Class J§A£- Book_tK544^_ PRESENTED BY AS5E I MEDICAL LIBRARY FREDERICK HYDE, M. D., CORTLAN D, N. Y. i JVo ..... J^^y *- ' f *' • T to w • 9 * I LAWS AND REGULATIONS AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT EDUCATIONAL AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF PHILADELPHIA. PRESENTED TO tLjz^^i _ll,-_ M. D. BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENT. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS. 1855. t. ^IaJo-oo ni(\mkx mu m&Miu i .cm' 419 ^4rc7i >S?ree£. ftefeeeew Eleventh and Twelfth Streets. t. tjaul hlU^wAh lit, UmMiU^ joL^. ajlouu y, GMtufsO, 4$55* S. W. orner nf Spruce and Tenth Streets. t mm. Ilk cMe wm& \C MmJxJUJVJL, flt^-s AJ|jOU\., ^eWicuuu jow m7 ST. JOHN'S ORPHAN ASYLUM. WEST SIDE OF THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER, ABOUT TWO AND A HALF MILES FROM MARKET STREET BRIDGE. This Institution occupies a lot of 13 acres, on which is a spacious and elegant building of 220 feet long, and capable of accommodating a family of about 250 or- phans and their attendants. The establishment is under charge of ladies of the Religious Order of " St. Joseph.' 7 Physician, Jos. G. Nancrede, M. D. ST. JOSEPH'S FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM Is situated at the southwest corner of Spruce and Seventh Streets, and is under the charge of the Reli- gious Order of the Sisters of Charity. The average number of orphans is about one hundred. Physician. — Wm. V. Keating, M. D. 9 98 INDIGENT WIDOWS' AND SINGLE WOMEN'S SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. CHERRY ST., BETWEEN 17th AND 18th STS. This institution was founded by certain ladies, who, convinced that much suffering existed among a class who in early life had been prosperous, but who in ad- vanced age were left without means or connections upon whom a natural claim would devolve, and believing that the misfortunes of such persons would be much increased by the necessity of seeking public charity and a home in the institution provided by law, with the contacts incident to such a residence, organized it upon the fol- lowing plan : Persons seeking admittance, should, with- out reference to sect or country, have reached the age of 60 years, having no immediate kindred able to sup- port them, and should never have occupied a menial situation. From the time of its foundation, some 30 years ago, this institution has been supported by voluntary contri- butions and legacies, and presided over by a board of ladies with uninterrupted success. The inmates at present number some TO persons ; the building is well constructed, warmed, and ventilated upon the most modern plan, affording every comfort and convenience that assiduous forethought and attention can supply. The inmates are happy and cheerful, and in their con- tentment and health exhibit the excellence of this charity. Physician. — Wm. D. Stroud, MP. 99 UNION SCHOOL AND CHILDREN'S HOME. S. E. CORNER OF TWELFTH AND FITZWATER STREETS. The object of the "Union School and Children's Home" is to afford a shelter, food, clothing, and school- ing, with moral training, to the neglected and deserted children of the inebriate, the convict, and abandoned of every class. These children are resigned to the Trustees by their parents, next friends, or a Judge of the Court of Record. By an act of incorporation, the Trustees possess legal power to indenture these child- ren, which trust they endeavour to discharge with great caution. It is also their duty to watch over them during their minority, and to see that the terms of the indenture are strictly complied with. This Institution has been in operation five years, during which time upwards of four hundred children have been sheltered under its roof, and more than two hundred have been provided with comfortable homes in the country. To decrease pauperism, and increase labourers, is the aim of those engaged in this enterprise ; and the success that has attended this effort is almost unprecedented. The work was commenced with twelve children, in a very small house ; the building now occupied is a large and commodious one, with a family of children averag- ing one hundred and nine. Possessing, as it does, the confidence of the public, it will continue to be liberally supported ; while its influence must and will be felt by that class of persons for whose benefit it was originally intended. The an- nual expenses have varied from tioo to four thousand dollars. 