THE 
 
 PHKIPPINES 
 
 I 
 
 SAMUEL mAb 
 
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 PMNTOCK 
 
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 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
GATHERING TUBA. 
 
THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 A GEOGRAPHICAL READER 
 
 BY 
 
 SAMUEL MacCLINTOCK, Ph.B. i 
 
 Principal of the Cebu Normal School \ 
 
 3>»<C 
 
 
 NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
THE LIBRARY OF 
 CONGRESS, 
 
 Two Copies Receivci* 
 
 SEP 9 1903 
 
 Copyright Entry 
 
 /CLASS CU XXc No 
 
 COPY B. 
 
 Copyright, 1903, by 
 SAMUEL MacCLINTOCK. 
 
 Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 w. p. I 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Map of the Philippine Islands 
 
 Up the Pasig . 
 
 Map of Manila and Vicinity 
 
 Laguna de Bay 
 
 Map of Luzon . 
 
 Along the Railroad to Dagupan 
 
 Benguet . . . . 
 
 The Negritos or Aetas 
 
 In the Valley of the Cagayan 
 
 The Cultivation of Rice . 
 
 In Southern Luz6n 
 
 Map of the Vis ay as 
 
 Among the Visayans 
 
 In Panay . 
 
 In Negros 
 
 Cebii 
 
 In the Far South 
 
 Among the Moros 
 
 Paragua . 
 
 The City of Manila 
 
 The Government of the Philippines 
 
 The Story of Rizal . 
 
 6-7 
 
 9 
 15 
 16 
 
 20-21 
 22 
 29 
 34 
 
 39 
 42 
 46 
 
 52-53 
 54 
 60 
 64 
 69 
 76 
 80 
 
 87 
 90 
 
 97 
 104 
 
THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 UP THE PASIG 
 
 Would you like to take a trip up the Pasig River? 
 Well, come with me some bright morning when the 
 sun is dancing on the water and shining on the gray 
 
 Pasig River near Manila Customhouse. 
 
 walls of old Manila. We shall see the river crowded 
 with boats and the fields green with sacate. We 
 shall hear the birds singing and see the busy people. 
 How delightful to go on such a trip in the early 
 morning when everything is cool and fresh ! 
 
 9 
 
lO 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The Pasig flows from Laguna de Bay into the 
 Bay of Manila. The city of Manila is built on both 
 sides of this river near its mouth. Large bridges 
 cross the river and connect the two parts of the city. 
 
 The Pasig is a short river. It is only about twelve 
 miles long. It has a very swift current. Steamers, 
 cascos, and bancas going up stream move much 
 more slowly than when coming down. The cur- 
 rent is dangerous also. It is said that some one is 
 drowned in the Pasig on nearly every day in the year. 
 Bancas and cascos are paddled and poled up the river. 
 
 The large bridges across the Pasig in Manila are 
 built of stone and iron. They are very strong. 
 Many people, horses, and wagons cross them every 
 day. This is a picture of the Bridge of Spain. 
 Have you ever seen it ? 
 
 The Bridge of Spain. 
 
UP THE PASIG 
 
 II 
 
 Let us take a trip on one of the boats that leave 
 Manila every morning for Laguna de Bay. It takes 
 about three hours to reach the lake. Can you tell 
 from the black smoke that comes out of the smoke- 
 stack what kind of a boat this is ? There are chairs 
 
 on deck, but most of 
 
 the people are sitting 
 on little bamboo 
 stools. Many have 
 their baskets with 
 them, showing that 
 they either have been 
 marketing in Manila 
 or are going up the 
 river for that purpose. 
 
 Often, in the mid- 
 dle of the boat, an old 
 woman has a little 
 tienda where she 
 sells things to eat. 
 Here one may buy hard-boiled eggs, boiled rice 
 folded up in plantain leaves, rice sticks, betel nuts, 
 sweet cakes, cigarettes, and bananas. 
 
 On the trip up the river we pass many large 
 houses ; some are private residences like the one in 
 the picture, and some are business houses. We 
 can also see the Malacaiian Palace. 1 he governor 
 of the Philippines lives here. It is a very large and 
 handsome house, with large gardens and a beautiful 
 view out over the river. On the opposite shore is 
 
 Private Residence on the Pasig River. 
 
 From Stereoscopic Photograph. Copyrighted 1899 
 by Underwood and Underwood. 
 
12 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 a cigar factory where hundreds of people are em- 
 ployed in making cigars and cigarettes. 
 
 We pass several small towns on our way up the 
 river. In some of these towns the people make 
 brick, tiles, and pottery. These are made of clay. 
 Bricks are used in building houses, tiles in making 
 roofs and floors, and pots and jars, in cooking, and 
 in other ways. 
 
 On the right bank of the river we pass a large 
 cave. In this cave people once stored gunpowder. 
 They did not like to keep it in Manila, for there it 
 might explode and kill or injure many people. So 
 for safety it was kept in this cave. 
 
 You see people all along the river washing clothes, 
 by beating them clean on a large flat stone. Many 
 people in Manila send their clothes up the river to 
 be washed. 
 
 Here is a picture of a man fishing. As you see, 
 this fisherman does not use a net or a pole and line 
 but has a basket that he thrusts down into the water. 
 When he gets a fish inside, he pulls it out with his 
 hand. We also see many pens in which large quan- 
 tities of fish are caught. 
 
 Sometimes we see divers going to the bottom of 
 the river to get sand. They scoop it up into baskets, 
 put it on cascos, and take it to the city. This sand 
 is used in making mortar. I wonder how many of 
 you know what mortar is used for ? 
 
 The Pasig winds in and out, between low banks, 
 which it often overflows in times of high water. 
 
UP THE PASIG 
 
 13 
 
 Several smaller streams flow into it. From one of 
 these, the San Mateo, water is conducted into the 
 waterworks. From here it is carried through a 
 large pipe about three miles to Manila and then is 
 taken through small pipes into houses in all parts 
 of the city. 
 
 Native Mode of Fishing. 
 
 On our way we pass many small boats and rafts 
 coming down the river to Manila and bringing 
 bananas, cocoanuts, rice, sugar, and wood. Some- 
 times our steamboat nearly runs into some of them, 
 for the river is not very wide. The river has 
 many shifting sand bars. It is very difhcult to 
 steer the boat so as not to get aground on one of 
 
14 THE PHILIPPINES . 
 
 them. If, however, our pilot is successful, we shall 
 reach safely the large body of water called Laguna 
 de Bay. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What bodies of water does the Pasig River connect? 
 
 2. How long is it ? Is it deep enough for large boats ? 
 
 3. In what ways might one cross it ? 
 
 4. What are some of the things one sees on the trip up 
 the river ? 
 
 5. What kinds of boats are to be seen on the Pasig ? 
 
 6. Find on the map, on the opposite page, Manila, the 
 Pasig River, and Laguna de Bay. 
 
Longitude East 121° from Greenwich 
 
LAGUNA DE BAY 
 
 The Laguna de Bay is really a large lake of fresh 
 water. It is fed by springs and by many small 
 streams. It overflows by the Pasig River. Its 
 width is from ten to twelve miles, but in one place 
 it is as much as twenty-one miles wide, and the 
 length is from thirty to forty miles. 
 
 It touches the provinces of Rizal, Cavite, and 
 Laguna on the west, Laguna on the south (Batan- 
 gas is within one mile), and Laguna and Rizal on 
 the north. 
 
 All of these are naturally rich provinces. They 
 produce bananas, oranges, cocoanuts, rice, sugar, 
 chicos, coffee, rattan, bamboo, and timber. A large 
 part of all these products is sent on boats and rafts 
 down the Pasig River to Manila. This country is 
 pretty, too. There are large rice fields, green fields 
 of sugar cane and corn, and many cocoanut groves. 
 The green hills and the distant mountains around the 
 lake have many useful trees and plants. 
 
 In the lake itself are found fish, oysters, clams, and 
 shrimps. Crocodiles are also found in its waters, 
 and wild ducks may be shot in its marshes. 
 
 The principal towns around the lake are Calamba 
 on the south, Los Banos and Santa Cruz on the east, 
 
 i6 
 
LAGUNA DE BAY 
 
 i; 
 
 and Mdrong on the north. Santa Cruz, at the 
 extreme east, is the most important place. Its 
 principal street, like that in Manila, is called the 
 Escolta. Live stock, cocoanuts, hats, and petates are 
 shipped from Santa Cruz to Manila. 
 
 Cocoanut Rafts in Manila. 
 
 Los Banos, or the Baths, owes its name to its 
 hot springs. The people who live near there call 
 it " Maynit," which means " hot." Many sick people 
 go there every year to bathe in its waters. There 
 are also mud baths close by. How would you like 
 to take a mud bath ? 
 
 Three hours distant from Los Banos and a 
 thousand feet above the level of the sea, is a boiling 
 lake called Natungas. In Laguna de Bay and not 
 far from Los Banos is a small island. On this 
 
i8 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 island there is a little lake, called Crocodile Lake, in 
 which there are many crocodiles. 
 
 In one of the coves of Laguna de Bay, near 
 Los Bafios, are thousands of water plants, called 
 quiapas, drifting about and giving the lake the ap- 
 pearance of a floating 
 garden. 
 
 Not far away in 
 the mountains are the 
 famous Waterfalls of 
 Botocan. The stream 
 of water as it flows 
 over the falls is about 
 sixty feet wide and 
 falls a distance of six 
 hundred feet. It is a 
 beautiful sight. 
 
 Many cocoanuts 
 are grown around the 
 lake. Some are used 
 at home, and some 
 are sent to Manila, 
 tied together in long rafts by their own fiber. 
 
 Cocoanut trees are very graceful. There are no 
 limbs, but the leaves and fruit grow from the stem 
 at the top. The stem of the tree is used in build- 
 ing houses. The roofs and sides of the houses are 
 often covered with the leaves. If the flower buds 
 of the trees are cut, a liquid, called tuba, flows out. 
 This is caught in bamboo joints. Sometimes there 
 
 Falls of Botocan. 
 
LAGUNA DE BAY 1 9 
 
 are several flower buds on one tree. Every day a 
 man climbs the tree and collects the tuba. The 
 first picture in this book is of a man gathering tuba 
 in a large bamboo joint. He also carries a brush 
 for cleaning the bamboo joints, and a powder which 
 colors the tuba red like wine. The tuba is made 
 into vinegar and wine. The flower bud gives tuba 
 for three months before it dies. 
 
 If the flower buds are not used for tuba, they 
 will produce cocoanuts. The husks of the cocoa- 
 nuts are often made into hats. They are thick and 
 fibrous. The fibers are used for making rain coats, 
 mats, brushes, and ropes, and a black dye, used in 
 coloring hats, is made from the husks. The shells of 
 the cocoanuts are useful as cups and ladles. Cocoa- 
 nut oil is used in food, on the hair, as a medicine, for 
 lights, and in many other ways. It is made by boil- 
 ing the meat of the nut. The meat is also dried 
 and sent to America and Europe, where it is eaten 
 or made into soap and candles. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What kind of water is in Laguna de Bay.? 
 
 2. About how large a body of water is it ? 
 
 3. Name the provinces and chief towns around the lake. 
 
 4. What are the main products of these provinces } 
 
 5. Name some of the uses of the cocoanut tree. 
 
 6. Find on the map Morong, Rizal, and Los Banos. 
 
C^. 
 
 23 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 
ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 
 
 Have you ever ridden on the railroad? Trains 
 go much faster than horses or boats. In the PhiHp- 
 pine Islands there is now only one railroad. It runs 
 from Manila one hundred and twenty miles north 
 to Dagupan, on the Gulf of Lingayen. 
 
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 A Train on the Railroad from Manila to Dagupan. 
 
 Here is a picture of a train on the railroad. You 
 see that it is made up of an engine and cars. The 
 tracks are the iron or steel rails upon which the 
 train moves, h. good level roadway has to be built 
 
ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 23 
 
 for the tracks, which are held a short distance apart 
 by means of cross timbers. Cars are made for 
 freight and for passengers. In the freight cars 
 horses, sugar, groceries, lumber, and many other arti- 
 cles are carried. Passenger cars are for people only. 
 In each car there are seats for about forty people. 
 
 The steam in the locomotive makes its wheels go 
 around and pull the train. The locomotives are 
 made of steel and iron and are very heavy. 
 
