 Quantus, a, um, adj., how great, 
 how much, so much ; with tantus ex- 
 pressed or implied, as great — as, as 
 much— as, $ 206, (16.) Quanti? gen. 
 $214, at what price? how dear? how 
 much? Quanto, abl., $256, R. 16, by 
 how much, by as much. Quanto — 
 tanto, by how much— by so much, the 
 more — the more, the — the. Quantum 
 negotii sustineam, how weighty a 
 charge—. $212, R. 3. 
 
 Quapropier, adv. ^ illative conj. {qua 
 ^propter), for what reason? why? 
 for which reason, wherefore, on which 
 account. 
 
 Quare, illative conj. ^ adv. {quis ^ 
 res), for which reason, wherefore, 
 therefore. 
 
 Quartus, a, um, num. adj. (quatuor), 
 the fourth. 
 
 Quasi, conj. {for quamsi), as, as if, 
 as it were, just as if; as, just as, $ 263, 2. 
 It often serves as a kind of apology for 
 the apparent boldness of a fgurative 
 expression ; as. Majorum gloria pos- 
 teris quasi lumen est. With numerals 
 or with adjectives of time or place, 
 about, almost. Ex monte medio quasi 
 collis oriehatur, from about the middle 
 ' of the mountain arose a hill. Quasi 
 vero, as if indeed, ironically. 
 
 Quatriduum, i, n. {quatuor ^ dies), 
 the space of four days, four days. 
 
 Quatuor, ind. num. adj., four. 
 
 Que, enclitic conj., $ 198, R. 2, and; 
 also ; que — et, et — que, both — and. For 
 the position of que, see $279, 3. 
 
 Queo, ire, ivi, ilum, irr. n., ($ 182, 
 3.) $271, to be able, lean. 
 
 Queror, i, questus sum, dep. with 
 ace. with de ^ ahl. and with quid ^ 
 suhj. to lament, bewail, bemoan ; t(? 
 complain, complain of. 
 
 Questus, a, um, part, {queror). 
 
 Qui, quce, quod, pro. rel., $ 136, who 
 which, that, what : 4' int. $ 137, who \ 
 which? what? Quo, abl. n., with com 
 paratives, by that, so much, the, $256, 
 R. 16. quo — eo, by how much — by so 
 much, the — the. Qui is much used 
 as a connective instead of is, hie, etc. 
 with a conjunction. In translating 
 such relative by a demonstrative the 
 proper conjunction must he supplied, 
 as, and, but, for, therefore, hence, &c. 
 With the subjunctive it often supplies 
 the place of ut and a demonstrative 
 pronoun, $264, 5. 
 
 Qui, abl. of qui ^ quis, $$ 136, R. 
 1, 4^ 137, R. (S), how, in what way: why. 
 
 Quia, conj., $ 198, 5, because, inas- 
 much as. Quod and quia are said to 
 be distinguished by quod referring to 
 a fact as a cause, and quia to an infe- 
 rence. 
 
 Quibuscum, i. e. cum quibus. 
 
 Quicumque, qucncumque, quodcum- 
 que, rel. pro., $ 136, {qui ^ cumque), 
 whoever, whatever ; whosoever, what- 
 soever ; all, every. 
 
 Quid, see Quis. 
 
 Quidam, quondam, quoddam or quid- 
 dam, indef.pro., $ 138, {qui ^- dam), a 
 certain one, one. With the imme of a 
 person quidam usually implies that 
 he is little known, and hence it is 
 often used in contempt. 
 
 Quidem, conj., indeed, truly, in truth 
 certainly, at least, even. Ego quidem, 
 I for my part. Ne — quidem, see iVe. 
 Quidem usually follows an emphatic 
 word, $ 279, 3. 
 
 Quies, etis, f, rest, repose, ease 
 quiet, peace, sleep. Neque vigiliif 
 neque quietibus, neither in watchin^j 
 
QUIESCO 
 
 253 
 
 QUISQUE 
 
 nor in slumbers, neither waking nor 
 sleeping. 
 
 Qutesco, ere, evi, etum, n. (quies), to 
 rest, repose, take rest, be quiet, be at 
 rest, sleep. 
 
 Quietus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), quiet, 
 calm, tranquil, peaceable, undisturbed, 
 easy, at rest, still, without noise, con- 
 tented. Equifes rem quietam (esse) 
 nuntiant, — that the affair is peaceable, 
 that no danger is to be apprehended. 
 Quieta movere, to disturb the (public) 
 tranquilhty. 
 
 QuiUbet, quccTihet, quodlibet ^' quid- 
 lihef, indef. pro., $ 138, 5, {qui ^' lihet), 
 whosoever will, any one whom you 
 please, any person or thing, any one, 
 any. Quidlihef, subs., any thing, any 
 thing you please. 
 
 Quin, adv. <^ conj. {qui ^' ne), after 
 verbs of doubting, <^'c. $ 262, R. 10, 2, 
 for ut non, that not, but that, so as not. 
 It may be translated "without" fol- 
 lowed by the English gerundive of 
 the following verb, as, quin aperirem, 
 without portraying. It is sometimes 
 used instead of a relative and non, 
 $262, R. 10, 1, who— not. Quin? 
 with the indicative, why not? This 
 is used in earnest remonstrance and 
 exhortation. Quin, yet, however, but, 
 nay, even, moreover; indeed, truly. 
 Quin ergo, well then, come then. Non 
 quin, not but that, not that — not. Ne- 
 que illis diutius ea {victoria) uti licu- 
 isset quin, {i. e. ita ut non) qui plus 
 posset, imperium atque libertatem ex- 
 torqueret, nor could they have enjoy- 
 ed the victory very long, without some 
 one more powerful wresting from 
 them, &c. 
 
 Quindecim, num. adj. {quinque ^ 
 dccem), fifteen. 
 
 Quinquaginta, num. aaj., Miy: from 
 
 Quinque, num. adj., five. 
 
 Quinquennium, i, n. {quinquennis, 
 of five years , the space of five years, 
 five years 
 
 Quintus, a, um, num. adj. {quinque) _ 
 the fifth. 
 
 Quintus, I, m., a Roman prcsnomen 
 
 Quippe, causal conj., for, because, 
 forasmuch as, since, inasmuch as, as, 
 as being; in fact, indeed. Quippe 
 qui, qucB, quod, inasmuch as he, be- 
 cause he, since he, she or it. Quippe 
 quis (sc. nobis) hostis nuUus, — since 
 we had no enemy. Quippe cui (&; 
 plebi) omnes copies in usu quotidiano 
 et cultu erant, as all their property — . 
 Quippe cui in animo hcBserat, as it had 
 been deeply impressed upon his mind. 
 
 Quirites, ium, m. pi. properly, the 
 inhabitants of Cures, a town of the 
 Sabines. Hence, after the union of 
 the Romans and Sabines, the united 
 people were called Quirites, i. e. Ro- 
 mans, Roman citizens. J. 31. 85. 
 
 Quis, dat. ^ abl. pi of Qui, $ 136,2. 
 
 Quis, qacc, quid, int. pro. $ 137, who ? 
 which? what? Quid, what? why? 
 wherefore? V235, R. 5. Quis mor- 
 talium, what man ? % 212. Qtds ^ qui, 
 after si, ne, neu, nisi, num, etc. have 
 the sense of aliquis, $ 137, 1, (c). 
 
 Quisnam ^ quinam, quanam, quid- 
 nam or quodnam, int. pro. $ 137, 2, 
 who? which? what? 
 
 Quispiam, qucspiam, quodpiam, quid' 
 piam or quippiam, indef. pro. $ 138, 
 {quis), any one, some one. 
 
 Quisquam, quccquam, quidquam or 
 quicquam, indef. pro. $ 138, {quis ^ 
 quam), $212, any one, any, any thing. ^ 
 Ne quisquam, etc., no one, nothing, 
 no. Ae quisquam hominum or mar- 
 talium, or ne quisquam omnium, no 
 man, no person. 
 
 Qui.'^que, qua:que, quodque, quidque 
 or quicque, indef pro. $ 138, {quis ^ 
 que), $212, every man, every one 
 each, all, every ; any one. It is often 
 connected vdth superlatives to express 
 universality, $ 207, R, 35, as, pruden* 
 tissinws quisque negotiosus maxiTne 
 crat, the ablest men were the most 
 
QUrSQUIS 
 
 254 
 
 RAPIO 
 
 engrossed in public affairs. Optimus 
 quisqne, every man of high standing, 
 or of distinguished excellence. 
 
 Quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, rel. 
 pro. $ 136, iquis ^ quis), whoever, 
 whosoever, whatever, whatsoever. lis 
 (fiiitccedent is always indefinite, and 
 hence, like what whoever, &c. in 
 English it appears often to imply both 
 relative and antecedent. Quoquo modo, 
 in whatever manner, in what way 
 soever, as. 
 
 Quivi, see Queo. 
 
 Quivis, qucBVis, quodvis or quidvis, 
 indef. pro. § 138, {qui ^ vis, from volo), 
 any one you please, whoever, whoso- 
 ever, any one, any, any whatever, 
 every one, every. 
 
 Quo ahl. See Qui. 
 
 Quo, adv. ^ conj. (qui), $ 191, R. 1 
 whither, to what place, to what per- 
 son or thing, to whom ? where, in or 
 to which person, place or thing, to 
 which. Vaccenses, quo Metellus 
 — -prccsidium imposuerat, — among 
 whom : — why ; for which reason or 
 cause, wherefore, on which account; 
 because ; that, as if; to or at which. 
 With comparatives especially it signi- 
 Jies, that by this or that by this means ; 
 to the end that, in order that, that, 
 and is equivalent to ut eo, or ut ea re. 
 Quo minus, after clauses denoting 
 hinderance, $ 262, R. 9, is translated, 
 that not, from, or for not, with the 
 English gerundive of the verb follow- 
 ing it ; as, Quo minus victoria uteren- 
 tur, from using or making use of the 
 victory. Quo minus — eo magis, the 
 ess — the more. See Qui. Non quo, 
 followed by sed, not that, not as if. 
 
 Quo, abl. of Qui, which see. 
 
 Quoad, adv. ^ conj. {quo <^ ad), as 
 long as, whilst, till, until, $ 263, 4. 
 
 Quocumque, adv. {quo ^ cumque), to 
 whatsoever place, whithersoever. 
 
 Quod, conj. {qui), for ad quod or 
 propter quod, § 273, 6, with respect 
 
 to, in regard to or as to this, thatf 
 but, now; $ 206, (14) ; though, although ; 
 that, why, wherefore; that, because, 
 in that. 
 
 Quodni or quod ni, conj., but if not, 
 but unless, $ 206, (14.) 
 
 Quodsi or quod si, conj., but if, if 
 now, if then, but then, now, $206, (14.) 
 
 Quominus, see Quo, 
 
 Quomvdo or Quo modo, adv. ^ conj. 
 {qui ^ modus), in what manner, in 
 what way, how. 
 
 Quoniam, conj. $ 198, 5, {quum ^ 
 jam), seeing that, since, as ; with in- 
 dicative, in oratio directa. 
 
 Quoquam, adv. {quo ^ quam), any 
 whither, to any place. 
 
 Quoque, conj., also, likewise, too. 
 Quoque, pro., see Quisque. Also the 
 abl. of Quis or Qui, with the conjunc- 
 tion que annexed. 
 
 Quoquo, see Quisquis. 
 
 Quotididnus, a, um, adj., daily ; or- 
 dinary, common, usual, familiar : from 
 
 Quotidie, adv {quot 6f dies), every 
 day, daily. 
 
 Quousque, adv. {quo ^ usque), how 
 long, how far. 
 
 Quum or Ciim, adv. ^- ronj. $ 263, 
 5, when, while; though, .although. 
 Quum — ium, not only — but also, both 
 — and, both — and especially, as— so 
 also, as well — as also. In this con- 
 struction, the clause introduced by turn 
 is usually most prominent : — since, ap. 
 
 R. 
 
 Radix, ids, f, a root ; the foot or 
 bottom of a hill or mountain. Suh 
 radicibus montium, at the foot of the 
 mountains, 
 
 Ramus, i, m., a branch, bough ar, 
 arm of a tree. 
 
 Rap'ina, oi, f, robbery, rapine, pil- 
 lage, depredation ; aho, prey, plunder 
 j'rovi 
 
 Rapio, ere, pu\, plum, a., to snatch, 
 
BATIO 
 
 255 
 
 REGIUS 
 
 take or carry away by force, carry off, 
 ravish ; to plunder, pillage, take away, 
 seize forcibly, take forcible possession 
 of; to hurry, hurry forward, hasten. 
 
 Ratio, dnisjf. (reor), reason, the ra- 
 tional faculty; a design, plan, purpose, 
 measure ; a cause, motive ; a method, 
 manner, way, means ; a matter, busi- 
 ness, concern, affair, advantage, inter- 
 est, circumstances; an account, reck- 
 oning, calculation ; respect, considera- 
 tion, regard, concern, care. Belli 
 atque pads rationes trahere, to weigh 
 deliberately the advantages of peace 
 and war. Alienum suis rationihus, 
 inconsistent with his pohcy or inter- 
 ests. 
 
 Ratus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (reor), 
 thinking, judging, believing, suppos- 
 ing, considering; established, fixed, 
 determined, firm, stable, valid. 
 
 Re, inseparable prep., back, again, 
 $196, 11. & 197. 11. 
 
 Receptus, us, m. {recipio), a retreat- 
 ing, retreat ; a place of refuge, retreat. 
 
 RecejHus, a, um, part. : fram 
 
 Recipio, ere, cepi, ceptuvi, a. {re ^ ca- 
 pio), to take again, get back, receive ; 
 to retake, regain, recover. Recipere 
 se, to come back, return, retreat, re- 
 tire :— to take, receive, accept, admit. 
 Recipi mcenibus, to be admitted into 
 the city, entertained within the 
 walls. 
 
 Recito, are, dvi, alum, a. {re ^ cito, 
 to call by name), to recite, read aloud, 
 rehearse ; to repeat from memory. 
 
 Recte, adv. {rectus), directly, in a 
 straight line; rightly, properly, well, 
 correctly. 
 
 Rector t oris, m. {rego)y a ruler, go- 
 vernor, director. 
 
 Rectus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {rego), 
 right, straight, direct; right, proper, 
 reasonable. 
 
 Recupero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to get 
 again, regain, recover. 
 
 Recuso, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. {re ^'• 
 
 causa), to refuse, deny, reject, be im- 
 willing. 
 
 Redditus, a, um, part : from 
 
 Reddo, ere, didi, ditum, a. {re ^ do)f 
 to give back, render, restore, return ; 
 to give, render, deliver; to pay, re- 
 quite, recompense. Reddcre poenas 
 see Poena. 
 
 Redeo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. n. {re ^ eo), 
 to return, come back, come again. 
 Redire ad rem, to return to the sul)- 
 ject. 
 
 Rediens, untis, part, {redeo). 
 
 Redimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. {re ^ 
 emo), to buy back or again, repurchase, 
 recover, redeem; to buy, purchase; 
 to acquire, get, procure; to rescue, 
 ransom, redeem ; to repel, avert, ward 
 off, by means of money, ^c. Redi- 
 mere culpam, jiagitium, f acinus, etc.f 
 to make amends for, atone for, com- 
 pound for — . 
 
 Rediturus, a, um, part, {redeo). 
 
 Reditus, us, m. {reded), a return. 
 
 Refero, ferre, tuli, Idtum, irr. a. {re 
 ^ fero), to bring or carry back or 
 again; to return, restore, deliver; to 
 tell, relate, report, say, mention. Re- 
 ferre ad senatum, to propose to or lay 
 before the senate, consult, ask, pro- 
 pose for deliberation. Imp. Postidant 
 uti referatur, sc. ad senatum, — that the 
 opinion of the senate should be taken. 
 
 Refert, retulit, imp. {res 4' firo), $ 
 219, & R. 3, it concerns, imports, pro- 
 fits, is the interest of 
 
 Refido, ere, feci, fectum, a. {re ^ 
 fado), to make again or anew, repair, 
 rebuild, renew, refit; to rekindle, re 
 cruit, refresh, recover, reanimate, re- 
 assure. 
 
 Regio, dnis,f. {rego), a region, coun- 
 try, district, territory; a border, .imit, 
 boundary. 
 
 Regius, a, um, adj. {rex), of a king, 
 a king's, kingly royal, regal, princely, 
 monarchical. Homo regice superbicB, 
 — as proud as a king. 
 
REGNUM 
 
 256 
 
 REPERIO 
 
 Regnwrij z, n. {rex), a kingdom, re- 
 gal government, the dominion of a 
 king, sovereignty, sovereign power ; a 
 kmgdom, realm, country subject to a 
 king. Pervenire in regnum, to be- 
 come a king. Farare regnum, to as- 
 pire at sovereignty, aim to be a king. 
 Regni par alio, aspiring at sovereignty. 
 
 Rego, ere, xi, ctum, a., to keep 
 straight, guide, manage, direct, regu- 
 late, moderate, govern, rule, sway, 
 control. ^ 
 
 Regredior, Mi, gressus sum, dep. {re 
 ^ gradior, to step), to go back, re- 
 turn. 
 
 Regressus, a, um, part, {regredior). 
 
 Regulus, i, m. dim. $ 101, 3, {rex), 
 the king of a small country, a petty 
 king, prince. 
 
 Relictus, a, um, part, {relinquor). 
 
 Religio, onis, f. {relego, to retrace), 
 the fear of God, religion, devotion, 
 piety, religious or superstitious feel- 
 ing; religious rites and ceremonies; 
 a religious scruple ; superstition. 
 
 Religidsus, a, um, adj. {religio,) fear- 
 ing God, pious, devout, holy, religi- 
 ous; faithful, scrupulous, conscien- 
 tious ; sacred, venerable ; superstitious. 
 
 Relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, a. {re <^ 
 linquo, to leave), with subj. of purpose, 
 to leave behind, leave; to leave at 
 one's death ; to forsake, desert, aban- 
 dolj; to leave as an inheritance, be- 
 queath ; to let alone. 
 
 Reliquus, a, um, adj. {relinquo), 
 remaining, the rest, the residue, the 
 other. Reliqui, arum, m, the rest, 
 the others. Reliquum, i, ^ reliqua, 
 drum, n, the rest, residue, remainder. 
 Reliqiium est, it remains, with ut and 
 subj., § 262, R. 3. Nihil reliqui, or 
 reliqhum facere, to leave nothing, 
 leave nothing remaining or undone. 
 So, Quid reliqui hahemusi what have 
 we left? $ 212, R. 3, N. 3, see Nihil 
 In reliquum, in future, for the future, 
 henceforward. 
 
 Remaneo, ere, mansi, mansumf i". 
 (re ^- maneo), to tarry behind, stay, re- 
 main, continue, abide. 
 
 Remedium, i, n. {re ^' medeor), a 
 medicine, remedy, cure. 
 
 Remissus, a, um, part. ^ adj.. sent 
 back; slackened, relaxed, neglected: 
 remiss, careless, negligent, inattentive. 
 Nihil remissi, see Nihil. Missis re- 
 missisque nuntiis, in sending to and 
 fro, or backwards and forwards: 
 from 
 
 Remitto, ere, rmsi, mis sum, a. {re ^ 
 mitto), § 271, to send back, return ; to 
 slacken, let loose, relax; to interi*upt, 
 leave off, discontinue, intermit, cease, 
 give over, omit. 
 
 Remordtus, a, um, part. :from 
 
 Remoror, uri, dius sum, dep. {re <^ 
 moror), $ 2C)2, R. 9, to stop, delay, ob- 
 struct, hinder, keep back, stay, retard ; 
 to tarry, stay, linger, delay. 
 
 Remotus, a, um, part., removed: 
 from 
 
 Removeo, ere, dvi, otuvi, a. {re ^ 
 moveo), to remove, withdraw, take 
 away, send away, dismiss. 
 
 Renovo. dre, dvi, dtum, a. {re 6f 
 novo), to make anew, remake, renew; 
 to refresh, relieve, recreate, revive. 
 
 Reor, reri, rat us sum, dep., ^ 272, 
 to suppose, judge, think, conclude, 
 imagine, believe, conjecture, antici- 
 pate. 
 
 Repello, ere, puli, pidsum, a. {re df 
 pello,) to drive or beat back, repel, 
 drive or turn away, keep off; to reject, 
 refuse. Repelli ah amiciiia, to be re« 
 pelled from friendship, i. e., to have 
 one's proflered friendship rejected. 
 
 Repens, tis,part. 4" odj. {rcpo). 
 
 Repente, adv. {repens, sudden), sud- 
 denly, on a sudden, unawares, unex- 
 pectedly. 
 
 Repent'inus, a, um, adj. {repens)^ 
 unlooked for, unexpected, sudden. 
 
 Repcrio, irc, peri, pertum, a. {re <^ 
 pa- io,) to find, find out, discover, inr 
 
REPETO 
 
 257 
 
 RES 
 
 rent, contrive, devise. Pass. Reperi- 
 unUir, qui etc. $ 264, 6. 
 
 Repeto, ere, Ivi, Itum^ a, (re ^ peto), 
 to ask or demand again ; to demand 
 back, demand as one's right, claim, 
 demand payment ; to resume, go on 
 with again ; to go back, trace back. 
 Svpra repetere, to go or trace farther 
 back or to a remoter period. 
 
 Repeiund(By drum,/, pi., or Pecunlce 
 repetundcc, {properly the participle of 
 repeto, for repetendae, $ 162, 20), 
 money to be demanded back ; extor- 
 tion, the taking of money or other 
 property contrary to law, while one 
 commanded in a province ; illegal 
 exactions made by governors of pro- 
 vmces. 
 
 Repo, ere, psi, ptum, n., to creep. 
 
 Reprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (re ^ \ 
 vrehendo, to take), to catch again, lay 
 hold of, seize ; to reprove, blame, cen- 
 sure, find fault with. 
 
 Repudio, are, avi, dtum, a. (repu- 
 dium, a divorce), to reject, refuse, cast 
 off, repudiate. 
 
 Repugno, are, dvi, dtum, n, (re ^ 
 pugno), to fight against, make a resist- 
 ance, resist, oppose. 
 
 Repulsa, a:,f (repello), a repulse, de- 
 nial, refusal, defeat, failure of being 
 elected to a magistracy when one is 
 a candidate. 
 
 Repulsus, a, um, part, (repello), re- 
 pulsed. Repulsus abire, to be denied 
 or refused. 
 
 Reputo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (re ^puto), 
 $ 265, to consider, weigh over, revolve 
 in one's mind, reflect upon ; so rcpu- 
 tare cum animo, — to compute, calcu- 
 late, reckon. Reputando, on con- 
 eidtring, on careful consideration; 
 also, in consequence of consider- 
 ing. 
 
 Requies, ei, ^ etis,f. (re <^ quies), 
 rest, repose, quiet, ease, respite. 
 
 Requiesco, ere, evi, etuin, n. (re ^ 
 quieted), to rest, become calm, be 
 
 quieted or composed, ^ie at ease, re- 
 pose, take rest. 
 
 Requiro, ere, sivi, situm, a. (re ^ 
 qucero), to seek again, seek out, look 
 for, seek after ; to seek, ask, demand, 
 ' require ; to interrogate, inquire after. 
 I Res, rei,f., a thing, afiair, matter 
 concern, fact, deed, act, measure, cir- 
 cumstance, proceeding, subject, busi- 
 ness, occasion; the result, event, is- 
 sue; method, course. Res militarise 
 the art of war. Res or res gestcB, see 
 Gestus : — the fact, the tmth. Uti rem 
 sese habere putant, as they suppose the 
 fact to be. Re or re vera, in fact, in 
 truth, in reality; — experience, use; 
 a cause, reason, purpose. Res and 
 res familaris, property, substance, 
 effects, goods, chattels; commodities. 
 Res fidesque, property and credit: — ^^a 
 I state, case, condition, or circum- 
 stances. Res secundce, prosperous 
 circumstances, success, prosperity. 
 Res adverscB, adversity. Mala res, 
 broken fortunes. Bona res, a pros* 
 I perous condition. In tali re, in such 
 , a case ; utility, profit, interest, benefit, 
 advantage. Ob rem facer e, usefully, 
 with advantage or profit. In rem 
 esse, to be useful, for one's advantage. 
 ' Pro re, according to circumstances ; — 
 an event, occurrence. Res followed 
 by publica, an adjective relating to 
 country, as Romana, ^c, or the name 
 of a people, signifies the state, govern- 
 ment, commonw-ealth, power, see Res- 
 publica: — the subject or matter of 
 which one treats. Id quod res habet, 
 — which is true or certain. Ex re 
 cBstimare, to regard according to the 
 reality, to value intrinsically or on ita 
 own account. Res novcp, see Novns. 
 Res capiialis, see Capilalis. N(rmen 
 ex re inditam, a name bestowed upon 
 (them) in consequence of (their) na- 
 ture or peculiar character. With a 
 relative or demonstrative prono'in res 
 often supplies the place of a pret ndinq 
 
RESCINDO 
 
 258 
 
 ROGITO 
 
 noun or claiiset as ea res, Cat, 7 
 
 Rescindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. (re 
 ^ scindo, to rend), to cut, cut off cut 
 or break down, destroy ; to annul, dis- 
 annul, make void, abrogate, cancel, 
 abolish, revoke, repeal. 
 
 ResistOj ere, sfiti, n. {re ^ sisto, to 
 stand), to stand still, halt, stop, stay ; 
 to w^ithstand, resist, hold out against, 
 oppose, make resistance, $ 223. Nan 
 potest resisti, resistance cannot be 
 made. Huic rogationi quoniam aperte 
 n sistrre nan poterant quin fatereniur, 
 as they could not openly oppose 
 ihis bill so as not to profess. $ 262, 
 R. 9 
 
 Respicio, ere, exi, eclum, a. <^ m {re 
 ^ specie, to see), to look back, look 
 back upon. 
 
 Respondeo, ere, di, sum, a. ^ n. {re 
 ^ spondee, to promise), ^ 272, to pro- 
 mise in return, to answer, reply, re- 
 spond, declare as by an oracle or by 
 divination, predict. Respondetur, imp., 
 it is replied, a reply is given. 
 
 RespuhUca ^ Res puhlica, reipub- 
 liccc,/. $ 91, {res (^ public us), the state, 
 commonwealth, republic, government, 
 politics, public affairs. Tractare or 
 habere rempublicam, to administer the 
 government. Facere contra rempub- 
 licam, to act against the state, to be 
 guilty of treason. 
 
 Restinguo, ere, inxi, inctum, a. {re 
 ^ stinguo, to extinguish), to extin- 
 guish, quench, put out. 
 
 Resfituo, ere, ui, utum, a. {re ^ 
 statue), to put or set up again, replace, 
 restore to its former condition, rein- 
 state, restore, revive, give back. 
 
 Retlcee, ere, ui, n.. <^ a. {re 4' taceo), 
 to hold one's peace, be silent ; to con- 
 ceal, keep secret. 
 
 Retinee, ere, linui, tentum, a. {re ^ 
 teneo), to hold or keep back, stop, de- 
 tain, hinder : to retain, keep, preserve ; 
 to coerce, restrain, check, repress. 
 
 Retractus, a, um, part., brought 
 back: from 
 
 Retraho, ere, xi, ctum, a. {re ^ traho), 
 to draw or pull back, bring back. 
 
 Reus, i, m., a person accused or im- 
 peached, a culprit, criminal, defen- 
 dant. Fieri reus, to be accused or 
 prosecuted. 
 
 Reverto, ere, ti, sum, a., ^ Reverter, 
 i, sus sum, dep. {re ^ verto), $ 225, IV, 
 to turn back or over, come back, re- 
 turn. 
 
 Revocdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Revvco, are, avi, dtum, a. {re ^ voce), 
 to call back, recall. 
 
 Rex, regis, m. {rego), a king, sove- 
 reign, monarch. 
 
 Rex, Regis, m., a cognomen belong- 
 ing to a plebeian family of the Mar- 
 cian gens, who claimed descent from 
 Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of 
 Rome. Q. Marcius Rex, a Roman 
 general, sent by the senate to oppose 
 Catiline's forces in Etruria. C. 30, 
 32, 34. 
 
 Rhegium, i, n., now Reggio in Cala- 
 bria, a city in the southern part of 
 Italy, opposite to Messana in Sicily. 
 J. 28. 
 
 Rhodius, a, um, adj., Rhodian, of 
 Rhodes, an island containing a city 
 of the same name, near the coast of 
 Caria, in Asia Minor. Rhodii, drum, 
 m. pi., the Rhodians, inhabitants of 
 Rhodes. C. 51. 
 
 Rogatie, ojiis, f. {rego), a demand, 
 desire, prayer, request ; a question ; a 
 law proposed to the people, a bill, an 
 ordinance, resolution. Rogationem 
 premulgare, to propose a bill or law 
 for the approbation of the people. 
 Perferre rogationem, see Per/ero. 
 Rogationem jubere, see Jubeo. 
 
 Rogdtus, a, um, part, {rego), $ 234 
 1, asked. Sententiam rogatus, being 
 asked his opinion, questioned as ta 
 his opinion. 
 
 Rogtto, are, dvi, atum a. freq., to 
 
KOGO 
 
 259 
 
 SALUS 
 
 •sk frequently, make frequent inqui- 
 ries, inquire anxiously, inquire, inter- 
 rogate, ask : from 
 
 Rogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^ n., to ask, 
 desire, request, pray, demand, ques- 
 tion, inquire, entreat, beg, sue for. 
 Rogare mag'istratum, to take the votes 
 of the people on the appointment of a 
 magistrate, to elect a magistrate, 
 cause to be elected. 
 
 Roma, ff, /., Rome, a city of La- 
 tium, in Italy, on both sides of the 
 Tiber, the capital of the ancient Ro- 
 man empire. J. 8, &c. C. 6, &c. 
 
 Romdnus, a, um, adj. (Roma), of or 
 belonging to Rome, Roman. Romani, 
 drum, m. pi., the Romans. 
 
 Rudls, e, adj., unwrought, unculti- 
 vated, unpolished, rude; $213, igno- 
 rant, inexperienced, raw, untaught, 
 illiterate. 
 
 Rufus, i, m. [Cn, Octavius), a Ro- 
 man questor, sent into Africa, A. U. 
 C. 649. J. 104. 
 
 Ryfus, i, m. (Q. Minucius), a Ro- 
 man consul vi^ith Sp. Albinus, A. U. 
 C. 644. J. 35. 
 
 Rufus, i, m. (Q. Pompeius), a Ro- 
 man pretor, A. U. C. 691. C. 30. 
 
 Ruina, (B, f. iruo, to fall down), a 
 fall, downfall; ruin, destruction, ca- 
 lamity, overthrow, Incendium ruina 
 restinguere, properly, to extinguish a 
 fire by pulling down the neighboring 
 houses, see Incendium. 
 
 Rumor, oris, m., a rumor, flying or 
 common report, hearsay, report. Ex 
 rumore, according to common fame 
 or report. 
 
 Rupes, is,f., a rock, crag, cliff, steep. 
 
 Rursum ^ Rursus, adv. {reversus, 
 returning), backward; again, on the 
 other hand; again, a second time,i 
 afresh, anew. It is sometimes appa- 
 renlly redundant. 
 
 Rutilius, i, m., P. Rutilius Rufus, 
 the lieutenant of Metellus in the war 
 with Jugurtha. J. 50, 52, 86. 
 
 a 
 
 S., an abbreviation of the prcono- 
 
 nem Sextius. 
 
 Sacer, era, crum, adj., consecrated, 
 holy, sacred, divine. 
 
 Sacerdos, btis, m. ^ f. (sacer), a priest 
 or priestess. 
 
 Sacerdotium, i, n. {sacerdos,) the of- 
 fice of a priest, priesthood. 
 
 Sacrilegus, a, um, adj. (sacer ^ lego), 
 guilty of stealing sacred things, sacri- 
 legious ; impious, wicked, profane. 
 
 ScDuias, i, m. (L.), a Roman senator. 
 C. 30. 
 
 Soepe, sa^pius, scBpissjme, adv. $ 194, 
 ^th clause, often, oftentimes, oft, many 
 times, frequently. The comparative 
 of lids word is frequently used for the 
 positive. Numero is often added re- 
 dundanily to saepe. 
 
 ScBpenumero, adv., see Scepe. 
 
 Sccvio, ire, ii, itum, n. (scevus), to 
 rage, chafe, be fierce or cruel, be an- 
 gry, frown. 
 
 Scevitia, cc, f, cruelty, severity, 
 fierceness, ferocity, barbarity, inhu- 
 manity. Sccvitia temporis, the incle* 
 mency of the season : from 
 
 S(Dvus, a, um, adj., rigorous, severe ; 
 cruel, fierce, barbarous, savage, inhu- 
 man. Mare scevum, boisterous, stor- 
 my, turbulent, tempestuous — . Otw- 
 nia sccva patiebamur, — every species 
 of cruelty. 
 
 Sagittarius, i, m. (sagitta, an arrow), 
 an archer, bowman. 
 
 Sal, salis, m. ^ n., pi. sales, m., salt. 
 
 Salto, are, dvi, dtum, n. <^ a. freg. 
 (salio, to leap), to dance. 
 
 Saltuosus, a, um, adj. {^saltus, a 
 forest), full of woods or forests, woody. 
 
 Saluber, hris, hre, adj. ^ 108, R. 1, 
 healthful, wholesome, salubrious , 
 sound, healthy, robust : from 
 
 Salus, ulis. f (salvus, safe;, safety, 
 preservation, health, life, quiet, com* 
 fort. 
 
 23 
 
SALUTO 
 
 260 
 
 SCILICr.T 
 
 Saluto, are, avi, dtum, a. (sains), to 
 Balute, greet, pay one's respects to, 
 send compliments to; to visit, call 
 upon. 
 
 Samnis, itis, m. ^ f., Samnite, of 
 Samnium a country of Italy, now 
 Abruzzo Citeriore. Samnites, urn ^'- 
 ium, m., the Samnites. C. 51. 
 
 Sanctus, a, um, part. <Sf adj. {sancio, 
 to decree), decreed, established; sa- 
 cred, inviolable, holy, divine ; virtuous, 
 upright, incorrupt. 
 
 Sane, adv. {sanus, sound), soundly, 
 soberly, discreetly; certainly, truly, 
 indeed, very. 
 
 Sanga, cb, m. (Q. Fabius), a Roman 
 senator, the patron of the Allobroges. 
 He was descended from that Fabius 
 who from his conquest of the Allobro- 
 ges was surnamed Allohrogicus. C. 4 1. 
 
 Sanguis, mis, m., blood. Fig. 
 death; kindred, offspring, stock, pa- 
 rentage, race, descent^ blood, relation- 
 ship, consanguinity. 
 
 Sapiens, tis, part. ^ adj. {sapio), 
 wise, learned, sage, judicious, discreet. 
 Subs, a wise man. 
 
 Sapientia, cb, f. {sapiens), wisdom, 
 good sense, judgment, discretion, pru- 
 dence, knowledge. 
 
 Sarcina, cb, f. (sarcio, to mend), a 
 bundle, burden, load, pack, baggage. 
 
 Satelles, itis, m. ^ f., a life-guard, 
 body-guard, attendant. 
 
 Satieias, dtis, f., satiety, fulness. 
 Fig. a glut, disgust. Satieias me 
 tenet, I am tired or sick of, satiated 
 wit) I : from 
 
 Satis, adv., and also an indecl. subs. 
 and adj. $ 212, R. 4, N. 1, enough, suf 
 ficient; with adjectives and adverbs, 
 tolerably, passably, enough, pretty, 
 Bufficiently; (comp. salior, us, better, 
 more useful or advantageous. Satius 
 est, it is better). Satis habere, to be 
 content or satisfied, to account suf- 
 ficient. Satis credere alicui, to put 
 full confidence in. 
 
 Satisfactio, ojiis, f. (satisfacio, {o 
 satisfy), a satisfaction ; amends, ippa- 
 ration ; excuse, plea, apology, satitfac* 
 tory explanation. 
 
 Satius, see Satis. 
 
 Satur, lira, urum, adj. [satis), full 
 sated ; plentiful, abundant. 
 
 Satura, (B,f. {satur), a platter or char- 
 ger filled with various fruits to be pre- 
 sented as an offering to Ceres and 
 Bacchus. Per saiuram, by the gross 
 or lump, without order or distinction, 
 confusedly. 
 
 Saucio, are, avi, dtum, a., to wound, 
 hurt : from 
 
 Saucius, a, um, adj., wounded, hurt. 
 
 Saxeus, a, um, adj., of stone, stony, 
 rocky ; from 
 
 Saxum, i, n., a stone, rock, crag, 
 cliff 
 
 ScalcB, drum,f. pi. {scando, to climb), 
 a ladder, stair. Aggredi scalis, to 
 scale. 
 
