^V* -Jill' *W IfvjU "3"rU3-v\3 The Master Question Book and Home Study Outlines The Frontier Press Company Buffalo, N. Y. 1918 Copyright, 1918 By The Frontier Press Company All rights reserved APR -8 1918 ©CI.A494485 PREFACE Time was when practically everybody thought getting through school or college meant the end of study. The idea that it was possible to master subjects outside of school was rejected as absurd. All that is changed. The new times demand new knowledge. Every person now needs to know about things not learned in school, — about things that were not then and are not now found in textbooks. As a natural result, practically everybody during these eventful days is studying, — high school, college, and univer- sity graduates not excepted. Further, people are beginning to realize that the present aim of all schooling is to teach where to look for and how to acquire information, — how to secure facts not found in the textbooks iand to study biographies not given in the histories. Consequently, students everywhere, including pupils in the high schools and in the grades, need to broaden the work they are doing in school. The Master Question Book is designed to give effective aid to all who desire to improve through self-instruction. Founded on the study of the greatest masters of all time, history is made real in the lives of those who built and overthrew nations; the advance of science is revealed in the lives of those who created the world's knowledge; tbe development of literature is made clear in the achievements of the world's greatest writers. Like- wise, the world's progress in art, music, invention, and discovery is brought impressively to view in the struggles and triumphs of its leaders. In brief, the inspiration of the greatest personalities has been combined with the fascination of the greatest facts in each field of knowledge. Personality is now recognized as the most important element in all instruction. Helmholtz, a world leader in science, declared: "When one comes in contact with a man of the first rank, his spiritual scale is changed for life. Such a contact is the most interesting event that life can offer." The Master Question Book affords the means of coming into inspiring contact with a hundred men of preeminent rank, as well as with more than four thousand other leaders of the world's thought and action. This gives it a unique teaching value, unapproached in range and effectiveness by any other manual of self-instruction. While the preparation of this question book is a task of no small magnitude, the publishers are confident that it will serve the purposes outlined in the section "How to Use." It attempts no impossible service and it makes no claim to completeness. However, it does seek to point the way to more effective knowledge at a time when millions in our land regard it a personal as well as a patriotic duty to acquire it. HOW TO USE Explanatory. The Master Question Book is based on the large illustrated volume entitled MASTERS OP ACHIEVEMENT. Throughout all sections this question book has been specially prepared for study, reading, and reference in connection with the larger work, of which it may be regarded as an extension or a continuation. This question book is, in reality, a part of MASTERS OP ACHIEVEMENT, supplementing its usefulness and increasing its educational value. Important Features. The user should appreciate first of alJL that this question book contains two valuable features, each of great helpfulness when rightly used. First, the Question Groups based on the lives and work of 4300 world leaders as described and illustrated in MASTERS OP ACHIEVEMENT. Second, the Reference Lists, or bibliographies, consisting of classified lists of books. These lists include over a thousand of the world's best and most valuable works in which the subjects of study herein treated may be further pursued. Question (Groups. These comprise some nine thousand ques- tions arranged in over a hundred carefully classified divisions. Instructive answers to these questions may readily 'be found by means of the page references to the proper text in MASTERS OP ACHIEVEMENT. Many of these question groups furnish the essentials of a modern course of study in the subject treated. When supplemented by the reading and study indicated in the accompanying Reference Lists, the user is enabled to follow each subject to any desired degree of detail. Reference Lists. While the text of MASTERS OP ACHIEVE- MENT contains the titles of over ten thousand of the world's most noted books, these are necessarily given under the biographies of their authors. By means of the Reference Lists, however, the most useful and valuable of these, together with other desirable books for study, reading, or reference, are placed with the ques- tions under their respective groups. The user is thereby enabled to study each important subject through the record of the greatest men connected with it, and, at the same time, is referred to the most helpful books for obtaining further knowledge. These reference lists, of course, do not contain all the good books that have been written or are now available concerning any subject, but they are representative of the best and indicate where the learner may profitably continue further study. How to Obtain Books. While lack of space prevents includ- ing the names and addresses of the various publishers, most of the books named in the Reference Lists may be readily obtained through local bookstores or news dealers. Many valuable books mentioned are available in standard but inexpensive editions, such as Everyman's Library, the Home University Library, and similar series. Those who have access to a public library will find the classified Reference Lists in this question book an invaluable guide. How to Study. The first step in preparing for home study- by means of this question book is to get a clear idea of what MASTERS OP ACHIEVEMENT really is and what it contains. This is best done by reading the Preface, the instructive section How to Use, pages 7 to 11 inclusive, and the explanatory matter concerning the Suggestive Groups for Study and Reference, pages 937 and 938. Suppose one wishes to study early American history. Turn- ing to the Index, page 248, and locating the general group, "American History," page 228, one finds that this subject quite naturally begins with the period of "Discovery and Exploration." The first question reads: "What year shows the first trace of the great design of COLUMBUS?" This is followed by two equally searching questions at the right of which one finds the figure 280. This refers to the page in MASTERS OP ACHIEVEMENT where the answers may be found. By means of similar questions and page references one may learn the essential points concerning the early period of American history. At the end of the question group is a list of the best books for the further study of this particular period. At the beginning of the section of American history there is a list of valuable works covering the whole subject. In a similar manner one may study any one of more than a hundred subjects of interest, each of which may be quickly located by using the cross reference index, pages 248 to 250. Some ten groups of questions from the beginning of American history, page 228, one finds: "Whose discoveries led to the French possession of Canada?" followed by the page reference, 534-D. In all cases where a capital letter follows a page reference proceed as follows: Turn first to the page indicated ; then, beginning with the left hand column, call the first titled sketch of biography A (in this case Carter, J. C), the second titled sketch B, the third C, and so on. By calling the fourth sketch D, one arrives at the biography of Jacques Cartier, which furnishes the answer. Note carefully, however, that mere cross-reference lines in the text are not counted as sketches or biographies, as, for example, page 594, "Dooley, Mr.," "Dora dTstria," would not be counted in locating a sketch on this page. When two page numbers joined by a hyphen follow a ques- tion, it indicates that the answer will be found between the pages so numbered, inclusive. For example, the numbers 413-415 mean that pages 413, 414, and 415 should be consulted. Throughout the question groups the names of the hundred greatest masters are always printed in capital letters. For example, in the first question on American history mentioned above the name COLUMBUS is in capitals, indicating his rank among the world's greatest masters. In pursuing any subject of study in this question book, bear in mind that the names of all characters studied are arranged in chronological order in the groups for study and reference, MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT, pages 937-955. Any desired group may be located by referring to the topical index, page 956. Guide to Home Study. There is practically no limit to what one may master by self-instruction, provided one really desires to learn and knows where to look. No matter how long one attends school or college, or even if one never attends, the greatest teacher, after all, is the teacher within. The Master Question Book presents stimulating and suggestive groups of questions for self-examination, self-instruction, and self-improvement, through- out a range of subjects embracing every important field in history, science, art, literature, invention, and discovery. Tells Where to Look. In discussing the remarkable efficiency of great leaders, such as Wilson or Roosevelt, for example, observant persons have emphasized that, in addition to being marvelously well informed, those men seem to know just where to go for needed knowledge. The reference lists or biblio- graphies accompanying the question groups show just where to find further authoritative information. Review Work. For the teacher who wishes to review sub- jects not taught for some time, the Question Groups covering the whole field of history, literature, art, and science will prove exceedingly helpful. For the high school or grade pupil needing to review for an examination or in preparation for advanced work, the Question Groups will be found of great service. For the club woman who wishes to work up on special sub- jects in art, literature, history, or social science, the classified Question Groups together with the Reference Lists will 'furnish a vast range of pertinent Information. For any person desiring to improve his knowledge in a general way, or to "brush up" on a special subject, the Question Groups and reference material will prove invaluable. Entertainment. An exhaustless store of suggestive material is provided for interesting games, such as guessing authors, naming discoverers, history contests, literary competitions, infor- mation tests, and similar forms of entertainment now so pleasing a feature not only of study clubs but of social gatherings as well. An alert hostess can continually secure new and diverting means of pleasing her guests. Four Notable Groups. The hundred great masters specially treated in the main volume (see pages 12 and 438), together with the roster of the American Hall of Fame, the members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the winners of the Nobel prize awards, constitute a world's honor roll of achieve- ment. Materials for profitable study are found in the instructive biographical sketches, 332 in number, important portions of which have been made a part of the Question Groups. Explanatory matter with reference to the hundred great masters is found on pages 6 to 10, inclusive, and on pages 937 and 938 of the large work. Helpful information concerning the other three groups will be found on the ensuing pages, 7, 8, and 9, of this book. AMERICAN HALL OF FAME Crowning University Heights in upper New York city, and overlooking the valleys of the Harlem and the Hudson, there is a notable memorial structure known as the Hall of Fame. Within an imposing semicircular colonnade, 500 feet in length, space is provided for bronze tablets, busts, and statues. Beneath the colonnade is a museum for the permanent exhibition of portraits and other memorials. Of far greater significance, however, than the impressive dignity of its architecture or the surpassing beauty of its scenic setting, is the roll of noble names inscribed within this American Pantheon. According to the constitution of the Hall of Fame, a gift of one-quarter of a million dollars was accepted by New York University for the erection of a colonnade and its substructure, to be used perpetually as "The Hall of Fame for Great Americans." One hundred fifty panels will be provided for memorial bronze tablets. Fifty of these were to be inscribed in 1900 in case fifty names should then be approved by the judges designated. At the close of every five years thereafter, five additional panels will be inscribed, so that the entire number shall be completed by A.D. 2000. By the rules for election, the university first invites nomina- tions from the public. No name, however, can be inscribed except of a person who has been deceased at least ten years. These nominations are next passed upon by the university senate. Every name that is seconded by any member of the senate is then submitted to a board of one hundred or more electors, com- posed of distinguished men representative of the best scholarship and achievement of the nation. The members of this jury then cast their votes for such candidates as they judge most famous. No name may be inscribed unless it receives at least a majority of the electors voting upon it. The board of electors is selected from four groups of citizens: (1) University or college presidents; (2) professors of history, scientists; (3) editors, authors, men of affairs; (4) high public officials, justices of the highest courts. Every state or group of states having approximately a million inhabitants is given one elector. In consequence the board of electors is truly national and eminently fitted to make an authoritative choice. At the first election in 1900, only 29 out of 252 candidates nominated were elected. At the elections of 1905, 1910, and 1915, a total of 27 names was added. Of the 56 names comprising this great honor roll, 14 are authors, 11 statesmen, 4 soldiers and sailors, 4 preachers, 4 teachers, 5 scientists, 4 inventors, 4 jurists, 2 philanthropists, 1 actress, 1 artist, 1 pioneer, and 1 reformer. Among these are the names of 6 distinguished women. In MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT page 955, under special group (98), a complete list of these great Americans will be found, and a sketch of each occurs in its proper place in the text. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND LETTERS This distinguished body may be said to comprise a Hall of Fame for living Americans of eminence in the realm of art and literature. The academy owes its foundation to the action of the American Social Science Association which, at its annual meeting of 1898, nominated a small group of noted authors and artists to constitute the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Member- ship in this body was at first restricted to one hundred fifty, but later was increased to two hundred fifty. Eligibility for mem- bership was conditioned on distinguished attainment in literature or in the fine arts. In the course of six years the membership of the institute had grown to embrace a large proportion of the most eminent writers and artists in the United States. In 1904 the institute proceeded to organize the American Academy of Arts and Letters. By vote seven members of the institute were elected founding members of the academy and these were authorized to choose from the membership of the institute eight additional members of the academy. The fifteen members then proceeded to choose five more, and the twenty in turn selected an additional five. This method of selecting mem- bers of the academy from the larger membership of the institute was continued until the entire membership of the academy, limited by its constitution to fifty, had been chosen. The original seven members of the academy were William Dean Howells, the novelist, Edmund Clarence Stedman, the poet, Samuel Langhorne Clemens, the humorist, John Hay, the author and statesman, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, the sculptor, John LaParge, the painter, and Edward Alexander MacDowell, the composer. In 1909 the first public meeting was held, and in 1916 the organization received a national charter from congress. Broadly speaking, this American body, in spirit and in pur- pose, corresponds to the "immortal forty" of the French Academy which for generations has embraced the literary peers of France. The American body is doubtless mor^ truly representative and more widely influential than was the now famous French Academy at the same stage of development. At the beginning of 1918 the complete register of living and deceased members included ninety noted Americans. Of these thirty-one had been chosen from the field of fine arts and fifty- nine from the domain of literature. A list of the eighty-seven members elected previous to the publication of MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT is given in group (99) on page 955. During the intervening months Elihu Root, Brand Whitlock, and Hamlin Garland have been elected to membership. Biographical sketches of the entire ninety will be found in alphabetical order in the section "Masters Throughout the World." NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS In compliance with the terms of a bequest by Alfred Bern- hard Nobel, noted Swedish inventor and manufacturer, who died in 1896, there was provided a fund of $9,200,000 for the establish- ment of prizes to be awarded to persons throughout the world making the most valuable contributions to science, idealistic liter- ature, and the promotion of peace. Five prizes, amounting to about $40,000 each, were designated to be awarded annually in recognition of distinguished work in (1) chemistry, (2) physics, (3) physiology or medicine, (4) liter- ature, and in (5) the cause of international peace. In chemistry and physics the awards are made by the Swedish royal academy of sciences; in medicine by the Caroline institute of Stockholm; in literature by the Swedish Academy; for peace by a committee appointed by the Norwegian Storthing. Awards were first made in 1901 and were continued without interruption until the close of 1913. During this period 77 persons in 16 different countries were made recipients of Nobel prizes. Following the outbreak of the world war the peace prize was withheld, and the distribution of other prizes was irregular, so that for the years 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917 only 10 awards were announced. In some instances, when it appeared impossible to decide upon relative merit, the prize has been divided between two or three noted masters of achievement, with equal honor for all. On two occasions the peace prize has been awarded to an institution. Of the 87 personal and 2 institutional awards, 16 were for notable work in chemistry, 20 for work in physics, 16 in medicine, 18 in literature, and 19 for efforts in behalf of peace. Classified by country of residence, the prize winners were distributed as follows: Germany 20; France 17; England 9; Sweden 6; United States, Holland, and Switzerland 5 each; Italy and Denmark 4 each; Austria and Belgium 3 each; Spain 2; Russia, Poland, Norway, and Bengal 1 each. Three women have won Nobel prizes. One of these, Madame Curie, is the only person who has been distinguished by more than one Nobel award. In 1903 she shared in the prize for physics and in 1911 she was awarded the full prize in chemistry. Thus the highest honors of twentieth-century science have been bestowed upon a woman. The list of recipients of Nobel prizes may be said to constitute the world's honor roll of recent achievement. This impressive list, arranged in divisions corresponding to the five fields of effort, is found complete to year of publication in MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT, page 955, group (100). Biographical sketches of all the Nobel prize recipients, with a portrait group of American winners, are given in the text of the volume. TABLE OF CONTENTS SCIENCE Astronomy — Botany — Chemistry — Geography — Geol- ogy — Mathematics — Paleontology — Physics — Physiology — Psychology — Zoology 11-45 USEFUL ARTS Agriculture — Aeronautics — Engineering — Invention — Medicine 46-60 COMMERCE— INDUSTRY— FINANCE Finance — Manufacturing — Merchandising — Railway Development 60-65 EXPLORATION— DISCOVERY Asia — Africa — Australia — America— Polar Research . 65-68 HISTORY OF EDUCATION Ancient — Medieval — Modern — American 69-76 LITERATURE American — English — Spanish — French — German — Rus- sian — Scandinavian — Italian — Hungarian — Polish — Drama 77-136 ORATORY Ancient — Modern — American 136-140 FINE ARTS Architecture — Illustration — Music — Painting — Sculpture — The Stage 140-183 RELIGION Oriental — Ancient Judaism — Christianity 183-192 HISTORY Ancient — Medieval — Modern World — American. . .192-244 SOCIAL SCIENCE Philanthropy — Social Reform — Woman Suffrage. .244-247 10 SCIENCE GENERAL READING AND REFERENCE: Thomson, Introduc- tion to Science; Williams, History of Science; Whewell, His- tory of the Inductive Sciences; Libby, History of Science; White, Warfare of Science; Williams, Story of Nineteenth Century Science. ASTRONOMY Who is regarded as the founder of Greek astronomy? What notable astronomical prediction is ascribed to him? 894-B What important astronomical discovery is credited to Anaxi- mander? What instruments did he introduce? What did he imagine concerning the structure of the universe?. . . 452 On what important astronomical subjects did Aristarchus write? What great modern theory is he said to have anticipated ? 457 What important astronomical measurement did Eratosthenes make? What is said of its accuracy? What were his views concerning the shape of the earth? 612 What was the rank of Hipparchus among Greek astron- omers? When and where did he make his observations? What important discoveries did he make? What noted determinations did he compute? 711 Of what country was Ptolemy a native, and when did he do his work? What noted textbooks did he write? , How long did they remain in universal use? Whose teachings in astronomy finally superseded those of Ptolemy? 845 Who is regarded the founder of modern astronomy? Upon what celebrated work does his fame rest? 285, 288 Before COPERNICUS what was the general belief concern- ing the position of the earth in the universe? What does the Copernican system of today teach? 288 What ten propositions were set forth in The Revolution of the Celestial Orbs? Which of these are considered valid now? 289 What four important astronomical problems were for the first time explained by COPERNICUS? What knowledge did COPERNICUS lack to defend the correctness of his theories? What objection was frequently made against his theory of the axial motion of the earth? Why was COPERNICUS unable to answer it? 289 11 What great geographical discovery aided the acceptance of the Copernican theory, and why? Was COPERNICUS the first to maintain that the earth moves around the sun? What serious error did COPERNICUS make in his theory? Despite its other shortcomings, what great fundamental conception was embodied in his explanation of the universe? 289-290 What factor did Tycho Brahe introduce into astronomical observation? To what great discoveries did his work contribute? 507 When and where did KEPLER become an associate of Brahe? What important assistance did KEPLER receive from him? 300 What was KEPLER'S great work and when was it published? What two n6table discoveries did it announce and prove? To the discovery of what other universal law did these lead? What celebrated law was announced by KEPLER in his Harmonies of the World? What famous saying is attributed to KEPLER in regard to publishing it?.300-301 State the three remarkable laws on which KEPLER'S permanent fame rests. What was KEPLER'S conception of gravity? What great advance did KEPLER make over the explanations of COPERNICUS? To what new plane did he elevate astronomy? 301-302 What important discovery was made by GALILEO at the age of eighteen? What novel theorem did he propose regard- ing falling bodies? To what great discoveries did this lead? 295 What valuable instruments did GALILEO give to the scien- tific world? In what year did he construct his refracting telescope? What heavenly bodies did he immediately discover with it? How and when did he make these astronomical discoveries known? Did these discoveries confirm or confute the Copernican doctrine?. 296 What practical contributions did Huygens make to astron- omy? What noted discovery did he make in 1659? 729 What discovery led NEWTON to attempt to perfect a new type of telescope? How did this differ from GALILEO'S instrument? 307 What great universal law was discovered and demonstrated by NEWTON? What important deduction did he make from KEPLER'S laws? 307 12 In what noted work were NEWTON'S discoveries embodied? What rank and importance is given to it by the scientific world? 308 How did NEWTON prove that the same power which makes the apple fall holds the moon and planets in their orbits? 308, 306 State the effect of NEWTON'S discoveries upon astronomy.308-311 What astronomical discovery was made by Halley in 1680? What notable prediction did he make concerning it? State the results of his connection with NEWTON. Mention his chief contributions to astronomy 687 What important data did Flamsteed furnish to NEWTON? When was the Greenwich observatory founded? To what did Flamsteeed's observations give rise? 628 Mention four important determinations made by Jacques Cassini 535 What notable discovery was made by Bradley in 1727? De- scribe his next discovery and its influence upon astron- omy. To what position did he rise and what did he accomplish? 507 On what phenomenon did Celsius publish papers? What noted observatory was erected for his use? 538 By what invention did Dollond improve the telescope? 593 What noted astronomical problem did Clairaut solve? What did he demonstrate concerning the figure of the earth?. . 548 How did William Herschel overcome his need of a telescope? What planet did he discover? Name his other important additions to our knowledge of the solar system. State his other valuable contributions to astronomy 707 For whom was Caroline Herschel the life-long assistant? What original discoveries and observations were made by her? What valuable work did she publish? 707 What important calculation did Bode make at the age of eighteen? What is Bode's law? On what works does Bode's fame rest? 496 Mention four important tables computed by Delambre. What important measurement did he make? 584 Of what noted hypothesis was Laplace the author? Mention his greatest work and state its relative importance 769 What authoritative treatise was prepared by Bowditch? What noted work did he translate and annotate? 505 For what discovery is Biela chiefly known? 491 13 What remarkable determinations were made by Bessel? State their effect on sidereal astronomy. Mention his chief works 490 According to Encke's solution what is the distance between the earth and the sun? What is remarkable about Encke's comet? 610 To what branch of astronomy did Sir John Herschel chiefly devote himself? What region of the heavens did he spe- cially observe and with what result? 707 What notable discovery does Galle share with Leverrier? When was it made? 648 For what discovery was Maria Mitchell honored in 1847? What was the nature of her observations and where did she become professor of astronomy? How was the value of her work further recognized in 1905? 807 State the fields of inquiry covered by the work of Adams. . . 441-1 To what astronomical problems did Huggins devote his at- tention? What new method of research did he introduce? What element did he prove to exist in comets?. 724 What notable planetary discovery was made by Asaph Hall? 686 What important solar observation was first made by Young? State his discovery concerning the sun's atmosphere. . . 931 With what important astronomical work was Newcomb iden- tified? Name four of his works on astronomy 817 To what field of astronomy were the valuable researches of Lockyer directed? What expeditions did he conduct?. . 779 Mention six works on astronomy by Sir Robert Ball 469 To what important astronomical post did Sir G. H. Darwin rise? On what subject did he become an authority?. .... 579 In what capacity did E. S. Holden accomplish his most valuable astronomical work? 716 Of what important American observatory was Pickering made director? In what field and by what means did he greatly extend astronomical observation? What obser- vatory in the southern hemisphere did he establish?. . . . 838 For what planetary researches was Percival Lowell noted? Name five of his astronomical publications 784 Name the principal discoveries made by Barnard. Mention three fields to which he applied celestial photography.. 472 In what recently developed field of astronomy has Hale spe- cialized? Of what university observatory was he made director in 1905? Name his invention and discoveries resulting therefrom 685-C 14 READING AND REFERENCE: Sir John Herschel, Astronomy; Sir Robert Ball, Story of the Heavens; Bryant, History of Astronomy ; Clerke, History of Astronomy in the Nineteenth Century; Upton, Star Atlas; Hinks, Astronomy; Serviss, Round the Year with the Stars. TEXTBOOKS: S. Newcomb, Popular Astronomy; C. A. Young, General Astronomy; F. R. Moulton, Descriptive Astronomy; H. Jacoby, Astronomy: A Popular Handbook; R. Ball, Popu- lar Guide to the Heavens. BOTANY For what work on plants is Theophrastus noted? How many species of plants did he describe? What kind of plants were included ? ". 894 How and for what purpose did Dioscorides obtain his exten- sive knowledge of plants? In what great work was this published? How long did it remain an undisputed authority? 591 Of what country was Brunfels a native, and when and where was he horn? What was his training and his profession before he became a physician? For what work was he called the "restorer of botanical knowledge in Europe?" 516 State how John Gerard obtained his botanical knowledge. How many plants did he grow in his garden? What noted botanical work did he publish in 1597? How did he attempt to classify plants? 657 At what university was Csesalpinus professor of medicine? ' What was the basis of his classification of plants? What noted botanist later made use of it? „ 525 Where was Tournefort sent by the French government to in- vestigate plants? How long did his botanical system remain in use? State his chief service to science 899 What system of botany did LINN^IUS first study? Where did he study medicine? State how LINNAEUS came to attract the attention of Celsius and the results of this friendship 311-312 What important exploration did he undertake for the royal academy of science? Describe the journey and its results. 312 Give the results of LINNAEUS' residence in Amsterdam. In what work was the sexual system of plants described?. . 310 What was Boerhaave's dying injunction to LINNAEUS? 313 State the results of LINNAEUS' labors as professor of botany. From what countries did he attract students? 313-314 15 What famous work contains the foundation of the Linnsean system of botany? Upon what single character in plants was this epoch-making work based? State the value of this artificial system to science 314 What is said of the capacity of LINNAEUS for classification and arrangement? Describe the effects of his work on the progress of botany and natural history as a whole. State the importance of his definitions of genera and species, and his uniform use of trivial or specific names 315 State the rank of Bartram among American botanists. Men- tion his services to science. What did LINNZEUS style him? 475 As Bonnet was the first to employ the term "evolution," state whether he used it in its modern sense 500 In contradistinction to the prevailing Linnsean system, what new system was established by Jussieu? 752 What profession did Muhlenberg give up for botany? Name his contributions to the knowledge of American plants. . 813 In what investigations was Saussure a pioneer? What were his views concerning the formation of plant structures?. 866 During what period did Robert Brown study the plants of Australia? How many new plants did he secure? What was the effect of his adoption of the natural system of Jussieu? What did Brown make the basis of plant classification? 514 When did De Candolle become professor of botany at Geneva? State the importance of his chief work. By whom was it completed? * 583 For what profession was John Torrey educated? To what sciences did he devote his attention? With what emi- nent American botanist was he associated? Name their chief work and state its importance 899 At what date did Bentham give up law to study botany? Name his important botanical works 485 Where did A. W. Chapman establish himself in medical prac- tice? In what division of botany did he specialize? Name his chief work and state its importance 541 What theory concerning the structure of organisms was established by Schwann in 1839? Discuss its importance. 869 State how DARWIN came to be appointed naturalist on the voyage of the Beagle. How many years were spent in this expedition? What countries were visited? What kind of knowledge did DARWIN gain? 343 16 Under the influence of what botanist did DARWIN become interested in natural science? 342 When and in what work was the theory of evolution by nat- ural selection first published? Discuss briefly the effect of this theory on the advance of botanical science. Name five important works on plants written by DARWIN.. 344-345 For what profession was Asa Gray educated? State his con- nection with Harvard university. What work by Gray became a classic in American botany? Describe its characteristics 673 State the influence and importance of Gray's work upon American botany. What was his attitude toward DARWIN'S theory of evolution? What is Gray's rank among botanists? In what manner was his name hon- ored in 1900? G73 Of what noted exploring expedition was J. D. Hooker made botanist in 1839? State the results of his four years' cruise. Mention other important botanical explorations. What interesting plant region did Hooker visit with Asa Gray? State his connection with the publication of DARWIN'S theory. Give his rank among botanists 718 W 7 hat experiments did Mendel conduct upon garden peas? What important discovery was made by him in 1865? How long did this discovery remain unrecognized by the scientific world? By whom was it first given promi- nence? By whom has it been repeated and verified? Of what investigations has Mendel's law become the work- ing basis? 803 Of what division of botany is Sachs considered the founder? Mention some of his experiments 863 In what American university did Goodale teach plant physi- ology? Name some of his valuable contributions to botany. 667 Of what noted botanist was Bessey a pupil? In what uni- versity did he become professor, and for how long? State the character of his botanical works 490 In what field of plant knowledge did Pfeffer rise to foremost rank? State the influence of his work on osmotic pres- sure on chemical progress. What is the importance of his treatise on plant physiology? 836 Mention the chief facts concerning the scientific and educa- tional career of Coulter. What important botanical peri- odical did he found and edit? On what regions did Coul- ter write plant manuals? Name his other botanical works. 565 17 In what university did De Vries become professor of botany? Name his contribution to the theory of organic evolution. How has he changed the method of studying evolution? 