BESSEMER STEEL, EXHIBITED BY FAGERSTA BRUK AT THE International Exhibition in Philadelphia. 1876. CHR. ASPELIN, MANAGING DIRECTOR, WESTANFORS, FAGERSTA, SWEDEN. BESSEMER STEEL, EXHIBITED BY FAGERSTA BRUKs a-ktie^hola^^ AT THE International Exhibition in Philadelphia. \^ / 1876. LlB» "^^ CHR. ASPELIN, MANAGING DIRECTOR, WESTANFORS, FAGERSTA, SWEDEN. ^'SlT. / PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA. 'J / \ < FAGERSTA STEEL WORKS. PRODUCTS EXHIBITED, I. Iron Ores, from the mines of Granroten, Grondal, and Stortag- ten. Roasted Iron Ores. Limestone. Pig Iron and Blast- Furnace-slag. (For analyses see An- nex No. I.) 2. Series of broken 9-inch Bessemer Steel In- gots of various de- grees of hardness, with Blooms forged from pieces of the same. Slag from the con- verter. 3. Cohimn, containing: Bessemer Steel, for machinery, square and round, from ^ to 5 inches diameter. ANALYSES AND CERTIFICATES. ANNEX I. The Iron Ores and Limestone, employed at the Charcoal Blast Furnaces at Westanfors and Fagersta, con- sist of the following component parts : IRON ORE FROM THE MINES OFi 5 5; -J " OsO-a Stortdgienr '' Gran- rot r " Gr ti- dal r 5 5;^ Silica 27-49 1.30 2.16 1.76 0.81 ■' 20.74 46.14 0.016 3.10 2.05 1.20 1.05 10.40 23-56 52.44 6.10 0:009 6-35 1. 15 2.65 3-85 5-5° 22.82 50.78 5-95 0.014 10.82 y-''^ 36.61 6.86 1-25 Magnesia Protoxide of Manganese. .Sesquioxide of Iron Carbonic Acid Phosphoric Acid 37-18 0.007 j 100.416 99.909 99.064 99.877 The Average Chemical Composition formed by the mixture of these Iron Ores with the Limestone, employed as flux, is as fol- lows : Per ct. Oxygen. Oxygen, Silica 11.93 6.37 Alumina 2.50 1.16 Lime 7.51 7.53 2.14 Magnesia 2.76 i.io 7-53 _ ,55 Protoxide of Manganese 5 63 1.27 4.51 " " Iron 19-76 4-51 Sesquioxide of Iron 43-89 Carbonic Acid 6.02 Phosphoric Acid 0.013 Such a charge yields, upon smelting, from 48 to 50 per cent, of Pig Iron, which is tapped direct from the blast furnace into the / ^^7f ^ FAG ERST A STEEL WORKS. Tramway-rails and Angle-Steel. Steel for Springs, from I ^ to 4 inches. ANNEX I . — Contin tied. Bessemer Converters, and consists on the average of the following component parts : Per ct. Carbon, combined 3-46o " graphitic 1. 289 Silicon 0.771 Manganese 4-49' Phosphorus 0.027 Sulphur trace. The Blast Furnace slag contains : Per ct. Silica 41.96 Alumina 7-02 Lime 25.04 Magnesia 17-75 Protoxide of Manganese 6.57 " " Iron 0.23 Alkalies not determined. 98-57 As no Spiegeleisen or ordinary Cast Iron is employed, the "blow" must be stopped when the proportion of carbon in the steel is reduced to the proper degree. Notwithstanding this, the steel is entirely free from red-shortness. The following analyses show the chemical compositions of the various classes of steel employed for the purposes specified : Oxygen. 22.83 Oxygen. 3-27 25-65 7.16 7.09 1.48 0.05 15-78 25-65_ 15.78 .62 Per ct. Trace. a) Steel for Soft Plates, | perct. Perct. Railway Axles, etc.... 0.085 ^ 0.008 b) Steel for Gun-Barrels, 1 Shafts, etc [ 0.25 | 0.036 0.234 c) Soft Steel for Tools; j Saws, etc O.70 I 0.032 0.256 d) Hard Steel for Tools; Chisels, Turning Tools, etc 1.05 0.067 I 0.355 ■^ Per ct. 0.025 0.023 o 028 Trace. An Analysis of the Slag from the converter, taken at the close of the process, shows its composition to be as follows r Silica 46.70 Alumina 4-24 Lime °-48 Magnesia °-'7 Protoxide of Manganese 32-37 " Iron 15-63 99-59 E. BKUiEWiiT;. FAGERSTA STEEL WORKS. 4. For Engineering Works: Crank-Shafts, Loco- motive Cranks. Various Forcings for Machinery. (See Annex No. 2.) 5- Spikes and Nails. ^?. Forged Spikes, Nails, and Nailrods. /^. Cut Nails and Flat Iron for Cut Nails. 6. Railway Appa- ratus : Axles, among which is one tested by several strokes from a ram of 12 cwt. Springs. Buffers. (See Annex No. 3.) ANNEX II. Upon request, we hereby certify that during the last years we have always used to the more important movable parts for steam- engines made by us, such as connectinij-rods, cross-heads, crank- shafts, ])ropel]er-shafts, and shaftings in general, steel from the Fagersta Steel Works, and found the same to be of excellent qual- ity, tough, dense, and homogeneous, and consequently forming very superior wearing-surfaces in liearings, etc. ; so much so that it has never occurred that any shaft or part of engine made from aforesaid steel has sprung, or in any case proved defective in spite of very severe trials. Goteborgs Mekan. Verkstad, the 22 Febr., 1876. Goteborgs Mekaniska Verkstads Aktie-Bolag. Jamks Keiller. The undersigned has for a long time been using Bessemer steel of various temper, from the Fagersta Iron and Steel Works, for all machinery purposes, and on request of my opinion, I hereby certify tliat tliis steel is of an excellent quality, and has all the good jiroperties of strength and elasticity that may possibly Ise demanded, and I consider it fully comparable with English crucible cast-steel in regard to its