V ' C J T II E PRACTICAL FRENCH INSTRUCTOR (FIRST COURSE.) P. A W. GENGEMBRB, PROFESSOR OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE GIRARD COLLEGE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. v vft PHILADELPHIA: E. C. & J. BIDDLE, 508 MINOR STREET. 1857. fC^ &+ KnUred, occording to Act of Congress. In thg year 1857, by p. w Q BKG i:m BB B, in the Clerk's Office of tin- 1'i-tri.t Court of the I nltod States for the Eastern District "t i'.iiii-> u : ,i,i:i. AVENTURES DE TELEMAQUE, ADVENTURES OF TELEMACHUS, FILS D'ULYSSE. (THE) SON OF ULYSSES. LECTURE ET TRADUCTION. READING AND TRANSLATION. PREMIERE LEgON. FIRST LESSON. BOOK FIRST. 1. Calypso (/.) ne pouvait se consoler du depart (m.) Calypso not could herself to console of the departure d'Ulysse : (m.) dans sa douleur,(/.) elle se trouvait malheureuse of Ulysses : in her grief she found unhappy d'etre immortelle. 2. Sa grotte (/.) ne resonnait plus de son to be immortal, (10) grotto resounded more (10) chant : (ra.) les nymphes (/. ) qui la servaient n'osaient lui singing : the > ■ — * who her (30) served dared to her parler. 3. Elle se"f" promenait souvent seule sur les gazons (m.) to speak. (28) (29) walked often alone on (9) turfs fleuris, dont un printemps (m.) eternel bordait son lie; (/) flowery, of which a spring eternal bordered island; 4. mais ces beaux lieus, (m.) loin de moderer sa douleur, (/.) but these beautiful places, far from to moderate ne fesaient que lui rappeler le triste souvenir (m.) d'Ulysse ; (m.) did but (29) to recall the sad remembrance qu'elle y avait vu tant de fois aupres d'elle. whom (28) there had seen so many times near (29) * Words underscored are the same in both languages. + Many reflective verbs are preceded by myself, thyself, himself, &c, in French, when no pronoun is used in English. (3) TELEMACHTJS. SECONDE LEgON. 5. Souvent elle demeurait immobile sur le rivage (m.) de la (28) remained* motionless shore mer(/.) qu'elle arrosait de ses larmesj (/.) 6. et elle etait sans sea which watered with (10) tears; and was without cease tournee vers le c6t6(m.) ou le vaisseau (m.) d'Ulysse,(?».) ceasing turned towards side where vessel fendant les ondes,(/) avait disparu a-f ses yeux.(»n.) cleaving waves, had disappeared from eyes. 7. Tout-h-coup elle apercut les d£bris(m.) d'un navire(;».) nly perceived fragments (9) ship qui vcnait de;J; fa ire naufrage, (m.) des bancs (in.) de which came to make shipwreck, some (9) benches rameurs (m.) mis en pieces, (/.) des rameB (/.) e\sarte«9 9a rowers put (broken) in oars scattered here et la sur le sable, (m.) un gouvernail, (m.) un mfl,t,(m.) des and there '. rudder, mast, oordaeesfmO ftottara, sur la cfite. (/) 8. Puis elle decouvre floating, ' n » u diaeoren de loin deux hommes, (m.) dont l'un§ paraisaait &gej l'autiv, tiro 111,11, of whom appeared aged; (.9) other, quoiqne jeune, reesemblait it Dlysae. (m.) ■Ithoagjb jronag) MtumhlMl TROISIKMK \ATi)S. it. || avail aa 4aueettr(/.) et as 6ert£,(/.) areo aa taille(/) |[,. bad mildness WM* Mature et sa demarche (/.) majestneuse j la deease(/) oomprit que ,„:,_,. ■ indent '6tait , Wle'maqTie,(m.)filfl m.)d*^hfa».(m010.MtiiqiiciqM be Tclcmachus, eon (11) heto. lea dieuxfm.) anrpassenl deloiii en connaisaances (/.) toua lea mrpaji by knowledge all (la) ■(■ Tin 1 ni'-l IMP WW - * Vanlrde, I " French In thi Wj "•«> ■ n^rao^ ... A aMp wMeA ftad/a* '•"" u-reeA-ed. ■". "" •""•; as, "l>uut l'uu paraissait," ic 0/ whom o/« q|]|Mr«fj *e. TELEMACHUS. 5 hommes, (m.) elle ne put decouvrir qui etait cet homme (to.) could to discover (11) man venerable, dont Teleniaque (to.) etait accouipagne\ 11. C'est by whom accompanied. It is que les dieux (to.) superieurs cacbent aux inferieurs (to.) because superior conceal from the inferiors tout ce qu'il leur plait*; et Minerve(/.) qui accompagnait all which it to them pleases; Minerva " (31) accompanied Teleuiaque, (to.) sous la figure (/.) de Mentor (to.) ne voulait under form Mentor wished pas etre connue de Calypso. (/.) not known QUATRIEME LE^ON. 12. Cependant Calypso se rejouissait d'un naufrage (to.) qui However ' (29) rejoiced (31) niettait dans son ile le fils d'Ulysse, si semblable a son pere. put (10) so like father. 13. Elle s'avance vers lui; et sans faire semblant de savoir qui advances him ; seeming to know il est : D'ou vous vient,f lui dit-elle, cette temerite (/.) (28) to you (30) comes, (29, 30) said (60) (11) temerity d'aborder dans mon ile? (/.) 14. Sacbez, jeune etranger, (to.) to land Know, stranger, qu'on ne vient point impunement dans mon empire, (to.) Elle that one (59) not (59) with impunity tacbait de couvrir sous ces paroles (/.) rnenatjantes, la joie(/.) endeavored to conceal words threatening, joy de son coeur, (to.) qui eelatait malgre elle sur son visage, (m.) heart, shone in spite of her face. 15. Telemaque (to.) lui repondit : vous, qui que vous soyez, answered : you, who ever may be, mortelle(/.) ou deesse; (/) quoiqu' a. vous voir J on ne puisse mortal or goddess; although (29, 30) to see could vous prendre § que pour une divinite\ (/.) 16. Seriez-vous (30) to take for divinity. Should you be insensible au malbeur (to.) d'un fils (m.) qui, cliercbant son (9) misfortune seeking * Taut ce qu'il leur 2>lait All that which pleases them. f D'ou vous vient Whence comes to you. X Quoiqu' a vous voir Although in seeing you. § On ne puisse vous prendre que pour, &c One could only take you for, Sis. 1* D TELEMACHTJS. pere(TO.) a la merci (/) des vents (to.) et des flots,(TO.) a vu mercy (9) winds waves, has briser son navire (to.) contre vos rochers. (to.) to break against (10) rocks. N. B. Sender will only be marked hereafter when not indicated by the accompanying article, adjective, or pronoun. CIXQUIEME LE£ON. 17. Quel est done votre pere que vous ebercbez? reprit la Mho then (10) to seek * (,07) resumed deesse. II se nomine Ulysse dit Telemaqnc; e'est un des rois 28) names he (9) kings qui unt. apres un siege de dix ans, (to.) renverse* la fameuae (81) have, after liege ten years, to overthrow ^66) famous Tioia Is. Sob nom fut o&ebre dans toute la Grreoe et dans Troy, name wu celebrated all Greece timte 1'Asie, par sa valeur dans les combats, (m.) et plus enooara by yalor still laoB lea conseils. (to.) Maintenant, errant dans eouncUa, to wander (66) toute 1" < 1 1 • i n 1 1 1 < ■ des men, il parcourt tons lea ecueils lee pins seas, overruns dangers terribles. L9. 8a patrie Bemble fair devant Ini. Penelope, sa . ooontrj Penelope, femme, <-t moi qui Buis boo Ms. noua avona perdu l'esperance(/.) am loet hope de 1<' revoir. 20. Je ooure, aveo lea mfimes dangers (m.) que .in. I run, same (17) c apprendre oo il est. Maia que dis-je? peut-dtre <|u"il whnt say (TO, BO) parbattl • *t maintenant enseveli dana lea profonda abimea de la mer. buried abysses BTXTEME I.K( <»\ 21. Ay./ pitie" | /. ) de nos malheurs : (to.) et si vous saves, pity " on know, bines (/.) out fait pour sauver on pom « ba( iffldenUy well acquainted with the termii rim wui hereafter be given In the Infinitive only, and wlthonl • lor ten f tl>.- French verb. The itndenl will anertala Ion. of the word from ttu termination (.-*'-• >. nud from the comparison »f the ui.