 Scaurus, i. m. (M. JBmilius), a Ro- 
 man Consul, A. U. C. 639, and leader 
 of the senate, A. U. C. 640, during the 
 war with Jugurtha. J. 15, 25, 29, 
 30, 32. 
 
 Scelerdtus, a, um, adj. {scelero, to 
 pollute), wicked, bad, impious, vicious, 
 flagitious, nefarious. 
 
 Scelestus, a, um, adj., wicked, mis- 
 chievous, unprincipled, impious, infa- 
 mous, detestable : from 
 
 Scelus, eris, n., wickedness, villainy, 
 guilt, crime, impiety. Per scelus, ne- 
 fariously, wickedly. Per summum 
 scelus, most wickedly or villainously. 
 
 Sciens, tis, part. ^ adj. {scio), $2J3, 
 knowing, acquainted with, having a 
 knowledge of; skillful, well skilled or 
 versed, expert. Me sciente, with mj' 
 knowledge, if I know it. 
 
 Scientia, ce, f. (sciens), knowledge, 
 science, skill, expertness. 
 
 Scilicet, adv. (for scire or sciis licet), 
 it is evident, clear or manifest, it is 
 plain, you may be sure ; truly, in truth, 
 
SCIO 
 
 261 
 
 SED 
 
 certainly, indeed, doubtless, assured- 
 ly; forsooth; to wit, that is to say. 
 It is often used ironically. It is some- 
 times followed by an infinitive depend- 
 ing on scire or scias in composition^ 
 $27-2. 
 
 Scio, ire, tvi, Hum, a., $ 272, $ 265, 
 to know, understand, be a.ware; to 
 Jeam, hear. 
 
 Scipio, dnisj m., P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Africanus, an illustrious Roman gene- 
 ral by whom Hannibal was defeated 
 at the battle of Zama. He is some- 
 times called Africanus Major. J. 4, 5. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Aimilidnus Africanus, by whom Car- 
 thage and Numantia were destroyed, 
 was the son of Paulus ^Emilius, and 
 grandson by adoption of P. Cornelius 
 Scipio Africanus major. J. 7, 8, 22. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Naslca, was the great-grandson of 
 that Scipio whom the Roman senate 
 adjudged to be the best man in Rome, 
 and the son of him who slew Tiberius 
 Gracchus. He was consul, A. U. C. 
 643. J. 27. 
 
 Sciie, adv. {scitus, skillful), skillfully, 
 dexterously, nicely, exactly ; ingeni- 
 ously ; elegantly, tastefully, genteelly. 
 
 Scortnm, i, n., a skin, a hide; a har- 
 lot, courtezan, mistress, prostitute. 
 
 Scribo, ere, psi, ptuin, a., to mark, 
 cut or imprint lines ; to draw ; to 
 write ; to draw up, write, compose, 
 treat ' if in writing, commit to writing, 
 lecord ; $ 230, to designate, or appohit. 
 Scribere milites, exercitum, <^c., to en- 
 list, enrol, levy — . 
 
 bcnniiim, i, n.. 
 
 a casket, coffer, 
 desk, escritoire, 
 
 trunk, chest, c 
 
 buokcase. 
 
 Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo), a writer, 
 
 jBcrivener, author, narrator, historian. 
 Scriptus, a, um,part. (scribo.) 
 Scrulor, ari, alas sum, dep. (scruta, 
 
 old clothes), to feel, search, explore, 
 
 examine, investigate. 
 
 Scutum, i, n., a buckler, shield, 
 target. 
 
 Se,insep. prep., without, apart, aside, 
 ^196. 
 
 Se, pro., see Sui. 
 
 Secedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (se ^ 
 cedo), to go apart, retire, withdraw, 
 retreat, secede, separate. 
 
 Secessio, dnis,f. (secedo), a retiring, 
 withdrawing, separation, secession ; a 
 secession of the plebeians from the 
 patricians. 
 
 Secretb, adv., separately, apart, aside, 
 secretly, in secret, in private :/rom 
 
 Secretus, a, um, part. <^ adj. (se- 
 cerno, to separate), separated, severed, 
 remote, apart, separate, alone ; secret, 
 private. 
 
 Secum, for cum se, see Cum ^ Sui. 
 
 Secundum, prep, with the ace, and 
 adv., nigh, near, after, behind, next 
 to, in the second place, in the next 
 place. 
 
 Secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor), 
 second, following, going or ooming 
 after; favorable, favoring, prosper- 
 ous, lucky, successful. Secundo marii 
 ! along the sea-coast. Secundus heres, 
 see Heres. Secunda oratio, a lauda- 
 tory or flattering speech. Secundce 
 res, see Res. 
 
 Secus, adv. (sequor), otherwise, dif- 
 ferently. Haud, non or nee secus, 
 not otherwise, not less, equally, just 
 as though: — it is of ten followed by ac, 
 atque or quam, than, and may be 
 translated, otherwise than ; non secus 
 ac, or atque, not otherwise than, just 
 as ; — unsuccessfully, unfortunately, ill. 
 Secus cedere or procedere, to turn out 
 otherwise than one hopes or expects 
 to turn out ill, fail of success. 
 
 Secutus,a, um,part. (sequor), 
 
 Sed, adversative, conj., but, now. It 
 is commonly used to denote distinction 
 or opposition, but is sometimes only 
 continuative or marks a transition 
 from one subject to another Sed i* 
 
SEDES 
 
 262 
 
 SEPTIMIUS 
 
 sometimes equivalent to sed etiam aiid 
 ts also sometimes omitted. 
 
 Sedes, is, /. (sedeo, to sit), a seat, 
 chair, bench ; a seat, abode, dwelling 
 place, residence, settlement, habita- 
 tion. 
 
 Seditioy onis, f. (sedeo), dissension, 
 discord, strife ; a popular commotion 
 or insurrection, civil discord, sedi- 
 tion. 
 
 Seditidsus, a, um, adj. {seditio), tur- 
 bulent, tumultuous, seditious, treason- 
 able, factious, mutinous. 
 
 Sedo, are, dvi, atum, a., to allay, ap- 
 pease, mitigate, calm, soften, assuage, 
 allay, pacify, quiet, soothe, check, 
 quench, extinguish. 
 
 Segnis, e, adj., dull, heavy, slothful 
 slow, inactive, sluggish, lazy, cow- 
 ardly. 
 
 Segmter, adv. (segnis), slowly, slug- 
 gishly, slothfliUy, negligently. Nihilo 
 segnius, $ 256, R. 16, with the same 
 activity or eageraess, with undiminish- 
 ed zeal; nevertheless, notwithstanding. 
 
 Sella, (B,f. (sedeo), a seat, chair. 
 
 Semet, see Sui. 
 
 Semisomnns, a, um, adj. (semi, half, 
 ^ somnus), half-asleep, half awake. 
 
 Semper, adv., always, ever, forever, 
 continually. 
 
 Sempronia, <e, f., a profligate wo- 
 man who was concerned in the Cati- 
 linarian conspiracy. She was the 
 wife, of D. Junius Brutus, and had a 
 son, D Brutus, who subsequently took 
 part in the conspiracy against Csesar. 
 C. 25, 40. 
 
 Sempronius, a, um, adj., of or re- 
 lating to Sempronius, Sempronian. 
 Sempronia lex, a law introduced by 
 Sempronius Gracchus, A. U. C. 630. 
 requi.rivg two provinces to he annually 
 assigned for the consuls, hij the senate, 
 before the consular election. These 
 provinces the consuls subsequently took 
 by lot or otherwise, as they pleased. 
 !.27. 
 
 Sendtort oris, m., a senator, (senexx 
 old). 
 
 Senatoriiis, a, um, adj. (senator), of 
 or belonging to a senator, senatorial. 
 
 Sendtus, us or i, m. (senex), a se- 
 nate, council, the Roman senate. 
 
 Senectus, utis, f. (senex, old), age 
 old age. 
 
 Senesco, ere, senui, n. incept, (seneo 
 to be old), to grow or become old ; to 
 fade, pine or waste away, decay, wear 
 away, fail, decline, decrease; to be- 
 come torpid or languid; to be com- 
 posed, settled. 
 
 Senientia, a, f, (seniio), opinion 
 judgment, resolution, mind, purpose, 
 intention, will. Ex sententia, pros- 
 perously, successfully, according to 
 one's wish or desire, satisfactorily, to 
 one's mind. Vir ex sententia amho- 
 bus, agreeable, acceptable. Mea sen- 
 tentia, in my opinion or judgment, as 
 I conceive, as I think or imagine. Ex 
 animi sententia, truly, sincerely, se- 
 riously, positively, in my opinion, on 
 my conscience — : — a vote, suffrage, 
 sentence, decree, judgment. Senten- 
 tiam dicer e, to give one's opinion or 
 vote:— sense, signification, meaning, 
 purport; a thought, sentiment, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Senima, cs, /., the bilge-water and 
 filth in the bottom of a ship; the bot- 
 tom of a ship where the bilge- water 
 is ; a sink, sewer. Fig. the rabble. 
 
 Sentio, ire, seiisi, sensu?n, a., to dis- 
 cern by the senses, perceive, feel, see, 
 discover, observe, find out, know, be 
 sensible or aware; to think, judtie, 
 suppose, entertain an opinion or sen- 
 timent. Sentire contra rcmpublicamt 
 to be hostile to the government. 
 
 Seorsum, adv. (se <^ verlo) apart 
 asunder, separately. With a. apari 
 from, without. 
 
 Separdtim, adv. (separdtus, sepa- 
 rate), separately, apart, severally 
 
 Stptimius, i, m., a Roman name, t 
 
SEQUOR 
 
 263 
 
 SIGNATOR 
 
 Camertian, confederate with Catiline. 
 C. 27. 
 
 Sequor, i, cuius sum, dep., to go or 
 come after, walk behind, follow, at- 
 tend, wait upon, accompany; to be 
 consequent upon, connected with ; to 
 ioUow after, seek for, pursue, aim at; 
 lo favor, take the part of; to regard, 
 obey; to follow, imitate; to accord 
 with, correspond to, partake of Hccc 
 sequi decfevistis, — to pursue these 
 measures or this course. Inertiam 
 sequi, to indulge, practice — . 
 
 Serius, a, um, adj., grave, serious, 
 in earnest ; of weight or importance. 
 Seria, drum, n. pi., serious affairs, 
 matters of weight. 
 
 SermOj onis, m. {sero, to connect), 
 common discourse, talk, speech, con- 
 versation. 
 
 Serpens, fis, m. ^f. {serpo, to creep), 
 a serpent. 
 
 Servilis, e, adj. (servus), of or per- 
 taining to a slave or slaves, slavish, 
 servile. 
 
 Servio, Ire, wi. Hum, n, (servus), $ 
 223, R. 2, to be a slave, serve, obey, 
 be subservient to, have regard to, aim 
 at, be devoted to. 
 
 Servitium, i, n. (servus), slavery, 
 servitude, bondage, service, subjec- 
 tion. Servitia, pi., slaves, a body of 
 slaves. 
 
 S^rvztus utis, f. (servus), slavery, 
 servitude, service, bondage, thraldom. 
 
 Servius, i, m., a Roman prcenomen. 
 
 Servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^ n., to 
 save, preserve; to observe, keep, main- 
 tain ; to guard, watch. 
 
 Servus, a, um, adj., serving, subject. 
 Servus, i, m., a slave, bondman, ser- 
 vant. 
 
 Sestertius, i, m. (semis, half, ^^ ter- 
 iius, $ 327), a sesterce, of the value of 
 two asses and a half, or one fourth of 
 a denarius, or about 3 1-4 cents of our 
 money. Sestertium, i, n., a thousand 
 sesterces. 
 
 23^ 
 
 Severe, adv. (severus), gravely, se- 
 riously, severely, rigidly. 
 
 Severttas, diis, f., gravity, serious- 
 ness, severity, strictness, austerity: 
 from 
 
 Secerns, a, um, adj., grave, reserv- 
 ed, serious, severe, rigorous, strict, 
 harsh. 
 
 Sextizis, i, m., a Roman name. The 
 name of a quaestor under Bestia. 
 
 Sextus, a, um, num, adj. (sex six), 
 the sixth; also, a Roman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 Si, conj. $ 261, if, provided, in case ; 
 since ; although, even if Si modot 
 see Modo ; quod si, see Quod. 
 
 Sihyllinus, a, %im, adj. (sibylla, a 
 sibyl or prophetess), of or pertaining 
 to a sibyl, sibylline. There were ten 
 sibyls who lived at different periods 
 and in various countries. Among 
 these the CumcEan sibyl was highly dis- 
 tinguished, and the books containing 
 her prophecies were preserved with 
 great respect by the Romans. C- 47. 
 
 Sic, adv., so, thus; accordingly. 
 Sic ut, so that, so as ; — hence, there- 
 fore. Sic like ita is sometimes used in 
 anticipation of a proposition. See 
 Ita, and J. 114. 
 
 Sicca, ce, f, a city of Numidia, in 
 which was a celebrated temple of 
 V^enus. J. 56. 
 
 Siccenses, ium, m. pi., the inhabi- 
 tants of Sicca. J. 56. 
 
 Sicilia, a;,f, Sicily. J. 28. 
 
 Sicut ^ Sicuti, conj., (sic ut, ^ sic 
 uti), so as, just as, as, acccording as; 
 as it were, as if, like. 
 
 Sidonius, ^ Sidontcus, a, um, adj., 
 Sidonian, Tyrian, Phoenician, of or 
 belonging to Sidon, a city of Ph<Bni- 
 cia. Sidonii, drum, m. pi., Sidonians. 
 inhabitants of Sidon. J. 78. 
 
 Signdtor, oris, m. (signo), a sealer 
 signer, one who attests a writing by 
 affixing his seal. Signdtor falsus q 
 ! false signer, a forger. 
 
SIGNATUS 
 
 264 
 
 SINGULATIM 
 
 Signdtus, a, um,part. (signo), mark- 
 ed, signed, sealed. 
 
 Signif^co, are, avi, dtum, a. {signum 
 4- facio), to give notice or warning, 
 signify, indicate, intimate, notify, 
 show, declare. Significare inanu, to 
 beckon — . 
 
 Signo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to mark, 
 niark out ; to seal, sign : from 
 
 Signum, i, n., a mark, sign ; a to- 
 ken ; a statue ; a seal, impression ; a 
 standard, ensign, banner, flag; hy 
 metonomy, troops, forces; a signal in 
 war ; a watchword, i. e. a word given 
 to the soldiers of an army or to a senti- 
 nel on duty, by means of which friends 
 could he distinguished from enemies. 
 Dare signum, to give a signal. Eo 
 signo, on this signal, $ 247. Signa 
 canere, to give the signal by sound of 
 trumpet, to sound the trumpets for 
 battle. See Cano. Relinquere sig- 
 num, to desert one's standard. Ob- 
 servare signa, to mind or heed the 
 standards. The standard was usually 
 the figure of some animal ; the princi- 
 pal standard of a whole legion was the 
 figure of an eagle, but besides this 
 every maniple had its own standard. 
 
 Silunus, i, 771. (T. Turpilius), a Ro' 
 man governor of the town of Vacca, 
 in the Jugurthine war. J. 66, 6' 
 69. 
 
 Sildnus, i. m. (D. Junius), a Roman 
 consul, A. U. C. 692. C. 50, 51. 
 
 Sildnus, i, m. (M. Junius), a Roman 
 consul, A. U. C. 645. The province 
 of Gaul was assigned to him where 
 he was defeated in battle by the Cim- 
 bri. 
 
 Silentium, i, n., a being silent; si- 
 lence. Silentio, abl., in silence, si- 
 lently, in obscurity ;— quietness, inac- 
 tivity, sloth, stillness: from 
 
 Sileo, ere, ui, n. <^ a., to be silent, 
 keep silence, be still, say nothing. 
 Siletur, imp., silence is maintained; 
 nothing is said. 
 
 Simllis, e, adj. $ 222, like, resem 
 bling, similar. 
 
 Similitudo, ims, f (similis), like- 
 ness, resemblance, similitude, simi- 
 larity. 
 
 Simul, adv. {similis), together, in 
 compan5^ at once, together with, 
 along with, at the same time; like- 
 wise, also, besides. As a connective it 
 serves to unite that which is of less, to 
 that which is of greater moment. Si- 
 mul ac, simulac or simply simul, as 
 soon as, as soon as ever. Simul et^ 
 at the same time — and. at the same 
 time — and also, both — and. 
 
 Simulans, tis, part, {simido). 
 
 Simulator, oris, m., a feigner, pre- 
 tender, counterfeiter, one who pre- 
 tends that to be which is not, skillful 
 in simulation. Cujuslibet rei simula- 
 tor ac dissimulator, skilled in every 
 species of simulation and dissimula- 
 tion : from 
 
 Simulo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {similis), $ 
 272, to feign, make hke the reality, 
 pretend, counterfeit, simulate; to be 
 like to, resemble, imitate. Ad simu- 
 landa negotia altitudo ingenii incre- 
 dibilis, — in the arts of simulation, 
 in giving to things a false appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Simultas, dtis, f {similis), a dis- 
 guised malice or hatred, secret grudge, 
 dissembled animosity, enmity, hatred, 
 animosity. 
 
 Sin, conj., but if, if however , si, if, 
 is often found in a preceding clause. 
 Sin has the force of sed si, being both 
 adversative and conditional. 
 
 Sine, prep, with the abl., without. 
 Sine with the noun following it, in 
 stead of depending on a verb, has often 
 the force of a negative adjective or n 
 genitive of quality, limiting the mean- 
 ing of a preceding noun ; as, oppida 
 sine prcesidio, — ungarrisoned. 
 
 Singuldtim, adv., one by one, seve- 
 rally, singly, particularly, individually. 
 
SINGULUS 
 
 265 
 
 SOLLICITO 
 
 Singulatim circumire, to go about 
 from one to another : from 
 
 Singulus, a, um, adj., single, one by 
 one, each, every, every one, one at a 
 time. Singulos appellare, Iccdere, etc., 
 — separate, single ; or separately, sing- 
 ly, individually. 
 
 Sinister, tra, irum, adj., left, on the 
 left, on the left hand or side. Sinis- 
 tra, (P.,f., sc. manus, the left hand. 
 
 Sino, ere, sivi, situm, a., $ 273, 4, to 
 permit, suffer, allovv^, let alone. 
 
 Sinus, its, m„ the bosom ; the lap ; 
 the innermost part, the heart ; a bay, 
 creek, gulf. 
 
 Siquis ^ siqui, siqua, siquod ^ si- 
 quid, or separately, si quis, etc., indef. 
 pro. $ 138 & $ 137, R. (c), if any one, 
 if any. It may often he translated, 
 whoever, whatever. 
 
 Sisenna, ce, m. (L.) a historian be- 
 longing to the Cornelian family, who 
 wrote a history of the social war and 
 of that waged by Sylla. J. 95. 
 
 Sitis, is, /. $ 79, 2 & $ 82, Ex. 2, 
 thirst. Fig. drought, dryness, sultri- 
 ness. 
 
 Sittius, I, m., see Nucermus. 
 
 Situs, us, m. {sino), site, situation, 
 local position ; a region, country, tract. 
 
 Situs, a, um, part. ^ adj. {sino), situ- 
 ated, situate, placed, set, put, lying, 
 built. Situs esse, to rest, depend, be 
 placed, $ 265. 
 
 Sive, conj. {si ^ ve, or), or if, or in- 
 deed if, and if, or ; site — sive or seu, 
 whether — or whether ; whether — or 
 rather ; whether — or. 
 
 Soda, (E, f. {socius), a wife, partner, 
 associate. 
 
 Societas, dtis,f., partnership, union, 
 connexion, company, society, fellow- 
 ship, association, alliance, participa- 
 tion ; a league, confederacy, alliance : 
 from 
 
 Socins, a, um, adj., united, associ- 
 ated, joining or sharing in, partaking, 
 allied, confederate. Socius, i, m., a 
 
 companion, associate, fellow, sharer 
 partner; an ally, confederate. Socii 
 or ?ocii Italici, Italian allies, allies 
 from all parts of Italy south of the 
 Rubicon except Latium. 
 
 Socordia, oi, f, foohshness, folly 
 dullness ; carelessness, indolence, 
 sloth, sluggishness, inactivity : from 
 
 Socors, dis, adj. {se ^ cor), sense- 
 less, thoughtless, foolish, silly, dull 
 stupid ; sluggish, inactive, slothful, la- 
 zy, careless, negligent, indolent. 
 
 Sol, solis, m., the sun. Magis suh 
 sole, more under the sun, nearer the 
 equator. 
 
 Solemnis, e, adj. {sollus, the whole* 
 ^ annus), solemn, performed at cer- 
 tain times and with certain rites, fes- 
 tive, celebrated, appointed, stated ; ac- 
 customed, ordinary, usualr customar}'-. 
 Solemne, is, n., a solemnity, solemn 
 festival, solemn rite or ceremony. 
 
 Soleo, ere, itus sum, neut.pass. $ 142, 
 R. 2, $ 271, to use, be accustomed or 
 wont ; to be usual or customary. It 
 may sometimes he translated " frequent- 
 ly, often ;" as, Docetque se audire soli- 
 tum, — that he had often heard. Ut 
 solet, as is usual. Solet sc. facere, is 
 wont to do. The pluperfect of this 
 verh has often the force of an imperfect. 
 
 Solers, tis, adj. {sollus, the whole, ^ 
 ars), V213, ingenious, skillful, expert, 
 accomplished. 
 
 Solertia, cB,f. {solers), ingenuity, sa- 
 gacity, genius, quickness, shrewdness; 
 craftiness, subtlety, cunning. 
 
 Solitudo, mis, f. {solus), a /onely or 
 solitary place; a desert, wilderness; 
 solitude ; solitariness. Uhi postquam 
 solitudinem intellexit, — the solitari- 
 ness of the place. 
 
 Solitus, a, um, part, {soleo). 
 
 Solliciidtns, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Sollicito, are, uvi, atum, a., to move, 
 stir ; to disturb, trouble ; to allure, en- 
 tice, gain over, invite, excise; to 
 tempt, instigate, stir up, urge to *-ebol 
 
SOLLTCITUDO 
 
 266 
 
 SPOLIUM 
 
 'Pi 
 
 fion, induce, urge, rouse, press, solicit. 
 Wit?i ad. 
 
 Sollicitudo, mis,f.y solicitude, anxie- 
 ty, disquiet, trouble, uneasiness of 
 mind, care. 
 
 SoUicitus, a, um, adj., solicitous, 
 anxious, uneasy, troubled, disquieted, 
 perplexed. 
 
 Solum, adv. J only, alone : from 
 
 Solus, a, um adj. $ 107, alone, only ; 
 lonely, solitarj-, desert, retired, unfre- 
 quented; destitute of kindred or 
 friends. 
 
 Solutus, a, um, part. ^ adj., loosed, 
 unbound, released, relaxed, loose, lax ; 
 free, independent, unrestrained; dis- 
 united, dissevered, divided, uncom- 
 pacted; paid, settled, liquidated, dis- 
 charged : from 
 
 Solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a., to loose, 
 loosen, unloose, untie, unbind; to 
 weaken, relax, enervate, enfeeble ; to 
 solve, explain ; to pay, discharge ; to 
 atone for. Solvere poenas, to suffer 
 punishment. 
 
 Somnus, i, m., sleep, slumber, rest, 
 repose. Fig. sloth, laziness. Captus 
 somno, overtaken or overpowered by 
 sleep. 
 
 Somtus, us, m. (sono), a sound, 
 noise, din. 
 
 Sons, tis, adj., hurtful, noxious ; ac- 
 cused ; guilty, criminal. 
 
 Sordidus, a, um, adj. {sordes, filth), 
 filthy, dirty, squalid, sordid, penurious, 
 niggardly, foul, base, mean, low, des- 
 picable. 
 
 Sp., an abbreviation of the prceno- 
 men Spurius. 
 
 Sparus, i, m., a dart, lance, spear. 
 
 Spatium, i, n., a course, race- 
 ground ; a running, race, course ; 
 space, room, extent; distance, inter- 
 val ; time, an interval or space of time. 
 Brevi spatio, in a short time. 
 
 Species, ei,f {specio, to see), a form, 
 figure, fashion, shape, appearance; 
 a sight, spectacle; semblance, ap- 
 
 pearance; a pretext, color, pretence 
 cloak, show ; an image, picture, like- 
 ness ; beauty. Specie, in appearance. 
 Ager una specie, — of a uniform ap- 
 pearance, 
 
 Spectaculum, i, n. (specto), a specta- 
 cle, public sight or show ; a sight, spec- 
 tacle. 
 
 Spectatus, a, um, part. ^ adj., seen, 
 beheld; $ 222, known, proved, ap- 
 proved, tried ; from 
 
 Specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. {spe- 
 cio, to see), to behold, look or gaze^ 
 upon, view; to see, observe, mark, 
 regard ; to try, prove, examine. 
 
 Speculator, oris, m. [speculor), a spy, 
 scout. 
 
 Speculdtus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Speculor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {specukiy 
 a watch- tower), to view, espy, observe, 
 explore, watch. 
 
 Sperdtus, a, um, part., hoped for, 
 looked for, expected : from 
 
 Spero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. $ 272, to 
 hope, trust, feel confident, expect. 
 
 Spes, ei,f., hope, confidence, expec- 
 tation, reliance, prospect. Contra 
 spem, contrary to expectation. Pro- 
 fciscitur magna spe civiiim, — with 
 high expectations on the part of his 
 fellow citizens. Spes maxima, confi- 
 dent hope, the most sanguine expec- 
 tations, the most extravagant hopes. 
 Bona spes, a firm hope, confidence. 
 \ Habere spem in aliquo, to put confi- 
 : dence, rest one's hopes, depend upon — . 
 In spe habere, to have in prospect, to 
 hope for. Amplior spe, more than 
 was expected. 
 
 Spinther, eris, m. {P. Cornelius Len- 
 tulus), a Roman edile during the con- 
 sulship of Cicero. C. 47. 
 
 Spiro, dre, dvi, dtum, n., to breathe. 
 
 Spolidttis, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Spolio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. $ 251, to 
 strip, bereave, deprive of, rob, plun- 
 der, spoil, pillage : from 
 
 Spolinm, i, n., the skin stripped oflf 
 
SPONSIO 
 
 267 
 
 STULTUS 
 
 X beast ; spoil, plunder, pillage, booty, 
 prey. 
 
 Sponsio, onis, f. {spondeo, to pro- 
 mise), a promise, engagement, bond, 
 stipulation, bargain. Spojisionem fa- 
 cere, to agree, stipulate. 
 
 Spurius, i, m., a Romsin prccnomen. 
 
 Staiilius, i, m. (L.), a Roman knight 
 confederate with Catiline. C. 17,43, 
 &c. 
 
 Statim, adv, (sto, to stand), firmly, 
 immediately, forthwith, straightway, 
 without delay. 
 
 Statlvus, a, iim, adj. {stOy to stand), 
 standing. Stativa castra, a standing 
 or stationary camp, station, quarters. 
 
 Statao, ere, id, utum, a. (sto), to set 
 up, raise, erect ; to put, place, set, sta- 
 tion, draw up, post, establish, fix; $ 
 272, to hold, judge, conclude, make up 
 one's mind, be of opinion, firmly be- 
 lieve ; $ 271, to resolve, determine, de- 
 cide, appoint, fix, assign, ordain, de- 
 cree ; to give sentence, pass sentence 
 or judgment, condemn. 
 
 Status, us, m. {sto), a standing, 
 standing still; a state, station, condi- 
 tion, situation, rank. 
 
 Stimulo, are, dvi, dtmn, a. {stimulus, 
 a goad), to prick, goad; to torment, 
 vex, trouble, disturb; to urge or drive 
 on, impel, rouse, incite, instigate 
 stimulate ; to provoke, stir up, excite- 
 
 Stlpdtor, oris, m. {stipo, to stuff"), an 
 attendant, companion ; a guard, body- 
 guard. 
 
 Stipendium, i, n. (stips, a small coin 
 ^ pendo), the pay of soldiers, the pay 
 of an army, wages ; a stipend or sala- 
 ry. Stipendia facere, to serve as a 
 soldier. Stipendiis faciendis sese ex- 
 ercuit, — in actual service. Miles em- 
 eritis stipendiis, a soldier who has 
 completed his term of service, and re- 
 ceived his discharge. Homo nullius 
 stipendii, one who has seen no ser- 
 vice, of no mihtary experience; — a 
 tribute cr tax. 
 
 Stirps, pis, 772. ^ /., the root of a 
 tree, the trunk, stump or body of a 
 tree, the stem or stock of a tree or 
 plant. Fig. the origin or foundation ; 
 a beginning, rise, source; a stock, 
 family, kindred, race, lineage; off- 
 spring, progeny, posterity. Ab stiipe, 
 from the root, utterly ; also, from one's 
 origin or ancestors, in virtue of one's 
 ancestry. 
 
 Strenue, adv., strenuously, vigorous- 
 ly, bravely : from 
 
 Strenuus, a, um, adj. $ 126, 5, (a.) $ 
 250, active, strenuous, energetic, rea- 
 dy, prompt, quick, vigorous, stout; 
 brave, valiant, 
 
 Strepitus, its, m., a harsh or con- 
 fused noise, hurly-burly, rustling, rat- 
 tling, clashing, din, clattering, clamor, 
 shouting, uproar, loud noise : from 
 
 Sirepo, ere, ui, itum, n., to make a 
 noise or harsh sound, rustle, roar, rat- 
 tle, ring, resound. Strepere voce, to 
 shout, yell. 
 
 Studeo, ere, ui, n., $ 223, $ 272, $ 
 271, R. 3, to study, attend to, apply the 
 mind to, take delight in, be devoted to, 
 fancy, labor or exert one's self for, be 
 bent on, be ambitious of, pursue; to 
 be attached to, favor, be partial to ; to 
 desire, aim, wish, be anxious. Novis 
 rebus studere, to plot a revolution in 
 the state. 
 
 Studium, i, n., study, care, diligence, 
 attention; eagerness, zeal, ardor of 
 mind, fondness, desire, inclination, 
 propensity, taste, will, humor, fancy ; 
 favor, partiality, attachment, regard, 
 affection ; pursuit, employment, pro- 
 fession, favorite study. Stadia civilia, 
 civil dissensions, contentions among 
 the citizens. Summo studio or cum 
 summo studio, with the greatest zeal, 
 very zealously, very eagerly. 
 
 Stultitia, <B, f, folly, foolishness. 
 from 
 
 Stulius, a, um, adj., foolish, unwisf 
 silly. 
 
STUPKUM 
 
 268 
 
 SULLA 
 
 Sthprum, i, n,, seduction, violation, 
 .ornication, adultery, lewdness, de- 
 bauchery. Stuprum corporis, prosti- 
 tution. 'Midta nefanda siupra ftcerat, 
 had committed many atrocious acts 
 of lewdness. 
 
 Suadeo, ere, si, sum, n. ^ a. $ 223, 
 R. 2, $ 273, 2, to advise, exhort, re- 
 commend, suggest, counsel, urge. 
 
 Sub, prep, with ace. or abl. % 235, 
 (2.) under ; beneath, at the foot of; on ; 
 at, during; towards., near, by. 
 
 Suhactus, a, um, part, (subigo). 
 
 Subdole, adv., deceitfully, cunning- 
 ly, craftily, subdy, slyly, artfully : 
 from 
 
 Subdolus, a, um, adj. (sub ^ dolus), 
 cunning, crafty, deceitful, sly, subtle. 
 
 Subduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (sub <^^ 
 duco), to draw up, lift or raise up, 
 raise, withdraw, take away, remove, 
 draw off, lead away. 
 
 Subigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (^sub ^' 
 ago), to bring, lead or conduct under; 
 to urge on, lead, impel, drive, force, 
 constrain, compel, oblige, necessitate; 
 to subject, subjugate, reduce, van- 
 quish, conquer, subdue. In Sallust 
 with ivf. and ace. 
 
 Sublutus, a, um, part, (sustollo), rais- 
 ed; taken away, removed. Sublato 
 auctore, concealing the (name of her) 
 informant. 
 
 Sublcvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {sub <^ 
 levo), to lift, raise or hold up, support; 
 to help, aid, succor, relieve, assist, fa- 
 vor,. protect, defend; to ease, lighten, 
 lessen, (iiminish, soften. 
 
 Subsidium, i, n. (subsideo, to lie in 
 wait), a body of troops in reserve, a 
 reinforcement; a line or rank of 
 troops; aid, help, assistance, succor. 
 Locare or collocare in subsidio or sub- 
 sidtis, to station as a reserve. T?ie 
 name of subsidium was especially ap- 
 'pUeA to the triarii, see Pilus. 
 
 S' ibvenio. Ire, veni, ventum, n. (sub ^' 
 ve^ /), $ 224, to come on, to come 
 
 after; to come to one's assistance 
 assist, aid, help, succor, relieve. Pri 
 usquam subveniretur, before assist 
 ance could be given. Subveniendum 
 est, assistance must or should be given. 
 
 Subverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (sub ^ ver 
 to), to turn upside down, overturn, 
 overthrov/, demolish, subvert, annul, 
 reverse, make void, destroy, put an 
 end to ; to corrupt, impair. 
 
 Succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (sub ^^ 
 cedo), to approach something elevated, 
 as the walls of a town, &c., to go un- 
 der, go to, approach, advance. It is 
 followed by the dative, $ 224, or by the 
 accusative with ad. 
 
 Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. (sub 
 <^ curro, to run), "^ 224, to run under ; 
 to run to one's assistance, succor, aid, 
 assist, help, relieve. 
 
 Sudes, is,f., a stake. 
 
 Sudor, oris, m., sweat. Pig- labor, 
 fatigue, toil, difficulty, pains, exertion. 
 
 Sujfvdio, ere, fddi,fossum, a. (sub ^ 
 fodio, to dig), to dig under, under- 
 mine. 
 
 Suffragatio, bnis, f. (si/ffragot to 
 vote for), giving one's vote or influ- 
 ence to get a person elected, a voting 
 for one, earnestness or zeal to promote 
 one's election, interest in one's favor, 
 recommendation. 
 
 Sui, sibi, se, subs, pro. m. f. ^^ n., ^ 
 133, of himself, herself, itself, them- 
 selves, &c. In the ace. ^ abl. it is 
 often doubled, sese. The prep, cum 
 wJien used with se is annexed to it, as 
 secum. The particle met is often an- 
 nexed intensively; $ 133, K. 2. 
 
 Sulla, CB, m. (P. Cornelius), a consul 
 elect, A. U. C. 688, who was convict- 
 ed of bribery. C. 17, 18. 
 
 Sulla, CB, m. (Servius Cornelius), a 
 confederate of Catiline, and brother 
 of P. Sulla. C. 17, 47. 
 
 Sulla, a:, m. (L. Cornelius), L. Cor 
 nelius Sylla or Sulla, a Roman gene 
 ral of the Cornelian gens, distinguish 
 
SULLAXUS 
 
 269 
 
 SUPER VAC AN EUS 
 
 ed for his military talents, and still 
 more for his enmuy to Marius, and his 
 cruelties during the civil wars. He 
 was the uncle of Publius and Servius 
 Cornelius Sylla. J. 95, &c. C. 5, &c. 
 
 Sullunvs, a, urn, adj., of or relating 
 to Syila. Sylla's. C. 21. 
 
 Sulphur, uris, 72., sulphur, brim- 
 stone. 
 
 Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. $ 153, to be ; 
 to exist, live; to stay, remain, con- 
 tinue, abide. With two datives, % 227, 
 to bring, confer, be, serve, constitute, 
 become, be accounted, prove, afford. 
 Esse in conjuratione, to be engaged 
 or concerned in — . Esse extra con- 
 juraiionem, not to be engaged in — . 
 Supra esse, to exceed, surpass. Post 
 esse, see Post. Esse pluris, etc. to be 
 worth, — $ 214. With a dative of the 
 possessor, ^ 226, to have. With a 
 genitive or ablative of character, &c., 
 $ 211, R. 6 & 8, to be of, to possess. 
 To rest in, be placed upon. To be 
 the part, property, &c. to become, $ 
 211, R. 8, (3). It often takes an adverb 
 in the predicate where an adjective is 
 used in English; as, Mala abunde] 
 omnia era nf,— were abundant. Frws- 1 
 tra esse, to be unsuccessful or fruitless ; j 
 as, Cujus consilium frustra erat. Ita I 
 sum, for talis sum. — Fuere qui dice-, 
 rent, some said, $ 264, 6: — to tend,; 
 serve, contribute, with the genitive of a 
 gerund or gerundive. 
 
 Summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of supe- 
 rus), highest, at the top, topmost, up- 
 permost ; last, greatest, very great, su- 
 preme, utmost, consummate, extreme, 
 glorious. Summus vir, very great or 
 eminent, illustrious, excellent — . Sum- 
 via cpe or vi, with all one's might or 
 power, with might and main. Sum- 
 mum, i, n., the top or summit of any 
 thing. 
 