100 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. FIFTH ST., BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND WALNUT STS. This Society was founded in May, It 63. The site of the present hall was presented to the Society by the State in It 85, and the building was erected in It 89. It consists of a basement, and two stories, the lower one of which is occupied by the Society for its library, museum, &c. The library contains 20,000 volumes, many of which are extremely rare and valuable, and many very valuable manuscripts. The collection of the Transactions of Learned Societies is among the most complete in this country. The cabinet contains a valuable collection of coins, minerals, &c, and there is belonging to it a large col- lection of fossils, which is at present deposited in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Treasurer and Librarian*— CHARLES B. Trego, Esq, 101 L I B It A R Y COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA. Founded in 1731. FIFTH STREET, BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND WALNUT. Tins Institution was founded in 1731. The books are allowed to be taken out by Members of the Com- pany; others are at liberty at all times to make use of them on the premises. The number of volumes in the Institution is about 55,000. Attached to it is the Loganian Library, which was bequeathed and endowed by James Logan, in 1792, and now contains about 10,000 volumes. Open daily, from 10 A. M. till sunset. Librarian. — Lloyd P. Smith. 102 ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. CORNER OF BROAD AND GEORGE STREETS. This Institution had its origin in the social meetings of a few individuals for recreation, after a release from their daily occupations. These gentlemen, six in num- ber, prompted by a taste for Natural Science, for the purpose of extending their opportunities by mutual assistance, and in the belief that, by systematizing their proceedings, their enthusiasm would achieve higher re- sults, organized their meeting in 1812. In 181T, this Academy was chartered, and the publication of a jour- nal commenced. After several migrations, the Academy built its present hall, in 1840. This institution has lived and flourished, not by government patronage, but by the generous means and earnest zeal of its individual members giving time and labour to its interests, with- out stint. Its meetings are devoted to the reading of scientific papers, verbal communications, and the re- ception of donations pertaining to Natural Science. The records of these meetings are published every two months under the title of Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and are embel- lished with such illustrations as the papers they contain may require. The benefit of this institution has not been restricted ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 103 to the community in which it exists: while, on two afternoons in each week, the museum is opened to the public, strangers who manifest any interest in the sub- jects coming' within the scope of this institution, are welcomed, and assisted in the furtherance of their ob- ject with all the advantages that the library and museum afford. The museum, at present, contains an aggregate of 148,816 specimens of natural history. The birds alone comprise 21,000 specimens; plants, 46,000; minerals, 4,152; fossils, 23,518. Comparative anatomy, 1,120; Ethnological specimens, 1,015; fishes, 1,500; reptiles, 2,000; insects, 6,000; birds' eggs, 5,056; nests, 214; shells, 25,000. Among the above will be found the magnificent col- lection of birds of the Prince of Essling, deposited by Dr. "Wilson ; also, the valuable collection of skulls pur- chased of the estate of the late Dr. S. G. Morton. The Academy takes pleasure in offering to members of the National Medical Association, every facility for inspecting their cabinet that the convenience of such members may admit of during their sojourn in this city. The museum and library, containing 13,000 volumes on subjects pertaining to Natural Science, will be opened, by special resolution of the Academy, to mem- bers of the American Medical Association, each day during its session, from nine o'clock until two, and from three until six. 104 ATHENAEUM. SIXTH ST., BETWEEN WALNUT AND LOCUST, OPPOSITE WASHINGTON SQUARE. This Institution was founded in 1814. The present edifice was built in 1845-7, and consists of a first story, occupied for offices, &c, a main story, occupied by the Association, and a third story, in which the His- torical Society, the Philadelphia County Medical So- ciety, and other societies have rooms. The main story, used by the Athenaeum, is divided into two large rooms, one appropriated to the library, and the other as a newspaper room, and a small room for the librarians, which is also used as a dress-r oom. The library contains about 12,000 volumes, princi- pally history and works of light literature. The lead- ing magazines and periodical literary journals of this country and Great Britain are regularly received, and will be found on the tables in the library; and the news-room is well supplied with the newspapers of this country and the principal ones of England and France. 