-v.l- aud KniM TELEMACHUS. / perdre Ulysse, daignez en instruire son fils Teleniaque. to lose to deign (72) of it (30) to inform 22. Calypso, etonnee et attendrie de voir dans tine si vive astonished moved so lively jeunesse* tant de sagesse et d'eloquence, (/.) no pouvait youth so much rassasier ses yeux en le regardant ; et elle demenrait en silence. to satiate (30) to look at (49) 23. Enfin elle lui dit: Teleniaque, nons vous apprendrons ce At last (30) (28) (29) shall inform of (39) qui est arrive a. votre pere, mais l'histoire en est longue ; il ost to happen history (29,30) long; it temps (to.) de vous delasser de tous vos travaux. 24. Venez time yourself to repose toils. Come dans ma demeure, ou je vous recevrai commc mon fils : venez, ahode, (29, 30) will receive as vous serezj" ma consolation dans cette solitude; et je ferai (28) i (11) shall make votre bonheur, (to.) pourvu que vous sachiez en jouir. provided know how to enjoy. SEPTIEME LEgON. 25. Telemaque suivait la deesse environnee d'une foule de followed to surround (49) hy crowd jeunes nymphes, audessus desquelles elle s'elevait de toute la above of whom rose tete,J comme un grand chene dans une forSt eleve ses head, great oak forest to elevate (07) (10) branches epaisses audessus de tous les arbres qui l'environnent, thick (18) trees (31) to surround (49) 26. II admirait 1' eclat (to.) de sa beaute, la riche pourpre de to admire (49) splendor beauty, rich purple sa robe longue et flottante, ses cbeveux (to.) noues par derriere flowing, hair to tie (66) behind negligemment mais avec gr&ce, (/.) 27. le feu qui sortait§ de negligently grace, fire flashed * Vive jeunesse Early youth, great youth. f As the student must now be sufficiently well acquainted with the auxiliary verbs avoir and etre, such of these verbs as occur hereafter will not be translated. % De toute la tete By a whole head. § Sortait, literally, came out. 8 TELEMACHUS. ses yeux, et la douceur qui temperait cette vivacite\ Mentor tempered. vivacity. les yeux baisses, gardant un silence modeste, suivait Telernaque. cast down to keep (49) (18) followed 28. On arriva a la porte de la grotte de Calypso, ou They to arrive (19, 69) door Telernaque fut surpris de voir, avec une apparence de (53) surprised appearance simplicity (/.) rustique, tout ce qui peut charmer les simplicity rustic, can to charm (65, 78) yeux. (•«?.) IIUITIEME LEgOX. 29. On n'y voyait ni or,(m.) ni argent,(m) ni marbre,(m.) One then rmt neither gold, nor mImt. marble, ni colonnes, (/!) ni tableaux, (m.) ni Btatues:(/.) 30. cette colun painting*, grotte fitait taillee dans le roc, en voutes (/.) pleines de ■ lit Vault.- ' full rocaSUes (,/*.) el de coquillesj • /. \ elle .'fait tapissee d'unejeune hung vigne, qui 6tendai1 Bee branches (/.) Bonplee egalement de tous Mil.. qmd supple equally o6tes. 31. Lee doux gephyre conservaient en oe lieu, malgre' ■wwt I ' lea ard In Boleil, one deliciense fraicheur: des ardors ton, il.-li.i, gg lr. -lines*: fontaines, (/'") coulanl avec nn donx murmure snr dee pre8(m.} fountains, to II murmur im-udowa d'amarantbes (/.) et de violettes, (/.) formaient ea ttmra with amarnntli* tofonn divere lieax, des 1 assi pure it aussi claira one le K.lb« (15) pure (15) clear Q3f) crista] : :i.. mille fleure naissantea emaillaienl lee tapis verts, ir>-tal; n thoumnd flotMN budding enameled oaxpeti dont la grotte etait environnee. La. on trouvait un Imi^ de oea Then, arbree touffos qui portenl des ] imes(/.) d'or, (m.) et doai tufted appiM literally to tow. TELEMACHUS. 9 la fleur, qui se renouvelle dans toutes les saisons, repand (31) (29, 30) renews seasons, to diffuse (49) le plus doux de tous les parfums. (15) perfumes. NEUVIEME LEgON. 33. Ce bois semblait couronner ces" belles prairies, et formait to seem (49) to crown fine 1ueadow3, to form une nuit que les rayons (m.) du soleil ne pouvaient percer ; night (32) rays to pierce (78) 34. la., on n'entendait jamais que le chant des oiseaux, (m.) Ou heard never (87) but birds, le bruit d'un ruisseau qui, se precipitant du haut d'un rocher, noise brook precipitating top tombait a gros bouillons pleins d'ecume (/.) et s'enfuyait au fell in big bubbles full foam fled away travers de la prairie. 35. La grotte de la deesse etait sur le across penchant d'une colline; de la on decouvrait la mer, quelquefois declivity hill ; discovered sometimes claire et unie comme une glace, quelquefois follement irritee clear smooth as mirror, madly to irritate (49) contre les rocbers, ou elle se brisait en gemissant et elevant to break (49) groaning to eleva*e ses vagues (/.) comme des montagnes. (/.) 36. D'un autre waves mountains. cote on voyait une riviere ou se formaient des iles bordees de river to form (68) bordered tilleuls (m.) fleuris, et de bauts peupliers qui portaient leurs linden trees (18) poplars carried (10) tetes superbes jusque dans les nues. superb as far as clouds. DIXIEME LEgON. 37. Les divers canaux qui formaient ces iles semblaient se canals to seem (49) jouer dans la campagne : les uns roulaient leurs eaux claires to sport country : (—some—) rolled waters (18) avec rapidite; d'autres avaient une eau paisible et dormante; rapidity; som (12) (52) water peaceable sleeping; 10 TELEMACStJS. d'autres, par de longs detours, revenaient sur leur pas,(w.) comttie long windings, returned steps, pour remonter vers leur source, (/) et semblaient ne pouvoir to remount to be able quitter ces bords encbantes. 38, On apercevait de loin des to quit shores enchanted. perceived collines et des montagnes qui se perdaient dans les nues, et lost dont la figure bizarre formait un borizon h soubait (??;.) (36) fantastic (18) such as one might wish pour le plaisir des yeux. 39. Lcs montagnes voisines etaieut pliasure neighboring couvertes de pampre vert qui pendait on tostons : (???.) le covered vine branched to hang (40) festoons : raisin, plus eclatant que la pourpre ne pouvait se cacber soua p«p«, brilliant (17) conceal lr> feuiiles, /'.) et la vigne Otait accablee sous son fruit. 40. UjtYea, \ i ! 1 1- tied down (io) . Le Bgnier, l'olivier,(m.) le grenadier, et tons lcs autrea arbres Bg tree, olb pomegranate tree) eouvndent la campagne, et en fesaient un grand jardin. IHI I nyi 111 made gardun. ONZIBMB LEgON. 41. Calypso ayant montre* a Tt'U'inaque toutcs ces beautes to show (66) buautiefl natiirrll.s, lui dit : -\-. Repose! vouflj Toe habits (m.) sont lu.iiirnl. Beat yoonelf; etotbaa mouiiles, il eel temps que vous en cbangiez: ensuite nous it abonld change : aflat Midi turns r.vcrmiis ; ct jc vous raoonterai des histoires dont - again; t" rrlai voire eceur Bera touched 4:;. Eo mime temps elle le fit entrer to toui the mme made to enter Sfentor, dans le lien le plus scent .t le pins reenle* d'mne remote BTotte voisine de oelle on la deesse demenrait 44. Les Dymphes avaimt en win d'aUumer en ce lieu un grand feu de bois de care to kindle TELEMACHUS. H cedre,(m.) dont la bonne odeur se r6pandait de tous c6tes; et cedar, (20) odor to spread (49) on elles y avaient laisse des habits (m.) pour les nouveaux hotes. left guests. 45. Telemaque, voyant qu'on lui avait destine une tunique seeing to destine (49) tunic d'une laine fine, dont la blaneheur effa§ait celle de la neige, ■wool fine, (18) (38) whiteness eclipsed (24) snow, et une robe de pourpre avec une broderie d'or, prit le plaisir qui embroidery took est naturel k un jeune homme, en consid^rant cette magnificence. to consider (49) DOUZIEME LECOK 46. Mentor lui dit d'un ton grave : Sont-ce done la., O tone (18) Are these then Telemaque, les pensees (/.) qui doivent occuper le coeur du fils thoughts ought to occupy. . d'Ulysse ? 