 Would you like to take a ride on this train ? Let 
 us go into the large building in Manila called the 
 railroad station or depot. Now step up to the win- 
 dow and buy your ticket. You see there are three 
 kinds of service, — first-class, second-class, third- 
 class. A third-class ticket will cost you about two 
 cents a mile. In the third-class cars people carry 
 chickens, vegetables, fruit, and many other things. 
 If you want to spend more money, you can buy a 
 second-class ticket. This will cost nearly three 
 cents a mile. First-class tickets cost still more — 
 about three and a half cents a mile. The only dif- 
 ference between the first-class and the second-class 
 cars is that the seats in the former are a little better. 
 
 And now, having bought tickets, we are ready to 
 go. The conductor blows his whistle, a boy rings 
 a bell, the engineer blows the whistle on the loco- 
 motive, and we start. How fast we go ! Fences, 
 houses, and telegraph poles fly past us. All these 
 things as well as the beautiful green fields we see 
 from the car windows. 
 
24 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Do you know how trains cross rivers ? Heavy 
 bridges, of stone and iron, are built over the streams, 
 and the trains cross on these bridges. 
 
 In going from Manila to Dagupan the road runs 
 through a great open valley, the largest and richest 
 in Luzon. It contains three thousand square miles 
 of territory. Mountains are on the east and on the 
 west; the Gulf of Lingayen is on the north, and 
 Manila Bay on the south. On our right, about half- 
 way from Manila to Tarlac, we see the large moun- 
 tain called Arayat. It stands quite alone, 2880 
 feet high. The people living around Arayat 
 believe that it came up from the plain in a single 
 night. 
 
 We see many rice and sugar-cane fields along the 
 road. What a pretty sight is a green field of grow- 
 ing cane, with the blades tossing and dancing in the 
 breeze ! 
 
 You eat sugar every day, but do you know where 
 it comes from.^ Would you like to visit a sugar 
 mill in the province of Tarlac ? Let us stop and 
 see one. The cane is cut in the fields and carried 
 on carts to the mill. Here it is crushed between 
 iron rollers, and the juice is pressed out. The juice 
 is then put into big iron vats, under which fires are 
 built. It is boiled down, and when it cools it be- 
 comes sugar. The sugar is cooled in large earthen 
 jars, called pilones, and may then be shipped to Ma- 
 nila to be refined. Sometimes it is sold in the local 
 markets, sometimes shipped abroad. 
 
ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 
 
 25 
 
 
 Crushing Sugar Cane. 
 
 On the way from Manila to Dagupan we pass 
 through the provinces of Rizal, Bulacan, Pam- 
 panga, Tarlac, and Pangasinan. Large quantities 
 of rice as well as sugar are raised in these provinces. 
 Rice is separated from the straw in various ways. 
 Sometimes buffaloes tread it out, sometimes they 
 drag a heavy roller over it, and sometimes it is 
 beaten out by hand. Besides large fields of rice 
 and sugar we may also see fields of maize, many 
 banana, pawpaw and mango trees, bamboos and areca- 
 nut palms. In Pangasinan there are many cocoanut 
 groves, but the cocoa palm does not grow in Pam- 
 panga and Bulacan. On the next page is a picture 
 of a mango tree. These trees often grow very large. 
 There are many of these trees near Malolos and 
 
26 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Baliuag in Bulacan, and in the provinces of Manila 
 and Cavite and in some of the southern islands. 
 Mangoes are ripe in April and May. Often fires 
 are built under the trees to make the fruit ripen 
 earlier. Do you like mangoes ? 
 
 Mango Tree. 
 
 The train often stops at stations in or near cities 
 or villages. We pass near Malolos, the capital of 
 Bulacan province. From Malolos there is a beauti- 
 ful road to Baliuag, which is noted for its fine hats. 
 At Calumpit we cross the Pampanga River. A short 
 distance down this river is the home of the Maca- 
 bebes. We also stop at San Fernando and Angeles 
 in Pampanga, and Tarlac and many other important 
 places. 
 
ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 
 
 2; 
 
 And now we have reached Dagupan. Here the 
 railroad ends. It has taken about seven hours to 
 come from Manila. We find Dagupan a thriving lit- 
 tle city. It has many shops. It is on a river about 
 a mile from the Gulf of Lingayen. The country is 
 very low and has many nipa swamps and cocoanut 
 groves. The leaves of the nipa palm are used to 
 make the roofs and sides of houses. A good nipa 
 roof keeps out the rain and the sun, and will last for 
 
 Nipa Palm Plantation. 
 
 several years. Nipa wine is made from the sap of 
 the nipa plant. The nipa plant grows also in the 
 swamps about Manila Bay. Not far from the city 
 very fine hats are woven. Many of these are 
 sent to Manila. Large quantities of salt are also 
 gathered. 
 
 We can take a boat at Dagupan, if we like, and 
 
28 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 go to northern Luzon, or back to Manila, or across 
 the sea to China. Perhaps, however, you would 
 rather take a trip into the mountains of Benguet. 
 This province is famous for its delightful climate 
 and beautiful scenery. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Tell some of the things you see in going to Dagupan 
 on the railroad. 
 
 2. What provinces do you pass through ? 
 
 3. What is the distance by railroad from Manila to 
 Dagupan ? 
 
 4. Tell what kind of things are shipped on the railroad. 
 
 5. What are the chief products of this part of the 
 country ? 
 
 6. Tell what you can about the mango tree and the 
 nipa palm. 
 
 7. Wliere are Dagupan, Malolos, San Fernando, Mount 
 Arayat, Lingayen, and Tarlac ? 
 
BENGUET 
 
 Dagupan is on a flat plain near the seacoast. 
 The province of Benguet lies back from the coast, 
 up in the mountains, and is hard to reach. There 
 
 Traveling in Benguet. 
 
 are no good roads in this province. One cannot 
 travel in a carromata, but only on foot or horseback, 
 or be carried in a chair. The government will 
 soon have a fine road built from Dagupan to Boguio, 
 the capital of Benguet. This road will be about 
 sixty miles long and will cost a great deal of money, 
 
 29 
 
30 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 for often it has to be cut through the solid rock and 
 bridges have to be built across deep chasms and 
 rushing mountain streams. 
 
 The province of Benguet is among the high 
 mountains. Boguio is only forty-five miles from 
 San Fernando on the seacoast and sixty miles from 
 Dagupan, but it is forty-eight hundred feet above 
 sea level. It is up among the pine trees where it 
 is too cool for tropical plants to grow. During the 
 day, while the sun is shining, it is hot, but at night 
 it becomes cold. Heavy blankets are needed, and 
 one likes to feel the heat from a big open fire. The 
 thermometer never goes above eighty-two degrees 
 Fahrenheit at Boguio, and it drops to as low as forty 
 deofrees at nio:ht. 
 
 Because it is so cool, Benguet is considered to be 
 the healthiest region in the Philippines. People go 
 there from the lowlands to enjoy the cool climate. 
 The air among the pine trees is soft and fragrant 
 and free from tropical fevers. The government 
 has built a hospital and a number of cottages in 
 Benguet, so that its sick employees may have a 
 place to go and get well. 
 
 Benguet is rich in minerals. Many deposits of 
 gold and copper and iron are found there. Some 
 miners dig gold out of the rocks. Others wash it 
 from the sand in the river beds. 
 
 Benguet is also rich in forests of pine trees. 
 From the pine, men get lumber, resin, turpentine, 
 and tar. The soil is good, and potatoes, corn, beans, 
 
BENGUET 
 
 31 
 
 Among the Pines — Benguet. 
 
 peas, grapes, and other fruits and vegetables com- 
 mon to colder countries are grown here. Some 
 tropical fruits also grow well. Fine coffee is pro- 
 duced. There is good grass in Benguet, and sheep, 
 cattle, and horses thrive. 
 
 The natives of Benguet are called Igorrotes. 
 They are not large people, but are well formed, 
 strong, and active. All the goods that go into the 
 province are carried on the backs of these hardy 
 little brown men. Sometimes they carry as much 
 as seventy-five pounds in a single load. They 
 carry things in little baskets made of rattan. These 
 baskets they call chugies. With chugies strapped 
 to their backs, the Igorrotes climb over mountains 
 and wade through streams all day long. 
 
32 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Though Benguet is a cold country, for the PhiHp- 
 pines, the Igorrote men wear no clothing but a strip 
 of cloth around the loins. The Igorrote women 
 wear a short skirt and waist. Both men and women 
 go barefooted and generally bareheaded. Though 
 the nights are cold, the people use only a thin cotton 
 blanket for bed-covering. They try to keep up a 
 
 fire during the night, 
 however. The women 
 are fond of jewelry 
 and often wear very 
 large earrings made 
 of brass. 
 
 A drink called 
 tapoi is made from 
 fermented rice. It 
 contains alcohol, and 
 sometimes people get 
 drunk from drinking 
 it. The favorite meat 
 with the Igorrotes 
 seems to be that of 
 the dog. Their feasts 
 are called caniaos. If 
 
 Igorrote Warrior. 
 
 a man dies and leaves any property a caniao is held 
 until everything is gone. If he gets well, or mar- 
 ries, a caniao is also held. Tapoi is drunk and dogs, 
 sheep, and carabaos are eaten as long as the feast 
 lasts, which may be many days. 
 
 The Igorrotes are fond of going to school. They 
 
BENGUET 33 
 
 are quick to learn and anxious to improve. For 
 centuries they have been used as pack animals, but 
 now they are as free as any one else. Honest and 
 faithful, they are a good people and well liked. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Where is Benguet? How could you reach it from 
 where you live ? 
 
 2. What is the capital of Benguet, and how far is it from 
 the seacoast ? 
 
 3. How does the vegetation in Benguet differ from that 
 around your home ? 
 
 4. What are the people of Benguet called ? 
 
 5. Tell what you know about a caniao. 
 
 6. Find Benguet, Vigan, Aparri, and Cagayan. 
 
THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 
 
 Most of the people of Luzon are Tagalogs, Iloca- 
 nos, and Pampangos. But in the mountains in 
 many parts of the PhiHppines there are small groups 
 
 Group of Negritos. 
 
 of people called the wild or non-Christian tribes. 
 The most interesting of these is known as the Ne- 
 gritos or Aetas. They are supposed to be the 
 descendants of the first people who lived here. They 
 always live in scattered groups away from towns and 
 white men. They are found in the mountains of the 
 
 34 
 
THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 35 
 
 large islands. They are almost dwarfs, not often be- 
 ing five feet high. They do not look very strong but 
 are quick and active. Their skin is as black as that 
 of the negro, so they are called Negritos. They have 
 woolly hair, strong jaws, thick lips, and flat noses. 
 They can climb trees like monkeys, and they use 
 their toes in picking things up off the ground. 
 
 The Negritos do not wear many clothes. They 
 always go barefooted. The men wear a strip of 
 cloth around the waist. The women have a loose 
 covering reaching from the waist to the knees. 
 
 These people are simple and peaceful. They do 
 not know a great many things. They cannot read 
 or write. They build very poor houses. They 
 make bows and arrows, and a few ornaments. Their 
 farming consists merely of scratching the ground 
 with sticks and scattering the seeds with their 
 hands. 
 
 They do not live long in one place. They move 
 whenever the seasons require it, or the game and 
 fruit are better somewhere else. Their houses con- 
 sist of coarse mats of grass thrown over bamboo 
 poles. When they move they sometimes carry these 
 houses with them. 
 
 They use lances made of bamboo, bows made of 
 palmwood, and poisoned arrows. With these they 
 hunt wild boars and deer, birds and fish. For the 
 most part their food consists of fish, roots, mountain 
 rice, and fruits. Wild honey is looked upon as a 
 luxury. They do not have any domestic animals 
 
36 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 except the dog, of which they are very fond. Some- 
 times they steal cattle from the lowlands. They 
 like tobacco, and even the children smoke. 
 
 Negritos at Home. 
 
 The Negritos generally live together in little 
 groups of fifty or sixty under a chief. The chief 
 says when to abandon the homes and move to 
 another place. He is their leader when they make 
 war on another people. They like to take the scalps 
 of their enemies, and are often called head-hunters 
 on that account. 
 