105 HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. This institution was founded in 1825, by a number of public-spirited citizens of the State, and has realized their expectations by accumulating a valuable histo- rical library, now numbering three thousand five hun- dred volumes, with a large collection of important manuscripts ; and by becoming the centre of organized effort to perpetuate and illustrate the perishing records of the past. The liberality of its members has led to the forma- tion of a gallery, consisting of portraits of persons eminent in our annals and views of scenes in the State of historic interest, that already proves to be a source of attraction to citizens and strangers. With a view to a wide distribution of valuable his- torical writings, both original and reprints of rare works, and of the highest degree of elegance in typo- graphy and illustration, a publication fund was com- menced in 1854. It is composed of subscriptions by any person whatever, of twenty dollars, which obtains the right to receive, during life, one copy of all future publications. The money thus received is invested on a special trust, and the interest thereof used. The fund now amounts to more than 85,000. The hall of the society is in the upper portion of the Athenaeum, and is open to its members and others from 10 to 1, and 3 to 5, every day. Towxsext) Ward, Librarian. 106 MERCANTILE LIBRARY. SOUTHEAST CORNER OF FIFTH AND LIBRARY STS. The Mercantile Library Company was founded in 1821, and incorporated in 1824. In 1844-'45, the Company erected its present elegant building. The room devoted to the Library occupies the main or second story, and is an extremely conve- nient and beautiful one. The number of volumes is about 15,000. They are conveniently arranged in cases extending around the walls from the floor to the gallery, and from the latter to the ceiling. The body of the room is oc- cupied by centre-tables, which are lighted by gas, and upon which are to be found the daily papers of nearly every city in the Union, together with the leading American and British periodicals. The Library is open daily (Sundays excepted) from 3 to 10 o'clock P. M. Officers for 1855:— President. — William E. Bo wen. Treasurer.- — William H. Bacon. Secretary,— John J. Thompson, 107 PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. CHESTNUT ST., NORTH SIDE, BETWEEN TENTH AND ELEVENTH STS. This institution was organized in 1807, for the pro- motion of the Fine Arts, by forming collections of pictures, statues, &c, the establishment of schools for drawing, painting, sculpture, &c. The building contains a spacious rotunda, commu- nicating with large galleries on the north, east, and west. The collection of pictures is very large and valuable ; there is also a collection of statuary, and a valuable library of works on the Fine Arts. The Academy will be open all day, and until ten o'clock in the evening. ART UNION OF PHILADELPHIA, No. 212 CHESTNUT ST. This Society has an interesting gallery of paintings, which is open every day and evening. 108 FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. SEVENTH ST., BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND MARKET STS. This institution was founded in 1824, "for the pro- motion and encouragement of manufacturers, and the mechanic and useful arts, by the establishment of popu- lar lectures on the sciences connected with them ; by the formation of a library, reading-room, and a cabi- net of models and minerals ; by offering premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement ; by ex- amining all new inventions submitted to them ; and by such other means as they may deem expedient." The hall is a substantial building, of three stories. The first story contains a large lecture-room, in which, during the winter season, lectures are delivered on mechanics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and allied subjects. The second story is occupied as a library and reading-room. The library contains upwards of six thousand volumes, principally scientific works ; and the tables are well supplied with periodicals and newspapers. The third story is occupied by the cabinets of models and minerals, which are large and very interesting. The electrical machine formerly used by Benjamin Franklin, is here to be seen. The Institute holds annually an exhibition of domestic manufactures, and premiums are awarded to such pro- ductions of industry