47. Songez plutot a soutenir la reputation de votre Think rather sustain pere, et a yaincre la fortune qui vous persecute. 48. Un jeune conquer (30) to persecute (49). homme qui aime a se parer vainement comme une femme, est to loye to adorn vainly indigne de la sagesse et de la gloire. 49. La gloire n'est due unworthy (13) (13) glory. (1.3) due qu' a un coeur qui sait souffrir la peine et fouler aux knows how to suffer pain to trample under pieds (m.) les plaisirs. (m.) foot 50. T£l£maque repondit, en soupirant : Que les dieux me sighing : May (29. 30) fassent perir, plut6t que de souffrir que la mollesse et la volupte make to perish, (17) to suffer that effeminacy s'empare (fut.) de mon coeur. 51. Non, non, le fils d'Ulysse ehould take possession. No, ne sera jamais vaincu par les charmes d'une vie lUche et conquered charms life base effeminee. 52. Mais quelle faveur du ciel nous a fait trouver, (44) (29) to find, 12 TELEMACHUS. apres notre naufrage, cette deesse ou cette mortelle qui nous (30) comble de biens?(m.) loads with benefits? 53. Craignez, repartit Mentor, qu'elle ne vous accable de Fear, replied (omit) to overwhelm inaux ; (m.) craignez ses trompeuses douceurs plus que les evils : deceitful sweetness \ at viande (/.) 1 Mise mademoiselle (/.)• Mrs madamo (/.) Mr. gi ntleman )„ monaienr an.) Money argent (m.) Mother more (/.) nonvelle (/.) < krder • rdre | m. ) pftehe /.) Pen plum.- (/.) Pencil crayon m.) person ne (/.) ! be (/.) Pupil Hi • demande (/.) Ribbon ruban (at.) Room ehambre (/.) :•■ (»«.) Sickness maladie (/.) Sir monsieur | m.) 1 " r (/•) ADJECTIVES. 15 Son fils (tits) Vegetable legume (to.) Tea the (to.) Water eau (/.) Teacher maitre (m.) Wife fern me (/.) Time temps (m.) AVine vin (m.) Tools outils (to.) Window fene'tre (/.) Umbrella parapluie (to.) Woman femme (/.) Most nouns with the following terminations are alike in both languages (Bolmar's Levizac, p. 16) : -al : Animal} cardinal, fatal, general, moral, original, principal, &c. -bi.e : Capable, fable, &c, bible, eligible, &c, noble, soluble, &c. -ace : Face, grimace, grace, place, preface, race, surface, trace, . Adjectivee in common use which form the feminine irre- gularly. Bas baase low. Gras graaae fat La* buae tired. ]'av-:ni payaanna peaaaafc (paiaae tbiok. in. ti.-.-e mongrel. Grog groaae big, large, Gcntil L-'iitilk- i . r . ■ 1 1 \ . - « . . ■ t . Nul nullo do, null. s..i sotte Bilrjr, fooliab. Ii.,ii\ donee sweet (oft Pmu fcueee false. H„ux roneee reddiab. v it-ill i- old. Blanc blaaebe white. Franc franche frank. liebe ilry. fratobe freah. Qreeqaa Greek, Public pnbHque pallia Tare Torqee Turkish. Oadae aaduque decrepit Benin benigM b Malin maligna malignaati tongue loag. Fav..ri favnrite favorite. Trattre brattraaae traitor, traltraaa, Mai ire muitrcsse master, mistress. ADJECTIVES. 17 6. The following have two masculine forms ; the first is used before a consonant, and the second before a vowel or h mute. Masc. (1st form.) Masc. (2d form.) Fern. English. Beau bel ;. belle beautifuL Nouveau nouvel , nouvelle new. Fern fol folle foolish, crazy. Muu rnol molle soft. Vieux vieil vieille old. 7. The plural of adjectives is formed like that of nouns. Exercise 2. Memorize the following adjectives, and write them in the feminine : Absurd . absurde. Advantageous avantageux. Affectionate affectueux. Aged &ge. Alarming alarmant. Alone seul. Amiable aimable. Amusing amusant. Ancient ancien. Attentive attentif. Awkward maladroit. Bad mauvais. Base, low bas. Beloved aime\ Benevolent bienfaisant. Big gros. Bitter amer.* Black noir. Bleeding saignant. Bloody satiglant. Blue bleu. Brave brave. Capricious capricieux. Careful soigneux. Careless negligent. Certain certain. Charming charmant. Cheerful gai, joyeux. Christian chretien. Civil civil, poli. Clean propre. Clear clair. Coarse grossier. Commodious commode. Complete coinplet. Conspicuous., remarquable. Contented content. Contrary contraire. English ..... Anglais. French ...,, Francais. Good bon. Half , demi. Large grand. Little... petit. Long long. New (newly made) neuf. New (novel) nouveau. Rare rare. Round rond. Sick malade. Sweet doux. White ,. blanc. * Adjectives ending in er take a grave accent on the e before the r, in the feminine gender: thus, amere. The same remark applies to some adjectives ending in et. 2* 18 ARTICLES AND ADJECTIVES. TROISIEME LEgON. ARTICLES, AND POSSESSIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE ADJEC- TIVES. 8. The following words always precede the noun to which they belong, and must agree with it in number and gender : Before Before mas. siii);. f'-m. ling. 110UUS. iieiore all sin?. nouns begin- ning «ith a TOWB) or U mute. Before all I'lural nouns. IA la. L',* les the. - Da, de la, tie V, des of or from the. Au, ila, IV, aux to or at the. Do dc la, do P, des some or any.f In, line, a or an. Hon, ma, 7iu>n, mes my. ton, tea thy. pa, COD, his, her, or its. \..lro, n.'trc, n i't re, DOS our. - \'..tre, T.,iro, your. H , Lear, leur, leur, leurs their. u: a i a ' - - 1 Cette this or that. vowel «r A mnte) ces these or those. * n. B. — The vowels a, e, are n placed by :in apostrophe ( ' ) in the ., when these words are followed by n ron el, or by an h mute. 1 N. B. — Before an adjective, or after a negative adverb, tome or any is articles and adjectives. 19 Exercise 3. 1. The father, the mother, and (et) the children. 2. Of the son, of the daughter, and of the parents. 3. To the brother, to the sister, and to the cousins. 4. The friend, of the friend, to the friend. 5. The man, of the man, to the man. 6. The friends of the men. 7. To the men and to the women. 8. The anger of the father. 9. The alarm of the children. 10. Of the jewels of the women. 11. The bread of the baker. 12. At the door of the house. 13. From the window of the room. 14. The appetite of my brother. 15. My sister, thy sisters, his parents. 16. His brother, her bro- ther, his brothers, her brothers. 17. Her father, his father, her mother, his mother. 18. From thy father to our mother. 19. Of our friends and of their enemies. 20. Of the carpet of your room. 21. The books of my pupils. 22. Some bread, some meat, some water, some apples. 23. Some boys, some girls. 24. A man, a woman, an hour. 25. This man, that wo- man, this boy, that girl. 26. These men and those women. 27. From that room to that door. 28. From my bed to the bureau. 29. Of this carpet and of that table. QUATREEME LEgON. 12. Whenever an article, adjective, or preposition, is under- stood in English, it should be expressed in French : as, The brother and (the) sister Le frere et la soeur. Of the mother and (of the) father De la mere et du pere. To the boys and (to the) girls Aux gargons et aux filles. A man and (a) woman Un homme et une femme. Some bread and (some) butter Du pain et du beurre. (Some) wine and (some) water Du vin et de t'eau. My brother and (my) sister Mon frere et ma soeur. Of his father and (of his) mother De son pere et de sa mere. Your paper and (your) pencil Votre papier et votre crayon. These peaches and (these) pears Ces pommes et ces poires. Good tea and coffee De bon the et de bon cafe. Exercise 4. 1. Give (donnez) some bread and butter to the boys. 2. Have you (avez- vous) any wine and water? 3. I have some wine in the bottle. 4. These men and women are tired (fatigues). 