THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THE i^i PBINTBD BY THE DAILY lYC B(-hK PRINTIHG HOUSE, mODHOUSC. ILL. ioufcv^ of (!*>v?cnc and ilci'scy COUNTIES, ■With the Hope that their Viutues may BE Emulated, and their Toils and Sacrifices ArpiiEciATED by COMING Generations. PREFACE, \^--tl1^ The importance of preserving in concise form the traditions of the past has never been questioned, nor the usefulness of local history been disputed. Be- lieving that the counties of Jersey and Greene afforded most excellent mater- ial for a good county history, the Continental Historical Company placed in the field a full corps of experienced historians, prepared to spare no time or money ill compiling a complete and reliable work. The manuscript of this history has been submitted to the committees chosen by your citizens for the purpose, who, after a critital examination ot them, have approved of our work. We feel con- fident that we here present our patrons with a work that is as correct as it is possi- ble for humanity to make. That errors have crept in, and may be found, we do not doubt. Man is, at the best, but a fallible creature, but every statement herein published, is honestly believed in by the parties furnishing the information, by flie historians, and by the committees of revision. All desire the truth, and noth- ing but the truth. They gave much time and labor to the work, and deserve the thanks of the citizens of the county for the faithful discharge of the trust reposed in them. Our thanks are due to the numerous friends who have so kindlj' assisted us in gathering up items and assisting in the compilation of this volume. \\'e cannot name them all, for their name is legion, but we must not forget to mention Hon. George E.Warren, Hon. W. H. Allen, Hon. J. N. English, Morris R.Locke J. E. Cooper, J. I. McGready and James and Will Eads, A. W. Cross, John A. Sheplianl, J. E. Starr, of Jersey county, and Hon. R. H. Davis, H. C. Withers, C. Armstrong, M. D., J. R. Keach, B. Gillinghain, 111. Woolley, John Jones, Geo. Coonrod, Ed. Miner and Anthony Connole, of Greene county, and the other county officials, members of the press, and others. Nor must we forget to remember and thank the historians of the company who have labored so hard and faithfully for the good of all — James S. \Valters, general historian; Maurice E. Power and Charles W. Moseley, assistant historians; W. M. Shumaker, T. B. Poole, G. W. Poole, J. W\ Bailey, Charles H. Shaler, George A. Franklin, Karr McClintock, and Joseph H. Power, local historians; H. T. Lopcr, of the portrait department; Mrs. W. B. ^^'etherbee and Miss Mary Power, editors of the biographical department. All have tried to do their duty well, and please the company and our patrons. In conclusion, we would say that our work is done; the History of Greene and Jersey Counties is before you. We cheerfully hope it will please you. Yours Very Truly, THE CONTINENTAL HISTORICAL COMPANY. SrRiNiiKiELi), Illinois, Deikmbek, 1885. 1 Certificate of Committees, ^\'K, the undersigned Conimittees apitointed for the jxirpose of revising the History of Greene and Jersey Counties, now being compiled by the Continental Historical Company, of Springlield, 111., do hereby certify that the manuscript was submitted to us, and that we have made all the corrections and additions, whicli we, in our judgment deemed necessary, and as thus corrected, we approve of the same. GENERAL COMMITTEE OF JERSEY COUNTY. J. T. Crimes. William MeDow, G. M'. Burke, X. M. Lurton. \Mlliam Falkner, Julm H. Belt. — English. Moses Ward, Ileurv Wieghardt, ■\Villiam T.Vest, — Hichwoods. X. M. Lurton, Jacob Lurton, Ephraim Chappell, — Mississippi. 