587 From what professorship did Britton retire in 1896? What important directorship did he then assume? State the importance of his Illustrated Flora. Name other lead- ing works ' 512 To what noted botanical chair was Robinson appointed? Mention his contributions to American botany. What valuable manual did he collaborate in editing? 856-C READING AND REFERENCE: Sachs, History of Botany; Ker- ner and Oliver, Natural History of Plants; Schimper, Plant Geography; Pfeffer, Physiology of Plants; Darwin, Origin of Species; De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants; Scott, Evolution of Plants; Farmer, Plant Life. TEXTBOOKS: Bergen, Foundations of Botany; Coulter, Ele- mentary Studies in Botany ; Bessey, Botany for High Schools and Colleges; Coulter, Barnes, and Cowles, Text-Book of Botany; Ganong, The Living Plant; Sargent, Plants and Their Uses. NATURE STUDY: Comstock, Handbook of Nature Study; Bailey, The Nature Study Idea; Standish, Country Life and Agricul- tural Education; Hall, The Open Book of Nature; Coulter, Practical Nature Study. POPULAR HANDBOOKS: Reed, Flower Guide; Mathews, Fa- miliar Flowers of Field and Garden; Lounsberry, Guide to the Wild Flowers; Keeler, Our Early Wild Flowers; Mathews, Field Book of American Wild Flowers; Rogers, Tree Guide; Mathews, Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs; Keeler, Our Native Trees; Rogers, Tree Book; Parsons, How to Know the Ferns; Huntington, Study of Trees in Winter; Mathews, Familiar Trees and Their Leaves; Lounsberry, Guide to Trees; Weed, Wild Flower Families; Doubleday, Nature's Garden; Rogers, Trees That Every Child Should Know. FLORAS: Gray's New Manual of Botany, 7th edition; Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada; Chapman, Flora of the Southern United States; Small, Flora of the Southeastern United States; Coulter and Nelson, New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany; Coulter, Manual of Texan Botany; Jepson, Flora of Middle Western California; Sargent, Trees of North America; Sud worth, For- est Trees of the Pacific Slope. 18 CHEMISTRY Name the four material elements recognized by Empedocles. Are any of these elements in the modern chemical sense? To what primal causes did Empedocles ascribe all ma- terial change? 610 What did Democritus assume to be the original character- istics of matter? By what name was his system of philosophy known? 586 Previous to Paracelsus and Van Helmont, with what pseudo- science had chemistry been long identified? Following its separation from alchemy, with what was chemistry for a time chiefly connected? (Under Lavoisier) 324 State how Paracelsus contributed to the advance of chem- istry 828 To the study of what substances did the physician Van Hel- mont devote his attention? State the results of his in- vestigations 701 State the nature of Boyle's Sceptical Chemist and the effect of this work upon chemical science. Who formulated the phlogiston theory? State its essential points 325, 506 What noted theory was advanced by Joseph Black? To what valuable invention did it lead? What did Black prove concerning the composition of air? 493 What did Cavendish discover concerning the composition of water? Discuss his experiments on the composition of air. 538 What notable discovery was made by Priestley, and at what date? 844 Mention important chemical discoveries made by Scheele. . . . 867 Describe how LAVOISIER began his scientific career. State how he overthrew the phlogiston theory. What did LAVOISIER prove concerning the nature of combustion? State the importance of his researches in this field.. .324-325 What was LAVOISIER'S theory on the composition of acids? In what important exception did Sir Humphry Davy later prove LAVOISIER'S acid theory wrong? With this exception noted, what was the importance of the theory? 326, 582 What notable contribution did LAVOISIER make to chem- ical science in 1787? How did LAVOISIER test most of his discoveries before publishing them? In what noted work was his system of chemistry published? 327 Mention three other noted scientists who, with LAVOISIER, are regarded as the founders of chemistry 327 19 With what eminent chemist was Berthollet associated ? What important idea did he introduce into chemical theory?. . 489 For what notable theory is Dalton famous? State when pub- lished and its ultimate effects upon physical science 576 State the celebrated law first formulated by Avogadro in 1811. Discuss briefly its value and use 464 What great contribution to chemistry was made by Humphry Davy in 1806? What new metals did he obtain by elec- trolysis? What valuable practical invention was made by Davy? 582 State the important law concerning the combination of gases discovered by Gay-Lussac, also its value in chemistry. Mention other notable discoveries 654 What eminent chemist devised the system of symbols now in use? 489-H Name the chemical elements discovered or first isolated by Berzelius. How did he establish Dal ton's atomic theory? Of what valuable theory was Berzelius the author? State his influence on chemical science 489 By whom was chloroform discovered? Mention other discov- eries by this early American chemist 682-E Mention important discoveries by Chevreul. To what did his researches on saponification lead? What notable honor was awarded him on his hundredth birthday?... 545 What researches led to the discovery of paraffin and creosote?. 850- J What distinguished scientist discovered benzol, the basis of anilin dyes? 619-A What eminent German chemist is considered the founder of organic chemistry? What organic compound was first produced artificially? Name an important industry which resulted from his inventions. When did he first produce calcium carbide? 926-C By whom and how was bromine discovered? Mention its uses. .468-G What noted French chemist specialized in agricultural chem- istry? Name his most valuable publication 505-G What eminent German chemist specialized in the chemistry of food? Name other fields in which he became distin- guished 775-F Who formulated the law of the molecular diffusion of gases? State the law 672-B Name Bunsen's greatest discovery. To what valuable prac- tical use has the principle of the Bunsen gas-burner been applied? 520 20 What early American chemist became a noted investigator in spectrum analysis and photography? 596-G What Scotch chemist made notable investigations on petro- leum? State the importance of his discoveries 932-B Of what noted chemist was Gerhardt a pupil? With what chemist was he later associated? Name two of their most valuable contributions to chemistry 657 What valuable contribution to chemical science was made by Wurtz? 929 In what department of chemistry did Fresenius become cele- brated? 642 What German chemist first obtained anilin? What art did his discoveries revolutionize? 715-A When and from what did Kolbe artificially produce salicylic acid? Of what importance was this discovery? 762 In what university was Oliver Wolcott Gibbs professor of chemistry? What noted laboratory is named in his honor? 660 In what noted university was Pasteur professor of chemistry? What important researches did he make during 1854-57? 830 How did Cannizzaro contribute to the establishment of Avo- gadro's law? Name two of his discoveries 529 State the influence of Josiah Parsons Cooke as a teacher of chemistry. Name one of his distinguished pupils 560 What French chemist first liquefied oxygen and nitrogen? What did Pictet do almost simultaneously by another method? 526-A, 838 Name valuable discoveries and inventions by Crookes. Which of his inventions is used in producing the Rontgen or X-rays? State its connection with commer- cial electric lighting 570 What noted Russian chemist formulated the periodic law? What did it enable him to foretell? 803-C What eminent chemist was Liebig's successor at Munich? Mention some of his valuable discoveries and contribu- tions. What noted prize was awarded him? 466-G What kind of dye is Perkin's purple? Of what industry did its discoverer thereby become the founder? 834 What was remarkable about the discovery of germanium by Winkler? 924 By what work did Pfeffer, the botanist, lay the foundation of modern physical chemistry? 836 What important substance was discovered by Remsen? What valuable journal did he found? 851 21 What researches by Wallach gave rise to the industry of pro- ducing artificial gums, perfumes, and essential oils? For what was Wallach awarded a Nobel prize? 910 To what department of chemistry were Fischer's researches devoted? What is regarded as his most eminent achieve- ment? What honor was bestowed upon him in 1902?. . . 625 How did Moissan obtain fluorin in the free state? What did he accomplish with the electric furnace? State the re- sults of his attempt to produce diamonds. When was he awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry? 808 What branch of chemistry was founded by Van't Hoff ? What notable honor was given him in recognition of his work? 905 In what fields were the researches of Ostwald conducted? What are his most valuable contributions to chemistry? When was the Nobel prize for chemistry awarded him?. 825 For what investigations was Sabatier awarded (with Gri- gnard) the Nobel prize of 1912? 863 Name important contributions by Chittenden 545 With what subjects do the researches of Frankland deal?. . . 637 State the value of the researches by Arrhenius in the theory of solutions. What distinguished scientific honors has he received? 460 What investigations were begun by Pierre Curie and Madame Curie in 1896? To what momentous discovery did these researches lead? In what scientific honors did they jointly share? 572 What new element did Madame Curie discover? By what monumental labor was she enabled to determine the atomic weight of radium? 572 To what professorship did Madame Curie succeed upon the death of her husband? What new honor was conferred upon her in 1911? What was remarkable about this award? 572 What notable discovery was made by Buchner? How have his contributions to chemistry been recognized? 518 What English chemist prepared artificial rubber in 1912?. ..834-G At what university did Richards gain his degree of Ph.D.? Under what eminent chemists did he later study? In what fields of investigation did he become distinguished? What special scientific honor did he receive in 1914?. . . .853-G What new compounds were discovered by Grignard? How have these been valuable? How has Grignard been honored? 678 22 What chemical elements were discovered by Baskerville?. . . 476 What eminent British physicist received the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1908? For what researches is he distin- guished? 862-E In what field has Willstatter done authoritative work? What recognition did his researches receive in 1915? 923 READING AND REFERENCE: Meyer, History of Chemistry; Bauer, History of Chemistry ; Schorlemmer, The Rise and Development of Organic Chemistry ; Duncan, The Chemistry of Commerce; Meldola, Chemistry; Watts, Dictionary of Chemistry ; Thorp, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. TEXTBOOKS: Remsen, Introduction to Chemistry; Ostwald, Introduction to Chemistry; Norris, Principles of Organic Chemistry ; Roscoe and Schorlemmer, Treatise on Chemistry ; McPherson and Henderson, First Course in Chemistry ; Thorp, Industrial Chemistry. GEOGRAPHY What geographical invention is credited to Anaximander?. . 452 Name an important geographical fact known to Eratosthenes. How did he measure the earth's circumference? 612 State the extent of Strabo's work on geography. What coun- tries does it describe? 885 Of what country was Ptolemy a native? Tell something of the regard in which early scientific men held him. To what class of books did Ptolemy's Geography belong? What was the extent of its influence? 845 Where was Marco Polo born? What great overland journey did he make? State the value of The Booh of Marco Polo to the study of geography 842 What did COLUMBUS believe concerning the shape of the earth? By what discovery did he prove it? 279-285 What important route did Vasco da Grama attempt to find? Give the results of his expedition 649 Sketch briefly Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe. Name his two important discoveries in the western hemi- sphere 792 In what way did Mercator influence the study of geography? 803 Who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe? How was he honored for this achievement? 596-B Who first taught the use of globes? Where? Under what title did he publish the results of his voyages? 684-E Outline briefly the discoveries made by Laperouse 769 23 How many voyages did Capt. Cook make? What present pos- session of the United States was first visited by him?. . . 560 What was the most important work done by Jedediah Morse? Upon what subject were his textbooks the first pub- lished? When were courses in geography first intro- duced at Harvard? 812 Who is considered the founder of modern physical geog- raphy? 725-E Who was the founder of comparative geography? Of what importance was his work? 855-P What important discovery did Sir J. C. Ross make on his last arctic voyage? State his "farthest south" record. What body of land did he reach in his antarctic journeying?. . 859 What branch of geography was taught by Guyot? 682 For what purpose did Livingstone first visit Africa? State the scientific value of his work 777 Where did Kiepert conduct his first explorations? Speak briefly of the value and extent of his work in cartography. 758 What geographical divisions of Africa were for the first time thoroughly studied by Barth? 475 What important African lake did Burton discover with Speke? 523 State Speke's belief concerning Lake Victoria Nyanza. Did his later discoveries confirm or confute his ideas? 881 Mention the subjects of Reclus's geographical works 850 Where did Przhevalski make important discoveries? What famous traveler had previously visited this region? When? 845, 842-A Give an outline of Stanley's journeys in Africa. What books did he write on the subject? 882 State the contributions of Gannett to American geography. . 650 In what department of geography has Davis gained distinc- tion? To what important chair did he rise? What ex- ploring expedition did he accompany? Name three of his works 581-E Who discovered the north pole? When did he make his first •attempt to reach it? How long after was the discovery made? 832-F Where and for 'how long was Tarr professor of physical geog- raphy? With whom did he collaborate in the prepara- tion of geographical textbooks? 891, 791-B What Asiatic expedition was headed by Younghusband?. . . 932 Where did Hedin begin his explorations? Name three of his works on Asia 700 24 Who discovered the south pole? State the important facts concerning this achievement. How was he rewarded?. . 451-1 What important geographical determination was made by Mawson? What two antarctic lands did he discover? State an interesting fact regarding each discovery. What is the scientific value of Mawson's work? 800 READING AND REFERENCE: Tozer, History of Ancient Ge- ography; Jacobs, Story of Geographical Discovery ; Beazley, The Dawn of Modern Geography ; Keltie and Howarth, His- tory of Geography ; Humboldt, Cosmos; Newbigin, Modern Geography; Murray, The Ocean. TEXTBOOKS: Mill, International Geography; Salisbury, Bar- rows, and Tower, Modern Geography ; Stanford, Descriptive Geography; Tarr and McMurry, Common School Geography ; Davis, Physical Geography ; Salisbury, Physiography ; Chis- fholm, Handbook of Commercial Geography'; Robinson, Com- mercial Geography ; J. R. Smith, Industrial and Commercial Geography. GEOLOGY What distinguished British scientist is called the father of modern geology? Why? What important theory was he instrumental an establishing? 785-G When was Ly ell's Principles of Geology published? What •does the theory of uniformitarianism assume? State Lyell's attitude toward DARWIN'S theory of evolution.. 785 In what noted works were Humboldt's contributions to ge- ology published? 725 What early American geologist published The Geology of the Connecticut Valley? Of what eastern states did he make thorough geological surveys? 712-E How did Hugh Miller obtain his education? Name some of ihis contributions to geology 806 On what noted voyage did DARWIN study geology? Name the titles of six of his contributions to geological knowl- edge. Discuss Geikie's estimate of their value 343-344 On what important exploring expedition did Dana study geology? What university chair did he occupy for thirty- five years? Discuss the range and value of his work. What is his rank among scientists? 576-H In what department of geology was Whitney distinguished? To what important development did he contribute? What mountain is named in his honor? 918 25 What eminent scientist became an authority on Canadian geology? What was his attitude toward DARWIN'S theory of the origin of life forms? Mention some of his works 582-C Under what noted scientist did Le Conte study geology? Where did Le Conte become professor of geology? State the value of his contributions to science 772 Briefly iSketch the scientific career of Winch ell. For what Object were his lectures and writings prepared? 924 Where and with what object did Hay den begin scientific ex- ploration? What regions did he later explore geolog- ically, and with what results? 698 What notable geological exploration brought Powell into prominence? What scientific bureau did the government establish through his recommendation? 844 Of what important geological surveys was Sir A. Gelkie di- rector? Name some of his works on geology 654 Of what early American geologist was Hitchcock the son? In what college was he professor of geology for forty years? State his contributions to science 712-D What noted university chair of geology did James Gelkie occupy? Whom did he succeed? To what department of geology did he chiefly contribute? 655 What American geologist specialized on the geology of- Yellowstone national park? Mention his works 684-A What geologist made surveys in Canada for more than fifty years? To what position did he rise? Describe briefly the extent of his explorations 482-F What American geologist made in 1870 a scientific explora- tion of Mt. Ranier? Name some of his publications 610-F What university professorships did Shaler hold? What scien- tific service for the United States government did he perform? Name some of his books on geology 873 What noted American geologist discovered Mt. Whitney and Mt. Tyndall? Who first surveyed the Yosemite valley? What important survey did he originate in 1866? State the nature, scope, and results of this survey. 758-G What prominent American geologist accompanied the Peary relief expedition of 1894? In what capacity did he serve the United States government? For what hypothesis is he noted?. 540-A In what noted geological surveys did Gilbert assist? State his contributions to science 661 26 What regions did G. M. Dawson explore? Name some oi his important contributions to geology 582 What geological expedition did Branner conduct? Of what university did he become president? On what regions has he published geological works? 508 In what department of American geology did Van Hise be- come an authority? Of what university was he made president? Name some of his important works. , 904 On what important geological survey was Ami engaged?. . . . 451. READING AND REFERENCE: Geikie, The Founders of Geology; Zittel, History of Geology and Paleontology ; Shaler, Aspects of the Earth; Geikie, Earth Sculpture; Reade, Origin of Mountains; Darwin, Coral Reefs; Russell, Volcanoes of North America; Wright, The Ice Age in North America. TEXTBOOKS: Dana, Manual of Geology; Chamberlin and Salis- bury, Geology; Tarr, Elementary Geology; Ries, Economic Geology of the United States. MATHEMATICS Upon what does the claim that Thales is the founder of Greek mathematics rest? 894 What calculations is Anaximander said to have made? 452 What noted Greek philosopher proved the proposition of the square upon the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle?. .846-H What were the most noted mathematical works of Archimedes? 457 What important branch of mathematics was founded by Hipparchus? 711 What work has immortalized Euclid's name in science? Of what is it the basis ? 614 Why is Apollonius regarded a founder of mathematics? 456 Who actually discovered and who first published the solution of the cubic equation? Speak of its importance 530-B For what contribution to science is Napier noted? 816 Who invented the decimal or common system of logarithms?. 511-C What branch of mathematics was originated by DES- CARTES? Discuss its value to science. Mention three other valuable contributions to mathematics made by DESCARTES 246 What important contribution to mathematics was made by NEWTON at the age of twenty-one? 306 When did NEWTON begin to write on fluxions or. the cal- culus? 306, 308 27 In what monumental work did NEWTON publish his appli- cations of the calculus? State its scientific rank 308, 310 In what year did LEIBNITZ discover his differential cal- culus? When and in what work did he publish it? 255 Mention three mathematical triumphs achieved by Bernoulli.488-G To what divisions of mathematics were the valuable con- tributions of Euler made? 615 State proofs of the remarkable mathematical precocity of Clairaut. What celebrated problem in astronomy did he solve? What famous computation did he make? 548 At what age did Lagrange "become professor of mathematics? What eminent mathematician did he succeed as director at Berlin? Name Lagrange's most valuable work 767 In what mathematical fields was Fourier distinguished? 634 What noted early American mathematician was largely self- educated? What authoritative work did he produce?. . . 505-1 With what essay did Ampere begin his mathematical career? 451 What remarkable discovery did Gauss make at the age of nineteen? When did he announce his method of least squares? Discuss the extent and quality of his mathe- matical work. Of What theory is he the founder? State his rank among mathematicians 653-A Of what theory was Cauchy the founder? What theory of light did he help establish? State the extent of his work. 537 For what mathematical work is Abel celebrated? 439 What German mathematician was noted for his discoveries in elliptic functions? 737-F Who was the inventor of quaternions? Mention his other important mathematical works 688-E In what university was Benjamin Peirce professor of mathe- matics for forty-seven years? To what does he owe his high rank among American mathematicians? 833 In what universities did Loomis hold professorships? What were his other contributions to mathematical instruction? 781 To the development of what division of physics did Stokes devote his mathematical powers? 885 What mathematical paper was published by KELVIN at the age of sixteen? Under what title were his mathematical contributions chiefly issued? Discuss some of the prac- tical objects to which he devoted his mathematical genius 353-356 In what university was Baker made professor? On what subjects has he published contributions? 467 28 In what American university was Woodward made professor of mathematical physics? To what eminent scientific position did he later rise? 927 READING AND REFERENCE: Cajori, History of Mathematics; Fink, History of Mathematics; D. E. Smith, History of Mod- ern Mathematics ; Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics. PALEONTOLOGY What was the title of CUVIER'S first paper on fossils? When was it published? In what later work did CUVIER found the science of vertebrate paleontology? What two important laws developed by CUVIER enabled him to reconstruct extinct animals from fossil fragments of bones? 329-332 What noted French naturalist collaborated with CUVIER in classifying fossils? , 512-H What French botanist won fame by his work on fossil plants ? 512-G What noted English scientist became CUVIER'S logical suc- cessor in paleontology? Name one of his important works. 825-H What was the effect of DARWIN'S theory of evolution on the development of paleontology? 342-347 What noted chair of paleontology did Marsh fill with distinc- tion? Sketch briefly the extent of his contributions to * science. What new types of animals did he discover and describe? Of what importance was his discovery of the fossil ancestors of the horse? Name some of his works. . 796 Where was Hyatt made professor of paleontology? In what group of scientists was he prominent? Mention one of his works 729 What was Cope's connection with the Wheeler and Hayden surveys? What formations did he explore? How many species of extinct animals did he name and describe? To what important chair did he succeed? In what field of theoretical science was he distinguished? 561 To what is Zittel's international reputation due? What ex- ploring expedition did he accompany? Name noted works. 935 In what capacity did White serve on United States govern- ment surveys? For what period did he have charge of the fossils of the national museum? What do his writ- ings include? 917 Of what great museum was Lucas made director? On what fossil animals did he make researches? Name two of his works on extinct animals 784 29 For what noted scientist did Williston conduct fossil-hunting expeditions? For what profession was he educated? To what university chair did he rise? By what researches and discoveries has he won international reputation? What is his rank as a scientist? Name two of his au- thoritative works 922 In what university was Osborn professor of zoology? In what museum was he curator of vertebrate paleontology? Where did he make explorations, and with what results? For what purpose did he conduct expeditions in Africa? Name two of his works on ancient mammals 824 READING AND REFERENCE: Zittel, History of Geology and Paleontology ; Lankester, Extinct Animals; Lucas, Animals of the Past; Osborn, Age of Mammals. TEXTBOOKS: Zittel and Eastman, Textbook of Paleontology; Woodward, Outlines of Vertebrate Paleontology ; Woods, Paleontology: Invertebrates. PHYSICS Who wrote the earliest great work on physical science, in England? What subject did he investigate chiefly? What terms now in use did he originate? 661-C What three fundamental laws of physics were discovered by GALILEO? What theorem did he propound concerning falling bodies? What did he prove concerning the law of velocity? 295, 298 What did GALILEO prove concerning the path of a projec- tile? What science did GALILEO found? 298 State GALILEO'S discoveries with reference to the pendu- lum, to air and suction, and to the theory of sound 298 What valuable instruments did GALILEO invent? Of what use was his hydrostatic balance? 296, 295 In what work did KEPLER lay the foundation of optics? What did he contribute concerning the telescope?. . 300 What instrument was invented by Guericke? What was demonstrated by the experiment of the "Magdeburg hemispheres ?" 680 Of what great scientist was Torricelli a pupil? Besides his invention of the barometer, what contributions did he make to science? 899 What theory of light was developed by Huygens? What property of light was first demonstrated by him? 729 30 State the important law of physics known as Boyle's law. Why is this called Mariotte's law in many countries? When did Mariotte publish his discovery? How long after Boyle? 506, 795 What great law of physics was discovered by NEWTON? What important deduction did he make concerning the decrease of the power of gravity with distance? What notable discovery did he make concerning the composi- tion of light? In what celebrated work were these dis- coveries embodied? 307-308 What instrument was invented by Reaumur? 850 What notable improvement in the thermometer was made by Fahrenheit? In what countries is his thermometric scale used? 617 What notable discovery in electricity was made by FRANK- LIN? What practical application did he make of it?. . . 393 Who first developed the kinetic theory of gases? 488-F What important determination was made by Cavendish con- cerning the density of the earth? 538 What valuable instrument was invented by Coulomb? What electric unit was named in his honor? 564 After what scientist was galvanism named ? How did he make his discoveries? What doctrine did they establish?. . . .649-D Mention important instruments and experiments made by Volta. What was his most valuable discovery? 908 What did Rumford recognize concerning the nature of heat? To what practical fields did he devote his scientific knowledge? 861 Who invented the camera lucida? What other contributions did he make to optics ? What did he first observe in the solar spectrum? 926-G To what subject did Fourier make valuable contributions?. . . 634 Who was the founder of saccharimetry? What instrument formed the basis of his method? For what researches was he noted ? 492-D What valuable instrument was invented by Ampere? What electrical unit is named in his honor? , 451 What type of pendulum was devised by Kater? Describe its use 753 What did Oersted show concerning the nature of magnetism, electricity, and galvanism? 822 What early American physicist was professor at Yale for fifty years? What important journal was founded by him?. .877-B 31 What eminent French scientist discovered the law of vol- umes? Name other important discoveries in physics made by him 654-B What eminent Scotch physicist invented the kaleidoscope? With whom does he share the honor of inventing the stereoscope? In what field did he make important dis- coveries? , 510-E What important discovery was made by Fraunhofer? 638 In honor of what physicist was the measure of electrical resistance named? Name an important result of his researches 822-1 In what department of physics was Fresnel distinguished? What earlier theory of light did he disprove? State Fresnel's theory of light. Mention one of his valuable inventions 642 What brilliant English physicist was largely self-educated? In what fields did he make experiments? State some of the important results. What now universally used elec- trical terms were originated by him? 619-A Who discovered "Haidinger's brush?" What does this enable the physicist to detect? 684 C Who was the founder of thermodynamics? How did he show that he appreciated the great law later kpown as the conservation of energy? What recent physicist extended his work? 531-G What valuable contribution was made by Henry toward the invention of the electric telegraph? What was his most important electrical discovery? In what way did he anticipate modern wireless telegraphy? Of what scien- tific institution was Henry director? How was his memory honored in 1915 ? 704 Describe the nature of the researches in electricity made by De la Rive. For what discovery was he awarded a prize? 585 Who invented electrotyping? Mention other contributions to science made by him 737-G What great contribution to electrical science was made by Weber? When and by whom were the values of the volt, ampere, coulomb, and farad defined?.. 913-G Mention three valuable scientific inventions made by Jolly. . 748 In what fields was Grove distinguished? By what invention is he known? What theory of forces did he propound?. . 679 For what was Stokes preeminent in his century? By what discovery is he best known? 885 32 What physicist is entitled to the credit of first conceiving the great doctrine of the conservation of energy? "What ex- periments led him to this view? 801-D' What researches and discoveries were made by Joule? How did he confirm the doctrine of the conservation of energy? 750' When and by whom was the gyroscope invented? 634C In what departments of physics did A. E. Beequerel make researches? What instrument did he invent? 479 In what way did Tyndall advance physical science? 902. By what famous essay did HELMHOLTZ first attract scien- tific attention? What fundamental principle did it enun- ciate? To what chemical principle enunciated by LAVOISIER does it correspond? 348. To what inventions did HELMHOLTZ'S investigations in physiological optics lead? Of what value is the ophthal- moscope? Discuss its constructive principle 348-349 To what great work did his investigations in physiological acoustics lead? Discuss briefly some of the points ad- vanced in his Sensations of Tone 349-350' To what distinguished chair was HELMHOLTZ called in 1871? To what department of physics were HELM- HOLTZ'S remaining years devoted? Of what importance were his researches in electrodynamics? Under what six heads may his contributions to science be summed up? State the number of scientific publications by HELMHOLTZ. In what three realms of science was he a commanding figure? 35L What is the second law of thermodynamics? When and by whom was it first stated? What was his theory of electrolysis? 550-F Discuss how Hittorf anticipated Crookes's discovery of radi- ant matter. In what field did Hittorf make valuable re- searches ? 712 Sketch briefly the early life and education of KELVIN. At what age did he publish his first scientific paper? 353" At what age was he appointed professor in Glasgow univer- sity? With what noted scientist was he there associated? 353 Discuss KELVIN'S views, based on the facts of physical science, as to the age of the earth 354 State KELVIN'S part in securing the acceptance of the inter- national centimeter-gram-second system of electrical standards 355 Outline briefly the nature of KELVIN'S later researches 355 33 Discuss the scientific value of KELVIN'S work and his rank among modern scientists 356 What similarity between electromagnetic waves and those of light was proved by Maxwell? Has his hypothesis con- cerning the nature of electricity and light been confirmed? 801 What important discoveries in physics were made by Crookes? What are "Crookes tubes" and how did he produce them ? 570 What is the Holtz electrical machine? 717 For what researches was Van der Waals awarded a Nobel prize? 908 At what university and for how long was Gibbs professor of mathematical physics? Of what use is the "Gibbs phase rule?" What system was developed by Gibbs dur- ing 1881-1884? . 659 What English physicist distinguished himself by his re- searches in low temperatures? What gases was he the first to liquefy and solidify? How did he obtain the temperature of 470 F. below zero? What gas remains uncondensed at this temperature? 588-A What are the thermos flasks first introduced by Dewar? What important explosive did he assist in inventing?. . . 588 At what universities was Rayleigh professor? What scien- tific honor did he receive in 1904? 849 What American scientist instituted the laboratory method of instruction in physics? 900-G What French physicist enunciated the principle of the con- servation of electricity? State his discovery in color- photography. What scientific honor was awarded him in 1908? 777-A When, where, and by whom were the "X" rays discovered? By what name are these now called? Name three scien- tific honors bestowed upon the discoverer 858-D Mention some of the results of Wroblewski's work on the liquefaction of gases 929 By what did Rowland win scientific recognition? Of what eminent physicist was he a pupil? In what fields did he make important contributions to science? To what discovery did his work on the solar spectrum lead? What remarkable invention did he make in connection with it? State Rowland's position among scientists 861 State the scientific results of Woodward's presidency of the Carnegie institution at Washington 927 34 Discuss Braun's contributions to the advance of wireless telegraphy. Mention other important work in physics achieved by him. What honor did he receive jointly with Marconi? 509 In what field did Sir Oliver Lodge make important dis- coveries? 