5. He has received (recti) some news from his father and mother. 6. His bread is bad, 7. The chain of the an- chor of the boat. 8. I have written (ecrit) to my brother and sister. 9. The boys and girls are in (dans) the garden. 10. My little brother is awkward and careless, but (mais) my sister is very (tres) attentive. 11. She has bread, butter, tea, and coffee, for her breakfast. 12. From the boys and girls, to the men and women. 13. The friend of the mother and children. 20 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 13. A noun used in its -widest sense should be preceded by a definite article, in French, though none is used in English: as, All men are mortal Tout les hommes sont mortels. Birds fly. Fi.-hes swim £e«oiseaux volent /.espoissonsnagent Gold is heavier than silver /.'or est plus lourd que /'argent. Exercise 5. 1. Women are capricious. 2. Good books are rare. 3. Boys and girls are not alway* [Umjonri] attentive. 4. Peaches are sweet 5. These men are brave. 8. These l>"oks .ire very amusing. 7. His bed is very bad. S. Your - amiable. 9. Friends are not always prudent 10. Boys ouyht to be n'enl tore) civil. 11. Silver is white. 12. Birds live (i-ivent) in the air, and fishes in the water. 14. Da, ,1 J,,. ,/, /', \. I DMPAKIBOfl 01 a I i.i i • i i\ : 1.".. \.]\, ,r ' rh- compared by prefixing era },!„- tins (Jets), or /<"> . for the compara- tive, ami ' for the >upir- l;iti\. aa wise, wiser. 1 JL,e plu- -age The wisest, the least wise. PLACE OP THE ADJECTIVE. 21 16. The following are irregularly compared : Bon, meilleur, le meilleur Good, better, the best. Petit, moindre, le moindre Little or small, less or smaller, the least or the smallest. Mauvais, pire, le pire Bad, worse, the worst. [N. B. — Petit and mauvais can also be compared regularly.] 17. As and than, used after a comparative, are expressed by que; as, 11 est AUSSI riche que vous (lie is AS rich AS you); Elle est PLUS jeune QUE Marie (she is younger THAN Mary). Exercise 7. Compare the first twenty adjectives in list (Exercise 2). [N. B. — The shortness of the Fifth Lesson is intended to give the student time to review the preceding.] SIXIEME LEgON. PLACE OP THE ADJECTIVE. 18. Adjectives, in French, are generally placed after the noun to which they belong : as, Un matelot anglais An English sailor. Un cheval blane A white horse. 19. The following are exceptions, and are generally placed before the noun : Beau handsome, fine. M€ehant..... wicked. Bon good. Meilleur better. Cher dear, loved. MSme same. Digne worthy. Moindre less. Grand* great, large, tall. Petit small, little. Gros big, bulky. Saint holy. Jeune young. Tout all. Joli pretty. Vieux old. Mauvais bad. Vilain u gly- Also the numeral adjectives, and all those words known in English as adjective pronouns. * When grand qualifies a person, it means great, if placed before, and tall, if placed after the noun. 22 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 20. A noun used adjeetively is placed after the noun which it qualifies, and a preposition is placed between them to mark the relation : as, Cue (able de bois (a wooden (able). Exercise 8. 1. A French boy. 2. An English girl. 3. A round table. 4. From the young man to the old woman. 5. My garden is smaller than that (cclui) of your dear friend. 6. Miss Lucy is not so pretty as her young sister, but (main) she is better. 7. R(«d (Use*) the same books as your brother. 8. Give me (donncz moi) that big apple. 9. The largest window of the house. 10. The greatest man of the century. 11. The handsomest woman in the company. 12. Toot pretty little sister is sick. IS. Of the ugly old dog. 14. The beautiful new hat of Mr. C. 15. Hie black horse is dead (mart). SEPTlijMB LEgON. PO ss BBS! V B PRO* "INS. 21. A j Baive pronoun is never followed by the noun to which it refers, but Btanda fox it, and must agree with it in Dumber and gender. pin. F.m. plu. Bngllsa. lea miens, les miennes ... mine. lea tiennea thine. nea bis, hers, or its. les nfitres, lea notrea are, yean. les leurs, les leurs theirs. Tin' article arnica precedes the possessive pronoun forms part of it, and should never be translated separately.] 22. When preceded l>y ek <>r d, the pceseasive pronoun are thus deelioed : Pu mien, de la inionne, des miens, des miennes... of or from miMh An mien, u In mlenne, aux miens, nnx mienm .-... t" or at mine. Decline, oe above, all the other numbers and persons. BXAMPLBS. Tom brother ami Mint Voire frere si U mim. tot and o/ tkim De ma aoeur '■( ■/■ la l i in mm , T" my friends ami t<- hit \ mi - amis el in stew* My ;i.-ters and A if Mcs su-ura it In tiomt*. K. in. ring Le mien, la mienne, la ti.-iine, la lienne, Le m'.tre, la nfttre, Le rfttra, la rtttraj Le Irar, la leur, DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 23 Your lessons and ours Vos lecons et lee ndtree. Our exercises and yours Nos themes et les votres. ' Of our teacher and of theirs De notre maitre et du lew. Exercise 9. 1. From my room to his. 2. In my country and in yours. 3. For her mother and for mine. 4. To his orders and to hers. 5. At our door and at yours. 6. From thy window and from mine. 7. With his money and with hers. 8. In my hooks and in thine. 9. Of my dinner and of hers. 10. Of thy honor and of his. 11. My friend's house and yours. 12. From my mother's room unto (Jusqu'd) his. HUITIEME LEgON. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 23. A demonstrative pronoun must agree, gender, with the noun for which it stands. in number and the Mas. celui, /"That, (meani OA i person, the thing) , ~ | Those, (meaning the ones, the ] cenx [_ persons, the things), j [This one . eelui-ci, I That one celui-la, These, (meaning these ones, } „. 25. \ these persons, these things).. \ Those, (meaning th |^ those persons, those things) ' I ceux-la, fNot followed hy any Fem. celle .... celle-ci.. celle-la. celles-ci eelles-la "I Always followed ! by the preposi- ( tion de, or by a J relative pronoun 1 Neverfollowedby This, I noun orpronaun, but \ , 26 -]S i «ed to point out; or — ™£-\. j < | referring to n phrase | (_ expressed previously. J [N. B. — This, that, these, those, followed by a noun, are adjectives, and are always expressed by ce,* eet, cette, ees (see 11).] EXAMPLES. My dog and that (the one) of the gar- Mon chien et celui du jardinier. dener My cow and that (the one) which is Ma vache et celle qui est dans in the stable l'etable. * The demonstrative pronoun ce is either the subject of the verb to be (see Course 2d), or followed by the relative pronouns qui, que, dont (see 39). It signifies, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, or those. 24 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Your boys and those (the hoys) of Vos gare.ons et ceux de votre voisin. jour neighbor Your daughters and those (the Vos filles et eelles do mon oncle. daughters) of my uncle Take this newspaper and give me Prenez ce journal-ci et donnez moi that one cehii-la. Why do you prefer this one to that one? Pourquoi preferez-vous celui-ci a velui-la. That house is larger than this one Cette maison-7d est plus grande que celle-ci. These trees hare been planted longer Oes arbres-ct ont 6t6 plantes plus than those longtempa que cetix-ld. Those apples are larger than these Ces pommes-to sunt plus grosses que celles-ci. tiive ihii to your brother, and keep Donnez eeei a votre frere, et gardes that fur you cela pour vous. I do ii"t believe a word of all that.... Je ne cruis pas un mot de tout cela. K.M.KiisK 10. 