 These people have never been converted to Chris- 
 tianity. They are still pagans and worship nature 
 and spirits. In the graves of the dead they place 
 food and arms. Around the c^mp fire they set up 
 
THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 
 
 37 
 
 sticks with bunches of grass tied to them. These 
 are for the spirits. During the time of full moon 
 they hold their dances, often with large deer horns 
 tied on their heads. 
 
 The Negritos are shy people and have very little 
 to do with any one else. Sometimes they bring 
 
 Negritos pounding Cut Rice. 
 
 wax, honey, skins, and precious metals to the civil- 
 ized people and trade them for clothes, food, and 
 ornaments. 
 
 Their marriage customs are very peculiar. When 
 a young man wants to marry, he does not ask the 
 consent of the girl's parents. The girl runs away 
 and hides in the woods, and the man runs after her. 
 If the man finds her, he brings her back to the 
 
38 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 village. Of course, if the girl wants to marry, she 
 allows herself to be found. The young couple then 
 go into a house together, or sometimes they are 
 taken up into a tree by ladders. Then some old 
 person dashes a cup of water over them and places 
 their heads together. After that they are man and 
 wife. 
 
 How would you like to live among the Negritos ? 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Did you ever see a Negrito? Describe his appearance. 
 
 2. How do the Negritos differ from the Igorrotes ? 
 
 3. How do the Negritos build their houses ? 
 
 4. What kind of weapons do they have, and what do 
 they hunt ? 
 
 5. Describe their marriage customs. 
 
IN THE VALLEY OF THE CAGAYAN 
 
 Northern Luzon is full of mountains. Some of 
 them are high and covered with vegetation. Others, 
 like those in Benguet, have but little vegetation on 
 their tops. 
 
 Between two of the ranges of mountains in north- 
 ern Luzon is a great valley called the Cagayan. 
 It takes in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and 
 Nueva Vizcaya. Through it flow the Rio Grande 
 de Cagayan, the Magat, and the Rio Chico. Ocean 
 vessels can go up the Rio Grande some distance 
 from Aparri, and boats that draw but little water 
 can go far into the interior. Alligators are numer- 
 ous in these rivers, so that it is dangerous to go 
 swimming in them. 
 
 The soil in this great valley is rich. For ages 
 it has been carried down from the mountains by 
 the streams. Much timber is cut in the mountains. 
 Many kinds of crops grow well, particularly tobacco. 
 Most of the tobacco grown in the Philippines is pro- 
 duced here. Formerly the people were compelled by 
 the Spanish government to grow tobacco and noth- 
 ing else, but now they are free to do as they like. 
 
 Would you like to know something more about 
 this industry? More than two hundred years ago 
 
 39 
 
40 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 the Spaniards brought the tobacco plant to the 
 Philippines from Mexico. Its cultivation has in- 
 creased from that time, until to-day it is one of the 
 principal industries of the islands. It is grown in 
 many parts of the archipelago, but the best tobacco 
 is produced in northern Luzon. When grown, the 
 tobacco leaves are dried and collected from plan- 
 
 Tobacco Field in Northern Luz6n. 
 
 tations all along the rivers and taken by boat to 
 Aparri at the mouth of the Cagayan. From here 
 it is shipped in large boats to Manila. 
 
 In Manila there are many tobacco factories. In 
 some of them cigars and cigarettes are made, in 
 others smoking and chewing tobacco. 
 
 Let us visit one of these factories. We go first 
 into a large room in which many people are at work. 
 
IN THE VALLEY OF THE CAGAYAN 41 
 
 On one side are men making the best grade of cigars, 
 on the other side women are making a cheaper grade. 
 Each person sits at a table with the tobacco in front 
 of him. As he makes a cigar he measures it to see 
 that it is of the right size and length. He works 
 very rapidly, for he is paid for the number of cigars 
 he makes. 
 
 Cigarettes are made by machinery as well as by 
 hand. Tobacco is fed into a machine, which rolls 
 it up tightly into paper. When this paper roll is 
 cut off at the right place, the cigarette is ready to 
 use. Some of these machines can make as many as 
 three hundred and sixty cigarettes a minute. 
 
 After the cigarettes are made by the machine, 
 they must be counted and put into packages. Gen- 
 erally, thirty are put up together. But, strange to 
 say, the girls who do this work do not stop to count 
 the cigarettes, but seize a handful and can tell by the 
 feeling whether they have the right number or not. 
 Girls and women are largely employed because their 
 labor is cheaper than that of men. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What is the great tobacco-growing section in the 
 Philippines ? 
 
 2. When and why were the people not allowed to grow 
 anything but tobacco ? 
 
 3. What becomes of the tobacco after it is taken from 
 the fields ? 
 
 4. Tell what you know about a tobacco factory. 
 
 5. Is it good for people to use tobacco ? 
 
THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 
 
 All Filipinos like rice. Many eat it three times 
 a day. It is grown in large quantities in nearly all 
 of the islands, and yet so much is eaten that mil- 
 
 Plowing a Rice Field. 
 
 lions of dollars' worth have to be brought in from 
 other countries every year. Most of it comes from 
 southern China and the Malay States. 
 
 Have you ever seen rice growing ? The grain is 
 sown on pieces of land called the seeding plot. It 
 is sown at the beginning of the rainy season, say in 
 
 42 
 
THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 
 
 43 
 
 w 
 
 ^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^A|i^|^^^^ 
 
 HMIil.:-:.ji«^/F^i3 
 
 
 Planting Rice, 
 
 June. In about six weeks the young plants are 
 nearly a foot high. They are then pulled up and 
 planted in the fields. 
 
 The ground is first carefully prepared. It is plowed 
 and harrowed while still covered with water, so that 
 the surface becomes covered with soft mud. When 
 the fields are ready many men, women, and children 
 come out of the villages to do the planting. 
 
 The young rice plants are carried in small bundles 
 to the places where they are to be planted. The 
 people cross the field, ankle-deep in the soft mud, 
 and put the plants into the mud, placing six or seven 
 stems together at regular distances apart. In burn- 
 ing sun or pouring rain the work goes on, until the 
 whole field is planted. 
 
44 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 To grow well the rice plant requires much sun 
 and water. The fields are usually divided into 
 smaller parts called paddies. Each paddie is sur- 
 rounded by a small bank of soil and grass, so that it 
 will hold water for a long time. When it does not 
 rain, water is often brought from some stream by 
 
 Harvesting Rice. 
 
 ditches to the rice fields. In this way the rice pad- 
 dies are kept wet until the rice is nearly ready to be 
 gathered. Where the country is hilly the rice pad- 
 dies form terraces or steps down the hills. 
 
 The young rice grows very rapidly, and in a few 
 weeks the fields have a beautiful green color, and 
 the rice waves gracefully as it bends beneath the 
 summer winds. 
 
 In about six months it has changed from green 
 
THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 45 
 
 to golden yellow. Now it is ripe and ready to be 
 harvested. After being cut, it is heaped or stacked up. 
 After about six weeks more, the grain is separated 
 from the straw. This is done sometimes by tramp- 
 ing it out with the feet, sometimes by beating it with 
 a flail, and sometimes by buffaloes treading it out. 
 
 After being separated from the straw, the grain 
 must be husked or separated from the chaff. This 
 is generally done in a mortar, hewn out of hard 
 wood, by pounding it with a pestle or a mallet. Per- 
 haps, however, a machine worked by buffaloes is 
 used. There are also some steam mills in the 
 islands. They are the best kind. Most people, 
 however, still hull their rice by pounding it in mor- 
 tars. (See picture on page ^^^j.) 
 
 Rice is used in nearly every country in the world. 
 More people eat it, and use more of it than of any 
 other food. It can be cooked in many different 
 ways, and has strength-giving qualities that make it 
 one of the most valuable of foods. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 T From where is rice imported ? 
 
 How is it planted and how cultivated ? 
 What different colors has growing rice ? 
 Name some of the ways in which rice is used. 
 What other cereals are grown in the Philippines 1 
 
IN SOUTHERN LUZON 
 
 Rising gently to the south of Manila and west of 
 Laguna de Bay is the province of Cavite. Some 
 parts of it are stony and sandy, but other parts are 
 rich and fertile. 
 
 The town of Cavite is the capital of the province. 
 It is on the south side of the bay, six and a half 
 
 View of Cavite. 
 
 miles across from Manila. Well-graded streets and 
 houses built of brick and stone are found in Cavite. 
 There are also cafes, hotels, and theaters. It is the 
 site of the government navy yards. Here boats in 
 the government service are built and repaired. 
 
 46 
 
IN SOUTHERN LUZON 47 
 
 It was off Cavite, on May i, 1898, that the famous 
 battle between the Spanish and American fieets took 
 place. Admiral Dewey steamed into the harbor 
 during the night. The next morning he attacked 
 the fleet commanded by Admiral Montojo. The 
 fight was short and fierce. The Spaniards fought 
 bravely, but at the end four hundred Spanish soldiers 
 w^ere dead and the fleet was destroyed. The wrecks 
 of some of these vessels may yet be seen out in the 
 water, and are reminders of the terrible fight that 
 took place here. 
 
 At the southern end of the province of Bataan 
 and across the bay from Cavite, is Mariveles. The 
 island of Corregidor lies between these two places. 
 Upon this island, which divides the entrance to 
 Manila Bay into two parts, are lighthouses to guide 
 boats entering the harbor. Mariveles is the last 
 point at which vessels may stop on their outward 
 passage. It is used as the quarantine station for 
 ships that require disinfection during times of chol- 
 era, smallpox, or of plague. 
 
 If you should sail on the China Sea north from 
 Mariveles, you would see the rocky coast of Bataan 
 and Zambales. There are many little bays and 
 coral reefs. The largest bay is Subic Bay, on 
 which is situated Olongapd, an important naval 
 station. Steamers go daily across the bay to 
 Manila from Bataan and carry camotes, tomatoes, 
 fish, cocoanuts, bananas, and guavas, and many 
 passengers. Many logs, which are made into lum- 
 
48 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 ber or into bancas, are also sent to Manila, Cavite, 
 and Bulacan. 
 
 Cavite Viejo is on an arm of Manila Bay. It is a 
 fishing town, having many nets and sails and boats. 
 It was the home of Don Emilio Aguinaldo. 
 
 Corregidor Island at the Gateway to Manila Bay. 
 
 Going farther south along the coast, we come to 
 the province of Batangas. Parts of this province 
 are mountainous, while other parts are rolling or 
 level. It is a beautiful country. Large quantities 
 of sugar and coffee are grown there. Oxen as well 
 as buffaloes are used for plowing and hauling. Many 
 horses are raised in this province, the Batangas horses 
 being famous for their large size. 
 
 Batangas and Lipa are the t\^o principal towns in 
 
IN SOUTHERN LUZON 49 
 
 the province. They are both clean and well built. 
 Many wealthy sugar and coffee planters live here. 
 
 In Batangas province is the great Taal Volcano, 
 on an island in Bombdn Lake. As one looks down 
 into the crater of this volcano, he sees three lakes 
 of different colored boiling liquids. The volcano 
 has more than once been in a state of eruption and 
 has destroyed the towns of Lipa and Taal. Ashes 
 are said even to have reached Manila, thirty-four 
 miles away, and it became so dark that people had 
 to light candles in the middle of the day. 
 
 Across from Batangas is the huge island of Min- 
 doro. It is always dark and gloomy, for its moun- 
 tains are covered almost all the year with rain clouds. 
 It is an unhealthy place ; and there is fever every- 
 where along the coasts. Not much comes from 
 Mindoro except timber, rattan, wax, and tortoise 
 shell. Tobacco, cotton, and hemp are also valuable 
 products. The towns are on the coasts, and are 
 inhabited mostly by Tagalogs on the north and 
 Visayans on the south. The people of the interior 
 are the Manguianes, who live in the mountains 
 much like the Negritos. 
 
 In the mountainous country southeast of Batangas 
 gold is found in the river beds. Many people spend 
 all their time washing the gravels and sands for gold. 
 
 Ambos Camarines, Albay, and Sorsogdn are the 
 southernmost provinces in Luzon. The people of 
 these provinces are called Bicols, and they speak the 
 Bicol language. There are a few Tagalogs. The 
 
50 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Bicols are peaceful and industrious. The country 
 is very fertile and beautiful. The growing of hemp 
 and the making of copra are the main industries. 
 In Ambos Camarines much rice and chocolate are 
 also grown. The people make a perfume from the 
 blossoms of the ilang-ilang tree. 
 