 Sumo, ^re, sumpsi, sumpium, a., to 
 take, take up, receive. Pecuniam 
 mutuam sumere, to borrow—. Su- 
 
 mere supplicimn de aliquo. to punish, 
 inflict punishment upon : — to choose, 
 select. Bellum sumere, to enter upon, 
 engage in, undertake :— to procure- 
 Liheros sumere, to adopt — . , 
 
 Sumptus, us, m. {sumo), charge, ex- 
 pense, cost. 
 
 Sumptus, a, um, part, {sumo) 
 
 Sudmet, see Suus. 
 
 Supellex, lectilis, f, household fur- 
 niture or goods, movables, chattels. 
 
 Super, prep, with ace. or abl. § 235, 
 (3} ; with ace, over, above, on, upon, 
 beyond, more than ; with abl., of, on, 
 about, concerning. Super esse, to 
 surpass. A.lso adv., over, above, over 
 and above. Satis superque, enough 
 and more than enough. 
 
 Superbia, cb, /., pride, haughtiness, 
 insolence, arrogance. Per superbiam, 
 proudly, haughtily : from 
 
 Superbus a, um, adj., proud, haugh- 
 ty, vain-glorious, arrogant, insolent, 
 scornful. 
 
 Superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus), 
 ] higher, upper ; past, gone by, preced- 
 ing, former, first ; superior. Discedere 
 superior, to come oflf victorious. 
 
 Supero, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^' n. {su- 
 per), to outreach, outdo, outstrip, sur- 
 pass, exceed, excel, outweigh, be supe- 
 rior to; to overbalance, more than 
 compensate; to overcome, conquer, 
 vanquish, subdue, destroy; to refute, 
 disprove, repel ; to abound, be abun- 
 dant, be superfluous or redundant ; to 
 remain. Superare alicui, to be too 
 much for — , to be more than one can 
 perform, $ 223. 
 
 Supersto, are, n. {super ^ sto), to 
 stand over or upon. 
 
 Superus, a, um, adj. {super), comp. 
 superior, sup. supremus or summus, 
 above, upper. 
 
 Supervacaneus, a, um, adj. [super' 
 vaco, to be superfluous). $ 222, above 
 what is necessary, usual or ordinary 
 that is not strictly necessary, tran- 
 
SUPER V ADO 
 
 270 
 
 suus 
 
 flcending the limits of necessity, su- 
 perfluous, needless. 
 
 Supervddo, ere, n. {super ^ vado), $ 
 233, to go, climb or pass over, sur- 
 mount. 
 
 Suppelo, ere, wi, itum, a. {sub ^ 
 peto), to occur, suggest itself, come 
 into one's mind; to be near or at 
 hand Minus suppetere, not to oc- 
 cur 
 
 Supplementum, i, n. {suppleo, to 
 supply), a supply, filling up, supple- 
 ment; supplies, reinforcements, re- 
 cruits. Supplementum scribere, to 
 levy or enlist recruits. 
 
 Supplex, icis, adj. {sub ^ plico, to 
 fold), suppliant, begging or entreating 
 on one's knees, kneeling, prostrate, 
 humble, submissive. Subs, a suppli- 
 ant, humble petitioner. 
 
 Supplicium, i, n. {supplex), a suppli- 
 cation, prayer, humble entreaty, soli- 
 citation ; supplicatory offerings or sa- 
 crifices, a public thanksgiving, wor- 
 ship; capital punishment, condign 
 punishment, torture, any severe pun- 
 ishment. Summum supplicium, capi- 
 tal punishment. Supplicio cogere, to 
 govern with severity, impel to duty by 
 punishment. 
 
 SuppUco, are, uvi, atum, n. {supplex), 
 $ 224, to kneel before, make supplica- 
 tion to, pray or beg humbly, beseech, 
 implore, entreat, supplicate, worship. 
 
 Supra, prep, with ace. {superus), 
 above, over, upon, beyond, more than. 
 Supra esse, to surpass. Supra bonum 
 atque honeslum, beyond what is proper 
 and becoming. Supra caput esse, to 
 be over the head, to be near, to be at 
 hand, to menace. Also, adv. above, 
 before, farther. Supra repetere, to go 
 farther back, to carry one's narration 
 farther back. Patiens incdice supra 
 quam credibile est, more than, above 
 or beyond what, higher or farther 
 than. 
 
 Sura, cB, VI., see Lentulus 
 
 Susceptus, a, um, part, taken upi 
 undertaken : from 
 
 Susctpio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. {sur 
 sum, up, ^ capio), to take or lift up, 
 receive, catch; to bear, sufler; to un- 
 dertake, take in hand, take up, enter 
 upon, begin, engage in, encounter, 
 take upon one's self, incur, undergo. 
 
 Suspectus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {suS' 
 picio), $ 222, suspected, misirusied 
 suspicious. Habere suspecium, to sus- 
 pect. 
 
 Suspicio, onis, f., suspicion, mis- 
 trust, distrust, jealousy : from 
 
 Suspicio, ere, pexi, pectum, n. ^ a 
 {sursum, up, or sub ^ specio, to see), 
 to look up or upwards ; to look up to, 
 admire, honor, respect; to mistrust, 
 suspect. 
 
 Suspicor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {suspi- 
 cio), to suspect, apprehend, fear, mis- 
 trust ; to think, imagine. 
 
 Sustento, are, dvi, atum, a. freq., to 
 sustain, bear or hold up, uphold, feed, 
 support, maintain ; to hold out. bear, 
 sufier, endure; to withstand, oppose, 
 resist; to check, stop, restrain, keep 
 back : from 
 
 Susimeo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. {sur- 
 sum, up, ^ ieneo), to hold up, sustain, 
 uphold, support, undertake, bear, car- 
 ry, hold, discharge ; to defend, support, 
 protect, preserve, maintain, nourish; 
 to suffer, bear, undergo, endure, hold 
 out against. 
 
 Sustollo, ere, susiuli, subldtum, a. 
 {sursum <^ tollo), to raise or lift up; to 
 take away, remove, suppress. The 
 second and third roots of this verb are 
 taken from suffero. 
 
 Suthtd, ulis, n., a town of Numidia. 
 J. 37, 38. 
 
 Suus, a, um, poss. adj. pro. ^ 139, 
 {sui), $ 208, one's own, its own, his or 
 her own, their own; his, hers, its, 
 their. Suum or pi. sua, n. one's own 
 property, possessions or rights. Su\i$ 
 locus, the place of one's own choicG 
 
SYPHAX 
 
 271 
 
 TANTUS 
 
 and hence favorable. Sui, one^sj Taceo, ere, uU itum, n., to be silent* 
 friends, party, side, people, soldiers, . hold one's peace, say nothing. 
 &c. $ 205, R. 7, N. 1. The enclitics] Tacitus, a, um, part. <^ adj. (faced), 
 met and pte are sometirnes annearec^ j silent, mute, in silence, silently; still. 
 to it. I quiet; without notice, unobserved. 
 
 SyphcLx, dcis, m., a king of Numi- Tccda, cb, /., a tree producing pitch, 
 dia, viho was conquered by Scipio,;the torch-tree, pitch-tree; a torch; 
 ^\'ilh the aid of Masinissa. J. 5, 1 chips or pieces of the pitch or pine 
 
 H. 
 
 Syrtis, is, f. {(rvpco, to draw), sands, 
 shelves, quicksands, a syrtis or place 
 of movable sand-banks in the sea, 
 which were so called because the 
 sands were drawn to and fro by the 
 violence of the winds and tides. Of 
 this kind are two tracts in the Mediter- 
 ranean near the coast of Africa, iihich 
 are called. Syrtis Major ap,d Syrtis 
 Minor, now the gulf of Sidra and the 
 gulf of Capes. J. 19,7a 
 
 T., an abbreviation oi the prcBnomen 
 Titus. 
 
 Tabemaculum, i, n. {taherna, a 
 shed), a tent, pavilion. 
 
 Tabes, is, f. {tabeo, to melt away), a 
 melting or wasting away ; poison, in- 
 fection ; a wasting disease, consump- 
 tion, pestilence, plague, contagion, 
 disease. 
 
 Tabesco, ere, tabui, n. incept, {tabeo), 
 to melt, dissolve, be dissolved or melt- 
 ed; to waste or pine away, be con- 
 sumed, decline, languish, decay, fade, 
 decrease. 
 
 Tabula, ce, f, a board or plank. 
 Tabula or tabula picta, a picture, 
 painting;— a table or tablet covered 
 with wax for writing on, a writing, 
 book. Tabulct, writings, account- 
 books, records, bills, bonds, instru- 
 ments. TabulcB novcc, new accounts, 
 bills, &c., by which the whole or a 
 part, of his debt due on the old ac- 
 count, was remitted to the debtor. 
 See Novus. 
 
 tree ; a fire ball made of pieces of the 
 pitch-tree. 
 
 Tcedet, duit, or tcesum est, imp., it is 
 irksome to, it wearies. Tcedet me, I 
 am weary of, tired of, disgusted with. 
 
 Tcedium, i, n. (Jtccdet), weariness, 
 irksomeness. 
 
 Talis, e, adj., such, of this or that 
 kind, such like, so distinguished, so 
 great, so eminent, of such magnitude. 
 
 Tam, adv., so, so much, so very. 
 Quam — tam, with comparatives or su- 
 perlatives the — the, as — so. 
 
 Tamen, adversative, conj. § ]98, 4, 
 notwithstanding, nevertheless, for all 
 that, however, yet, still. In the apodo- 
 sis of a sentence it corresponds to ta 
 metsi, quamvis, quamquam, si, quum, 
 etc., iVi the protasis, and is sometimes 
 to he supplied. 
 
 Tanietsi, concessive, conj. $ 198, 3, 
 {tamen ^- etsi), though, although, not- 
 withstanding that. It is used in the 
 protasis. 
 
 Tana, cb, m., a river of Numidia be- 
 tvs'een the towns of Lares and Capsa 
 J. 90. 
 
 Tandem, adv. {tam ^ demum), at 
 length, at last, finally, in the end. In 
 urgent interrogation, pray. 
 
 Tanquam, or Tamquam, adv. {tan,, 
 (^ quam), as, just as, as it were, as if. 
 
 Tantum, adv. {tantus), only, alone, 
 but, merely. 
 
 Tantummodo, or Tantum modo, adv 
 only ; provided only. 
 
 Tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so 
 much, such, so important, as great. 
 It is often followed by ut, that, or 
 quantus, as, $ 262, R. \.—Tantu7n 
 
 24 
 
TARDE 
 
 272 
 
 TENEO 
 
 modo remorati, — so long only, $ 236. 
 Taiito, dbl., by so much» so much, the, 
 with comparatives, <^c. % 256, R. 16, (2.) 
 
 Tarde, adv., slowly, tardily : from 
 
 Tardus, a, um, adj., slow, tardy, 
 siTiggish, slack. 
 
 Tarquinius, i, m. (L.), a confederate 
 of Catiline, who, being arrested, be- 
 came a witness against the conspira- 
 tors. C. 48. 
 
 Tectum, i, n. (tego), a roof. Pro 
 tectis, see Pro. 
 
 Pectus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Tego, ere, texi, tectum, a., to cover, 
 hide, conceal, disguise, cloak ; to de- 
 fend, protect, shelter. 
 
 Telum, i, n., a missile weapon, a 
 dart, javelin, lance, spear, arrow. 
 Es»e cum telo, to go armed, to carry 
 arms about one, to be in arms. 
 
 Temere, adv., without cause, casu- 
 ally» by chance, inconsiderately, light- 
 ly, rashly, hastily, thoughtlessly, in- 
 discreetly ; carelessly, confusedly, 
 without order, irregularly. Temere 
 munita, hastily, slightly — . 
 
 Temertias, atis,f. iiemere), rashness, 
 inconsiderateness, hastiness, thought- 
 lessness, temerity, foolhardiness, in- 
 discretion, imprudence. 
 
 Temperantia, a;,f. {temperans, tem- 
 perate), moderation, temperance, ab- 
 stinence. 
 
 Tempero, are, avi, U,tum,a. ^ n. {tem- 
 pus), to temper, mix in due propor- 
 tion; to mitigate, soften, temper; to 
 regulate, moderate, set bounds to, 
 • check, restrain. Temperare, or tem- 
 perare sibi, to govern one's self, to 
 practice moderation, be moderate. 
 Temperare victories, to use a victory 
 with moderation, to be temperate in 
 victory. 
 
 Tempestas, dlis, f. {tempus), time ; a 
 year, season, period; good or bad 
 weather, stormy or boisterous weath- 
 er, a storm, tempest Fig. trouble, 
 calamity, misfortune. MultcB tempes- 
 
 iates, a long time, a long course of 
 years, many years, many occasions or 
 times ; many perils, commotions, dif* 
 Acuities or trials. Paucce tempestates, 
 a short time, a brief space. Alia in 
 tempestate, at another time. 
 
 Templum, i, n., an open space ; con- 
 secrated ground ; a temple. 
 
 Tempus, oris, n., time, space of 
 time, duration, a season ; an occasion, 
 opportunity, convenient, proper or ap- 
 pointed time; the state or condition 
 of any one, circumstances; danger, 
 difficulty, exigency ; an event, occur- 
 rence, conjuncture, the times. Ad 
 tempus or in tempore, in time, season- 
 ably, at the appointed time, in proper 
 time, in good time, opportunely, in 
 good season. Ad hoc tempus, hither- 
 to, to the present time. Ex tempore 
 or pro tempore, as time permits, ac- 
 cording to circumstances, as occasion 
 requires. Ex tempore, immediately, 
 without premeditation. Tempore, in 
 time, in point of time. 
 
 Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum or ten- 
 tum, a. ^ n., to stretch out, extend ; to 
 go, advance, travel towards, direct or 
 shape one's course or march ; to con- 
 tend, strive, tiy, exert one's self, en- 
 deavour, fight, contend, oppose, resist. 
 Tendere insidias, see Insidioi. 
 
 TenehroB, drum, f. pi., darkness; ob- 
 scurity, gloom. 
 
 Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, a. ^ n. {tendo), 
 to hold, hold fast, keep, have ; to pos- 
 sess, hold, occupy; to detain, delay, 
 check, curb, restrain ; to keep, refrain 
 abstain ; to retain, keep, hold, preserve; 
 to hold out, last, endure, continue ; to 
 rule, direct, sway, govern, move. 
 Magna me spes tenet, great hopes pos- 
 sess me, I have great hopes : — to cap- 
 tivate, charm, delight. Imbecilla atas 
 ambitione corrupta tenebatur, — was se- 
 duced or captivated — . Tenerein cus- 
 todia or in custodiis, to keep in custody 
 or in prison, to detain in free custody 
 
TENTATUS 
 
 273 
 
 TIMOR 
 
 Tentatus, «, vm, part., tried, essayed, 
 proved, attempted ; tempted, solicited, 
 sounded, tampered with : from 
 
 Tento, are, dvi, dtum, a.freq. (tendo 
 or teneo) to explore by touchmg, feel, 
 examine. Fig. to seek, try, essay, 
 attempt; to make attempts, prove, 
 explore, sound, tempt, tamper with, 
 entice to revolt, put to the test; to at- 
 tack, harass, invade; to assail, prac- 
 tice upon ; to irritate, provoke, excite, 
 incite. Lassitudinem tentarey to try 
 the effect of—. Bello tentare, to make 
 war upon. Tentari aliqua re, to be 
 brought into peril by, exposed to, 
 threatened with, in danger from — . 
 
 Terentius, i, n, {Cn.) a Roman sen- 
 ator. C. 47. 
 
 Tergum, i, m., the back of a man or 
 beast. A or ab tergo, from behind, 
 behind, in the rear. 
 
 Terra, cc, /., the earth ; a country, 
 region, land. Terra marique, by land 
 and sea, in all places. TerrcB or oi^bis 
 terrarum, the earth, the world. Fig. 
 men, mankind. 
 
 Terr arinen sis, is, m., a Terracinian, 
 an inhabitant of Terracina, an an- 
 cient city of Latium, still called by the 
 same name. C. 46. 
 
 Terreo, ere, ui, ihim, a., to affright, 
 frighten, alarm, terrify, inspire with 
 terror; to attempt to frighten. 
 
 Terribilis, e, adj. {terreo), dreadful, 
 terrible, shocking, horrid, horrible, 
 frightful. 
 
 Territus, a, um,part. {terreo), alarm- 
 ed, affrighted, t'rightened, dismayed. 
 
 Terror, oris, m. {terreo), great fear, 
 ierror, affright, dread. 
 
 Tertius, a, um, num. adj. (^er, 
 lln'ice), third, the third. 
 
 Testamentum, i, n. {testor, $ 102, 4), 
 a testament or last will. 
 
 Testis, is, m. <^f., a witness. 
 
 Testor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {testis), § 
 272, to testify, witness, bear witness, 
 attest, show, declare ; to affirm, aver. 
 
 declare solemnly, protest; to call to 
 witness, appeal to. 
 
 Testudo, mis,/., a tortoise ; in mili- 
 tary affairs, a testudo, a covering ot 
 shields held over the heads of a body 
 of soldiers to protect them from fall- 
 ing darts, &c. Also, a movable shed 
 or pent-house under which besiegers 
 advanced to the walls. 
 
 Teter, tra, trum, adj., foul, offensive, 
 noisome, horrid, hideous, gloomy. 
 
 Tetrarcha, ce, m., a tetrarch or go- 
 vernor of a fourth part of a country ; 
 a governor of a part or division of any- 
 country, without regard to the num- 
 ber of parts into which it is divided. 
 
 Thala, <B,f., a town in the southern 
 part of Numidia, the exact situation 
 of which is unknown. J. 75, 77, 80, 
 89. 
 
 ThercBij drum, m. pi , inhabitants of 
 Thera, an island of the ^gean Sea. 
 J. 19. 
 
 Thesaurus, i, m., a treasure, collec- 
 tion of money; a repository, store- 
 house, magazine, treasury. 
 
 Thirmida, cb,/., a town of Numidia 
 the situation of which is uncertain. 
 J. 12. 
 
 Thrax, dcis, adj., Thracian. Subit. 
 a Thracian, an inhabitant of Thrace 
 a large country of Europe on the east 
 of Macedonia. J. 38. 
 
 Tiberius, i, m., a Roman ^rcenomen, 
 often written by abbreviation Tib. 
 
 Timeo, ere, ui, a. ^ n., § 262, R. 7, 
 to fear, be afraid of, dread, apprehend, 
 regard; with dat. to fear for or on ac- 
 count of; to be averse to, dislike. 
 
 Timidus, a, um, adj. {timeo), full of 
 fear, fearful, timorous, timid, afraid, 
 cowardly. 
 
 Timor, oris, m. {timeo) fear, appre- 
 hension, dread, affright. Timor is pro- 
 perly dastardly fear, metus, a reason- 
 able and well grounded apprehension 
 of coming evil. Hence the former is 
 always disgraceful, the latter is often 
 
TISIDIUM 
 
 274 
 
 TRANQUILLUS 
 
 excusable. Timor animi, see Ani- 
 mus. 
 
 Tisidium, i, n., a town of Africa. 
 J. 62. 
 
 Titus, i, m., a Roman prcBnomen. 
 
 Togdtus, a, um, adj. {toga), clothed 
 in a toga or Roman gown, gowned, 
 togated, toged. Togdti, brum, m. jjl., 
 Romans, since the Romans were dis- 
 tinguished by the use of the toga. 
 Also, Roman citizens, in distinction 
 from soldiers, as the latter did not 
 wear the toga. 
 
 Tolero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to bear, 
 bear patiently, brook, submit to, suf- 
 fer, support, endure, tolerate, allow; 
 to maintain, support, sustain, allevi- 
 ate, lighten. 
 
 Tollo, ere, a., to raise, lift or take 
 up, elevate. Fig. to set up, send up, 
 cause to ascend; to extol, praise. 
 Tollere animum, to take courage ; to 
 inspire with courage. 
 
 Toreuma, atis, n., a vase or any 
 piece of plate engraven, chased, em- 
 bossed or adorned with bas-relief 
 
 Tormentum, i, n. {torqueo, to hurl), a 
 warlike engine for throwing stones, 
 darts, &c. 
 
 Torpesco, ere, pui, n. inc. {torpeo, to 
 be numb), to grow numb or torpid, 
 become languid or dull, grow faint, 
 listless, sluggish, inactive or indo- 
 lent. 
 
 Tbrqudlus, i, m. {L. Maidius), a Ro- 
 man consul, A. U. C. 689. C. 18. 
 
 Torqudius, i, m. (T. Manlius).. a ce- 
 lebrated Roman dictator who put his 
 son to death for engaging with the 
 enemy contrary to orders, A. U. C. 
 U5. C. 53. 
 
 Toties or toiiens, adv., so often. 
 
 Totus, a, um, adj. gen. ius, $ 107, all 
 together, whole, total, entire, the 
 whole. 
 
 Tracto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
 [traho), to drag forcibly; to touch, 
 \iandle, feel; to exercise, manage; 
 
 to treat, conduct towards. Tractarc 
 rempublicam, to direct, govern — . 
 
 Tractus, us, m. {traho), a drawing or 
 dragging ; a direction, course, extent ; 
 a tract, region, country. Pari tractu, at 
 an equal or uniform distance, parallel 
 
 Tractus, a, um, part, {traho), 
 
 Traditus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Trado, ere, didi, ditum, a. {trans <^ 
 do), to give, consign, deliver, give 
 over. In custodiam tradere, to com- 
 mit to custody or to prison ; — to give, 
 bequeath ; to recommend, commit to 
 one's care or protection ; to give up 
 surrender, commit, devote; to trans- 
 mit, hand down. Per manus tradere^ 
 to transmit from hand to hand, hand 
 down. 
 
 Traducoj or Transduco, ere, xi, 
 ctum, a. {trans <^ duco), to bring or 
 cany over, lead cr convey through 
 transport, transfer. 
 
 Traho, ere, xi, ctum, a., to draw 
 drag. Trahere, or trahere ad suppli- 
 cium, to drag to execution. Trahere 
 pecuniam, to squander, waste, throw 
 away ; — to draw to one's self; to con- 
 ceive, get, receive. Trahere, rapere, 
 to rob, plunder; — to protract, draw 
 out, spin out, delay, defer, put off, con- 
 sume, retard, prolong ; to lead away, 
 withdraw, divert ; to weigh, consider, 
 conceive, imagine, revolve, reflect on ; 
 to ascribe, attribute ; to interpret, ex- 
 plain, construe; to form, take, direct, 
 order. Trahere consilium, to form a 
 decision or determination. Trahere 
 omnia, to interpose delays of all kinds. 
 Trahere animo, or cum animo, to im- 
 agine, figure to one's self, have ever 
 in mind, revolve or deliberate within 
 one's self, $ 272, $ 265. 
 
 Trames, ztis, m. {trameo, to go 
 through), a cross-way, cross-road, by- 
 path. 
 
 Tranquillus, a, um, adj., calm, still, 
 smooth, tranquil, quiet, peaceful 
 placid. 
 
TRANSDUCO 
 
 275 
 
 TRIPLEX 
 
 Transduco, see Traduco. 
 
 Transeo, Ire, ii, llum, irr, n. ^ a. 
 {trans, over, beyond, ^ eo), $ 182, R. 
 3, $ 233, to go or pass over or beyond ; 
 to desert, go or pass over to the ene- 
 my ; to pass, pass through. 
 
 Transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
 {trans <$' fero), to carry or bring over, 
 transfer, transport. Transferre suam 
 culpam, to transfer one's own fauh, 
 charge the blame due to one's self: — 
 to turn, apply, adapt; to defer, post- 
 pone, put off Transferri, to be trans- 
 ferred, to pass. 
 
 Transfuga, cr, m., a deserter, fugi- 
 tive, runaway, one who goes over to 
 the enemy : from 
 
 Transfugio, ere, fugi, fugitum^ n. 
 (trans ^ fugio), to fly over, go over 
 to the enemy, desert, revolt. 
 
 Transigo, ere, egi, actum, a, {trans 
 ^ ago), to drive right through. Tran- 
 sigere vitam, to lead, pass, spend : — to 
 finish, despatch, accomphsh, perform, 
 conclude, transact, settle, adjust. 
 
 Transpaddnus, a, um, adj. {trans <^ 
 Padus, the Po), beyond the Po. Subs. 
 one living beyond the Po. C. 49. 
 
 Transvectus, a, um, part. : from 
 
 Tran sveho, ere, vexi, vectum, a.) trans 
 ^ veho, to carry), to carry or convey 
 over, transport Transvehi, to pass 
 over, travel or sail over. 
 
 Transversus, a, um, part. <^ adj., 
 turned away or across, placed cross- 
 wise or at right angles ; athwart, cross- 
 wise, transverse, oblique. Transversa 
 prcelia, attacks upon the flank. Trans- 
 versum agere, to lead aside or astray : 
 from 
 
 Transverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (trans ^ 
 verto), to change, turn, turn away. 
 
 Trepido, are, dvi, dtum, n., to be in 
 a hurry or confusion, make haste for 
 fear, run up and down in a state of 
 trepidation; to be agitated, flurried; 
 to tremble for fear, be afraid or alarm- 
 ed : from 
 
 24 
 
 Trepidus, a, um, adj., hastening 
 with fear and trembling, trembling or 
 hastening for fear, in disorder or tre- 
 pidation, confounded, dismayed, alarm- 
 ed, frightened, afra;d, anxious, solicit- 
 ous, fearful, hurried, unquiet, disturb- 
 ed, agitated, full of anxiety; causing 
 alarm, alarming, anxious. Res tre- 
 pidcB, alarming or dangerous circum- 
 stances, a perilous state or condition, 
 agitation, commotion. 
 
 Tres, tria, num, adj. $ 109, three. 
 
 Tribundtus, us, m. (tribus), the tri- 
 buneship, the oflice and dignity of a 
 tribune. 
 
 Tribunicius, a, um, adj., of or per- 
 taining to a tribune, tribunicial :/ro7?i 
 
 Tribunus, i, m. (tribus), a tribune, 
 properly one who presides over a 
 tribe, a president. Tribuni militares, 
 tribunes of the soldiers, military tri- 
 bunes ; at first, they were commanders 
 of the third part of a legion, after- 
 wards, as the legions were enlarged, 
 the number of tribunes was increased. 
 Tribuni plebis, tribunes of the people 
 or of the plebeians; inferior magis- 
 trates elected by the people for their 
 defence against the senators. They 
 had the power of forbidding all pro- 
 ceedings, even of the consuls and of 
 the senate, if in their view they were 
 injurious to the common people. See 
 J, 39. 
 
 Tribuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to give, as- 
 sign, attribute, grant, impart, bestow, 
 lend. 
 
 Tribus, us, f. (tres), a tribe, a divi- 
 sion of the Roman people, whom 
 Romulus divided into three parts. 
 The tribes were gradually increased 
 in number to thirty-five. 
 
 Triduum, i, n. (tres ^ dies), the space 
 of three days, three days. 
 
 Triginta, num, adj. ind., thirty. 
 
 Triplex, ids, adj. (tres ^ plica, to 
 fold), threefold, triple. Triplices, mjM 
 />/., three. 
 
TRISTITIA 
 
 276 
 
 TURMA 
 
 Trisiitia, gs,/. itristis, sad), sadness, 
 sorrow, grief, melancholy, care. 
 
 Triumplio, are, dvi, alum, n. ^ a., to 
 triumph, celebrate a triumph. 
 
 Triumphus, i, m., a triumph, an 
 honor bestowed upon such generals 
 as had gained important victories, in 
 consequence of which they were per- 
 mitted to enter the city with great 
 pomp. 
 
 Triumvir, iri, m. {ires ^ vir), one 
 of three men jointly employed to exe- 
 cute any public office, a triumvir. 
 Triv.mviri capitales, three magistrates 
 who had charge of the prison, and 
 who inflicted capital punishment on 
 condemned criminals; jailers, sheriffs, 
 executioners. Triumviri coloniis de- 
 ducendis, magistrates appointed to 
 distribute lands taken from the ene- 
 my, and to conduct colonists to their 
 place of settlement. 
 
 Trojanus, a, um, adj. {Troja, Troy), 
 Trojan, of or belonging to Troy. 
 Trojani, m. pi., the Trojans. C. 6. 
 
 Trucldo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (trux, 
 grim, <^ cccdo), to cut in pieces, cut 
 down, slaughter, murder, massacre, 
 assassinate, butcher, destroy. 
 
 Tu, tui, subs. pro. m. <^/., thou, you : 
 pi. vos, vestrum or vestri, you, $ 133. 
 77^e enclitic syllables te ^ met, are 
 often joined to this pronoun in an in- 
 tensive .sense, you yourself, $ 133, R. 2. 
 
 Tuba, CO,/., a trumpet. 
 
 Tubicen, icinis, m. {tuba ^ cano), a 
 trumpeter. 
 
 Tueor, eri, tuttus ^ tutus sum, dep., 
 to see, view, behold ; to look to, keep, 
 l)reserve, take care of, support, main- 
 tain, defend, protect, favor, assist. 
 
 Ihigurium, i, 7i., a cottage, hut, shed. 
 
 Tuli, see Fero. 
 
 Tullidrius, a, um, adj., pertaining to 
 Tullius. Tullianum, i, n., the lower 
 part or dungeon added by Servius 
 Tullius to the prison built at Rome by 
 Ancus Martiua. C. 55. 
 
 Tullius, i, m., see Cicero, 
 
 Tullus, i, m., {L. Volcattus), was 
 consul with- M. Lepidus, A. U. C. 688. 
 C. 18. 
 
 Turn, adv. <^ conj., then, next, in the 
 next place, hereupon, again ; turn de- 
 mum, or turn vero, then indeed, iii 
 which sense, turn alone is sometimes 
 used. Also then, at that time. As a 
 conjunction it is repeated, or, when the 
 latter clause is intended to be promi- 
 nent, quum takes the place of the form- 
 er tum. Tum — turn, both — and, not 
 only — but also, as well — as. See 
 Quum. For the distinction between 
 the adverbs Turn and Tunc, see 
 Tunc. 
 
 Tumulosus, a, um, adj. {tumulus, a 
 hill, $ 128, 4), full of hills or hillocks, 
 hilly. 
 
 Tumultus, us, or i, m., a tumult, 
 bustle, disturbance, commotion, up- 
 roar, hurly-burly, sedition, insurrec- 
 tion, a sudden insurrection or war, 
 especially such as originated in Gaul 
 or Italy, and in which all without dis- 
 tinction were called to take up arms ; 
 alarm, confusion, disorder, disquie- 
 tude, uneasiness. 
 
 Tumulus, i, m., {tumeo, to swell), a 
 hill, hillock. 
 
 Tunc, adv., then. Tunc is properly 
 used in connection with events oc- 
 curring at the same time, tum in 
 speaking of successive events; but 
 tum is sometimes used for tunc. In 
 the oratio obliqua, tunc and turn are 
 substituted for nunc in the oratio di- 
 recta. 
 
 Turba, as, f, a disturbance, tumult, 
 uproar; confusion, disorder; a con- 
 fused multitude of people; a crowd, 
 throng, press, troop. 
 
 Turma, cc,f., a troop or squadron of 
 horse, consisting of thirty, or, with 
 their officers, thirty-three horsemen. 
 Ten turmcB were attached to each 
 legion. 
 
TURMATIM 
 
 277 
 
 UNQUAM 
 
 Turmdtim, adv. (jturma), by troops 
 -or squadrons. 
 
 Turpilius, i, m. (T.), see Silanus. 
 
 Turpis, e, adj., ugly, unsightly, fil- 
 thy, foul. Fig. shameful, base, dis- 
 honorable, disgraceful, infamous, scan- 
 dalous. Turpis fama, a bad reputa- 
 tion, infamy 
 
 Turpiiudo, mis, f. (turpis), deform- 
 ity. Fig. baseness, dishonor, disgrace, 
 infamy. Per turpitudinem, shame- 
 fully, disgracefully, infamously. 
 
 Turris, is, f. § 79, 3, a tower, tur- 
 ret, citadel. Also, a movable tower 
 used in besieging cities. 
 
 Tuscus, a, urn, adj., Tuscan, Etrus- 
 can, Etrurian. Tusci, drum, m. pi., 
 the Tuscans. C. 51. 
 
 Tutdtus, a, um, part, {tutor), 
 
 Tute for Tu, see Tu. 
 
 Tute adv. {tutus), safely, securely. 
 
 Tutor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
 (jtueor), to defend, protect, guard, pre- 
 serve, maintain, take care of 
 
 Tutus, a, um, part. ^' adj. {tueor), 
 free from danger, secure, protected, 
 safe- 
 Taws, a, um, adj. pro. {tu), thy, 
 thine, thine own, your, yours, your own. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ubi, adv., where, in what or which 
 place, in which, in what. Ubi and 
 ibi or eo are sometimes used like rela- 
 tive and demonstrative pronouns ; as, 
 Ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectu- 
 tem agant, for in quibus — in iis. Ubi 
 gentium, where in the world, in what 
 part of the world; — when, after, as 
 soon as. For the construction of ubi 
 with the perfect tense, see $ 259, R. 
 1, (2.) Apud illos aut ubi illi volunt, 
 i. e. apud quos, witn whom. Ubi 
 primum, see Prtmum. 
 
 Uoi-umque, adv. {ubi <^ cumque), 
 wheresoever, in what place soever; 
 wherever. 
 
 Ubique, adv., every where, in every 
 place, wheresoever. Also for et ubi, 
 and where. 
 
 Ubivis, adv. (ubi ^ vis, from volo), 
 where you please, any where, in any 
 place. 
 
 Ulciscor, i, ultus sum, dep., to chas- 
 tise, punish, revenge, be revenged on, 
 avenge. Ultum ire, to proceed to re- 
 venge, to revenge, avenge, $ 276, R. 2. 
 It seems sometimes to be used passively , 
 as, Quidqnid ulcisci nequitur. 
 
 Ullus, a, um, adj. $ 107, any, any 
 one; non ullus, no one. 
 
 Ulterior, us, adj. comp. $ 126, 1, 
 (sup. idtimus), farther, on the farther 
 side, ulterior. Gallia ulterior, farther 
 Gaul, Gaul beyond the Alps. See 
 Gallia. 
 
 Ultra, prep, with the ace, ^ adv., be- 
 yond, on the farther side of, past, be- 
 yond that, farther, besides, more- 
 over. 
 
 Ultro, adv.. of one's own accord, 
 voluntarily, spontaneously, unasked, 
 unsought, of one's own motion, un- 
 provoked, without provocation ; more- 
 over, besides. 
 
 Ultus, a, um, part, {ulciscor). 
 
 Umbrenus, i, m. (P.), a freedman 
 employed by Catiline to treat with the 
 ambassadors of the Allobroges. C. 
 40, 50. See also Cic. in Cat. III. 6. 
 
 Una, adv. {unus), together, along 
 with, at the same time, together with. 
 It is sometimes annexed emphatically 
 to cum. 
 
 Unde, adv. $ 192, R. 1, whence, from 
 which; also for a quo, from whom, by 
 whom. 
 
 Undlque, adv. (unde ^- que), from all 
 parts or places, from all quarters; on 
 all sides, on every side. 
 
 Universus, a, um, adj. {unus <^ rtr* 
 sus), whole, universal, all, all toge- 
 ther, entire, together, all collectively. 
 
 Unquam or Umquam, adv., at any 
 time, ever 
 
UNUS 
 
 278 
 
 UXOR 
 
 Unus, a, um, gen. unius, num, adj. $ 
 107, & $ 283, 1. Ex. 4, & $ 15, one. 
 Unus et alter, one and another, a few, 
 some : — one only, alone, a single one. 
 In unum, after a verb of motion, to- 
 gether, into the same place. Ager 
 una specie, — of a uniform appearance. 
 It is used particularly with a gen. or 
 the all with ex. $ 212, R. 2, N. 4. 
 
 Unusquisque, unaquccque, unum- 
 quodque or unumquidque, ind. adj. 
 pro. $ 138, {itnus 6f quisque), each, 
 each one, every, every one. 
 
 Urbdnus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to a city; refined, polished, ele- 
 gant :/rom 
 
 Urbs, bis, f, a city ; a walled town. 
 Also the city, i. e. Rome. Imperator 
 ad urbem, — near Rome. Command- 
 ers, loJiile waiting the honors of a tri- 
 umph, were forbidden to enter the city. 
 Ad urbem, with verbs of motion, to or 
 towards Rome. 
 
 Urgeo, ere, ursi, a., to press upon, 
 harass; to press hard, weigh down, 
 bear down, oppress, distress, pursue ; 
 to be near at hand. 
 
 Usquam, adv., in any place, any 
 where, at any place, in any thing, to 
 any place. 
 
 Usque, adv., even, as far as, right on, 
 constantly, without ceasing. Usque 
 eo, to such a degree, so far, to that ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Usus, us, m. (ntor), use; frequent 
 exercise, practice, habit; utility, use- 
 fulness, use, advantage, profit, benefit, 
 good, interest. Usui esse, to be of 
 use or service, $ 227, & R. 2: — inti- 
 macy, familiarity. Usus belli, things 
 necessary for war, recruits, supplies, 
 &c. 
 