779 What are Becquerel rays, and why so named? Mention opti- cal subjects investigated by Becquerel. With what noted scientists did he share a Nobel prize for physics? 479-1 Describe briefly the early life and education of Michelson. To what scientific position did he rise? In what field are his chief researches? Mention some of his important determinations and inventions. What new type of spec- troscope did he construct? Name three scientific honors awarded him 805 What eminent Dutch physicist notably developed Maxwell's theory of the ether and Thomson's theory of electrons? With what formula is his name connected? What did he predict and demonstrate concerning the "Zeeman effect?" With whom did he share a Nobel prize? 781-C What Dutch physicist succeeded in liquefying helium? How did he prepare helium, and what properties of this ele- ment did he determine? When did he receive a Nobel prize? 823-H What epoch-making theories were developed by J. J. Thom- son? What scientific honor was awarded him? 896 In what did the researches on Becquerel rays made by Pierre Curie and Madame Curie result? What special honors did they receive in recognition of their discoveries? 572 Of what electric waves did Hertz prove the existence? What properties of these waves did he demonstrate? What was the practical outcome of his momentous discovery?. .... 708 Describe the nature of Pupin's researches. State their effect on long-distance telephony 846 For what researches was W. H. Bragg, with his son, W. L. Bragg, awarded a None! prize for physics? 507 What scientific recognition was given Gullstrand's researches in physiological optics? 681 For what work in physics is Lenard distinguished? In rec- ognition of what researches was he awarded a Nobel prize? 773 In what manner was Wien honored in 1911 for his work on radioactivity? 919 35 Of what noted physicist was Zeeman a pupil? Discuss the importance of his discovery of the "Zeeman effect." With whom did he share a Nobel prize? 933 Of what country was Rutherford a native? For what investi- gations is he distinguished? Mention three high scien- tific honors awarded him for his researches. 862 In what department of physics has Von Laue done notable work? How was he honored in 1914? 770 READING AND REFERENCE: Cajori, History of Physics; Whetham, Recent Development of Physical Science; Duncan, The New Knowledge; Soddy, Matter and Energy. TEXTBOOKS: Ames, Text-Book of General Physics; Watson, Text-Book of Physics; Daniell, Text-Book of the Principles of Physics; Crew, General Physics; Kelvin and Tait, Elements of Natural Philosophy ; Hall, Elements of Physics; Millikan and Gale, First Course in Physics. PHYSIOLOGY How did ARISTOTLE arrive at his knowledge of the organs of animals? What important distinction did he make between tissues and organs? What did CUVIER call ARISTOTLE'S work on animals? 232 What distinction between nerves has been attributed to Erasistratus? On what subjects did he write?. 612 What knowledge do the writings of Galen indicate? 647 What important discoveries by Eustachio bear his name? What organ did he first accurately describe? With what two other founders of modern anatomy is he ranked?. . 615 In what field of anatomy was Vesalius a pioneer? 906 What contribution to physiology was made by Caesalpinus?. 525 For what career was Fallopius educated? On what does his scientific fame rest? What does CUVIER say of him?. . 618 Of what noted scientist was Fabricius the pupil and suc- cessor? What great master studied under Fabricius? What observations by Fahricius were of value to HAR- VEY? Mention subjects investigated by Fabricius 617 When did HARVEY begin to teach his views on the circula- tion of the blood? When did he publish his discovery? What had Servetus and Caesalpinus described and con- jectured? Did these or other earlier scientists conceive the circulation of the blood in the sense that HARVEY demonstrated it? Discuss the value of his discovery.. . 303 3fi For what discoveries is Malpighi known? 792 What important discoveries were made by Graaf? 671 What Italian scientist is the reputed founder of pathological anatomy? Name his chief work 811-B Sketch briefly the scientific career of Haller. What valuable work did he write? 687 State the value of Hunter's work in anatomy 727 What great scientist was the founder of modern compara- tive anatomy? 328-332 Mention and state the scope of three great works by Bichat. On what distinction by ARISTOTLE is the last of these based? .490, 232 What noted French scientist advanced the theory of the unity of the organic structure? Name his important work on anatomy 656-B In what field did Marshall Hall perform important work?. . 686 Describe the nature and extent of Flourens's work 631 On what organs did Weber make pioneer researches? What new development in science did these investigations initiate? 913-E To what subject were Owen's researches chiefly devoted? What field did his work in comparative anatomy embrace? 825 What scientist determined the nature of pepsin? What was his greatest achievement? State the importance of the cellular theory of organic structure. 869-E For what investigations was Bernard awarded prizes by the French academy? Mention later researches 488 Of what extent and importance were Carpenter's works on physiology? 532 Of what character were the researches and collections of Jeffries Wyman? 929 Who founded our modern knowledge of animal electricity? What is his rank among scientists? 598-C In what universities was HELMHOLTZ professor of physi- ology? To what important discoveries did his studies in physiological optics lead? What celebrated physio- logical work was published by HELMHOLTZ in 1863?. 347, 349 What was Virohow's master work? Of what importance in pathology? 908 What was Huxley's influence on the progress of comparative anatomy? When did he write his noted lecture on the vertebrate skull? 729 What did Schultze prove concerning the nature of protoplasm? 868 37 What eminent scientist first placed the study of anatomy on an evolutionary basis? Name his chief works 654-G For the basis of what modern science did Wundt use physiology ? 929 "What method of studying nervous tissue was introduced by Golgi? What important discovery did he make concern- ing nerves? What are the "organs of Golgi?" Mention his chief discovery in pathology? What scientific honor did he receive? 666 In what field did Metchnikoff conduct important researches? What did he prove by physiological experiments on lower animals ? ' 804 What Russian scientist founded a new school of physiolo- gists? On w'hat subjects did he make researches? Name his most valuable work 831-G What Spanish scientist is distinguished for his researches in the histology of the brain and nerves? How was the value of his work recognized? 848-1 What science did Kossel apply to the investigation of cells, nuclei, and albumens? Where has he served as profes- sor of physiology? What honor was bestowed upon him? 763 For what researches was Barany awarded the Nobel prize for medicine? 471 READING AND REFERENCE : Foster, Lectures on the History of Physiology ; Craigie, "History of Anatomy" in Encyclopedia Britannica; Gegenbaur, Elements of Comparative Anatomy. TEXTBOOKS: Martin, The Human Body; Kirkes, Handbook of Physiology ; Stewart, Manual of Physiology ; Luciani, Human Physiology ; Kellogg, Animals and Man; Gerrisn, Textbook of Anatomy ; Gray, Anatomy. PSYCHOLOGY Why is the Greek philosopher ARISTOTLE called the founder of modern psychology? What did he show con- cerning the activities of the mind? 231 What great philosopher of the middle ages combined the psy- chology of ARISTOTLE with theological teaching?. . .236-237 What noted work on the human mind was written by LOCKE? When was it published? To what great sys- tem did LOCKE'S principles of psychology and philoso- phy eventually lead? 252-253 When was HEGEL'S Phenomenology of the Spirit published? Why did he call this work his "voyage of discovery?". .268-269 What psychological principles did Herbart introduce into education? 705 Upon what methods did Beneke insist that psychology should be formulated ? 484 Who was the founder of psychophysics? Name his chief work 620-J Mention three works discussing the human mind written by Bain 467 When was SPENCER'S Principles of Psychology published? What conception of life and mind does this work em- brace? What was SPENCER'S influence on the thought of his day? 272-275 What distinguished physiologist and psychologist was the creator of the modern science of psychology? What move- ments in psychology did he correlate and combine? Name two of his important works 929-B Mention some of Ladd's contributions to psychology. What noted professorship did he occupy? 765 What is said of the influence of James's Principles of Psy- chology? Mention other contributions to psychology by James. What important chair of psychology did heboid? 739 At what university was Hoffding made professor of philoso- phy? State his viewpoint in philosophy and in ethics.. 714 What theory of mental development was advocated by G. Stanley Hall? In what important works are his prin- ciples set forth? What journal did he found and edit?. 686 What principles did Romanes apply to psychology? Men- tion some of his important works on the human mind and on animal intelligence 858 What field of research did Hyslop pursue? Name some of his important works 730 Mention a psychological work by Royce. By what philosoph- ical view was his work influenced? 861 What fields of modern psychology do Binet's works cover? What is the purpose of the Binet-Simon Tests? 492 Sketch briefly the educational career of Baldwin. Mention six of his writings on psychology. Of what valuable dictionary was he editor? 469 In what university was Jastrow made professor of psychol- ogy? Mention some of his scientific works 740 To what fields did Munsterberg extend his researches? of what psychological subjects do his writings treat? Men- tion some of his psychological works 814 39 In what university did Titchener become research, professor of psychology? What is said of his laboratory investiga- tions? Mention some of his works in experimental psychology 898 In what universities was Judd professor of psychology? In what university did he later apply the principles of modern psychology in the field of education? Name some of his important works 751 READING AND REFERENCE: Dessoir, Outlines of the His- tory of Psychology; Baldwin, History of Psychology; Bald- win, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology ; Hall, Adoles- cence; Dewey, Psychology and Social Practice; McDougall, Psychology ; Barrett, Psychical Research. TEXTBOOKS: James, Principles of Psychology; Baldwin, Ele- ments of Psychology ; Royce, Outlines of Psychology ; Wundt, Introduction to Psychology; Judd, Psychology ; Titchener, Beginner's Psychology and Text-Book of Psychology ; Calkins, First Book of Psychology; Myers, Text-Book of Experimental Psychology. ZOOLOGY Name and discuss the nature of ARISTOTLE'S important work on animals. What did CUVIER say of it? What valuable method did ARISTOTLE apply to the study of animals? 232 Mention some of the important distinctions made by ARIS- TOTLE in grouping animals. In what respect did he anticipate the classification of Lamarck? What knowl- edge did he possess concerning whales? What is said of ARISTOTLE'S observations in embryology? 232 With what fundamental distinction regarding tissues and organs does ARISTOTLE begin his treatise on animals? What divisions of modern science rest upon this dis- tinction? 232, 490-1 What famous work by Pliny the Elder has come down to us? State its scientific value 841 What discovery of great importance to zoology was made by HARVEY? In what work did he undertake to continue ARISTOTLE'S researches in embryology? 302-305 For what discoveries is Malpighi known? 792 What instrument was perfected by Leeuwenhoek? Name some of his notable' discoveries. What doctrine of ARISTOTLE did he largely disprove? 772 40 What work did Willughby undertake to produce in collabora- tion with John Ray? What is said in regard to its system of classification? 923 To what subject was Reaumur's most important work devoted? 850 What important work on zoology was published by LIN- NAEUS in 1735? Describe its object and method. In what respects did the classification of LINNAEUS differ from older systems? Name the six subkingdoms of ani- mals distinguished by LINNAEUS. How were these divided and arranged? What is said concerning his principles of defining genera and species? 314-315 Zoology as a descriptive science is said to date from LIN- NAEUS. Discuss three reasons why 314-315 How did Buff on arouse popular interest in zoology? Of what modern theory was he a pioneer? Name his important works 519 To what did Gilbert White devote his life? What work by . him has become a classic? 917 What eminent French naturalist was born at Bazentin in 1744? Describe his views concerning the origin of species. For what modern theory did he prepare the way? On what department of zoology did he lecture and write? 767-E What blind naturalist conducted important researches on the life and habits of bees? Mention five notable dis- coveries made by him 723-G What were the scientific results of Alexander Wilson's ac- quaintance with Bartram? For what is Wilson's chief work noted? What is Wilson's rank among American ornithologists? 923 Of what divisions of zoological science may CUVIER be re- garded as the founder? 328-332 What led CUVIER to change the classification made by LIN- NAEUS? In what great work is CUVIER'S new system described? Name the four great types of animals estab- lished by CUVIER 332 State CUVIER'S two laws with reference to animal organs. Of what importance were these laws in the study of fossils? 332 Discuss the influence of CUVIER on zoology as a science. . . 332 In contradistinction to CUVIER'S conception of four un- changing types of animal structure, what was Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire's theory? 656 41 To what was Audubon devoted from childhood? Name and describe the features of his great work. Discuss the value of his contribution to American ornithology 463 What was the nature and influence of Von Baer's Develop- ment of Animals? Of what modern science was he a founder? 466 In what division of zoology did Agassiz specialize? Mention some of his valuable works. State his attitude toward the Darwinian theory of evolution. What was his influ- ence as a teacher? How was his name honored in 1905?. . . 443-1 For what two professions was DARWIN chiefly educated? How was he influenced to study natural history?. . . 342 State the circumstances of his appointment as an exploring naturalist. Name the countries visited during the ex- pedition of the Beagle. What knowledge did DARWIN acquire during the five years' voyage? 342-343 What problems did this knowledge lead him to attempt to solve? Upon what single inquiry did his investigations finally center? 343 How long did he accumulate evidence in support of the prin- ciple of natural selection? What surprising communica- tion did DARWIN receive from Wallace in 1858? 343-344 State the circumstances which resulted in the publication of DARWIN'S Origin of Species in 1859. Discuss the effects of this publication. What epoch-making theory did DARWIN advance? State the popular misconception concerning it 344 Upon what principle is DARWIN'S theory of evolution based? What additional principle did he later advance? 345 Has the progress of biological knowledge tended to confirm or to confute DARWIN'S arguments? 345 State briefly the estimates of Romanes and Wallace as to the value of DARWIN'S work to science 347 According to Archdeacon Farrar, what constitutes DAR- WIN'S chief claim to praise? 347 In what field of animal life did Fabre make his interesting discoveries? Name some of his important works 617 What regions did Wallace explore? What important theory did he announce simultaneously with DARWIN? 909-G With what noted naturalist did Bates visit the Amazon region? State the results. What work by Bates has be- come a classic of scientific travel? Give DARWIN'S estimate of Bates 477 42 For what profession was Huxley educated? State how he came to spend four years in the Australian region. What forms of life did he study, and with what results? To what scientific position was he later appointed, and how did he fill it? Describe his gifts as a scientist. What was his influence as a teacher? What was his position with regard to DARWIN'S theory of evolution? State the importance of his investigations and name some of his most valuable works 729 With what great comparative anatomists is Gegenbaur ranked? Why is he regarded as the founder of modern anatomy? 654 Describe Haeckel's scientific career. What was his position concerning Darwinism? Mention some of his leading works 683 In what fields of zoological study were Lubbock's achieve- ments made? Mention two of his most popular works. 784 How long was Weismann professor of zoology at Freiburg? What was his view concerning the inheritance of ac- quired characters? In what province of biology has his work been notably influential? 914 In what division of zoological research did Alexander Agassiz become noted? Mention some of his important works. . . 443 Upon the study of what class of animals did Gill chiefly specialize? Name some of his leading works 662 Of what group of American zoologists was Hyatt a promi- nent member? What subjects did he investigate? 729 To whom was Packard at one time an assistant? Sketch his scientific career. In what fields did he become widely known? Mention his important works 826 What noted Russian explorer discovered a true wild horse? Of what domestic animal did he discover the parent wild species? 845-D What is said of Cope's work on North American reptiles, amphibians, and fishes? In what field did he become a leader? Of what scientific journal was he for many years editor? 561 Of what important chair of zoology was Whitman made pro- fessor? In what fields did he investigate, and with what results? What important journal did he found and edit? 918 In what field of zoology did Brooks become distinguished? What noted chair did he occupy, and with what results? By what were his valuable researches characterized?. . . 513 43 In what field of natural science did Coues become an author- ity? Name his most important works 564 "Where was Metchnikoff born? Where did he study? Of what great scientist did he become chief assistant and suc- cessor? Mention notable researches and discoveries made by Metchnikoff. What important award did he share with Ehrlich? 804 With what great scientist did Romanes form a friendship? Where did Romanes advocate the theories of DARWIN? To what new field of science did Romanes apply the prin- ciples of evolution? Name some of his important works. 858 At what university and for how long was Comstock professor of entomology? State the nature and importance of his work on insects. In what field was his wife, Anna Botsford Comstock, prominent? 557 Of what eminent scientists was Hertwig a pupil? To what distinguished professorship did he rise? What epoch- making discovery did he demonstrate in his work, The Animal Egg? 707 Of what importance were the investigations of Balfour? 469-E Mention Jordan's chief works on fishes 749 Under what eminent zoologist did Goode study? To what division of zoology did he devote his attention? State the results and importance of his work 667 In what fields has Williston made extensive investigations? What is said of his Manual of North American Diptera? 922 In what regions was Hornaday a zoological collector? Of what noted zoological park did he become director? Name some of his writings 719 In what important museum did Chapman become curator of ornithology? Mention some of his works on birds 541 Of what special station for investigation did Davenport be- come director? What important researches has he con- ducted ? What valuable popular work has he published ? . . 579-D READING AND REFERENCE: Miall, The Early Naturalists; Locy, Biology and lis Makers; Brooks, The Foundations of Zoology; The Cambridge Natural History, edited by Harmer and Shipley; Hornaday, The American Natural History; Darwin, Origin of Species; Jordan and Kellogg, Evolution and Animal Life; Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin; Gamble, The Animal World; Lankester, Darwin and Modern Science; Thomson, Science of Life; Haeckel, Wonders of Life; Sedgwick and Wilson, General Biology. 44 GENERAL TEXTS: Parker and Haswell, Textbook of Zoology; Lankester, Treatise on Zoology; Shipley and MacBride, Zoology; Packard, Zoology; Kingsley, Vertebrate Zoology; Kellogg and Doane, Economic Zoology and Entomology. MAMMALS: Flower and Lydekker, Mammals Living and Ex- tinct; Seton, Life Histories of Northern Mammals; Gregory, The Orders of Mammals; Stone and Cram, American Ani- mals; Sclater, The Geography of Mammals. BIRDS: Chapman, Bird Life; Knowlton and Ridgway, Birds of the World; Coues, Key to North American Birds; Ridgway, Birds of North and Middle America; Chapman, Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America; Reed, Bird Guide. FISHES: Jordan, Fishes; Jordan and Evermann, Food and Game Fishes of North America; Goode, American Fishes; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America; Dean, Fishes, Living and Fossil; Ward, Marvels of Fish Life; Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology ; Murray, The Depths of the Ocean. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS: Boulenger, Reptiles and Batrachians ; Ditmars, Reptiles of the World and Reptile Book; Dickerson, The Frog Book; Cope, Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes; Williston, Water Reptiles of the Past and Pres- ent; Cope, Batrachia of North America. INSECTS: Packard, Text-Book of Entomology ; Comstock, Manual for the Study of Insects; Kellogg, American Insects; Osborn, Economic Entomology; Fabre, Social Life in the Insect World; Lubbock, Ants, Bees, and Wasps. LOWER INVERTEBRATES: Pratt, Manual of the Common In- vertebrate Animals; Comstock, The Spider Book; Rogers, The Shell Book; Keep, West Coast Shells; Dall, Land and Fresh Water Molluscs; Caiman, The Life of Crustacea. NATURE STUDY AND TRAVEL: Comstock, Handbook of Na- ture Study; White, Natural History of Selborne; Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist ; Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons; Hudson, The Naturalist in La Plata; Selous, Hunter's Wanderings in Africa; Beebe, Two Bird Lovers in Mexico; Belt, Naturalist in Nicaragua; Roosevelt, South African Game Trails. 45 USEFUL ARTS GENERAL READING AND REFERENCE: Clodd, Story of Primitive Man; Tylor, Primitive Culture; Mason, The Origin of Invention; Gibson, Romance of Modern Manufacture; Smiles, Men of Invention and Industry ENGINEERING Describe Smeaton's most noted achievement. Name other important works 878 With what method of road building is McAdam's name synonymous? Describe his career 786 Name two famous English inventors with whom Rennie was associated. In what did Rennie specialize? Mention noted structures designed by him 851 Who introduced steam navigation into Europe? With whom did he work? Name the first steam vessel used in Europe. Where and when was it launched? 482-C How long was Stevenson engaged as an engineer? Name the most remarkable structure erected by him 884-F With what three qualities did STEPHENSON fight against poverty? By what method did he secure an education? How did he add to his income? 332-333 When and by whom was the Stockton and Darlington rail- way sanctioned? What position was offered STEPHEN- SON? What success attended his work? 335 In what line of work did STEPHENSON become a leader? Mention three lines in which he acquired wealth. With what railways was he connected? 335 What improvement in mill machinery was made by Fair- bairn? In shipbuilding? Mention bridges built by him.. 617 Sketch Brassey's career as a railway builder 509 By whom was the Suez canal constructed? What world project was begun by him? By whom completed? 774-1 Who built the first English telegraph line? 560-1 Mention a result of Cooke's association with Wheatstone. Name an apparatus patented. How was Cooke rewarded for his achievements in electricity? 560, 916 Name suspension bridges designed by J. A. Roebling 857 Where was Sir William Siemens born? Of what country did he become a citizen? In what was he engaged? Name his invention used in the manufacture of steel.... 876 46 What well-known American bridge was constructed by Eads? Mention other projects planned by him 602 Of what transcontinental road was Fleming engineer-in- chief? State his attitude toward state control of tele- graphs and toward a universal time system 629 How did Trowbridge serve the government during the civil war? What type of bridge did he design? 900 Sketch the army service of Dodge. Of what important rail- way was he chief engineer? 592 Describe the Eiffel tower. Mention a structure in the United States in which its fundamental idea is seen 607, 475-D Whose experiments resulted in search-lights? Mention a discovery used in electric power installations 920-B Sketch the engineering achievements of Carson 533 On what government commissions did Haupt serve? Name some of his writings on engineering 697 With whom was Houston associated in inventing lighting methods? Name books on electricity by Houston. .721, 896-C In what developments of electricity did J. A. Fleming have an important part? Name some of his works 629 Outline the career of Burr. In what competition was his bridge design successful? ' 523 Who was the first American chief engineer of the Panama canal? By whom was he succeeded? 910-A, 884-B Name three railroad positions filled by J. F. Stevens. How long was he chief engineer of the Panama canal? 884 Discuss briefly the work of Gorgas as chief sanitarian of the Panama canal 668 Upon what municipal engineering problems has Freeman . been engaged? Where? 640 Where did John Hays Hammond secure his scientific educa- tion? Whom did he serve as consulting engineer? Make a summary of his South African activities 689 To whom belongs the honor of completing the Panama canal? What appointment was then offered him? 665-G With what famous electrical company was Hammer as- sociated? What did he install in London? '. 688 Where did Parsons do his first work in railroad building? Of what two commissions was he a member? 830 What work on the Panama canal was entrusted to Gaillard? What is Culebra cut now called? 646 Name an improvement in New York city railroad service planned by Arnold. Mention two inventions 459 47 Name important electrical companies founded by Crocker.. 569 Name three United States battleships designed by Nixon. . 819 In what branches is Steinmetz an authority? Mention two books on electricity by him 883 Of what nationality is Dalen? With what success did he fol- low his chosen profession? Name inventions. What noted prize was awarded him? 575 REFERENCE AND TEXT BOOKS: Mechanical: Thurston, The Materials of Engineering; Car- penter, Textbook of Experimental Engineering; Weisbach, Theoretical Mechanics; Lanza, Applied Mechanics; Kennedy, The Mechanics of Machinery. Electrical: Steinmetz, Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering ; Fleming, The Principles of Electric Wave Teleg- raphy and Telephony; Crocker, Electric Lighting; Hous- ton, Electric Railways; Crocker, Management of Electrical Machinery. Mining: Ihlseng, Manual of Mining; Lupton, Mining; Hughes, Text Book of Coal Mining; Lock, Practical Gold Mining; Stretch, Prospecting, Locating and Valuing Mines; Curie, The Gold Mines of the World; Williams, The Diamond " Mines of South Africa. Sanitary: Baker, Municipal Engineering and Sanitation; Chapin, Municipal Sanitation in the United States. AGRICULTURE In what remote time do we find a work on agriculture? What special features are treated by Columella?. 557 Name two editors of the American Agriculturist. .896-1, 751-G Outline Thurber's contributions to American agriculture 896 Name three agricultural periodicals edited by Orange Judd. How did he aid the study of agriculture? 751 When and with whose approval did Morrill succeed in pass- ing the bill for the establishment of agricultural col- leges? To what extent have these been developed? 811. Give a brief outline of the scientific work of Brewer 510 Where and in what capacity did Hellriegel carry on his sci- entific experiments? What discovery did he make? 701 Sketch briefly the work of Hilgard. Mention his most im- portant investigations. To what did they lead? 710 To what political offices was James Wilson elected? To what cabinet position was he appointed? State the results of his sixteen years' service 923 48 In what section did Wallace aid the development of agricul- ture? How? Name three of his works 909 Of what was Muir a pioneer advocate? Of what body was he made a member? 813 Where did Burbank establish experiment farms? Describe some of his achievements in plant breeding 520 In connection with what institution has Bailey done his most important work? Mention five works on horticulture. What standard works has he edited? 466 With what agricultural journals was Myrick connected? Name his books on agriculture 815 In what has Holden specialized? Discuss how he has aided scientific agriculture 716 Where and by whom was the first systematic forestry work in America done? What policy did he advocate? What school did he help found? 839-A READING AND REFERENCE: Farming and Stock-Raising: Bailey, Cyclopedia of Ameri- can Agriculture; Wilcox and Smith, Cyclopedia of Live Stock; Brooks, Agriculture; Warren, Elements of Agricul- ture; Earle, Southern Agriculture; Wilson and Warburton, Field Crops; Agee, Crops and Methods of Soil Improvement; King, Farmers of Forty Centuries; Comstock, How to Keep Bees; Brown, Poultry Husbandry. Horticulture: Bailey, Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture; Davidson, Gardens Past and Present; Budd and Hansen, American Horticultural Manual; Bailey, Nursery-Book; Sewell, Common Sense Gardens; Fish, Book of the Winter Garden; Ely, Another Hardy Garden Book. Forestry: Fernow, History of Forestry; Pinchot, Primer of Forestry; Green, Principles of American Forestry; Gifford, Practical Forestry; Brucken, North American Forests and Forestry; Fernow, The Care of Trees. AERONAUTICS What. was the first form of flying machine? To what coun- • try belongs the honor of this invention? , 809-F Who were the inventors of the balloon? What was the effect of their demonstration? Under what two rulers did they carry on their experiments? By whom was each signally honored? Briefly describe their achieve- ments . 809-F, 782-E, 413 49 To what branch of science did Langley devote many years? Where did he carry on his observations? Of what type of flying machine is he the inventor? When did it mate the first successful flight? What has been proved by later experiments? Name his works on the subject 768 Sketch briefly the career of Count von Zeppelin. What type of airship did he invent? When did he first succeed in driving his machine against the wind? Where have most of the recent Zeppelins been built? State why the year 1913 was memorable to Zeppelin? How were these airships used by Germany? 934 Mention the first instance of actual mechanical flight. By whom was the test made? Whose theories were proved correct by this success? What government position was accepted by Orville Wright in 1915? 928-H, 768-F Of what nationality is Santos-Dumont? What notable advance in aviation was made by him? 865 What types of machines for aerial navigation were invented and perfected by Glenn Curtiss? What three names are most prominent in the field of aviation?. . .573, 928-G & H For What purpose was the America built? What other im- portant demonstration did Curtiss make in 1914?. . .573, 768-F READING AND REFERENCE: Brockett, Bibliography of Aero- nautics; Langley, Aerodynamics and Internal Work of the Wind; Dilienthal, Bird Flight as the Basis of Aviation; Santos-Dumont, My Airships; Maxim, Artificial and Natural Flight; Turner, Romance of Aeronautics; Duchene, The Mechanics of the Aeroplane; Brewer, The Art of Aviation. WORLD INVENTION Who invented printing from movable type? What testi- mony is produced in this connection? By whom?. . . .276-277 What is known of GUTENBERG'S family and his real name? 276 Where was the first attempt at printing made? Why was it kept secret? Sketch GUTENBERG'S association with Fust. Give its outcome as concerned GUTENBERG. Where did he bring out the first printed Bible? 276-277 Mention another early specimen of GUTENBERG'S print- ing, giving interesting facts concerning it. To what ancient invention may GUTENBERG'S be compared?.. 277 When was the first book printed in England? In America? 278 Quote Lamartine, HUGO, and CARLYLE concerning GU- TENBERG 278-279 50 Where was PALISSY born? For what work was he trained? How did he prepare for his work? 290 How did PALISSY become interested in the making of pottery? How many years' work were required before the final triumph? What kinds of ware did he make?. 291 Where was PALISSY given ground for his furnaces? What now occupies the spot? Name collections in which PALISSY'S work may be found. What is its present value? 292 Quote Lamartine's estimate of PALISSY'S ability as a writer. With what American is PALISSY compared?. .293-294 What important astronomical instrument did GALILEO per- fect? Mention another invention by him 296 What led Bottger to his experiments on clay? How was he aided in his attempts to produce porcelain? By what name is this ware now known? 504 Name two of Hooke's inventions 718 How did Papin gain scientific reputation? What inven- tions resulted from his association with Boyle? How did he use steam? Name other discoveries 828 What advance in the printing art resulted from the inven- tion of Ged? How was it received? 654 Summarize the inventive work of Harrison. What valuable prize did he win ? 695 Where was ARKWRIGHT born? For what trade was he trained? What circumstances led to his great invention? Sketch its method of working. Mention ARKWRIGHT'S greatest handicap at this time 316-317 State the outcome of ARKWRIGHT'S discovery — its recep- tion by other employers, lawsuits by and against ARK- WRIGHT and their results 317-318 What qualities enabled ARKWRIGHT to overcome opposi- tion? How did the nullification of his patents affect his efforts? What financial returns did he gain? 318 What place must be accorded ARKWRIGHT in the textile industry? What were his most marked traits? 318-319 What great invention was made by WATT? Why was he educated at home? Mention two incidents of his child- hood indicating his precocious genius 319-320 Who first suggested to WATT the capability of steam as motive force? Where did WATT begin his investiga- tions? State the defects of the Newcomen engine. State the difficulty WATT had to overcome 320-321 51 Where was WATT'S engine first manufactured? What led to the removal to Soho? Mention six inventions that completed the working of WATT'S engine 322 Compare WATT with other great inventors and discoverers. How have these men influenced civilization? 323 Mention the greatest invention made hy Cartwright. How was this received? In what other problems was he interested? How did he profit? 534 Who invented the spinning-jenny? What obstacles did he encounter? 692-E For whom was the Jacquard loom named? What did this accomplish? What prevented Jacquard from realizing fully from his invention? Mention other inventors who encountered similar opposition 738-C, 692-E, 534-E Whose ingenuity revolutionized the manufacture of muslin? By what name is the invention known? How was the inventor enabled to carry on his experiments ? What did he receive for his machine? 