 May6n Volcano. -^ 
 
 In the province of Albay there is a great volcano, 
 about 8500 feet high, called Maydn. It is shaped [ 
 like a cone and has a beautiful purple top. But \ 
 Mayon is not always beautiful. It has had some ! 
 dreadful eruptions. The last of these destructive I 
 outbreaks was in the year 1897. Vast quantities j 
 of smoke and steam and lava were thrown out. j 
 Several villages were destroyed and hundreds of 
 people were killed. ^ [ 
 
IN SOUTHERN LUZON 5 1 
 
 On the sides of this volcanic mountain flourish 
 in greatest luxuriance tree-ferns, lianas, orchids, and 
 palms. Abaca or hemp also finds here a good 
 home. 
 
 If now we look at Luzon as a whole, we see that 
 in the great northern valley tobacco is the chief prod- 
 uct ; in the middle valley, sugar and rice ; in the 
 southern part, rice and hemp. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. For what is the town of Cavite noted ? 
 
 2. When and where did the battle of Manila take 
 place ? 
 
 3. What do you know about the two great volcanoes 
 of southern Luzon ? 
 
 4. What are the most important products of northern 
 Luzon ? central Luzon ? southern Luzon ? 
 
 5. Find on the map : Bataan, Cavite, Mindoro, Sorso- 
 gon, and Corregidor Island. 
 
 6. Where are Mariveles, Olongapo, Batangas, Lake 
 Bombon, and Mayon volcano ? 
 

 
 FIG 
 
 A N 
 
 
 SEA 
 
 IZk 
 
 from Greenwich 125 
 
 126 L.L.POATES, EUGR., N.' 
 
AMONG THE VISAYANS 
 
 There are many kinds of people inhabiting the 
 Philippine Islands. There are said to be as many 
 
 as thirty different 
 tribes. Each tribe 
 has its own language 
 or dialect and its pe- 
 culiar customs. Of 
 course, these dialects 
 are not entirely un- 
 like one another, but 
 they are so dissimilar 
 that people of one 
 tribe often find it 
 quite impossible to 
 understand those of 
 another. 
 
 The two principal 
 visayan Woman. groups are the Taga- 
 
 logs and other tribes who live in Luzon, and the 
 Visayans, who live on most of the islands south of 
 Luzon. The name Visayas is applied to the islands 
 of Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, 
 and the people who inhabit them are called the 
 Visayans. 
 
 54 V 
 
AMONG THE VISAYANS 
 
 55 
 
 The Visa3^an group contains the largest number 
 of people. Formerly they were called Pintados or 
 Painted Men from the blue painting or tattooing 
 used at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The 
 men generally wear their hair longer than do the 
 Tagalogs, and the women wear patadions instead of 
 soya and tapis. The 
 patadion is a piece of 
 cloth, the ends of 
 which are sewed to- 
 gether. It is wrapped 
 around the figure, 
 doubled over in front, 
 and tucked in at the 
 waist. 
 
 The men and boys 
 are expert boatmen 
 and fishermen. The 
 Visayans, as w^ell as 
 the Tagalogs, make 
 canoes and bancas by 
 hollowing out trees. 
 
 Visayan Fisherman. 
 
 When fitted up with sails and outriggers, the bancas 
 are called proas, or prahus. Large covered boats 
 used in conveying freight are called cascos. In olden 
 times, the large ocean-going sailboats used by the 
 Spaniards were called galleons. 
 
 Sails for these boats are made from hemp, cotton, 
 
 Some Visayans are also expert hunters. They 
 
56 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 kill wild hogs and deer with lances, bows and arrows. 
 The meat of these animals they cut up into strips 
 and dry in the sun. 
 
 Like the Tagalogs, the Visayans are fond of mu- 
 sic. They are much better performers on instru- 
 ments, however, than they are singers. Nearly every 
 village has its band of musicians. 
 
 On the islands of Masbate and Rombldn, south of 
 Luzon, beautiful straw mats, called petates^ are made. 
 These are used to sleep on and also for wall decora- 
 tions. Masbate is also famous for its large numbers 
 of cattle, hogs, and horses. Many of these are sent 
 each month to Manila, IloHo, and Negros. 
 
 In the Visayas, as well as in Luzon, cockfighting 
 and pony-racing are the chief amusements. With 
 the boys, kite-flying is a favorite sport. Some of 
 the kites are made like dragons, others like birds. 
 They have long strings attached to them and some- 
 times on the tail of the kite there are sharp shells 
 or glass. In the kite fights, the boys try to make 
 the tails of their own kites cut the strings of other 
 rival kites so that the latter will float away in the 
 air. Baseball is also popular. 
 
 There are many birds, insects, and reptiles 
 in the Philippines, but only the wild cat, wild 
 buffalo, and some kinds of snakes are dangerous. 
 Wild buffaloes are easily tamed when taken young. 
 They are dangerous animals to hunt when older, 
 for, if wounded, they charge the hunter and may 
 gore him to death. When tamed they are the 
 
AMONG THE VISAYANS 
 
 57 
 
 most useful animals in the islands. They do nearly 
 all the hauling and plowing. They are queer ani- 
 mals, slow and heavy, and require frequent baths 
 of mud and water. If they do not get these baths, 
 they will not work and often run mad. 
 
 The ''Vaca," or Singapore Bull. 
 
 Ants are the most common nuisance. If food is 
 left standing on the table, in a few hours ants swarm 
 all over it, unless they are prevented by placing the 
 legs of the table in water or oil. 
 
 The white ants eat nearly every kind of wood. 
 They often destroy a building to such an extent 
 that it has to be pulled down. 
 
 Huge boa constrictor snakes are found in some 
 places. Some of them are more than twenty feet 
 long. Though able to swallow whole such small 
 
58 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 animals as cats and birds, the boas are not often 
 dangerous to man. They are sometimes kept in 
 cages as pets. But the snakes to be dreaded are 
 called by the Tagalogs alupong and doghongpalay. 
 The latter is met with in the deep mud of rice 
 fields and in the tall rice grass. 
 
 Then there are locusts, or grasshoppers, that 
 come in swarms of millions at a time. They settle 
 down on the fields and eat them bare in a single 
 night. People often try to scare them away by beat- 
 ing on tin cans and bamboo clappers, by waving red 
 flags, and by building fires of damp wood to make 
 smoke. Locusts are very sensitive to noise. Some- 
 times, also, they are driven into pits. They can fly 
 long distances without stopping — sometimes as far 
 as sixty miles. Many people like to eat locusts. 
 They are caught in nets, dried and boiled. 
 
 There are many monkeys in the forests, and tame 
 monkeys may often be seen in the houses. In some 
 of the southern islands large sea turtles, weighing 
 sometimes more than a hundred kilos, are caught. 
 The shells of some of these turtles are very valuable 
 and are made into combs and many other useful 
 things. Deer are found in the mountains. Their 
 flesh is eaten, and their skins are useful. They are 
 sometimes caught in nets. Pits are often dug in 
 the paths in the forests and carefully covered with 
 sticks and leaves. If a deer falls into one of these 
 pits, he is killed or wounded by the sharp sticks 
 which are placed in the bottom. Sometimes men 
 
AMONG THE VISAYANS , 59 
 
 fall into them and are badly injured. In some 
 places there are large lizards, often more than a 
 meter long. They can run very rapidly. They are 
 eaten, and their eggs are very good. In the houses 
 there are many small lizards, or geckos. They 
 catch flies and other insects and are very useful. 
 There are also many beautiful birds, but only a few 
 good singers. The call of doves may be heard in 
 the trees by the roadside or in the forests. Herons 
 may be seen in large numbers in the rice fields. 
 How many birds or other animals have you seen 
 to-day ? 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Name the principal islands which form the group 
 called the Visayas. 
 
 2. What are the principal groups of people living in 
 the PhiUppines ? 
 
 3. Name the different kinds of boats in use. 
 
 4. Do the Visayans differ much from the Tagalogs in 
 their amusements ? 
 
 5. Name the common animals found in the PhiHppines. 
 
 6. Find on the map Panay, Cebu, Bohol, Negros, Mas- 
 bate, Samar, and Romblon. 
 
IN PANAY 
 
 The Filipinos do not travel much, especially 
 those who do not live on the large rivers or on the 
 seashore. The fishermen and traders often go long 
 
 Filipino Blacksmith — Panay. 
 
 distances in their boats. But in the country the 
 people have to work in the fields, or their roads are 
 not good, and it is hard to walk or ride long dis- 
 tances. So most of the people stay at home. But 
 people who never have been outride of their pueblo 
 
 60 
 
IN PAN AY 6 1 
 
 often have very queer ideas about people who live 
 in other pueblos, or islands, or countries. We can 
 learn very much by traveling. 
 
 In the southern islands much maize or Indian 
 corn is used instead of rice. Sometimes the corn 
 is roasted and eaten from the cob ; generally, how- 
 ever, it is ground between stone or wooden rollers 
 into a meal and eaten as mush. The corn meal fed 
 to horses is called tic-tic. 
 
 Cacao is grown throughout the islands. It re- 
 quires a hot, damp climate. It was brought to the 
 Philippines from Mexico more than two hundred 
 years ago. It is not grown, on an extensive scale, 
 but nearly every one raises enough for his use in his 
 own garden. Only a small quantity is sent abroad. 
 The cacao beans are very bitter. Chocolate is made 
 from them by roasting them, separating them from 
 their husks, and pounding them up into a wet paste 
 to which sugar and some extract like vanilla are 
 added. Small round cakes are then made of this 
 paste. Chocolate is the favorite breakfast drink of 
 most Filipinos. Have you ever tasted a cacao bean ? 
 
 Buyo, or the betel plant, is also cultivated through- 
 out the islands. The areca nut, when coated with a 
 lime obtained from the oyster shell, is wrapped up 
 in a buyo or betel leaf and used for chewing. It 
 gives the chewer's lips and teeth the appearance of 
 being coated with blood. Like the cocoanut tree, 
 the areca palm is tall and graceful, the leaves and 
 nuts growing in a tuft at the top. 
 
62 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 In Europe an agreeable tooth paste is made from 
 the areca nut. 
 
 The large and wealthy island of Panay is the 
 westernmost of the Visayan group. It is divided 
 into three provinces, — Capiz on the north, Antique 
 on the west, and Iloilo on the south and east. 
 
 Carabao Carts in Hollo. 
 
 This latter province is one of the richest and most 
 densely populated in the Philippines. The capital 
 and largest city has the same name as the province. 
 Both Iloilo and Cebu claim the honor of being the 
 second city of the Philippines. Iloilo does a large 
 export business, chiefly in sugar. The city is built 
 at the mouth of a river, on low land, part of which 
 has been reclaimed from a swamp. It has no 
 
IN PANAY 
 
 63 
 
 wharves for large .vessels, however, and goods must 
 therefore be carried to or from the ships on lighters, 
 or small boats. There are many large buildings in 
 Iloilo, most of them owned by foreign commercial 
 firms. 
 
 In Pan ay fine tex- 
 tiles are made. Thou- 
 sands of dollars' worth 
 are sent from Iloilo 
 every year. They are 
 all made by women 
 working: on hand 
 looms at home. 
 Coarse cloth is 
 made from ordinary 
 hemp fiber. Jusi is 
 made from a finer 
 quality of hemp, 
 mixed with some 
 
 Iloilo Women making Pina Cloth. 
 
 From Stereoscopic Photograph. Copyrighted 
 1900 by Underwood and Underwood. 
 
 silk and the fiber of the pineapple leaf. Pina is 
 made from the pure fiber of the leaves of a non 
 fruit-bearing pineapple plant. It is almost trans- 
 parent and of the utmost delicacy. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What substitute is found for rice in the southern 
 islands ? How is it prepared ? 
 
 2. Describe how chocolate is made. 
 
 3. Into what provinces is Panay divided.'' 
 
 4. What kinds of cloth are produced in Panay ? 
 
 5. Where is Iloilo ? 
 
IN NEGROS 
 
 The two great products of Philippine agriculture 
 are sugar and hemp. The best sugar is produced 
 on Panay and Negros, the island next east of Panay. 
 
 Scene in Negros. 
 