 Usus, a, um, part, (utor), having 
 used, practiced, enjoyed. 
 
 Ut or Ut\, adv. ^ conj., I. as, like 
 as, just as, even as, as if It is often 
 preceded or followed by sic or ita, so : 
 —according as ; considering that. Ut 
 
 in tali negotio, since circumstances 
 were such, considering the circum- 
 stances : — how, in what way or man- 
 ner. In this sense ut Uhe quomodo is 
 followed by the subjunctive in indirect 
 questions, $ 265, bth paragraph. II. 
 After talis, &c. $ 198, 7, & $ 262, R. 
 1, that, so that, with the subjunctive 
 mood, $ 262; in explanations, that, 
 namely, to wit. Ut is sometimes 
 omitted before the subjunctive, $ 262, 
 R. 4. 
 
 Uter, tris, m., a bag of skin or leath- 
 er, a leathern bottle, a wine-bag. 
 
 Uter, tra, trum, adj. $ 107, whether 
 or which of the two, which. 
 
 Uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. 
 utriusque, adj. {uter ^ que), $ 107, 
 both the one and the other, both, 
 each. Quch utraque, both of which 
 
 Uil, see Ut. 
 
 Utica, ccf, a town of Africa on the 
 shore of the Mediterranean sea, near 
 the river Bagiada. J. 25, 63, 64, 86, 
 104. 
 
 Utilis, e, adj. (utor), $ 222, & R. 4, 
 (1.) useful, fit, profitable, advantage- 
 ous, good, suitable, salutary, servicea- 
 ble. 
 
 Utinam, adv. (uti ^ nam), $ 263, O ' 
 that, I wish that, would that. 
 
 Utique, adv. (uti ^ que), certainly 
 surely, at all events. 
 
 Utor, i, usus sum, dep. $ 245, I, to 
 use, make use of, manage; to conduct 
 one's self towards, to treat ; to enjoy 
 have. Lege uti, to have the benefit 
 of—. Domo uti, to occupy — . Hono- 
 re uti, to enjoy a post of honor, to fill 
 a public office. 
 
 Utpute, adv. (ut), as, seeing or con- 
 sidering, inasmuch as, namely. It is 
 often followed by qui, quae, quod, as 
 he, &c. 
 
 Utrinque or Utrimque, adv. (uter), 
 on both sides or parts, from both 
 sides. 
 
 Uxor, oris, ft a wife, spouse. 
 
VACCA 
 
 279 
 
 VASTUS 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacca, CB, /., a town of the Nnmi- 
 dians, not far from the Roman pro- 
 vince. l?i some editions of Sallust 
 this town is called Vaga, and its in- 
 habitants Vagenses. J. 29, 47, 68. 
 
 Vaccenses, ium, m. pi., the inhabi- 
 tants of Vacca. J. 66, 69. 
 
 VacuuSj a, um, adj. {vaco, to be 
 empty), with gen. or abl. $ 213, R. 5, 
 (3.) also with prep. a. $ 222, void, 
 empty, free from, vacant, bare, desti- 
 tute, without. Vacuum facers, to 
 empty, clear. Animo vacuus, $ 250, 
 secure, free from care or apprehen- 
 sion, quiet, at ease, unconcerned, un- 
 occupied. Vacua respublica, sc. de- 
 fensorihus, unprotected — . 
 
 Vades, um, pi. of Vas, a surety. 
 
 Vado, ere, si, sum, n., to go, walk. 
 
 Vadosus, a, um, adj. {vadum, a ford), 
 having frequent fords or shallows, 
 shoaly, shallow. 
 
 Vagor, dri, dtus sum, dep. to go or 
 pass to and fro, wander, move or 
 course up and down, rove, ramble, 
 roam, stray, wander about : from 
 
 Vagus, a, um, adj., wandering, ram- 
 bhng, roving, strolling, roaming. 
 
 Valens, tis,part. ^ adj., sound, well, 
 in good health; strong, stout, robust; 
 powerful, mighty, strong; availablci 
 efficacious: from 
 
 Valeo, ere, ui, n., to be well, in a 
 sound or healthy condition; to have 
 strength or power, be strong, be able, 
 be able to do, be powerful or vigorous, 
 have force or effect, have weight, in- 
 terest or influence, prevail, succeed: 
 to be exerted; to avail, be eflfectual, 
 exert one's power. Valet fama, — pre- 
 vails. 
 
 Valerius, i, m., see Flaccus. 
 
 ValMus, a, um, adj. {valeo), $ 250, 
 Bound, healthy ; strong, stout, robust, 
 vigorous, powerful, mighty. 
 
 Vallum, i, n {vallus, a stake), a for- 
 
 tification composed of the earth dug 
 from the ditch, and of sharp slakes or 
 palisades stuck into it, a rampart, in- 
 trenchment, bulwark. 
 
 Vamias, dtis, f, emptiness, incon- 
 siderateness, giddiness, weakness, lev- 
 ity, vain-glory, vanity, falsehood, os- 
 tentation : from 
 
 Vanus, a, um, adj., vain, empty, 
 void ; idle, futile, fruitless, without ef- 
 fect, unfounded, groundless, unmean- 
 ing, untrue, false, lying, deceitful, faith- 
 less. 
 
 Vargunteius, i, m. (L.), a Roman 
 senator who was engaged in the Cati- 
 linarian conspiracy. He was proba- 
 bly of the equestrian order. Compare 
 Cat. 28, and Cic. in Cat. I. 4. C. 
 17, 47. 
 
 Varie, adv., variously, diversely, in 
 diflferent ways : from 
 
 Varius, a, um, adj. $ 250, of divers 
 colors, variegated. Fig. various, dif- 
 ferent, diverse, full of vicissitudes, 
 changeful. Varia victoria, shifting, 
 varying, of various success, inclining 
 now to one side, now to the other — . 
 Animus varius, versatile, changeable, 
 variable, light, fickle, inconstant, wa- 
 vering, in doubt or perplexity — . 
 
 Vas, vadis, m., a surety, bail, espc' 
 dally in criminal prosecutions. 
 
 Vas, vasis, n. ; pi. vasa, brum, $ 93, 
 2, a vessel, utensil, all kinds of furni- 
 ture. In military language, the bag- 
 gage of an army. 
 
 Vastiias, dtis,f. (vastus), desolation, 
 devastation. 
 
 Vasto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to lay 
 waste, ravage, desolate, pillage, des- 
 troy, spoil, strip; to trouble, disturb, 
 harass, torment, disquiet, perplex: 
 from 
 
 Vastus, a, um, adj., vast, large, am- 
 ple, spacious, immense, huge, enor- 
 mous; immoderate, insatiable; waste, 
 desert. Vastus ab humano cultu, un 
 cultivated. 
 
VE 
 
 280 
 
 VEREOR 
 
 Fe, inseparable prep. $ 196, 11, de-l 
 noting negation, opposition or depri- 
 vation ; as, Vecors, mad, from cor^ the 
 mind, the understanding. 
 
 Vecordia, ce, f. (vecors, mad), mad- 
 ness, phrenzy, insanity, fury; folly, 
 dotage, fatuity. 
 
 Vecttgal, cilis, n., a tax, toll, impost, 
 revenue, duty : from 
 
 Vcctigdlis, e, adj. (veho, to carry), 
 tributary, subject to the payment of 
 taxes. 
 
 Vegeo, ere, a. <^ n., to excite, move ; 
 to be lively, flourish, thrive, prevail, 
 be vigorous, prosper. 
 
 Vehemens, tis, adj., vehement, im- 
 petuous, violent, ardent, eager. 
 
 Vehementer, adv. (vehemens), vehe- 
 mently, ardently, eagerly, strongly, 
 forcibly, strenuously, very much, ex- 
 ceedingly. 
 
 Vel, conj.j or ; vel — vel, either — or ; 
 ' — even. 
 
 Veles, liis, m., a light-armed soldier, 
 ekirmisher. The velites often fought 
 mingled with the cavalry, and in ad- 
 vancing and retreating mounted be- 
 hind the horsemen. 
 
 Velitaris, e, adj., (veles), of or per- 
 taining to the velites. Velitaria arma. 
 light arms, such as were carried by 
 the velites, consisting of a sword, a 
 small round shield or buckler, carried ; 
 in the left hand, and seven javelins inj 
 the right. 
 
 Velocztas, dtis, f, velocity, swift-' 
 ness, fleetness, rapidity ; from 
 
 Velox, ocis, adj. (volo, to fly), swift, ' 
 quick, nimble, fleet, rapid, speedy, 
 agile, active. 
 
 Vtiiiti or Velut, adv. (vel ^ ^^'* or 
 vt), as, like, like as, as if, as it were. 
 
 Vencilis, e, adj. (venus), exposed or 
 feet to sale, to be sold, venal, merce- 
 nary, to be purchased for money. 
 Forum rerum verialium, a mart for the 
 purchase and sale of commodities, a 
 niar^ et-town. 
 
 Vendo, ere, di.di, ditum, a. (venus ^ 
 do), to sell, vensl, set or expose to sala 
 exchange. Omnia honesta atque in- 
 honesta vendere, to sell every (mark 
 of) honor and disgrace, i. e. to confer 
 honor or disgrace for reward. 
 
 Venenum, i, n., a drug or medicine 
 
 Venenum, or venenum malum, poi- 
 son, venom. 
 
 Venio, ire, veni, ventum, n., $ 225, 
 IV. & 5th par., $ 227, $ 276, 11., to 
 come, arrive; to happen; to accrue, 
 befall. Ventum est, we, they, &c. 
 came or have come. 
 
 Venor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to hunt, 
 chase, pursue. 
 
 Venter, tris, m., the belly, stomach. 
 Fig. appetite, gluttony, sensuality. 
 
 Ventum ^ Venturus, a, um, part. 
 (venio). 
 
 Ventus, i, m., the wind. 
 
 Vemis, us or i,m., sale. It is found 
 in the dat. ace. and abl. Venum in, 
 or dari, sc. ad, to be exposed or set to 
 sale, to be sold, to be venal. 
 
 Verber, eris, n., a scourge, lash, 
 whip, rod ; a stripe, blow. Verberibus 
 animadvertere, to scourge. 
 
 Verbero, are, dvi, alum, a. (verber), to 
 beat, strike, scourge, whip. 
 
 Verhum, i, n., a word, expression, 
 saying, remark. Verba facere or ha- 
 bere, to hold a discourse or conversa- 
 tion ; to make a speech, to speak, dis- 
 course, utter, deliver, pronounce — ; to 
 reply. Verbo or verbis, abl., by word 
 of mouth, orally; also, in words, in 
 pretence. Verbo, in a word, in a few 
 words, briefly. Nunfiare, <^c. verbis 
 alicujus, in the name of, in behalf 
 of—. 
 
 Ver^, adv. (verus), truly, in truth, 
 with reason, correctly ; sincerely, hon- 
 estly, seriously, really, in earnest. 
 
 Vereor, eri, ^ius, sum, dep. $ 262, R. 
 7, to fear, reverence, respect, revere 
 be afraid of, apprehend, be apprehen* 
 
VERITUS 
 
 281 
 
 VICTOR 
 
 Veritus, a, um, part, {vereor). 
 
 Verb, adv. ^ conj. (verus), $ 279, 3, 
 3d clause ; in truth, indeed, truly, cer- 
 tainly ; but 
 
 Verso, are, dvi, dtum, a.freq. {verto), 
 to turn often, turn, roll, turn about. 
 
 Versor, dri, dtus sum, pass, {verso), 
 to frequent, haunt, stay, remain, live, 
 dwell, be; to be occupied, busied, 
 exercised, engaged; agitated, dis- 
 turbed, harassed. 
 
 Versus, us, m. iverto), a line; a 
 verse : poetry. Facere versus, to com- 
 pose verses. 
 
 Versus or versum, adv. (verto), to- 
 wards or toward. It is often used vnth 
 a verb of motion after ad or in ; as, In 
 Galliam versus, castra movere, — to- 
 wards Gaul; and it sometimes takes 
 the accusative without ad or in, and 
 always stands after its accusative, 
 $ 236, R. 3. 
 
 Verto, ere, ti, sum, a. ^ n., to turn, 
 turn round; to change, transform, 
 alter; to impute, ascribe; to con- 
 vert, appropriate. Vertere or vertere 
 se, to turn out well or ill, terminate, 
 issue, result, become. 
 
 Veriim, conj. (verus), but, however. 
 Vericm enimvero, but indeed, but truly. 
 
 Verum, i, n. (verus), the truth. Ex 
 vero, from regard to truth, truly, 
 fitly ; reasonably ; — rectitude, right, 
 virtue, integrity. Absolvere verum, to 
 state or declare the fact. 
 
 Verus, a, um, adj., true, real, actual, 
 certain; of persons, true, sincere, 
 veracious, speaking the truth. Verum 
 est, it is right, proper, fit. 
 
 Vescor, i, dep. § 245, 1, to live or feed 
 upon, be fed or supported by, subsist 
 upon, eat. Vescendi causa, on account 
 of food, to gratify the palate. 
 
 Vesper, eris, ^ eri, m., the evening 
 star or the planet Venus; the evening, 
 eventide, eve. 
 
 Vesta, (E,f, Vesta, a goddess wor- 
 nhipped by the Greeks and Romans ; 
 
 the daughter of Saturn and Ops. Tlit 
 vestal virgins were consecrated to her 
 service. C. 15. 
 
 Vester, tra, trum, adj. pro. [vos), 
 your, yours. 
 
 Vestimentum, i, n., clothes, a gar- 
 ment, vest, vestment ;/ro»i 
 
 Vestlo, ire, ivi, Itum, a. {vestis, a gar- 
 ment), § 249, 1, to clothe, cover, array, 
 deck, adorn. 
 
 Vestitus, a, um,part. ivestio), clothed, 
 covered. 
 
 Veterdnus, a, um, adj. (vetus) oldy 
 veteran. Veterani mililes, veteran sol- 
 diers, veterans. 
 
 Veto, dre, ui, itum, a., to forbid, pro- 
 hibit, dissuade, hinder, prevent. 
 
 Vetus, eris, adj., old, ancient, of 
 long standing or duration, antique ; 
 former, of former days. Vetera, old 
 things, by-gones. Veteres miliies, old 
 or veteran soldiers, soldiers who have 
 seen much service. 
 
 Vetustas, dtis, f. (vetus), antiquity, 
 oldness, age. 
 
 Vexilluni, i, n., a flag, banner, en- 
 sign, standard. 
 
 Vexo, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to agitate : to 
 trouble, molest, disquiet, vex, harass, 
 torment, disturb, annoy, distress, pain, 
 hurt. When applied to things, to in- 
 jure, impair, corrupt. Pecuniam vex- 
 are, to waste, squander — . 
 
 Via, cc,f., a way, road, passage, 
 path, track ; a method, rule, manner, 
 way, course. 
 
 Viceswius or Vigeswius, a, um, 
 num. adj. (viginti), the twentieth. 
 
 Vici. see Vinco. 
 
 Vicimtas, atis, f. (vicinus, near), 
 nearness of place, neighbourhood, vi- 
 cinity; those living ill the neighbour 
 hood, the neighbours. 
 
 Victor, oris, m, (vinco), a conquei oc 
 vanquisher, victor. Adj. victorious, 
 superior to. Lihidinis et divitiamm 
 victor, holding in subjection his pas- 
 sions and his love of money. 
 
VICTORIA 
 
 282 
 
 VINEA 
 
 Victona, cB,f. (vinco), victory. Vic- 
 ioriam adipisci, to obtain a victoryi 
 conquer. 
 
 Victus, us, m. (vivo), every thing 
 necessary to support life; food, rai- 
 ment, sustenance, provisions, fare, 
 meat and drink ; manner or style of 
 I'.ving. 
 
 Victus, a, um, part, (vinco), van- 
 quished, conquered. Victus abire, dis- 
 cedere, etc. See Discedere. 
 
 Vicus, i, m., a village ; a street, ham- 
 let, division or quarter of a city. 
 
 Videlicet, adv. {videre licet), for cer- 
 tain, certainly, truly; it is evident, 
 clear or manifest, to be sure ; forsooth ; 
 indeed; to wit. It is often used 
 ironically. 
 
 Video, ere, vidi, visum, a., $ 272 & 
 265, to see, behold, look at, mark, ob- 
 serve, perceive, take notice, under- 
 stand, learn. Abs. to look on, be a 
 spectator. Instead of the inf. pres. 
 with the ace. a pres. part, and ace. are 
 often used, $ 272, R. 5. 
 
 Videor, eri, visus sum, pass ^ dep. 
 {video), to be seen, $223, 271 ; to seem, 
 appear; imp. to seem, seem good, fit, 
 or proper. I, he, &c., resolve or deter- 
 mine, $ 269, R. 2. 
 
 Vigeo, ere, ui, n., to be in force, be 
 stronger vigorous; to flourish, pros- 
 per, be in estimation, prevail. 
 
 Vigesimus, a, um, see Vicesimus. 
 
 Vigil, ^lis, adj. (vigeo), watchful, 
 waking, vigilant. Vigiles, um, m. pi., 
 watchmen, sentinels. 
 
 Vigilia, ci, f. (vigil), a watching, 
 waking, want of sleep; a military 
 watch, a fourth part of the night: a 
 guard by night; watchmen, guards, 
 sentinels. CrehrcB vigilicc, guards 
 phced at short intervals. Vigilias 
 habere, to keep or maintain guards. 
 
 Vigilo, are, dvi, alum, n. i^ a. (vigil), 
 to watch, keep awake, abstain from 
 sleeping. Fig. to be watchful, vigi- 
 lant or attentive. 
 
 Viginti, num. adj. ind., twenty. 
 
 Vilis, e, adj., cheap, of small price 
 or value. Fig. vile, despicable, con- 
 temptible, of no value or account 
 paltry, worthless, mean. Vile habere 
 to hold cheap, reckon of no account 
 despise. 
 
 Villa,(B,f., a countiy-seat, country- 
 house, a farm-house with its appur- 
 tenances, a villa. 
 
 Villicus, i, m. (villa), the overseer 
 of a farm, a steward. 
 
 Vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, a., to 
 bind, tie, bind about, fetter, fasten, 
 strengthen, secure, make fast. 
 
 Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. ^ n., to 
 conquer, vanquish, overcome, over- 
 power, defeat, subdue ; to outstrip, ex- 
 ceed, outdo, excel ; to constrain, mas- 
 ter, soften, gain over, move, win: 
 to be victorious, obtain the victory, 
 prevail, carry the day. Divitias vin- 
 cere, to exhaust — . 
 
 Vinctus, a, um, part, (vincio), bound, 
 fettered, in chains, secured, made fast, 
 strengthened. 
 
 Vinculum, i, n. (vincio), a bond or 
 band. Vincula, fetters, the stocks, a 
 prison or gaol. In vincula ducere, to 
 conduct to prison, to imprison. 
 
 Vindex, wis, m. ^ f, an avenger 
 punisher. Vindex rerum capitaliumt 
 an executioner :yro»^ 
 
 Vindico, are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n., to 
 punish, chastise, inflict punishment; 
 to avenge, resent, revenge ; to claim, 
 assert, lay claim to; to preserve, jus- 
 tify, vindicate. Vindicatum est in ali- 
 qnem, punishment was inflicted upon 
 — . Vindicandum est, punishment 
 must or should be inflicted, $ 162, 15 ; 
 $ 209. R. 3, (3 :) $ 225, III, R- 1. Vin- 
 dicare aliqnem in libertatem, to assert 
 one's freedom, defend one's liberty, 
 to defend, protect. 
 
 Vinea, (B,f., a vineyard; a vine ; an 
 arbor; a warlike machine under cover 
 of which besiegers assailed the walls 
 
VINL7M 
 
 283 
 
 VOLO 
 
 of a town, a shed, mantelet, covered 
 way 
 
 Vi?iufn, i, 71., wine. 
 
 Violenter, adv., (violens, violent), by 
 forcc-with violence, violently, forcibly, 
 furiously, vehemently. 
 
 Violentia, a;, f. {violens), violence- 
 force. Violentia fortunce, the buffet- 
 ings of fortune. 
 
 Vir, viri, m., a man ; a husband ; a 
 man of fortitude, a brave man, a hero. 
 Viri atque anna, men and arms, i. e. 
 men fit for war, soldiers. 
 
 Vires, ium, f. pi. of vis, force, 
 strength, especially bodily strength, 
 power, vigor. 
 
 Virgnltum, i, n. {virgula, a little rod), 
 a shrub, bush, small tree; a thicket, 
 shrubbery, brushwood. 
 
 Virilis, e, adj. {vir), of or pertaining 
 to a man, manly, becoming a man, 
 manful, not effeminate, valiant, brave, 
 requiring the courage of a man. 
 
 nate ferocity, native malignity — 
 Summa vi, see Summus. 
 
 Viso, ere, si, sum, a.freq. {video), Xo 
 go or come to see, visit, call upon ; to 
 see, look at, view, behold. 
 
 Visus, a, um, part, {video.) 
 
 Visus, us, m. {video), the faculty - 
 sense or act of seeing; the sight, vis- 
 ion; an appearance, sight, vision. 
 Qua visus erat, as far as the sight 
 could reach. 
 
 Vita, <E, /., hfe ; the life, conduct, 
 morals, actions of life. 
 
 Vitahundus, a, um, adj. {vito), $ 129, 
 1, & $ 233, N. avoiding or shunning, 
 trying to escape, escaping, carefully 
 avoiding. 
 
 Viiium, i, n., injury, hurt; a defect, 
 fault, blemish ; a vice, error. 
 
 Vito, are, dvi, dtum, a., to shun, 
 avoid ; to escape. 
 
 Vivo, ere, vixi, victum, n., to live, 
 have life ; to live or pass one's hfe in 
 
 Virltim, adv. {vir), from man to a certain manner, pursue a certain 
 man, severally, singly, separately, ' course of life ; to live well» enjoy life, 
 apart, by one's self j 
 
 Virtus, utis, f. (vir), virtue, the vir- 
 
 tues; bravery, valor, prowess, forti- 
 tude, courage, firmness, resolution, 
 energy.; good qualities, goodness, ex- 
 cellence, merit, worth, importance, 
 value. Virtus or virtus animi, mental 
 endowments, intellectual excellence, 
 talent, genius, mental powers. See! $210, to call, name; to cite or sum- 
 farttier under Animus. Emori per mon. 
 virtatem, to die bravely. 
 
 Vivere ohediens, to be always obedi- 
 ent. 
 
 Vivus, a, um, adj. {vivo), living, alive. 
 
 Vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 
 difficulty. 
 
 Vocahulum, i, n., a word, terra, ex- 
 pression, name : from 
 
 Voco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {vox), $ 230, 
 
 Vis, vis,f., ^ 85, force, vigor, strength, 
 might, power, efficacy, energy, virtue, 
 
 Volens, tis, part. ^ adj. {volo, to 
 will), willing : of one's own accord, 
 ready, of one's own free will, willing- 
 
 vehemence, zeal, ardor, fury, violence, ; ly^ spontaneously ; favorable, propi- 
 e.ffort, exertion, effect, potency, influ- \ tious, wishing well, benevolent. Vo- 
 ence, efficiency, ability. Vi or per \ lenti animo, with willing mind, eager- 
 vim, by force, forcibly:— a quantity, ' ly, gladly. Dis volentibus, by favor 
 multitude, number, abundance, plen- of the gods. 
 
 ty ; Vis pulveris, a cloud of dust: — Volo, dre, dvi, dtum, n., to fly, move 
 the powers or faculties of the body or swiftly. 
 
 mind, ability. Vis serpentium etfera- 
 rum, dangerous or savage nature, in- 
 
 Volo, velle, volui, irr. a. <^ n. ($ 178, 
 1,) $ 271, R. 3, & 273, 4, & $ 262, R. 4, 
 
 25 
 
VOLTURCIUS 
 
 284 
 
 ZAMA 
 
 to will or be willing, wish, desire,! 
 choose; to command, ordain, appoint. 
 It is used to eocpress the will of the 
 veople in respect to ike passage of a 
 MWf &c. , while the will of the senate 
 Mws expressed hy the verb censeo, to 
 enact. 
 
 Volturcius, i, m. (T.) a Crotonian, 
 confederate with CatiUne. C. 44 — 50. 
 
 VoluntariuSf i, m., a volunteer, a 
 soldier who serves willingly; from 
 
 Voluniarius, a, uniy adj., voluntary, 
 willing : from 
 
 Voluntas, dtis,f. {volo, to will), will, 
 inclination, wish, choice, desire, mind, 
 purpose; love, affection, good will, 
 benevolence, favor. Voluntate, in af- 
 fection, in feeling, voluntarily, wil- 
 lingly, of one's own accord. Volun- 
 tate or ex voluntate, according to one's 
 wish or desire ; at one's instigation. 
 
 Voluptarius, a, wot, adj. pleasant, 
 delightful, pleasurable ; voluptuous 
 from 
 
 Volupias, dtis,f., pleasure, joy, de- 
 light, enjoyment, sensual pleasure ; so, 
 voluptas corporis. 
 
 Volux, ucis, m., the son of Bocchus, 
 king of Mauretania. J. 101, 105, &c. 
 
 Vdvo, ere, volvi, volutum, a., to roll, 
 
 turn about or around, roll or tumhla 
 down. Fig. to revolve in one's mind, 
 ponder, meditate, think upon, leflect, 
 consider, think over, $ 265. 
 
 Vos, see Tu. 
 
 Votum, i, n. (voveo, to vow), a vow 
 or promise made to some deity ; that 
 which is promised, a prayer, wish. 
 
 Vox, vociSff, a voice ; a word, say- 
 ing, sentence ; speech, language. 
 
 Valgus, i, n. ^ m., the common 
 people, the \Talgar, populace, rabble, 
 herd ; the people collectively, the mul- 
 titude. 
 
 Vulnero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to wound, 
 hurt : from 
 
 Vulnus, eris, n., a wound, hurt 
 Confecti vulnerihus, disabled by 
 wounds, covered with wounds. 
 
 Vidtus, us, m., the countenance, 
 look, aspect, visage, features, mien; 
 the face. ValtiLS corporis, the coun- 
 tenance, looks, aspect. Vultus bonus, 
 a fair outside. 
 
 Zama, a;,f., a town of Africa, d> 
 tant five days journey from Carthage 
 J. 56—61. 
 
 %* The section marks ($) in the preceding Dictionary and in the Note* 
 with their accompanying letters and figures, refer to the sections and 8ubo^ 
 dinate divisions of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. 
 
NOTES ON THE JUGURTHINE WAR. 
 
 I. Falso queritur. The four introductory sections of each of the treatises 
 of Sallust have no direct connection with the histories to which they 
 are prefixed, and, with only sHght aherations, might have served equally 
 well as prefaces to any other works. In both, the train of thought is 
 nearly the same, and they each contain a defence of the author for 
 choosing to devote his talents to literary employments, rather than to a 
 participation in public affairs. 
 
 Tmbecilla, sc. natura sua, instead of inibecillum, agreeing with humanum 
 genus, or imbecillus, agreeing with homoy $ 324, 2. 
 
 uTlvi brevis, $211, R. 6.—Regatur, $266, 3. 
 
 Vim aut tempus deesse. Vim relates to imbecilla in the preceding sen- 
 tence, and tempus, to cBvi brevis. So below, vires and tempus. Invenies 
 is here construed first with the accusative, and then with the infinitive 
 and accusative. Instances of double constructions are common in 
 Sallust. 
 
 Sed dux. This sentence contains a reply to the complaint mentioned in 
 the first sentence, and sed, serving to introduce a different view of the 
 nature of man, is strictly adversative. 
 
 Eripere cuiquam potest, sc. fortuna. 
 
 Sin, captus, sc. m,ortalis animus, i. e. homo or quisquam. In its adversative 
 character sin serves to introduce a clause which is opposed to ubi ad 
 gloriam virtutis via grassatur. 
 
 Perniciosa libidine paulisper usus, — natures injlrmitas accusatur. An ana- 
 coluthon, $ 323, 3, (5). The regular termination of the sentence would 
 have been, natures injlrmitatem accusat. 
 
 Suam quisque, $204, R. 10, & $209, R. 11, (4). 
 
 Auciores, sc. culpce. — Tanta cura essei, $ 261, 1. 
 
 Quanto studio — petunt, i. e. quantum est siudium, quo—petunty $ 206, (5), (A^ 
 
 Neque regerentur, i. e. et non regerentur ; sc. casibus. 
 
 Eo magnitudinis, $212, R. 4, N. 3. 
 'I. Corporis alia, sc. naturam sequuntur. Gr. $ 204, R. 10. 
 
 Res cunctcB, sc nostrce. — Habet cuncta, " possesses," " controls" — . 
 
 PrcBsertim, sc. pravitas eorum admiranda est. 
 HI. Verum ex his, sc. artibus. — Cupienda, sc. esse, $ 270, R. 3. 
 
 Qaoniam neque virtuti honos datur. The remainder of this chapter is 
 occupied with the author's reasons for declining to take part in public 
 affairs ; first, that offices were not bestowed upon the deserving ; and 
 
 285 
 
n 
 
 286 NOTES ON THE 
 
 secondly, that those engaged in the contest for office, and who are d\ 
 
 vided into three classes, were neither happier nor more respectable on 
 
 account of their success. 
 fill quihus per fraudem is (sc. honos) fuit, — " who have acquired office by 
 
 deceptive arts ;" these constitute the first class. 
 Vi quidem regere. The second class is described as obtaining power by 
 
 force. 
 Parentes, from pareo, " subjects," though some interpret it " parents." 
 Possis, sc. regere patriam, &c. 
 
 Frustra autem niti, sc. regere patriam, &c., et delicia corrigere, 
 DementicB est, §211, R. 8, (3). 
 Nisi forte quern. The third class, whom Sallust ironically excepts from 
 
 the number of those v/hom he dissuades from the pursuit of office. Nisi 
 
 quern, $ 137, (c). 
 
 IV. Prcctereundum, i. e. prcctereundum esse mihi de cujus virtute dicere. 
 Memet, the subject ofextoUere. — Imponant, $264, 6. . 
 
 Certe, quihus, i. e. ii quihus, &c. imponent nomen inerticc, &c. 
 
 Maxima induslria, §210, N. 1. — Q,ui si reputaverint, §206, 17. 
 
 Quihus ego temporihus. Sallust was questor soon after the suppression of 
 the Catilinarian conspiracy, and tribune of the people subsequently to 
 the victory of Caesar, at the time when Clodius was slain by Milo. 
 
 Quales viri. Cato, about this time, was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 pretorship. 
 
 QucB genera hominum. Reference is here made to a large body of sena- 
 tors created by Caesar. 
 
 Reipuhliccc venturumj § 225, IV. last paragraph. 
 
 P. Scipionem, sc. Africanum major em, 
 
 Sihi animinn, § 211, R. 5, 1. So egregiis viris, below. 
 
 In sese hahere ; habere depends on scilicet, i. e. on scire or scias, one of itfl 
 component parts, § 272. 
 
 Rerum gestarum, sc. majorum. 
 
 Egregiis viris, sc. Maximo, Scipioni, &c. §211, R. 5, 1. 
 
 Quam virtus, i. e. ipsorum virtus, sc. Maximi, &c. 
 
 Eorumfamam, sc. majorum. 
 
 AdcBquaverit, § 263, 3. 
 
 His morihus, " of these manners," " of the present manners," §211, R. 6> 
 i. e. possessing the manners of the present day. 
 
 Contendant, § 262, R. 10, 1. 
 
 Magnijica sint, § 263, 2. 
 
 Civitatis morum piget tcedetque, § 209, R. 3, (4). * 
 
 V. Bellum scripturus sum, § 162, 14. 
 
 Varia victoria, §211, R. 6. The genitive or ablative of character or quality 
 is often thus used in the predicate, instead of a simple adjective, and 
 usually for the want of it ; and in such cases is found united in con- 
 struction with adjeciives, as here, helium magnum et atrox variaqut vio 
 toria. See in regard to this connection § 278. 
 
 Turn primum, i. e. after the death of the Gracchi. 
 
 QucB contentio, sc of the popular and aristocratic parties. 
 
JUGaRTHINK WAR 287 
 
 Studiis civilibus bellam atque vastitas IlalicB jineui Jaceret , • war, &c 
 made the end, i. e. were the end, the issue or result o^ tke civil dissen- 
 sions." 
 
 Ad cognoscendumj $ 275, 1, R. 1. The gerund may oft^ «>■ aanslated 
 either actively or passively. 
 
 Maxime attriveraU " more than any other one" — . 
 
 Receptus a. P. Scipione, i. e. the elder. 
 
 Africano cognomen, $ 204, R. 8. 
 
 Rei militaris facinora, i. e. militaria facinora. 
 
 Imperii, i. e. his empire as enlarged by the grant of territory mixie by the 
 Romans. 
 
 Micipsa filius. Masinissa is said to have had many children, but of these 
 four only are mentioned by Sallust; viz. Micipsa, the father of Adherbal 
 and Hiempsal , Gulussa, the father of Massiva ; Manastabal, the father 
 of Jugurtha and Gauda, and Massugrada, the father of Dabar. 
 
 VI. Qui uhi, $ 206, Yt.— Decora fade. See Chap. V. note 2d. 
 Non, se luxu, $ 89, R. 3. 
 
 Equiiare. The present infinitive is of very frequent occurrence in Sallust, 
 
 instead of the imperfect of the indicative, $ 209, R. 5, & $ 269, 3d clause : 
 
 " he practised riding," &c. 145, II. 1. 
 Opportunitas — qucB. The author seems to have referred the relative 
 
 quGo not to opportunitas as modified by sues et liberorum csiatis, but to 
 
 opportunitas alone. 
 Ex quibus, $ 206, (13) : from which circumstances. 
 
 VII. Neque per vim neque insidiis, $ 247 & R. 4, & $ 278, R. 2. 
 
 Quod erat Jugurtha. This clause contains the reason of the succeeding 
 
 one, staiuit eum ohjectare, ^c, 
 Prafecit, sc. eum. 
 
 Naturam, P, Scipionis, sc. the younger. 
 Rojnanis imperator, sc. erat, $ 211, R. 5. 
 Quod difficillimum, $ 206, (13). — Difficillimum inprimis. This expression 
 
 is nearly equivalent to a double superlative. 
 Quorum alterum — alterum, " the latter — the former" — 
 Quis rebus, $ 136, 2. 
 nil. Non mediocrem, $ 324, 9. 
 Si Micipsa etc.— fore. Fore depends on dicendo implied in pollicitajido, f 
 
 270, R. 2, 2d clause. See also note on Prceterea esse Cat XXI. — Occi 
 
 disset, $ 266, R. 4. — Solus, sc. is, i. e. Jugurtha. 
 In ipso imiximam virtuiem. Before this clause a causal particle is implied 
 Neu quibus, $ 137, 1, (c). 
 Apaucis emi, sc. id, $ 206, (4.) 
 Etgloriam et regnum, $ 278, R. l.— Venturum, $ 205, R. 2, (2.) 
 
 IX. Quas Micipsa; redderet, $ 264, 5. 
 
 Longe maxima, $ 127, 3d clause. — Quam rem. $ 206, (13,) 3d clause 
 Uti idem, sc. cans, $ 207, R. 27, & $ 222, R. 7. 
 Avo suo, $ 208, (6,) last part. 
 
 X. In meum regnum. In this passage Micipsa professes that he had in 
 
 tended from the first to admit Jugurtha to a share of the kingdom 
 
 25* 
 
28S 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 though in fact he had adopted him three years only before his death 
 
 and then sorely against his inclination. 
 Si genuissem, $ 266, 2, R. 2, ^ R. 4. — Liberis, though found in all thfl 
 
 manuscripts, appears to be an interpolation: if this be omitted, te is to 
 
 be supplied with genuissem. 
 Ea res, " this belief, this expectation."^ 
 Ut omittam, § 262, R. 8. 
 Egregia tua, sc. facta. 
 Nomen familioB renovatum. Masinissa had acquired great reputation by 
 
 his military exploits in Spain. 
 