570-C By whom was lithography invented ? What city did he make the center of the lithographic art? 871-1 Describe STEPHENSON'S early life and education. At what work did he begin life? 332-333 Where did STEPHENSON begin his experiments with the locomotive? What was the condition of railway trans- portation at that time ? 333 Mention four inventors to whom credit is due for the per- fection of the locomotive 334 How did STEPHENSON proceed to develop/ the engine? How were his ideas received? 334-335 Sketch the success of the Stockton and Darlington railway. What controversy arose over STEPHENSON'S proposal to attain a speed of twelve miles an hour? 335 Speak of STEPHENSON'S personal appearance. Name his dominant characteristic. Compare his liking for books and conversation. What did EMERSON say of him?.. 336 How is photography indebted to Daguerre? 575 In what branches of science was Wheatstone interested? Name two of his inventions. What is "Wheatstone's bridge?" Who was the actual inventor? 916 What invention immortalized the name of Ericsson? 612 Name some of the early inventions which made Armstrong noted. Where did he establish his great engine works? For what did they eventually become famous? 458 52 What method of making steel is named for Bessemer? De- scribe it. State its commercial value 490 Which of KELVIN'S investigations directed attention to his work? State KELVIN'S connection with the Atlantic cable and his contribution to its success 353-354 Next to the cable, what was KELVIN'S most popular inven- tion? How was this received by the government? 354 How many patents did KELVIN obtain? State an interest- ing fact regarding his home near Glasgow 356 Who discovered dynamite? What circumstance was di- rectly responsible for this discovery? 819-G How many inventions did Nobel patent? Where did he carry on his manufactures? How has he advanced learning? Of what do these awards consist? How many persons have been so honored? 819, 955 Name Linde's most important invention. What other scien- tists produced similar machines? 776, 689-F, 900-C Mention two forms of engines invented by Parsons 830 What system of lighting did Welsbach invent? Sketch his . investigations resulting in* this discovery 915 State the nature and value of Nernst's scientific work 817 Where did Marconi begin his electrical experiments? What invention did he make? How far was the first success- ful wireless message sent? By how much has the distance been increased? What patriotic service did Marconi undertake? What scientific honor was awarded him? 794 READING AND REFERENCE: Beckmann, History of Inven- tions; Burns, The Story of Great Inventions ; Corbin, Mechani- cal Inventions of To-Day; Corbin, The Romance of War In- ventions; Cressy, Discoveries and Inventions of the Twentieth Century; Forman, Stories of Useful Inventions; Holland, Historical Inventions ; Johnson, Modern Inventions; Mason, The Origin of Invention; Routledge, Discoveries and Inven- tions of the Twentieth Ventury ; lies, Inventors at Work; Doubleday, Stories of Inventors; Talbot, All About Inventions and Discoveries. AMERICAN INVENTION What three names are associated with the earliest attempts at steam navigation in America? 627-G, 884-A, 645-A Who was the first native-born American to invent a steam- boat? What type was it? How did he succeed? 627-G 53 Sketch the early life of Pulton. Where did he secure his first patent? What experiments did he conduct in France? What was the Clermont? To what did it lead? 645 Who secured the establishment of the American patent sys- tem? What did he patent? When and where did he establish the first steam ferry? Describe the Phcenix . . .884- A Who has been called the "Watt of America?" Name his first invention. Describe his improvements in machinery and engines. What is noteworthy concerning his steam dredge? 615-E Who invented the cotton-gin? What profit did it secure him? In what did he later engage? 918-H What world-famous machine was invented by Robert Hoe? What previous invention did he take advantage of? By whom was his business later carried on? What notable improvements were made by Richard M. Hoe? What business benefited greatly by these inventions? Mention the final developments of the Hoe press by Robert Hoe, Jr.. 714 Who constructed the first locomotive in America? In what other projects was he interested? Name his greatest achievement. Describe its object and work 561-F Relate the conversation which gave MORSE his idea regard- ing telegraphic communication. What problem con- fronted him? Why was success delayed? 338-339 What opposition did MORSE meet in his attempt to secure an English patent? Through whose efforts did he obtain a patent in France? 339 Between what two cities was the first telegraph line con- structed? Quote the first message 340 What other form of telegraphy originated with MORSE? 341 Give Prime's estimate of MORSE'S personal appearance and character. What honors were especially prized by MORSE? To what quality was his success due? 341-342 In the management of what concern did E. A. Stevens suc- ceed his father? Mention inventions by E. A. Stevens. What institution did he found?. 883 Describe "babbitt-metal." Who discovered it? 465- A Name five noted inventions by Bogardus. State an unusual feature of his New York factory 497 Who invented the process of vulcanizing rubber? In what circumstances did he produce it? '. 668-A What invention by McCormick revolutionized American agri- culture? Outline its development ^ 787 54 Describe Otis's important invention. How has this con- tributed to the growth of cities? 825 What world-famous weapon did Colt invent? To what extent did he develop the manufacture of firearms? 556 What inventions of Corliss were valuable? Give the history of his famous "Corliss engine." ' 562 What invention made Gatling famous? Briefly describe it. . . 652 Who invented the lockstitch sewing machine? Where was it constructed and patented? Describe the inventor's struggles and final success 722-B What inventions by McKay revolutionized the shoe industry? How did he amass his fortune? To what did he donate it?. 789 Describe the working of Wilson's sewing machine 923-D Where did Pullman begin to manufacture the sleeping car invented by him? What town did he found? Name a later invention 845 How did Gray support himself while being educated? Why did he leave college? Name five inventions 673 In what connection did Dolbear make inventions?. 593 Who invented celluloid? What was his greatest contribution to science? Mention others 729-H How did Sir Hiram Maxim obtain his education? Name valuable inventions. How many patents did he secure?. . 800 Who is regarded the father of the modern submarine? What led to his experiments in this line? Sketch briefly the history of the Holland 716-E With what universally used device is Westinghouse' name associated? How did he contribute to the development of water power? What does his work typify? 916 Where was Alexander Graham Bell educated? Tn what edu- cational work was he engaged in Boston? What wonder- ful invention did he make in 1876? Name others 481 Who stands preeminent among present-day inventors in America? Sketch his early career. Where did he estab- lish his first workshop? Mention five widely used in- ventions. For what is his work remarkable? 604-B Name Tripler's greatest achievement. Mention other men who simultaneously made use of the same principle 900 Sketch Berliner's career, mentioning chief inventions 4S7 By what companies are the inventions of Thomson manu- factured? How many patents has he secured? 896 What is Eastman's chief invention? Describe his scientific and manufacturing career 602 55 To the perfection of what machine did Mergenthaler devote many years? By what name is it known? 804 Name two military inventions produced by Crozier 571 With whom was Acheson associated in his experiments? What resulted from his discovery of carborundum? 440 When did Ives invent the process of half-tone engraving? In what did his experiments in color photography result?. . 736 Name some of Tesla's electrical inventions. What advance was made possible through Tesla's work? 893 Through what important invention did Hewitt become promi- nent? Explain his incandescent lamp ■ 708 Sketch C. M. Hall's development of the aluminum industry. . 686 Name and give the achievements of five American inventors elected to the hall of fame. 645-A, 918-H, 561-F, 337, 722-B READING AND REFERENCE: Mowry, American Inventions and Inventors; lies, Leading American Inventors; Perry, Four American Inventors ; Taussig, Inventors and Money- Makers; Thompson, How to Make Inventions ; Adams, Me- chanical and Electrical Inventions ; Baker, The Boys' Book of Inventions ; Edelman, Inventions and Patents. WORLD MEDICINE Who is the most celebrated physician of antiquity? When and where did he practice? State the character and extent of his writings. To what did he ascribe the causa- tion of disease? Describe his character and ideals. What does the Hippocratic oath perpetuate? 712-A When did Erasistratus flourish? Of what philosopher was he a pupil? State his contributions to medicine 612 What did Dioscorides do while physician to the Roman armies? What did his Materia Medica embrace? On what subjects and for how long was this work an au- thority? 591 What is said of the medical skill of Aretseus? 457 Where did Galen study medicine? Where did he later prac- tice? How was he regarded by Marcus Aurelius? Dis- cuss the nature and extent of his medical writings. What element in diagnosis was he the first to empha- size? State the influence of his medical works '. 647 What Arabian philosopher was long regarded indisputable authority in medicine? Sketch his life 464-H What service to medicine did Linacre perform? 776 56 State the influence of Paracelsus upon medical methods. What famous teachers did he disavow? What improve- ments did he introduce? 828 Where did HARVEY begin to teach his views on the function of the heart and the motion of the blood?. . , 303 Discuss the influence of HARVEY on the progress of medi- cine. Give his views on the value of dissection 306 Discuss Graaf's contributions to medicine 671 Who was the most noted physician of the eighteenth cen- tury? How did he give clinical instruction? Relate incidents showing his wide fame 497-E What method of examining the lungs was originated by Auenbrugger? State its value in medicine 463 In what field was Hunter distinguished? Name his famous operation. To what did it lead? 727 What English physician discovered vaccination? Of what eminent physician was he a pupil? Discuss the history and value of his discovery 742- A How was Hahnemann led to the rediscovery of Hippocrates' "law of similars?" What did he hold to be the funda- mental principle underlying this law? 684 For what was Abernethy noted? Mention personal charac- teristics. What is said of his writings?. 440 What French physician became noted for his treatment of the insane? How did he effect cures? 613-D What important discovery was made by Bright? 511 What physician first used chloroform as an anesthetic? Into what field did he introduce its use? 877-E What important instruments were invented by HELM- HOLTZ? Discuss the principle of the ophthalmoscope. . 349 Discuss the contributions of Pasteur to modern medicine. What researches led to the study of specific germs? How did he combat silkworm disease, fowl-cholera, and anthrax? What treatment did he apply to hydrophobia? Of what science is he the founder? 830 Name Lister's great contribution to modern surgery 777 What Swiss surgeon became famous for his researches on the thyroid gland and the treatment of goiter? What honor was awarded him ? 762-D Sketch the medical career of Laveran. Name his great dis- covery. What prizes were awarded him? 771 At what universities was Osier made professor of medicine? State his influence as a teacher 824 57 What theory was formulated by Metchnikoff? To what dis- covery did this lead? What medical honor did he re- ceive with Ehrlich ? 804 State Pavlov's chief contributions to medicine. When did he receive a Nobel prize? 831 What French physiologist made valuable studies in serum therapy? How was this work recognized? 854-C For what researches has Guiteras become famous? What service did he perform in the Santiago campaign? 681 Who first isolated and described the germ of diphtheria? Mention other contributions to medicine 779-G What physician discovered diphtheria antitoxin? What medi- cal honor was awarded him? 481-E Sketch the career of Ehrlich. Mention his important re- searches. Of what value is his discovery of salvarsan and neo-salvarsan? What honors did he receive? State his rank among pathologists 606 What discovery concerning malaria was made Dy Ross? What honor was awarded him? 859 Sketch the early life and education of Finsen. How did he prevent scars and pitting in smallpox? What diseases did he treat with actinic rays of light? What invention did he make? When was he awarded a Nobel prize?. . . 625 Who introduced the successful method of immunization against typhoid? Sketch his career 928-C READING AND REFERENCE: Garrison, History of Medicine; Buck, Growth of Medicine; Robinson, Pathfinders in Medi- cine; Walsh, Makers of Modern Medicine; Macfie, The Ro- mance of Medicine; Paget, Pasteur and After Pasteur; Rey- nolds, System of Medicine. AMERICAN MEDICINE What eminent early American physician was a signer of the Declaration of Independence? What medical col- lege and dispensary did he found? Mention writings. .862-B With whom did Bache prepare a pharmacopeia? When was the United States Dispensatory published? 465 At what date did Long first administer ether in a surgical operation? Did he announce the results? 780 When did Jackson claim to have discovered the anesthetic effects of ether? What award was made him by the French academy? Was Long's use. of ether then known? 736 58 Where and when did Morton become acquainted with the value of ether as a local anesthetic? For what did he first employ it? To whom did he impart his knowledge? By whom was surgical anesthesia made known to the public? 812 What local anesthetic was introduced into dentistry and surgery by Wells ? Where and at what date? 915 Sketch briefly the professional career of Agnew.. 444 Who was the first woman in the United States to receive the degree of M.D.? What school did she organize?. . .494-B For what method of treatment was Weir Mitchell noted? Name important medical writings 807 Outline the career of Jacobi. Name important works con- cerning diseases of children 737-D Sketch the life of Austin Flint. In what institution was he professor? For what writings is he known? 630 Sketch the career of Keen. To what chair of surgery did he rise? Mention some of his works 754 Who became in 1893 surgeon-general of the United States? Name important writings 883-G In what fields was Billings distinguished? Name some of his valuable works 491 In what diseases did E. G. Janeway become an eminent consultant? State his services to medicine 739 State the nature and value of Pepper's services to the uni- versity of Pennsylvania 834 What noted surgeon became an authority on appendicitis? Of what value is "McBurney's point?" 787-B In what diseases did Hamilton gain eminence as specialist? In what trial was he called as expert? 688 Where was Welch professor of pathology? With what in- stitute for research did he become connected? On what subject is his work authoritative? 914 What discovery concerning typhoid fever was made by Reed? What did he prove concerning yellow fever?.. 850 What American sanitarian banished yellow fever from Havana? What did he accomplish at Panama? 668-1 In what department of medicine did Kelly attain eminence? 756 Sketch the surgical work of the brothers Mayo. Describe the importance and extent of their clinic. For what operations is each widely known? 801 Of what institute for medical research was Flexner made director? State subjects of his investigations 630 59 On what diseases is Jelliffe an authority? Name important works written or edited by him ' 741 Describe the career of Alexis Carrel. By what discoveries has he become famous? What have his investigations proved? Of what subjects do his writings treat? When did he receive the Nobel prize for medicine? 533 READING AND REFERENCE: Packard, History of Medicine in the United States; Park, Epitome of the History of Medicine; Evans, Medical Science of To-day; Hillier, Medical and Surgi- cal Science; Lee, Scientific Features of Modern Medicine; Ditman, Education and Preventive Medicine; Mitchell, Doctor and Patient; Brady, Personal Health; Hutchinson, Prevent- able Diseases; Campbell, The Language of Medicine; Emer- son, Essentials of Medicine; Osier, The Principles and Prac- tice of Medicine. COMMERCE— INDUSTRY— FINANCE READING AND REFERENCE: Bogart, Economic History of the United States.; Wright, Industrial Evolution of the United States; Laughlin, Industrial America; Johnson, History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States; Dewey, Financial History of the United States. FINANCE Discuss Gresham's right to a place among world financiers. To what did he devote his fortune? 676 By whom was the British national debt established? What led to the founding of the bank of England? 686- A Who stands foremost among French financiers? Briefly sketch his career 816-F What Jewish family has become world famous as bankers? Tell something of the origin of the name and the busi- ness. Name five cities in which branches were estab- lished. Which member raised the family to its high place? Give an instance of his sagacity and foresight. How was the younger Nathan honored by Great Britain? Give an estimate of the family wealth at the time of his death 860-B What American university was founded by Cornell? To what did he devote his active life? 563 In whose service did August Belmont come to America? By whom was he succeeded in New York? In what other enterprises is the son engaged? 483 60 Where did Russell Sage first engage in business? With whom was he associated after he settled in New York? Name institutions aided by his wealth 863 Who was the projector of the first Atlantic cable? Name two of his associates. How many years after the laying of the first cable was the project successfully com- pleted? How was the promoter rewarded? 623-G In what branch of finance has H. L. Higginson been success- ful? 709 Whom may we consider the greatest woman financier? Sketch her career 675-A Outline the financial career of Gage. What cabinet post did he fill? 646 Where did Jay Gould acquire extensive railway interests? State how he developed them 670 Who is considered America's greatest genius in industrial organization? Make an outline of his achievements 811-C What American amassed the largest private fortune in the world? When did he establish his chief business? How is it now operated? Mention four specific gifts to educa- tion. Compare the total with Carnegie's donations. .856-G, 531 Briefly outline the life and achievements of Vail 903 What city was named for Gary? Explain his association with the United States steel corporation 652 Name prominent banks of which Hepburn has been head. . . 705 State William Waldorf Astor's relation to the founder of the Astor fortune. Estimate his personal wealth 462 At what age did T. F. Ryan join the stock exchange? Name enterprises with which he was actively engaged 863 Outline the banking career of Forgan 632 In connection with what business did Perkins begin his career? Briefly sketch his achievements 834 Give the chief facts in the career of Vanderlip 904 READING AND REFERENCE: Adams, The Science of Finance; Bolles, Money, Banking and Finance; Cleveland, Funds and Their Uses; Rollins, Money and Investments ; Bohm-Bawerk, Capital and Interest; Cahn, Capital To-Day; Fisher, The Na- ture of Capital and Income; Lough, Business Finance; Daniels, Elements of Public Finance; Plehn, Introduction to Public Finance; Todd, The Mechanism of Exchange; Withers, International Finance; Conant, Principles of Money and Banking; Steele, Present-Day Banking; White, Money and Banking; Fiske, The Modern Bank. 61 MANUFACTURING For what is Alstroemer noted? Name the greatest obstacle he had to overcome. By what steps did he accomplish his aim? In what fields did Sweden become prosperous through his efforts? 450 What famous works did Boulton establish? Who became his partner? What did they manufacture? 504, 319 Sketch Wedgwood's early life and training. What new type of earthenware did he produce? Where did he gain his incentive to make artistic pottery? What place has been accorded Wedgwood in the history of pottery? What grandson became a famous scientist? 914 In what business were Amos Lawrence and his brother en- gaged? How did Amos dispose of his fortune? 771 Who established the first Bessemer steel works in Germany? Along what line did he develop the steel industry?. .. .764-G In what industry has Spreckels been prominent? 881 In what business did Pullman engage after locating in Chi- cago? Into what did he develop this? 845 How was Carnegie employed until his sixteenth year? Out- line his connection with the development of the steel in- dustry. How has Carnegie contributed to general edu- cation? Describe the extent of his benefactions 531 Who owns the second largest interest in the United States steel corporation? Sketch his career 838-A What education did Douglas receive? Sketch his achieve- ments in the shoe industry 595 Outline Frick's success in developing the coke industry 642 Describe L. C. Smith's career as a manufacturer of type- writers. How did he aid scientific education? 879 What did W. M. Crane extensively manufacture? 567 Sketch the education and career of E. S. Draper 596 In what did Flavelle successfully engage? Illustrate his in- terest in education 628 Mention five steps in Schwab's manufacturing career 869 Who built up the largest automobile manufacturing plant in the world? Give statistics to show the extent of his business. Upon what plan is it now operated? 632-B Who succeeded Schwab as president of the Carnegie steel company? How did he prepare for his work? 562-G Sketch briefly Dohme's scientific education. In what branch of manufacturing did he engage? 592 62 READING AND REFERENCE: Lane, Industries of To-Day; Cochrane, Modern Industrial Progress; Gordon, Foundry, Forge and Factory; Jeans, Creators of the Age of Steel; Hearson, Manufacture of Iron and Steel; Bagnall, The Textile Industries of the United States; Gibson, The Romance of Modern Manufacture; Carpenter, How the World is Housed; Chamberlain, How We Are Clothed; Williams, How It Is Made. MERCHANDISING What historic building in Boston was named after a colonial merchant? Why has it been called the "cradle of Ameri- can liberty?" 618-1 At what age did McGill emigrate to Canada? In what busi- ness did he engage? How did he serve his country? How did McGill use his wealth? 788 How did Girard accumulate wealth? Describe his charac- teristics. To what did he bequeath his fortune? 663 Sketch the history and extent of the fur business developed by John Jacob Astor. Why did he establish Astoria? W T hat estimate was placed on his wealth? 461 In what line of merchandising was Stewart engaged? With what success? What was the rank of his Broadway store? To what extent was the business developed? 884 In what trade did Tiffany make immense profits? What is his place among jewelers? What silver standard was adopted by this firm? 897 What kind of business is carried on by Armour and Co.? Name two lines that largely contributed to Armour's wealth. Give an estimate of his fortune 458 Who developed the largest dry-goods business in the world? By what successive steps did he attain this? What great institution did he found? 624-D Of what merchandising firm was Ogden a member? Through what work did he become most widely known? 822 Where did Wanamaker enter mercantile life? Describe his success. When did he reopen Stewart's Broadway store? When and in what capacity was he a cabinet member?. . 911 Who originated mail-order merchandising? Where did he get his first business experience? Why should his service with Marshall Field and Co. have been valuable to him? When did he establish his mail-order house? Give fig- ures showing the growth of the business 911-C 63 In what business did Francis engage? ' With what success? Mention executive positions held by him 636 In what merchandising lines has Lip ton specialized? Where are his interests located? Name his favorite sport 777 What type of merchandising was developed by Wool worth? Where did he open his first store? What building is a monument to his success? Describe it 927 READING AND REFERENCE: Webster, General History of Commerce; Yeats, Natural History of Commerce; Oxley, The Romance of Commerce; Bourne, The Romance of Trade; Brown, Principles of Commerce; Stoddard, Men of Business; Brandeis, Business — a Profession; Carnegie, The Empire of Business; Brisco, The Economics of Business; Emery, Every- day Business; Higinbotham, The Making of a Merchant; Far- rington, Store Management; Hotchkin, Manual of Successful Storekeeping ; Hollingworth, Advertising and Selling; Mar- den, Selling Things; Corbion, Salesmanship. RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT In what business did Vanderbilt first engage? With what success? When did he transfer his capital to railroads? Give successive steps by which he extended his inter- ests. Estimate his fortune 903 How was Baron Strathcona connected with the development of the Canadian Pacific railroad? , 885 Why did Stanford go to California? With what great rail- road was he prominently connected? 881 What purchase marked the beginning of Hill's career as a railway builder? To what extent did he develop the Great Northern system? 710 Who organized the "Big Four" system? How? 732-C Outline Harahan's association with railroads 691 Sketch the career of Van Home in railway service. Name his positions with the Canadian Pacific 904 Name three important railroads of which Harriman was president or director. Three transportation companies. What executive qualities distinguished Harriman? State one exception to his constructive policy 693 Summarize Huntington's career. With the development of what section has he been actively connected? 728 Describe Stuyvesant Fish's relations with railways 626 Outline Shaughnessy's career with the Canadian Pacific 873 64 Name three fields of work in which Shonts engaged. What important post was offered him "by Roosevelt? 875 What was Lovett's position with the Harriman roads? How was he connected with the Union Pacific? 783, 693 Outline the railroad, career of Jay Gould. State the extent of the Gould system. How did he form it? 670 READING AND REFERENCE: Hungerford, The Modern Rail- road; Pr other oe, The Railways of the World; Talbot, .The Railway Conquest of the World; Williams, The Wonders of the Modern Railway; Kirkman, The Science of Railways; Hadley, Railroad Transportation; Adams, Railroads; Johnson, Railway Traffic and Rates; Morris, Railroad Administration. EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY Who was Marco Polo? Sketch his life. Where did he write his travels? How was this work valuable? 842 To what nation belongs the credit for discovering the Cape of Good Hope? Explain the circumstances 589-C State the value of the early studies of COLUMBUS in his work of exploration. What did he consider the influence of the art of navigation? From whom did he receive a dower of geographical knowledge? 279 How many voyages of discovery did COLUMBUS make? Give the results of each. What did COLUMBUS believe that he had discovered? 279-285 Describe the treatment COLUMBUS received 284-285 Whose name was given to the American continent? State the circumstances. How long after COLUMBUS' dis- covery? 906-H, 279 Who made the first globe? Where is it preserved? 481-D What was the object of Vasco da Gama's first important ex- pedition? Outline its results. When was Da Gama again called to serve in India? How did he succeed?. . 649 Who named the Pacific ocean? Why did he so name it? What passage did he discover? State the facts proving that he circumnavigated the globe 792-A What shores of the United States did Verrazano explore?. . 906 Name two famous early English navigators who searched for a northwest passage 642-1, 581-A What regions did Frobisher explore? How did he dis- tinguish himself? What is his rank among England's great men? " 642 65 What three names are preeminent among early arctic ex- plorers? What islands were discovered by Davis? 581-A What famous navigator wrote Three Voyages Round the World? Mention his achievements 560-G When did the French first circumnavigate the globe? Who deserves the credit? What fame did this win for France ?.504-C Name two Scottish explorers whose work was done in Africa. What rivers did they explore? 515-G, 828-B Where is Laperouse strait? When and by whom discovered ?.769-F Briefly describe Mungo Park's explorations in Africa. How were the facts of his last journey made known? 828 Summarize the explorations of Flinders. State their value. 630 For what purpose was Sir John Franklin sent out in 1818? How many voyages did he undertake? What befell his final expedition? To what honor is he entitled? 637 What noted exploring expedition did Wilkes command? Who accompanied the voyage? 920 Who discovered Victoria land? How many arctic voyages were made by this explorer? Antarctic? 859-F At what age did Livingstone first go to Africa? State his purpose. Sketch his work in the African interior. When did he undertake his third journey? What was its object? 777 Who finally found Livingstone ? What is the greatest result of Livingstone's work 1 ? 777 Who was the first American arctic explorer of note? Briefly sketch his arctic travels 753-F What important lake was discovered by S. W. Baker? 468 Describe the African explorations of Barth. Mention impor- tant discoveries. Two features of his work 475 Name two English explorers who together undertook a no- table African journey? What was its result? 523-G, 881-A Briefly outline the career of Sir R. F. Burton. 523 What great discovery did Speke make? How and when did he verify his theory of the Nile sources? 881 To what country belongs the credit for discovering the northeast passage? Through whose work? 820-D Of what scientific value were Du Chaillu's explorations in Africa? Name two remarkable results 598 Where did Przhevalski conduct explorations? What dis- covery did he make? How much time had elapsed since the work of Marco Polo? What discoveries and collec- tions were made during Przhevalski's explorations?. . .845, 842 What was the object of Stanley's first African expedition? Name the most remarkable achievement of his second journey. Mention African explorers rescued by Stanley. 882 What polar record was made by Greely? How long did he stay in the north? By whom rescued? 674 State the object of Schwatka's first arctic expedition. What two works are the records of this journey? Where did Schwatka make his last explorations?. 869 In whose service did De Brazza explore equatorial Africa?. . 509 Of what famous arctic expedition was Lockwood a member? What part did he take in establishing a new "farthest north" record? What discovery did he make? 779 Sketch briefly Sverdrup's arctic explorations. Mention his discoveries in Ellesmere land 888 How many arctic expeditions were undertaken by Peary prior to 1900? State one fact regarding each. When did he make his first attempt to reach the north pole? When did he finally reach the pole? 832 Name books recording Johnston's African expeditions 747 Briefly describe Nansen's arctic explorations. Outline his scientific career 815 What noted English woman conducted important African explorations? Briefly describe her journeys 759-H In what little known regions did Younghusband travel?. . . . 932 Make a brief sketch of Borchgrevink's expedition in the Southern Cross. Name his work describing it 502 What parts of Asia were explored by Hedin? In what works are his explorations recorded? 700 What is Landor's record in mountaineering? Describe his other achievements '. 767 Who discovered the south pole? When? Mention important results of his arctic expedition of 1903 451-1 What latitude did Scott reach on his first antarctic voyage? How many miles did he cover by sledge on his journey to the south pole? What was his fate? 870 State one fact regarding the duke of Abruzzi's exploring work in Alaska. In the arctic regions. In Africa 440 What notable antarctic exploring records were established by Shackleton? 873 Sketch Stefansson's early life and education. Describe his arctic explorations and discoveries 883 Sketch briefly the discoveries made by Mawson's antarctic expeditions. What is their scientific value? 800 67 READING AND REFERENCE: Marco Polo, The Book of Marco Polo; Winsor, Christopher Columbus; Markham, Christopher , Columbus; Hakluyt, Voyages; Cook, Three Voyages Round the World; Bougainville, Voyage Around the World. Asia: Bookwalter, Siberia and Central Asia; Hedin, Through Asia; Hedin, Trans-Himalaya; Younghusnand, India and Tibet: Within; Przhevalski, Travels in Mongolia; Przheval- ski, From Kulja Across the Tian-Shan to Lob-nor; Landor, Tibet and Nepal. Africa: Bruce, Travels to Discover the Sources of the Nile; Mungo Park, Travels in the Interior of Africa; Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa; Baker, The Albert Nyanza; Speke, Discovery of the Source of the Nile; Du Chaillu, Country of the Dwarfs; Burton, Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa; Livingstone, The Zambesi and Its Trib- utaries; Stanley, Through the Dark Continent; Stanley, In Darkest Africa. Australia: Flinders, Voyages to Terra Australis; Grimm,, Discovery and Exploration of Australia; Calvert, Exploration of Australia; Giles, Australia Twice Traversed. North America: See American History, Period of Discov- ery; Fiske, Discovery of America; Bourne, Narratives of De Soto; Winship, Coronado Expedition; Meany, Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound; Lewis and Clark, Expedition to the Sources of the Missouri River; Pike, Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi; Slafter, Voyages of the Northmen; Schwatka, Along Alaska's Great River; Stefansson, Ste- fdnsson-Anderson Expedition. South America: Bourne, Spain in America; Helps', Spanish Conquest of America; Humboldt, Journey to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent; Marcoy, Journey Across South America; Osborn, The Andean Land; Orton, The Andes and the Amazon; Post, Across the Andes; Bingham, Across South America. Polar Research: Greely, Handbook of Polar Discoveries ; Kane, Arctic Explorations; Nansen, Farthest North; Peary, Northward Over the Great Ice; Duke of Abruzzi, On the Polar Star in the Arctic Sea; Peary, The North Pole; Borehgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent; Shackleton, Heart of the Antarctic; Amundsen, The South Pole; Turley, Voyages of Captain Scott; Mawson, Home of the Blizzard. HISTORY OF EDUCATION GENERAL, WORKS FOR STUDY, READING, AND REFER- ENCE: Cubberley, Syllabus in the History of Education; Duggan, Student's Text-Book in the History of Education; Graves, History of Education; Monroe, Text-Book in the History of Education; Monroe, Cyclopedia of Education. ANCIENT EDUCATION What group of teachers held an important place in the life of Athens in the time of SOCRATES? 218 Mention a representative sophist and one of his sayings 845-B On what basis did SOCRATES rest the whole problem of education? Enumerate qualities which made him fit to teach. What special interests gave him active under- standing of life problems? 218-219 Give ways in which SOCRATES differed from other philoso- phers of his day; his pupils from those of the sophists. Point out the educational significance 218-219 What subjects did most men feel required definite knowl- edge? Give SOCRATES' position. What was his method of proving to men their lack? Whom did he choose for this delicate humiliation? Why did he select these?. .219-220 Besides the ironic element in the teaching of SOCRATES, what constructive element was employed with it?. . . .222, 218 How is it necessary to study SOCRATES? Give the reason. 