 Here the sugar estates are much larger than in Lu- 
 zon, each one often producing a thousand tons of 
 sugar a year. A large number of European steam 
 mills are in use in these two islands. As a result, 
 about two and a half tons of sugar to the acre are 
 produced in Negros, while in l^uzdn, where the old 
 
 64 
 
IN NEGROS 
 
 65 
 
 mills are still in general use, less than two tons to 
 the acre is realized. 
 
 The system of working the plantations is different 
 from that in Luzon. There the estates are worked 
 on shares ; in Negros and Panay the laborers are paid 
 by the day. Often they demand pay before the work 
 is done, and then sometimes fail to do the work. 
 
 A Philippine Hemp Field. 
 
 The sugar is also treated differently from what it 
 is in Luzon. After being pressed from the cane in 
 the steam mills, the juice is boiled to a high point in 
 open pans. From the pans it is poured into large 
 wooden trays and then beaten up with paddles until 
 it becomes a pale yellow mass. After drying it is 
 packed in mat bags, called bayones, and is then ready 
 for shipment. 
 
66 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Cleaning Hemp. 
 
 Most of the sugar is sent abroad without being 
 refined. It is gathered up by small boats and taken 
 to Iloilo, where it is reshipped to foreign ports. In 
 one year this port alone sent out over one hundred 
 and sixty-five thousand tons. The dry sugar is sent 
 for the most part to the United States and the wet 
 sugar to England. 
 
 The molasses made from sugar cane is used 
 largely in making alcoholic drinks and mixed with 
 water as a food for horses. 
 
 For several years the cane-sugar industry has suf- 
 fered on account of competition with beet sugar. 
 Many European countries give a bounty on all the 
 beet sugar exported, and this has restricted the use 
 of cane sugar. ^ 
 
IN NEGROS 
 
 67 
 
 Making Ropes of Hemp. 
 
 Hemp, or abaca, is the most important product of 
 the PhiHppine Islands. A certain kind of hemp 
 grows better here than in any other place in the 
 world. Soil and climate combine to make the con- 
 ditions just right. The best hemp grows on the 
 islands of Marinduque, Leyte, and in Albay in south- 
 ern Luzon. It also grows on many other islands of 
 the Visayan group. 
 
 Hemp is a wild species of the plantain. It looks 
 very much like the banana plant. It is planted from 
 shoots and requires about three years to grow. It 
 reaches a height of about ten feet and requires but 
 little attention after planting. 
 
 One man cuts down the plant, removes the outer 
 covering, and separates the layers, forming the stem 
 
68 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 into strips which are then spread out to dry. An- 
 other man then draws them under a knife, one end 
 of which is attached to a block of wood and the 
 other end by a cord to a pedal. By this means he 
 is able to press the knife down on a strip of hemp 
 and clean it without cutting it. The strip may be 
 six feet long. It is then spread out to dry and 
 afterward tightly packed in bales with iron or rattan 
 hoops. It is now ready for shipment. A man can 
 clean about twenty-five pounds of hemp a day. Gen- 
 erally he gets half for cleaning. 
 
 The hemp goes to Manila or to Hongkong or to 
 other foreign ports, where it is made up into ropes 
 and cables of all kinds. It is also used in Europe 
 and America in making paper, thread, and cloth. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What are the two leading products of the Philippines? 
 Where are they chiefly grown ? 
 
 2. Describe the difference between the making of sugar 
 in Luzon and in Negros. 
 
 3. How else is sugar produced than from cane ? 
 
 4. What are the best islands for hemp ? 
 
 5. Describe the method of cleaning and baling hemp ? 
 
CEBU 
 
 Lying east of Negros and separated from it by 
 the Strait of Tafion is the island of Cebu. It is 
 shaped hke an alligator — long and narrow. The 
 
 Cebii from the Sea. 
 
 greatest length is 135 miles, the average width less 
 than twelve. There are about five hundred thou- 
 sand people on the island. They have a reputation 
 for sociability and hospitality. 
 
 69 
 
70 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The city of Cebu has about thirty thousand in- 
 habitants and is the capital of the island. It is the 
 second or third largest port in the Philippines. 
 Most of the products sent from Iloilo go from Cebu 
 also. Many foreign commercial houses are repre- 
 sented in the city, and it is the residence of vice- 
 consuls of European nations. 
 
 Church of the Holy Child (Santo Nino). 
 
 Cebu in its location is a beautiful little city. The 
 island of Mactan lies in front of it and a picturesque 
 range of hills behind. The harbor is one of the 
 best in the archipelago. Cebu was the first munici- 
 pality in the islands. From the time of settlement 
 until the year 1571 it was the capital city. Since 
 that time Manila has been the capital. 
 
CEBU 
 
 71 
 
 in 
 
 image 
 
 Cebu is the residence of a bishop and has a cathe- 
 dral and several churches. The best known of these 
 is the church of Santo Nino — the " Holy Child." 
 In this church is an image of the Child Jesus. This 
 image, so it is said, was found on this island in the 
 year 1565 by a 
 soldier. The Aus- 
 tin friars kept it 
 and venerated it. 
 The church 
 which the 
 was kept was once 
 burned, but the 
 image itself was 
 saved. 
 
 The Santo Nifio 
 is made of wood. 
 It is about fifteen 
 inches high, black 
 in color, and laden 
 with silver orna- 
 ments. It is sup- 
 
 J 4-^ U ^ ^ The Holy Child (Santo Nino) of Cebu. 
 
 posed to nave ^ ^ ^ 
 
 miraculous powers. During the feast held in its 
 honor (January 20) pilgrims from all parts of the 
 island come to purify their souls at its shrine. 
 
 The island of Cebu is prosperous. It is not nat- 
 urally so rich as some others, but still hemp, sugar, 
 copra, tobacco, rice, and corn are produced in consid- 
 erable quantities. Large groves of cocoanut trees 
 
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 fi 
 
 jBt ^ 
 
 3 
 
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 fl 
 
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 HE^B^p 
 
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 »»«^»«.»^^ -^-^^^— ' 
 
 
72' THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 abound, and other fruits, especially the pineapple 
 and mango, grow in abundance. Shells and pearls 
 are obtained from Cebu and the adjoining islands. 
 This is said to be the only place in the world where 
 the cornucopia-shaped sponges, called Venus s bas- 
 kets, are found in abundance. 
 
 Have you ever heard the wonderful story of Ma- 
 gellan who was killed on the island of Mactan ? It 
 was he, you know, who discovered these islands 
 nearly four hundred years ago, and we still delight 
 to tell of his brave deeds. It required a brave man 
 then to go out on the broad, unknown ocean in a 
 little sailing ship. The people who lived in Magel- 
 lan's day did not know so much about the great 
 world as we know. They thought it was flat and 
 that there was a falling-off place somewhere out in 
 the ocean where ships would fall down into a bot- 
 tomless pit. It was hard, also, to take food enough 
 in the little ships for a long voyage. The sailors 
 often became sick and mutinied. 
 
 But Magellan was a daring sailor. By birth he 
 was a nobleman of Portugal, but he did not like his 
 king and so went to Spain to live. 
 
 The king of Spain gave him five little vessels with 
 which to go and seek for rich islands on the other 
 side of the world. He sailed slowly across the 
 great Atlantic Ocean and came to a land which we 
 call South America. Magellan knew there was an 
 ocean on the other side of this land but did not 
 know how to reach it. Some of his men grew tired 
 
CEBU 73 
 
 of the delays and hardships and mutinied. But 
 Magellan was a stern man. One rebellious captain 
 was sent ashore, another was stabbed to' death, and 
 still another was executed. 
 
 Magellan then sailed south a long time until he 
 came to an opening which we call in honor of him 
 the Straits of Magellan. Through the straits he 
 sailed into the Pacific Ocean, pointed his bows to 
 the west and sailed toward the setting sun. After 
 many long and weary days he came to the island of 
 Cebu. This was on the 7th of April, 1521. On 
 receiving news of the arrival of the foreigners, the 
 king of Cebu and two thousand of his warriors, 
 armed with lances and shields, came out on the 
 beach to greet them. 
 
 The King agreed to a treaty to be ratified by blood 
 which each was to drink from the breast of the 
 other. Magellan converted the King and Queen 
 to the Catholic faith, and they were both baptized. 
 A hut was built on the shore in which they might 
 celebrate mass. 
 
 But the King was at war with the tribe on Mactan 
 Island. So Magellan went over to this island to 
 help the King his friend. Here he was shot with 
 an arrow and killed. So ended the life of this brave 
 man. He discovered these islands and took posses- 
 sion of them for the king of Spain to whom they 
 belonged until taken by the Americans. 
 
 In Manila and on the left bank of the Pasig River 
 stands a monument to his memory. Another has 
 
74 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 been erected on Mactan Island, at the place where 
 he is supposed to have been slain the 27th of April, 
 1 52 1. Also in the city of Cebu there stands an 
 obelisk to commemorate these events. 
 
 Northeast of Cebu are the islands Leyte and 
 Samar. These islands produce much hemp. Wax, 
 sponges, pearls, birds' nests, cocoanut oil, and copra 
 
 Pearl Fishing. 
 
 are also very important products. Tacloban is the 
 capital of Leyte, and Catbalogan is the capital of 
 Samar. At Tacloban many cascos and larger sailing 
 boats are made. Near Catbalogan a plant produces 
 a seed called the isigud or Catbalogan seed. It is 
 bought by the Chinese who use it to prevent cholera. 
 Samar is separated from Luzon by San Bernardino 
 Strait, through which many ships pass from America 
 or from the islands in the Pacific Ocean. Both 
 
CEBU 
 
 75 
 
 islands are very mountainous and have many in- 
 active volcanoes and fertile valleys. On the coast 
 there are many bays and extensive cocoanut groves. 
 A few miles east of Cebu is the island of Bohol. 
 The people are Visayans and are noted for their 
 activity and industry. They are skillful in making 
 pina, cotton cloths, and mats. They catch turtles 
 and export a large number of shells. There are 
 many small islands near its shores and many coral 
 reefs. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What are the three largest ports in the Philippines ? 
 
 2. For what is the island of Cebu known ? 
 
 3. What are some of the historic events that took place 
 near the city of Cebu ? 
 
 4. Tell the story of Magellan. 
 
 5. How are Magellan's deeds commemorated? 
 
 6. Tell what you can about the other large islands 
 belonging to the Visayas. 
 
 7. Find on a map Catbalogan, Bohol, Cebu, and San 
 Bernardino Strait. 
 
IN THE FAR SOUTH 
 
 Far south of Cebu is the island of Mindanao, the 
 second largest island in the archipelago. 
 
 Mindanao is not very well known. It was not 
 settled to any extent by the Spaniards, and it has 
 not had many connections with the northern islands. 
 Fever abounds along the coasts, though the natives 
 seem to be largely immune. It is a very rich island, 
 and in spite of its present backward condition, it will 
 some day be one of the most prosperous. 
 
 On the map, Mindanao looks like a huge bird : 
 its beak is in the northeast, turned out toward the 
 Pacific; its tail is in the southwest. The eastern 
 coast is open to the breakers of the Pacific and has 
 no safe harbors. The island as a whole has few 
 good harbors and as yet but little commerce. 
 
 Some of the mountains in Mindanao are very 
 high. Mount Apo, close to the Gulf of Davao, 
 reaches a height of more than ten thousand feet. It 
 is probably the highest mountain in all the Philip- 
 pines. Gold is found in these mountains. Many 
 people spend most of their time washing for gold in 
 the rivers. 
 
 In the eastern part of Mindanao is Mainit, or Hot 
 Lake. It is over one thousand, feet deep. It is the 
 
 76 
 
IN THE FAR SOUTH 
 
 n 
 
 kind of place alligators like, and they breed there in 
 great numbers. 
 
 Another interesting bif of scenery is found in the 
 central mountains. Here two rivers unite and flow 
 into the deep canon of Locasacan. Through this 
 caiion the river runs amongst huge bowlders and in 
 
 Church at Zamboanga, Mindanao. 
 
 such narrow places that the rocks hang over the 
 stream and nearly meet overhead. 
 
 The soil' of Mindanao is rich and produces cacao 
 trees, areca palms, bananas, cocoanuts, coffee, hemp, 
 tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar, pepper, corn, and gutta- 
 percha. The best timber in the Philippines comes 
 from Mindanao. The population is still small and 
 industry backward. 
 