as are deserving the distinction. The Association also publish a monthly journal, de- voted to the diffusion of knowledge relative to mecha- nics, chemistry, civil engineering, manufactures of all kinds, kc. &c. 109 UNITED STATES MINT. CHESTNUT ST., NEAR BROAD. This building was commenced in 1829. It is of marble, and has an Ionic portico of six pillars, twenty- live feet high. The interior arrangements are very convenient, and the machinery by which the different processes of coining are conducted, is very remarkable for the perfection of its finish, and the accuracy of its movements. The amount of coinage during the year 1854, was $43,108,977 93, comprised in 33,919,921 pieces. The entire coinage, from the organization of the Mint to the close of 1854, is valued at $365,337,845 94, comprised in 488,774,210 pieces. 10 110 UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM. GRAY'S FERRY ROAD, BELOW SOUTH ST. This beautiful establishment is accessible by the Spruce St. omnibuses. The main building, which is of marble, has a front of 360 feet, in the centre of which is an Ionic portico of 140 feet. Two other elegant buildings, one on either side, are appropriated to the higher officers of the insti- tution. The grounds comprise about twenty-seven acres, which are beautifully laid out and adorned with shrubbery. The view from the western front is very pleasing. It commands the Schuylkill in either direc- tion, and on the opposite side of this stream the exten- sive and picturesque grounds of Woodland Cemetery, the vast and commanding structure of the Almshouse and Philadelphia Hospital, and the suburban residences of Hamilton Village, remarkable for the beautiful trees which surround them. The object of the institution is to supply a home for sailors and marines of the navy disabled by age or dis- ease. A service of twenty years, and a surgeon's cer- tificate that the applicant is unable to labor, are requi- site for his admission. At present, the number of pensioners is about one hundred and forty. Each one occupies a furnished room, is provided with food, clothing, tobacco, &c, and is allowed a dollar every UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM. Ill month as pocket money. The third floor of the right wing is used as a hospital, and can conveniently accom- modate between thirty and forty patients. Twenty- seven persons arc employed in the service of the hospital and asylum together. The present Governor is Commodore George W. Stoker. The medical officers are Surgeon James Cormick, and Passed Assistant Surgeon P, A. Henderson, 112 EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY, COATES ST., WEST OF NINETEENTH ST. Tins Building was erected by the State. The first prisoners were received into its cells in the year 1829 ; since which period 3,213 convicts have been admitted. There were 270 in confinement on the first of January last. The building is a massive one, built of grayish granite or gneiss, and occupies a tract of nearly ten acres. The front is composed of large blocks of hewn granite. The walls are 12 feet thick at the base, and diminish to the top, where they are 2| feet in thickness. A wall of 30 feet in height above the interior platform incloses an area 640 feet square ; at each angle of the wall is a tower for the purpose of overlooking the esta- blishment ; and three other towers near the gate of entrance. In the centre of the great eaurt-yarcl is an observa- tory, whence eight long corridors radiate towards the four sides and four angles of the square. One of these corridors leads to the gate of entrance, while upon both sides of the remaining seven the prisoners 7 cells are arranged ; so that every part of the corridors or passage-ways can be seen from the hall of the observa- tory. Isear the principal entrance are rooms occupied as EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY. 113 offices, warden's and keepers' apartments, apothecary shop, and hospital. The cells are 11 feet 9 inches long, and 1 feet 6 inches wide. In the side of each, next the corridor, is a small opening for the purpose of supplying the pri- soner with food, &c, and for permitting his movements to be inspected without attracting his attention. Other apertures, for the purpose of ventilation, are provided. Light is admitted from above, by a large glass in the crown of the arch, about 16 feet above the floor. In the side opposite to the corridor is a doorway leading into the yard attached to each cell. This yard is 18 feet by 8, and its walls are 11^ feet in height. The cells are well lighted and ventilated, and are heated by tubes containing hot water. These arrangements conduce to the health of the convicts, and, at