1. Take (prenei) this pen, it is better than that one. 2. Is your house iuoh sst-ette) as large ea that of your brother? 3. No (won), sir, it urge ai his. i. John's lesson i> longer than thai one. 5. Then n Bad those which (gut) are In your father's garden. B. .Miss .Julia's rarriage is nol bo large u thai af Mi-- Lucy. 7. This pupil (<'/.Vr) is more advanced (avamei) than thai oi me thai chair, and put (vuttm) D, Open [ouvrea] that door and shut Lbia one, 10. >•■•• ma this and htep (garden) that. II. I'm this in year mother's r-"in. 12. 7W/ (dttes) thai t" your father. IS. Lend ■i;. your pencil, thia ona la t"" black. 1 1. Fours is better than this n»,.-. ! aufl of my MUSin. 'J7. The p ia often expressed, la French, by relui, imalL •"•. Henry's letter ii much longer than yonre. t. thai bread ami that) butter, \f >/■■•• /■'■■ ry*s saUe la Bear that of t md take mtae> *. Why do yon prefer (prfftrct-vus) this one U> thai Je, or moi I. Tu, or toi thou. U, or lui he, or it (mas.) Elle she, or it (fern.) PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 25 NEUVIEME LEgON. 28. Personal Pronouns in the Nominative Case* are : Nous we. Vous you. lis, or eux they (mas.) Elles they (fern.) [N. B. — 3Ioi, toi, lui, eux, as nominatives, are only used in exceptional cases (see Course Second). 29. Personal Pronouns in the Objective Case :f Governed by a verb, di- Governed by a preposition reotlyj and indirectly .g expressed.|| ,, f me, (bef. the verb) ) moi (me). JMe, or to me j moij (aft _ tfae yerh) J §, mo if (to me). „, , ,, | te, (bef. the verb) 1 toi (thee). Thee, or to thee j ^ (aft _ the yerb j j . ^ ^ thee)> Him, or it le, (bef. or aft. the verb) lui. Her, or it la, (bef. or aft. the verb) elle. Them.... les, (bef. or aft. the verb) } e , u t X '?T'\ J elles ( Jem.) To him, or to her lui, (bef. or aft. the verb) 1 j[ ^Xft™'? To it, or to them (refer- 1 - ,, „~ „_ nf , ,, „„ . n 1 a lui, a elle. ring to things) j * ( bef " 0r afL the Verb) j a eux, a elles. Us, or to us nous, (bef. oraft. the verb) } l™ S J^\ t0 us ). You, or to you vous, (bef. or aft. the verb) j ^J/^"^ you ). Of, or from him ~| Of, or from her Of, or from it ! ,,» », ., . » f de lui, d'elle. r. c n ., > en, (bef. or alt. the verb) < ,, ',, ,, Of, or from them i (. deux, d elles. Some, or any of it, or of | them J * A noun or pronoun is in the nominative case when it is the subject of an affirmation or of an inquiry: as, Je parte (I speak); Parlez-vous (do you speak f) f A noun or pronoun is in the objective case when it is the object, the sufferer, or the end of an action expressed by the verb. J The object of a verb is direct, when governed by the verb without the assistance of any preposition : as, Je le tonche (I touch him). \ The object of a verb is indirect, when governed by a preposition under- stood : as, Je lui parte (I speak to him). || The object of a preposition is governed by a preposition expressed: as, Pom- moi (for me). ^ The personal pronoun is governed by the preposition to expressed, only in exceptional cases : generally, the preposition to is understood. 3 26 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 30. A personal pronoun in the objective case, direct or indi- rect, is placed before the verb by which it is governed. Exception 1st. With the imperative mood, used affirmatively, the object is placed after the verb, as in English. [X. B.— If the imperative mood be used negatively, the personal pronoun in the objective ease ia placed before the verb.] [X. B. — If the object be governed by a preposition expressed, or if it be any other part of speech than a personal pronoun, it is placed after the verb, as in English.] EXAMPLES. Personal pronouns, in the objective case, governed by the verb or by the preposition understood. He torments m< 11 »" tonrmente. - to ,. ■ 11 me parte. I see him, her, them '" vois, je lea vois. I speak t" him or (>• her fe lui parte. I speak t,, them fe lew parte. We love her None Pai as. ,k of ii Nona •» partona. v m a booh Nona /»>' donnona on livro. We think of ii [to it) Noua .-/ pensone. Ton have him, her, <-r it Vona Favei. We thank you Nona vou* remereions. torment met tft tourmente-U? 9ft parte til ? !■• vota-je? or, E*1 |ueJe/< vis? \ I- hert fciiiparie - Ji ' or, Bat-ce que je/itt parla f t'airoons-noua f A'" pnrloni nonaf I A'"' doi te-noue an llvre? .ink of H (w it) ¥ pi fc'avea ^ oua ''. I "U.- ? II i" "" tonrmenta pna. N ■ tourtnente-U pas? I do DOl .-e.- him I' "•• U Vnit Du i no) Ne tui \ i i, Bat-oe que Je PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 27 We do not love her Nous ne Z'nimons pas. Do we not give him a book? Ne lui donnons-nous pas un livre? Have you not got him ? Ne favez-vous pas ? Have you seen me? J/'avez-vous vu ? Yes, I have seen you Oui, je voits ai vu ? Did you speak to them? Lent- avez-vous parle - ? No, I did not speak to them Non, je ne lew ai pas parl6. Touch me, him, her, them Touchez moi, le, la, les. Scold him, punish her Grondez le, punissez la. Kill (hem, save us Tuez les, sauvez nous. Defend yourself. Defendez vous. to him, to us, to them Parlez lui, nous, leur. Do not touch me Ne me touchez pas. Do not punish him Ne le punissez pas. Do not scold her Ne la grondez pas. Do not kill them , Ne les tuez pas. Do not speak to him Ne lui parlez pas. Do not speak to us Ne nous parlez pas. Let us not speak to them Ne leur parlons pas. Do not speak of it or about it N'eit parlez pas. Personal pronouns, in the objective case, governed by preposition expressed. For me, with me, without me Pour mo?', avec moi, sans moi. Of or from thee, to or at thee De toi, a, toi. Before him, behind him Devnnt hit, derri^re lui. Before her, after her Avant elle, apres elle. Near them ()».), far from them (/.) Pies d'eux, loin d'elles. By the side of you, by us A cote de vous, par nous. At home (at the house of) Chez. At my house, at his house , Chez moi, chez lui. DIXIEME LEgON. Exercise 12. 1. I have it. 2. You see (voyez) us. 3. Punish (punissez) him, but do not punish her. 4. Send (en voyez) him to the country. 5. 1 will give (donnerai) them to my mother. 6. Come (venez) with me. 7. Go (allez) with them (mas.) 8. Do -not stay (ne restez pas) with her. 9. Lend (pretez) them to my brothers. 10. Do not lend it to my little sister. 11. He comes (vient) 28 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. towards me. 12. They will arrive (arriveront) before us. 13. lie is with her. 14. I see (i-ois) her. 15. Henry beatJ (bat) me. 16. You punish us too much. 17. Has she got (omit got) it in her pocket? 18. No, she has not got (omit) it. 19. Have you bought (aehetf) that for me? 20. No, I have bought it for her. 21. Go with her. Exercise 13. 1. Show (montrez, ) (to) them that letter, and tell (ditee), (to) them that T have written (icrite) it, 2. Propose (propoeez) to her what (ee que) I told (ai dit) you. 3. Do not grant (tiecordez,) (to) them their request. 4. I will send you that book "hen 1 Bhall have read (lu) it. 5. They will lend (preterout) me some i ley. 6. When yon tee (verrez) him speak (partem) to him of her. 7. I will muwer (repondrai) him to-morrow. 8. She has told (vendu) me these ribbons. 9. Antwer (repondez) me immediately. 10. He has promised (promt's) me a new knife. 