221 To what subjects would SOCRATES' method of question- ing limit education? Name some subjects whose con- tent could not be gained in this manner. Give SOC- RATES' attitude toward the sciences. State his reason for this 221 Give proofs from the text of SOCRATES' three permanent contributions to education: the universal value of knowledge, the process by which knowledge is obtained, the importance of the power of thought 218-223 How did PLATO regard the fundamental principle of SOC- RATES? What doctrine did PLATO hold besides the theory of knowledge? What meaning did "ideas" con- vey to PLATO? 225-226 Give proof of the democratic element in the work of SOC- RATES. Contrast PLATO with his master 219, 224 In what is PLATO'S educational system preserved to us? Point out its aristocratic tendency. What qualities decided who should constitute the governing class? State the importance of education in this ideal state. Give PLATO'S attitude on the education of women.... 226 Give proofs of the practical influence of PLATO on all suc- ceeding education 227-228 What Greek teacher represented the transition from the philosophical schools to the rhetorical schools? 735-D What philosopher represents the culmination of Greek in- tellectual life? Under what master did he study? 228 In what schools were the youth of Athens trained for public life? What did they learn? What was the attitude of ARISTOTLE toward this training? Name a rhetorician whom ARISTOTLE severely attacked 229 Compare the range of interests of PLATO and ARISTOTLE. Account for ARISTOTLE'S scientific tendency 230 What did ARISTOTLE regard as the object of all ethical inquiry? State differences between this practical aim and the fundamental principle of SOCRATES and PLATO 232 In what work is the genius of ARISTOTLE most clearly re- vealed? Outline the plan of this treatise 232 When did ARISTOTLE feel that the discipline of life should begin? State his attitude toward environment. To what end would ARISTOTLE naturally direct education? 233 In what work does ARISTOTLE give his system of formal logic? State its value in modern thinking 231 Discuss the relation between the metaphysical system of ARISTOTLE and Christian theology, and the conse- quent influence on education 233 Name a representative man in Germany, in Prance, and in Great Britain who promoted Aristotelian study 234 Speak of the preparation CICERO felt necessary for the orator. In what work does he emphasize these ideals of education ? 26 What educational material may be found in CICERO'S phil- osophical treatises? To whom were the Familiar Letters addressed? What is their value? 29 What Latin educator was the first to work under a fixed salary? By whom was this custom established? 847-F Name Quintilian's best known work; state its educational value 847 70 READING AND REFERENCE: Burnet, Aristotle on Education; Clark, Education of the Children at Rome; Davidaon, Educa- tion of the Greek People; Hobhouse, Ancient Education; Lane, Elementary Greek Education; Laurie, Pre-Christian Education; Mahaffy, Old Greek Education; Quintilian, Insti- tutes of Oratory; Thomas, Roman Life Under the Cwsars; West, The Ancient World. MEDIEVAL EDUCATION With what school was Clement associated? Whom did he succeed and by whom was he followed? 551, 824-C In what way was Saint Benedict connected with the history of education? Of what order was he the founder? Where did he establish a monastery? Give its rank 484 Through what work did the early half of the middle ages receive most of its ideas of the ancient philosophers and moralists? Where was this work written? 497-F Name one of the most distinguished representatives of me- dieval learning. Of what value was his work?. 735-B To what English monk are we indebted for an early history of England? By whom was it translated? 4S0-A Who was the most distinguished scholar of the eighth cen- tury? To whom was he educational adviser? 447-B What resulted from CHARLEMAGNE'S liberal attitude toward education? 368 What noted medieval scholar resided at the coint of Charles the Bald? In the controversy between realism and nom- inalism, on which side did he stand? 612-F Who was one of the first to lead these scholastic discussions? Of what famous school did he become abbot? 454-G Name five other noted schoolmen. . .466-F, 499-G, 234, 600-F, 821-H Name the boldest scholastic teacher of the twelfth century. .439-H Who was the most famous scholastic philosopher? Name some of the titles by which he was known 234, 237 Where did AQUINAS begin his teaching career? In what city did he next teach? Speak of his fitness for this work. Account for the place he gained among the theologians 234-235 What qualities are notable in the work of AQUINAS? Give the conditions which the schoolmen faced 235 Who opposed the doctrines of AQUINAS? State the differ- ences between the schools, and the outcome of the con- troversy 236-237 71 State a great service which AQUINAS rendered to philos- ophy. Show why his work in this direction was val- uable 236-237 What English scholastic revived the doctrine of nominalism?. 821-H READING AND REFERENCE: Drane, Christian Schools and Scholars; Mullinger, The Schools of Charles the Great; Rashdall, Universities of Europe During the Middle Ages; West, Alcuin and the Rise of Christian Schools; Williams, Education During the Middle Ages. MODERN EDUCATION What service did Colet render to education? How is his name connected with Erasmus? With Lily? 556 Who is supposed to have been the first to teach Greek pub- licly at Oxford? Name prominent humanists among his friends 679-A Upon what does Linacre's permanent fame rest? Mention other early teachers of Greek 776 Who was the first head master of St. Paul's school, London? Of what authoritative textbook was he the author? 776- A How did Erasmus contribute to the advance of education? What was his rank among the scholars of the renais- sance? 612 What qualities did Melanchthon bring to the work of the reformation and to education? 802 Through what medium did Rabelais attack the shallow life of his period? Name his most important works 847 Speak briefly of Sturm's educational work and influence 887 What noted Greek scholar was at one time tutor to Lady Elizabeth? How did he serve the public schools? 461-A Through what work has MONTAIGNE most influenced edu- cational ideals and methods? 41 Who was Richard Mulcaster? With what two noted schools was he connected? Name his important works 813 What work contains Comenius' theory of education? What other books did he write? Which was the first illus- trated textbook? How does Comenius rank in the his- tory of education? Why? 557 What eminent contemporary of Comenius wrote an interest- ing tractate on education? 53 In what are LOCKE'S educational ideals set forth? 252 Sketch the educational achievements of Basedow. What practical educators later carried out his ideas? 476 72 "Who wrote Emile? Discuss his influence upon education. . .860-D Who was Oberlin? How is his name perpetuated? 821 Outline the work of Pestalozzi as a teacher. Discuss his influence on later educational methods and principles... 835 What Swiss educator ranks next to Pestalozzi? In what countries was his influence felt? 663-A Who first employed the monitorial system? Where did he try the experiment? State its success 482-A WHhat is meant by the Lancasterian system *of instruction? Upon whose work was it founded? 767-G Who was the inventor of the "universal method" of educa- tion ? Briefly state its principles 738-B What name is indissolubly connected with the psychological movement in education? Give some of the chief points in his system of education 705-H To whom are we indebted for the kindergarten system? Where was the first school established? Discuss his in- fluence on modern education. Name important writings. 6 42-H W^ith what famous school was Thomas Arnold associated? How did he improve secondary education? 459 What educational idea did Beneke oppose? What noted educators embraced his principles? 484 What was the dominant idea of Diesterweg's system? What function of the school did he emphasize? What ulti- mate object did he seek to accomplish? 590 W r hat services did Cousin render to education? 565 What noted work by CHARLES DARWIN helped to create a demand for science in the school curriculum? 344 Name a noted representative of the Herbartian theory in Germany. For what does he deserve credit? By whom were his principles adopted in America? 935-B Mention SPENCER'S contribution to education 272-273 Who was the first lecturer on the history of education at Cambridge? What textbook did he write? 847-A For what profession was Maria Montessori educated? What noteworthy fact is connected with her degree? Upon what experience were her educational principles found- ed? Of what do the essentials of her system consist?. . 809 Education of Defective Classes To what American physician do the blind owe a debt of grati- tude? Where did he establish a school? Name a remark- able pupil 722-E 73 Name a noted French teacher of the blind. What condition gave him peculiar fellowship with his pupils? What sys- tem did he devise and perfect? 508-B What deaf, dumb, and blind girl has attracted world-wide attention? Who supervised her education? Give proof of 'the extent to which this education was carried. .755-E What name is associated with the first definite efforts to instruct deaf mutes? What did he found? 611-G Who was the pioneer instructor of deaf mutes in the United States? What institution did he establish? 648-E To whom are we indebted for "visible speech?" 481-J What French psychologist attempted to find a standard by which degrees of intelligence could be measured? W T ith whom did he collaborate? By what name are their tests known? 492-B What noted Italian educator devoted her first efforts to the training of feeble-minded children? 809-D What English criminologist has made extensive researches in the psychology and social problems of sex? 609-E READING AND REFERENCE: Woodward, Education During the Renaissance; Quick, Educational Reformers; Painter, Luther on Education; Ward, The Counter-Reformation; Schwickerath, Jesuit Education; Monroe, Comenius' School of Infancy; Boyd, The Educational Theory of Rousseau; Pestalozzi, Leonard and Gertrude; Holman, Pestalozzi, His Life and Work; De Garmo, Heroart and Herbartians; Froebel, Pedagogics of the Kindergarten; Spencer, Education; Huxley, Science and Education; Person, Industrial Education; Montessori, The Montessori Method; Cubberley, The Educa- tional Ideal; Misawa, Modern Educators and Their Ideals; Dewey, Schools of To-morrow. AMERICAN EDUCATION How did FRANKLIN aid the cause of education ? 393 Discuss the work of Horace Mann as an educational reformer. What was the effect of his ideas on the work of American teachers? Where and when was the first normal school established? Of what institution is Mann called the father? 793 Name the first principal of the Albany state normal school. What book on education did he write? 826-G Who was the principal of the first normal school in Pennsyl- vania? In what other ways is he known? 919-C 74 Discuss fully the "Oswego movement." 874-F Name a pioneer for the educational advancement of women. How will she be remembered? 920-H How did Mary Lyon promote education for women? 785 Outline the work of Catherine Beecher for woman's education 480 How did Elizabeth Blackwell aid in woman's education?.. 494 Where did Alcott conduct a celebrated school? 446 Who was the first United States commissioner of education? Of what publication was he the founder? 472-H Name the founder of the first English-speaking kindergarten in America. Where? 831-1 Who first applied the Pestalozzian method to the teaching of history? What method did she develop? 473-A Give five ways in which Harris served the cause of education. Who was Susan Blow? 694 Who developed the "Quincy methods?" What did he write? What principles did he advocate? .828-G, 935-B To what college did Mark Hopkins give over fifty years of work? How was his influence most strongly felt?.... 719 What educational movement owes its origin to Vincent?.. 907 Who devised and developed the elective system of education ?.607-H Name a noted woman educator whose career extended over half a century. In what fields did she serve? 931-H Name a psychologist who has profoundly influenced Ameri- can education. Which of his works is an authority?. 686-E Who was the leader of the Herbartian school of educators in the United States? Name three works 584-C With whom did C. A. and F. M. McMurry cooperate to found the national Herbart society? Name some of their works 791 Who was called the "incomparable president of Wellesley?" Outline the career of this great teacher 827-G In what institution did B. T. Washington make industrial training effective for the negro? Sketch his life 912 Yv x hat notable new work in education has been achieved by Dewey? Name three educational works 588 What service has Gulick rendered to education? 681 In what ways is American education indebted to Monroe?. 809 Where has Judd applied the principles of modern experi- mental psychology? Name two educational works.... 751 Briefly sketch the educational career of Wirt. Describe the "Gary system." Mention its chief features. How does it differ from the ordinary public school? 925-E 75 Name the educators thus far elected to the American hall of fame 785-H, 920-H, 793-C, 719-D Name six American educators prominent in establishing the normal school system, describing the part played by each 793-C, 833-B, 513-A, 826-G, 874-F, 919-C Name four educational pioneers active in establishing the kindergarten in America 831-1, 694- A, 919-P Name six American educators active in advancing the higher education of women. .785-H, 920-H, 472-F, 927-F, 827-G, 895-G Name and give a brief sketch of five United States commis- sioners of education 472-H, 603-A, 514-B, 550-H, 694-A Who was the founder of the first American college? What did he bequeath to it? When and where was it founded?. . . 696-B Name six noted presidents of Harvard 799-G, 847hD, 880-1, 616-A, 607-H, 783-H Name five eminent professors of Harvard elected to the American hall of fame 443-1, 780-F, 716-1, 673-E, 784-B What professor of Harvard was awarded a Nobel prize?. 853-G When was Yale college founded? For whom was it named?. 930-G Mention five noted presidents of Yale 602-C, 602-D, 927-G, 843-C, 683-C Name six noted professors of Yale 877-B, 576-H, 796-1, 919- A, 781-B, 783-D Give examples of how wealth has aided education 856-G, 881-H, 863-F READING AND REFERENCE: Dexter, History of Education in the United States; Butler, Education in the United States; Hinsdale, Horace Mann and the Common School Revival; Brown, Making of Our Middle Schools; Henderson, Jeffer- son on Public Education; Brown, Origin of American State Universities ; Jenks, Education for Citizenship; Dewey, The School and Society; Scott, Social Education; Perry, Wider Use of the School Plant; Smith, All the Children of All the People.; Kern, Among Country Schools; Knorr, Consolidated Rural Schools; Brown, The American High School; Barnard, Normal School; Bramwell and Hughes, Training of Teachers in the United States; Taylor, Professional Education in the United States; Hanus, Beginnings in Industrial Education; Thurston, Technical Education in the United States; Thwing, History of Higher Education in America; Thwing, American Colleges; Hadley, The Education of the American Citizen; Davenport, Education for Efficiency. 76 AMERICAN LITERATURE GENERAL READING, STUDY, AND REFERENCE: History: Richardson, American Literature, 1607-1885; Trent, American Literature ; Wendell, Literary History of America; Cairn, History of American Literature; Cambridge American Literature; Tyler, Literary History of the Revolution; Long, American Literature; Pancoast, Introduction to American Literature; Burton, Literary Leaders of America; Higgin- son and Boynton, A Reader's History of American Literature. Sectional Works: Lawton, The Neio England Poets; Swift, Brook Farm; Higginson, Old Cambridge; Nicholson, The Hoosiers; Painter, Poets of Virginia; Venable, Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley; Baskerville, Southern Writers; Moses, Literature of the South; Library of Southern Literature. Selections: Stedman and Hutchinson, Library of American Literature; Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Bronson, American Poems and American Prose; Calhoun and MacAlarney, Readings from American Literature; Car- penter, American Prose; Stedman, An American Anthology ; Bronson, American Poems; Lounsbury, American Poems. REFERENCE: Adams, Dictionary of American Authors; Alli- bone, Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors; Whitcomb, Chronological Outlines of American Literature; Howes, American Bookmen; The Standard Dictionary of Facts. AMERICAN DRAMA Name the only American dramatist of eminence previous to 1890. What was his first successful play? Mention and give the theme of his three best plays. Discuss* his in- fluence on American drama 721-D What noted American author wrote Shore Acres? State its success. Mention other popular plays written by him. .706-F What American woman novelist successfully dramatized some of her books? Which was most popular? 522-B Who wrote Secret Service and Held by the Enemy? Name other popular plays. What noted role did he dramatize and impersonate? What literary recognition did he receive? 662-B 77 What widely known American playwright and dramatic manager was born and educated in California? Of how many plays was he the author or collaborator? For what is he most distinguished? Name six of his most popular plays 481-G Sketch the early life of Augustus Thomas. Give his first original play. What is said of the success of his plays? By what qualities are they characterized? Discuss what is exemplified in Arizona, The Witching Hour, Alabama, As A Man Thinks. What literary 'honor did he receive? 895 With what successful play did Clyde Pitch begin his dramatic career? For what noted actor was it written? How many plays did Fitch write? Name six. With whom does he share foremost rank among American drama- tists? 627 What qualities do the plays of George Ade display? Name five which became widely popular 442 Where was Charles Klein born and educated? In what capacity did he once act for Charles Frohman? In what play did David Warfield win notable success? 760, 911 Sketch briefly the career of Moody. How is his play The Great Divide regarded? Mention another noteworthy play by Moody. To what body was lie elected member ?.810-B What is Josephine Preston Peabody's real name? Briefly sketch her early life and education. What was her first dramatic work? When did The Piper appear? What prize was awarded it? What rank did it give the author? 832 Where and wiien did Percy Mackaye begin to devote him- self entirely to dramatic work?' Of what value are his contributions to poetic drama? What types of plays has he produced? Name six 789 Describe the character and quality of Cohan's plays. State their dramatic value. Name some of his plays. When did he begin to devote himself entirely to writing? 554 Sketch the education and early literary training of Eugene Walter. When did he begin to write dramas? State their type and purpose. Mention four of them...... 910 What is Sheldon's rank among the younger American dram- atists? What tendencies do his dramas display? 874-E What noted New England woman novelist turned her atten- tion to play-writing in 1915? What important prize was awarded her drama The Children of Earth? 513-1 78 READING AND REFERENCE: Moses, The American Dramatist; Burton, The Neio American Drama; Crawford, The Romance of the American Drama; Mackaye, The Civic Theater; Clark, The British and American Drama of Today; Wegelin, Early American Plays; Roden, Later American Plays, 1831-1900. AMERICAN ESSAYS AND CRITICISM ESSAYS. Briefly outline Irving's literary career. Tell some- thing of the quality and style of his writing. How was his work received? How was his memory honored in 1910? 734 What qualities of style characterized EMERSON'S Essays? State their popularity. What attractive book was the result of EMERSON'S second trip to Europe? What did EMERSON contribute to 'the Dial? In what work did EMERSON give a series of interesting character por- traits? Name great men treated in this volume 103-104 Name subjects treated in EMERSON'S Conduct of Life. State its influence. What can you say of the Sovereignty of Ethics and The Preacher?.. 103 In what is the key to EMERSON'S mental position found?. 104-105 What brilliant essays did Holmes contribute to the Atlantic Monthly? Name the four titles of the series. Discuss their literary qualities 716 Quote EMERSON'S estimate of Thoreau. What experiences of Thoreau's life are described in Walden? 896 Name the author of the famous Biglow Papers. Give the titles of two other volumes of essays. What is said of his best prose? What is his rank among American essayists? 784-B Where did Ik Marvel produce most of his work? Name two noted volumes of essays. What did these gain for him?.807-B Mention three important subjects on which Higginson wrote. Discuss the character and style of his work 709 Sketch the career of John Burroughs. What subjects fur- nished material for his writings? Name five of his books. Give the result of his criticism of sham natural history. 523 Of what does Mabie's literary work chiefly consist? With What well-known magazine was he associated? Give the titles of five of his volumes of essays 786 Sketch briefly the life of Hearn — his parentage, education, and early occupations. To what did he devote his literary gifts? Name some of his writings 699 79 For what writings is Henry Van Dyke best known? Name representative works 904 CRITICISM, GENERAL LITERARY. What early writer did much to form literary taste in New England? Sketch his career 577-C Name the best known critical work of George Ticknor.. 897 Who organized the Brook Farm community? 855-D In what journals did Poe's literary criticism appear? State its importance 841 Outline briefly the critical work of Margaret Fuller 644 State Whipple's influence as a critic. Name four books. . 917 Discuss the value of Child's work as a teacher and a critic. 545 Give the nature and range of Corson's literary criticism 564 What is Stedman's rank among American critics? Mention three of his works on poetry 882 What noted department of criticism did Howells conduct? Describe his literary style. State other qualities of his work. What is his place in American letters? Name one of his books of criticism 723 Of what two great English writers was Lounsbury a keen student? Discuss the qualities of his work 783 Name three critical works by Beers 480 Sketch the literary career of Jeannette Gilder. Name some of her critical writings 661 Mention four works of literary criticism by Moulton 813 Outline the educational and literary work of Wendell. Discuss the nature and extent of his critical writings. 915 Name two critical works by Woodberry 927 What qualities gave More distinction as a literary critic? Under what title were his critical works chiefly written? 810 Of what modern tendency is Amy Lowell representative? 784 To what noted position at Harvard was Perry appointed? Mention representative writings 835 SHAKESPEARIAN CRITICISM. Name four American Shakespearian critics 724-E, 917-K, 857-H, 645-D Sketch briefly the varied activities of Hudson. During which period did he specialize on Shakespearian study? Mention his chief contributions on SHAKESPEARE. . .724-E What was Furness's great contribution to scholarship?* How many of SHAKESPEARE'S plays were included in this? What literary recognition did Furness receive? 645 Outline the educational and literary career of Moulton. Name two of his works on SHAKESPEARE 813 80 What widely used edition of SHAKESPEARE was edited by Richard G. White? By Rolfe? 917, 857 What other important works did Rolfe publish? 857 DRAMATIC CRITICISM. How long was Winter dramatic critic for the New York Tribune? For what did he be- come widely known? State his rank and influence 925 In what field has Matthews achieved distinction? What important literary professorship did he hold? Which of his books might serve as a textbook on the drama? Name five others 800 MUSICAL CRITICISM. Sketch the early life and education of Finck. When did he become a musical critic? What composers did he champion? What was his attitude toward WAGNER? Name five of his critical works. . 625 Outline Krehbiel's work as musical critic and author. Men- tion five of his books on music 764 Of what opera did Henderson write the libretto? Sketch his career. What do his writings include? 702 Outline the achievements of Huneker as musical and dramatic critic. Where and how did he win distinction? 726 ART CRITICISM. What noted professorship did Norton hold? With whom did he edit the North American Review? For what length of time? State his influence in the field of art 821-B Name three books on art by Samuel Benjamin 485 For what has Brownell gained wide recognition? 515 Where is Van Dyke professor of the history of art? Give the titles of three of his critical works 904-G READING AND REFERENCE: Emerson, Essays; Lowell, My Study Windows and Among My Books; Curtis, Literary and Social Essays; Hale, Fireside Travels; Higginson, Cheerful Yesterdays; Woodberry, Makers of Literature; Payne, Leading American Essayists; Payne, American Liter- ary Criticism; Gayley and Scott, Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism; Howells, Literary Friends and Acquaintances and Criticism in Fiction; More, Shelburne Essays. AMERICAN FICTION Who is regarded the founder of the American novel? Tell something of the character, style, and popularity of these early works 514-A What novelists immediately followed Brown? 561-E, 698-B 81 What is the .dominant note of Cooper's novels? Why was he particularly fitted to handle these subjects? Name his most important works 561 Name lour well-known hooks by Hawthorne. Give char- acteristics of his work. What is his rank among Ameri- can romancers? State the reason for his journey to Italy. What book was the result? What American sculptor is mentioned? 698, 720-C What is the rank of Poe's prose tales? 841 Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin? Describe its remarkable in- fluence and popularity. Name other novels by this author. How has her name been honored? 885-H What novel by Wallace became widely popular? 910-B Describe the early life of Amelia Barr. What is the char- acter of her writings? 473 What American novelist was the first to introduce the labor question into fiction? Mention representative works. 581-C What is the theme of Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona? . . . . 736 Who is called the "dean of American letters?" Discuss the range, style, and volume of his work. Of what school of fiction did he become' leader? What is his rank •among American writers? State his connection with the American academy of arts and letters 723-A In what three fields did F. Hopkinson Smith become promi- nent? Sketch his work in fiction. Name two of his most popular novels. In what does he excel? 878 What phase of American life did Bret Harte portray? Name three of his most successful stories; his best known poem. Discuss his method and style 695 How and when did Henry James begin his literary career? Give the titles of five of his novels 739 Briefly sketch the literary career of Cable. Mention six representative books on Southern life 525 Who wrote Gates Ajar? Sketch her literary career 911-D Who wrote The Leavenivorth Case? To what branch of fic- tion does it belong? Name other representative writings. 674-F Sketch the literary achievements of Constance C. Harrison. . 694 Who is A. S. Hardy? Name his contributions to fiction.. 692 Discuss the characteristics of James Lane Allen's novels. Whom does he somewhat resemble? 449, 698-B Name five contemporary novelists whose chief subject was Southern life, and the phase discussed by each 449-1, 664-B, 814-F, 693-G, 826-H Describe the career and writings of Prances Hodgson Bur- nett 522 Name two women writers noted for portrayal of New Eng- land character. Name representative works of each.. 743-D, 640-C How did the earlier and the later works of Alice French differ? Give some of her writings '. . 641 What do Grant's writings include? Name five novels 672-G What are the chief themes of Page's novels? Name four of the best known 826-H Outline briefly the literary career of F. Marion Crawford. Discuss his Saracinesca series 567 Who wrote When Knighthood Was in Flower? Name other works 792-D Who wrote "Old Chester" stories? What is her position among American women writers? 584-G Sketch the early life of Hough. Name four western stories. 720 Into what three classes may Gertrude Atherton's writings be divided? Who is the central figure in The Con- ■ querorf 462 Which is most successful of the novels of Irving Bacheller? 465 Who wrote Main-Traveled Roads? What is its style? 651-0 Mention a point of similarity in the works of Owen Wister, Emerson Hough, and Stewart Edward White. 925, 720, 918 Who wrote Madame Butterfly? In what forms is this known ?.780-E What two stories by Ella Higginson were awarded prizes? 709 By what pseudonym is W. S. Porter commonly known? Discuss the qualities of his work. What is his place among modern writers of short stories? 843 Name two writers whose work portrays Kentucky life.635-B, 449-1 Sketch the literary career of Richard Harding Davis, Dis- cuss the style and quality of his novels 581 Who wrote The Clansman? Name other popular works.. 592-C Why was Ford educated privately? Name four of his novels.632-D Who wrote The House of a Thousand Candles? Who is the subject of his story The Poet? 818-G What are the chief themes of Phillips's novels? 837 Give three vital subjects treated in the novels of Herrick. With what two prominent writers may he be compared ?.707-D What knowledge do the works of Gene Stratton-Porter re- veal? Name two of her popular novels 886 Name three novels by Mary Stanbery Watts 913 Give three well-known works of Mary Johnston 747 83 To what noted literary group does Booth Tarkington belong? Name three other prominent writers in this group.... 891 Outline the work of Norris. Discuss its literary value. . . . 820 Who wrote Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch? 853-C Of what type is Churchill's fiction? State his literary rank. Name representative works 547-F Describe the writings of Dreiser. Name three of his novels'. 596 Sketch the career of Wright. Name representative novels. 928-E With what novel did White begin his literary career? What subjects do his works portray? 918-A What historical period is pictured in Ellen Glasgow's novels? 664 What was Samuel Mer win's purpose in visiting China? Name three of his works. Two in which he collaborated 804 Outline the life of Jack London, discussing briefly his educa- tion, travels, and style of writing. Name representative works 780 Describe the writings of Mary Roberts Rinehart 855 Why have the novels of Rex Beach become widely popular?. . 478 Who wrote Potash and Perlmutterf What does it portray?. .664-C Make a list of Owen Johnson's works. Name one of his best novels 746 How did Dorothy Canfield Fisher fit herself for literary work? Name her' best known novel 626 Mention novels by H. S. Harrison. What else has he written? 694 In what ibranch of fiction does Edna Ferber excel? 621 Name four noted writers born in Indiana.854-I„ 891-A, 818-G, 606-D Name four recent novelists who also gained recognition as painters 631-H, 540-D, 878-H, 928-E Name three eminent novelists elected to the American hall of fame 561-E, 698-B, 885-H Name eight noted novelists elected to the American academy of arts' and letters : 447-H, 525-C, 672-G, 723-A, 739-C, 826-H, 878-H, 925-G READING AND REFERENCE: Erskine, Leading American Novelists; Phelps, Essays on Modern Novelists; Perry, A Study of Prose Fiction; Whitcomb, The Study of a Novel; Matthews, The Historical Novel; Smith, The American Short Story; Canby, The Short Story in English; Matthews, The Short Story; Baldwin, American Short Stories; James, The Art of Fiction; Moulton, Four Years of Novel Reading; Wegelin, Early American Fiction; Baker, History in Fiction; Nield, Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales; Dix- son, Subject Index to Prose Fiction. 84 AMERICAN HUMOR AND SATIRE Describe Saxe's poetry. Name three of his works 866 What was the first literary venture of Henry W. Shaw? How was it received? What was his most successful work? 874 HoW did Charles P. Browne make his humor, known to the public? Describe his method and success 515 To what class of writers does Stockton belong? By what works is he best known? 884 In what characterizations does Clemens excel? By what name is he best known? Tell something of his early life. Name a defect of his humor. What qualities make amends? Name* two of his characters who have a permanent place in American fiction. Name five of Clemens's best known books 551 In what form did the humorous writings of Burdette first appear? What profession did he choose later in life? Give the titles of some of his well-known books 520 Where did Nye spend his early life? Why did he return East? State the relationship between Nye and Riley. . 821 Describe the versatility of Bunner. Give the basis of his enduring fame. What magazine did he edit? Discuss the effect of his editorial work 520 Tell something of the journalistic work of Bangs, Name some of his most popular books 470 What humorous writings by Ade became widely popular? What qualities of humor are prominent in his plays? 442 How did Dunne first win attention? What was the effect of his Mr. Dooley in Peace and War? What is Dunne's rank among American humorists? 600 What do the writings of Carolyn Wells include? 915 What type of humor was developed by Wallace Irwin?. . 734 What is the pseudonym of each of the following: H. W. Shaw, C. F. Browne^ Samuel L. Clemens, Edgar W. Nye? 874, 515, 551, 821 READING AND REFERENCE: Haweis, American Humorists; Barr, Humor of America; Holliday, The Wit and Humor of Colonial Days; Hopkinson, Battle of the Kegs; Irving, Knickerbocker's History of New York; Lowell, Biglow Papers; Holmes, Autocrat of the, Breakfast Table; White, The New Gospel of Peace; Locke, Petroleum V. Nasby Papers; Browne, Artemus Ward, His Travels; Clemens, Innocents Abroad; Dunne, Mr. Dooley in Peace and War. 85 AMERICAN HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Of what university was Sparks professor of history and president? Name his biographical works 880 Rank Prescott among American historians. What qualities have made his histories popular? Name his chief works. 844 Outline briefly George Bancroft's education, travels, and literary work. Which is his greatest work? What was its extent? Where did he gather much of the material?. . 470 How did Lossing collect material for his Pictorial Field- Booh of the Revolution? What similar work appeared later? 781 By what three works did Motley achieve lasting fame?.... 812 What phase of American history is covered in the writings of Parkman? What is his rank among historians? Name five histories. What personal attributes underlie his success? 829 Name three of Goldwih Smith's historical works 878 To what study did Lea devote himself after his retirement from business? Name three of his works. What disposi- tion did he make of his historical library? 771 What important educational posts were held by Tyler? Name two historical periods covered by his literary histories. 