the same time, effectually carry out the system of separate confinement. In fact the annual mortality of the Penitentiary has never been large, whilst in the last three years it has not exceeded one per cent. A system of education adapted to the wants of the prisoners has been introduced, and every effort is made to awaken in their minds a desire to learn. The management of the Institution is committed to a Board of five Inspectors appointed by the Court. The chief resident officers are the Warden and Phy- sician. Warden. — Ximrod Strickland. Resident Physician. — D. W. Lassiter. The members of the Association will find the Fairmount omni- buses the most convenient means of reaching the Prison. The line on Coates Street passes by the door. It is necessary to procure tickets of admission from one of the Inspectors, unless the Association should determine to visit it in a body, when one or more of the Inspectors would be there in person to receive them. 10* 1U PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON. PASSYUNK ROAD, AT THE INTERSECTION OF SOUTH TENTH STREET. The Prison consists of an imposing castellated cen- tral building, fronting on Passyunk Road, with but- tresses and flying towers at the angles, and surmounted in its centre by a tall castellated tower. Prom each side of the centre building extends, in front, a high stone screen, terminating at the angles of the north and south wall in high circular towers. On each side the centre building, large gateways, in keeping with the general architecture of the building, enter, through the stone screen, into arched and paved corridors commu- nicating with the north and south ranges of cells. In the main building are the apartments for the warden, the clerk's office, the inspectors' room, etc. Directly in the rear of the main building, and sepa- rated from it by a small yard, are the bake-house, store- rooms, wash-house, etc. The cells for the prisoners are arranged in two long stone buildings which run west from the main building, with a yard on either side of them. The cells are three tiers high, on both sides of a hall, and so disposed as to preclude the possibility of any recognition or inter- course between the prisoners. The two upper tiers of cells are reached by means of liffht iron galleries com- PHILADELPHIA COUNT'S PRISON. 115 municating with stone stairways in the thickness of the walls. Consequently the central halls, into which the cells of each corridor open, extend from pavement to roof; skylights in the latter supplying* light and ventilation. The cells for female prisoners are in a separate build- ing, remote from that occupied by the male prisoners, and surrounded by a high wall. To the north of the Prison, and fronting on Passyunk Road, is the building formerly used as a Debtors 7 Apartment. It is an imitation of the Egyptian style of architecture. It is now but little used. Between this latter building and the prison is the hospital for sick prisoners. This is a plain brick struc- ture. The prison is constructed of sienite, and the " Debt- ors' apartment" of red sandstone. During the year ending December 31, 1854, there were sent to this prison 10,858 prisoners, w T hich, added to 530 remaining December 31, 1853, gives a total of 11,388. Of those admitted during the year, 1,526 were white males; 2,089 white females; 113 colored males; and 530 colored females. Physicians. — Drs. T. S. Reed and A. Burden. 116 HOUSE OF REFUGE FOR WHITE AND COLOURED CHILDREN OF BOTH SEXES. TWENTY-SECOND AND PARRISH STS. This institution incloses within its outside walls over six acres of ground. The white and coloured departments are entirely dis- tinct, separated by a high wall, and under the care, each, of its own officers. The conviction had long been growing in the com- munity among legal and other members not so imme- diately in contact with criminals, that crime was the effect more of neglect and want of moral training and education of youth than of inherent viciousness of na- ture. jSTo remedy was offered in the prisons for these evils, and children were confined in contact with men and women confirmed in vice, thereby influenced for life, and their education completed for criminal pursuits. Upon this conviction the House of Refuge was erected as a school of reform, not as a place of punishment, through the munificence of private gifts and legacies, aided by the State and city authorities. Minors are received here both male and female, vagrant and crimi- nal, with those whose parents are so negligent as not to afford their children proper parental restraint. This HOUSE OF REFUGE. J 17 institution was founded in 1820, and, previous to Janu- ary 1, 1853, had received 38,000 