11. Have you bought (aeheti) that bonnet for me? 12. Yn, I have bought it for you. 13. Do you like (crimes) it, as well ai your sister's ? 1 1. No | „■■„ , I ./.» not like (aime) it so well (tant) I .".. Why do you like hen better than your.-? 16. J><-r,u,se (parce- que) hers is white. Km khsi: 14. •tor to your si-tor. 2. Give it to her, ". T'o not give it to t to y nr friend ? ■>. No, 1 have not hud tli'* time to tptak [parlor] to her. 6. Aek (demand* ..'■ (to) the ear- i ■ mo!ohI half an hour. 7. Lend US this one. 8. No, I Will keep (gardorai) thi- one lor me. ami I will gir* you that one. 9. /« .'/our motl of your mother is it) as in. X,,, but it if a- UVg« Bl yOUI lather's. 11. Speak to him, and 1 .-ball be much obliged (bion oblige*) to you. ON/I KM K LEQON. l: i- i. \ r i \ i: PEONOl SB. Bl. Who, which, m that, ;i- nominative to a verb, i- vx.- The man irhn (or that) speaks to you. J/bomme qui vous pnrle. The 1 k which ii the he livre ym" est iu la table. The house tcAt'cA (or lAot) is burned.. La maison oui est brul6e. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 29 82. Whom, which, or that, in the objective case, governed by a verb, is expressed by que : as, The woman lohom (or that) you see... La femine que vous voyez. The book which (or that) you read.... Le livre que vous lisez. The house which (or that) I have La maison que j'ai louee. rented 33. Whom, in the objective case, governed by a preposition, is expressed by qui: as, The people with whom you go ,. Les gens avee qui vous allez. The lady for whom you bought it La dame pour qui vous l'avez achete". The man to whom you trust L'homme a qui vous vous fiez. 34. Which, in the objective case, governed by a preposition, is expressed by : Lequel, for the masculine singular, Laquelle, for the feminine singular. Lesquels, for the masculine plural, Lesquelles, for the feminine plural. EXAMPLES, The glass in which the wine is, Le verre dans lequel est le via. The bottle in which the beer is La bouteille dans laquelle fist la biSre. The glasses in which the brandy is ... Les verres dans lesquele est l'eau-de-vie. The bottles in which the cider is....... Les bouteilles dans lesquelles est le cidre. The chair upon which he is seated.... La chaise sur laquelle il est assis, 35. Lequel, laquelle, etc,, governed by de or d, decline thus; Mas. sing. Fern. sing. Mas. plu. Fern. plu. English. Duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles .... of or from which, or whom. Auquel, a laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles .„ to or at which, or whom. 36. Of whom or of which, used immediately after its ante- cedent, is expressed by dont; as, The man of whom he speaks .,„,... L'homme dont il parle. The servant of whom she complains.. La domestique dont elle se plaint. The horse of lohich I have spoken to Le cheval dont je vous ai parll. you...... The cloth with which (of which) he Le drap dont il a fait mon habit, has made my coat ,.„.„., OU RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 37. When other words intervene between the antecedent and the relative, of whom is expressed by de qui* and of which by duquel, J< la quelle, de&pteh, or desquelles: as, The well at the bottom of which he Le puits au fond duquel il tomba. fell The tower from the top of ichich they La tour du haut de laquelle ils nous perceived us npereurent. The men to the promises of whom Les hommes aux promesses de gu»'(or he trusted dcsqueh) il se fia. The hills on the summit of which the Les collines sur le sommet desqueliet French were posted les francais ftaient post6s. A speech of which (to which) I un- Un discours auquel je n'ai rien com- 1 nothing prie. A promise t» which he trusted Une promesse "*c principles are I'n jenne bomme dont les principea scarcely Formed son! il peine font A l"."k who* moral la not good I'n livro dont la morale n'est pas bonaa. tonne i l'lionneur de qui vous tru>t II le dus duquel il Ctait ■ouitad ■ 39. What, in the Bense of that which, thou which, the thing nr thing* which, \- express) ■! by <• qui for the nominative, and i. ///!' 15. What '•' , - and what '■<>« 17. In what bare I neglected (>.. '.. L9. What in'// yoa a* i * If ureal be betfa prea led by ;■ preposition and followed by a noun, u>e quel APPENDIX, VERBS. 45. French verbs are divided into four classes, or conjuga- tions, which are distinguished one from another by the termina- tion of the infinitive mood. The infinitive mood of verbs of the first conjugation ends in er : as, donner (to give), aimer (to love), parler (to speak), ete. The infinitive mood of verbs of the second conjugation ends in ir : as, punir (to punish), finir (to finish), guirir (to cure), etc. The infinitive mood of verbs of the third conjugation ends in oir with all irregular verbs, and in evoir with regular verbs : as, recevoir (to receive), devoir (to owe), concevoir (to conceive), etc. The infinitive mood of verbs of the fourth conjugation ends in re: as, vendre (to sell), rendre (to render), entendre (to hear), etc. 46. French verbs are composed of two parts : the root, or radical part, and the termination. 47. The root is what remains of the verb when the termina- nation has been cut off. Thus, the root of donner is donn; of aimer is aim ; of parler is pari ; of punir is pun ; of finir is fin; of guerir is guer ; of recevoir is rec ; of devoir is d ; of concevoir is cone; of vendre is vend ; of rendre is rend; of entendre is entend; etc. With regular verbs the root is inva- riable, and is used throughout the verb, in all its moods, tenses, persons, and numbers. 48. The termination is that part of the verb which is added to the root, and which indicates, by its variations, the mood, tense, person, and number of the verb : as, parl-er (to speak?), parl-ant (speaking) parl-e (spoken), je parl-e (I speak), je parl-ais (I spoke), je parl-erai (I will speak), etc. (33) 34 TERMINATION'S OF THE REGULAR TERRS. donn er donn ant donn e donn e 49. SIMPLE TENSES. INFINITIVE MOOD. present (see 65). fiu ir rec evoir PARTICIPLE PRESENT \66). tiu issant rec evant PARTICIPLE PAST (66), fin i rec ic INWCATTYE MOOD. ■ i ibhsb (8! i. rec ois On nilTi: \ I i\ i; HOOD fin to « BUBJUN( n\ i: MOOD. dfiin < «l ■■ *' "' in'olle que noni ten, que root <|u'il- or 'ju'i-llea rnt IMPIRIHT 1. qua tu asses qnll ■■'• •iu'iIIp a/ ft qu'ils or uu'vlle* " toaafti njugiition. 2d OoaJ. vendrt Tend am rendu Tend * tu « is ois il or elle « it oil Tend nous 07JS feaOM ont TOUS Ult ils or elleB e«< isseru IMrKRFKCT TENSE (08). h donn a is fin ' rte avail Tend aia tu il or alia issait (,;,,/ a is nous ions feaiofu ions ii.u~ fl if/it aient mm donn ai fin it rag ut Tend is il ur die ll.< o U ut ii it lim.'.s- tea Ua or i-lli-s in id urcni in nt run m JB donn fin rec rr/vii Tend rat to raj il oreUfl l'ru IV err-ns tWM Da or ,11m trout front apron! rwHf OOKD] 1 1"\ M, HOOD. IBRT II..VM. fll). j" donn areata fin froii grail vend ruin 111 il or rile trait rttii mil ii. ii- Mbm toriami rums ■ rui depend on or Bend-re to return, to give ■pon. back. Descend-re top. Repand-re to spill, to shed. to del R6pond-re to answer, to reply* to take down. Yend-re to sell. Entend-re t rstand. COMPOl NS Ti.\m g. Bl. The compound tenses of all French rerba ;m > formed Ky prefixing the auxiliary verb avoir (for the active) ami tlie auxiliary verb %tn (for the passive voice) to the perfect purti- oiple vi' the verb to be Of TIIK INIINIT1VK. AV'.ir CU. <■'''. COJtrOtNl' OK TIIK IWltTIi Il'l i: PB3 Ayant eu. .