78 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The people are divided into three groups, — 
 Visayans, native mountain tribes, and Moros, or 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 The most prominent people are the Visayans, 
 who have come to Mindanao from the islands far- 
 ther north. They have been made a warlike people 
 by the necessity of defending themselves against the 
 Moros. Generally, they, as well as the Chinese 
 traders, settle in the coast towns where they trade 
 with the hill people for jungle produce. 
 
 The hill people have been driven away from the 
 lowlands by these invaders. They are wretchedly 
 poor, wandering through the hills without homes, 
 scantily clad, their only property a lance, a bolo, and 
 some starving dogs. They sometimes plant a few 
 sweet potatoes, gather honey, and hunt wild hogs. 
 
 Some mountain tribes, however, are more warlike. 
 They live in clans, and each man has more than 
 one wife. Each wife, however, has her own house. 
 They are also slaveholders. All children captured 
 in war are retained as slaves. The work is done by 
 women, children, and slaves. Their weapons consist 
 of lances, shields, swords, daggers, bows and arrows. 
 
 These mountain people have some very curious 
 customs. The crocodile with them is considered a 
 sacred animal and respectfully addressed as "grand- 
 father." Rocks, caves, and balata trees are held to 
 be the residing place of spirits. When an enemy 
 has been killed, the chief of the victorious tribe 
 takes a consecrated sword, cuts open the chest of 
 
IN THE FAR SOUTH 79 
 
 the enemy, and immerses an image of the god in the 
 blood, then, tearing out the heart, he eats a piece of 
 it. This is supposed to give him the measure of 
 courage his enemy possessed. 
 
 These people are fond of ornaments. Many wear 
 bracelets from the wrists to the elbows. The brace- 
 lets are made of metal, tortoise shell, or mother-of- 
 pearl. In their ears they wear large ornaments 
 made of plugs of soft wood, having on each end a 
 plate of brass, silver, or gold. They have a curious 
 way of painting their teeth black and filing them 
 into points. The wealthy often cover their teeth 
 with thin gold plates. 
 
 Marriages, among these people, are arranged by 
 the parents or by the head chief. A house is pre- 
 pared for the young couple and supplied with things 
 to eat. The guests assemble, the bride and groom 
 exchange a few words, and then each receives a small 
 morsel of cooked rice. This they hold out for a 
 short time on the palms of their hands, then each 
 places the food in the mouth of the other, and this 
 action solemnizes the marriage. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What are the principal islands in the southern group? 
 
 2. Tell about the relative size and appearance of 
 Mindanao. 
 
 3. Name the principal products of this island. 
 
 4. What distinct groups of people are found there ? 
 
 5. Tell about some of the curious customs prevailing 
 among the hill people. 
 
AMONG THE MOROS 
 
 The most numerous people in Mindanao and the 
 other southernmost islands are the Moros. They 
 
 are also called Mohammed- 
 ans, which means that their 
 religion is that of the Ara- 
 bian prophet, Mohammed. 
 The Moros are scattered all 
 over Mindanao, the Sulu 
 (J old) Archipelago, and Para- 
 gua or Palawan. They live in 
 tribes under chiefs called da- 
 /6>jr,who in turn are subject to 
 higher chiefs called sultans. 
 The chief sultan has his capi- 
 tal at Maimbun, on the south 
 side of the island of Sulu. 
 The sultan and his principal 
 datos are granted salaries by 
 the government of the United 
 States. The sultan is known 
 as the Majasari, or the Stainless, Spotless One. He 
 is chief of church and state — lord and master of all. 
 The nobles or chiefs are supposed always to obey 
 the sultan and do as he bids, t^ut, as a matter of fact, 
 
 So 
 
 Moro Priest. 
 
AMONG THE MOROS 
 
 8i 
 
 they often carry on war against him or among them- 
 selves. 
 
 The principal town of the Island of Sulu is also 
 called Sulu. It is a lively and attractive little place. 
 The streets are laid out at right angles and are kept 
 clean. Two forts guard the entrance to the town, 
 
 Moro Spear Dance. 
 
 and the barracks are very good. Some of the houses 
 are built of brick and stone, while all have corru- 
 gated roofs. 
 
 The Moros, generally, are a strong, warlike peo- 
 ple. They are well-developed, quick, robust, and 
 sober. Every male over sixteen is considered a sol- 
 dier. He must carry a weapon and be ready to fight 
 at all times. From the earliest years he is trained 
 to war, and he knows how to fight equally well on 
 
82 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 foot, horseback, or water. The Moros are turning, 
 however, more and more to peaceful industries. 
 
 Their chief amusements seem to be gambling, 
 cockfighting, and combats of buffaloes. They have 
 a war dance called the fnoro-moro^ which is per- 
 formed by their most skillful swordsmen, shield on 
 arm and spear in hand, to the sound of martial music. 
 It feigns to be a combat, and the dancers spring 
 forward and backward, cutting, thrusting, and guard- 
 ing with wonderful skill. 
 
 The Moros used to be dreaded as pirates. In 
 great companies they sailed around in their long 
 boats and plundered everywhere they went. They 
 went even as far north as Luzon, and that only fifty 
 years ago. Thousands of Christians were carried 
 off into slavery. But when the Spaniards armed 
 their boats with cannon, they chased the Moros and 
 punished them dreadfully. Since that time there 
 has been no further trouble from them as pirates. 
 
 In Mindanao the Moro towns are often built over 
 the water, and have bamboo bridoes to connect 
 them with the shore. They are built so as to pre- 
 vent their enemies on the shore from reaching them, 
 for the bridges can be removed whenever it is de- 
 sired. Their boats are tied to their houses, so that 
 they can easily escape by sea. (See picture on 
 page 85.) On the shore, and on each side of their 
 towns, they build forts, or cottos. The walls are 
 made of great tree trunks. Some of these walls 
 are twenty-four feet thick and tJiirty feet high. The 
 
AMONG THE MOROS 
 
 83 
 
 Old Pirate Boat of Moros. 
 
 forts were effective enough against spears and bo- 
 loes, but they cannot resist modern guns. 
 
 The Moros generally have more than one wife. 
 When one of them takes a fancy to a girl, he sends 
 his best friend to her father to ask for her. If the 
 girl and her father are willing, the bridegroom goes 
 to the mosque and prays with the priest, after which 
 with the priest he goes to the girl's house, followed 
 by a slave, carrying presents. When about to enter 
 the house her relations make a feint of attacking 
 him, but he beats them off and throws them the 
 presents he has brought with him. The priest then 
 takes hold of the girl's head and twirls her around 
 twice to the right. The hand of the groom is placed 
 on the girl's forehead. The priest then leaves them 
 
84 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 alone. The man attempts to kiss the girl, who 
 shrieks and runs away. The groom then goes away 
 to prepare the wedding feast, which lasts for three 
 nights. At the end of the feast the girl is con- 
 ducted to his home by the wedding guests, laughing 
 and singing. 
 
 Moro Tower at Sulu (Jol6). 
 
 The language of the Moros is a kind of Arabic, 
 with words from the Malay, Chinese, Visayan, and 
 Tagalog languages, and from the dialects of the 
 hill tribes. 
 
 Their country is fertile. It produces large quanti- 
 ties of rice, maize, coffee, and cocoa, all w^ork being 
 done by slaves, for a Moro warrior considers it be- 
 neath his dignity to work. They have also a large 
 trade in wax, gum, resin, jungle products, tortoise 
 
AMONG THE MOROS 
 
 85 
 
 shell, mother-of-pearl, balate, and cinnamon. They 
 are skillful at forging swords, crises, Jance heads, and 
 lantacas. In the Zamboanga Industrial School, cu- 
 rious hats, food covers, boats, dolls, beds, pillows, 
 and other things are made. 
 
 The Moro women are fond of gay colors — scar- 
 lets and greens being preferred. Their bodices are 
 very tight and their trousers or skirts very loose. 
 
 Houses in Sulu (J0I6). 
 
 The breeches of the men are bright in color, and 
 tight, with a large number of buttons up the sides. 
 Their waistcoats are buttoned up to the chin and 
 have very close-fitting sleeves. The men wear tur- 
 bans, the women what is called jabul — a strip of 
 cloth sewed together at the ends and wrapped around 
 the head. 
 
S6 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Both men and women are fond of jewelry. They 
 wear a great many finger rings made of metal or 
 seashells, and their earrings are large and gaudy. 
 
 The Moros are a very religious people, according 
 to their ideas. Every Friday is a day of public wor- 
 ship. They believe that Mohammed, noc Christ, 
 is the Son of God. Ordinary priests are called 
 pandits, or learned men, the principal priests are 
 sarifs, or sheriffs. 
 
 The sultan rules through his datos, or rajahs. A 
 dato is generally known by the richness of his 
 apparel, by the use of gold buttons, and by carrying 
 a handkerchief in his hand. He is also usually fol- 
 lowed by a slave carrying a siri box. 
 
 When a Moro becomes tired of life, he shaves off 
 his eyebrows, dresses entirely in red, and, taking the 
 oath before his pandit, runs amuck in some Chris- 
 tian settlement, killing men, women, and children, 
 until he is shot down. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Where are the Moros to be found ? 
 
 2. Tell what you know of their religion. 
 
 3. In what important ways do the Moros differ from 
 the Visayans ? 
 
 4. What do you know of the Moros as pirates ? 
 
 5. Describe the marriage customs of the Moros. 
 
 6. Find on the map the Sulu Islands and Sulu. 
 
PARAGUA 
 
 Northeast of Mindanao is another large island 
 called Paragua, or Palawan. It is narrow and veiy 
 long, and does not look so large as it really is. The 
 capital city is Puerta Princesa. It is the largest 
 city and is beautifully situated on a good harbor. 
 The island is hilly even on the coasts, and there 
 are many mountains in the interior. The soil is 
 very fertile, and there are many fruits and valuable 
 woods. 
 
 Beeswax, honey, edible birds' nests, fine shells, 
 dried shellfish, pears, nutmegs, and logwood are 
 valuable products. Do you know that some people 
 are fond of eating birds' nests .^^ The Chinese, espe- 
 cially, like them, and the rich people in China are 
 willing to pay high prices for them. But these 
 nests are not made of mud, or of straws and sticks. 
 They are more like jelly or glue. They are made 
 by a sea swallow and are found in the high cliffs 
 near the shore. To get them the people have 
 to use bamboo ropes and ladders. The birds are 
 robbed of their nests four times, or until the wet 
 season begins. 
 
 In southern Paragua the people are Moros and 
 Manguianes, and in the central and northern parts 
 
 87 
 
88 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Visayans and Tagbanuas. There are also many 
 Negritos and a few other small wild tribes. The 
 Tagbanuas form the largest tribe. They are more 
 friendly than most of the other savages. They live 
 in houses set high up on poles. The houses are 
 small and much like those used in other places. 
 
 Many of these people are able to write. They 
 have a simple alphabet. They use fresh joints of 
 bamboo for writing paper, and scratch the letters 
 on it in columns like the Chinese and Japanese. 
 They have also many interesting customs. In each 
 tribe there is a council of old men. Sometimes 
 when one person accuses another of a crime, both 
 are taken to a deep pool of water and are required 
 to dive in. The one who stays longest under water 
 is decided to be the one who told the truth. 
 After a man dies his house is often torn down, and 
 he is carried to the woods and buried. The Tag- 
 banuas are afraid to leave the dead long unburied, 
 for they fear that a creature, shaped like a man but 
 having long, curved nails, and flying like a bat, will 
 come, and with his long tongue lick up the dead 
 bodies. They call it the balbal. They think it 
 comes from the Moro country. 
 
 Did you ever notice how much some monkeys 
 look like men } The Tagbanuas say that is because 
 the monkey once really was a man, but he was very 
 lazy. He was very idle when he should have been 
 planting rice, and getting food for his family to eat. 
 His companions worked veryv hard and were so 
 
PARAGUA 89 
 
 angry with him that one threw a stick at him and 
 struck him. The lazy man at once turned into a 
 monkey, and the stick became his tail. The Tag- 
 banuas know that it is not good to be lazy. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Describe the situation of Paragua. 
 