inmates. Of these, full three-fourths have been saved from ruin, and re- formed. The children are not only kept from associa- tion with adults, but are classified among themselves, education being adapted to the peculiar tendencies of each ; age, moral defects, and educational wants being carefully considered. After being educated and tho- roughly reformed, these children are bound to such mechanics and farmers as the managers may approve, and the subsequent course of so large a proportion has entirely justified the hope, that after the due operation of education, with moral and religious training, but few would be found in any community beyond reformation, 118 INDEPENDENCE HALL IN THE CENTRAL BUILDING OF THE STATE HOUSE, CHESTNUT ST., BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH STS. The main edifice was erected in IT 34, and its two wings were added in 1140. The hall upon the left of the principal entrance is that in which the Continental Congress held its sessions, and where the Declaration of Independence was signed, upon the 4th of July, 1*7*76. A few years ago, it was carefully restored, so as to present exactly the same appearance which it did on the birthday of the American nation. It contains many interesting memorials of the revolutionary epoch. Of these, the most remarkable is the bell, which, in accordance with its famous and prophetic inscription, "proclaimed liberty throughout all the land" as soon as Congress had adopted the Declaration. The por- traits, by Peale, form one of the best collections, if not the only authentic one, of likenesses of the emi- nent men who flourished in the early days of the re- public. Among those of physicians and naturalists, will be found Rush, Bartram, Shippen, Hanson, Ram- say, and Warren. 119 PHILADELPHIA WATER-WORKS. These occupy an elevated position on the Schuyl- kill River, and from the beauty of their site as well as the vast expenditure of labour and skill evident in the reservoirs and machinery incident to their purpose, are much visited; so much so, indeed, that this is the point to which a large number of the omnibuses leaving the Exchange, and traversing the principal streets of the city, are directed. At an early date in the history of Philadelphia, the subject of public hygiene was forced upon its citizens by the fearful ravages of yellow fever. And so im- portant was a plentiful supply of good water held to be to public health, that the leading men of that day made it an object of constant speculation to devise a plan by which this supply could be effected. In the will of Dr. Franklin, the subject is presented to the citizens in an impressive manner. Dr. Franklin be- lieved that the wells then in use would deteriorate from the fact that the city drainage would prevent them from receiving a supply of water during the rains, and ad- vised that money should be appropriated to bring the Wissahiccon Creek, a distance of seven miles, into the city ; this will bears date Jane 23, 1789. After the introduction of Schuylkill water upon a plan soon found to be inadequate to the increasing de- mand of the city, the present works were undertaken. 120 PHILADELPHIA WATER-WORKS. The first attempt to throw water into the present reser- voirs was made with stationary steam engines, but abandoned on account of the great expense incident to their use ; and in the year 1819, it was resolved to sub- stitute water-wheels for this purpose. To effect this it was necessary to dam the river Schuylkill ; this was done, and the present dam measures 1,G00 feet in length, backing the water some six miles. The mill- houses are substantial buildings of stone 238 feet long by 56 feet wide, containing eight wheels and eight double acting force pumps. The wheels are of cast- iron with wooden buckets, each wheel being 18 feet in diameter and 15 in width, weighing 22 tons. The pumps have a stroke of about six feet, and work at a speed of twelve revolutions the minute. In addition to the above is the Jonval Turbine water-wheel, erected in 1851. This wheel is not stopped by the tide, and runs through the whole 24 hours; by substituting these w T heels, the power of the works may be increased to 6,000,000 gallons per diem. The works at present are carried on at an expense of $133 a year per million gallons. The reservoirs are five in number, placed at a height of 66 T 9 5 4 D - feet above the highest, and 98 j 1 -^ feet above the lowest curb in the city, and store an amount of 38,687,867 ale gallons of water. There is a stand- pipe of cast-iron fifty feet high and four feet in diameter, erected as a protection for the pumps. The general operation of these works is so admirable that Philadelphia has never been without an ample supply of water, both for individual consumption and the complete cleansing of the city, so requisite for public hygiene. 