 Quod difficillimum, $ 206, (13.) 
 Per Jianc dextram, sc. tuam. See Virg. -^n. IV= 314. 
 Si tuis, sc. cognatis or propinquis. 
 Boni — mall, the precise meaning of words having so general significations 
 
 as these, may be ascertained by their connection. 
 Ne aliter, i. e. otherwise than harmoniously, — that no discord arise. 
 Facere videtur, sc. injariam — . Men naturally favor the weaker party. 
 ^r. Et ipse, i. e. Jugurtha. 
 Postquam illi, $ 223. Fecerant. The construction of postquam with the 
 
 pluperfect is uncommon, § 259, R. 1, (2) ; but is occasionally found in 
 
 other passages of Saliust, as in J. 44 & 108. 
 Materno genere impar, see Chap. V. 
 Dextera, sc. a. 
 Adherbalem assediU % 233. 
 Ipsum ilium, sc. Jugurtham. In the oratio direcia this wouM be iu ipse 
 
 Concerning the change of ta into ille in the oratio obliqua, ^ee Ills and 
 
 Is in the Dictionary. 
 Moliri, parare, — habere \ historical infinitives. See note on equitare 
 
 Chap. VI. 
 Tardius, $ 256, R. 9. 
 XII. Placuerat, sc illis, i. e. regulis. 
 Alius alio, $ 204, R. 10. 
 Utebatur — referebantur. The imperfect here is to be referred to $ 145, II, 
 
 4, as denoting preparation to act, or that which was about to be done. 
 Proximus lictor. The Romans often applied to other nations names oi 
 
 office which were pecuHar to themselves, as here that of lictor. 
 Ille, sc. Jugurtha. 
 Referebantur, " were about to be delivered" to Hiempsal. See above on 
 
 Utebatur, etc. 
 Se ipsum venturum, $ 270, R, 2, 2d part. 
 
 Numida—confecit, atque — introducit. The perfect indefinite with the his- 
 torical present. See Cat. xx. 
 Quum interim Hiempsal reperitur. For the use of the present and perfect 
 
 tenses of the indicative in the second part of a compound sentence, see 
 
 note on Chap. CI. 
 Prascepit, — ut\ expleant. The present depending on the perfect indefinite 
 
 which is not common. See note Cat. XLI. 
 Mulieris ancillce, $ 204, R. 1. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 289 
 
 Xin. Ilium alteram, sc. Jugurtham. 
 In provinciam, sc. Romxinam. This proviDce consisted of the former pes 
 
 sessions of the Carthaginians. 
 Iram ejus, i. e. populi Romani. — A^e cunctentur, sc.parare, 
 Hospitibus aliisque — magna munera misere, $ 225, IV. 5th par. 
 Quorum pars, sc. nohilium, $ 206, 11. 
 Vhi satis conjidunt, i. e. when they were confident of having secured 8 
 
 sufficient interest in the senate. 
 Utrisque datur, i. e. legatis JugurthcB et AdherbaUs. 
 XrV. Si eafecissem, ^ 266, R. 4 & $ 270, R. 2, 2d par. 
 Quihus non egerim, $ 266, 1. 
 
 Vellem. A double construction here follows this verb. 
 Neque mihi, ^ 2\h R. 5, 1. 
 In manufuit, $ 201, IV, 1. 
 Jugurtha qualisfuit, § 265. 
 Ceteri reges,—fam'dia nostra. Adherbal urges the disinterested character 
 
 of Masinissa's friendship. 
 In suis dubiis rebus, i. e. quum res sucb dubice essent. 
 Fides ejus, sc. populi Romani. 
 
 Quorum progeniem,- sc. majorum^ implied in familia nostra, $ 206, 11. 
 Ad impeirandum, sc. auxilium, m 275, R. 2, (3.) 
 Tamen erat majestatis, $ 259, R. 4, & $ 211, R. 8, (3). 
 Mihi erepta sunt, § 224, R. 2. 
 Mea injuria, $ 211, R. 3, last clause. 
 In sanguine, f err 0, fuga versabimur, $ 323, 1, (2). 
 Ula pestis, sc. Carthaginienses. 
 Quern vos jussissetis, sc. esse, i. e. haberi hostenu 
 Intoleranda audacia, $ 211, R. 6. 
 Atque eodem, $ 207, R. 27. 
 Post, ubi me. The protasis ends at capers ; exspectantem agrees with me 
 
 understood; "he caused that I, expecting nothing less, &c., should 
 
 be exiled," &c., ut ubivis, &c., " so that I should be safer anywhere," 
 
 &c. 
 Ut ubivis tutiiis — essem. See Sum in Dictionary, for this use of the ad- 
 verb. 
 Quod in familia nostra fait, prcBStitit, sc. id ; " our family have done what 
 
 was in their power." 
 In omnibus bellis, especially in the wars against the Numantines and the 
 
 Carthaginians. 
 Tertium, sc.fratrem. 
 
 Quern minime decuit, sc. ei vitam eripere. Quern relates to propinquus. 
 Pars in crucem acti, $205, R. 3. 
 Cum moerore et luciu, $ 247, R. 3. 
 Adversa facta sunt, sc. qua;, $209, R. 2, (1), (b). 
 Ex necessariis. Reference is here made both to his changed fortune ana 
 
 alienated friends, especially to Jugurtha, and necessariis is consequently 
 
 neuter. 
 Naiionesne, i. e. vicinas naiiones. 
 
290 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Hostilia monumenta, memorials of wars undertaken by the ancestors of 
 
 Adherbal in aid of the Romans. 
 Una nobis occidendurrij $ 225, III. Unct sc. cum imperio Romano. 
 Dts volentibus, i. e. Deorum voluntate. 
 Sociorum injurias, the objective genitive, $ 211, R. 2. 
 Licet sc. vobis. 
 
 Elud vereor, $ 207, R. 22. — Ne quos, see Nequis in Diet. 
 Fingere me verba, $ 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 
 Quod utinam, $206, iX\).^Videam, $263, 1. 
 Eadem hcBc simulajitem, " practising the same dissimulation," i. e. suffer 
 
 ing evils as real as those I suffer. 
 Unde minime decuit, sc. tuam vitam eripi. 
 Non enim regnum, sed fiigam, exsilium, egestaiem et ccrumnas — amisistu 
 
 zeugma, $ 323, 1, (2). 
 Rerum humanarum, " of human affairs," that is of their instabiUty. 
 Tuasne injurias, $ 211, R. 3, last clause. 
 Cujus vitcB ; cujus relates to ego understood, the subject o( consulam. Such 
 
 a construction is unusual. 
 Utinam emori, ^ 269 ; fortunis, $211, R. 5; neu vivere. Adherbal wishes 
 
 for one of two things. See the next sentence. 
 Per scelus et sanguinem familicc nostrce. Familice limits sanguinem only. 
 XV. Postquam rexjinem loquendi fecit, $ 259, R. 1. (2.) 
 Quam causoL, " than to the justice of their cause." 
 Postquam superatus sit, $266, 2. — Putarent, $209, R. 11. 
 Ante facta suaponerent, $ 208, (1.) & $266, R. 3. 
 Utrique curia egrediuntur, i. e. Adherbal et Jugurthoi legati. 
 Subveniendum Adherbali $209, R. 3, (3.) & $.239, R. 3, 2d clause. For 
 
 the omission of the agent see $ 225, III, R. 1. 
 JEmilius Scaurus. A high character is attributed to this nobleman by 
 
 Cicero as well as by Valerius Maximua 
 Is postquam videt. The historical present occurs frequently m Sallust 
 
 after postquam. 
 VI. Vicit tamen, i. e. notwithstanding the opposition of -^milius Scaurus 
 
 and others. 
 Quia consul, \. e. quia quum consul fuit. 
 In plebem. Opimius had slain more than three thousand of the common 
 
 people who had followed C. Gracchus. 
 Quce pars, $ 206, (3.) — Quam usu, sc. poiius. 
 XV] I. Res postulare videtur — exponere. The purpose after verbs signifying 
 
 to request, demand, &c. is usually expressed by the subjunctive with uU 
 
 $273,2. 
 Sed qucc loca — de iis, $ 206, (3,) & (a.) — Item, i. e. et item oh. 
 Qua; loca et nationes — minus frequentata sunt, $ 205, R. 2, (2). 
 Fauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sc. dtxerunt or voluerunt 
 Ea fines Jiabet, sc. Africa, Pronouns often relate, not to the nearest ant^ 
 
 cedent, but to that which is the principal object of attention in the seiv 
 
 tence. Fijies, $ 230, R. 2. 
 Arbor e infecundus, $ 250, R. 1. 
 
JUGI7RTHINE WAR. 291 
 
 Saluhri corpore, see note on Varia victoria, chap. V. 
 
 Interiere, i. e. soleiit interire or hitereunt. The perfect often occurs in this 
 sense. 
 
 Habuerint, — accesserint, — permixti sint, $ 265. 
 Will. Multis sihi quisque imperium peteniibus The regular construction 
 would have required quoque instead of quisque, or quum, amisso duce, 
 midti sibi quisque imperium peterent, $204, R. 10, last clause, & $209 
 R. 11. (4.) & $ 323, 3, (5). 
 
 Eo numero, instead of eoram numero, $ 207, R. 20. 
 
 IntTa oceanum magis. Some explain this to mean "more within,' or 
 " farther on this side of the ocean," i. e. in the Mediterranean, farther 
 east than the colonies of Medes and Persians. Others with perhaps 
 more probability, suppose intra oceanum magis to mean " farther out in 
 the ocean," and mare magnum, to refer not to the wider parts of the 
 Mediterranean, but to the Atlantic. On this latter supposition, the 
 Persians must have settled at first on the shores of the Atlantic south 
 of the straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 Semet ipsi Numidas appellavere, $ 207, R. 28. 
 
 Accessere Libyes, $ 233. 
 
 Sub sole magis, i. e. farther south. 
 
 Hique mature oppida habuere, i. e. the Medes and Armenians. See note, 
 Chap. XVII, on Ea fines habet, 
 
 Proxime Carthaginem, $ 235, R. 5. 
 
 QucB — Numidia appellatur, $ 209, R. 9. 
 
 Utrique alter is freti, I e. the two divisions of the Numidians, those who 
 had originally settled intra oceanum magis, and who subsequently re- 
 moved farther into the interior, and the colony which returned to the 
 neighborhood of the sea, not far from Carthage. 
 
 AfriccB pars inferior, the northern part of Africa, bordering upon the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 XIX. Nam de Carthagine. Nam relates to something understood ; as, " I 
 say nothing of Carthage," nam. 
 
 Ad Catabathmon, " next to" or " after the Catabathmos." 
 
 Secundo mari, " following the coast," i. e. towards the west 
 
 ThercBon, — Fhilcenon, Greek genitives, instead of the usual Latin form in 
 orum, § 54. 
 
 Post alicB Punicce urbes, after post supply Pliilcenon aras. 
 
 Super Numidiam, " beyond Numidia," i. e. farther in the interior 
 
 JEthiopas, $ 80, I, and $ 85, fixe. 2d. 
 
 Fines Carthaginiensium, quos novissime kabuerani, i. e. the territories pos- 
 sessed by the Carthaginians immediately before the destruction of their 
 city. 
 
 Cetera ignarus, $ 234, II. 
 
 Neque belle neque pace antea cognitus, $ 245, III. 
 
 XX. Regno diviso, $ 257, R. 5. The narrative is resumed from Chap. XVI. 
 Cerium ratus, quod, $ 205, R. 9, & $ 206, (13.) Esse is to be supplied with 
 
 cerium ; its subject being the clause, omnia Romce venalia esse, $ 239^ 
 R. 3, 2d clause. 
 
292 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Co?ivertit, sc. se, $ 229, R. 4. 
 
 Injurias suas, $211, R. 3, last clause. 
 
 I^eque se parem armis existimabat, $ 230, R. 1. 
 
 De injuriis quccstum misit, $ 276, II. 
 
 Suis animum — anger e^ $ 211, R. 5. 1. 
 
 XXI. Eoprocessum, $239, R. 3, & $209, R. 3, (2.) 
 Utriusque consedit exercitus ; sc. Adherbalis et JugurthcB. 
 Tempus legatorum antecapere, i. e. tempus reditus legatorum, 
 Uhi plerumque noctis processiu $ 259, R. 1, (2.) 
 
 Senatus de hello eorum accepit, sc. famam, nuntlum, &c. $ 229, R. 4, 2. 
 Velle et censere, sc. «e, i. e Senatum populumque Romanum. 
 Ita seque illisque dignumforey i. e. ita facer e et Romanis et regibus dignum 
 fore. 
 
 XXII. Quorum, Jugurtha, accepta oratione respondit, instead of quorum 
 oratione, &c. 
 
 Abjure gentium, i. e. in this place, the right of avenging injuries, which 
 
 right belonged to every sovereign state. 
 Sese, $208,(1.) 
 Ita utriqiie, sc. Jugurtha et legali Romani, 
 
 XXIII. Africa decessisse, $ 242, & $ 268. 
 Aut per vim aut dolls, $ 278, R. 2. 
 Confirmat uti — pergerent, $ 258, 2, R. 1. 
 
 XXIV. Litter <B Adherbalis in senatu recitatce, sc. sunt The verb sumt espe- 
 cially as an auxiliary, is often to be supplied. 
 
 Nisi tamen. See Diet. Nisi refers to plura de Jugurthct scribere dehorta' 
 tur meforiuna mea : " this only I will write." 
 
 Quintumjam mensem, $ 236, R. 2. 
 
 MicipscB pairis beneficia, i. e. his favors to Jugurtha. 
 
 Etjam antea. Et sometimes introduces a ciause explanatory of a preced- 
 ing one, and may be then translated "as,since." 
 
 Antea expertus sum ; see Chap. XVI. 
 
 Qucc sanefuerint, $260, R. 3.— Unaforent, $ 262, R. 4. 
 
 XXV. Fuere, qui — censerent, $ 264, 6. — Censerent has here a double con 
 struction, first with the accusative and infinitive, and then with the sub- 
 junctive, $ 273, 3. 
 
 Adherbali subveniendum, $ 209, R. 3, (3), & $ 239, R. 3. 
 
 Ab Numidis obsecrati, i. e. by the Numidians sent to Rome with the letter 
 
 of Adherbal, Chap. XXVIII. 
 Ad provinciam accedat, sc. ut, an order being implied in Jitteras mitiunt, 
 
 $262, R. 4. 
 Seque ad eum — missos, sc. dicentes, which also is implied in litteras mit- 
 
 tunt, $ 273, 3d clause. 
 Didticta manu hostium, i. e. dispersed to various parts of the wall, in con 
 
 sequence of an attack being made on every side at the same time 
 Quod oppvgnatione nori desisteret, $ 266, 3. 
 X XVI. Italici. These appear to be the same persons who were previously 
 
 called negotiatores and togati, including not only the lialici properly so 
 
 caUed, but Roman citizens also. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 293 
 
 Defensabantur. Frequentatives are often used by Sallust instead of their 
 primitives. 
 
 Deditione facta. The ablative absolute is here used instead of a c ondi* 
 tional clause, " that should a surrender be made," $ 257, R. 1. 
 
 Adkerbalem excruciatam necat, — " after torturing," or " when he had tor- 
 tured." The construction of the perfect passive participle is often 
 owing to the want of a perfect participle of the active voice, $ 274, 3 
 
 Uti quisque armatis ohvius, sc. fuerat. 
 
 XXVII. Agiiari ccepta, so. esty $ 183, 2, N. 
 
 ScBpe gratia, inter dum jurgiis, " often by the exertion of their inflaence, 
 
 sometimes by altercation." 
 Leniebant, The imperfect here, as well as in some other places, denotes 
 
 " striving" or " endeavoring" to do. 
 Edocuisset id agi, — " that the plan was," or " that this was the design," 
 
 $273vl. 
 
 XXVIII. Contra spent nuntio accepto, i. e. the inteUigence respectuig the 
 dangers which threatened him. 
 
 PrcBcepit — aggrediantur. See Note on Prcecepit ut simvlent. Cat XLI. 
 
 Quippe cui in animo liceserat, $ 211, R. 5, 1. 
 
 liqae decrevere, synesis, $ 323, 3, (4.) 
 
 Deditum venissent, $ 276, II. 
 
 Legat sibi. The legati or lieutenants were chosen by the generals whom 
 
 they were to assist, but the choice was confirmed by the senate. 
 Homines nobiles, factiosos, $ 205, R. 16. 
 Siciliam — transvectcK, § 237, R. 5. 
 
 XXIX. Assumitur Scaurus, see Chap. XV. 
 
 Belli moram redimebat, " attempted to purchase." See Chap. XXVII, on 
 Leniebant. 
 
 Deditionis mora, $ 253. 
 
 PrcBsenti consilio, i. e. the council of war called by the Roman consul. 
 
 Locutus de invidia facti sui, viz. in putting to death Adherbal and the 
 Italians, see Chap. XX\^. Locutus is here construed with the accusa- 
 tive, and also with a subjunctive clause. With the latter it has the sense 
 of *♦ asking, requesting, $ 323, 1. (2.) 
 
 Secreia transigit, instead of secretb, &c. $ 205, R. 15. 
 
 Calpurnius Romum. Scipio the colleague of Calpumius was now dead. 
 
 XXX. Quoque modo, for et quo modo. The accusative res, as well as the 
 subjunctive clause, depends on the verb divulgavit — Acta forent, $265. 
 
 Agitari, for agitabatur, impersonally ; " discussions were had." 
 
 Parum constabat, sc. patribus or iis, " it was not clear to them," " they 
 
 were at a loss." 
 Supra diximus. See Chap. XXVII. 
 
 XXXI. Dehortantur, instead oi dehor tentur, this construction in the apodosia 
 of a sentence is more common with past tenses than with the present, 
 $ 260, R. 4. The subjects of this verb in apposition with multa, $ 204, 
 R. 10 are singularly varied, including the clause quod innocentice, &c. 
 $201, IV and jus nullum, in the sense of quod jus nullum est, 
 
 Oprs factionis, sc. nobilium. 
 
294 NOTES ON THE 
 
 tnnocentice plus periculi — est, $ 226. 
 
 Nam ilia quidem. The three subsequent clauses are in apposition with 
 ilia. 
 
 His annis quindecim, " for these fifteen years," i. e. last past. 
 
 Quam ludihrio faeritis, $ 265. *^ 
 
 Quamfoede quamque inulti perierint. An adjective is here connected with 
 an adverb. See $ 205, R, 15, & $ 278. 
 
 Vestri defensores, sc. the Gracchi and others. 
 
 Vobis animus, $ 211, R. 5, 1. 
 
 Ab ignavia atque socordia corruptus, $ 248, II, 2d clause. 
 
 Obnoxiis iuimicis. The nobles were many of them liable to punishment 
 for the part they had taken in respect to the affairs of Jugurtha. 
 
 Quibus decet, sc. vos. 
 
 Certe ego libertatem, $ 209, R. 1, 2d clause. 
 
 Quod scepe majores, $ 206, 13. — Necesse est — eant, $ 262, R. 4. 
 
 Sed sane fuerit,— jure factum sit, $260, R. 3. — Plebi sua restituere, $208, (7.> 
 
 Superioribus annis. The author having in the preceding sentence grant- 
 ed, for the sake of argument, that the violence of the nobles in punish 
 ing the adherents of the Gracchi might be justifiable, proceeds to enu 
 merate other injuries inflicted by them on the common people. 
 
 Imperio nati, $ 223, instead of the gerund, ad imperandum, denoting a 
 purpose. 
 
 lidemque, " and yet." See Diet. 
 
 Pars eorum occidisse tribunos, qucostiones injustas. Two constructionfe 
 are united, $ 229, R. 5, 2d par. 
 
 Metum — transtulere, instead of metum a se sceleratis ad vos ignavos trans* 
 tulere. 
 
 Eadem cupere, &c. $ 269. — Sed ha;c, sc. eadem cupere, &c. $ 206, (10.; 
 
 Quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, the regular construction of this 
 clause, in order to correspond with the preceding one, would be, qziam 
 illi dominationis. 
 
 Beneficia vesira, i. e. the offices and honors in the gift of the people. 
 
 Quod magis vos fecisse, i. e. vindicasse in eos vianu, &c. 
 
 Verum qucBstionibus, &c. sc. vindicandum est in eos. 
 
 Et ilia — tempora, sc. the times immediately subsequent to the death of the 
 Gracchi. 
 
 Quis vestrum, $ 212, R. 2, N. 2, & 133, R. 3. 
 
 Quantum importunitatis, instead of pro tanta importunitate, quantum, &c. 
 " such is their insolence," $ 206, (3). 3d clause. 
 
 Faciendi licentia eripitur, i. e. malefaciendi licentia illis eripitur. 
 
 Id est regem esse, supply, eum or hominem, $ 239, R. 3, & $ 209, R. 3, (5)» 
 attheend, &$207, R. 22. 
 
 Ut malitis, &c. i. e. I would not advise you to become so fond of punish- 
 ing the evil, as to desire occasions for doing it, but only to exercise this 
 power sufficiently far the protection of the good. 
 
 Bonos perditum eaiis, $ 276, R. 2. 
 
 Aaxilii egeas, sc. bonorum. 
 XXXII. Interposita fide publica, sc. for his safety. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 295 
 
 Pecunice captcc, $ 274, R. 5. 
 
 Fuere, qui iraderent. See Sum in Diet 
 
 Plurima etjlagitiosissima. For this use of et see Multus in Diet — Ele* 
 
 phantos, see Chap. XXIX, near the end. 
 Alv. — vendere, pars—agebant, §209, R. 11. In this and other instances 
 
 Sallust unites the present infinitive with the imperfect indicative, as of 
 
 similar force, $ 209, R. 5, at the end. — Perfugas, sc. Numidicos. 
 Dedidisset, $ 266, 3. 
 XXXIII. — Confirmatus ah omnibus. The sense requires tamen before confirm 
 
 mains, and with this the apodosis of the sentence begins. 
 Cujus, i. a ut ejus, $ 264, 5. 
 Contra jus et iujurias omnes. Justice was even more formidable to Ju- 
 
 gurtha than injustice. 
 De hoste sitpplicium sumi, sc.jubebatt " that he should be put to death as 
 
 a pubhc enemy," §268, R. 3. 
 IrcB, magis consulens, sc. Memmius. 
 RomcB Numidiceque, §221, R. 1. 
 Quibus javantihus, § 229, R. 5. 
 Egerit, § 265. — Intelligat, § 266, 3. — Velle, sc. ilium, i. e. populum Roma- 
 
 num. — Fore, sc. se, § 239, R. 2. 
 
 XXXIV. Terrebat eum, sc. tribunum, " tried to terrify him." See Chap. 
 XXVII, on Leniebant. 
 
 XXXV. Quoniam ex stirpe Masinisscc sit, $ 266, 3. — Petat, $ 262, R. 4. 
 Invidiu cum meta, i. e. public odium and his own fears, $ 249, III. 
 Massiva agitare ccepit. The perfect indefinite is here, as in other passages 
 
 of Sallust, followed by the historical present 
 Mala fama, i. e. the infamy consequent upon such a crime as the murder 
 
 of Massiva. 
 Maxime occidte, § 191, last clause. These words seem to be connected 
 
 with Numidam inicrficiat rather than with paret. 
 Egressus, sc. extra urbe aut domo. 
 Ex eo numero, qui, instead of ex eorum numero qui, $ 207, R. 20, & $ 
 
 206, (11.) 
 Ex (Bquo bonoque. By the law of nations the persons of ambassadors and 
 
 of their attendants were inviolable. To bring Bomilcar to trial, there- 
 fore, was not strictly in accordance with this law. 
 Regno magis. Before these words tamen is to be supplied, and with this 
 
 the apodosis begins. 
 Vrbem venalem, § 238, 2, last clause. 
 
 XXXVI. Ante comitia, quod iempus, § 206, (8.) 
 Instanti, sc. Albino. 
 
 Acfuerr qui — existimarent, § 264, 6. 
 
 XXXVII. Totius anni comitia. Not only the election of tribunes, but t^mt 
 of au the other magistrates, was delayed. 
 
 Potiundi, § 162, 20. 
 
 XXXVIII. Imyeritia legati, i. e. of Aulus. 
 
 Ua dehJa, i. e. of Aulus and of his army. Before ita Ulicta, supply diiitt 
 ^ 270, R. 2,^2d clause. 
 
 26 
 
296 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Ocailttora, " would be better concealed," i. e. from the senate and Roman 
 people. The object of Jugurtha was to render treason in the army of 
 Aulus easy by rendering it difficult of detection. 
 
 Corrumpere for corrumpehat. On this transfugerent and desererent de- 
 pend. 
 
 Confirmare. See the note on Leniehant. Chap. XXVIl. 
 
 Trepidare ; the historical infinitive. 
 
 Sed ex eo numero, guos. See note Chap. XXXV. on Ex eo numero, qui, 
 
 Faucis gregariis militihus, $ 205, R. 16, 2d clause 
 
 Nox alque prceda — remorata sunt, $ 205, R. 2, (2.) 
 
 Fame ferroque clausum. Zeugma, the participle being properly connected 
 with /erro only, $ 323, 1, (2.) 
 
 Tenet In the oraiio obliqua the indicative is employed to denote the cer- 
 tainty of the thing in the mind of the author, in distinction from a fact 
 resting upon the assertion or opinion of another. 
 
 Uii — decederet, § 273, 2, & 3. A verb of requiring or commanding is im 
 plied in verba facit. 
 XXXIX. Timere libertati, " were apprehensive for their liberties," i. e. they 
 feared lest the state should become the prey of its enemies. 
 
 Infestij sc. erant. 
 
 Ah sociis et nomine Latino. The socii are the same as the Italiciy i. e. all 
 the Italians except the Latins. 
 
 Uti parfuerat. The pluperfect is here used instead of the imperfect to 
 denote that which had long been, and still was. 
 
 Uti convenerat, " as had been agreed," i. e. in the treaty between Aulus 
 and Jugurtha. 
 
 Cognitis militibus. Supply tamen, with which the apodosis will begin. 
 XL. In legationibus aut imperiis. Aulus the heutenant of Albinus, Scaurus 
 the lieutenant of Calpurnius Bestia, and Calpurnius himself were espe- 
 cially aimed at by this law. 
 
 Per amicos, $ 247, R. A.—Odio nobilitatis, $ 247, R. 2. 
 
 Cui mala ilia, sc. prosecutions, banishments, &c. 
 
 Supra docuimus. See Chaps. XXVIII & XXIX. 
 XLI. Rerum, quce prima, $ 206, (11.). The general idea of things is denoted 
 either by neuter adjectives or by res Here both constructions are 
 united. Metus hostilis, $ 211, R. 4. 
 
 Asperius acerbiusque, sc. rebus adversis. 
 
 Reperti sunt, qui anteponerent, $ 264, 6. The Gracchi are especially in- 
 tended. See the next chapter. 
 XLII. Quorum majores. The paternal ancestors of the Gracchi had ren- 
 dered important services to the state, especially in the Punic wars, 
 and on their mother's side they were descended from the elder Scipio 
 Africanus. 
 
 Spes societatis, i. e. of alliance with the nobles. 
 
 Tribunum alterum, sc. Viherium. 
 
 Triumvir um coloniis deducendis, sc. Caium, § 275, R. 2, (2.) 
 
 Sed bono vinci satius est, etc. Bono, sc. homini. This remark is und^ 
 stood by some commentators as a censure upon the Gracchi, by othei 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 297 
 
 as a reflection upon the nobles, on account of the unlawful and violent 
 
 means resorted to by each for accomplishing their purposes. 
 Ferro auifaga exstinxiU slew or banished, $ 323, 1, (2.) 
 Timoris. The fear felt by the nobilit}% not that inspired by them. 
 Acerbius ulcisci, ^ 256, R. 9, 2d clause. 
 Parem disserere, $ 261, R. 3. 
 XLIII. Alia omnia, sc. munera, " all the duties" of the consulship. 
 Sibi cum collega, sc esse, — " belonged jointly to him and to his colleague. 
 
 While Metellus carefully assisted his colleague in all the joint duties of 
 
 their office, he considered the care of the war in Numidia as devolving 
 
 especially upon himself 
 Reges ultro auxilia mittere, i. e. the kings in alliance with the Romans. 
 ProconsuUs. Albinus is here called proconsul, because he continued for 
 
 some time to perform the duties of a consul as commander in chief of 
 
 the army in Africa after the expiration of his year, while waiting the 
 
 arrival of the new consul. 
 XLIV. Prcodator ex sociis, V211, R. 2, last .clause. 
 Majorum disciplina, $ 249, II. 
 
 Non egredi provincia. See Chap, XXXIX, at the end. 
 Quantum temporis ccslivorum in imperiofuit; "as much of the time of the 
 
 campaign as he continued in command." 
 Palantes, sc. milites. 
 Frumentum publice datum. Corn was usually distributed to the soldiers 
 
 every month; to each foot-soldier a little more than one bushel of our 
 
 measure. 
 XLV. TajLla temperaniia. The construction is here interrupted, but tanta 
 
 relates to the following paragraphs, not less than it would have done, 
 
 had they been made to depend upon ut, instead ofnamque, 
 Ignavim sustulisse, sc. comperior. 
 Ne quisquam, sc. dicens or edicens, " ordering," implied in edicto, $ 273, 
 
 2, 3d par. 
 Quern alium, i. e. aliquem alium. See Alius in Diet. 
 Ceteris, to other irregularities or indulgences. 
 Arte, " strictly," but some consider it as the ablative of ars, " by skill ot 
 
 contrivance, wisely." 
 XLVI. Certior f actus Roma, $ 255. 
 
 Qui — ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, $ 208, (4.) 
 
 Legatos, alium abaliis diver sos, — separate one from the other. Aliutn, sc. 
 
 diversum. 
 Qu(B ex voluntate, sc. regis — Forent, $ 266, 1. 
 Intento aique infesto exercitu, $ 249, III, 2d clause. 
 Oslentui, sc. esse. 
 
 Insidiis locum tentari, sc. ab Jugurtha or ab hostibus. 
 Propulsarcnt, sc. eos, i. e. equitatus. 
 Pacem an bellum gerens, $ 323, 1, (2.) 
 XLVII. Hue consul, simul tentandi gratia, etc. The true reading is here 
 
 doubtful, and the sense uncertain. Those who adopt the reading in the 
 
 text interpret it as follows, " Here the consul, both for the purpose of 
 
298 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 enticing (the inhabitants) to revolt, and on account of the advantageous- 
 ness of the place, if they would suffer (themselves to be thus enticedO 
 placed a garrison." 
 
 Id quod res monebat, $ 207, R. 22, & 206, (13.) 
 
 Et jam parads rebus, i. e. the supplies of provisions, &c. previous.^ oia 
 vided (for the army.) 
 
 Munimento fore, " would be a preservative," " would help to preserve^' 
 
 Metello dedere, — " surrendered," i. e. offered or sought to surrender. See 
 note on leniebant. Chap. XXVII. 
 XLVIII. Urbs maxima, sc. Vacca. 
 
 Quam Adherbal in divisions (sc. regni) possederat. See chap. XVL 
 
 QucB humi arido, $ 205, R. 9. 
 XLIX. Extenuata suorum acie, $ 205, R. 7, N. 1. 
 
 Quce ageret, § 265. 
 
 Propior moniem, $ 235, R. 5. 
 
 Turmas atgue inanipulos See note, Chap. XII. 
 
 Monet atque obtestalur. The subjunctive, defendant, may depend upon 
 either of these verbs; the accusatives with the infinitive, certamen forct 
 and ducem non animum mutatum can refer only to monet 
 
 Subjugum miserint. See Chap. XXXVIII. 
 
 QucB ab imperatore decuerint, sc. provideri. 
 
 Omnia suis provisa. A double construction, the infinitive and accusative* 
 and the subjunctive with uti, 
 
 Parati—essent, § 266, 2, R. 1. 
 
 Locum superiorem, sc. provisum esse. 
 
 Pecunia aut honore extulerat. Zeugma, $ 323, 1, (2.) 
 
 Conspicatur, sc. eos, i. e. hostes. 
 
 Humilitate arborum, i. e propter humilitatem arhorum. See note on reipuh- 
 licce magniiudine. Cat. XXXI. 
 
 Agmen constituit, sc. Meiellus. 
 
 Incerti, quidnam esset. Incerti agrees with NumidcB. Quidnam esset, in- 
 stead ofquidnam essent, the verb agreeing with the predicate nominative, 
 $ 209, R. 9. Quidnam is in the neuter to denote the uncertainty attend- 
 ing the appearance, $ 205, R. 7. (2.) 
 
 Ipsi atque signa — obscurati, $ 205, R. 2, (3.) 
 
 Pauca — milites hortatus, $ 231, R. 5. 
 li. Et quoniam armis di.ffiderent, $ 266, 3. 
 
 Principes facti erant. Principes is not to be understood here of the rank 
 of soldiers called principes, but simply of the troops in front. 
 
 Primes suos, i. e. the left wing of Jugurtha's army, or that nearest to the 
 mountain. 
 
 Daum militum., $ 118, 1. 
 
 Ipsi modb, i. e. ipsi soli. 
 
 Ita numero priores, sc. Numidas. 
 
 Hostes deterrere, sc. Romanos. Hostis is continually used by Sallust not in 
 reference to the opponents of the Romans only, but of that party who 
 ever it may be which happens to be the subject of discourse 
 
 Consueti, i. e. accustomed to such places 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 299 
 
 U. Dispersi, sc. milites Romani, 
 
 Arma tela. See note on Cat 11, bonus ignavus. 
 
 Eorum, sc. militum Romanorum, implied in cohortes legionarias, $206, i,ll.) 
 
 Quum etiain tarn eventus in incerto erat. The imperfect and pluperfect 
 indicative after quum are of rare occurrence in Sallust. The historical 
 present and perfect indefinite of the indicative mood, and likewise the 
 historical infinitive after quum are of frequent occurrence in the apodosis 
 of a sentence. 
 
 Superioribus locis. The abl. of place without a preposition, $254, R. 3, 
 2d clause. 
 
 Orare, i. e. orabat, sc. Metellus. — iVe dejicerent, $ 273, 2. 
 
 Neque illis castra esse, i. e. Romhnis. Illis ; in the oratio directa, vobis. 
 See lUe in Diet 
 LII. Et jam die vesper erat, $90, Exc. 
 
 Adverso colle — evadunt, $ 254, R. 3, 2d clause. Tutata sunt The parti- 
 ciple is here neuter, although both of the nominatives are feminine and 
 in the singular number. — Prcpfectum, sc. esse. 
 
 In (Bquumlocum, i. e. in planitiem. See Chap. XLVIII 
 LIII. j^quabilem, sc. pulverem. 
 
 ImpeTobatur, sc. illis, 
 
 Av^ilium, sc. esse. 
 
 Obvidm procedunt, sc. Metello. 
 
 Nihil languidi neque remissi, $ 212, R. 3, N. 3. 
 
 Admissum, sc. eraf, $ 259, R. 4. 
 
 Facinus miserabile, sc. an engagement between the two divisions of the 
 -Roman army. 
 UV. Quatriduo moratus. The ablative denoting duration of time is not of 
 very common occurrence, $ 236. — Cum curat $ 247, R. 3. — More, $ 249, II. 
 
 QucB levia sunt. The writer has here made the reason given by Metellua 
 his own, and has accordingly employed the mdicative, not the subjunc- 
 tive mood, $ 266, 3, 2d clause. 
 
 Sua quisque, $ 279, 14. 
 
 Agit gratias, sc. iis referring to universos. Two verbs belonging to the 
 same subject, but requiring different cases after them, are frequently 
 connected in such a manner, that the case depending on one of them is 
 expressed, and that of the other is to be suppHed. 
 
 Gerant, $ 262, R. 4. 
 
 Satis jam pi/gnatum, sc. ab illis, $ 184, 2, & $248, R. 1. 
 
 Tamen, i. e. though Metellus represented the war as virtually ended, " still." 
 
 Uti sese victus gereret. Uti, i. e. quomodo. 
 
 Agri ac pecoris magis qnam belli cultorem, $ 323, 1, (2.) 
 
 Id ea gratia eveniebat. Id relates to the clause cogebat exercitum, $206, (13.) 
 
 Geri non posset, $266, 3.—Eaformidine, $207, R. 20. 
 
 Sequi cogebatur, sc. is. This omission of is occurs not unfrequenty in 
 Saliust For the usual construction, see $206, (3), (a). 
 
 Romanos palantes, i. e. eos Romanos qui palabantur. 
 LV Ut seque— gereret. This and the following subjunctive clauses are m 
 apposition with rebus, $ 204, R. 9 ; & $ 257, R. 8. 
 26 "" 
 
300 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Victor iamen Tamen relates to quamquam implied in the phrase, in ad' 
 
 verso loco, 
 Niti—festinare ; historical infinitives. 
 Effuso exercltu prcedari, $ 249, III, last clause. So, Chap. LVI, exercitu 
 
 circumvenit. 
 LVI. Ratus, id quod, $ 206, (13), 2d clause. 
 Hortatur mcenia defendant, $ 262, R. 4. 
 Quod genus ex copiis regis, § 212, R. 2, N. 4. 
 Quiafallere nequibat. The deserters from the Roman army fearing to 
 
 fall into the hands of the Romans, would, for their own sakes, be faith- 
 ful to Jugurtha. 
 Siccam — quod oppidum, $ 206, (8.) 
 