 2. What is produced on the island now ? What might 
 be produced ? 
 
 3. Tell what you know of edible birds' nests. 
 
 4. Tell what you have learned about the Tagbanuas. 
 
 5. In what direction is Paragua from Panay .-^ From 
 Luzon ? 
 
THE CITY OF MANILA 
 
 Let us go back now to the place from which we 
 started — the city of Manila. It is the capital, as 
 well as the largest city in the Philippines. People 
 
 used to call it " The 
 very good and always 
 loyal city of Manila." 
 It is situated about 
 the middle of the 
 western coast of Lu- 
 zon, on the Bay of 
 Manila, and at the 
 mouth of the Pasig 
 River. The river di- 
 vides the city into two 
 parts, — the old city 
 on the south bank, 
 
 and the new city on 
 A Street in the Walled City, Manila. ^,^g ^^^^j^ ,^^^^_ 
 
 The old city is surrounded by forts, and walls, 
 and moats, just as it was a century ago. Formerly, 
 there were great drawbridges, which could be pulled 
 up so that an enemy could not cross the moats, 
 which were full of water. Sentries walked b^ck and 
 forth upon the walls and kept a lookout for ene- 
 
 90 
 
THE CITY OF MANILA 
 
 91 
 
 mies. Every one lived within the walls, for they 
 were a real protection when people fought with bows 
 and arrows. They would be no protection now 
 against the large guns of the war ships in the bay. 
 
 A Gate in the Walled City, Manila. 
 
 The streets in the Walled City, or " Manila," as it 
 is called, are narrow. The houses are built of stone 
 or brick, and have windows fitted with opaque oyster 
 shells. 
 
 The government buildings are in this part of the 
 city. The Ayuntamiento, or Palace, is a large and 
 handsome building. (See picture on page 98.) In 
 the center is a great hall, hung with paintings and 
 ornamented with statuary. In this building the 
 governor, and the commissioners, and the general 
 superintendent of public schools have their offices. 
 
92 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 Across the river, on the north bank, is the modern 
 business part of Manila. Four large bridges con- 
 nect the two parts of the city. Most of this newer 
 part is on the island of Binondo. The Escolta is 
 the finest street. Most of the stores on the Escolta 
 are kept by Spaniards. There are also many large 
 stores owned by Americans. It is a very busy street, 
 always crowded with people and vehicles. 
 
 The Escolta. 
 
 The Chinese have a large retail business. They 
 also do most of the work connected with boat- 
 making, furniture, tin work, tanning, and dyeing. 
 They also sell cotton cloths and silks. Their shops 
 are small, and they use counting frames in arithmet- 
 ical operations, as do their coyntrymen in China. 
 
THE CITY OF MANILA 93 
 
 In going from place to place in the city of Manila, 
 caiTomatas are most generally used. Hundreds of 
 them may be seen on the Escolta every day. Many 
 people direct their cocheros by the words mano, " to 
 the right," and silla, "to the left," but meaning, 
 really, " hand " and " seat" There are street cars 
 drawn by horses. They go so slowly, however, that 
 they are not used by many people. It is said that 
 electric cars will soon be used in Manila. There are 
 also steam cars running to Malabon. Some automo- 
 biles, or steam wagons, also are in use in the city. 
 
 The Luneta is the favorite pleasure resort of the 
 people of Manila. It is a big open plot of ground, 
 facing the bay, at the end of the Malacan drive. 
 Two band stands are on this oval piece of land, and 
 a military band plays popular airs every evening, 
 while people sit on the benches, or walk and drive 
 around. It is a pretty place, for the grass is kept 
 short and green, and the sunsets across the bay are 
 very beautiful. 
 
 All classes of people are to be seen on the Luneta, 
 enjoying the cool breezes from the bay. There are 
 Chinese, dressed in loose robes of rich colored silk ; 
 Americans and Europeans, in white ; Filipinos, 
 dressed like Europeans, or in the native style, and 
 many carriages and carromatas. 
 
 Manila is a large city of nearly four hundred thou- 
 sand people of many different kinds. It has some 
 features that most of the other cities in the Philip- 
 pines do not have. About a dozen newspapers are 
 
94 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The Luneta. 
 
 printed in Manila. These papers receive news by 
 cable from many parts of the world, and they are 
 sent to all parts of the islands. It has a telephone 
 system, by which people who are far apart may talk 
 with each other. It has electric lights, a system of 
 waterworks, a cold-storage plant, an ice factory, and 
 theaters, where good plays and music are sometimes 
 heard. 
 
 Manila is also a city of churches. The largest 
 and costliest of these is the Cathedral. In the 
 Jesuit church may be seen some fine wood carv- 
 ing. All the religious orders have their homes in 
 Manila. 
 
 Some people in Manila speak only the Tagalog ; 
 others speak Spanish, and ^till others English. 
 
THE CITY OF MANILA 
 
 95 
 
 Spanish is now the official language, — the language 
 of the courts, — but English will be the official lan- 
 guage in 1906, and is now taught in all the public 
 schools. 
 
 Schools are provided in Manila for all who want to 
 study. They are located in all parts of the city, and 
 any child who wishes may attend them. There are 
 
 
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 Manila Cathedral. 
 
 also night schools conducted for those who cannot 
 come during the day. Besides these there are spe- 
 cial schools like the Normal School for the training 
 of teachers, the Nautical School for boys who want 
 to enter the merchant marine, the Trade School 
 for those who want to learn carpentering, plumbing, 
 and telegraphy, and the University of St. Thomas 
 for those who wish to study for a profession. 
 
96 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 In addition to these educational institutions is 
 the Observatory. Here careful records are kept of 
 weather conditions, of storms and earthquakes. Sub- 
 stations are maintained on other islands, and word 
 is sent from station to station of approaching storms, 
 often in time to warn people or ships of the danger. 
 
 The bay of Manila is not a very secure anchorage 
 for ships. Its circumference is 1 20 miles — too large 
 to allow of its being a safe harbor. Typhoons some- 
 times tear ships from their anchorage and drive 
 them ashore. The bay is large enough to hold all 
 the war ships of the world. Every kind of boat 
 may be seen upon its waters, — war ships, native 
 prahus, large ocean-sailing ships, and commercial 
 steamers, large and small, carrying their freight from 
 country to country, and continent to continent. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. In what ways is Manila the most important city in 
 the Philippines ? 
 
 2. For what are the new city and the old city, respec- 
 tively, noted ? 
 
 3. What things are found in Manila and not in your 
 town ? 
 
 4. Has Manila a good situation.-* 
 
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 The Philippine Islands are now a part of the 
 United States. From the time they were discov- 
 ered by Magellan, in 1521, until taken by the Ameri- 
 cans, in 1898, they belonged to Spain. The United 
 States took them in war, but afterward gave Spain 
 ^20,000,000. They are, then, for the present, a part 
 of the territory of the United States, controlled by 
 the President and Congress, who act through their 
 representatives in the Philippines, — the governor 
 and the civil commissioners. 
 
 The government for the whole archipelago is 
 called the insular government. It is controlled by 
 the civil governor and the commissioners. The 
 governor is appointed by the President of the 
 United States for an unlimited term of years. He 
 is a very busy man. It is his duty to suggest 
 changes in the laws, or to help make new laws, and 
 to see they are obeyed. He lives in the Malacanan 
 Palace, and his offices are in the Ayuntamiento, or 
 Palace. His salary is $20,000 a year. 
 
 The governor is assisted by an executive secre- 
 tary and a council of seven commissioners, consist- 
 ing of Americans and Filipinos. They make most 
 of the laws for the islands. Their work is divided 
 
 97 
 
98 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 into departments, each under one of the commis- 
 sioners. These departments are as follows: — 
 
 I. The Department of the Interior. It includes 
 the bureau of health, the quarantine bureau, the for- 
 estry bureau, the bureau of public lands, and the 
 bureau of non-Christian tribes. 
 
 
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 '^Hfflilffl^nTfi 
 
 
 
 The Palace, Manila. Headquarters of the Government. 
 
 2. The Department of Commerce and Police. It 
 includes the bureaus of island and inter-island trans- 
 portation, post ofhce, telegraphs, insular constabu- 
 lary, engineering, and prisons. 
 
 3. The Department of Finance and Justice. In 
 this there are the bureaus of the insular treasury, 
 insular auditing, customs and immigration, banks, 
 and justice. 
 
 4. The Department of Public Instruction. It 
 
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 99 
 
 includes the bureaus of public instruction, the bu- 
 reau of architecture, public charities, libraries and 
 museums, and public printing. 
 
 Only the principal bureaus are mentioned under 
 each head. 
 
 At present the Commission makes all laws not 
 made for th^ Philippines by the Congress of the 
 United States, but it is expected that in a few years 
 there will be a legislature, the lower house of which 
 will be elected by the people. There will also be 
 two delegates selected by the legislature to repre- 
 sent the islands in the Congress of the United 
 States. In order to vote it will be necessary for a 
 person to be a male citizen, twenty-three years of 
 age. He must also be able to speak, read, or write 
 English or Spanish, or have been a municipal offi- 
 cer, or pay taxes equal to $15 a year, or own prop- 
 erty to the value of #250. 
 
 Such, in brief, is the organization of the insular 
 government. Next comes the provincial govern- 
 ments. In each province there is a governor, elected 
 in a meeting by vote of the municipal councilors 
 of the province, and a treasurer, a supervisor, a sec- 
 retary, and a fiscal, or prosecuting attorney, all ap- 
 pointed by the Commission. The governing body 
 in a province is called the provincial board. It is 
 composed of the governor, treasurer, and supervisor. 
 
 The treasurer collects all taxes, gives to the mu- 
 nicipal treasurers the taxes due the towns, and 
 examines the accounts of the municipal officers. 
 
 LofC. 
 
lOO 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 A Room in the Palace, Manila. 
 
 The supervisor must be a civil engineer. He 
 sees that roads and bridges are built and kept in 
 repair, and he also aids in erecting all government 
 buildings in the province. 
 
 The fiscal or prosecuting attorney is the legal 
 adviser of the provincial board, and of the munici- 
 palities. He conducts all criminal trials for the 
 province in the Courts of First Instance. 
 
 The first duty of the provincial government is to 
 collect, through the provincial treasurer, all taxes 
 due the province and the municipalities. Its second 
 important duty is to construct roads, bridges, and 
 public buildings. Its third duty, through the gov- 
 ernor and the provincial treasurer, is to see that 
 the municipal officers do their duties. 
 
THE GOVERNiMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES lOl 
 
 Under the provincial governments come the mu- 
 nicipalities, or pueblos. Their officers consist of a 
 president, a vice president, a secretary, and a treas- 
 urer who, together with the councilors, are all 
 elected by vote of the people. They make and exe- 
 cute all local regulations. 
 
 The courts of law consist of : — 
 
 1. The Supreme Court in Manila. There are 
 seven judges in this court, one chief justice, and six 
 associate justices. To make a decision, it is neces- 
 sary that four of them agree. The chief justice 
 receives $7500 a year, the associate justices $yooo 
 each. They are all appointed by the President of 
 the United States. 
 
 2. The Courts of First Instance. There is one 
 of these courts for each important province. They 
 are courts for recording the crimes and legal actions, 
 or trying the criminals of the province. The judges 
 are appointed by the civil governor, at salaries vary- 
 ing from $3000 to $5500, according to the impor- 
 tance of the district. 
 
 3. Courts of Justices of the Peace. These are 
 established in OR/'ery municipality. The justices are 
 appointed by the civil governor. They try minor 
 offenses and criminal actions for small amounts. 
 The suit, if brought before a justice of the peace, 
 must be for less than ^100, and the imprisonment 
 not over six months. 
 
 4. Presidents' Courts, for certain minor offenses. 
 In the judicial system, prosecutions are conducted 
 
I02 THE PHILIPPINES 
 
 for the government by the attorney-general, or the 
 soHcitor-general, or the provincial fiscal. 
 
 The constabulary was organized to preserve peace 
 and help enforce the decisions of the courts. It is the 
 special duty of the constabulary to prevent and sup- 
 press brigandage, insurrection, unlawful assemblies, 
 and actions disturbing the peace. 
 