121 PHILADELPHIA GAS WORKS. The old works, which are still in operation, are situated at the foot of Market Street, on the Schuylkill River. The new works, also in operation, are on the Schuylkill, at Point Breeze. The latter consist of new buildings, presenting a combination of great beauty of design, with convenience and comfort for those persons employed, and are replete with all the modern improve- ments for affording gas of the best quality, and with the greatest economy. Lighting Philadelphia with gas, was first undertaken in 1836, in which year there were 277 consumers ; this number has now increased to 13,904, requiring a length of main pipes equal to 11 9^ miles, consuming 282,224,- 000 cubic feet a year. The care with which these works have been managed is shown in the fact, that of all the gas manufactured since 1836, there has been but three per cent, wasted, including leakage and loss from all sources. By means of the improvements in the new works, each retort, with the same amount of fuel and men employed, yields 20 per cent, more gas, and the amount manufactured from a ton of coal is about 16 per cent, greater than in the old works, these results being due to the improved setting of the retorts, and the introduction of an exhausting engine to relieve the retorts from back pressure, In these buildings, 11 122 PHILADELPHIA GAS WORKS. shed room has been reserved for the storage of 30,000 tons of coal, and space for the setting of 1,660 retorts, capable of supplying eight millions of feet daily. Experiments have lately been made at these works, in the production of gas from wood, by means of retorts invented by the assistant engineer of the works, with results highly satisfactory both as regards this mate- rial, and the apparatus used. Upon trial, it was found that gas of an excellent quality was procured much cheaper than that made from coal. A number of the above-mentioned retorts have been ordered, as they are free from the objections to those imported from Europe, in not being subject to certain derangement of parts. It has been shown that one cord of ordinary fire-wood furnishes nearly twice as much illuminating material as a ton of the best Pittsburg coal; i. e., the wood will yield nearly a double volume of gas, that affords, when properly burned, an equal light, foot for foot, with that produced from the coal. It may be stated, in conclusion, that the gas from these works is afforded at $1.25 per 1,000 feet, and is equal to any produced in the country, as has been shown by analysis. 123 PHILADELPHIA CAR-WHEEL WORKS. CALLOWHILL ST., BETWEEN 16th AND 17th STS. These works are well worthy of attention ; Messrs. Whitney & Son have here shown that iron, under the direction of ingenuity and skill, can be fashioned with as much apparent ease as the most yielding material. While there is much intelligence displayed in the in- ternal economy of these works in the substitution of machinery for manual labour, the exterior is pleasing from the beauty of its architecture. The style is Italian, and the material granite and brick. The inclosure, about two acres, is a hollow square, surrounded on all sides by the various departments. The main foundry is 250 feet front by 60 feet deep, and covered by a me- tallic corrugated roof with iron ties, purlin es, and rafters ; a plan of construction by which large build- ings of wide span are covered, no intermediate support being required, and no wood used. At each angle formed by the side buildings with the main foundry, there is a chimney 120 feet high, beauti- ful in outline and construction, having ornamented brick capitals ; these chimneys correspond entirely with the architecture of the works, and add much to their general pleasing effect. This manufactory, with one hundred men, is capable of producing about 40,000 wheels yearly, for durability and general excellence unsurpassed. While the exterior of the wheel, by an artificial process of cooling, has a cnlar arrangement of a peculiar crystalline structure, 124 PHILADELPHIA CAR-WHEEL WORKS. giving it great hardness, the interior is rendered soft and tough by a process of cooling in kilns, invented by the Messrs. Whitney, and found nowhere else in the world. By this means the wheels are entirely free from cracks and flaws. To arrive at perfection of durability, both as regards safety and the power of resisting fric- tion on the surface, as many as ten different varieties of iron enter the composition accurately apportioned for each wheel; these varieties are all procured from the mines of Pennsylvania. There