 Post malam pugnam, sc. near the river Muthul. Chaps. 50 — 53. 
 Si idfecerint — sese cetaiem acturos. In this sentence the tenses are the 
 
 same as they would have been in the oratio directa, the persons of the 
 
 verbs only are changed. Si idfeceritis — ego cBtatem agam. 
 Illos in lihertate. Illos in the change from the directa to the ohliqua is 
 
 used for vos, i. e. Siccenses. So, fortunam illis. 
 Hostes urgent, i. e. Romani. 
 LVII. Marius ad Zamam, $ 237, R. 2. 
 Cuncta mcBnia, a pleonastic expression for mcenia alone. See Mcenia in 
 
 Diet. 
 Exercitu circumvenit, $ 249, III, 2d clause. 
 Ubi quisque curaret, $ 265. 
 
 Pari periculo, sedfama impari — erantf $245, III. 
 LVIII. Magna pars vulnerati, $ 205, R. 3. 
 Sin NumidcB propius accessissent. Sin is opposed to tela eminus missa. 
 
 Accessissent, $ 260, 1. 
 Non amplius quadraginta, $ 256, R. 6. 
 
 Propere — statim, " speedily — immediately." The proper use of these ad- 
 verbs denotes that Marius was first sent, and that the cavalry followed 
 
 as soon as possible. 
 LIX. Portas, sc. castrorum. — Proxima loca, sc portis. 
 In angustiis, sc. portarum. 
 Qui in proximo, i. e. those whose station was nearest to Jugurtha, as he 
 
 advanced to the attack. 
 Ni pediies, sc. Numidarum. Cladem facer ent. The imperfect subj. is here 
 
 equivalent to the English form, " had made and continued still to make." 
 Quihus illi freti. Quibus, sc. peditibus. HU, sc. equites ; illi referring to 
 
 the last antecedent on account of the relative quibus, see Ille in Diet 
 Expeditis peditibus suis, $ 247, R. 4, at the end. 
 Hostes pene victos, sc. Romanos. 
 LX. Ubi quisque — eo acerrime niti. Eo and ubi are here used like a relative 
 
 and demonstrative pronoun, and are equivalent to in quo loco — in eo. 
 
 Niti, sc. Romani milites. 
 Oppugnare aut parare. Some refer the former verb to the besiegers and the 
 
 latter to the besieged ; and others, connecting them to agere, apply them 
 
 to the besieged only. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 301 
 
 Ubi hostes, sc. Romani. — Animadverteres, Gr. $ 260, II. 
 VitahuTidus—tela, <^2'i%^. 
 
 Diffidentiam rei, i. e. of taking the city by force. 
 
 Studio suorum, $211, R. 12. 
 
 UncB atque alttrcc scales, $ 118, 2, 2d clause. 
 
 Magna pars ronfecii, $ 205, R. 3. 
 LXI. Frustra inceplum, sc. esse. 
 
 Ab Zama discedit ; i. e. from the neighborhood of Zama. This is imphed 
 in the use of the preposition. 
 
 QucB ad se defecerant, instead ofquce ad eum, etc. $ 208, (6.) 
 
 In provinciam, sc. Romanam, into that part of the Roman province which 
 bordered upon Numidia. 
 
 SiLa omnia, " all his effects" which had been forfeited by his crime; see 
 Chap. XXXV. 
 LXII. Ubiprimum opportunum fuit, sc. iempus. 
 
 Monet atque obieslatur, uti provideai, $ 273. 2. — Liberis. The children of 
 Jugurtha are again mentioned, Chap. LXXV, & LXXVI. 
 
 Sese. In oratio directa, nos. — Victos, sc. esse, $ 270, R. 2. 2d part. 
 
 Caveat. In oratio directa, cave or caveto, the imperative being changed 
 in the oratio obliqua into the subjunctive, $266, R. 1. 
 
 Facturum {esse), ac tradere are properly connected ; the former denoting 
 what he will at all times thereafter do, the latter what he now does. 
 
 Cunctos senatorii ordinis, $ 212, R. 2, X. 6, & $ 205, R. 12, 2d clause. 
 
 More majorum. The custom here alluded to is that of being directed by 
 the opinion of a council of war. 
 
 Ad imperandum, $ 275, 1, R. 2. " to be directed, i. e. to receive orders or 
 directions." Although the gerund may sometimes be translated pas- 
 sively, it is probably always active in its signification, referring to an 
 indefinite subject understood. 
 
 Omnia bello potiora duceret. For the omission of esse, see note on Poste- 
 riores se vident, Chap. LXXIX. 
 LXIII. Agitabat. For the reason of the ind. mood, see note on Qucd do- 
 mum CalilincB frequentahat. Cat. XIV. 
 
 Ageret, in oratio directa, agas, or age. See note on caveat, LXII. 
 
 Alia omnia abande erant. See Diet, article Sum. 
 
 Animus belli ingens, domi modicus, $221, R. 3. 
 
 Per omnes tribus declaratur, sc. tribunus, $ 210, R. 3, (3). 
 
 Etiam ium alios magistratus plebes, sc. habebat or gerebat, implied by 
 Zeugma in per manus tradebat. 
 1*XIV. Optanda bonis, $225, III. 
 
 Primum, connect with mirari and monere. 
 
 Commotus insolita re, — " by the novelty of the thing." An adjective, like 
 a perfect participle, is sometimes used instead of an abstract noun, $274, 
 R. 5- So Res trepidcsj-metus ingens, malum improvisum. J. 91. 
 
 Debere illi res suas satis placere, $ 209, (7). For the use of ille in the oratio 
 obliqua, see Ille in Diet. 
 
 Postquam hcec — dixit, neque animus Mariiflectitur, two constructions, the 
 
302 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 perfect and historical present, depending on the same particle, postqmm. 
 See 1st note on Cat. XX 
 
 Potuissef, \^ 266, R. 4. 
 
 NefestinareU In oratio directa, nefestina or nefestines, $ 266, R. 1. 
 
 Cumfilio suo, $208, (1). 
 
 Annos natus circiter viginti, by the Roman law a consul was required to 
 be at least forty-three years old. 
 
 A ccenderat. The tense of this verb refers to that of the following verbs 
 grassari, etc. 
 
 Quod modb amhitiosum foret, $ 263, 2. 
 
 Criminose, has reference to Metellus: magnifice, to Marius. 
 
 Sibi permitteretur, sc. si, so in English, " were half the army entrusted tc 
 him." 
 
 Habiturum, sc. se, $ 239, R. 1. 
 
 Ab imperatore consulto trahi, sc. bellum or res. 
 LXV. Uti sellam juxta ponereU sc. sellam Metelli.^-Poneret, sc. Gauda. 
 
 Petenti is followed first by a clause and then by a noun in the accusative. 
 
 Eorum modo foret, sc. honos, " it belonged to those only," $ 266, 3 
 
 Contumeliosiwi foret, sc. in equites Romanos. 
 
 Equites Romanos, milites et negotiator es, $ 204, R. 10 
 
 Sic illi, referring to Marium, See Ille in the Dictionary. 
 
 Novos extollebat, sc. homines. 
 LXVI. Omissa deditione. See the end of Chap. LXIL 
 
 Cum magna cura, $ 247, R. 3. 
 
 Et eos ipsos, i. e. Romanos ipsos. 
 
 Igitur Vaccenses, quo, — " where" instead of quibus, " among whom," $ 224. 
 
 Principes civitatis. In the course of this period the author has changed 
 the subject o( conjurantt from Vaccenses, with which he began, to prin- 
 cipes, § 323, 3, (5). 
 
 Domos suas, $ 237, R. 4, 2d clause. 
 
 In tali die. In is used with nouns denoting time when they are employed 
 to mark, not merely the time, but the condition of things then existing. 
 See In in Diet. 
 
 Sine imperio, " without control." 
 
 Tumultus ipse. See Ipse in Diet. 
 LXVII. Improviso metu, on account of the suddenness of the alarm. See 
 note on commotus insolita re, Chap. LXIV. 
 
 Pra^sidium hostium, sc. erat. 
 
 Caveri, sc. posse, i. e. poterat. — Resisti posse. These verbs are used im- 
 personally, § 209, R. 3, (6.) 
 
 Obtruncari^ i. e. obtruncabantur. — Scevissimis Numidis, $ 257, R. 1 
 
 Misericordiane hospitis, an pactione, $ 265, R. 2. 
 
 JF irum comperimus, nisi, i. e. nisi hoc comperimus, " only I am certain of 
 this," that whereas he preferred a dishonorable life, &c., he appears in- 
 famous and detestable. 
 LXVIII. Ubi ira et cogritudo permixta sunt. His first feelings were those 
 of grief, with these anger was soon mingled. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 303 
 
 Non amphus mille passuum ahesse. Mille is in the ace, $236: see also 
 
 $256, R. 6. 
 In primo, sc. loco or agmine, " in front." 
 LXIX. Et eos, sc. esse. — Jugurtham, sc. esse. 
 
 Cuncta poencE aut prcedcB fuit, — " served for," i. e. "was wholly given up 
 
 to punishment or plunder," $ 227, R. 2. 
 Navi is civis ex Lalio erat. The Porcian law was expressly limited in its 
 
 operation to Roman citizens. See Porcius in Diet. 
 LXX. Quam metu deseruit. See Chap. LXII. — Ejus, sc. regis. 
 
 Omnia tentando, " in resorting" or " while resorting to every expedient." 
 
 Utriusque consilio, sc. Bomilcaris et Nahdalsce. 
 
 Uti res poscerit, $ 266, 2. 
 
 Hiherna Romano rum jussus, sc. a. Jugurtha. 
 
 Inuliis hostibus, $ 257, R. 7. 
 
 Timore socii anxius ; the subjective genitive denoting the fear felt by his 
 
 associate, $211, R. 2; timore, i. e. timoris causa, ox propter timorem. 
 Per quos juravisset, $266, 3. 
 
 Reputaret, $266, R. 1. In oratio directa, reputes or reputa. 
 Ceteriim suane, i. e. Nabdalsae. 
 LXXI. Uti (Egrum animum solet, sc. capere. Somnus cepit, sc. eum, i. e. 
 
 Nabdalsam. 
 Super tali scelere suspectum, $ 213, R. 4, (4). 
 LXXII. Quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, sc. esse. 
 Iram oppresserat. The author assigns this reason for the hfe of Nab- 
 
 dalsa being pre-served, that Jugurtha, after putting to death Bomilcar 
 
 and many others, had smothered his resentment. 
 LXXIII. Sibi parum idoneum, sc. esse, " unserviceable to him, or unsuited 
 
 to his service." The reason is contained in the words, simul et invisum 
 
 et offensum. 
 Litteris — cognitis, see Chap. LXV. 
 Volenti animo de ambobus acceperant, " with ready mind received (what 
 
 was written) respecting both." 
 In utroque, ** in regard to each," i. e. Metello et Mario. 
 Bona aut mala sua, i. e. plebis. Moderata, sc. sunt, " governed," " influ- 
 enced," sc. plebem. 
 Seditiosi magistratus, sc. tribuni plebis. 
 Post multas tempestates, " after a long time." See Chap. LXIII, near the 
 
 end. 
 Ea res, i. e. this decree of the senate. 
 LXXiV. In tanta perjidia. See In in Diet. 
 Amorum aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti. Two constmctioni 
 
 here Mow potiti, $245, 1, & 220. 4. 
 LXXV. Eafuga, i. e. propter eamfugam, " in consequence of." 
 Thesauri— cultus erat, $209, R. 12, (3.« 
 Qudm plurimum potest domiti pecoris, $212, R. Z. 
 Ed imponit, instead of eipecori, " upon these.' 
 Qnisque aqucp. porlaret, $ 262, R 4. 
 Quam proximam, ^206, {10.) 
 
304 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Quo Numidis prccceperat, sc. veniant. 
 
 In nova deditione. See In tanta perfidia. Chap. LXXIV. 
 LXXVI. Nihil jam infectum. Participles of the perfect tense when they be 
 come adjectives, and adjectives derived from perfect participles are, no 
 unfrequently, used in the sense of adjectives in bilis ; as here, infectus 
 impracticable ; J. 43, invictus, invincible; J. 91, coercitus — , restrainable — 
 J. 2, incorruptus, incorruptible. 
 
 Quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, etc. $ 204, R. 10. 
 
 Locos, places; in which sense loca is more common. 
 
 Ceteris, sc. hominibus or ducihus 
 
 Ceterum, " but, i. e. but in fact.' 
 
 Quam vitare posse celeritale putahat, sc. se, $ 239, R. 2 
 
 Post dies quadraginia quam, $ 253, R. 1, 2d clause. 
 LXXVII. Capth Thala, $ 274, R. 5. 
 
 Hamilcarem quemdam, $ 273, 3, 3d clause. 
 
 Novis rebus, " a revolt," i. e. from the Romans. 
 
 Hominem nobilem, /actios um. Asyndeton, $ 323, 1, (1), & $ 205, R. 16. 
 
 Suam salutem, sc. Leptitanorum, $ 208, (1). 
 
 Hlorum socios, i. e. by synesis, $ 323, 3, (4 ) Romanorum. 
 
 Societatemque rogatum, $ 276, II. 
 
 Deinde, ubi ea, sc. amicitia societasque, $ 205, R. 7, (2). 
 LXXVIII. In extrema Africa, ($ 205, R. 17,) i. e. towards the eastern ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Proxima terrcB, " the parts nearest the land." 
 
 Alia in tempestate, " at another time." See In in Diet. 
 
 Leges cultusque pleraque, $ 2 12, R. 3, N. 4. 
 
 Procul ab imperio regis, " they were remote from the dominion of the 
 king," i. e. the king of Numidia, "far from the seat of government," and 
 consequently were permitted to enjoy their own laws. Some however 
 interpret it, " far from regal government." 
 LXXIX. Per Leptitanorum negotia, " on account of" — . 
 
 Earn rem nos locus admonuit, $ 218, R. 1, & $ 231, R. 5. 
 
 Qua tempestate. When the antecedent would be in the same case as the 
 relative it is often omitted, $ 206, (3 ) 
 
 Una specie, $ 211, R. 6. 
 
 Qui fines eorum discerneret, $ 264, 7. 
 
 Nomen Philcenis erat, $ 204, R. 8. — Humo excitavit, $ 255, R. 1. 
 
 Morari iter, sc. solet. 
 
 Posterior es se vident, sc. esse, which is usually omitted after video and aftel 
 verbs of mying, judging, &c. So at the beginning of this chapter, non 
 indignum videtur. 
 
 Criminari Carthaginienses — digressos sc. esse, " accused the Carthagmiana 
 of having left home before the time," $ 229, R. 5, & 217, R. 5. 
 
 Conturbare rem, sc. Cyrenenses, $ 209, R. 5. 
 
 GrcBci, i. e. the Cyrenians, who were a Grecian colony. 
 
 Vel illi, in the oratio obliqna. See Ille in Diet. 
 
 Ibi, i. e. in lisfinibiis or locis. 
 
 Quern in locum veUent, sc. esse fines populo sua, i. e. Cyrenennfnis* 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 305 
 
 LXXX. Impellitj sc. eum. 
 Reges eo amplius ; i. e. " by so much the more," as they surpassed otheF 
 
 men in riches. 
 LXXXI. Hostes esse, $ 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 
 Qjiis omnia regva adversa dnU Adversa is here used passively, and in 
 
 like manner hostem at the close of the sentence. 
 Turn sese, sc. Romanis hostem esse. — Paulo ante Carthaginienses sc. /utsse, 
 Aliis ialihus dictis, $ 205, R. 16, 2d clause. 
 Ad Cirtam oppidum. A proper name denoting a town, river, or moun- 
 
 tarn, usually follows the appellatives oppidum, flumen and mans. 
 lia Jtigurtha ratus. For this use oiita, see Ita in Diet. 
 Si Romxinus, sc. imperator. A patrial noun is often thus used to denote a 
 
 leader or commander belonging to that nation. 
 Sese, sc. Jugurtham et Bocchum. 
 LXXXII. Copiam facit, sc. regihus. 
 
 Cognitis Mauris ; i. e. quum Mauros cognovisseL 
 
 Nam consulem factum, sc eum. 
 
 Alii honum ingenium, sc. censebant or dicehant, which are implied m ver- 
 
 tebant. 
 Quod jam parta victoria ex manibus eriperetur. This clause has the same 
 
 relation to accensum esse as the ablative contumelia. — Ex manibus eripe' 
 
 retur, $ 266, 3. * 
 
 Injuria sua, $211, R. 3, last clause. 
 Laturumfuisse, $ 268, R. b.— Trader etur, $ 260, II. R. 2. 
 LXXXIII. StultiticB videbatur, sc. esse, $ 211, R. 8, (3). 
 Alienam rem, sc. Marii. — Periculo suo. Sua relates to illi understood, 
 
 §208,(3.) 
 Hostis populo Romano, $211, R. 5. 
 Jncipere cuivis — licere. Incipere is here the subject of licerct $ 269, R. 3, 
 
 and cuivis depends on licere. 
 Deponi, sc bellum. Deponi like sumi depends on diodt understood. 
 Ille probare, sc. Bocchus. See Ille in Diet. 
 1 AXXIV. Multus atqueferox, $ 205, R. 15. 
 
 Consulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse, $ 230, R. 2. 
 
 A populis et regibus, i. e. from subject states and kings out of the limits 
 
 of Italy. — Sociis, sc. Italicis. 
 Fama cognitos, sc. Mario. 
 Neque plebi militia volenti {esse) putabatur. A Greek idiom equivalent to 
 
 neque plebs militiam velle putabatur. — Ei Marius, sc. putabatur^ $271, 
 
 R.2. 
 Sese quisque — irahebant Two constructions here follow trahebani, $ 272, 
 
 & $ 229. 
 Non paulum. The figure Litotes, $ 324, 9. 
 Omnibus — decretis, sc. by the senate. 
 LXXXV. Scio egOf $ 209, R. 1, 2d par. lisdem artibus—gerere. The claus# 
 
 et gerere may be translated before the other, — '♦ that most men, aftei 
 
 they have obtained power, do not administer it in the same manner ii 
 
 which tliey sought to obtain it from you." 
 
306 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Mihi contra ea videtur. " It seems to me otherwise/'' or " the opposite to 
 this appears to me proper." 
 
 Ulam administrari debere, sc. mild videtur. 
 
 Cum maximo henejicio vestro, " in connexion with the highest office in 
 your gift," sc. the consulship. — Sustineam, $ 265. 
 
 Quos nolis offender e, § 209, R. 7, & $ 264, 1. 
 
 Et ea agere. Et has here the force of " and what is more." 
 
 Omnia hcBC prccsidia adsunt, $ 227, R. 2, & 3. — Mihi, $ 211, R. 5, 1. 
 
 Nam alia, sc. nobilitas, majorum facia fortia, &c., injirma sunt (jnihi), i. e. 
 '* in other things," as nobihty, &c., " I am weak." 
 
 Et illud intelligo, $ 207, R. 22. — Favere, sc. mihi. 
 
 Locum invadendi, sc. we et vos, qui mihifavetis. 
 
 Ut neque vos capiamini, sc. ah illis, that they may not get the advantage 
 of you. 
 
 Labores, pericula, Asyndeton^ $323, 1. (1). 
 
 Ita—fui, for talis fui. — Ad hoc cetaiis, $212, R. 3. 
 
 Ante vestra benejicia. See above, Ciim maximo henejicio vestro, 
 
 Non est consilium, sc. mihi. Uti deseram, $ 273, 1. 
 
 Per ambitionem, " on account of" — . 
 
 Num id mutari ; id. i. e. your choice of me as leader in the war against 
 Jugurtha.— SzV, $ 265. 
 
 lllo globe nobilitatis. The term globus is used to denote the close union 
 of the faction of the nobles. 
 
 Scilicet ut ; ironically, " so that forsooth." 
 
 Cceperint, $ 264, 1. last clause. 
 
 Nam gerere quam fieri tempore poster ius, re atque usu prius est. " To exe- 
 cute is in point of time subsequent to being elected (to an office,) but 
 really and practically it is antecedent." The expression is rendered 
 designedly paradoxical by the use of gerere without an accusative ex 
 pressed. In the first clause, gerere quam fieri tempore poslerius (est,) 
 magistratum or the like is to be supplied ; and the clause imports that 
 the discharge of the duties of an office is subsequent to one's election 
 to such office ; but in the second clause, gerere quam fieri re atque usu 
 prius est, rem or the like is to be supplied with gerere, and the meaning 
 is, that one must be practised in affairs before he is qualified for election 
 to an office, or, in other words, that experience is a necessaiy qualifica- 
 tion for office. 
 
 Comparate nunc cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. The Latin 
 idiom often permits a comparison to be made, not only between two 
 persons, or the properties or actions of two persons, but between a per- 
 son and an attribute or action of another person ; " me and the pride 
 of these men," instead of, " me and these proud men." 
 
 Facta an dicta. Before facia an or num is to be supplied. See An in Diet 
 
 Sed fortissimum. Sed in this passage, following quamquam, appears to 
 have the sense oftamen, "still, notwithstanding." 
 
 Ac si jam quari posset, $261, 1. 
 
 Faciant idem majoribus suis, $ 250, R. 3. 
 
 Hujusce rei, sc. majoruvi gloria. — Id quod, mnlto, $206, (13,) 2d clause. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 307 
 
 Peperisse, sc. mea virtute. — Acceplam, sc. a majoribus. 
 Si jam mihi respondere velintj $ 261, 2. 
 
 In maximo vestro henejicio. See above Cum maximo beneficio vestr'/. 
 Vera, sc. oratio. — Bene prcodicet, $ 262, R. 4. 
 Vestra consllia — qui, $ 207, (12). 
 Hastas, sc. puras. 
 
 Hen sunt mem imagines, hcac nobilitas, $ 206, (10). Relicta, $205, R. 2, N. 
 Ut ilia, sc imagines, triumphi et consulatus majorum. 
 Ad virlutem doctoribus nihil prof uerunt. By doctoribus is meant the Gre- 
 cian nation in general, who had received from their Hterature no such 
 
 addition to their prowess, as to prevent the conquest of their country by 
 
 the Romans. 
 Gloriam meam is the predicate accusative, but placed before the subject 
 
 for emphasis, § 210, & $ 279, 16. 
 Id est, $ 209, R. 3, (5), at the end.— Daminum esse, sc. te, $ 239, R. 2. 
 Seque remque publicam, $ 278, R 7. Double connectives occur frequently 
 
 in Sallust in sentences resembling this. See Cat IX & XXXVI, & J. 
 
 XXI & LXXIX. 
 QacD licebat — neque poterant. With each of these verbs supply relinquere. 
 Coquum quam villicam habeo. Habeo does not here signify to value, but 
 
 " to have," " possess," " own." 
 Ubi—ibi. See Diet. 
 
 Metus ccperit, $ 260, R. 6, 2d and 3d clauses, and $ 278, R. 4. 
 Idem, " at once." — Qucd si, " but even if this." See Qui in Diet 
 L XXXVI. Hujuscemodi oratione. See note on hujuscemodi in Cat. LI. 
 ReipubliccE subvenire decebat, $ 259, R. 4. 
 Non more majorum. The ancient custom here alluded to, was to summon 
 
 the people to the Campus Martius, and having called them by centuries, 
 
 to select from each such as weie fit for military service. 
 & classibus. The classes here intended are the first five, who alone were 
 
 obliged to serve in war, as the sixth class, the capite censi, were by law 
 
 excused, and in respect to military service were not considered as a class. 
 Uti cnjusque libido. From this it appears that the levy made by Mariug 
 
 consisted of such as voluntarily enlisted. 
 Inopia bonorum, sc hominum, — " of the better classes." 
 LXXXVII. At reges, sc. "Jugurtha and Bocchus. 
 LXXXVIII. Ex sociis, i. e. ex agro sociorum. 
 Armis exuerat. Jugurtha had fled leaving his arms behind him. 
 QucB postquam gloriosa modo— cognovit, " but after he had found that 
 
 these things — ." See Qui in Diet. — Gloriosa modo, sc esse. 
 Neque belli patrandi, " and not to tend to the terminating of the war," 
 
 $ 275, III, R. 1, (5). See also § 211, R. 8, (3.) 
 Viris aut loco — opportunissimce, $ 250. 
 Ita Jugurtham, supply putavit or some verb of similar signification, implied 
 
 in statuit. 
 Nudatum. The sense requires us to consider nudatum as a supine with 
 
 iri understood, forming a future infinitive passive, but such an ellipsis ifi 
 
 unusual. 
 
 27 
 
[t08 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Nam Bocchus. Nam serves to explain the difference made by Marius in 
 
 his treatment of Jugurtha and Bocchus. 
 Telle populi Romani amic'itiam, sc. se, § 239, R. 2, & $ 270, R. 2, last clause 
 Ne quid ah se hostile timeret, ^ 273, 3. — Solitus, sc. sit. 
 LXXXIX. Aggredi tempus, § 270, R. ' 
 Tempus, i. e. opportunum tempus. 
 Apud Jugurtham, "under the government of Jugurtha." — hnmunes, sc 
 
 erant. 
 Levi imperio, $211, R. G.^—Ejus^ sc. oppidi. — Fotiundi, $ 162, 20. 
 Cetera pluvia, sc. aqua, "the rest of the water which they use is rain wa 
 
 ter," or, " for the rest they use rain water." 
 Id ibique, i. e. this scarcity of water, $ 206, (13). 
 QiicB procul a mart incultius agebat. The predicate here applied to Africa 
 
 is strictly applicable not to the country, but to its inhabitants. 
 XC. Igitur con sul. The verb of the predicate is exornat. 
 
 Quod cumque, sc. frumenti. 
 XCI. Castris Levi munimento, $ 211, R. 6. 
 
 Capere depends on fubet, dmd egrederentur on paratos esse, 
 Onerare is connected by ei understood to paratos esse, 
 Proxima — tertia, sc. nocte. 
 
 Et cum his. His refers by synesis to equitatum, $ 323, 3, (4). 
 Aditu difficilis, § 276, III. 
 XCIl. Locupletes, sc. prceda. Ad coelum ferre, sc. Marium. 
 Socii atque hostes. The socii here spoken of appear to have been the in- 
 habitants of the Roman province in Africa, which comprehended the 
 
 former possessions of the Carthaginians. 
 Ac plerisque, "and most (of them) too." See Atque in Diet. 
 Non eadem asperitate, " not equally perilous," " not attended with equal 
 
 danger," § 211. R. 6. 
 Qua Capsensium. Capsensium depends on res understood, for which in 
 
 English the pronoun that can be supplied. 
 Summa vi, though placed before capere, qualifies intendit. 
 Nam Castello, $ 226. 
 Pro opere, i. e. vineis. Inter in the sense of intra, "within," "under 
 
 cover of" 
 XCIII. Promissa ejus cognitum, ($ 276, II), ex prcBsentibus misit, sc. quosdam. 
 Quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, — nuntiavere; instead of qui, uti cujus- 
 
 que eorum ingenium erat, — nuntiavere. Quorum depends on cujusque 
 
 as the sentence is now constructed, and nuntiavere agrees with ii under 
 
 stood. 
 Quatuor centuriones. These centurions were attended by their companies 
 XCIV. Sed ubi ex prcecepto, sc. Marii. 
 Per git, sc. Ligus. 
 Succedere, sc. muris. 
 Capite atque pedibus nudis, $ 257, R. 7. 
 Facilius foret, instead offaciliorforet. See in Diet, Sum. 
 Ponderis gratia. This kind of shield was of less weight than metallic onea 
 Saxa et si qucs vestustale radices eminebanf, laqueis vinciehat. Radices is 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR 309 
 
 in the nominative by attraction, $ 206, (6), (6), instead of Saxa et radices^ 
 fi quce vetustate eminehanl — vinciehat. 
 Tormentis, sagittariisque etfunditorihus, $ 247, R. 4, last part. 
 
 Omnibus^ Romauis hostibusque, § 204. So below, Cuncti, armati inet 
 mesque. 
 
 His, sc. Romanis, — illis, sc. castellanis, $ 207, R. 23, 2<i par. 
 XCV. Equitatu, quos, by synesis, $ 323, 3, (4.) 
 
 Neque enim alio loco de Suites rebus dicturi sumus, $ 274, R. 6. It apj^ears, 
 however, that at a subsequent period Sallust was induced to change hia 
 purpose, and in his history, fragments only of which now remain, he 
 treated more at large of the affairs of Sylla. 
 
 Optime et diligentissime ovmium, $ 212, R. 4, N. 7, 
 
 Persecutus, although treating of, ^ 274, 3. 
 
 J)e uxore potuit hoiiestius consuli. Sylla was five times married, and it ia 
 uncertain to which of his wives reference is here made. His wife Me 
 tella he divorced v^^hen she was at the point of death, that a feast which 
 he was celebrating might not be broken off by the occurrence of a death 
 in his family. In his old age he married Valeria, a woman of infamous 
 character, and during the whole of his life he addicted himself to open 
 debauchery. Some therefere understand uxore in a general sense as re- 
 ferring to his matrimonial affairs, Potuit, $ 259, R. 3. 
 
 Ulifelicissimo, $ 226. 
 
 Ante civilem victor iam, i. e. over the party of Marius. 
 
 Fortior anfelicior esset, $ 123, R. 2. 
 
 Pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere, sc. me, whether I am more ashamed or 
 pained — . 
 XCVI. Per se ipse, $ 207, 28, of his own accord, " without soHcitation," in 
 distinction from what he gave to multis rogantibus, 
 
 Ut illi, instead of ut sibi, which the construction regularly requires, the 
 writer putting himself in the place of Sylla, whose thoughts and pur- 
 poses were to be represented, % 208, (7). 
 
 MultiLS adesse, $ 205, R. 15. 
 XCVII. Postquam oppidum Capsam — amiserat. Respecting the construc- 
 tion oiposiquam with the pluperfect, see note on Chap. XI. 
 
 Magnam pecnniam. Reference appears to be made to the treasures of the 
 king lost at the fortress mentioned in Chap. XCII. iibi regis thesauri 
 erant. 
 
 In Numidiam capias adduceret, $ 258, R. 1, $ 262, R. 4, & $ 273, 2. 
 
 Tempus adesse, § 273, 3, last clause. 
 
 Tpsique Mauro, sc. Boccho. See note on Numida, Chap. CI. 
 
 PolUcetur NumidicB partem iertiam. These words contain the apodosis 
 of the sentence in substance, but not in form; as they are equivalent to, 
 PolUcetur * sc. Numidicc partim tertiam daturum ,-' the protasis of which 
 is Si aut Romani Africa expulsi (forent,) &c., $ 266, 2, R, 4. 
 
 Integris suisjinibus, $ 257, R. 7. 
 
 Vix decima parte die, § 90, Exc. 
 
 NuUo impedimento, $ 227. Nidlo, an ancient form for nulli, $ 107, R. 2. 
 
310 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Sarcinas colligere. Before an engagement the baggage was collected into 
 one place. 
 
 Signum is probably to be understood as comprehending both the signai 
 by sound of trumpet and the watchword. 
 
 Romani veteres, sc. milites. 
 XCVIII. Quum tamen harhari nihil remittere. The construction of quum 
 with the historical infinitive is rare in Sallust, but less so in Livy and 
 Tacitus. 
 
 Neque minus kostibus conturhatis. Que " also" refers to Tiostihus, ne, i. e. 
 nont to minus. 
 
 XCIX. Uti per vigilias solebant. Per, " on account of." In the camp the 
 night was divided into four equal parts or watches, the termination of 
 each of which was usually announced by sound of trumpet. 
 C. Sulla cum equiiatu. " Sylla attended by the cavalry." 
 
 Apud dextimos curahat, " commanded on the extreme right." Both here 
 and in the next clause, curahat is used absolutely, but in the following 
 clause its accusative is expressed ; prcEterea cohortes Ligurum curahat, 
 " and also commanded the cohorts ot the Ligurians." 
 
 Quasi nullo imposito, instead of quasi nullus impositus esset, ^ 257, R. 10. 
 
 Laudare, Increpare merentes sc. laudationem aut vituperatwnem. 
 
 Neque secus, atque iter facere, castra munire. &c "he fortified the camp, 
 &c., in the same manner as he performed the journey," i. e. with equal 
 care and circumspection. 
 
 Nan iam dijidentict,futurum, qucc imperavisset. Futurum is here used as 
 indeclinable, $ 162, 13, last clause: "not so much through distrust of 
 those things being done which he had ordered." Dijidentia futurum 
 {esse ) $ 270, R. 1. 
 
 Uti militihus excequatus cum qmperatore lahos volentihus esset i. e. uti milites 
 excequatum cum imperatore lahoremferre vellent. 
 
 Pudore mag'is quam malo. Pudor here signifies the shame which the 
 soldiers would have felt in failing to imitate the laborious and self- 
 denymg example of their general. 
 
 Pars, sc. fieri aiehat. — Consuetam, customary (to him) i e. to which he 
 had been inured. — Habuisset, $ 266, 3. 
 CI, Speculatores citi, $ 205, R. 15. 
 
 Adversum omnia paratus. He was marchmg quadrato agmine and con- 
 sequently presented a front on every side. 
 
 Ratus ex omnihus ccque aVupios ah tergo hostihus ventures, " thinking that 
 some (i. e. one of the four divisions) equally, from among them all, i. e 
 with an equal chance (of effecting this object), would come upon the 
 rear of the enemy:" in other words, "thinking that some of his troops 
 (thus divided) would come upon the rear of the enemy, and that to each 
 division the chances of doing this were equal." 
 
 Ipse aliique, i. e. Sylla and the other leaders of the cavalry on the nglit 
 M ing. See Chap. C. 
 
 Ceteri, i. e. the other three divisions of the army {quadrati agminis) con: 
 sisting of infantry. ^ 
 
JUGURTHINE WAK. 311 
 
 In loco, sc. sua. See Chap. C. 
 
 Bocchus cum pediiibus — invadunt, $ 209, R. 12, (6). 
 
 Neque in priore pugna — adfuerant ; instead of et qui in priore pugrva — non 
 adfueranU $ 206, (5). Concerning the former battle, see Chaps. XCVU 
 — XCIX 
 
 Marius apud primos ; i. e. among the infantiy in the front of the army. 
 
 Dein Namida, sc. Jugurtha, a patrial being used, as in many other places, 
 for the name of the leader or head of the nation. So Maurus for Boc- 
 chus, kmg of the Moors : Chaps. XCVII, CVIII and CXIII. 
 
 Ad pedites. It has been doubted whether the infantry here spoken of was 
 the Roman or the Numidian ; the former appears probable for many 
 reasons, and especially as Jugurtha is said to have addressed them in 
 Latin. 
 
 Apud Numantiam. See Chaps. VII — IX. — Loqui, sc. Latine, 
 
 Nostras frustra pugnare. Nostros, if the speech of Jugurtha was directed 
 to the Romans, would have been in the orati9 directa, vos ; if to the 
 Numidians, isti or Romani. 
 
 Marium sua manu interfectum, $ 208, (1). 
 
 Quos adversum. An apostrophe, $ 323, 4, (1.) & $ 279, 10, last clause. 
 
 Quuin Sulla — Mauris incurrit. Cum, though relating to time, takes the 
 indicative especially of the present and perfect tenses when, in ani- 
 mated narration it is found, not in the former but in the consequent 
 member of the sentence. In such case jam, vix, or nondum is often 
 found in the former member. Zumpt. Lat. Gr. 
 
 Circumventus ah equitihus, sc. Romanis. 
 
 Omnibus occisis, sc. equitibus regiis. See Chap. LIV. 
 
 Niti modo, sc. surgere. 
 Cn. Post diem quintum, quam, $ 253, R. 1, 2d clause. 
 
 Legati — veniunt, qui—petivere: the historical ^present, followed by the per- 
 fect indefinite. 
 
 Petivere—mitteret, $ 262, R. i,—veUe, $ 273, 3, last par. 
 
 Aversum — cupidum, i. e. si aversum — si cupidum esset. An adjective may 
 thus, like a participle, ($274, 3), supply the place of a conditional, &c 
 clause. 
 
 Cujus facundia. See Chap. XCV. 
 
 Rex Bocche. When an appellative and a proper noun are in apposition 
 the appellative is usually placed last, $ 279, 9 & 16. It is customary 
 also to place the vocative in addresses after one or more words. 
 
 Magna nobis Icetitia est, $ 227, R. 3, & R. 4. 
 
 Qicum te — di monuere, $ 263, 5, " since the time when, or ever since." 
 
 Neu te. As te is the object both of miscendo and of commaculares it iiF 
 omitted before the latter, $ 229, R. 4. 
 
 Demeres, sc. d\ monuere ut. 
 
 Persequi, $ 270, R. 1. 
 
 A principio, sc. imperii sui. 
 
 Tutiusque rati, sc. sunt. For the ntimber of rati refening to populus. see 
 $209, R. 11. 
 
 In quo, $-206,(13). 
 
 27* 
 
312 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Satis faity i. e, solet esse. See note on inieriere, Chap. XVII. 
 
 Humanarum leriim — pleraque, $212, R. 3, N. 4. 
 
 Cui scilicet placuisse. This infinitive depends on scilicet, i. e. scire licet. 
 