\\.mt6t6. INDICATIVE MOOD. COMPOUND OF TIIK III -1 ST. .I'.ii on. .!':'■ ■ Tu as cu. Tu ti- ll n cu. II i ■ Nona nvons eu. ivci eu. Vooj b lis ont SO. lis ont <■<<■. courm n oi tmk ivi-i ai J'avnis eu, etc. J'livni." 6(6, eto. J"eu« cu, etc. Till II II IK. .r : iiirai eu. J'aui • There are but two auxiliary verbs in French I avoir and tire (n VERBS. 39 COMPOUND OF THE CONDITIONAL. J'aurais eu, etc J'aurais 6t(S, etc. (IMPERATIVE, NO COMPOUND TENSES.) COMPOUND OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. Que j'aie eu, etc. Que j'aie 6te, etc. COMPOUND OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERFECT. Que j'eusse eu, etc. Que j'eusse 6t6, etc. [N. B. — The compound tenses of the passive voice are formed by prefixing the compound tenses of etre to the past participle of the verb to be declined : as, J'ai it,i aime (I have been loved). Exercise 19. Give the compound tenses of all the verbs in Exercise 18, one-half in the active and the rest in the passive voice. Negative Form. 59. A verb is conjugated negatively by placing ne (not) before, and pas (not) after it. With compound tenses, pas is placed between the auxiliary and the verb. EXAMPLES. Simple Tense. Compound Tense. Je u'ai pas I have not. Je n'ai p> as parle I havo -i Tu n'as pas thou hast not. Tu n'as pas parle thou hast I § II n'&pas he has not. II n'a, pas parle he has L Nous n'avons pas... we have not. Nous«'avonsjoasparle\ we have Vous n'avez pas you have not. Vous«'avez^>asparle\.. you have Us ?t'ont pas they have not. lis n'ont pas parl6 they have Exercise 20. Conjugate negatively: avoir, gtre, donner, finir, recevoir, and vendre, through all their tenses, both simple and compound. Interrogative Form. 60. A verb is conjugated interrogatively by placing the per- sonal pronoun in the nominative case immediately after the verb, and joining it to the verb by a hyphen : as, ai-je (have I) ? With compound tenses, the pronoun is placed between the auxiliary and the verb : as, Ai-je parU (have I spoken) ? 40 VERBS. [N. B. — When the third person singular ends with a vowel, a -t- between two hyphens is placed between the verb and il or elle; as, a-t-il (has he)t parle-t-elle (does she speak) ?] EXAMPLES. Simple Tense. Compound Tense. Ai-je? have I? Ai-je parlf-? have I spoken? As-tu? hast thou? As-tu parl6 ? hast thou spoken ? A-t-il? has he? A-t-il parle? has he spoken? Avons-nous? have we? Avons-nousparlS? have we spoken ? Avez-vous? have you? Avez-vous parl6 ? have you spoken ? Ont-ils? have they? Ont-ils parl6 ? have they spoken? [X. B. — The imperative and subjunctive moods are not conjugated interro- gative/)/.] 61. When the first person singular of the present of the in- dicative ends in - mate (as is tbe case with all verbs of the first conjugation, and with a few irregular verbs), the final r takes an acute "<■<■> „t i'i before the word je: as, Parli-je (do 1 tpeak t <"'/."'-/' (do / love)? Instead of the above, however, it i- more common to ash the question by prefixing the interro- gative phrase est-ce que (m it that)? ami j- remains before the verb: as, JSst-cequejt park (" is also used with tin' first person sin- gular, indicative present, of most verbs in which it consists of hut one syllable, ending in a double consonant : as, Ett-ce que i que je /-its i^Ju J beat)? not 62. If the nominative be a noun, or a possessive, demonstra- tive, "i" indefinite pronoun, it remains 1" fore the verb, ami the question is asked by planing i7, elle, He, or ellet, alter the verb, according to the gender and number of the nominative: as, Yntr. pen tetnH id father hereof La vdtre est-eUe bonru (it your* go BSXXBOI8E -1. Conjugate interropntiv.lv : ' ' ■ ■ and vmdrt (see 61 I, ibr..iiL'li all the tenses of the indicative and conditional I oth Miiiple und compound. 41 Negative, and Interrogative Form. 63. A verb is conjugated negatively and interrogatively by placing the negative adverbs as directed (59), and the nomi- native pronoun as directed (60). examples. Simple Tense. Compound Tense. N'ai-jepas? havelnot? N'ai-je pas parle ? have I N'as-tupas? hast thou not? N'as-tu pas parle ? hast thou N'a-t-ilpas? has he not? N'a-t-il pas parle ? has he N'avons-nous pas ?.. have we not? N'avons-nous pas parle? have we N'avez-vous pas ?... have you not? N'avez-vous pas parle' ? have you N'ont-ils pas? have they not? N'ont-ils pas parle?.... have they Exercise 22. Conjugate negatively and interrogatively : avoir, Stre, donner, finir, recevoir, and vendre, through all the tenses of the indicative and conditional moods, both simple and compound. 64. Manner op translating French Moods and Tenses into English. [N. B. — The verb parler (to speak) is given as an example throughout the following explanations and illustrations, but the same would apply to any other verb.] 65. The present of the infinitive, parler, is translated, accord- ing to the sense, by speak, to speak, or speaking : as, Pouvons-nous parler? . Can we speak? Je ne sais pas parler francais I do nofknow how to spealc French. II passa sans nous parler He passed without speaking to us. 66. The present and perfect participles h'ave the same sense in French as in English : as, En parlant lentement vous vous ferez By speaking slowly you will make eomprendre yourself understood. Je lui axparle de vous I have spoken to him of you. 67. The present of the indicative, Je parle, tu paries, etc., is translated, according to the sense, by / speak, I do speak, or I am speaking : as, 4* 42 VERBS. Je parle a mon ami I speak or I am speaking to my friend. II ne parle pas de vous He does not speak of you. Parlez-vous de moi ? Do you sjieak of me? 68. The imperfect of the indicative, Je jiarlais, tu parlais, etc., is translated, according to the sense, by I spoke, I did speak, I was speaking, or I used to speak: as, Mr. I!, parlait bien Mr. B. spoke well. Mr. B. parlait-il bien? Di'rf Mr. B. speak well? Mr. B. parlait quand j'entrai dans la Mr. B. was speaking when I entered Balle the room. Mr. B. me parlait tri-s souvent Mr. B. used to speak to me very often. • '»'.». The perfect of the indicative, Je parlai, tu parlas, eto.i i- translated, according to the Bense, by / spoke or 1 did sp< ak i de oela I mon pin He tjwifee of that to my father. i ■ rout iptak of yoa, PorIdt«t >ii frdre? Dt'aJyou ipeaA t.> my brother? 70. The future of the indicative, .A parlerai, tn parleraa, etc, Lb translated / sAofi sjpea& or / tciTZ .*/».//.• .- "' domain I thall -;•••(/.• t" you to-morrow. Vims ne de mol Yon will not «/"nk of me. nous? Do you think that they vritttpeai of twf 71. The present of the conditional, .A parlerais, tu parlerais, eto.i is rendered by / should speak or / would speak: as, II Toua / ■' ii a if he were here. LaijM II '•■'''•' y.. M iy ..-A- to him ? 72. The Beoond persona of the imperative, park and parle*, ore rendered by apraA (Mow >, s/?ea£ (you), or do (thou or you) speak, and the first person plural, parhns, is rendered by fa hi ap "A .- as, /'./;•/«• In! de oela I • htm of that. • i him <>f my brother. Ne lui parte* pai de mol Do nol tpeaA to him of me. Parlous lour i them. 78. Th< present of the rabjunetive, gut je parte, que tu paries, etc., is translated (according to the sense) in various VERBS. 