homogeneity. The Engineering Works of Eskilstuna, March 4, 1876. Theofr. Munktei.l, Machinery Manufacturer. At the request of Mr. Chr. Aspelin, I hereby mention that, during many years, Fagersta Bessemer steel is used in our En- gineering Works for railway-axles and shafts, and also for all kinds of forgings for machinery; and I hereby certify that this steel has proved to be very suitable to the said purposes, and is of the best quality. Arboga Engineering Works, March 11, 1876. C. I. Olsson. ANNEX III. Hereby is certified at the request of the Fagersta Steel Works, that in order to ascertain the quality of Bessemer Steel Axles, manu- factured at the said Works, this axle was without previous choice taken out from a lot of two hundred axles, ordered for the Swedish State Railways, and tested in the following manner and with the following results : The bearings of the axle were turned in sharp corners nearest to the shaft, the axle was then laid on two sharp edges, one under the middle of each bearing, and received blows in the midth of the shaft with a ram of 12 cwts. weight, from a height of successively 5 feet to 20 feet. When showing the inflexion of about 10 inches, the axle was turned around and again straightened by several blows with the same ram from a height of 24 feet. Stockholm, February 22, 1876. C. O. Troilius, General Director. Fred. Almgren, Chief Director of Rolling Stock. FAGERSTA STEEL WORKS. 7. Saw Blades. 8. Plates. Slabs, li a m ni e r e d , broken for showing the fracture. Slabs, rolled. Steam Boiler, made from Fagersta steel, and showing its tough- ness. (See Annex No. 4.) 9. Gun Barrels. '^^See Annex No. 5.) a. A. Series, showing the different stages in the manufacture of gun barrels, that are rolled over balls from punched pieces. (See Annex No. 5.) ANNEX IV. At the Goteliorg Engineering Works in the cerance was produced at the seat of the ball. Barrel No. 251 1 (rejected on account of defective make) was subjected to a similar proof, with the same result. Barrel No. 2635 burst in the proof. In this experiment a test- ing ball was employed, and the charge was increased from i "ort" (i dram, 12 grains) to 16 "ort" (2 ounces, 3 drams, 10 grains), when the barrel burst, after having borne 14 limes the charge for which it was constructed. Karl Gustaf's Stad, the 25th day of May, 1872. (Signed) F. G. Treffenber(;, Lieutenant in the Royal G5ta Artillery, Working-Officer at the Karl Gustaf's Stad Gun Manufactory^ FAGERSTA STEEL WORKS. different periods du- ring the "blow," with samples of slag, taken at the same time. II. A Collection of Steel samples from Fagersta, of various temper, tested at the Testing Works of Mr. D. Kirkaldy, in Lon- don. The whole form- ing a very complete series of experiments, made for investigating the strength of the material, by tension, elasticity, compres- sion, and torsion, etc. A statement of the results is contained in Special tables, which may be ob- tained on application at the office of the Swedish Commission. ANNEX N\\.— Continued. Minutes taken. May, 1872, at the Proving of Gun Barrels (Nos. 1, 2, and 3) manufactured at the Fagersta Steel Works. Weight of the 1 Charge in Number of Swedish "ort" Number of Discharges. (1 ort"=l dram 12 grains Balls. OBSERVATIONS. avoirdupois). I 4-5 9 I Barrels unaftected. 2 I A slight enlargement was produced in all the barrels, at the seat of the ball. The above-named enlargement 3 4 9 9 2 was increased, and the calibre 3 on each side of the seat of the 5 9 4 ball was also somewhat in- 6 9 9 5 6 creased; in addition to which, 7 at the fourth discharge of Bar- 8 9 9 7 8 rel No. 3, a protuberance was 9 produced before the seat of the ball. lO 9 9 The powder-gas escaped through the touch-holes of barrels Nos. I and 2, without the balls being re- moved from their seats; while in Barrel No. 3 the balls were dis- charged. II 9 9 Only Barrels Nos. i and 2 were loaded and discharged, with the same results as in the preceding proof. WITH THE BALLS AT THE MUZZLES OF THE BARRELS, I 0.5 I The jiowder-gas escaped through the touch-hole. 2 I I The balls were discharged ; the barrels unaftected. 3 I 2 The balls were discharged ; the barrels unaffected. 4 I 3 An enlargement was produced in the barrels at the seats of the balls. 5 I 4 The powder-gas escaped from the touch-hole of barrel No. 2. 6 2 4 The balls were dischargeil from barrel No. 2. 7 2 5 The powder-gas escaped from the touch-hole of barrel No. 2. 8 3 5 The powder-gas escaped from the touch-hole of barrel No. I. 9 4 5 A protuberance was produced in barrel No. 3 at the seat of the ball. lO 5 s • A protuberance was produced in barrel No. I at the seat of the ball. II 6 • 5 A protuberance was produced in barrel No. 2 at the seat of the ball. Karl Gustaf's .Stad, 25th May, 1872. (Signed) F. G. TREI TENBERC,, Lieutenant in the Royal Gota Artillery, Working Officer at the Karl Gustaf's Stad's Gun Manufactory. LIBRfiRY OF CONGRESS 003 129 719 9