 Per illam licet, " it is allowed so far as depends on her." See Per in Dici 
 
 Nam refers to something to be supplied, as, I do not say that they ara 
 never vanquished in war, for, &c. 
 
 Bocchus placide et henigne, sc. respondit. 
 
 Unde vi Jugmtham expulerit, $366, 3. This claim on the part o' Boc- 
 chus to that portion of Wumidia, which was the seat of the wai was 
 probably destitute of any valid foundation. 
 
 Missis antea legal is. See Chap. LXXX. 
 
 Omittere — missurum {esse). These infinitives, together with those in tlie 
 preceding sentences, refer to verba facit. 
 
 Dein copia facta, i. e. of sending ambassadors. 
 cm. Qw(C sihi — venerant. In this, and in some similar passages, two con- 
 structions are blended. The writer in presenting his own thoughts 
 would have said, Qucb ei — venerant ; in presenting those of Bocchus he 
 would have said, Qucb sihi — venissent. He has retained the reflexive 
 pronoun with the indicative mood. 
 
 Si placeat, sc. Mario. 
 
 Nonpro vanis hostibus — habuit. In this clause habuit signifies "to reckon 
 or consider," in the next clause accurate ac liheraliter habuit, it is made 
 by Zeugma to signify " to treat." 
 
 Ut meriti erant. " As they were fit to be treated," i. e. considering their 
 appearance, sine decore. 
 
 Nisi pariter volens, sc. putabatiir, " but he was thought equally benevolent.* 
 
 Qucb aut utilia, aut benevolenticc (esse) credebant, $ 227, R. 2, & 3. *' Which 
 they thought useful or fitted to gain good will." 
 
 Sulla omnia polliciio, $ 257, R. 6. 
 CIV. Qu2S legatis potestas eundi Romam ab consule, interea inducia; postula- 
 bantur: i. e. quis mandatis, &c., '' by which commission leave for the 
 ambassadors to go to Rome was requested of the consul, — and in the 
 mean time a truce." 
 
 Ea, " these things, these requests." — Plerisque, i. e. the other members of 
 the council of war. 
 
 Impetratis omnibus, " having obtained every thing (they asked for.)" 
 
 Mauri — tres — duo. This kind of apposition is common, instead of Man- 
 rorum tres, etc. when the word denoting the whole is to be distinguished 
 fi-om some other word, as here the Mauri are opposed to the Romans 
 previously mentioned. $204, R. 10. 
 CV Cujus arbitratu, $ 249, II. 
 
 Cum velitaribus armis. It is implied that such were not the customary 
 arms of the Peligni. 
 
 Quod ea, sc. tela Jiostium. 
 
 Quinto denique die. Denique may imply that the Romans had expected 
 Bocchus to send a guard previously to this time. 
 
 Cum mille non amplius equitibus, instead of, cum non ampliu^ mills equitt- 
 hus, $256, R. 6, 
 
 'Hit 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 3l3 
 
 Numerum ampUorem vero, et hostilem metum ejiciehant. In the first clause 
 efflcicebant is to be translated, " rendered or caused to appear," in tli« 
 second, " caused or occasioned." 
 
 Timor aliquantus, sc. iUlsfuit. — Adversiim eos, since opposed to those. 
 
 Uti erat. The use of the indicative in Latin to denote that which actu- 
 ally exists, renders the addition of such words as re vera, " in fact, in 
 reality," &c. unnecessary. 
 CVI. Volux adveniens. The present participle here as elsewhere denotes aii 
 untinished action, " on coming up" 
 
 A patre Boccho. As Sylla was unacquainted with Volux, the latter, in 
 introducing himself as the son of Bocchus, very properly places the 
 appellative patre before the proper name Boccho, for the purpose of 
 pointing out his connexion with him. 
 
 Obviam illis simul, et prcesidio missum. Obviam and prcesidio have each 
 the same relation to missu/n, and may therefore be connected by et, 
 $278. 
 
 Ulis, for vobis in oratio directa. See Hie in Diet 
 
 Post, " afterwards," i. e. post proximum diem. 
 
 Satis credere. Credere depends on negat, which after a negative is often 
 construed with an affirmative clause, " declares that he does not fear," 
 &c. " that he has full confidence in the valor of his soldiers," &c. 
 
 Mansurum poiius, quam^parceret. The regular construction would be, 
 quam parsurum. When in such cases the subjunctive follows, there 
 appears to be an ellipsis as here, quam {id commissurum ut) parceret. 
 
 Quos dacebat. This verb, considered as the language of Sylla in the ora- 
 tio obliqna, should be in the subjunctive, $ 266, 3: but here, as in many 
 other examples, the writer puts himself in the place of him whose lan- 
 guage he is quoting, and believing the truth of what is alleged adopts 
 the language as his own. 
 
 Ceterum ab eodem, sc. Voluce. 
 
 Ccenatos essejubet. Jubeo like volo often takes the infinitive of the perfect 
 passive to denote an ea^er desire that something should be instantly 
 accomplished. See Zumpt Lat. Gr. 
 
 Quiim equites Mauri nunciani. See note on Quum Sulla, etc. Chap. CI. 
 
 Vindicandum, sc. in Volucem. — Apud ilium, i. e. in illo, 
 CVII. Eadem existimabat, sc se proditos a Voluce, etc, 
 
 Hortatur uti gerererd, $ 258, 2, R. 1. 
 
 Pepercissent, $ 266, 2, R. 4. — Armaverit, $ 266, 2. 
 
 Facerei, § 266, 3. — Videlicet speculanti, " doubtless on the watch." 
 
 Cognitum esset, " had become known." 
 
 Multitudinem haberet, sc Jugurtha. — Patre suo, $ 208, (1.) 
 
 Credere, sc. se, i. e. Volucem.. 
 
 Solum cum Sulla, i. e. undoubtedly with Sylla and his Roman guards. 
 
 Paiicis strenuis — bene pugnatum, § 225, II. 
 t*\1II Prcbmissus — orator, et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia. The p'lr- 
 poses of prccmissus are denoted by orator and speculatum, $ 204, 11 1, 
 and ^ 276, II, and these are therefore properly connected by et $ 278, as 
 they have each the same relation to prccmissus. 
 
314 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Postquam audierat. See note on Postquam, etc. Chap. XI. 
 
 Prccterea Dabar, sc. multum et familiariler agehat. 
 
 Diem — Lempus. As tempus follows diem it must be taken in a more limited 
 sense for " the time of day, the hour." 
 
 Deligeret, $273, 3, & §266, R. 1. 
 
 Consulla, " deliberated upon," viz. between Sylla and Bocchus during the 
 former visit of Sylla. — Sese habere, i. e. esse. See Habeo. 
 
 Integra, " unchanged," i. e. unaffected by the influence of Jugurtha or 
 other causes. 
 
 Neu pertimesceret. See note above on deligeret. 
 
 Quo res communis licentius gereretur. The true reading is here doubtfuL 
 Some suppose that admissurn or accitum is to be supplied, and that quo 
 denotes the purpose for which he had been invited by Bocchus, viz. lest 
 Jugurtha should suspect the purpose of the conference, if conducted 
 without the presence of an agent sent by him. For quo Gronovius pro- 
 . poses to read quhu Kritz suggests the supplying of remoto after quo. 
 The passage will then signify, that the presence of this agent of Jugur- 
 tha at the public audience of Sylla would allay his suspicions, and that 
 afterwards their affairs might be discussed more freely in his absence, 
 and without his knowledge. 
 
 Caveri nequivisse, $ 209, R. 3, (6.) 
 CIX. Pauca coram Aspare locuturum, sc se, $ 239, R. 2, 
 
 Edocet — responderentur, $ 258, 2, R. 1. 
 
 Q«6c sibi responderentur :\. e. by Bocchus in the presence of Aspar,for the 
 purpose of misleading Jugurtha. 
 
 Sicuti voluerat. It had been left to Sylla to determine the time and 
 place of meeting. Chap. CVII. 
 
 Ab eo. In oratio directa a ie. See Is and Hie in Diet — Juhet sc. ilium. 
 
 Etiam nunc. The oratio obliqua seems to require etiam tunc. See Tunc 
 in Diet. 
 
 Decrevisse, sc. se, $ 239, R. 2. Jubet containing the general idea of saying 
 governs decernere. 
 
 In sua castra, i. e. castra Sullce et Bocchi. These were doubtless distinct. 
 though probably not very remote from each other. 
 
 Ex sententia ambobus^ $ 211, R. 5. 
 ex. Nunquam ego ratus sum, " I could never have anticipated," $ 259, R. 4 
 The protasis would be, si quis talis rei me admonuisseL 
 
 In hac terra, sc. Africa. 
 
 Fore uti — deberem, $ 268, R. 4. 
 
 Et omnium, sc. regum. 
 
 Privato homini, a private citizen, in the vocabulary of Bocchus, is one not 
 possessing supreme power. 
 
 Id imminutmn, " that this (ability) is impaired," $ 206, (13.) 
 
 Ftierit mild, *' let it be my fortune," $ 260, R. 6, 2d clause. 
 
 Aliquando, " at last," i. e. after so long a period of prosperity and inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Sume, uiere. As these verbs govern one the accusative and the othei 
 the ablative, a pronoun as iis must be supplied with the latter. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 315 
 
 Putaveris, $ 260, R. 6, 2d clause. 
 
 Fines meos. Bocchus again alludes to his claim to a part of the territories 
 ofJuguriha. See Chap. CII. 
 
 Id omittoXe- fines meos tutari. 
 CXI. Breviier et modice, sc. respondit. 
 
 Patefecil, quod poUiceatur. The present here depends on the perfect in- 
 definite. See Cat XLI. PrcBcepit ut simulent. 
 
 Riorum magis quam sua retulisse, $ 219, R. 1. Sua, $ 208, (3). 
 
 Nunc petereU imic uUro. Nunc is here used in the oratio oblicpia in marked 
 distinction from tu7ic which follows. 
 
 Affinitatem. Jugurtha was his son-in-law. 
 
 Cognationem. Of their relationship by blood nothing is known. 
 
 Intervenisse, This verb can be connected to cognalionem only by 
 Zeugma . 
 
 Ad simulandam pacem, i. e. with Jugurtha 
 <-XII. Conditionibus, "upon conditions (previously stipulated ;") in distinc 
 tion from an unconditional surrender. 
 
 Regis sui ; i. e. Jugurthse. 
 
 Frustra fuisse. These words constitute the whole predicate. Jugurtha 
 alludes to such treaties as that made with Aulus, which was disan- 
 nulled by the senate. Chap. XXXIX. 
 
 ConsuLtum el ratam {esse) pacem vellet. Volo often occurs with the per- 
 fect infinitive. See Chap. CVI, Cmnatos essejuhei, and note. 
 
 Ujia ab omnibus veniretur, instead of omnes una veiiirentur, $ 184, 2. 
 
 Turn fore uti—fcedusfieret, $ 268, R. 4. 
 
 Neque hominem nobilem — reliclum iri. The construction of the former 
 clause would seem to require that this which is connected with it, 
 should have been et homo nobilis — non relinqueretur. The author, how- 
 ever, has resolved the first infinitive future, {Jactum iri,) into fore with 
 the imperfect subjunctive, and left the other unresolved. 
 
 Non sua ignavia sed ob rempublicam in hoslium potestate. This is equiva- 
 lent to the relative clause, Qui non sua ignavia sed ob rempublicam in 
 hostium potestate esset. The remaining words, 7ieque liominem nobilem 
 relictum iri, require, in order to constitute a complete proposition, the 
 repetition of the words, in hostium potestate. 
 CXIII. Secum ipse, $ 207, R. 28. So IpscB sibi adverscB. 
 
 Cunctatus, sc, sit. 
 
 In colloquium uti, by anastrophe for ut\ in colloquium, $ 323, 4, (1.) 
 
 Qucc, i. e. quas res. — Scilicet — patefecisse. The infinitive with its accusa 
 tive here, as Chap. CII, depends on scilicet. 
 
 Uti dictum erat, i. e. ut constitutum erat. 
 
 Vinctus traditur. Sylla thought so highly of this service done by him to 
 the state, as to cause it to be represented on his seal; thereby occa- 
 sioning great offence to Marius. 
 CXIV. Per idem tempus. The capture of Jugurtha took place in the 
 648th year of the city, 106 years before the Christian era, and Caepio 
 and Manlius were defeated in the following year 
 
316 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Gallos. The enemies here mentioned viz. the Cimbri and Teutones were 
 in reaHty German tribes who entered Italy by the way of Gaul. 
 
 Quo metu, $ 207, R, 20. 
 
 Certare. sc, se, ^ 239, R. 2. 
 
 Marius consul absens f actus. To elect as consul one who was absent 
 frf/m the election was very unusual. 
 
 Ea tempestate. Sallust intimates that public opinion respecting Mariui 
 was afterwards greatly aUered. See Chap. LXIII. 
 
NOTES ON THE CATIUNARIAN CONSPIRACY. 
 
 I. Omnes homines. In most editions of Sallust and occasionally in editiona 
 of other Latin works, the accusative plural in is or in eis is found in 
 many words of the third declension whose genitive pi. ends in ium ; as, 
 here omnis homines, ^ 85, Exc. 1, & $ 114, N. 
 
 Qui sese student prcostare, $ 271, R. 3, last part. Sese student prccstare is 
 used rather than student sese prcestarey as a substantive pronoun seldom 
 stands at the beginning of a proposition, unless it is intended to be 
 emphatic. — Decet, $ 269. — 
 
 Nevitam transeani, $ 273, 1. 
 
 Veluti pecora, $ 278, R. 1. 
 
 Sed nostra. Sed marks a distinction about to be made between our 
 powers, {nostra vis), and those of other animals, which are naturally in- 
 capable of any thoughts or efforts but such as have relation to the body. 
 
 Omnis vis, " whole powers, entire nature." A part of our natural powers, 
 viz. the corporeal, are the same as those of the other animals, but our 
 whole nature includes the mental as well as the corporeal powers. 
 
 Animi imperio — uiimur. We make use of the dominion of the mind, i. e. 
 from the mind we derive dominion. — Corporis servitio magis utimur. But 
 we use rather the servitude of the body, i. e. to the body we are rather 
 in ser\4tude. The meaning of the whole is, From the mind we derive 
 dominion ; but that which we derive from our corporeal nature is rather 
 servitude than dominion. Utimur is connected with servitio by Zeugma. 
 
 Alterum — alterum, the former, i. e. animi imperium, the dominion of the 
 mind, — the latter, i. e. corporis servitio, the servitude of the body. 
 
 Quo, " by so much," i. e. by as much as the nature of the gods is superior 
 to that of the beasts, $ 256, R. 16. 
 
 Videtur. For the ellipsis of esse with videtur, see note on Posteriores se 
 vident, 3. 79. 
 
 Memoriam nostri, "the memory of us," memoria wos/ra would signify " our 
 memory," " the memory which we exercise," $ 211, R. 3. 
 
 Incipias, $ 263, 3. See also $ 209, R. 7. 
 
 Cons ulto— mature facto, the former belongs to the mind, the latter de- 
 pends especially on the body, $ 243, R. 1. 
 
 Utrumque — alterum alterius, sc. vis corporis, et virtus animi, $ 205, R. 7, 
 (2.) For the construcffon of utrumque and alterum with eget^ see Gt. 
 $ 204, R 10. 
 
 317 
 
318 NOTES ON THE 
 
 II. JgituTy " accordingly," refers lo the sentence Biu magnum inter viortales 
 certamen fuiL 
 
 Reges— pars— alii, $ 204, R. 10. 
 
 Sine cupiditate, sc alieni, " of what belonged to others." 
 
 Agitahatur. Sallust often makes use of frequentative verbs in place of 
 their primitives. 
 
 Sua cuique, $ 208, (7), & $ 279, 14. 
 
 In Asia Cyrus. Saliust appears to have considered as fabulous the ao 
 counts of earlier conquerors. 
 
 Causam belli, $ 230, R. 1. 
 
 Maximam gloriam, sc esse, " to be, to consist ;" $ 270, R. 3, & note J. 79, 
 on Posteriores se vident. 
 
 Periculo atque negotiis, " by danger and difficulties." 
 
 Imperalorum animi virtus, $ 211, R. 10. 
 
 Valeret — liaberent, $ 261, 1. ^ 
 
 Cerneres, $ 209, R. 7. See also § 211, 1. 
 
 Fortuna, sc. regum atque imperatorum. 
 
 Ad optimum quemque. Power has thus been transferred not only from 
 one prince or chieftain to another, but from kingdom to kingdom, as for 
 example, from the xAssyrians to the Persians, from the Persians to the 
 Greeks, and from the Greeks to the Romans. 
 
 QucB homines arant, navigant a:dificant, lit, "what men plough, navigate 
 and build," an uncommon form of expression equivalent to, " what 
 men do in cultivating, navigating and building," or m«re con- 
 cisely, " agriculture, navigation and architecture," in a word " the arts 
 of peace." 
 
 Virtuti omnia parent, " are all subject to, i. e. depend upon the intellectual 
 powers." 
 
 Quibus refers to multi mor tales, 
 
 Quibus — volupiati, $ 227. 
 
 In magna copia. See in Diet, article in near the end. 
 
 Iter ostendif., i. e. to acquire reputation. 
 ill. Benefacere reipublicoi, $ 223. 
 
 Haud absurdum est, i. e. by litotes, est mjagn,(B laudiy $ 324, 9. 
 
 Vel pace vel bello, $ 253. 
 
 Clarum fieri licet, sc. homini or alicui; with clarum supply se, $239, R. 1. 
 
 Dicta puiant, sc. esse. 
 
 De magna virtute — memores. See De in Diet. 
 
 Supra ea, i. e. quoi putat esse supra ea, " what he supposes to be beyond 
 that," i. e. beyond what he thinks easy for himself to do. 
 
 Sicuti plerique, sc. adolescentuli, " as most persons are while in their youth." 
 
 Ibique, " and there," i. e. in my political career. 
 
 Tametsi animus, sc. mens. 
 
 Me — nihilo minus honoris cupido eademque, quce ceteros^fama atque invjdia 
 vexabat, *' still the desire of preferment and (as a consequence) the same 
 calumny and hostility, which is wont (in such case) to disquiet others, 
 disquieted me (also.) In most editions the que which follows eadem is 
 wanting, and in that case fama and invidia are by some supposed to be 
 
CATILINARTAN CONSPIRACY. 3l9 
 
 in the nominative, and by others in the ablative. The sense is in each 
 
 case essentially the same. The reading in the text was suggested by 
 
 Cortiiis and adopted by Kritz. 
 rV. Nonfuit consilium — conierere, $ 209, R. 3, (5.) 
 Agrum colendo — intentum, $ 275, III, R. 2, (1.) 
 Seivilibus ojjiciis, in apposition with agrum colendo aut venando, $204, & 
 
 $ 148, 2. 
 Inti *itum, sc. 7ne. 
 
 Eda 5772, instead of ad idem incepium studiumque. 
 De conj aratiojie — ahsolvam. See De in Diet. 
 Novitate, i. e. propter novitatem, on account of the novelty. See note on 
 
 ReipubliccB magnitudine, Chap. 31. 
 
 V. Nohili genere. The gens Sergia was accustomed to trace back its d^ 
 
 scent to Sergestus, a companion of JElneas. 
 
 Magna vi, $ 211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2.) 
 
 Huic — bella intestina, ccedes, etc. grata, $ 205, R. 2, (2.) 
 
 Cujus rei libet, for cujuslibet rei, $ 323, 4, (5.) 
 
 Supra quam. Supra gives to a positive degree the force of a compara- 
 tive, $ 127, 6th paragraph. 
 
 Satis eloquenticc, sc. illi fuit, " he had eloquence enough," i. e. he was 
 tolerably eloquent. In most editions we find loquentice, but in almost all 
 the manuscripts eloquentlcs is read, $212, R. 4. 
 
 Post dominationem, •' ever since — ." 
 
 QucB utraque. The plural relative is here neuter, although both the ante- 
 cedents are feminine and in the singular number, " both which things." 
 
 Dispari genere, etc. $211, R. 6. — Coaluerint, $265. 
 
 Hortari — admonuit, sc me. — De moribus, $ 218, R. 1. 
 
 Majorum, sc. nostrorum. 
 
 Disserere. The subjunctive clauses introduced by qaomodo, quantum, and 
 ut, as well as the accusative instltata depend on disserere, $ 229, R. 5. 
 
 VI. Sicuti ego accepi. Sallust here relates the traditions, respecting the 
 origin of the Roman empire, without vouching for their truth. 
 
 In una moenia, $ 118, 2, 2d clause. 
 
 Res eorum, i. e. Romanorum, the same as res Romana. See Res in Diet 
 
 Aucfa, increased, improved, enlarged, $ 323, (2.) 
 
 Invidia, sc. regum et popidorum. — Ex opulentia, sc Romanorum, 
 
 Tentare, $ 209, R. 5, & $ 269, 3d clause. 
 
 Auxilio esse, $ 227, R. 2, & 3. 
 
 Annis infirmum, $ 247. — Sapientia validum, $ 250. 
 
 Vel cetaie vel cures similitudine, i. e. propter cstatem, etc. See note on Novi" 
 tate, Chap. IV. 
 
 Corner vandcc libertatis fuerat, had tended to the maintenance of lilerty, 
 $275, III, R. 1,(5.) 
 
 D mosque imperatores, sc consules. 
 
 Eo modo. The causal particle nam. is here omitted. 
 Vi\. Sed ea tempestate. Sed in this and in other parts of this chapter de- 
 notes transition. 
 
 Ccepere se q:iisque, $ 209, R.- 11, (4.) 
 
 28 
 
320 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Juventua—patiens erat,—discebaU habeharit, $209, R. 11, (2.) 
 
 Sic se qmsque. Properabat is here construed like cupio, ^c, $271, R, ^ 
 last clause. 
 
 Eas divitias, earn bonam f amain— putabant, " this" (viz. this eagerness to 
 encounter the enemy, &c.) "they accounted riches," &c. $206, (10) 
 When, as in this case, the pronoun refers to a sentence as its antece- 
 dent, it always agrees with the following noun. 
 
 Possem — ni traheret, $ 261, 1. 
 
 Fuderit — ceperit, $ 265. 
 
 VIII. Sed profecto. Sed is here adversative, and marks the want of corre- 
 spondence between the merits and fame of the ancient Romans. 
 
 Quam. For the omission of magis before quam. See Magis in Diet. 
 
 Ego existimo, $ 209, R. 1, 2d clause. 
 
 ScrlptGrum magna ingenia, " great talents of writers," instead of " writers 
 
 of great talents:" by metonymy of the property for the substance, $ 324, 
 
 2. So in the next sentence, PrcBclara ingenia. 
 Earn, sc. virtutem. The more common reading is ea, sc. facta. 
 
 IX. Igitur domi ; igitur marks a return to the subject of the seventh chap- 
 ter. 
 
 Jurgia, discordias, simuUates, these words denote domestic or civil con- 
 tentions, and the meaning of the author is, that the malevolent feelings 
 often exercised in civil society, were by the ancient Romans, turned 
 against the public enemies. 
 
 In amicis jideles. In with the ablative here signifies " in regard to," and 
 consequently does not differ essentially from in amicos, "faithful to 
 their friends." 
 
 Ubi pax evenerat cequitate. Exact correspondence with the preceding 
 clause would have required aquitate in pace. 
 
 Hcec habeo, " these facts" or " circumstances," — viz. those mentioned in 
 the subsequent part of the chapter, $ 230, R. 1. 
 
 Quique tardius, $ 256, R. 9, 2d clause. 
 
 Quam qui, i. e. quam in eos qui: quam relates to scspius. 
 
 Ignoscere quam persequi, sc. earn. 
 
 X. Sed, ubi — respublica crevit, $259, R. 1, (2). All the verbs in this period, 
 
 from crevit to patebant inclusive, forming the protasis of the period, 
 depend upon ubi ; the apodosis commences at sccvire. In the protasis 
 the imperfect is properly connected with the perfect, since the latter is 
 used for the pluperfect. 
 
 Reges magni, sc. Syphax, Phillip, Antiochus, Perses, Pyrrhus and Mith- 
 ridates. 
 
 Optanda:, $ 205, R. 2, Exc 
 
 Alias. These things, which in themselves are good and desirables proved 
 at that time a source of evil to the Romans. 
 
 Ea quasi. Ea " these things," " these vices refers to pecunicB cupido, and 
 imperii cupido, avarice and ambition. 
 
 Materies omnium malorum, i. e. of all the evils of which the author is 
 speaking, — the evils which came upon the Roman empire in conse- 
 quence of the. general corruption of manners. 
 
CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 321 
 
 Superhiam — omnia venalla habere. Two constructions are here uniteci, 
 
 $229, R. 5 & 2d clause. 
 Ingenium banum as opposed to vultus bonus signifies " a good heart' 
 HcBc primd, " these vices" — . 
 
 XI. Bonus ignavus. In uniting things opposite, when they are said to occur 
 equally or to be mingled promiscuously, the conjunction is often omit- 
 ted. See in Jug. 51, arma tela^ equi viri, hostes cives permixii. 
 
 Bonis initiis, $257, R. 7. i. e. quum ejus initia bona essent. 
 
 Huic quia bonce artes desunt, — contendit: i. e, hie, qida ei bonce aiies desunty 
 — contendit. Hie, which in reference to ei may be considered as its 
 antecedent, is attracted into the case of its relative ei, and the lattei is 
 omitted, $ 206, (6), (6), & $ 209, R. 2, (1), (6). 
 
 Ea, sc. avaritia. 
 
 Corpus animumque virilem, $ 205, R. 2, Exc. 
 
 L. Sulla, armis recepta republica. L. Sylla freed the state from the domin- 
 ation of Marius, Cinna and Carbo, but became in his turn a cruel tyrant 
 
 Hue accedebat, quod, $ 273, 6. Hue, i. e. ad hoc 
 
 Illi, sc. milites Sullani. 
 
 Corruptis monbus, $211, R. 6. 
 
 XII. Postquam divitics honori esse coepere. In the protasis of this period the 
 imperfect is connected with the perfect, because the latter is used in the 
 sense of the pluperfect after postquam, $ 259, R. 1, (2). See the first 
 note. Chap. X. 
 
 Sequebatur, $209, R. 9, (2.) 
 
 Innocentia pro malevolentia. Innocentia is here the opposite of avaritia, 
 Malevolentia ; i. e. as evidence of malice towards those who had ac- 
 quired wealth by their rapacity'. 
 
 Ex divitiis, " m consequence of—." The ablative without a preposition 
 commonly denotes the immediate cause, with ex a remote cause. 
 
 Cum superbia, $ 249, III. 
 
 Victores hostibus, i. e. victis. 
 
 Id demum, $ 207, R. 22.—Esset, $ 263, 3. 
 
 XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, $ 260, II, R. 5.-Ea.$ 207, R. 22. 
 
 Subversos monies, etc. Reference seems to be made especially to the 
 fish-ponds of LucuUus, which were supplied with water by means of 
 tunnels cut through mountains, and were so large that they might well 
 be called seas. 
 
 Honeste habere, i. e. honeste uti, in opposition to abuti. 
 
 Abuti, sc. iis. 
 
 Libido ganecB. Their love of luxurious feasts, is illustrated by the sub- 
 sequent clause vescendi causa — exquirere. 
 
 Ceteri cultus. This is illustrated in a variety of particulars by the clauscSt 
 dormire prius — luxa antecapere. 
 
 Exquirere, dormire, etc. historical infinitives. 
 
 XIV. Id quodfaclu,'^ 206, (13). 
 
 Alienum (2s grande, $205, R. 16, 2d paragraph. 
 
 Cluos manus atque lingua ; this relates to such as were employed as assas- 
 sins and false witnesses. 
 
322 
 
 NOTES ON THF 
 
 Perjurio ant sanguine civili. Perjurio refers to lingua, and sanguine 
 civili to manu by the figure chiasmus, which conbists in such an 
 arrangement of four words that the third corresponds to the second 
 and the fourth to the first, Hke the extremities of the letter chi X 
 Alebat—exagitabat, ^ 209, R. 12, (2.) 
 Ex cctate. See note on ex divitiis, Chap. 12. 
 Qui iia existimarent, $ 266, 1. 
 QiLW domum CatilincBfrequentahat, $ 266, R. 5. 
 
 Ex aliis rebus, " from other circumstances," especially from the profligate 
 character of Catiline, of which the author treats at large in the next 
 chapter. 
 XV. Cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestco, the name of the former is 
 unknown, the latter was Fabia, the sister of Terentia, the wife of Cicero, 
 and subsequently of Sallust. 
 Nihil unquam bonus laudavit, " a good man never," — or, " no good man 
 
 ever" — . 
 Privignum, a son of Catiline by a former marriage, who would have be- 
 come the step-son of Orestilla, on her marriage with Catiline. 
 Vacuam domum. Cicero, Cat. I. 6, charges Catihne with the crime of 
 
 murdering his wife also for the same purpose. 
 Facinoris, sc. the crime of conspiracy against his country. 
 X\1. Ut supra diximus, see Chap. XIV. 
 
 Commodare, sc. iis, quibus testes falsi, etc. opus esseni. 
 Habere — majora alia imperabat. A double construction, $ 229, & R. 5. 
 The historical infinitive commodare in this period is followed by the im- 
 perfect indicative imperabat. Sometimes the order of these constructions 
 is reversed, as in the first period of Chap. XXI. 
 Circumvenire,jugulare, i. e. by the agency of these associates, $ 209, R. 5. 
 Victories veteris memores, sc. over the party of Marius. 
 In extremis terris, sc. in Pontus and Armenia, where he was engaged in 
 
 the Mithridatic war. 
 Ipsi, sc. CatilincB. 
 
 NiJiil sane intentus. Nihil for non. See Diet. 
 WII. Quibus in otio. The demonstrative ii is here omitted though com- 
 monly expressed when its case would be different from its relative 
 $ 206, (3,) (a.) Quibus is in the plural referring to the collective noun 
 juventus. 
 Vivere copia erat, $ 270, R. 1. 
 Fuere — qui crederent, $ 264, 6. 
 . Quia Cn. Pompeius. Before this clause the causal particle nam, as in 
 many other cases, is omitted, for this clause contains the reason of the 
 opinion mentioned in the preceding one. 
 Voluisse, i. e. crederent eum (sc. Crassum) voluisse. 
 Apud illos, sc. conjuratos, Gr. ^ 323, 3, (5,) & $ 206, (11.) 
 XVIII. Antea. The conspiracy here spoken of occurred A. U. C. 683, three 
 years before the principal Catihnarian conspiracy. 
 De quo. The reading m most editions \sde qua, refe-ring to conjuratio 
 supposed to be implied in the verb conjuravere, $ 206, (11.) The neuter 
 
CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 323 
 
 qao which is found in several manuscripts is adopted by the Bipont 
 editors and by Kritz, and exhibits a more commnn Latin idiom, 
 $ -206, (13.) 
 
 hsignatl consoles, the consuls were elected in July, and entered upon 
 the duties of their office in the January following. 
 
 ipgibiis ambitus, by the Calpurnian law, enacted A. U. C. 686 those who 
 were convicted of briber}^ were removed from the senate, excludea from 
 the consulship, and subjected to a fine. 
 
 Vicuniarum repetundarum. Catiline was accused of extortion after his 
 retum from Africa, where he had been a praetor. While he stood ac- 
 cused of this crime the laws did not permit him to become a candidate 
 for the consulship. 
 
 *^alendis Januariis, sc. at the inauguration of the consuls, Cotta and Tor- 
 quatus, who had been elected after Autronius and Sylla were set 
 aside. 
 • IpsL sc. Catiline and Autronius. 
 
 Ea re cognita, " this plot" — . 
 
 Ea res, " this circumstance," i. e. Catiline's giving the signal prematurely. 
 
 XIX. Adnitente Crasso, see Chap. XVII, near the end. 
 Infestum inimicum Cn. Pompeio, $ 211, R. 5, !• 
 Invitus dederat, $ 205, R. l^. 
 
 PrcBsidium in eo, i. e. a security against the formidable power of Pompey. 
 Etjam turn. Et here introduces an explanatory clause, " and even then/* 
 
 i. e. " for already." 
 Sunt qui ita dicunf. Est qui is followed by the indicative whenever the 
 
 writer would represent the person referred to as well known to him, 
 
 $264, 6, 5th par. 
 
 XX. Catilina — videt — secedit — habuit. In Sallust the historical present $ 145 
 1, 3, is often connected with the perfect indefinite. 
 
 Paulo ante memoravi, see Chap. XVII. 
 
 Mulia scEpe egerat, " had often discussed man}- topics" relating to the con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 Ni virtus — spectaiaforent, — res cecidisset, $ 261, 1. 
 
 Per ignava ant vana ingenia, by metonymy for per ignavos aut vanos 
 homines, " by means of cowardly or faithless men," in which reference 
 is made to virtus Jidesque, in a preceding clause, or to fortes Jidesquey 
 in a subsequent one. 
 
 Multis et magnis tempestatibus. For this use of et see Multus in Diet 
 
 Idem telle atyne idem nolle. Ea,'^ 206, (13), last clause. See a correspond- 
 ing passage Jug. 31, Quos om.nes eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eaUm 
 metuere in unum coegit; sed hcsc inter bonos amicitia, inter malos f actio 
 est, $ 324, 13. 
 
 Sed e<ro qua: mente agitavi. As this clause contains the past thoughts of 
 the speaker indirectly referred to, its verb might have been in the sub- 
 junctive, ($ 266, 3, & R. 2,) had it not been the intention of Catiline to 
 imply that he had really entertained such designs, $ 266, R. 5. 
 
 Ceterum mi hi, $ 211, R. 5, 1. 
 
 Quce conditio vitcB futura ait, ^ 265. 
 
 28* 
 
324 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Nosmet tpsi, $ 207, R. 28. In constructions of this kind ipse agrees witli 
 the subject or with the object of the verb, accoiding as either is em- 
 phatic. 
 
 Valgus fuimus, "were accounted the rabble." — Vhi illi volunf, sc. eas esse 
 
 Annis atque divitiis, "in consequence of age and riches," i. e. of hixury 
 induced by riches. 
 
 Omnia, ♦* all their powers." 
 
 Cetera res expediet, " the rest the thing itself will bring about,' i. e. the 
 revolution, which we contemplate, needs but to be begun, and it will of 
 itself go on to a successful termination. Cetera, ace. pi. 
 
 Montihus cocequandis. See Chap. XIII, at the beginning. 
 
 Nova diruunt, alia cedijicant, sc. (tdifida. 
 
 En ilia, ilia. An example of the figure epizeuxis, $ 324. 20. 
 
 Prcemia posuit, $ 230, R. 2. 
 
 Vel imperatorc, vel milite me, § 204, R. 1. 
 
 Nisi forte me animus fallit : i.e. in regard to the opinion which I have 
 formed respecting your preference of power to servitude. 
 
 Et vos servire. Et here introduces an explanatory clause. 
 
 XXI. Magna merces videbatur. See note J. 79, on Posteriores se v'ldent. 
 The subject oi videbatur is quieta mover e. 
 
 QucB bellum atque libido victorum fert, — " bring with them." 
 
 FrcBterea esse, $ 270, R. 2, 2d clause. This omission of dico, &c., is most 
 
 common when a verb which may imply it has preceded, as in this place, 
 
 polliceri. 
 Petere consulatum C. Antonium. Antonius was indeed elected consul, but 
 
 as colleague of Cicero, and instead of aiding Catiline, he commanded 
 
 the army by which the conspirators were defeated. 
 Hominem et familiar em. The poverty as well as profligacy of Antonius 
 
 were such as might have rendered him a fit associate of Catiline. 
 Increpat — laudare — admonebat. This historical present is here connected 
 
 with the historical infinitive and with the perfect indefinite. 
 
 XXII. Inde, i. e. deinde, "then," an adverb of time. 
 Degustavissent, sc. sanguinem vino permixtam. 
 
 Dictitare, fecisse ; dictitare for dictiiabant, referring to the same persons as 
 fuere qui dicerent, " some" — . Fecisse, sc. Caiilinam. 
 
 Alii tanti facinoris conscii, $ 222, R. 3. Conscii, $ 204, R. 10. Tanti fa- 
 cinoris, i. e. the crime of drinking human blood. 
 
 Ciceronis invidiam, $ 211, R. 12. 
 
 XXIII. Natus hand obscuro loco, $ 324, 9. 
 
 Neque dicere, neque facere quidquam pensi habehat, instead of neque in 
 
 dicendo, neque in faciendo. — 
 Quoque modo, i. e. et quo modo. 
 jEstuabat et—credebant, $ 209, R. 11, (2). 
 