are four furnaces capa- ble of furnishing 40 tons of melted iron daily. The reservoirs receiving the melted iron are placed on a railroad in front of the furnaces, and, though contain- ing 16 tons each, are tilted by a single man by means of machinery, and distributed to the casting ladles, each of which holds the material for a single wheel. The lifting throughout these works is entirely by machinery, the men employed supply the brain alone for these operations. The machine-shops which form the opposite side of the inclosed square are supported in the vaults below by arches of great beauty. The lathes for turning the axles, and the machinery for boring the wheels, work with such unerring nicety that each part produced is an exact fac simile of the original model ; and each wheel and axle, after completion, are chosen promiscu- ously and applied to each other, their mutual adapta- tion being certain. The axle and bore in the wheel are so perfectly adjusted, that no keys or fastenings are employed to hold them together ; the axle being sus- pended, the wheels are applied at each end and gradu- ally slid home by machinery, the accuracy of their fit rendering them immovable. Messrs. Whitney & Son are happy to afford any one whose taste may lead them to visit their works, every opportunity for information that an intelligent explanation and courteous reception can supply, 125 NOTABLE PLACES. There are many other public institutions, and objects of interest to the stranger, in Philadelphia, among which may be enumerated the following : — The public Squares or Parks, of which the prin- cipal are these — Independence Square, Walnut and 6th Streets. Washington Square, Walnut and 6th Streets. Rittenhouse Square, Walnut and 18th Streets. Logan Square, Race and 18th Streets. Franklin Square, Race and 6th Streets. Jefferson Square, Federal and 3d Streets. CEMETERIES. Laurel Hill, on the Schuylkill, which may be reached by steamboat every hour from Eairmount. Woodland, on the Schuylkill below the Almshouse. Monument, Broad Street, beyond Green Hill. Glenwood, Ridge Road and Islington Lane. Odd Fellows', Islington Lane, near Ridge Road. CHURCHES, Of those remarkable for historical associations or architectural design, may be mentioned 126 NOTABLE PLACES. The Swedes' Church (Gloria Dei), erected A. D. 1100 ; near the Navy Yard. Christ Church, erected A. D. 1127-53 ; 2d Street, above Market. St. Mark's, Locust, between 16th and 11th Streets. St. James the Less, near Laurel Hill. Penn Square Presbyterian Church, Broad, above Chestnut. Presbyterian Reformed Church, Broad, below Spruce. Presbyterian Church, Arch and 11th Streets. Baptist Church, Chestnut, above 18th Streets. Baptist Church, Arch and Broad Streets. Roman Catholic Cathedral, Logan Square. St. Augustine's Church, 4th Street, near Vine St. Unitarian Church, 10th and Locust Sts. St. Mark's Lutheran Church, Spring Garden and 13th Streets. BANKS. North America, Chestnut, above 3d Street. Farmers and Mechanics', Chestnut, above 4th St. Philadelphia, Chestnut and 4th Streets. Commercial, Chestnut, above 3d Street. Pennsylvania, 2d, above Walnut. Girard, 3d Street, below Chestnut. MISCELLANEOUS. Custom House, Chestnut, above 4th Street. The Navy Yard and Dry Docks, Southwark, on the Delaware. New Masonic Hall, Chestnut below 8th Street. Merchants' Exchange, Walnut and 3d Streets. Schuylkill (Spring Garden) Waterworks NOTABLE PLACES. 127 Northern Liberty Waterworks, Kensington. Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, S. W. corner Xorth Penn Square and Market Street. Public Normal School, Sargent above 9th St. Spring Garden Hall, cor. Spring Garden and 13th Streets. Spring Garden Institute, Broad and Spring Gar- den Streets. City Institute, Chestnut and 11th Streets. The Penn Cottage, in Lsetitia Court, Market St., between Front and 2d. The first brick building erect- ed in Philadelphia, and the Residence of William Penn, in 1682. The " Slate-roof House," corner of iSTorris's Alley and 2d Street, between Walnut and Chestnut. In revolutionary clays it was occupied by Adams, Han- cock, DeKalb, Lee, and other eminent persons of the time. The William Penn Treaty Monument, erected on the site of the tree under the shade of which Penn is reputed to have made his treaty with the Indians. On the Delaware, at the foot of Shackamaxon Street. The Grave of Dr. Franklin, X. W. corner of Christ Church Ground, at the corner of Arch and 5th Streets. Last, but not least, " Carpenter's Hall," at the head of Carpenter's Court, Chestnut Street, between 3d and 4th. In it assembled the first Congress of the United Colonies of America, Sept. 1114. «!!!! if? 1a\xK is V > v x v x ^ §j v x ^ .J - 1 -a i I » §i l^t^tsi