 The city of Manila, like Washington, the capital 
 of the United States, differs in its organization from 
 the other municipalities. Its governing body is a 
 municipal board of three members appointed by the 
 civil governor. One of the members is elected 
 president of the board. The board makes laws for 
 the city and sees that they are executed. The gov- 
 ernment of the city has five departments : — 
 
 1. Engineering and Public Works. 
 
 2. Police. 
 
 3. Law. 
 
 4. Fires and Building Inspection. 
 
 5. Assessments and Collections. 
 Governments must have money with which to 
 
 pay expenses, and the only way they can get it is 
 from the people. Contributions legally demanded 
 by governments are called taxes. 
 
 There are many kinds of taxes, drawn from dif- 
 ferent sources and devoted to different purposes. 
 The insular government is supported chiefly by 
 duties on imports and exports. Nearly all articles 
 brought in from foreign countries, and the principal 
 articles sent abroad, pay custom ^ duties. 
 
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 103 
 
 In the provinces there is a land tax. The pro- 
 ceeds from this tax are divided between the munici- 
 pahties of a province and the province itself. The 
 industrial, urbano, cedula, and stamp taxes are like- 
 wise divided. Purely municipal taxes are such as 
 those derived from the licenses granted to saloons 
 or other businesses requiring police supervision. 
 
 The government of the Philippines aims to se- 
 cure peace and protection for all the people. It 
 has established an excellent common school system 
 throughout the islands, so that every person who 
 wants an education may have it. It is building 
 roads and bridges to afford easy passage for people 
 and goods from place to place. It is building tele- 
 graph lines, and establishing post routes, that com- 
 munication may be more rapid. It is dredging 
 rivers, cleaning out harbors, and building break- 
 waters for the protection of commerce. 
 
 All good citizens should aid the government in 
 every way possible. Only by so doing can peace, 
 and justice, and happiness be secured. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. How did the United States obtain possession of the 
 Philippines ? 
 
 2. Describe the organization of the Insular Government. 
 
 3. What are the duties of the provincial officers ? Of 
 the constabulary ? 
 
 4. How are the municipalities governed ? 
 
 5. Describe the government of the city of Manila. 
 
THE STORY OF RIZAL 
 
 There is one name of which every Filipino is 
 justly proud, and that is the name of Rizal. The 
 Philippines have produced some brave soldiers, 
 
 skilled artists, and 
 good business men, 
 but they have pro- 
 duced no 
 scholar 
 
 and patriot than their 
 revered Rizal. 
 
 Jose Rizal y Mer- 
 cado was born in the 
 little town of Calamba, 
 Laguna. He studied 
 at the Jesuit College 
 in Manila, and after- 
 
 greater 
 gentleman, 
 
 Jose Rizal. 
 
 ward went to Europe to study further. At the Uni- 
 versity of Madrid, in Spain, he took the courses in 
 philosophy and medicine, and graduated with the 
 doctor's degree. Afterward he studied in Paris, and 
 then in Germany, where he took another degree. 
 
 While in Europe, Dr. Rizal wrote some books 
 about his country, the aim of which was to show 
 how the friars mistreated the people. These books, 
 
 104 
 
THE STORY OF RIZAL 105 
 
 and the active opposition he made to their large 
 claims of property, finally made the friars determine 
 to crush him. Accordingly, he was arrested, tried, 
 and banished to Mindanao. He lived in a little 
 town on this island for four years. He was a clever 
 oculist, and people came to him from all over the 
 islands, and even from Hongkong, to be treated. 
 
 Rizal grew tired of this restricted life, however, 
 and when war broke out between Spain and Cuba, 
 he asked the Spanish government to be allowed to 
 go to the war and assist in taking care of the sick. 
 His offer of services was accepted, but when he got 
 to Spain he was arrested and sent back to Manila 
 charged with sedition and rebellion. On this false 
 charge he was condemned to death. 
 
 At six o'clock on the morning of the thirtieth of 
 December, 1896, he was led out on the Luneta. 
 A great crowd of people had gathered to witness 
 the final act in the martyrdom of this man. Rizal 
 knelt down and looked out over the bay, sparkling 
 under the slanting rays of the early morning sun. 
 Four shots rang out, and Jose Rizal was dead. 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. Why do people, everywhere honor the name of 
 Rizal ? 
 
 2. Tell where he received his education. 
 
 3. What books did he write, and what was their aim ? 
 
 4. Upon what charge was he condemned ? 
 
 5. With what great men of other nations can you com- 
 pare Rizal .'' 
 
Baldwin's School Readers 
 
 By James Baldwin 
 
 Editor of " Harper's Readers," Author of "Old Greek Stories," "Old 
 Stories of the East," etc. 
 
 In method and in subject matter, as well as in artistic 
 and mechanical execution, these new readers establish an 
 ideal standard, equally well adapted for city and country 
 schools. They possess many original and meritorious 
 features which are in accord with the most approved 
 methods of instruction, and which will commend them to 
 the best teachers and the best schools. The illustrations 
 are an important feature of the books, and are the work 
 of the best artists. They are not merely pictures inserted 
 for the purpose of ornament, but are intended to assist 
 in making the reading exercises both interesting and 
 instructive. 
 
 BALDWIN'S SCHOOL READERS— EIGHT BOOK EDITION 
 
 First Year, 128 pp. 25 cents Fifth Year, 208 pp. 40 cents 
 Second Year, 160 pp. 35 cents Sixth Year, 240 pp. 45 cents 
 Third Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Seventh Year, 240 pp. 45 cents 
 Fourth Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Eighth Year, 240 pp. 45 cents 
 
 For the convenience of ungraded schools, and for all 
 who may prefer them in such combined form, an edition 
 corresponding to the ordinary five book series of school 
 readers will be furnished as follows: 
 
 BALDWIN'S SCHOOL READERS— FIVE BOOK EDITION 
 First Year, 128 pages 
 
 Second Year, 160 pages 
 Third Year, 208 pages . . . 
 
 Combined Fourth and Fifth Years. 416 pages 
 Combined Sixth and Seventh Years. 480 pages 
 
 
 25 
 
 cents 
 
 
 35 
 
 cents 
 
 
 40 cents 
 
 
 60 
 
 cents 
 
 
 65 
 
 cents 
 
 Copies of any of the above books will be sent, prepaid, 
 on receipt of the price. 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York * Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
The Baldwin Primer 
 
 By May Kirk 
 Cloth, 12mo, 128 pages, with colored illustrations. Price, 30 cents 
 
 The lessons in this primer have been prepared in ac- 
 cordance with the principles of mental science and child 
 study. Commencing with easy words and simple forms, 
 the lessons lead up by successive steps to elementary 
 ideas in language, number, drawing, and music, as well as 
 to various kinds of " busy work " for beginners in school. 
 In teaching reading, the alphabetic, word, and sentence 
 methods are employed simultaneously. From the begin- 
 ning the child becomes interested in the familiar objects 
 on which the lessons are based, while its instinct for the 
 beautiful is awakened and developed by the copious use 
 of the finest pictures ever presented in a child's primer. 
 These include over fifty colored illustrations of birds, 
 flowers, fruit, animals, and other appropriate subjects. 
 Altogether, by its attractive appearance and contents, the 
 Baldwin Primer is an ideal book to make the first steps of 
 the young learner both ea'sy and pleasant, and the work 
 of the primary teacher a delightful task. 
 
 Copies sent prepaid to any address on receipt of the price 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York • Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (5) 
 
Carpenter's Geographical Readers 
 
 By Frank G. Carpenter 
 
 60 cents 
 
 60 cents 
 
 60 cents 
 
 70 cents 
 
 North Annerlca. Cloth, i2mo, 352 pages . 
 
 South America. Cloth, i2mo, 352 pages . 
 
 Asia. Cloth, i2mo, 304 pages . 
 
 Europe. Cloth, i2mo, 456 pages 
 
 Australia and Islands of the Sea [In prepai-atioji) 
 
 These new Geographical Readers are by far the most 
 attractive and instructive books of their kind ever pub- 
 lished. They are not mere compilations of other books 
 or stories of imaginary travels, but they are the results of 
 the author's actual journeys through the different coun- 
 tries, with personal observations of their native peoples, 
 just as they are found to-day in their homes and at their 
 work. These journeys and visits are described in such 
 simple and engaging manner as to make the books as 
 entertaining as stories, while conveying in this attractive 
 way, useful knowledge and information. While they are 
 written in easy familiar style, and in language not above 
 the comprehension of children, they are strictly accurate 
 in every detail and statement. 
 
 The books are well supplied with colored maps and 
 illustrations, the latter mostly reproductions from original 
 photographs taken by the author on the ground. They 
 combine studies in geography with stories of travel and 
 observation in a manner at once attractive and instructive. 
 Their use in connection with the regular text-books on 
 geography and history will impart a fresh and living 
 interest to their lessons. 
 
 Copies of Carpenter's Geographical Readers will be sent, prepaid, to any 
 address on receipt of the price by the Publishers : 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (15) ^ 
 
Guerber's Historical Readers 
 
 FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING 
 
 GUERBER'S STORY OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES 
 
 By H. A. GuERBER, Author of " Myths of Greece and 
 Rome," "Myths of Northern Lands," "Legends of the 
 Middle Ages," etc. 
 
 Cloth, i2mo, 242 pages. With maps and illustrations . 65 cents 
 This volume contains a narrative of the early history of this country 
 down to the close of the Revolution, written in a style easily compre- 
 hensible by children. It is intended to serve as an historical reader, or 
 as an introduction or supplement to any text-book on American History 
 which may be in use. 
 
 GUERBER'S STORY OF THE GREAT REPUBLIC 
 
 Cloth, i2mo, 249 pages. With maps and illustrations . 65 cents 
 In this book the history of our country from The Beginning of the 
 United States as a Nation down to the present time is told in such a way 
 that it cannot fail to interest and impress young readers. Like the 
 " Story of the Thirteen Colonies," it may be used as a supplementary 
 reader or as an elementary text-book on this period of American history. 
 
 GUERBER'S STORY OF THE ENGLISH 
 
 Cloth, i2mo, 256 pages. With maps and illustrations . 65 cents 
 This book is designed to serve the double purpose of a Supple- 
 mentary Reader for Grammar grades and of an elementary text-book in 
 English History. In simple language the author describes in the form 
 of attractive stories and anecdotes, the leading events, characters, and 
 places in English History. The dress and artistic features of the book 
 are in keeping with its contents. The large colored maps of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, of France, and of India will be found convenient 
 for tracing the course of English History and the vast extent of the 
 British colonies and possessions in the world. 
 
 Copies of any of the above books will be sent, prepaid, to any address 
 
 Oft receipt of the price. 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York • Cincinnati • Chicago 
 
 (18) 
 
Barnes's Natural Slant Penmanship 
 
 The system of writing represented in these new copy 
 books combines all the advantages of the vertical with the 
 speed and beauty of regular slant writing. 
 
 It is well known that an extreme slant tends to angu- 
 larity, while vertical writing is usually slow and tends to 
 an unsightly back-hand or irregular slant. If left to 
 themselves, without specific directions, children naturally 
 fall into a certain slant in writing, — intermediate between 
 vertical and slant writing. This natural slant has been 
 adopted as the standard in these copy books. 
 
 Forms of Letters. — Natural Slant copies are de- 
 signed to be written^ not printed. They have the simplicity 
 and the full, round, open style of the best vertical forms, 
 but avoid some of the extremes and eccentricities that 
 have characterized that style of writing. In every instance 
 the form of capital employed has been selected, first, 
 because of its legibility; second, because of its ease of 
 execution; and third, because of its graceful form. Every 
 copy is sensible and significant^ and as nearly as possible the 
 subject matter relates to topics which interest the pupils 
 of the grades for which the respective books are intended. 
 In other words, the writing exercises are made to correlate 
 with the other branches of study pursued in the schools. 
 
 The Series includes Books A, B, C, and D, small size, 
 illustrated, to be written with pen or pencil, and Books i to 8, 
 full size, the first two books illustrated. A set of penman- 
 ship Wall Charts in four sheets is published to accom- 
 pany this series of copy books. 
 
 BOOKS A, B, C, and D, per dozen $0.60 
 
 BOOKS 1 to 8, per dozen 75 
 
 CHARTS, per set of four sheets 1.50 
 
 Copies sent to any address, prepaid, on receipt of price. 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 New York ♦ Cincinnati ♦ Chicago 
 
 (43) 
 
SEP 9 1903 
 
019 693 043 7