 XXIV. Comitiis liabiiis, "the election being over, i. e. at the close of the 
 election.'' 
 
 Concusserat. The pluperfect is here used where the perfect indefinite was 
 to have been looked for. The author appears to have been led to the 
 use of this tense, by comparing in his mind the subsequent perseverance 
 
CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 325 
 
 ot the conspirators, with the check at first felt by them, in consequence 
 of the election of Cicero to the consulship. 
 Plura agltare, " he set on foot new plans." 
 
 XXV. Litter is GrcBcis — docta, $ 250. 
 
 Multa alia, " many other accomplishments." Alia is in the ace. ($ 234, 1), 
 depending, together with the abl. litieris, and the infinitives psaZZere and 
 saUare, upon docta. A variety of constructions, depending upon the 
 same word, is not unusual in Sallust. 
 
 QucB instrumenta luxuries sunt, " which contribute to luxury." 
 
 Cariora semper omnia, quam decus atque pudicitia fuit, $209, R. 1% (3). 
 
 Haud facile decerneres, $ 209, R. 7. 
 
 XXVI. Nihilo minus — consulatum petehat. Nihilo minus appears to refer to 
 the defeat, which he had suffered the preceding year, when a candidate 
 for the consulship, and against the recurrence of which he had now 
 made great preparation. See Chaps. XXIV and XXV. 
 
 fnproximum annum, i. e. A. U. C. 692. 
 
 Pactione provincice. It was customaiy to assign by lot, the province 
 which each consul was to govern the year after the expiration of his 
 consulship. On this occasion Cisalpine Gaul had fallen to Antonius 
 and the rich province of Macedonia to Cicero. The latter, in order to 
 secure to the state the fidehty of his colleague, made a voluntary ex- 
 change of provinces. 
 
 Dies comitiorum. The day originally appointed for this election was the 
 21st of October, but a postponement was afterwards made until the 
 28th of the same month. See Cic. in Cat. I. 3. On the day last men- 
 tioned D. Julius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena were chosen consuls. 
 
 In campo, sc. Martio. See Cic in Cat. I. 5. *^ 
 
 XXVII. C. Manlium FcBSulas. Manlius had probably come to Rome, to 
 assist Catihne in the consular election. 
 
 Item alios juhere, sc. cam telo esse 
 
 Agitanti, sc. illi. 
 
 Per M. Porcium Lcccam. It was at the house of Laeca that the heads of 
 
 the conspiracy assembled. See Cic. in Cat. I. 4. 
 Ibique, i. e. in illo conventu. 
 Paraverat, $ 266, R. 5.—Facerent, $ 264, 5. 
 
 XXVIII. Dmni sues, $221, R. 3, (1.) 
 
 Egestate simul, ac dolore injuria;, "as well fi"om poverty, as from resent- 
 ment on account of injury." 
 
 Ex Sullanis colonis. Sylla had distributed to his soldiers the land of 
 those Etrurians who had favored the cause of Marius. 
 
 XXIX. Ancipiti malo, i. e. by the danger to be apprehended from the conspi 
 rators remaining in the city, and from the army of Manlius. 
 
 Privato consilio. In opposing the designs of Catiline. Cicero had hitherto 
 relied upon his own resources and those of his friends, and had made 
 no use of his consular power. 
 
 Quo consilio, $211, R. 6. — Quod plerumque, $206, (13). 
 
 Varent operam, $262, R. 4. — Per senatum, $247 R. 4. 
 
326 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Maxima permittiturj i. e. est maxima qum permitiitur. 
 Ea potestas — helium gerere, coercere, etc. $ 204, R. 9. 
 Nulli earum rerum consuli jus est, " no consul has authoi iiy to do these 
 
 things." 
 J £X. Fccsulis, see Chap. XXVII. 
 Allatas sihi dicebat, sc. esse. See note J. 79, on Posteriores se vident. 
 Scr'iptum erat, $ 205, R. 8. 
 Ante diem sextum calendas, i. e. in diem sextum ante calendzs, $ 326, 7 
 
 " on the 27th of October." 
 Simuh id quod, $ 206, 13. 
 Portenta. These are mentioned by Cicero, 3d oration in Cat. 8, and by 
 
 Phny, Hist. Nat. II, 51. 
 Conventus fieri, arma portari, $ 145, N. 
 Servile helium moveri, sc. by C. Julius ; see Chap. XXVII. 
 Sed prcBtores, sc. missi sunt, 
 
 Prcemium— servo libertatem, $ 204, R. 1, & $ 230, R. 2. 
 Ejusrei, $211, R. 12. 
 
 XXXI. LcElitia atque lasctvia, qucc, $206, (15). 
 
 Diuturna quies. The last civil commotions in Rome, previous to the con- 
 spiracy of Catiline, were those excited by Sylla, nearly twenty years 
 before. 
 
 ReipubliccB magnitudine, " on account of the greatness — ." The ablative 
 without a preposition in the sense of propter with the accusative oc- 
 curs frequently in Sallust. 
 
 Eadem ilia, " the same designs." 
 
 Et ut, " and as if" 
 
 tn senatum venit. This occurred on the 8th of November, A. U. C. 691. 
 
 Orationem hahuit, sc. the first oration against Catiline. 
 
 Eafamilia ortum, sc. se, $ 239, R. 2. — Perdita repuhlica, $ 274, R. 5. 
 
 Inquilinus civis. Cicero had removed from Arpinum to Rome. 
 
 Quum earn servaret — " was trying to preserve it." See note Jug. XXVII, 
 on Leniehant. 
 
 Ruina restinguam, — " by the destruction of the commonweaUh. ' 
 
 XXXII. Neque insidim consuli — et, $278, R. 7. InsidicB consuli, $211, R. 5 
 Optimum factum, instead of optimum, sc. esse, the subject of which is ex- 
 
 ercilum augere, etc., and the predicate optimum factum, $210. 
 Priusquam legiones scriberentur, $ 263, 3. 
 
 QucB hello usuiforent, $266, 1. — Opes factionis confirment, $262, R. 4. 
 Sese propediem, sc dicit, which is implied in mandat. 
 Ex suo numero, instead of, ex suorum numero, $ 207, R. 20. 
 Marcium Regem, see Chap. XXX. 
 
 XXXIII. Quimiseri, $206, 12. 
 
 Plerique pal rice, sed omnes fama atque for tunis expertes. Expertes is here 
 limited first by the genitive patricc, and afterwards by the ablatives /a77ia 
 and fortunis, $ 213, R. 5, (2), & $ 278, R. 2. 
 
 Cuiquam nostrum, $ 212, R. 2, N. 2. 
 
 l,e{. ? uti, reference appears to be made to a law enacted, A. U. C. 429 in 
 
CATILINARTAN CONSPIRACY. 327 
 
 consequence of the shameful oppression exercised by a usurer name J 
 Papirius, by which law it was provided that the persons of debton 
 should not be subject to restraint on account of their debts. 
 
 PrcBtoris, sc. urhaiii, the judge before whom civil causes were tried. 
 
 Argentum cere solutum est, i. e. instead of a silver sesterce, an as of coppel 
 of one fourth the value of the former, was paid, $ 327, 3. 
 
 ScBpe ipsa plehes — sccessit, a secession of the common people is said tf 
 have thrice occurred. Ipsa plebes, " the people on their part," in dis 
 tinction from majores vestrum, the patricians. Measures designed foi 
 public relief had originated sometimes with the senate and soraetimek 
 with the common people. 
 
 XXXIV. Si quid ah senatu petere vellenU cib armis decedant. The imperfecl 
 followed by the present is an unusual construction. 
 
 Ab eo ; eo it will be observed is in the singular, though referring both to 
 
 senatum and populum, which appear to be here spoken of collectively aa 
 
 one body. 
 Discedant—proficiscantur, $ 266, R. 1. Not only the mood but the tense 
 
 of the oratio directa is here retained. 
 Ea mansuetudine atque misericordia, $ 211, R. 8, (2.) 
 LiUeras mitlit is followed by the infinitive with the accusative, -in the same 
 
 manner that scrihit would be, $ 272. 
 Non quo sibi ianli sceleris, conscius esset, $ 262, R. 9. 
 
 XXXV. Re cognita, " ascertained" or " proved by deeds" or " actual services," 
 " known by experience." Catiline had been defended by Catulus when 
 accused of a capital crime in reference to Fabia. See Chap. XV. 
 
 Graiam—jiduciam, " a pleasing confidence." 
 
 In magnis meis periculis, " while exposed to great perils." 
 
 Commendationi mecc, i. e. to his commendation of Orestilla to the care 
 of Catulus. See the close of this letter. The common reading of the 
 whole sentence, is, Egregia tua fides, re cognita, grata mini magnis in 
 m,eis periculis fiduciam commendationi meoi tribuit. If for re cognita, we 
 were allowed to read recognita, " recollected," the passage might be 
 translated, the recollection of your faithful attachment (so) pleasant to 
 me while exposed to imminent perils, gives, &c." Jn this way, magnis 
 periculis, might be understood either of his present dangers, or of those 
 in which Catulus had formerly assisted him. 
 
 Quamobrem, i. e. on account of his rehance upon the friendship of Catulus. 
 
 In novo consilio, " in my new enterprise." 
 
 Non statui parare, for staiui non parare, as non, though modifying an in- 
 finitive, is placed before the verb on which the infinitive depends. 
 
 Satisfactionem. Supply sed. 
 
 De culpa, instead of the gen. culpce. 
 
 Quam, sc. satisfactionem. Licet cognoscas, $ 262, R. 4, " you may be as- 
 sured " — Veram, sc. esse. 
 
 Statum dignitatis, i. e. the consulship. — Meis nominihus, sc. factum^ five 
 contractum. — Ex possessionibus, sc. meis, 
 
 Alienis nominibus, sc ccs alienum. 
 
 Quum et, i. e. quum etiam. 
 
328 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Non dignos homines. He probably refers especially to Cicero, a novus 
 
 homo. 
 Pro meo casu, " considering my unfortunate condition." 
 Plura quum scriberem. The pretence of personal danger, on account of 
 which this letter closes thus abruptly, appears to have been intended by 
 Catiline to serve as an apology, for not opening his heart more fully to 
 one, in whom he professed to place implicit confidence. 
 
 XXXVI. Condemnatis, is in the dative connected by prceter in the sense of 
 prccterquam to Us understood referring to multiiiidtni, which depends on 
 liceret, $ 278, R. 1. 
 
 Duobus senati decretis, § 257, R. 7, "notwithstanding two decrees of the 
 senate," for the former of these, see Chap. XXX. 
 
 Neque — quisqiiam omnium, $ 207, R. 31. 
 
 Tanfa vis morbi, the moral malady here referred to, was the excessive de- 
 sire of a change in public affairs. See the beginning of Chap. XXXVU. 
 
 XXXVII. Aliena, " alienated," sc. from the government. 
 
 Quibus opes nullce sunt, bonis invident sc. ii. When the demonstrative 
 would differ in case from the relative it is commonly expressed. See a 
 similar example in Chap. XIII, quippe quos^etc. 
 
 Ea vero ; ea in this passage, though pleonastic in its construction, serves 
 to distinguish emphatically the populace of the city from the common 
 people of the empire in general, whose disaffection is mentioned at the 
 beginning of this chapter. 
 
 PrcEceps ierat, i. e. into the revolutionary designs of Catiline. 
 
 Primum omnium, the principal classes into which the populace of the city 
 was divided, and the causes of dissatisfaction in each are mentioned un- 
 der the five general divisions, marked by primiim omnium, deinde, 
 prccterea,prceterea, ad hocThe first general division issubdivided into three 
 classes by qui ubique, item alii and postremo 
 
 Alios senatores, sc. esse or fieri. 
 
 Privatis atque publicis largitionibus, a. monthly distribution of corn was 
 made to the populace at the public expense, in addition to the largesses 
 of wealthy and ambitious citizens. 
 
 Juxia ac, "just as," i. e. " as badly as," " no better than." 
 
 PrcBterea quorum, sc. ii, $ 206, (4). 
 
 Jus lihertatis imminutum. Sylla had ordered that the children of those 
 whom he had proscribed, should be held ineligible to oflice, and in this 
 respect they were still deprived of the common rights of citizens. 
 
 Aliarum partium erant, $ 211, R. 8, (2.) "who belonged to another party." 
 
 Aique senati, i. e. atque senati partium. 
 
 Quam miniis valere ipsi, " than to have less power themselves." Before 
 valere supply se, $ 239, R. 2. Ipsi, $ 207, R. 28. 
 
 [d adeb malum. The alarming evil here spoken of arising from the bit- 
 terness of party spirit, had on many previous occasions threatened the 
 ruin of the state. 
 
 XXXVIII. Tribunicia potestas, the power of the tribunes had been greatly re- 
 stricted by L. Sylla, but was restored in the consulship of Pompicy and 
 Crassus, A. U. C. 684. 
 
CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 329 
 
 Sununam poieslatem nacti. The tribunicial power is here referred to, though 
 
 this power in its proper use was not the highest power in the state. 
 Senati specie, i. e. senati magnitudinis specie, " for (the advancement of) 
 
 their own power, under the semblance (of promoting that) of the 
 
 senate." 
 XXXIX. Bellum mariiimum, this war, called also helium piraticum, was 
 
 carried on by Pompey, A. U. C, 687, against the Cilicians, who had 
 
 filled every sea with piratical vessels, and had even plundered some of 
 
 the Italian cities. In forty days the war was brought to a successful 
 
 termination. In consequence of this eminent success, Pompey was 
 
 appointed to the command of the war against JNIithridates. 
 Ceteros, i. e. other patricians who were supposed to court the favour of the 
 
 people or to belong to the popular party, as Crassus, Caesar, &c. 
 Qui plebem. The reading of Kritz. Others read Quo plelem. 
 Tract arent, § 266, 3. 
 Animos eorum sc plebis. 
 
 Neque illis, i. e. neque tamem illis. See Neque in Diet 
 Tamen, "notwithstanding" these considerations. 
 Parens necarijussit, under the Roman law fathers had the power of putting 
 
 to death their children. 
 XL. Bellicosa essef, $ 266, 3. 
 Facile eos. The subject oi adduci posse was understood with oppressos, 
 
 but after the parenthesis prceterea quod etc. is repeated. So in Chap. 
 
 XXXVII. ea vero. 
 Plerisque principibus civitatium, sc Gallicarum. 
 Atque eos noverat, $ 183, 3, N. — Civitatis, sc. Allohrogum: — EjuSt sc. 
 
 civiiatis. 
 Quern excitum tantis malis, $ 211, R. 5. 
 Postqnam videt. Postquam is often found in Sallust with the historical 
 
 present. 
 Miseriis suis remedium. The objective dative, $ 211, R. 5. 
 Exspectare, Before this verb, which depends on dice.nies understood, wo 
 
 must supply se. 
 Viri esse vultis, § 210, R. 6. 
 
 Hcoc ubi dixit, $ 259, {2).— Tarn difficile esse, $ 270, R. 2. 
 Dum ea res. Ea res is used here and in other places instead of id ; the 
 
 general idea expressed in English by thing, being expressed in Latin 
 
 sometimes by res, and sometimes by adjectives in the neuter gender. 
 
 and hence a transition is often made from one of these modes to the 
 
 other. 
 Ah Roma aberat, $ 255, R. 2. — Pollicitos operam suam^ ^ 208, (7). 
 Domum dimittit. Domus here signifies not their native coimtr>% ixit 
 
 their place of residence at Rome. 
 KLI. In incerto habue^e, quidnam, &c., $ 229, R. 5. 
 In altera parte. The motnves on the part of the ambassadors and their 
 
 countrymen to engage in the conspiracy are first mentioned. 
 In spe victories " in the hope of victory," i. e. in the victory hoped for. 
 Ai in altera. The advantages of betraying the conspiracy are next con- 
 
330 NOTES ON THE 
 
 eidered, and these appear to be personal to the ambassadors, rather than 
 to their countrymen in general. 
 
 Majores opes, "greater power and influence," to be enjoyed by the 
 ambassadors, as a reward from the Romans for betraying the con 
 spiracy. 
 
 Certa prccmia. Specific rewards had been offered by the senate to any one 
 who would give information respecting the conspiracy (see Chap. XXX,) 
 but these are probably not referred to in this place. 
 
 Cujus patrocinio. Most nations subject to the Romans had some one 
 among the senators who took the oversight of their affairs, and whom 
 theyxalled their patron. This patronage was hereditary. 
 
 Prcccepit ut — simulent. The perfect indefinite followed by the present is 
 unusual, $ 258, 2, (2). See J. XIII, & CXI. 
 XLII. Qaos antea Catilina dimiserat. See Chap. XXVII. 
 
 Ex eo numero. See Numerus in Diet. 
 
 Item in ulieriore Gallia C. Murcsiia, sc. complures in vinculo conjecerat. 
 See Item in Diet. 
 
 Ut videhaniur, " as they appeared," instead o{ paratis copiis, qucD videhan- 
 iur magncB, i. e. satis magnce. The impersonal videhaiur is more com- 
 monly employed in this sense. 
 XLIII. Lentulus cum ceteris — consiituerant, $ 209, R. 12, (6). 
 
 Cetera muliitudo conjurationis, " the rest of the multitude concerned in the 
 conspiracy." 
 
 Hoc modo, i. e. tali modo. 
 
 Quo tumuliu, i. e. ut eo tumultu, " that by the tumult which this would oc- 
 casion," $ 207, R. 20. 
 
 Alius auiem alium, sc. aggrederetur. 
 
 Inter hcsc parala atque decreta, $ 274, R. 5. 
 X LIV. Ex prcccepto Ciceronis. See Chap. XLI, near the end. 
 
 Quod signatum ad cives perferant, $ 264, 5. 
 
 Dant. sc.jusjurandum signatum. 
 
 Eo brevi t;e?j^wrwm,i.e. into the country of the Allobroges. 
 
 Mittit uti conjirmarent. The imperfect depending upon the historical pre- 
 sent, $ 258, 2, R. 1. 
 
 Quis sim. Cicero, who had the intercepted letter in his possession, has 
 given it in 3d Cat. 12, as follows : Qui sim, ex eo quem ad ie misi, cog- 
 nosces. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis progressus, et vide 
 quid jam tibi sit necesse. Cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam 
 injimorum, 
 
 Fac cogites, $ 2^V2, R. 4, & $ 267, R. 3.—Et memineris, $ 183, 3, N. 
 KLY. Cetera, " as for the rest," i. e. in regard to details. 
 
 Ita agant, sc. ut, $ 262, R. 4. 
 
 Homines milifares, sc. Flaccus and Pomptinus. 
 
 Frasidiis collocatis. See 3d oration against Catiline, Chap. V. 
 
 Ad id loci, $ 212, R. 3. — Et simid, i. e. et simul ac. 
 XLVI. Qnibus rebus confectis, these events occurred on the night betweei 
 the 2d and 3d of December, A. U. C 691. 
 
 Consuli, sc. Ciceroni, 
 
CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 331 
 
 FcBTuam illorum, sc. videhat or verehatuvj the latter of which may be im- 
 plied in anxius erat. 
 
 Sibi oneri, " would bring a weight of odium upon hun." 
 
 PerdendcB reipubliccB, $ 275, III, R. 1, (5). 
 
 Ipse manus tenens. This was intended as a mark of respect to the officia! 
 character of Lentulus. 
 
 JEdem Concordicc. In this temple, built by Camillus, upon the side of the 
 Capitoline mount, the senate that day assembled, and in a private apart- 
 ment of this temple the conspirators seem to have been detained, until 
 they were introduced into the senate. 
 
 Magna frequentia, $257, R. 7. 
 
 Volturcium cum legatis. Cum in this place does not imply any very close 
 connection of time, as it appears from Cicero, {Or. in Cat. Ill, 4,) that 
 Volturcius was introduced apart from the Gauls. It is equivalent to et. 
 XLVII. Quid, aut qua de causa, consilii hahuisset, " what design he had 
 entertained, or for what reason he had entertained it." 
 
 Fingere alia, i. e. other than what pertained to the conspiracy. 
 
 Nihil amplius scire quam legatos. This expression is thought by some to 
 be ambiguous. Its more obvious meaning is that " he knew nothing 
 more than the ambassadors knew." Kritz and Herzog however inter- 
 pret it to mean that " he knew nothing more than," or taking nihil for 
 neminem that " he knew none besides the ambassadors :" i. e. none of 
 the conspirators besides. If we translate docet, " he shows," the com- 
 mon translation may perhaps be sustained, for it is obvious from Chap. 
 XLVIII, that he disclosed many things relating to the conspiracy, 
 though most of them may have been known to the ambassadors also. 
 
 Cinnam atque Sidlam antea, sc urhis potitos esse. 
 
 Ah incenso Capitolio. The burning of the Capitol here referred to occur- 
 red A. U. C. 671. 
 
 Decernit uti — haherentur, § 258, R. 1. — C. Ccesari, i. e. C. Julio CcBsaru 
 XLVIII. Alia belli facinora pr cedes, sc. sibi, $227. 
 
 Quum se diceret indicaturum. Respecting this position of se, consult nota 
 on Sese student prcsstare, Chap. 1. 
 
 Indicaturum (esse,) — data esset, $ 266, R. 4. 
 
 De itinere hostium, i. e. of the conspirators, towards Rome. 
 
 Missum a M. Crasso. See Chap. XVII. 
 
 Lentulus, Cethegus, aliique deprehensi, " the arrest of Lentulus," &e 
 $274, R. 5. 
 
 Terrerent, sc. eum, i. e. Catilinam. 
 
 Et illi — eriperentur sc. Lentulus, Cethegus, alii. 
 
 Tavta vis hominis, instead of homo tantcs vis. 
 
 Deque ea re, i. e. concerning the truth or falsehood of the testimony of 
 Tarqumius. 
 
 Consulente Cicerone, sc. senatum. 
 
 Neque amplius potestatem, i. e. indicandi, " of giving testimony." 
 
 Qui eecistimarent, $ 264, 6. 
 
 More suo. This custom of Crassus, of patronizing the meanest and vile#*» 
 is mentioned by Plutarch also. 
 
 29 
 
332 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XLIX. Sed iisdem temporibus. In what follows, Sallust appears to aim at 
 defending Cicero from the charge brought against him by Crassus; but 
 in doing this he brings a very improbable charge against Catulus and 
 Piso, for the purpose of screening from censure Caesar, his personal 
 friend. 
 
 Nam uterque exercehant, $ 209, R. 1 1. (4.) 
 
 Piso oppugnatus injudicio, etc. sc. inindcitiam exercehat, Oppitgnatus sc, 
 a Casare. 
 
 Propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium. These words are to be con- 
 nected to oppugnatus, not to pecuniarum repetundarum. In a prosecu- 
 tion against Piso for extortion CaBsar made an attack upon him for 
 unjustly punishing a certain individual. 
 
 Pontificatus, sc. maximi. 
 
 Ah adolescentulo CcBsare. Caesar, though at this time thirty-six years old, 
 is called adolecentulus in reference to the more advanced age of Catulus. 
 
 Opporiuna videhatur, i. e. for Caesar, on account of the magnitude of his 
 debts, and this consideration caused the accusation to be more readily 
 believed. 
 
 Privatim—puUice. These adverbs belong not to debehaU but to liberali- 
 tate and muneribus. 
 
 QucB se — audisse dicerenU instead oiqucB audissent ut dicehant, $266, 3, 3d 
 clause. 
 
 Qud studium suutRj etc. These words relate to Ccesari gladio minita' 
 rentur. 
 L. Qui in custodiam tradiii erantf $ 266, 2, R, 5. 
 
 Primus senientiam rogatus, $ 205, R. 17. 
 
 Senientiam Tiberii Neronis. Tiberius Nero had proposed that the con- 
 spirators then in custody should be strictly guarded, until Catiline and 
 his army were vanquished, and that the whole subject should then be 
 referred to the senate. 
 
 Hujuscemodi verba. From the use of this expression, in relation to the 
 speeches of Caesar and Cato, it is evident that we have their sentiments 
 only, and not their language. 
 'LI. Hand facile, etc. This sentence contains the reason of the preceding 
 but the causal particle nam or enim is here as in many other places 
 omitted. 
 
 Valet, sc. animus. 
 
 Male consuluere, sc. sibi ac reipubliccB, i. e. ** pursued an injudicious course, 
 adopted wror^uneasures." 
 
 Populi RoTuani^^bis creverat. The Rhodians had received from the 
 Romans, inflRmpense for services rendered the latter in the war 
 against Antioc^s, a large part of I-ycia and Caria. 
 
 Impunitos eos dimisere. The Rhodians were however deprived of the 
 provinces previously bestowed upon them. 
 
 Quid in illis, — " in their case," " in respect to them." 
 
 Novum consilium. The new measure here alluded to, was the punish- 
 ment of a Roman citizen with death, as proposed by Silanus. 
 
 HiA utendum, sc. pcenis, e. g. imprisonment, exile, &c. 
 
CATILINARIAX CONSPIRACY. 333 
 
 QtUB belli scevitia esset, qucB viciis acciderent enumeravere. Enumeravere 
 can be connected with scBvitia only by zeugma, but it is appropriate to 
 q^iicB victis acciderent: " have shown what would be the savage charac- 
 ter of the war, and enumerated the evils which would befall the van- 
 quished." 
 
 Rapi Virgines, sc. dixerant, which is implied m enumeravere. 
 
 An, uti vos ; affer an supply eo pertinuit. 
 
 Injuries succ, $ 208, (7), & § 211, R. 3, last clause. 
 
 Gravius cequo, $ 256. R. 9, — habaerey i. e. soleni habere. The perfect is 
 often found in this indefinite sense, in Sallust as well as in other writers. 
 
 Li imperioj i. e. in those who command. 
 
 Paulo sever ior, ^ 256, R. 9, last clause. 
 
 Eos mores — cognovi, *' such I know to be" — . 
 
 Injuria, I e. " the wrong," " the nature of the wrong," " the enormity of 
 the crime." 
 
 Consulis, i. e. Ciceroms. 
 
 Ultra, sc. mortem. 
 
 An, quia gravius est, i. e. in sententiam non addidisti, uti, etc., quia gra- 
 vius est ? 
 
 Sin, quia levius, i. e. sin in sententiam non addidisti, etc., quia levius, sc. 
 est verberari, etc. 
 
 Tempus, dies, fortuna, sc. reprehendent, hterally, " a time, a day," i. e. 
 " some future time, some future day, will censure (the decree) and so 
 likewise will fortune." — " Will censure," i. e will show to have been 
 unwise. Tempus, dies, $ 324, 22. 
 
 Quid in alios siatuatis, i. e. other than these conspirators. 
 
 Ex bonis, sc. exemplis. — Ab dignis, sc. poena. 
 
 Devictis Atheniensibus iriginta viros imposuere, $ 224. 
 
 Invidere bonis. According to Cortius and Kritz, institutis is to be sup- 
 phed; according to Gerlach and Herzog, kuminibus. With the latter 
 boni will signify those excelling in knowledge of any kind. Invidere 
 which leqmres a dative is here connected with imitari requiring an ac- 
 cusative. In such a connection the noun or pronoun is in general 
 repeated in that case which each verb requires. 
 
 Traciarent, v 264, 5. — Ea populus Iceiari, $232, 2. 
 
 Merito dicere fieri, sc. ea, from the preceding clause. 
 
 Ubi paulatim licentia crevit, $ 259, R. 1, (2.) 
 
 StultcB IcctiiicB, $211, R. 12. 
 
 Tum lex Porcia. Here the apodosis of the sentence begins, the protasis 
 commencing with postquam. 
 
 Quibus legibus. The noun is repeated with the relative, sometimes for 
 the sake of perspicuity, and sometimes for empha^. 
 
 In primis magna, $ 127, 2d paragraph. 
 
 Qui ea bene parta. The reader might expect, instead of ea, .ri referring to 
 imperium. Sallust has made use of the plural " these things," to de- 
 note separately what was previously expressed collectively by imperium, 
 
 Publicandas eorum pecunias, — neu quis referat, a double construction fol- 
 
334 NOTES ON THE 
 
 lowing censeo, $ 273, 3. In the following clause seiiatum existimare th« 
 original construction is resumed. 
 LII. Postquam Cccsar— fecit, $ 259, R. 1, (2.) 
 
 Alius alii varie assentiehantur, i. e. they signified their agreement in sen- 
 timent with Silanus, Nero or Caesar. Verbo assentiehantur. The opin- 
 ion of the senators was given either viv& voce or by a division, {disces- 
 sione.) Sallust has omitted all notice of the speeches of Catulus and 
 CicerO; delivered on this occasion. 
 
 Uli mild disseruisse videntur. Cato states the real question to be, not 
 what punishment is suitable for the conspirators, but what means shall 
 be resorted to, to prevent the success of their conspiracy. 
 
 Persequare, $ 209, R. 7. 
 
 Si ista cujuscumque modi sunt. The severity of Cato*s manners led him 
 to speak contemptuously of the luxuries prized so highly by many of 
 his hearers. 
 
 De sociorum injuriis: an objective genitive, $211, R. 2. 
 
 In hoc ordine, i. e. in senatu. 
 
 Sed ea, sc. verba. 
 
 Non id agitur, $207, R. 22. 
 
 Cujus hcBC cumque modi ; tmesis, $ 323, 4, 5, for cujuscumque modi hcec 
 {videntur.) 
 
 Hostiumfutura sint, $ 211, R. 8, (3). 
 
 Hicy " here," i. e. " in this state of things," " such being the facts." 
 
 Hie mild quisquam. Reference is here very evidently made to Caesar, but 
 the reference is the more severe from the use of the indefinite pronoun 
 quisquam, " some one." Miiller reads it interrogatively, " does any one ?" 
 
 Malarum rerum audacia, $ 211, R. 12. 
 
 Sint sane, $ 209, R. 2, (2), & $ 260, R. 6. 
 
 Misericordes infuribus. In this sense of in, it is commonly followed by 
 the accusative, but see Chap. LI, quid in illis, and In in Diet. 
 
 Perditum eant, $ 276, II, R. 2. 
 
 Diver so itinere malos, &c., i. e. existimans falsum esse diverse itinere malos 
 a bonis, etc. — " that the wicked, their rout being different from (that of) 
 the good, inhabit," &c. Before diverse, etc. nempe, " to wit," may be 
 supplied, $ 207, 22. 
 
 Si periculum ex illis metuit, sc. C. Ccnsar. 
 
 Sin — solus non timet. If Caesar alone entertained no apprehension, he 
 might well be suspected of having a connection with the conspiratDrs. 
 
 Multo pulcherrimam, $ 127, 3d clause. 
 
 QucB nobis nulla sunt, "none of which," — . 
 
 Omnia virtutis prccmia. Such as civil and military offices, and other pub- 
 lic honors. 
 
 Hie pecunifE, i. e. in senatu. ^, 
 
 Apprehensis hostibus facialis, $ 250, R. 3. 
 
 Misereamini censeo,^ 2G2, R. 4, spoken ironically. 
 
 Scilicet res aspera est, etc. The matter in itself is formidable. 
 
 Non votis, supply sed. 
 
CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY. 335 
 
 Prt)ipera omnia cedunt, $210, R. 1. 
 
 BeJlo Gallico, According to Livy and other historians, this event occur- 
 red in the war against the Latins. 
 
 Nisi iierum patrics helium fecit, Cethegus had been concerned in the civil 
 wars, first as a follower of Marius, and afterwards of Sylla and of Le- 
 pidus. 
 
 Si—peccato locus esset, " if there were any room for error." 
 
 More majorum, i. e. according to the custom in use before the enactnkent 
 of the Porcian law. 
 rJII. Alit alios increpantes timidos vacant, " chiding they call each other"— 
 
 Sustinuisset, " had sustained," i. e. had enabled the Roman people io 
 sustain. 
 
 Contendisse, so. populum Romanum. 
 
 Fortunce violentiam. Reference appears to be made to the great disasters 
 which had occasionally befallen the empire. 
 
 Sicuii effeta parente, multis, &c., as if the parent (viz. Rome) was no longer 
 capable of producing offspring, $ 257, R. 10. The common reading is 
 Sicuti effeta parentum, multis, &c. Others read effetce parentum — . The 
 reading adopted in the text is that suggested by Miiller. 
 LIV". Igitur his genus, mtas, eloquentia prope cequalia fuere, $ 205, R. 2, (2). 
 The Porcian gens was plebeian, the Julian patrician, but both had en- 
 joyed in an equal degree the honors of the state. 
 
 JEtas, At this time Cato was thirty-three, and Caesar about thirty-seven 
 years of age. 
 
 Sed alia, sc. gloria. — Alii is used though referring to two persons only, on 
 account of the preceding alia, that the words might correspond. 
 
 Ccesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, $ 275, III, R. 4. 
 
 Intentus, sua negligere ; the historical infinitive, $ 209, R. 5 
 
 Novuvi helium exoptabat, " was always wishing for some new war," i. e. a 
 perpetual succession of wars. 
 
 Eo magis sequebatur, i. e. gloria eum sequehatur. 
 LV. Idem fit ceteris, $250, R. 3. 
 
 Est locus— quod, $ 206, (10). 
 LVI. Pro numero militum, " according to the number of his soldiers," i. e. 
 he put an equal number into each maniple, &c., intending to fill up the 
 legion as new recruits joined his standard. 
 
 Ex sociis, sc. conjurationis, " of the conspirators." 
 
 Numero hominum, sc.justo. 
 
 Hoslibus, i. e. to Antonius and his army. 
 
 Servitia repudiabat, cujus, sc. gefleris hominum, $206, (11). 
 
 Videri, sc. se, $ 239, R. 2. 
 LVII. Nuntius pcrvenit, i. e. nuntiatum est, and hence it is construed with 
 the inf and ace. $ 272. 
 
 De I^ntulo, Cethego, ceteris. For the omission of et, ac, (fee. before ceteri» 
 etc., see Et in Diet 
 
 In Galliam ; probably into the country of the Allobroges. 
 
 hadem ilia existimans — Cafilinam agitare, i. e. a retreat into Gaul. 
 
 Utpote qui — sequeretur, Gr. $264, 8, 3d clause. 
 
 29* 
 
336 NOTES ON THE &C, 
 
 Qui magno exercitu, $ 249, III, 2d clause. 
 
 Infuga, sc. CatilincB ejusque miliium, 
 LVIII. Causam met coii^ilii aperirem, i. e. of his resolution to risk an eo^ 
 gagement with Antonius. 
 
 Quoque modo, i. e. et quomodo. 
 
 Unus ah urbe sc. Anionii. — Alter a Gallia, sc. Metelh, 
 
 Utiforti atque parato animo sitisy $ 211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2.) 
 
 Commeaius abunde, sc. erujit. For this use o^ahunde, see Sum in Diet. 
 
 Non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet. The meaning is, " they 
 are not under the same necessity as we," or, they are under no neces- 
 sity, as we are. 
 
 Nos pro patria, etc. These words express the necessity imposed on the 
 conspirators, and are contrasted with the words following, which denote 
 the circumstances under which the troops of the state would fight. 
 
 Super vacane 11771. This word stands opposed to necessitudo, in the pre- 
 ceding sentence. 
 
 Quia ilia, i. e. the degrading conditions mentioned above. 
 
 Viris, is used emphatically. 
 
 HcEC sequi decrcvistis, " these measures," — " this course" — . 
 
 Ea vero, $ 206, (13), last clause. 
 
 Me hortantur, sc. ut magnam spent habeam. 
 
 -Cavete — amittatis, $ 262, R. 6. 
 LIX. Ab dextera, rupes aspera. An anacoluthon, $ 323, 3, (5) ; the regular 
 construction of the sentence requiring, rupem asperam. 
 
 Ab his, i. e. ab reliquis signis.-^Armatum, see Chap. LVI. 
 
 Et colonis, sc. from the colonies planted in this region by Sylla. 
 
 Propter aquilam, etc. See Cic. in Cat. I. 9. 
 
 Bello Cimbrico. See Jug. Chap. 1 14. 
 
 Pedibus cBger, $ 250. Dio represents Antonius as feigning sickness, that 
 he might avoid a personal encounter with those whom he had once 
 favoured. See Chap. XXI. 
 
 nie — Ipse, sc. Petreius. See Ule in Diet. 
 
 Amplius annas, $ 256, R. 6. 
 
 Plerosque ipsos—noverat, " knew most of them personally." See Ipse in 
 Dictionary. 
 LX. Veterani, i. e. the veterans under the command ot Petreius. 
 
 PU, i. e. the troops of Catiline. 
 
 Baud timidi. Litotes, $ 324, 9. 
 LXI. Sed covfecto prcclio. The ablative absolute here serves as the protasiB 
 of the sentence, the apodosis beginning at turn. 
 
 Turn cerneres, $ 2C0, II. 
 
 Quos medios, $ 205, R. 17. See above Chap. LX, Cohortem prcBloriam in 
 medlos hostes inducit. 
 
 Juxta pepercerant, " had spared equally," i. e. " had spared neither," • Aifl 
 equally disregarded." 
 
 Multi autem — alii, pars, ^ 204, R, 10. 
 
 Pars repericbant, $ 209, R. 11. 
 
 THE END. 
 


 
 
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