43 ways : 1st. by, that I may speak; 2d. by, that I should speak; 3d. by, me to speak; 4th. by, my speaking ; 5th. by, I speak ; 6th. by, I shall speak; 7th. by, whether 1 speak ; 8th. by, let me speak (in an imperative sense). Examples : 1. Approchez que je vous parte Approach so that I may speak to you. 2. Desirez-vous que nous portions a Do you desire that we should speak to votre pere? your father? 3. Permettrez vous qu'il parte ainsi?.. Will you permit Mm to speak thus? 4. Sans que nous lui parlions Without our speaking to him. 5. Avantgue vous parliez de cela Before you speak of that. 6. Croyez-vous que nous parlions de cela? Do you think tee shall speak of that? 7. Qu'ils en parlent ou non Whether they speak of it or not. 8. Qu'il parte, JQaaisyTSt al'entendre. Let him speak, I am ready to hear him. 74. The imperfect of the" subjunctive, que je parlasse, que tu parlasses, etc., is translated: 1st. by, that I might speak; 2d. by, that I should speak; 3d. by, that I would speak; 4th. by, me to speak ; 5th. by, my speaking, etc. Examples : 1, 2, 3. Je souhaitais que vous parlas- I hoped that you might, should, or would siez de cela speak of that. 3. J'esperais a peine qu'il pwldt I scarcely hoped he toould speak. 1, 4. II voulait que jc parlasse He wished me to speak. 5. J'approuvais qu'il parldt ainsi I approved his speaking thus. 75. N. B. The word que which precedes the subjunctive in French is rendered into English by that, may, let, whether, or is not expressive at all according to the sense. The pronouns je, tu, il, etc., are rendered either by the nominative, /, thou, he, etc., or by the objective, me, thee, him, etc., or by the pos- sessive, my, thy, his, etc. (See examples 73, 74.) 76. With the compound tenses, the auxiliary avoir or etre is translated, (according to the sense and nature of the English verb,) as directed above for the several moods and tenses, and the perfect participle as directed (66). [N. B. The compound of the indicative present is frequently rendered hy a simple tense : as, II a parte de cela d ma mire (he spoke of that to my mother). ] 44 Hints on the Translation of English Verbs into French. 77. Avoir and etre always require the following verb in the perfect participle. 7 X . One verb governed by another is put in the infinitive mood. 79. A verb governed by any preposition except en is put in the infinitive mood. 80. When do, did, shall, vill, should, would, let, may, might, are used in English to form various tenses of verbs, or •; in expressing negations or interrogations, they are never expressed in French. The meaning attached to these part'n-1. - 1 in French by the termination of the verb itself. (See 66-74.) BL When rib, did, mesa fco make, to perform When will, iff.ii/./, mean to will, t.> desire, t" be willing When ihotdd meant ooghl I (, i/i. ii/, might, iin'an to be able to have power AVhen l-t meane to leave, to nlh.w Hi Bit { faire. voul.iir devoir. p. m voir. kisser. v _'. Su.h expreesioni l rendered bj Je pnr! red by Je parla l I by je parieral (70). peak, I wonld apeak nditl - red by Je parlei purlons (72). [For ■abjaaeti fS-76.] Important. \n article, adfective, or adjective pronoun, must arrree in number and gender with the noun t<> which it belc 84. A personal, possessive, or demonstrative pronoun, must in gender and nvmber with the ooun for which it stands. ADVERBS. 45 85. A verb must agree in person and number with its nomi- native. 86. The adjective is placed after the noun (18-20). 87. The adverb is placed after the verb. 88. Whenever an article, adjective, preposition, or relative prononn is understood in English, it should be expressed in French (12). 89. A sentence is made negative by placing ne before the verb, and pas, point, or some other negative adverb after the verb or auxiliary (59). 90. A question is asked by placing the personal pronoun in the nominative case immediately after the verb, and no other word is disturbed (60). THE ADVERB. 91. A great many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding ment when the adjective (mas.') ends in e mute : as, sage, sagement, (wise, wisely), and by adding ment to the femi- nine of the adjective, if the masculine ends with a consonant: as, grand, grandement, (large, largely). 92. List of the most useful adverbs that are not derived from adjectives ; Ailleurs....... elsewhere. *fAssez enough. A l'instant immediately. A temps in time. Alors then. Aujourd'hui to-day. ■j- A peine hardly. Aussi also. Apres after. Aussit&t as soon. A present now. ®Autant as much. A peu prds about, nearly. Autrefois formerly. * [N. B. — Those adverbs marked (*) generally require de before the following noun.] f [N. B. — If the tense be a compound one, those words marked ( f ) are generally placed between the auxiliary and the verb.] 4G ADVERBS. Avant before. Ainsi thus. *tBeaucoup much. tBien well. fBientot very soon. fCepcndant however. ®Combien how much. Comme like, as. Comment bow. D'abord at first. De bonne heure... early. fDejfl already. Demain to-morrow. Dcpuis since. En bas down stairs. t Encore again* fBnfln at but •Bn bant up-stairs. Ensemble together. Kn-uitc afterwards. "I F-rt very, much. DOt much. II r 3 l -terday. lei hero. fjama there. at now. fMal I • Meme > ren. Letter. ETe i)"t. Nulle part nowhere. Non Ou Oui Partout *fPas, or *fpoint *Pas encore *Peu Peu h peu Fis *Plus Pluu.t Pourquoi fPresque Quand Quelquefoi? Qaelqnepart fSana 01 + >i fSouvent Sur-le-ohamp *Tant Tard Wi fTonjours Tout up Tool de •Troi •Trop pea •Trop tAl •Un pen no. where. yes. everywhere. no. not yet. but little. little by little. worse. more. sooner. why. almost. when. sometimes. somewhere. incessantly. so. often. immediately. so much. late. soon. always. all, entirely. suddenly. immediately. very. too much. too little. too soon. a little. willingly. The adverb i< placed after tin' verb. [N. B. — The following: «>, comment, <>», pourquoi, eombien, and quand, are planed before the veri>.] • Sec note to i f Ibid. PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ETC. 47 PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ETC. LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL PREPOSITIONS. A to, at. A cote de by the side of. Aupres de near, Apres after. Avant. before. Avec with. Chez ,..„ at one's house. Contre against. Dans „ in. De of. Depuis from. Derriere behind. Des as soon as. Devant before. En in, by. JJntre between. Envers towards. Hors out. Loin de...... far from. Malgre in spite of. Moyennant by means of. Nonobstant notwithstanding. Outre beside. Par by. Parmi among. Pendant during. Pour for. Pres de near. Sans without. Sauf save. Selon according to. Sous under. Suivant following to. Sur on. Touchant concerning. Vers towards. Vis-a-vis opposite. [N. B. — Any preposition except en requires the next verb in the infinitive mood. En governs the present participle.] 95. LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL CONJUNCTIONS. thus, so, for, Ainsi Car Cependant. Comme as. Done therefore. Enfin finally. Et and. Etpuis, besides. Mais but. N6anmoins nevertheless. Ni neither. Pourtant however. Quand when. Quoique though. Si if. Sinon or else. 48 INTERJECTIONS. V)6. LIST OF THE MOST USEFUL INTERJECTIONS. To denote surprise ha! " pain ah! aie! hllas ! " admiration oh! ah! " aversion fi! fidonc! To impose silence chut ! paix ! To call hola! T'> warn gare ! hola! ho! To applaud bravo! vivat! To interrogate b.6! bien !