902-D In what field of history did Fisher become noted? Name representative works 626-E Where did H. H. Bancroft gather materials for his history of the Pacific coast? State its size and extent 470 Mention four historians who served in the civil war 441-A, 464-G, 709-1, 720-D Discuss the historical writings of C. F. Adams, Jr 441 Mention the chief historical works of Larned 769 What period of American history was covered by Henry Adams in his chief work? Name two other works 441 Upon what historical work does Schouler's reputation rest?. . 868 Who wrote a biography of J. A. Garfield? Of Patrick Henry? Of John Marshall? Of Calhoun? 854-F, 902-D, 490-F, 717-C To what branches of history did Ridpath make popular con- tributions? 854 Give John Fiske's real name. Which was his first historical work? Of what is it a part? Name six later works. State the value of his contributions to American history. 627 What is Avery's chief historical work? 464 Of what divisions of history do Myers's works treat? What is said of their value? Name four of his works 815 86 What period of American history is covered by Rhodes's best known work? In what does it excel? 852 Name the chief historical writings of G. E. Howard 721 By what historical work did Rives achieve distinction? To what noted body was he elected member? 855 To what important professorships did Sloane rise? Name four of his chief works on history 878 For the treatment of what subjects is McMaster's History of the People of the United States valuable? 790 What method of history study was developed by Hart? Name three of his histories. Two works edited by him. 695 Name three historians who have written valuable works on the Monroe doctrine. Give the titles. . .695-D, 790-E, 441-A On what work did Edward Channing collaborate with Win- sor? With Hart? With Higginson? 541 Who wrote A History of the American People? What im- portant biography did he write? 924-C Outline the educational and historical work of Jameson.. 739 Name three historical works by Dunning 600 What country is the main subject of Cheyney's histories?. 545 Who is the author of the best life of John Marshall? 490-F Mention historical works by Andrews , 453 Describe the influence of J. H. Robinson on the teaching of history. Upon what important elements does he lay stress? Name two of his histories 856 What national problem is treated in Bassett's earlier works? Give the titles of three books on this subject 476 Name the chief historical writings of Coolidge 561 Name three noted historians elected to the American hall of fame 470-D, 812-G, 829-E Name six recent historians elected to the American academy of arts and letters ..441-A, 441-E, 771-1, 852-J, 855-H, 878-A READING AND REFERENCE: Emerson, Essay on History; Jameson, History of Historical Writing in America; Robin- son, The Few History; Rhodes, Historical Essays; Holmes, Life of Emerson; Holmes, Life of Motley; Fiske, Life of Parkman; Scudder, James Russell Lowell; Woodberry, Life of Hawthorne; Mims, Life of Lanier; Pickard, Life and Let- ters of Whittier; McMaster, Life of Franklin; Lodge, Life of Washington; Hoist, Life of Calhoun; Lodge, Life of Webster; Adams, Life of John Randolph ; Beveridge, Life of Marshall; Franklin, Autobiography ; Grant, Personal Memoirs; Schurz, Autobiography. 87 AMERICAN JOURNALISM Describe the success of FRANKLIN'S first newspaper. What was Poor Richard's Almanac? How long was it published? When did FRANKLIN establish the Saturday Evening Post? State his influence on the founding of libraries 392-393, 573-A Who was James Gordon Bennett? What noted newspaper did he found? To what was its success due? 485 Who continued the Herald after the death of the founder? Give its place in the newspaper world. What important feature did Bennett, Jr., add to the London edition? 485-D Sketch the journalistic career of Park Benjamin. How did he assist Greeley? 484 Through what newspaper did Greeley achieve national repu- tation? Name three of his brilliant associates. What public reforms were advocated by the Tribune? State its influence 674 Of what noted newspaper was Bryant editor? 517 What cause did Gay advocate? What newspapers did he edit? 653 Sketch briefly the editorial career of John Bigelow 491 What is C. A. Dana's rank in journalism? By what notable qualities did he attain it? 576 Name three journalists connected with the Springfield Re- publican. Sketch the career of each 506-C, 716-F, 922-E What important newspaper was founded by Raymond? How did his work influence newspapers generally? 849 In what branch of journalism was H. M. Field prominent?. 624 Of what noted weekly was G. W. Curtis editor? Describe his editorial qualities 573 To what qualities may be ascribed the remarkable journal- istic success of Bowles? How did he differ from the majority of men interested in politics? 506 Describe the editorial and other literary achievements of Warner. With whom did he write The Gilded Age? 911 Who is Marion Harland? By what work is she best known ?.893-C What historic campaign did Horace White report for the Chicago Tribune? Sketch his editorial career 917 In what field was Alden influential? Outline his career 447 Discuss the editorial achievements of Howells 723 Review Whitelaw Reid's connection with the New York Tribune 851 State Watterson's rank in American journalism. Discuss his achievements 912 88 Describe Young's work as war correspondent. Speak briefly of his connection with Grant 932-G To what periodicals did Bierce contribute? Mention repre- sentative writings 491 Describe Gilder's career with the Century Magazine 661-F Sketch the journalistic achievements of Kennan 757 Outline the editorial career of De Young 589 In what field did W. E. Curtis achieve distinction? Describe his achievements 573 What magazine did Marden establish? Mention typical writings 794 How did Grady win distinction? Outline his career 671 At whose suggestion did U. S. Grant prepare his memoirs? Briefly sketch his achievements 746-H Outline the travels and writings of Poultney Bigelow.... 491 State the sources of the material for Carpenter's writings. . 531 Name two movements ably advocated by Graves. Discuss his editorial career 673 Who established the American Review of Reviews? Sketch his career 873-H With what magazine has Ida M. Tarbell been associated? Name three of her biographical works 890 In what wars did Creelman serve as correspondent? 568 Outline briefly the journalistic career of Guild 680 Of what influential magazine is Bok editor? Sketch his life. 497 Outline the journalistic career of Howell 722 Discuss Brisbane's influence on modern newspaper style. . . . 511 With what well-known periodicals was Harvey connected?. 696 Describe the journalistic work of Barrett 473 By what editorial work has Bert Leston Taylor become popular? What does his humorous column resemble?. 891 In what fields has P. P. Adams won distinction? 441 Sketch briefly the journalistic work of Blythe 496 What qualities drew attention to Hapgood's editorials?.. 691 Outline Ihmsen's newspaper career 731 Who is editor of the Saturday Evening Post? To what is its success due? 781rE How did William Allen White achieve national reputation? 918 Indicate the types of literary work done by Cobb 553 Name the editor of "Sharps and Flats." "A Ldne-o'-Type or Two." "The Conning Tower." 624-B, 891-G, 441-C Name four eminent journalists at different times associated with the New York Tribune 674-D, 849-1, 851-B, 573-C 89 READING AND REFERENCE: Hudson, Journalism in the United States; Thomas, History of Printing in America; Alden, Magazine Writing; Bleyer, Newspaper Writing and Editing; Symon, The Press and Its Story; Fowler, Hand- book of Journalism ; Given, Making a Newspaper; Bdynton, Journalism and Literature; Rogers, The American News- paper; Shuman, Practical Journalism; Byxbee, Establish- ing a Newspaper; Hyde, Newspaper Editing; Hyde, Newspaper Reporting and Correspondence. AMERICAN JUVENILE WRITING Who wrote Mary's Lamb?. 685-G Who was "Peter Parley?" How many books for young people did he write? What does the series comprise? 667-F Who is the author of the "Rollo Books?" "Lucy Books?". .439-C Give the titles of some of the series by W. T. Adams 823-J Give the rank of Trowbridge's stories for boys 900 Name the author of the "Elsie Books." For what kind of literature is this writer well known? 625-F Who wrote Little Women? Name five other well-known juvenile books by this author. How do these stories rank in the literature for young people? 447-A By what writings did Stockton first attract attention? Give the titles of some of his books 884 Name a juvenile work by Thomas Bailey Aldrich 447 Who wrote The Hoosier Schoolmaster? Name some of his other well-known books 606-D By what juvenile works is Palmer Cox best known? Name three of his Queer People books 566 For what stories is Joel Chandler Harris world famous? How do his Uncle Remus stories compare with other characterizations of the negro? 693 To what juvenile magazines has Kate Upson Clark con- tributed? Name three of her juvenile works 549 What is the theme of Holder's juvenile books? Sketch briefly his scientific work. Name three of his books 716 Discuss Howard Pyle's literary and artistic ability. For what class of readers did he do his best work? Give the titles of some of his books 846 Name Kate Douglas Wiggin's first literary success. Name six of her most popular books for young people 919 Mention two prize winning stories by Molly Elliot Seawell. Where did they appear? Name other writings 871 90 In what two branches of literature did Mabel Osgood Wright win recognition? Give an example of each class 928 Who wrote The Purple Cow? Name five of his books 521-B Give the real names of the following: Oliver Optic, Peter Parley, Martha Farquharson 823- J, 667-F, 625-E READING AND REFERENCE: Lowe, Literature for Children; Hartland, Science of the Fairy Tale; Hertzberg, The World of Books; Hewins, Books for the Young; Hunt, What Shall We Read to the Children?; Olcott, The Children's Reading; , Griswold, Descriptive List of Books for the Young; Cous- eens', One Thousand Books for Children; Gibbons, Literature for Children; Darton, Children's Books; Hardy, Five Hun- dred Books for the Young; Salisbury and Beckwith, Index to Short Stories. AMERICAN POETRY Who wrote "Hail Columbia?" To what period of American literature does he belong? 719-E Name the first real American poet. Tell something of his early life. What two kinds of poetry did he write?. .641-E To what period of American literature does Joel Barlow be- long? In what way did he spend his time abroad? 472 Who is the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner?" What event inspired its composition? 758-A Who made it possible for Halleck to devote himself to litera- ture? How? Name Halleck's best known poem...... 687 To what poem does John Howard Payne owe his fame? What fact probably contributed to the feeling it expresses?.. 831 Outline the literary career of Bryant. At what age did he write Thanatopsisf His translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey? Discuss the qualities of his style 517 Name the best poems of Drake. Mention noted friends. . 596 Who may be considered the most representative figure in American literature? Give three fields of activity in which he "became eminent 102 Name five of EMERSON'S poems which rank with the best in American literature 102-103 In the development of what noted Belgian poet may EMER- SON'S influence be noted? To whom are we indebted for an interesting correspondence of EMERSON? Summa- rize the qualities which entitle EMERSON to his high place in American literature 791-G, 821-B, 102-105 91 Discuss the productiveness of Simms. Which of his works established his reputation? Of what group was he leader? 877 What was the result of Willis's travels? Name three others of his works. How may his style be best described?. . 922 Sketch the literary and professional life of Holmes. In what line did he win enduring fame? Discuss the range, character, and quality of his verse. For what personal characteristics was Holmes widely admired? 716 What literary professorships were held by Longfellow? What poem established his fame? Name three of his earlier poems and three later ones. What great classic did he translate? What qualities of his verse have made Longfellow preeminently the poet of the people? 780 By what characteristics is Whittier's poetry distinguished? Name .five of his best known poems; three volumes of verse. Discuss his rank among American poets 919 Name six great New England poets 102, 517-H, 716-1, 780-F, 784-B, 919-B In what three fields isi Poe distinguished? Give an example of each. State briefly the place in literature accorded his productions in each field. Which of Poe's poems have become most famous? Discuss the qualities of his verse 841 What is Julia Ward Howe's best known poem? 722 Whom did Lowell succeed as professor of literature at Har- vard? Name five of Lowell's poems which rank among the best in American literature. Discuss the qualities of his literary work. In what did he excel? 784 Describe the character and quality of Walt Whitman's verse. In what work did it chiefly appear? 918 Who wrote The Barefoot Boy? The Courtship of Miles Standish? The Raven ? First Snowfall? One Sweetly Solemn Thought? 919-B, 780-F, 841-D, 784-B, 535-C With whom did Alice Cary collaborate in the production of poetry? What portion did she contribute? 535 Briefly describe the life and writings of Fanny Crosby 571 Sketch the literary life of Stoddard. Mention three works. . 885 What is Bayard Taylor's most valuable contribution to litera- ture? Name three of his best poems 891 Who wrote The Blue and the Gray? State its influence 625-B Name three eminent Southern lyric poets 897-1, 768-G, 841-D What three Southern poets contributed to the Southern Literary Messenger? 841-D, 897-1, 699-B 92 State Hayne's place among Southern poets. What does his poetry reflect? 699 Outline Stedman's contributions to American literature. Name three books of verse; three books on poetry. State his rank in American letters 882 When did Aldrich begin to produce verse? Name his first volume. Describe his literary career 447 Who was "Father Ryan?" Name his three best known lyrics. 862-1 Briefly sketch the life of Joaquin Miller. Name three well- known volumes of poems 806 Discuss the quality of Sill's poetical work 877 Briefly sketch the life of Lanier. Name two notable poems. What helpful friendship did he form? 768 Outline the career of O'Reilly. Name volumes of his verse. 824 For what poems did Carleton become popular? 530 Outline briefly the literary work of F. E. Brooks 513 Who has been called "the child's poet?" What qualities are exhibited in his poems of childhood? 624-B What poems of Markham are widely known? Name other writings 796 Who is called the "poet laureate of democracy?" Why? What early experiences developed his ability to interpret the life of the common people? In the representation of what subject is he unsurpassed? 854-1 What phase of Southern life is portrayed in the poems of Stanton? Give the titles of two of his hooks 882 Who is Katharine Lee Bates? Name two books of her verse. 477 Discuss the qualities of Scollard's verse 870 Who wrote the Spoon River Anthology? Discuss its style. .799-E Discuss the quality of Moody's verse. Mention three poetical works. State his place among American poets 810-B Sketch the literary career of Robinson. Describe the quali- ties of his verse. Name representative works 856-D Who is the most noted American poet of the negro race? Describe his life and writings 599-G With what verse did Robert Frost win recognition? Sketch his literary career. 643 By what unique method did Lindsay make his poems known? 776 For what are Untermeyer's poems noted? 903 Name seven poets elected to the American hall of fame. . . . 517-H, 102, 716-1, 780-F, 784-B, 841-D, 919-B Name five poets elected to the American academy of arts and letters 447-H, 722-C, 810-B, 854-1, 882-G. 93 READING AND REFERENCE: Stedman, Poets of America; Onderdonck, History of American Verse; Collins, Poetry and Poets of America; Lawton, The New England Poets; Mims and Payne, Southern Poetry; Kent, Southern Poets; "Wegelin, Early American Poetry; Woodberry, Inspiration of Poetry; Page, Chief American Poets; Stedman, An American Anthology ; Lounsbury, American Poems; Bronson, American Poems; Crandall, Representative American Sonnets; Poe, The Poetic Principle; Stedman, The Nature and Elements of Poetry. WAR, PATRIOTISM, AND BRAVERY: Eggleston, American War Ballads and Lyrics; Moore, Songs and Ballads of the American Revolution; Moore, Songs of the Soldiers; Brown, Bugle Echoes; Matthews, Poems of American Patriotism; Scollard, Ballads of American Bravery. ENGLISH LITERATURE GENERAL READING, STUDY, AND REFERENCE: Heydrick, H&w to Study Literature; Long, English Literature; Long, English and American Literature ; Pancoast, Introduction to English Literature ; Adams, Dictionary of English Literature; Cousin, Dictionary of English Literature; Brewer, Reader's Handbook; The Standard Dictionary of Facts. HISTORY: The Cambridge History of English Literature; Channels of English Literature (Dutton) ; Ten Brink, English Literature to 1550; Jusserand, Literary History of the Eng- lish People to 1650; Saintsbury, Short History of English Literature; Handbooks of English Literature (Macmillan) ; Garnett and Gosse, Illustrated History of English Literature; Morley, English Writers; Taine, English Literature; Ryland, Chronological Outlines of English Literature; Meiklejohn, Outline of the History of English Literature; Nicoll and Seccombe, History of English Literature. PERIODS: Ker, English Literature, Medieval; Schofield, Eng- lish Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer; Scho- field, English Literature from Chaucer to Elizabeth; Hadow, Chaucer and His Time; Robertson, Elizabethan Literature; Saintsbury, History of Elizabethan Literature; Schelling, English Literature During the Life of Shakespeare ; Gosse, From Shakespeare to Pope; Perry, English Literature in the Eighteenth Century; Saintsbury, History of Nineteenth Cen- tury Literature; Mair, English Literature: Modern. 94 SELECTIONS: Manly, English Poetry; Manly, English Prose; Pancoast, Standard English Poetry; Pancoast, Standard Eng- lish Prose; Oxford Treasury of English Literature and Ox- ford Book of English Verse (Clarendon Press); Page, British Poets of the Nineteenth Century; Stedman, Victorian Anthology ; Ward, English Poets; Morley, Library of English Literature ; Leading English Poets from Chaucer to Brown- ing (Houghton) ; Craik, English Prose Selections; Chambers, Encyclopedia of English Literature. ENGLISH DRAMA Who was the most important predecessor of SHAKE- SPEARE? What is said of his use of blank verse? Name his chief plays. To which of these was GOETHE indebted? 796-E Name the greatest modern dramatist. Sketch his life 46 Where must one turn for SHAKESPEARE'S real biography? Whom did SHAKESPEARE marry? Tell briefly of his family and descendants 47-49 With what theater did he early become associated? Give an honor several times conferred upon his company. Give proof of the success of his theater connection. What evidence have we regarding the chronology of his works? Into what classes may his works be divided? What was his first work? .- 47-4S What is supposed to be SHAKESPEARE'S first original play? In what vein was it written? What relation existed between Ben Jonson and SHAKESPEARE? Between Fletcher and SHAKESPEARE? Cite proof in each instance 48-49, 749, 630 Name the source of SHAKESPEARE'S historical material. What three plays may be traced to it? 48-49. 716-D What comedy by SHAKESPEARE uses the lyric element to a large extent? What tradition exists regarding The Merry Wives of Windsor? As SHAKESPEARE'S work in comedy advanced, what change was noticeable? Give an example. For what is SHAKESPEARE indebted to PLUTARCH? Name tragedies in which emotion is balanced by reflection 48, 34 Who were SHAKESPEARE'S favorite authors? Give his hero, his aversion, and his greatest creation 49 For what personal trait was SHAKESPEARE greatly be- loved? 46 95 Outline the conditions in art and religion with which SHAKESPEARE had to contend. What three words have "been said to express the peculiar quality of SHAKESPEARE'S mind? Into what five classes of characters does Taine group the creations of this mind 7.49-50 Prove from the sketch each statement made in the final paragraph. (See also English Poetry) 46-50 Give a list of English actors noted for their Shakespearian roles. Name one actor also from each of the following countries: Scotland, Poland, Italy, America. ...528-E, 574-B, 632-A, 632-G, 733-H, 793-H, 796-P, 808-A, 855-E, 880-C, 893-D Sketch the education and early life of Ben Jonson. By what play did he become popular? Mention three later plays. Name two tragedies. What is said of his Masques? State the aim of his dramas. Quote the In- scription on his tomb 749 In what famous literary partnership was Beaumont asso- ciated? How many plays were produced jointly? Name three of the best 478 By whom was The Faithful Shepherdess largely written? What is believed concerning certain parts of SHAKE- SPEARE'S Henry VIII? In what play is SHAKE- SPEARE thought to have assisted this dramatist?. .630-A Mention three plays by Webster. State Swinburne's esti- mate of Webster's tragedies 913 When did Massinger begin writing plays? With whom did he collaborate? Mention four of his plays 799 Name two of Ford's best dramas 632-C What is Dryden's position as a dramatic poet? What essay established his reputation as a critic? State his influence on literature 598 What profession did Congreve abandon for literature? State three characteristics of his plays 558 Describe Cibber's career. What resulted from the production of his Love's Last Shift? 547 Upon what noted comedy does Goldsmith's reputation as a dramatist rest? When was it written? 666 Mention three noted plays by Sheridan. What is the rank of these dramas in English literature? 875 Sketch briefly the varied career of Knowles. Name his most effective play 761 Name three well-known plays by Bulwer-Lytton 786-A Name Jerrold's best play. When was it produced? 743 96 State the character and range of Gilbert's work 661 Sketch the early life of Henry Arthur Jones. Name his earliest play. Which was his first great success? How many has he since produced? Of what type are his dramas? Give three characteristics of his plays. State his influence on the .English stage 748 In what qualities does the dramatic work of Pinero excel? What is his rank among modern playwrights? 839 Sketch briefly the career of Bernard Shaw. State the chief characteristics of his dramatic work. Name three of his best plays. What type of drama did he successfully de- fend? With whom is Shaw ranked among British dramatists? What is his importance in recent drama? 874 With what movement was Wilde identified? Give the range of his writings. Of what does his chief contribution to literature consist? Name four of his plays. Describe their characteristics 920 State the object of Lady Gregory's dramatic efforts. In what type of plays does she excel? Describe their characteristics. Mention some of her plays 676 Sketch the career of Barrie. What was his earliest success- ful play? What was his first novel? When did he dramatize it? Name six popular plays 474 Discuss the character and value of Chambers's dramas. How does he resemble Pinero? 540-B Sketch the early life and education of Galsworthy. What are the characteristics of his dramatic style? State his influence on contemporary drama 648 What did Phillips do soon after entering Cambridge? How long did he remain on the stage? Name his poetic dramas. Discuss their quality and literary rank.... 837 Describe the dramatic writings of Hankin 690 Sketch the literary career of Synge. What did his first play show? Mention notable qualities ,. 889 For what are Barker's plays noted? State the theme of The Yoysey Inheritance, Waste, and The Madras House. 472 What movement in the drama does Francis represent? State the name and success of his first play 636 To what group does Ervine belong? Where are the scenes of his principal plays located? In what type of play does he excel ? Name four dramas 613 What is remarkable about the dramatic writings of Eliza- beth Baker ? Name two plays 468 97 READING AND REFERENCE: Filon, The English Stage; Oliver, The English Stage; Archer, English Dramatists of To-Day; Clark, British and American Drama of To-Day; Borsa, The English Stage of To-Day; Jones, The Renascence of the English Drama; Weygandt, Irish Plays and Play- wrights; Lady Gregory, Our Irish Theater; Schelling, Elizabethan Drama; Nettleton, English Drama of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century; Moulton, Shakespeare as a Dramatic Thinker; Mabie, Shakespeare, Poet, Dramatist and Man; Hazlitt, Characters of Shakespeare's Plays; Brandes, William Shakespeare; Masefield, Shakespeare. (See also World Drama.) ENGLISH ESSAYS AND CRITICISM By what volume of essays is BACON best known? 239 By what work is Izaak Walton known? Give its literary value 911 Discuss the qualities of MILTON'S essay Of Education and his Areopagitica 53 What noted essay established Dry den's reputation as a critic? Discuss his style and influence 598 Sketch briefly the life of Addison. To what periodical did he contribute his famous essays? With whom was he associated? 442 Mention periodicals founded by Steele. What form of litera- ture did he originate? Into what did it develop?.... 882 Name a noted English letter-writer. What work established this writer's rank? 809-B On what does the reputation of Chesterfield mainly rest?.. 544 To what class do the works of Lord Karnes belong? 753 Outline the career of Samuel Johnson. To what periodicals did he contribute? When did he write Idves of the Poets? 746 For what are Walpole's Letters remarkable? 910-G Who was the founder of modern Shakespearian study? 555-G On what is Jeffrey's literary reputation based? 741 In the preparation of what works did Charles and Mary Lamb collaborate? Upon what does Lamb's fame rest? 767 What was Hazlitt's first literary effort? In what form did The Round Table originally appear? 699 Discuss the life and achievements of De Quincey. Into what two groups do his writings fall? What qualities do they display? What famous literary distinction did he make? 586 98 Outline Leigh Hunt's literary career. Name two noted critics who were his friends. Discuss Hunt's writings. . 726 By what name is John Wilson best known? To what noted magazine was he a leading contributor? Who col- laborated with him in this work? Give the chief facts of his life 924 Of what does C. C. Clarke's Recollections of Writers consist? Discuss briefly his life and works 549 Describe the writings of William and Mary Howitt 723 In what three branches of literature was CARLYLE eminent? 93 What service did CARLYLE' S critical and biographical essays render? Speak briefly of CARLYLE'S genius for writing literary portraits 95 Name some of the works in which CARLYLE attacked the shams and corruptions of modern society 96-97 Where did Macaulay's famous essay on Milton appear? When did he publish his volumes of Essays? Sketch his career 786 State the nature and value of Harriet Martineau's essays. . 797 Describe the literary life of Helps. Name his chief writings. 701 Who wrote The Seven Lamps of Architecture? Name its companion volume. Discuss their style. For what pur- pose were they written? Where has the author's in- fluence been most felt? 862-C Sketch briefly the editorial work of Grove 679-G Describe the literary work of Halliwell-Phillipps 687 Sketch the literary life of Matthew Arnold. State his rank among English critics 459 Discuss the nature and extent of Frances Cobbe's writings. . 553 Through what association did Pater realize his life work? Name his best work. Discuss its style 831 Name the chief writings of Symonds, State their qualities. . 889 Name two critical works on SHAKESPEARE by Dowden.. 595 Mention two of Lang's writings on HOMER 768 In what field was Saintsbury most productive? Mention five of his critical works. State his rank am6ng critics.. 864 Mention three critical works by Helen Zimmern 935 Give a brief estimate of the critical work of Gosse . 669 Discuss the qualities of Stevenson's essays 884 As a critic what causes did Bernard Shaw champion? Men- tion representative works 874 With what three publications was Norman connected? 820 Sketch the life of Quiller-Couch. Name some of his writings. 847 Outline the literary work of Zangwill 933 99 Describe the career of Arnold Bennett. Name essays 485 Comment on Chesterton's literary style, the variety of his productions, and his place among modern writers.... 544 READING AND REFERENCE: Bagehot, Literary Studies; Arnold, Essays in Criticism; Stephen, Hours in a Library; Pater, Appreciations; Woodberry, Makers of Literature; Dowden, Studies in Literature; Gates, Studies in Apprecia- tion; Harrison, The Choice of Books; Pope, Essay on Criti- cism; Saintsbury, Essays in English Literature; Bronson, English Essays; Lobban, English Essays; Gardiner, Bible as English Literature. CRITICISM: Saintsbury, History of Criticism; Painter, Ele- mentary Guide to Literary Criticism; Gayley and Scott, Intro- duction to Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism; Winchester, Principles of Criticism; Worsfold, Principles of Criticism; Moulton, Library of Literary Criticism; Karnes, Elements of Criticism; Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays; Schelling, Literary and Verse Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth; Vaughan, Literary Criticism; Coleridge, Literary Criticism; Sidney, Defense of Poesie; Shelley, Defense of Poetry; Woodberry, New Defense of Poetry. ENGLISH FICTION Name the greatest prose work of the fifteenth century. By whom was it written? What were its sources? 792-P Who wrote Pilgrim's Progress? Outline the circumstances attending its writing. Briefly sketch the author's life.520-D What book by Defoe has become a world classic? Name three other works of fiction 584 At what age did Richardson begin writing fiction? Name his novels. State his influence 854 Who is called the father of the modern novel? Name his chief works. Discuss their qualities 624-P Name the principal characters in Tristram Shandy. What quality in this work made the author famous? 883-H What novel by Goldsmith has become a classic? What poem? What play? Sketch his career 666 Describe the life and works of Frances d'Arblay 578 Upon what does the literary fame of Elizabeth Inchbald rest? 731 Explain the purpose of Maria Edg^worth's novels 604 In what branches of literature did SCOTT become famous? 82 What discovery turned SCOTT'S attention to novel writing? Mention six of his best known works of fiction 84 100 Discuss the qualities of SCOTT'S work. Describe his in- fluence in literature. To whom are we indebted for a valuable life of SCOTT? 85, 779-A For what are Jane Austen's novels distinguished? 464 Describe the childhood of Jane Porter. Name her first work. What romance won her lasting fame? 843 Who wrote Mr. Midshipman Easy? Name other stories of the sea : 796-H Which is most noted of Mary Shelley's books? Name others. 874 Who first recognized the literary ability of G. P. R. James? Of what did James's writings consist? 739 Where does Bulwer-Lytton stand in the history of English fiction? 786-A What is Lever's most popular novel? On what is it based?. . 775 Name five of Elizabeth Gaskell's works. Which is best known? 652 What novel established Thackeray's reputation? With whom did he share preeminence in English fiction? Name his best works 893 Assign reasons for the universal popularity of Dickens's books. To what class did they most appeal? Name ten of his novels. Which is considered the best? Which was the last? How did his work change in style after Martin Chuzzlewitf What reforms did he promote? What is said of his Christmas stories? 589 Name Charles Reade's first successful novel. To what class of fiction do his Hard Cash and Foul Play belong? 849 Give qualities of Trollope's style. Name his best novels 900 Who is the author of Jane Eyre? What is its rank in Eng- lish fiction? Name three other novels by this author. . . 512-1 What problem did Kingsley discuss in Alton Locke? In Yeast? In Hypatia? Name his most popular book 759 Who was George Eliot? Who discovered her talent for fic- tion? Name her greatest novels 608 What is the principal theme of Grant's novels? 672-P What was Mary Yonge's first successful novel? 931 Why was the meeting of Wilkie Collins and Dickens impor- tant? In what field did Collins excel? 556 Why did Macdonald adopt a literary career? Name five of his best known novels. What do they reveal? 788-D What classic novel did Dinah Mulock write? What does it depict? 813 Give the place of Meredith in English letters? What charac- teristics distinguish his novels? 803 101 Who wrote Lorna Boone f What is its place in literature?. . 493- J Upon what does Margaret Oliphant's reputation as a novel- ist rest? , 823 Name four novels by Justin McCarthy 787 Name three novels by Amelia B. Edwards 605 Mention five novels by Besant. Five in which he collaborated. 490 Give the titles of De Mille's two best novels 5S3 At what age did De Morgan produce his first novel? In what did he excel? Name three of his works 586 Of what school of fiction is Thomas Hardy a leader? Mention four characteristic novels 6yz Name some of the best romances of William Black. Where did he lay their scenes ? 493 Mention two novels by C. G. B. Allen 449 Who wrote The Countess Teklaf 473-F Discuss Stevenson's literary style. Name popular works 884 Under what pseudonym did John Watson win his reputation? Why is his Beside the Bonny Brier Bush admired? 912 Name Mrs. Humphry Ward's first notable success. Of what type of fiction is it an example? Mention later novels. . . 911 Name some of Hall Caine's most widely read works of fiction. Which of them have been successfully dramatized? 526 By which of his books did Weyman win literary fame? 916 Discuss Conrad's literary style. What do his novels portray? 559 What work established Haggard's reputation? Name one of his powerful novels 683 In the treatment of what type is Edna Lyall proficient?. . . . 785 Who originated the character Sherlock Holmes? In what characteristics do his books resemble those of Poe?. . . .595-G Describe the career of Barrie. Name his first novel; six later works 474 In what does Hewlett excel? Discuss his style 708 Sketch the literary career of Parker. Name typical works.. 828-H State a point of similarity between Phillpotts and Blackmore. Between Phillpotts and Thomas Hardy 837, 493, 692 What is Hawkins's most popular book? Discuss his style. . 697 What characters does Locke depict with great skill? Men- tion representative novels 778 Mention some of the best known works of Quiller-Couch 847 Name Beatrice Harraden's most successful novel 693 To whom was Hichens's first novel attributed? Name two of his works later dramatized 709 Give the titles of five novels by Israel Zangwill 333 102 Who is Sarah Grand? Name her most successful novel.... 672 Describe the character and style of Hannay's novels 690 With what stories did Kipling win world-wide reputation? Discuss his style and place among modern writers 759 Describe the literary career of Wells. For what are his works remarkable? What French writer did his first romances resemble? What rank has Wells attained?. . .915-C Discuss the literary work of Bennett. What notable group of novels did he write? State their rank in English fiction. 485-B Who was John Oliver Hobbes? For what qualities of style was this author noted? 713 Briefly sketch Belloc's literary achievements 483 By what pseudonyms are the following best known: Charles William Gordon, John Watson, Louise de la Ramee, Anthony Hope Hawkins, James Owen Hannay? 668, 912, 848, 697, 690 What English novelist was awarded a Nobel prize? 759-1 Mention five modern British writers of note who served in the ministry 569-G, 690-G, 759-G, 788-D, 912-E Name ten women novelists, mentioning a work by each. . . .4S4-D, 578-A, 604-A, 608A, 652-B, 672-D, 693-C, 813-J, 843-B, 931-B READING AND REFERENCE: Cross, Development of the Eng- lish Novel; Stoddard, Evolution of the English Novel; Bur- ton, Masters of the English Novel; Beers, English Roman- ticism in the Eighteenth Century; Hopkins and Hughes, The English Novel Before the Nineteenth Century; Raleigh, The English Novel to Waverley; Beers, English Romanticism in the Nineteenth Century; Dawson, Makers of Modern English Fiction. (See American Fiction.) ENGLISH HISTORY ANI> BIOGRAPHY Whose writings furnished material for early English dram- atists? What world-famed dramatist drew subjects from the Cronycle? 716-D What do Hakluyt's Voyages describe? 684 Why is Clarendon's History of the Rebellion valuable? 548 For what work is John Evelyn best known? State its value. 615 Describe the character and value of Pepys's Diary 834 Who ranks as the greatest English historian? 70 Where did GIBBON conceive the plan of his great history? State the purpose of the work. Discuss its value 71-72 Give the main points of Freeman's estimate of GIBBON 73 103 Who wrote the celebrated Life of Johnson? What has been its effect on the reputation of both men? 503-F Whose biographies did Aikin write? 444 Name a noted biography by Southey 880 What qualities characterize the historical writings of Hal- lam ? Name three of his great works 686 Name Alison's chief work. Describe its popularity 449 What country is the subject of Grote's best historical work? Discuss the career of Grote. Name his valuable history. . 679 What literary place is accorded Lockhart's Life of Scott? Name two other biographies by this author 779 Discuss the nature and style of CARLYLE'S French Revolu- tion. State the circumstances of its production. De- scribe CARLYLE'S largest historical work. State the effect of his work on CROMWELL 96 For what historical work is Cosmo Innes best known? 733 When did the first volumes of Maeaulay's celebrated History of England appear? What period was it planned to cover? Did Macaulay complete it? State its popularity 786 What subject do the historical works of Fergusson treat?. . . 622 What period of Roman history is covered by Merivale's chief work? How is it valuable? 804 What work resulted from Kinglake's military service? 759 Of what valuable historical works is Creasy the author? 568 Name two historical works by Forster. Two biographies. . . 632 Mention three great historical works by George Rawlinson. Of what period of history do they treat? 849 What men most interested Smiles? Name three biographies. 878 What historical works did Helps write? 701 Discuss Froude's historical methods and style. Name his chief historical work; his most important biographies. . 643 Name two historians of architecture 640-A, 622-C Outline the subjects covered by Freeman's histories 640 Name Stubbs's chief work. Describe its value and influence. . 887 What features make the work of Gardiner valuable? What important period is covered in his work? 650 Name works of biography by Margaret Oliphant 823 On what does McCarthy's reputation as a historian rest? Name other works 787 Mention some of Hodgkin's historical works 714 What monumental work on biography did Stephen edit? Name four biographies by Stephen 883 What great work was begun by Acton? Who completed it? 440 104 Who is the subject of Hare's best biography? 692 What phases of Canadian history are treated by Bourinot?.. 505 Name three histories and three biographies by Oscar Brown- ing 515 What valuable histories did Green write? 675-B To what qualities is Lecky's literary eminence due? Name four of his chief works 772 Name three authoritative biographies by Morley. State his position in British letters 811 Mention Trevelyan's best history. Two of his biographies. . 900 Sketch the career of Creighton. Name historical works 568 Of what do Martin Hume's histories chiefly treat? 726 Mention three biographies by Gosse , 669 Sketch the range and character of Boulger's writings 504 Outline the historical writings of Bury. What is said of his edition of GIBBON? 524 Name three biographies by Hassall; three histories 696 Name four English historians who served in the ministry. . 568-H, 675-B, 760-D, 887- A READING AND REFERENCE: Lawrence, The Lives of the British Historians; Ward, Historians, Biographers and Po- litical Orators; Hunt, Hume and Modern Historians ; Warner, Historians and Essayists; Harrison, The Meaning of History; Lamprecht, What Is History?; Lecky, Historical and Political Essays; Froude, Short Studies on Great Subjects; Freeman, The Unity of History; Stephen and Lee, Dictionary of Na- tional Biography. Biography: Boswell, Life of Dr. Johnson; Lockhart, Life of Scott; Carlyle, Frederick the Great; Forster, Dickens; Froude, Carlyle; Cross, George Eliot; Dowclen, Shelley; Trevelyan, Macaulay; Morley, Gladstone. Autobiography: Pepys, Diary; Cibber, Apology for His Life; Martineau, Autobiography ; Ruskin, Prwterita; Huxley, Auto- biography. ENGLISH HUMOR ATVD SATIRE Who wrote Hudibrasf Describe its origin and character. .524-G What political satire of Dryden's is especially noteworthy?. . 598 Name two of Arbuthnot's satirical works 457 Which of Swift's writings first attracted notice? Which is the greatest? Describe the qualities of his style 889 Who wrote The Beggar's Opera? Describe its success 653-D Name the author of the Dunciad. Describe its nature 842-K 105 Who wrote the ballad of John Gilpin? 566-A What qualities distinguished the writings of Sydney Smith? 879 Under what titles did Barnaul's humor find expression? 471 Who wrote English Bards and Scotch Reviewers? 524-H How is Haliburton best known? Name some of his works. . 685 Sketch the life of Jerrold. Name his most popular work 743 Under what pen-name were the satirical works of Thackeray published? Mention his best known lectures 893 What was Max O'Rell's real name? Name his best works. . .495-H Name two of Jerome K. Jerome's most popular works 742 What two English journalists may be classed with the hu- morous writers? What. English novelist?. .473-E, 544-H, 473-F Mention three English humorists who were ordained to the church 889-B, 879-E, 471-J READING AND REFERENCE: Smeaton, English Satires; Han- nay, Satire and Satirists; Alden, Rise of Formal Satire in England; Previte-Orton, Political Satire in English Poetry; Cannan, Satire; Dryden, Essay on Satire; Wells, A Satire Anthology ; Thackeray, English Humourists ; Friswell, Sati- rists; Cook, An Anthology of Humorous Verse; Hazlitt, The English Comic Writers; Macrae, National Humour. ENGLISH POETRY Who is called the father of English song? Give the legend concerning his poetic efforts 525-F What epic did Barbour write? What has he been called?. . . 471 Who wrote The Vision of Piers Plowman? What is it? Of what problems does it treat? 768-E Who was the first great English poet? Sketch his career. Name three well-known works. Discuss their qualities. .544-C Who was the author of The Shepheardes Calender? State its importance. Give the chief facts of the author's life. Name his greatest work 881-B Of what did Chapman's poetical work consist? 541 What central subject dominates all of SHAKESPEARE'S poetry? What interest is paramount in his compositions? By choosing to write for the stage, what was SHAKE- SPEARE enabled to portray? What attitude is dis- played in his poetry toward religion? Toward the hu- man soul? What is said of the character and music of his verse? Discuss SHAKESPEARE'S place in world literature. (See also English Drama) 50 What qualities distinguish Robert Herrick's poems? 707 106 Who wrote The Temple? State its rank in English verse.. 706-A Who ranks next to SHAKESPEARE in English poetry? 51 At what age did MILTON produce the Ode on the Nativity? 51 Into what periods does the life of MILTON naturally divide itself? Where was the first one spent and what were its enduring products? Which of these works are con- sidered the most beautiful of descriptive poems? Which is a masque? Which an elegy? 51-52 What may be said of the length and the perfection of MIL- TON'S three chief lyrics? 54 At what age did MILTON become blind? How was his great epic completed? Discuss its place among world epics. Give Landor's estimate of MILTON 51-55 Describe the character and qualities of Cowley's poems 565 Name Dryden's finest poem. Name other works, and state his rank and influence 598 Briefly describe the literary life of Cibber 547 Give the author of Night Thoughts, its rank and influence. .931-G Of what does John Gay's poetical work consist? 653 Discuss the life and literary work of Alexander Pope 842 Upon what does Thomson's poetical reputation rest? What famous English song did he write? 896 What is Gray's rank among English poets? Name his most famous poem 674 Who wrote Pleasures of the Imagination? Of whom was he a pioneer? 445-D What classic of English verse was written by Goldsmith?. . . 666 Name a ballad, a long poem, and a translation by Cowper. Sketch his literary life 566 Who is the author of The Minstrel? Describe its qualities. .478-E Sketch briefly the poetical works of Anna L. Barbauld' 471 Mention Crabbe's two best poems. Give their rank 566 Discuss the poetry of William Blake, stating modern opinion. 494 Who stands preeminent among the poets of Scotland? De- scribe his education and literary career. Discuss the character and quality of his poems 522-E How was Joanna Baillie regarded by her contemporaries? What was her greatest work? 467 What English poet has been called the "high priest of na- ture?" 89 Give some of the qualities of WORDSWORTH'S blank verse. From what friendship did his Lyrical Ballads result?. . . 87 What k^nd of poem is The Excursion? 88 107 What is meant by the "lake school of poets?" How and by whom was this term first applied? 88 On the death of Southey what honor was conferred upon WORDSWORTH? What relation did WORDSWORTH siistain to the revival of English poetry? 89 Give a brief appreciation of WORDSWORTH, noting his achievements and place in English poetry 86-90 Discuss the poetry of SCOTT. For what is Marmion noted? What is The Lady of the Lake? Describe The Lay of the Last Minstrel 83 Outline the poetical work of Cary 535-B Name three of Coleridge's best poems. Give their rank 555 Mention Southey's chief poetical works. What literary honor was conferred upon him? 880 By what works did Walter Savage Landor win distinction?. . 767 Name three famous war lyrics by Thomas Campbell 528 Who wrote Irish Melodies? Mention other noted poems 810-E Who was Barry Cornwall? Of how many songs is he the author? Who wrote The Lost Chord? 845-A What circumstances led to the production of English Bards and Scotch Reviewers? Give the title of Byron's greatest work. Who is the hero of his Prisoner of Chillon? State Byron's rank in English poetry 524-H, 501-A How do Shelley's critics regard Alastor? Name his finest poems. Who was immortalized in The Cenci? 874, 539-A Name five noted lyrics by Mrs. Hemans. Sketch briefly the subject of her Gasalianca 701, 535-D Who wrote the Eve of St. Agnes? Name two of his odes. Describe the style of Hyperion and Endymion. Compare Keats with Spenser. State the influence of Keats's work.754-H Name two well-known poems by Hood. Describe briefly his literary career 718 Who revealed the Ruodiydt of Omar Khayyam to the west- ern world? 627-1 Who was the representative poet of the Victorian era? Where did he find the theme for his Idylls of the King? State its literary rank. Mention four other works.. 892-1, 792-F Name four great literary eras in the history of England. Who represents each? 892-1, 881-B, 51, 842-K Sketch the life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. What cele- brated love sonnets did she write? State the theme of Casa Guidi Windows. What are the characteristics of her poetry? 515 108 What is the rank of BROWNING among English dramatic poets? Name his three earliest dramatic efforts 106 Mention some of the best known works in the remarkable group Bells and Pomegranates 106 Name and discuss the quality of some of the poems included in Men and Women 107 Give the theme of Bordello. Of Andrea del Sarto 106, 108 Describe BROWNING'S masterpiece, stating the form, sub- ject, manner of treatment, and extent of the work 107 For what three great characteristics is the poetry of BROWN- ING distinguished? Discuss his style 108 Compare the work of BROWNING with that of Tennyson; with that of SHAKESPEARE 107-108 Give a brief appreciation of BROWNING 106-108 Name some of Jean Ingelow's best known poems 732 Name three foremost poets in Victorian literature. 459-F, 106, 892-1 Sketch the life and works of Matthew Arnold 459 Discuss the qualities of Patmore's verse 831 With what noted poems are Rossetti's House of Life sonnets ranked ? Sketch his career 859 Who was Owen Meredith? Name his best known work 786-B By what poem is Sir Edwin Arnold best remembered? 459 Give one volume of verse by William Morris 812 Name three poets laureate of the nineteenth century 86, 892-1, 464-E Who succeeded Tennyson as poet laureate? Compare the poetry of these two writers 464-E Who was Tennyson's logical successor as poet laureate? Why was this honor not bestowed? Name his masterpiece. What three characteristics mark his poems? 889-C Discuss the qualities of Dobson's poems 592 Name two notable poems by Bridges. Whom did he succeed as poet laureate? 510 In what qualities do Henley's poems excel? 702 Compare the poetic and the prose plays of Wilde 920 Describe the character and quality of William Watson's verse. . 912 Name three works by Tagore. What honor was awarded him? 890 Describe the qualities of Kipling's verse 759 What has resulted from the efforts of Yeats to revive ancient Irish literature? Name some of his poetic works 930 Who wrote "To Milton, Blind?" Name his poetic dramas and state their rank in recent English verse 837-F In what type of poetry does Masefield excel? Give examples. 798 109 Who has been styled the "Kipling of Canada?" Name poems. 872-C Sketch the brief career of Rupert Brooke. What themes in- spired his best poems? 513 State the rank of Noyes among present-day poets. Name representative works 821 READING AND REFERENCE: Courthope, History of English Poetry; Stedman, Nature and Elements of Poetry; Gayley and Young, English Poetry; Carpenter, English Lyric Poetry; Chambers, English Pastorals; Evans, English Masques; Sted- man, Victorian Poets; Burrell, Book of Heroic Verse; Hamil- ton, Poets Laureate of England. WORLD LITERATURE GENERAL READING AND REFERENCE: Botta, Handbook of Universal Literature; Moulton, World Literature; Hallam, Literary History of Europe; Warner, Library of the World's Best Literature. Greek: Wright, Short History of Greek Literature; Mahaffy, History of Classical Greek Literature; Jevons, History of Greek Literature; Murray, Ancient Greek Literature. Latin: Warr, History of Roman Literature; Mackail, His- tory of Latin Literature ; Duff, Literary History of Rome; Crutwell, History of Roman Literature; Dimsdale, Latin Lit- erature. Oriental: Field, Persian Literature; Browne, Literary His- tory of Persia. Italian: Symonds, Renaissance in Italy ; Garnett, Italian Lit- erature; Gaspary, History of Italian Literature; Collison- Morley, Modern Italian Literature. Spanish-Portuguese: Bouterwek, History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature; Ticknor, History of Spanish Liter- ature; Clarke, Spanish Literature ; Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Chap- ters on Spanish Literature. French: Saintsbury, Short History of French Literature; Kastner and Atkins, Short History of French Literature ; Wright, History of French Literature ; Faguet, Literary His- tory of France; Konta, History of French Literature; Brunetiere, Manual of French Literature ; Warren, Primer of French Literature; Strachey, Landmarks in French Litera- ture; Dowden, French Literature; Keene, Literature of France; Harper, Masters of French Literature. 110 German: Hosmer, Short History of German Literature; Priest, Brief History of German, Literature; Scherer, History of German Literature; Thomas, History of German Litera- ture; Robertson, The Literature of Germany ; Wells, Modern German Literature ; Lessing, Masters in Modem German Lit- erature; Coar, Studies in German Literature in the Nine- teenth Century; Taylor, Studies in German Literature ; Hel- ler, Studies in Modern German Literature ; Max Muller, Ger- man Classics. Russian: Bruckner, Literary History of Rtissia; Baring, Outline of Russian Literature; Waliszewski, Russian Litera- ture; Kropotkin, Russian Literature. Scandinavian: Horn, History of the Literature of the Scandi- navian North; Gosse, Dano-Norwegian Literature ; Boyesen, Essays on Scandinavian Literature; Gosse, Studies in the Literature of Northern Europe; Rose, Iosen: Poet, Mystic, and Dramatist. Hungarian: Riedl, History of Hungarian Literature; Reich, Hungarian Literature. Polish: Brandes, Poland: A Study of the Land, People, and Literature. WORLD DRAMA Greek Drama What new element did Thespis introduce into the Greek chorus? How did this improve the dramatic effect?. . . . 895 Name the greatest Greek dramatist. The second greatest. The third. Compare their dates of birth 18, 20, 615-B Sketch the life of AESCHYLUS. How was his youth spent? Name four battles in which he fought 18 Explain why AESCHYLUS may rightly be called the father of the tragedy. What was Greek tragedy before his time? Describe the development of the drama and state changes introduced by AESCHYLUS 18-19 What was the inner purpose of the writings of AESCHY- LUS? What did he regard as the duty of tragedy? What were his political, religious, and moral convic- tions ? 20, 19 How many plays did AESCHYLUS write? How many are extant? State the principal idea of the Furies; the Persians; the Prometheus ; the Agamemnon. . .18, 19, 107, 443 How does AESCHYLUS compare with SHAKESPEARE? In what work was he portrayed by Aristophanes? 19, 20 ill Describe the personal appearance of SOPHOCLES, his disposition, education, and accomplishments 20-21 At what age did SOPHOCLES compete with JESCHYLUS for the mastery of the Athenian stage? What was the result? For how many years did SOPHOCLES con- tinue to write and exhibit? .20-21 What change in the drama occurred during the time of SOPHOCLES? What alterations did he make? How. many of his plays survive? What is sometimes called the most perfect tragedy extant? 21 Name the first play of Euripides which was performed? At what age did he rival SOPHOCLES? Mention five of Euripides' tragedies. How do his characters differ from those of ^SCHYLUS and SOPHOCLES? 615 For what was Aristophanes celebrated? Name five of his comedies. Which is a satire against SOCRATES? 458 Mention a prize tragedy by Dionysius the Elder 591 Who was Menander? What did he write? Why did he not write of political matters ? Through what other writers may an idea of Menander's works be gained? 803 Latin Drama Who is called the father of Roman literature? From what were many of his plays adapted? 611-D Who was the greatest comic poet of ancient Rome? De- scribe the character of his comedies. How many still exist? What is said of their literary style? Name mod- ern dramatists who have imitated his work 840-E Where was Terence born? State his station in life and his education. Name his first play. What were the results of his success? Compare his comedies with those of Plautus. For whom did his plays serve as a model? 893 How many tragedies attributed to Seneca have come down to us? Why are these works important? 871 Italian Drama Where was Tasso's Aminta written? Of what type is this drama? State the importance and influence of Tasso. . . 891 What was Metastasio's real name? At what age did he write his first tragedy? Where was he made poet laureate? What was his masterpiece? Name three other plays 804 112 Who ranks as the greatest Italian writer of comedy? Sketch his career. Name three noted comedies. Give his in- fluence on the Italian drama 666-B What was Alfieri's literary ideal? To what rank in letters did he rise? How many tragedies did he write? How many comedies? Name his masterpiece 448 Name Manzoni's first tragedy. What was GOETHE'S atti- tude toward it? What other famous works did Manzoni produce ? 793 For what profession was Giacosa educated? When did he turn to literature? What element did he infuse into his plays? When was his As the Leaves published, and with what success? State its effect upon the modern drama. . .659 Sketch the literary career of Gabriele d'Annunzio. When did he begin writing dramas? Name four of his best known plays. What is his rank as a literary artist? What are the characteristics of his style? In what does he attain a classic level? 454 Spanish Drama Where was Lope de Vega born? What military and naval service did he perform? When did he become a priest? What is remarkable about his mental activity? State the approximate number of his plays and religious pieces. How many are extant? What subjects do his plays em- brace? What principle of conduct did he emphasize? In what respect did he resemble SHAKESPEARE? 905 Sketch the early life and education of Calderon. Of what value was his experience as a soldier? What profession •did he later enter? When did he write his first drama? Name four plays. Describe their character. What is his rank among dramatists? 526 In what respects was Calderon's career similar to that of Lope de Vega? 526, 905 In what fields did Echegaray win distinction? Briefly out- line his career. Name three of his most noted plays. To what rank among Spanish dramatists did he rise? Among world artists? What notable literary honor was awarded him? 603 Where was Galdos born? In what literary work did he first engage? When did he turn his attention to the drama? Name six well-known plays. State his rank among present-day Spanish writers 647 113 French Drama Who was the creator of French tragedy? In what field did he first win success? Who turned his attention to trag- edy? When was The Cid produced, and with what re- sults? Mention four other notable tragedies 563-B Who is considered the greatest of French comic dramatists? 55 Describe MOLIERE'S early career. What was his first great success? Toward what was this satire directed? 56 After the success of Les Precieuses Ridicules, from what ma- terial did MOLIERE then select his types? 56 What place is accorded Le Misanthrope? Compare its satire with that of an ancient and of a modern poet. What is regarded as MOLIERE'S masterpiece? Why? 57 Against what did MOLIERE direct his satire?, 56-58 Compare Le Misanthrope and Le Tartufe as plays 58 Make a comparison between MOLIERE and Aristophanes. What distinguishes MOLIERE from other comic dram- atists? In what way may MOLIERE be compared with DANTE and WORDSWORTH? 58, 458, 59 What qualities of Racine and of Rabelais may be found in MOLIERE? What two poets may be said to have no equals in knowledge of men and motives? 58-59 Name Racine's first noted tragedy. What literary rank did it give him? Mention three other tragedies. What was VOLTAIRE'S estimate of his work? 847 When was VOLTAIRE'S Oedipe produced? For what qual- ities was this tragedy notable? About what date were his Zaire and Brutus published? Where did he write Merope and Mahomet? 63-64 Upon what brilliant dramas does the fame of Beaumarchais rest? What operas were inspired by them? 478, 859-1, 150 For what are the plays of Scribe remarkable? How many plays did he produce? What great later dramatists were indebted to Scribe? What was his ultimate influence on the French drama? What famous librettos did he write? 870 What noted French novelist wrote romantic drama? By what and when did he introduce the modern social play? 599-A When and by what drama did HUGO become the leader of the romantic movement? 98-99 What is probably HUGO'S best play? State Heine's atti- tude toward Rigoletto. What can be said of its first re- ception? What composer wrote the opera? 99, 906-B 114 Name an important prose drama which followed Rigoletto. Who wrote the music for the opera? 99, 594-B What were the sources of Ruy Bias? What is said of HUGO'S Les Burgravesf Discuss HUGO'S position in the drama and in world literature 100-101 When did Augier begin his literary career? What play is considered the best modern French comedy? With whom 'did Augier share dramatic leadership in France? 463 In what celebrated novel did Dumas the Younger describe his early life? When did he dramatize this work? State its influence upon modern drama. When did he create the first problem play? Mention some of his notable plays of this type. Discuss his rank in the drama 599 From what profession did Sardou turn to literature? Name three of his plays now well known on the English-speak- ing stage. Which of his plays has been made into a noted grand opera? With what contemporaries did he share preeminence? 865 With whom did Halevy collaborate? State the success of Frou Froii. For what composer did he write librettos? Discuss the character of his dramatic work 685 By what was Becque's literary ability made known? By what plays did he found the naturalistic school of drama? 479 With what play did Kervieu achieve success? Of what type are his dramas? Discuss their qualities. What literary honor was awarded him ? 708 What was Brieux's first dramatic success? Of what school of dramatists has he become the leader? Discuss the nature and purpose of his plays 511 Sketch the career of Donnay. By what play is he best known? State the number and nature of his dramas. . . 594 In what field has Lavedan become noted? In what feature does his dramatic work excel? 770 In what fields of literature has Maeterlinck become distin- guished? Describe his literary characteristics. What type of drama did he create? Mention plays now widely known in America 791 Briefly describe Rostand's early life. State the character and importance of his Cyrano de Bergerac. Mention two later dramas. Discuss Rostand's position in French letters. What school of literature does he represent? Name distinguished French and American actors who ihave impersonated noted roles in his plays 860 115 German Drama Who is regarded the founder of modern German literature?.. 67-70 Where did LESSING receive his education? Where did he begin his literary career? State his attitude toward French literary taste. To whom did he direct the at- tention of German dramatists? 67 What noted tragedy of common life did LESSING write? Against what was it a protest? What type of drama was Minna von Barnhelm? What important work of dramatic criticism did LESSING produce at Hamburg?.. 67-69 In what work did LESSING embody his confession of faith? Name the kind of drama to which this belongs 68 State the distinguishing qualities of LESSING'S style 70 Mention as a summary: three plays that secure LESSING'S place in German drama; the standards of taste estab- lished by his criticism; his great critical work; the genius for whom he prepared the way 68-69, 73 Name GOETHE'S first drama. Account for its power. How did it resemble SHAKESPEARE'S work? What was GOETHE'S attitude toward dramatic precedent? 74 How was GOETHE influenced by his Italian travels? Name two admirable works of this time. For what are they notable? Mention two other tragedies of the period 75 During what literary friendship did GOETHE change from dramatic to epic and romantic compositions? 76 Who is considered the foremost German dramatist? 81 From whom did SCHILLER inherit his poetic taste? What profession did he choose? Account for the change in his plans 78-79 In what drama did SCHILLER protest against formalism? Quote CARLYLE and Bulwer regarding it 79 Give a general outline of The Robbers. Point out its revo- lutionary qualities. State the effect of the tragedy upon the public and upon the author 79 What dramas followed The Robbers? In what ways did these works show growth? 79-80 Name the most popular of SCHILLER'S dramas. Give the story upon which it is based 81, 892-E How is SCHILLER regarded as a dramatist, a poet, and a man? Select points from the text in proof 78-82 What is Kleist's position in the romanticist movement? Men- tion his finest tragedies. What play is considered the best one-act comedy in German? 760 116 Who ranks as the greatest modern Austrian dramatist? Men- tion some of his dramas. Between what two groups in German literature is he intermediate? 678-D When and by what works did Sudermann win fame? Name his greatest drama. By what eminent dramatic artists has the title role been presented? Name other noted plays. What is Sudermann's rank as a dramatist? Compare his work with that of Hauptmann 887 Where did Hauptmann study sculpture? When did he turn to literary work? What did his first play, Before Dawn, inaugurate? What plays followed? What literary in- fluences do they reflect? Which is his best known work? Of what type is this drama? What is Hauptmann's rank as dramatist and poet? 697 Of what school of drama did Schnitzler become a leader? Discuss the character of his plays. In what types does he excel? Name well-known plays 867 Discuss the character and quality of Wedekind's plays 914 What is Hofmannsthal's rank among Austrian poets and dramatists? Of what nature are his plays? What dictum do they exemplify? 715 Scandinavian Drama Who is styled the creator of modern Danish literature? Sketch his career. What dramas did he write? 715-F By what play did Oehlenschlager win recognition? To what position among Danish poets did he rise? Discuss the character and quality of his plays 822 Sketch the educational and literary career of Hertz. State his rank among Danish poets. Name two plays 708 Briefly sketch the results of Bergstrom's interest in the drama. Name some of his plays 487 State the results of Bjornson's directorship of the theater at Bergen. To whom only does he rank second among Nor- wegian dramatists? Name two of Bjornson's best known dramas. Mention the character of his other dramatic writings , ... 493 Who is the foremost figure in Scandinavian drama? Briefly sketch Ibsen's life. By what two dramas did he first attain eminence? Name some of his most noted social dramas. What is their importance in dramatic art? In what four notable qualities do these plays excel? What is Ibsen's place in world literature? 731-A 117 Who is Sweden's most eminent dramatist? Briefly sketch his career. When did he write his first important drama? What did his production of The Father achieve? In what does his greatest power lie? What is notable in his Creditors? Name other excellent examples of his dramas 886-E Russian Drama In what fields of literature did Zagoskin become prominent? State his connection with noted theaters 933 What is Pushkin's most famous dramatic work? Of what opera was it used as a basis? In what other fields of literature was he distinguished? 846, 815-P From what station in life did Chekhov spring? For what profession did he study? What was his first successful literary work? To what rank did he rise among Russian writers? Where did he write his most famous plays?. . . 544 "With what story did Gorky first win success? Describe the character of his work. Name three of his dramas 669 Briefly sketch the literary career of Andreev. What philo- sophical standpoint do his works reflect? For what qualities are his writings distinguished? Mention six of his plays available in English 453 READING AND REFERENCE. History: Moulton, The Ancient Classical Drama; Haigh, The Tragic Drama of the Greeks; Gray, The Roman Theater; Lewes, The Spanish Drama; McLeod, Plays and Players of Modern Italy; Jourdain, French Classical Drama; Matthews, French Dramatists of the Nine- teenth Century; Filon, Modern French Drama; Witowski, The German Drama of the Nineteenth Century; Brandes, Iosen- Bjornson Studies and Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature; Clark, Continental Drama of To-Day; Dukes, Modern Dramatists ; Hale, Dramatists of To-Day. Theory and Technique: Aristotle, Poetics; Lessing, Ham- burg Dramaturgy ; Freytag, The Technique of the Drama; Dryden, Dramatic Poesy ; Courtney, The Idea of Tragedy; Vaughn, Types of Tragic Drama; Meredith, Essay on Comedy; Matthews, The Development of the Drama; Woodbridge, The Drama, Its Law and Technique; Archer, Play-Making ; Bur- ton, How to See a Play; Caff in, The Appreciation of the Drama; Shaw, Dramatic Opinions and Essays; Craig, On the Art of the Theater; Adams, Dictionary of the Drama; Ham- ilton, Studies in Stagecraft. 118 MODERN ESSAYS AND LITERARY CRITICISM What was MONTAIGNE'S first literary work? What urged him to the work upon which his fame depends? 40 What is the rank of MONTAIGNE'S Essays? What seeming essentials in construction are lacking? Toward whom did MONTAIGNE direct his power of analysis? State the range of subjects touched in the Essays. What qualities of style made them a mental stimulus? 41-42 Make a brief resume of the characteristics which have given MONTAIGNE his place in French literature 42 Who was Madame Sevigne? What may be said of her Let- ters? For what qualities are they noted? 872 Give the rank of Boileau-Despreaux among French critics. In what field was he a pioneer? 497 Name Fontenelle's best known works. What place was ac- corded him by his contemporaries? 631 In what manner did MONTESQUIEU publish his Persian Letters? Describe the plan, character, and success of this book. Relate an incident mentioned by VOLTAIRE connected with MONTESQUIEU'S election to the French academy 59-60 What literary rank has been given VOLTAIRE? Give HUGO'S estimate of his value as a critic. State in sub- stance Taine's description of VOLTAIRE'S greatest quality and his greatest fault 63-67 Estimate Madame du Deffand's literary ability. What opinion was expressed by Sainte-Beuve? 583 Sketch briefly the public life of Baron von Grimm. Through whose acquaintance was his career made possible? In what form was his best work originally done? 678 In what work did LESSING revolt from the dictatorship of French literary taste? What great English dramatist did he extol? Discuss the influence of LESSING'S Laokoon. Mention his chief works on literary criticism and esthetics. Give in substance GOETHE'S estimate of LESSING. Discuss the permanent value of LESSING'S contribution to German literature 67-70 State how in his first drama, Gotz von Berlichingen, GOETHE showed the influence of LESSING 74-75 Who was Madame d'Epinay's most intimate friend? State the outcome. What did she write with Diderot's help? Mention some of her best known works. 611 119 Which of Madame de StaeTs works first gained notice? Where did she collect material for her Corinnef For De VAllemagne? How does Madame de Stael rank among French writers ? 881 At what age did Sainte-Beuve meet HUGO? With what re- sult? Sketch Sainte-Beuve's career. For what qualities is he unsurpassed in literary criticism? 863 What great critical work by Gervinus has been translated into English? Name other literary works 658 Sketch the literary career of Renan. What is his place among French scholars? 851 State the character and value of Taine's History of English Literature. Which is Taine's greatest work? How many years did he devote to it? 890 What is the rank of Brandes as a literary critic? Name his three greatest compeers. Discuss the character and quality of his criticism. What does his greatest work depict? What is said of his work on SHAKESPEARE? 508 To what branches of literature has Anatole France made notable contributions? State his characteristics and his place in French letters 635 Describe the literary achievements of Brunetiere. State his chief service to the critical study of literature. What two points of view did he hold? 516 When did Demaitre go to Paris? In what did he engage? Which of his works contain his dramatic criticism? 773 To what German journals did Harden contribute critical ar- ticles? Mention some of his writings 691 Of what school was Bahr at first a disciple? What methods did he later seek to establish? 466 READING AND REFERENCE: Saintsbury, History of Criticism; Babbitt, Masters of Modern Criticism; Pollak, International Perspective in Criticism; Aristotle, Poetics; Horace, Ars Poetica; Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory; Spingarn, Literary Criticism in the Renaissance; Boileau, Art of Poetry; Les- sing, Laokoon; Sainte-Beuve, Criticism and Portraits; Brune- tiere, Essays in French Literature; Brandes, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature; More, The Drift of Romanticism; Pound, The Spirit of Romance; Werner, Romanticism and the Romantic School in Germany; Bentham- Edwards, French Men, Women, and Books; Gayley and Scott, Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism. 120 WORLD FICTION Spanish Fiction Who is unquestionably the most famous Spanish writer? 43 What led CERVANTES to abandon his early literary work? What caused him to return to it? What work marked his change from verse to prose? Account for its reception. 43-44 What work gave CERVANTES permanent renown? State proof of its immediate popularity 44 What was the effect of Bon Quixote on the language and literature of Spain? Account for the attitude of those who regarded the work with disfavor 45, 44 What purpose had CERVANTES in writing Don Quixote? Discuss his treatment of the knight and the squire 45-46 What characteristics of the man may be noted in CER- VANTES' long illness and death? How has the date April 23rd been rendered memorable? 45 What interesting comparisons may be made between CER- VANTES and SHAKESPEARE? 45-46 Reproduce CERVANTES' sketch of himself. In what ways does he seem worthy of his place in literature? 43-46 What Spanish present-day writer has won international reputation by his works of fiction? What were his historical romances called? With what problems do his novels deal? Name four of his best known romances. 647-E In what respects does Galdos rival BALZAC? In what other field of literature did he become distinguished? What is his rank among Spanish writers? 647 READING AND REFERENCE: Rennert, Spanish Pastoral Romances; Roscoe, Spanish Novelists; Chandler, Romances of Roguery. French Fiction Of what masterpieces of humor is Rabelais the author? Discuss the style and popularity of these works 847 Of what type of fiction was Cyrano de Bergerac a pioneer? What two modern writers have been influenced by him? Name modern scientific inventions anticipated by him. Who rendered his fame enduring? 486, 860-A At what age did Lesage gain literary recognition? By what type of play? How did his Gil Bias affect his reputation as a dramatist? Name three novels 774 Who wrote Paul and Virginia? State its popularity 864-B 121 In what form did Chateaubriand's Atala first appear? How was it received? With what two literary classics do his best works rank? What new school of literature was inaugurated through his writings? 544 Who is accorded supreme place in French fiction? Where may the most perfect record of his life be found? 90-93 What material did BALZAC gain during his experiences as a notary's clerk? How did BALZAC'S family regard his literary career? 90 What novel broke the spell of failure? Under what title did BALZAC project his long series of novels and tales? State the plan and purpose of this series. Mention walks of life from which these studies were to be drawn. Discuss the magnitude of the design. What are the masterpieces of this series?.,. 91 What is the dominant trait of BALZAC'S style? . . 91 Discuss BALZAC'S ability to reproduce the past. Where did his success lie? What passions move his characters? 92 Mention some of the most marked qualities of BALZAC'S work. What are some of his defects? Summarize points which justify BALZAC'S preeminence in French fiction 93 Discuss the literary methods and productiveness of Dumas the Elder. Which of his novels gained universal fame? Comment on their artistic value 599 What is meant by "romanticism?" State the place of HUGO in the movement. Name an eminent French critic drawn into the movement by HUGO 99, 863-1 In what noted historical romance did HUGO vie with WALTER SCOTT? Speak of its success 99 Name HUGO'S greatest work of fiction; give proof of its popularity. Give the themes of two other novels. What was his latest work of fiction? Why did it please?. ,.. 100 Discuss HUGO'S place in world literature 101 For what works is Merimee best known? In what form has his Carmen become world famous? , 804 Who was George Sand? Which of her works are best known? Discuss the distinguishing features of her work. 865 Upon what two novels is Sue's literary fame based? 837 What literary movement did Gautier join? Discuss his most celebrated novel. Name others 653 Name two famous French novelists born in 1821. Between what two schools are they intermediate? 623-C, 62S-I 122 State three characteristics of Feuillet's novels. In the por- trayal of what type is he adept? 623 Discuss the qualities of Flaubert's novels. What relation does his work bear to the romantic and realistic schools of fiction? State his influence as a literary artist 628 In what school of fiction did the De Goncourt brothers become leaders? Discuss their influence 667 Explain the pen-name Erckmann-Chatrian. Name their best known works of fiction 612 Who wrote Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea? What new field of fiction did he develop? Name some of his novels. What English writers has he influenced? 906 Discuss the character of Daudet's prose sketches. What does he possess in common with Dickens? 579 Of what literary school is Zola a founder? Who shares this place with him? In what works did Zola begin to dis- play his gift of character analysis? Whose influence is marked in The Rougon-Marquart Family? Name other works and discuss the qualities of his style 935 Under whom was Maupassant trained? What did his first story prove? Of what value are Maupassant's short stories. How is The Necklace regarded? 800 What qualities do Pierre Loti's novels display? .907- A Of what type are most of the novels of Bourget? 505 W r hat work brought Rolland universal renown? State its subject and treatment. With whom was Rolland awarded a Nobel prize? 857 READING AND REFERENCE: Wells, A Century of French Fiction; Brunetiere, Balzac; Price, Symbolism of Voltaire's Novels; Laserre, French Romanticism (Fr.) ; Gautier, History of Romanticism (Fr.) ; Brunetiere, The Naturalistic Novel (Fr.) ; Doumic, Contemporary French Novelists; Stephens, French Novelists of To-Day. German Fiction Of what type of fiction was GOETHE'S Sorrows of Young Werther? Describe its qualities, popularity, and influence. 75 Under what pseudonym did Richter write? Of what type were his works ? 854 How extensive are the writings of Zschokke? Mention his four best novels 936 What did Auerbach give up for literature? Name and de- scribe the success of his best known novel 463 123 What qualities distinguish Hauff' s short stories and fairy- tales? Of what type of fiction is his Lichtenstein an example? Mention one satirical work 696 Describe the literary achievements of Freytag. "What is his best known novel ? 642 Where does Baroness von Ebner-Eschenbach rank in Ger- man letters? To what qualities do her novels owe their high literary value? 603 How many short stories did Heyse produce? What is their literary merit? Which is the best single example? When was he awarded a Nobel prize? 708 Who wrote the celebrated novel Uardaf Name three other well-known works of fiction 603-C Sketch the literary career of Bertha von Suttner. What cause did she champion? State the success of her best known novel. What prize was awarded her? 888 Relate the chief facts regarding Franzos's early life. Mention novels and state their characteristics 638 What is the rank of Sudermann among German writers? By what works did he achieve European fame? State the success of Dame Care. Mention three other novels 887 READING AND REFERENCE: Rehom, The German Novel; Bobertag, History of the Novel in Germany (Ger.) ; Mielke, German Fiction in the Nineteenth Century (Ger.). Scandinavian Fiction What is the title of Frederika Bremer's first novel? State its success. What has she been called? Name three of her finest works of fiction 509, 464-D In what field of fiction did Andersen achieve world-wide reputation? Sketch his literary career 452 Give the title and character of Bjornson's first novel. By what was it followed? In what other fields did Bjornson excel? State his rank in Scandinavian literature. How was he honored in 1903? 493 At what period were Strindberg's best novels written? In what department of literature did he become most dis- tinguished? What is his rank among Swedish writers? 886 By what work did Pontoppidan gain literary recognition? State the nature and importance of his Promised Land. With whom did he share a Nobel prize? 842 Sketch Selma LagerloTs literary career. Mention honors bestowed in recognition of her achievements 766 124 To whom was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1916? What romance best illustrates his literary style? Men- tion three of his most noted works 700-H Russian Fiction Who is regarded the founder of realism in Russian fiction? What aspect of Russian life is portrayed in The Inspector- General? In Dead Serfs? 665-1 What is the rank of Turgenev in Russian letters? On what works does his fame rest? State their influence 901 What work by Dostoyevski describes his Siberian prison experiences? Where does his Crime and Punishment rank in present-day fiction? Mention five novels 594 State the fundamental principle of Tolstoy's religious teach- ing. What work sets forth his religious views? What work is regarded his masterpiece? 898 Sketch briefly the life of Chekhov. By what books did he first become noted? To what rank did he rise? Name four of his best stories 544 Describe the early career of Andreev. In what field was he first successful? Discuss the popularity of his work. Mention six stories available in English. What is his philosophy of life? Give characteristics of his style... 453 What is the rank of Maxim Gorky among Russian writers? Give the titles of five of his best novels 669 READING AND REFERENCE: Turner, Modern Novelists of Russia; Vogue, The Russian Novel; Phelps, Essays on Rus- sian Novelists. Italian Fiction Who wrote the Decameron? Of what does it consist? What noted literary friendship did the author form? Who was Piametta? What works did she inspire? 496-F What is Manzoni's greatest work? State its subject. How is it regarded by critics? What noted requiem was in- spired by Manzoni's death? 793 Name D'Annunzio's first novel. What influence does it show? Which of D'Annunzio's novels reveal the ideas of Tolstoy and Nietzsche? What qualities does The Triumph of Death display? Discuss D'Annunzio as a literary artist 454 READING AND REFERENCE: Landau, History of the Italian Novel. 125 Hungarian Fiction At what age did Jokai produce his first literary work? Name several of his best known novels. Of what are they a brilliant portrayal? 747 Polish Fiction Who wrote Quo Vadisf Compare it with the author's other works. For what features are his writings noteworthy? What literary honor did he receive? 876-E WORLD HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Classic Period — Greek and Roman Before HERODOTUS how were past events narrated? What advance did he make? In what manner was material for his history gathered? What period is covered by his history? 22-23 What light does modern research throw upon the veracity of HERODOTUS? Discuss his literary qualities. In what respects may he be compared with HOMER? 22-23 Name the first critical historian. Give his rank among an- cient historians. Mention his notable work. What features give it great literary and historical value? 896-H Of whom w T as Xenophon a pupil? In what military expedi- tion did he engage? Mention his four great works. Of what does each give an account? 930 State what is known of the life and works of Berosus. . . . 489 Describe the career of Polybius. What period is covered by his History? 842 During what period of Roman history did Nepos live? State the value of his only extant work 817 Mention two historical works by Sallust. Contrast his writings with those of the earlier annalists 865 Discuss the value of the Archccologia of Dionysius 591-G Who wrote The Annals of the Roman People? What kind of history did he undertake to write? For what fea- tures is it notable? What period does it cover? 778-A Sketch the life of Josephus. What period is covered in his Antiquities of the Jews? 750 In what work has PLUTARCH preserved familiar conver- sation with notable men of the period? How may the development of his ideas and ideals be followed? Make a summary of PLUTARCH'S characteristics 32-34 126 Justify the term biographer as applied to PLUTARCH. Give proofs of the textbook quality of his Lives. By free use of the text defend his rank as "the most fa- mous .biographer in history." 32-34 What peoples are described in the Germania of Tacitus? Of what period is his Annals a record? His Histories/ How have many of his sayings become familiar? 889 By what work is Arrian best known? What does this de- scribe? Of whom is the title imitative? 460 Modem Period State Froissart's preparation and qualifications for historical writing. How many years did he devote to his Chron- icles? Why are they valuable? 643- Of what has Vasari been termed the founder? Why are his L ives valuable? 905 Why is Garcilaso de la Vega known as "the Inca?" State the subjects of his two chief works 905 Of what countries did Herrera write accounts? 706 Name a classic on American history by Carlo Botta 503 Sketch the career of Niebuhr. Name his most valuable history. 818 Under what circumstances did Dahlmann write his History of Denmark? State his influence in Germany 575 Outline the public and literary life of Guizot. Name three of his works 681 For what biographical writings is Eckermann noted? 603 Describe the educational and literary career of Ranke. Of what is he considered the founder? For what method of historical study has he become famous? At what age did he begin his History of the World? 849 What is Cantu's chief historical work? 529 W T hat rank did Droysen attain among modern historians? Mention three noted works 597 Name the foremost modern Jewish historian. Briefly de- scribe his greatest work 671-G Describe the notable career of Mommsen. Name two valu- able historical works. What honor was bestowed upon him? Quote Freeman on the scholarship of Mommsen. . 808 Name two German historians born in 1821 who wrote on Rome. Name a notable work by each 676-C, 731-E With what work did Troels-Lund gain literary reputation? What is the chief subject of his writings? In what high literary honor did. he share? With whom? 900 127 Sketch the career of Ferrero. Mention four works 622 READING AND REFERENCE: Lamprecht, What Is History?; Droysen, Foundation of History; Langlois, Handbook of His- torical Biography. Classic Period: Bury, The Ancient Greek Historians; Arnold, The Historians of Rome. Modern Period: Balzani, Early Chroniclers of Europe; Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century; Guilland, Modern Germany and Her Historians. WORLD JUVENILE WRITING Who was the first fabulist of note? What characteristic gained him his freedom?. 443-E Discuss La Fontaine's literary ability. From whose writ- ings did he draw material for his Fables? Give char- acteristics. 766 Where and by whom was Pilgrim's Progress written? Give a brief sketch of the author's life 520-D By whom was Robinson Crusoe written? What is its rank among the world's books? 584-A Who wrote the Mother Goose stories? Of what nationality was the author? What part do these stories play in the instruction and amusement of American children? With what other juvenile writers may the author be com- pared? Why? 835-A Who collaborated with Jakob Grimm in the production of his Fairy Tales? Of what do they consist? 678 Speak briefly of Mary Howitt's Tales for Children. . .' 723-C Who stands preeminent among the world's juvenile writers? What resulted from his early exhibition of literary talent? How was appreciation of his work shown? 452-C What can be said of Dickens's Christmas stories? 589 Who wrote Tom Brown's School Days? What is its literary value? What profession did the author pursue? By whom was he most admired? Why? 725-B Mention three books for the young by George Macdonald 788 Upon what is Dinah M. Mulock's literary reputation based? Name two of her books for children. What is said of their place in juvenile literature? 813 Who wrote Alice in Wonderland? Name three other books by the same author 533-E Name a classic for children by Louise de la Ramee 848 128 At what age did Selma Lagerlof produce her first book? How was it received? By what title is her best juvenile work known ? 766 Of what nationality is the author of Peter Pan? 474-C Name the author of Wee Willie Winkie, The Jungle Book, and Just So Stories 759-1 WORLD POETRY Greek Classic Poetry What is known of the personal existence of HOMER? Of his birthplace? On what point do traditions of HOMER agree? , 15 How were the literature and poetry of ancient Greece sup- plied? Mention a favorite legend of the Greek minstrels. 15 Name two poems attributed to HOMER. Why have they been attributed to different authors? v. 16 Outline the theme of the Iliad. Of the Odyssey. To what class of poetry do they belong? Mention characteris- tics of a poem of this kind. Illustrate from HOMER. . . .15-16 Do most of HOMER'S characters portray ideal or human qualities? Give examples. Discuss HOMER'S theology.. 16-17 To what extent was the Iliad studied by the ancient Greeks? What was the Greek conception of beauty and perfec- tion? How were the later art and literature of Greece and Rome influenced by HOMER? 17-18 What book has been most widely read throughout the world? Which ranks second? Compare HOMER with other writers 17-18 What work on HOMER was written by Gladstone? By Lang? What translations were made by Bryant, Chapman, Cow- per, Derby, Pope? 663, 768, 517, 541, 566, 586, 842 Mention three poems by Hesiod. Of what do they treat? Contrast the work of Hesiod with that of HOMER 708, 15 Of what form of poetry was Alcseus the originator? Who was his most famous follower? 446 How is Sappho's work regarded by early writers? Relate the legend regarding the fate of Sappho 865 What is Pindar's rank among early Greek poets? What per- sonal qualities are shown in Pindar's work? Of what is his work an expression? How many kinds of verse did Pindar produce? What events do these poems cele- brate? What may be said of their style? 839 129 Sketch briefly the subjects and the style of the poems of Anacreon. What English poet has made the best known translation? 451, 810-E Mention influences discernible in the work of Menander. How were his comedies regarded? In whose plays are adaptations from Menander found? 803 What elements were united in the verse of Theocritus? What style of poetry did he originate? Name noted poets who have imitated Theocritus 894 READING AND REFERENCE: Jebb, Growth and Influence of Greek Poetry; Symonds, Studies in Greek Poetry; Lang, Homer and the Epic; Capp, Homer to Theocritus. Latin Classic Poetry Who has been called the father of Roman literature? Of what do his writings consist? 611-D To what school of philosophy did Lucretius belong? Name his greatest poem. From a purely literary standpoint, give the value of Be Return Natura 784 To what influence did Catullus owe his poetic inspiration? How many poems did he produce? State their nature and literary importance 537 Who stands preeminent among all Roman poets? 30 What qualities of Corneille and Racine may be found in VERGIL? Compare the ideals of VERGIL with those of DANTE and MILTON. Give reasons for ranking the Mneid with the Divina Commedia and with Para- dise Lost. Explain the analogy between The City of God and the Mneid 31 In what ways may Roman poetry be considered superior to Greek? Give proofs of VERGIL'S desire for perfection. .32, 31 Name the great works of VERGIL in the order of their appearance; in the order of their merit 30-31 Establish by points from the text the validity of Sainte- Beuve's estimate of VERGIL 30-32 Describe tiie education and literary career of Horace. What great emperor became his patron? Mention four char- acteristics of the poetry of Horace. What is his rank among Roman poets? 719 What is the theme of Ovid's Metamorphoses? In what cir- cumstances did he produce Tristiaf To what qualities does Ovid owe his place in literature? 825 130 Explain the purpose of Juvenal's satires. Of what historical value are his descriptions? 753 What is supposed to have been the religious belief of Auso- nius? Of what do his writings consist? 464 Who was the last great Roman poet? In what language did he first write? What was unusual about this? Quote GIBBON on this point 550-C READING AND REFERENCE: Tyrell, Latin Poetry; Cellar, Poets of the Republic; Sellar, Poets of the Augustan Age; Sainte-Beuve, Study of Vergil (Ft.) ; Oxford Book of Latin Verse. Oriental Poetry Who was the greatest epic poet of Persia? The greatest lyric poet? What two other names stand out promi- nently in Persian literature? 625-H, 683-H, 823-G, 863-D Who was Firdausi? By what title is his great .epic known? How was he rewarded for this work? How did it affect his later life? 625 How was Omar Khayyam first known to the western world? Who first recognized the beauty of Omar's verse? How did this affect the fame of both? Of what philosophy is the Rubdiydt an exposition? State contrasting views as to the meaning of the poems 823, 627-1 Sketch the life of Sadi. Name his finest poems 863 In the teaching of what subjects did Hafiz gain eminence? To what is his greatest fame due? Describe his popu- larity among his countrymen 683 READING AND REFERENCE: Flowers from Persian Poets; Ouseley, Biographical Notices of Persian Poets; Costello, Rose Garden of Persia; FitzGerald, Rubdiydt of Omar Khayyam. Italian Poetry Who was the first great poet of modern times? What title did posterity bestow upon him? 34, 37 What city has the honor of being DANTE'S birthplace? Give significant facts regarding his ancestry 34-35 What was the attitude of DANTE toward public affairs? How did he incur the hatred which led to his exile? Where and how did he spend this period? Describe his visit to the monastery of Santa Croce del Corvo.. 35-36 Contrast the attitude of the public toward DANTE before and after his death. Where was he buried? 36 131 Wlu;t is supposed to be DANTE'S earliest work? Of what is it an account? Compare it with the best of Boccaccio and of Petrarch 36 Explain the debt the Italian language owes to Dante 36 Give the divisions of the Divina Commedia and discuss the treatment of each. What type of knowledge is neces- sary to an understanding of this work? 35-37 Draw a word picture of DANTE as his contemporaries saw him. Summarize from material emphasized in the sketch all that makes DANTE alive in your mind 34-39 Upon which of Petrarch's works does his reputation rest? Trace throughout Petrarch's life and work the influence of his affection for Laura de Noves. With what other friendship may this be compared? 836, 34 Who wrote Orlando Furioso? Briefly sketch his career 457-H Describe the nature and quality of Vittoria Colonna's poems. Sketch briefly the circumstances surrounding her Pla- tonic friendship with MICHELANGELO 556, 118 State the title and nature of Guarini's greatest work 680 What is the theme of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered? What three great names are associated in the development of Italian verse? State Tasso's influence. , 891 What was Metastasio's real name? How was he enabled to develop his poetic talent? When did he produce his first tragedy? Name his masterpiece 804 State the literary rank of Alfieri. Why does Italy honor him? Discuss his ideals and the extent of his work. . . . 448 How did GOETHE regard Manzoni's first tragedy? What ode was inspired by the death of NAPOLEON? 793 What Italian poet was awarded a Nobel prize for literature? Sketch his career 530-C At what age did D'Annunzio publish his first poems? Discuss the quality of his verse 454 READING AND REFERENCE: Moore, Dante Studies; Flamini, Introduction to the Study of Dante; Wicksteed, Dante anl Aquinas; Toynbee, Dante Dictionary; Rossetti, Dante and His Circle; Toynbee, Dante in English Literature; Everett, Italian Poets Since Dante; Oxford Book of Italian Verse. Spanish and Portuguese Poetry Where did Camoens write the Lusiadf Describe its charac- ter and its rank in world literature. State the range of Camoens' poetry 527 132 Who has been styled "the Spanish Petrarch?" For what literary quality is his work distinguished? 905-1 What literary title has been bestowed upon Ferreira? What is noteworthy concerning his Castro? 622 What was Herrera's masterpiece? What qualities are dis- played in his poems ? 706 Where was Alarcon y Mendoza born? Name three of his comedies. Which of these was made use of by Cor- neille? Which are still performed in Spain? 445 From what sources did Breton de los Herreros gather ma- terial for his plays? How many did he produce? 510 Name two prominent Spanish poets of the nineteenth century. What type and quality of verse did each produce? 936-B, 479-F READING AND REFERENCE: Puymaigre, Old Spanish Writ- ers; Lockhart, Ancient Spanish Ballads; Oxford Book of Spanish Verse. French Poetry What literary place was accorded Delille by his contempo- raries? How is his work regarded now? 585 What great song has" made the name of Rouget de Lisle immortal? Where was it written? 860 Sketch the career of Beranger. Describe the nature, quality, and influence of his verse 486 Describe the works of Alfred de Vigny. Give a representa- tive example of each 907 Who is considered the greatest French poet? In what other fields did he attain eminence? 98 Give proofs of HUGO'S early genius. In what ode do we find evidence of his devotion to NAPOLEON? 98-99 Give examples of HUGO'S character creation. State the range of his contributions to French literature. What English poet has given an appreciative interpretation of HUGO ? Summarize his estimate 101 To what school of literature did Gautier belong? In what work did his poetry attain its highest point? 653 To what work did Mistral devote his remarkable literary talent? What success crowned his efforts? 807 Of whom does Sully-Prudhomme's work prove him a worthy successor? What poems justify this opinion? 888 To what group of French writers does Coppee belong? Of what class was he the poet? 562 133 To the treatment of what themes has Verhaeren devoted his literary talent? Describe the quality of his poetry.. 906 State the rank of Rostand among recent French poets. What is considered the most notable contribution to French poetic drama since HUGO'S Hernani? 860 Name two French poets awarded Nobel prizes 807-A, 888-B (See also French Drama.) READING AND REFERENCE: Brunetiere, Evolution of Lyric Poetry in the Nineteenth Century; Dupuy, Victor Hugo, the Man and the Poet; Swinburne, The Study of Victor Hugo; Canfield, French Lyrics; Lowell, Six French Poets; Symonds, The Symbolist Movement in Literature. German Poetry How many years did Klopstock devote to writing The Messiah? Of what influences was this epic the result? Of what do his other works consist? 761 Give proof of the merit of Gellert's hymns 655 Outline the literary and artistic work of Gessner 658 Of what group at Weimar was Wieland a member? What was the city called? Mention his best known epic... 919 Sketch the career of Herder. In what did he exercise a notable influence? Mention three works 706 What writer is regarded the greatest Germany has produced ? 73 Name three men who exerted similar influence 15, 34, 46 Give the influence of GOETHE'S parentage and place of birth on his development. Mention points of interest regarding his education. Where did he complete it? Account for GOETHE'S rebellion against existing systems 73-74 Account for GOETHE'S residence at Weimar. Name four men who were members of its notable literary group . . .75-76 What is GOETHE'S masterpiece? Briefly describe its theme, plan, philosophy, and poetic execution 76-77 Briefly sketch GOETHE'S personal appearance. Quote from Heine's appreciation of GOETHE. Name some of the qualities which gave GOETHE royal rank among poets. How did GOETHE describe himself? Give tributes to GOETHE by Madame de Stael and CARLYLE 77-78 What qualities characterized SCHILLER'S work as a poet? Name an ode and a song of enduring beauty 81, 80 What did SCHILLER'S verses inspire? Quote Madame de Stael 82 134 What German poet assumed the name Novalis? Name his best works. Who called him "the German Pascal?" 821 Discuss the extent and value of Chamisso's verse. What is the literary rank of his Journal? 540 Upon which of his works does Uhland's fame rest? 902 Sketch Korner's brief literary career. State a noteworthy fact regarding his famous Schwertlied 763 Describe the literary life and friendships of Heine. Give his place in German literature 700 Name three of Auersperg's works. Under what pseudonym did he publish them ? 463 Name the foremost poets of the revolutionary group. 640-D, 654-H State Freiligrath's influence on German poetry. Mention his chief political poems 640 Describe the career and works of Gei'bel. What was his rank among lyric poets ? 654 Sketch the varied activities of Bodenstedt 496 Mention a narrative poem, also an epic, by Heyse. In what other fields was he noted? 708 In what form of poetry is Hauptmann distinguished? Discuss his rank among modern poets 697 Quote Hofmannsthal's dictum concerning life and art. How closely has he kept to this ideal?. 715 READING AND REFERENCE: Scherer, History of German Poetry (Ger.) ; Busse, History of German Poetry in the Nine- teenth Century (Ger.) ; Bartel, Contemporary German Poetry (Ger.). Scandinavian Poetry Who is considered the creator of modern Danish literature? What is the purpose of his Peder Paarsf 715-F Of what nationality was Bellman? Where are the finest examples of his poems found? 483 Name three examples of Franzen's poems 638 How did Oehlenschlager first attract notice? What qualities characterize his plays ? 822 Mention three epics by Runeberg. For what characteristics are these poems distinguished? 862 In what form did the first important work of Hertz appear? Give his rank among Danish lyric poets 708 For whom did Andersen utilize his poetic gift? 452 What eminent Norwegian poet is the author of Peer Gynt? Name another dramatic poem 731- A 135 What was Bjornson's poetic aim? What kinds of poetry did he write? To what eminence did he rise? 493 What established the rank of Heidenstam as a poet? What recognition has his literary work received? 700 Russian Poetry What title has been applied to Derzhavin? 'Name his best known poem. What qualities make it a masterpiece?. . 587 Where does Pushkin rank among Russian poets? Give the title of his first poetical production. How was it re- ceived? Which is his greatest work? In what form has Boris Godunov become widely popular? 846 READING AND REFERENCE: Newmarch, Poetry and Progress in Russia; Hapgood, Epic Songs of Russia; Wiener, Anthology of Russian Literature. WORLD ORATORY GENERAL READING AND REFERENCE: Sears, History of Oratory; Mathews, Oratory and Orators; Nicoll, Great Orators; Power, Making of an Orator. ANCIENT ORATORY Between the lives of what two world leaders does that of Isocrates lie? Mention some of his most noted speeches. 735, 834-E, 357 What position does ^Eschines occupy in Greek oratory? Where is he supposed to have established a school of eloquence? 443 Name the greatest Greek orator. State the circumstances leading to his first speech in public 23-24 For what defects was DEMOSTHENES ridiculed? How did he overcome them? At what age did he reappear suc- cessfully in public? What oration is called his greatest? To what patriotic cause did he devote himself? What reforms were attempted by DEMOSTHENES? 24-26 Against whom were the Philippics directed? 26, 836-G In what battle were the Greeks defeated by Philip of Mace- don? What had DEMOSTHENES to do with that battle? 24 Give an account of the trial of Ctesiphon. Why was DEMOS- THENES twice forced to withdraw from Athens? 24 Discuss the literary style of DEMOSTHENES. How does he rank as a statesman? 25-26 136 What place does Crassus hold among the orators of his day? Mention one of his distinguishing characteristics 567-G Who was the most famous orator of ancient Rome? 26 At what age did CICERO make his first important speech? Against whom? 26, 887-H Tell something of the incident which gained for CICERO the title "father of his country." 26-27, 536-G Against what distinguished Roman did CICERO deliver memorable philippics? Name some of CICERO'S most notable speeches 27-29 In what difficult situation did Mark Antony find use for his skill as an orator? 456, 28, 364, 365 W T ho was Athanasius? How did he employ his power as an orator? 462 What celebrated lawyer-priest was conspicuous in the early Latin church? Give the characteristics of his oratory. . .893-E Name one of the Greek fathers renowned for his eloquence. How did he compare with other orators of the early Greek church? 547-D READING AND REFERENCE: Jebb, Attic Orators; Demos- thenes, On the Crown; Cicero, Oratory and Orators; Quin- tilian, Institutes of Oratory. MODERN ORATORY How did Bossuet rank as an ecclesiastical orator? Where is his eloquence seen to best advantage? 503 What ability rendered the elder Pitt a famous parliamentary leader? Give the subject of his last great effort 839 Give three examples of Edmund Burke's unrivaled power as an orator. With which is his name indissolubly connected? 521 What two orations of Grattan rank high in British eloquence? 673 At what age did Charles James Fox make his mark as a de- bater? How do critics regard Fox as an orator? 634 Against whom were R. B. Sheridan's most noted speeches delivered? Give the attitude of the continental congress on his powerful speeches against the American war 875 Account for the influence of Mirabeau in the states-general and the national assembly 806 Name some of the qualities of Curran's oratory. What Irish revolutionist did he defend? 572 Speak briefly of Erskine's career. Give the effect of his first speech 612 137 In what period of French history was Danton famed as an orator? 577 At what age did the younger Pitt deliver his first speech? State his rank among modern statesmen 840 Give the place held by Robert Hall among British pulpit ora- tors. What was the effect of his preaching? 686 Name causes which enlisted the eloquence of Canning 529 Where did Daniel O'Connell deliver some of his most re- markable speeches? On what subject? 821 What revolutionary movements did Kossuth incite? 763 What significant period in the history of France furnished a field for the oratory of Favre?. 620 What speeches made Disraeli famous? What quality charac- terized these attacks? 591 Name some of the questions upon which Gladstone made many eloquent speeches 663 In what agitation did John Bright become famous? What American cause did his eloquence serve? 511 Name a Spanish orator devoted to reform measures. Give one of which he was a special advocate 535-L When did Gambetta's name first come prominently before the public? Outline his war activities 649 What Canadian statesman won attention by his oratorical powers? What title have they earned for him? 770-G Name four matters ect ma y be had by The Frontier Press Company 810 Mutual Life Building Buffalo, N. Y. ^2.1 74 ^| 252 r oK ^ ^O* r oK