'I'liomas Wedding — Rosedale. J. E. Cooper, !Moses \Vard, John II. I5elt, TOWNSHIP COMMITTEES. Henry Ryan, — Ruyle. J. X. English, (ieo. W. Burke, —Jersey. W. Il.Allen, (ieorge W. Slaten, —Quarry. I'hineas Eldredge II. I). Edwards, James Pennilield, — Piasa. Charles W. Carroll, William II. Allen, George E. Warren, J. T. Ilauskins, Samuel Simmons, Jeremiah Bell, —Fidelity. James E. Starr, >V (J. Onetto, J. B. Reintges. — Elsah. William McDovv, C. ^V. Carroll, Aaron Dodson, —Otter Creek. GEXERAL COMMITTEE OF GREENE COUXTY, E. \Vof)lley, C. Armstrong, Edwin WooUey, G. W. Cooiu'od, L. F. Williams, — Rockbridge. II. C. Withers, .lohu I. Thomas, C. .Vrmstrong, — CarroUton. S.G.Russell. \'ilh()V Rol)lev, F. M. "Fishback. - r.luffdale. A. J. Wright, Farham Thaxton— Wrights. G. W. Coonrod, TOWNSHIP COMMITTEES. S. M. Heiuierson, B. B. Hamilton, J. C. Winters, Isaac D. \'edder, —White Hall. B. (iillingham, Jesse I5allard, John Fainter, — Walkerville. John Rhodes. K. .1. Secor. — Linder. L. E. ( 'arter, (i. W. ("ollister, —Patterson. L. S. Eldred, Ed. Miner. A. Barniw. J. Hanks. E. M. Ilnsted. — Roodhouse. James Barnard. M. F. (Jrider. David Jackson. — Athensville. P. Fenity. S. F. (ireene, A. T. Perry, — Kane. T. E. Melvin — Itubicon. Elisha A'arble— ^\■oodville. TABLE OF CONTENTS, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER I. PAGE THE HOUND BUILDERS IT Other Kttces 19 liidiuus 20 Illinois Coufeclciacy 30 Early Dificoveri«e , 21 First Settlements 22 English Rule 23 CHAPTER II. COUNTY .\ND TERRITORY OF ILLINOIS 84 County of Illinois 25 Northwestern Territory 26 Ordinance of 1787 2(i Illinois Territory 27 (^irAPTER III. STATE ORGANIZATION 28 First roneiitutioD 28 Thu' Winnebago Wnr 2S Black Hawk Wnr 29 PAGE Interual Improvements 30 IniDrovemente Inanguratud 30 Illinitis and, -Michigan Canal 31 Pauic 32 CHAPTER IV. MORMON, MEXICAN AND CIVIL WARS 32 Tliv Buttle of Nauvoo. 35 Mexican War 3'i The War for the Union 35 CIIAl'TER V. GOVERNMENT 40 Lieiilenant-Governore 42 Superintendent of Public Instruction 43 Attorney-Generals 43 '! reasurere 43 Secretaries of State 43 Auditors .. .. 44 United States Senators 44 Representatives in Congress 4G HISTORY OF JERSEY COUNTY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY 60 CHAPTER II. GEOGRAPDY, TOPOGRAPHY^ AND RESOURCES. 5ri CHAPTER III. G EOI.OOY 58 CHAPTER IV. EARLY SETTLEMENT C9 Early Settlement of Jersey County 72 CHAPTER V. COUNTY (iOVERN.MENT The County Court The County Commissioners. CHAPTER VI. OTHEK OEI'ICIAL MATTER. Records Town riiits POLII'ICAL... CHiVPTER VII. Offlrial Vote JUDICIAL CHAPTER VIII. 103 103 113 I CHAPTER IX. I JOURNALISM IN JERSEY COUNTY 117 Backwoodsman 120 Newspaper 121 The flemocnitic Uuion 121 The Jersey (-ouuty Democrat 122 Prairie State 127 The .Terseyville Examiner 128 The Jerseyville Register 129 Jcrscyville Republican 129 The Republican E-vaminer 130 Grafton Independent 135 The Jersey Independent 136 The Free Press 137 The Grafton News 138 Jersey t-'onnty Prohibitionist 139 Jersevville Evening Times 139 The Daily Times 139 CHAPTER X. THE BAR HO CHAPTER XI. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 148 CHAPTER XII. COUNTY SOCIETIES 162 Agricultural .''ociety 162 O: d Settlers Society 165 Jersey County Farmers" Mntual Ina. Co 166 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. PACE ECCLESIASTICAL 107 First Presbyterian Chuvch, Jersey viUe 168 Otterville PreBbyterian Church 173 Episcopal Church of Jcreeyville 173 Delaware Couiireiijitional Church, Kemper 174 Bethel Baptit^t Clinrch, Ruyie township 175 Lebanon Bai)ti8t Church 175 First Missionary Baptist, Mississippi township. . 170 Otter Creels Baptist Church 176 Antioch Baptist Church, Otter Creeli township.. 176 Colored liaptist Church of Jerseyville 176 Kemper Baptist Church 177 Fidelity Baptist Cliurch. Fidelity township 177 Newbern Cumberland Presbyterian Church 178 -. Fieldon Cumlierlaud Pre6bvt"erian 178 The M. E. Church, Jerseyville 181 The M. E. Church, Fidelity township 183 Shiloh SI. E. Church, Otter Creek township 183 Meadow Branch M. E. Church, Kosedale Tp 184 ~--Fieldon M. E. Church 184 TheM. E. Church, of Kichwoods township 184 Hopewell Methodist Church, Fidelity township.. 184 The M. E. Church, Elsah 185 Bethel AI. E. Church. Mis.sisslppi township 185 German Evangelical Lutheran, JerseyTille 186 German Lutlier.m Church. Fieidon 186 Catholic Church of Jerseyville 186 St. Michael Catholic Church, Elsah township 188 Catholic Church at Grafton. 188 German CatDolic Church. Jerseyville 180 St. Mary's Catholic Church, English to%vn8hip. .. 189 CHAPTER XIV. NAT'L, STATE, COUNTY REPRESENTATION.. . . 190 CHAPTER XV. EDUCATIONAL a27 CHAPTER XVI. THE WARFOETIIE UNION 2:53 Roster 237 7th, 9th, 12ih and 14th Infantry 237 14th Illinois Infantry 2.!8 18th. 23d and 37th Infantry 241 27tU Illinois Infantry 242 31st, 32d, ?3A, 47th aiid 53d Infantry 244 49th, 69th andOlst Infantry 245 62d, 66th, 72d and 97th Infantry 246 97th Illinois lulantry 249 99th Infantry 2.50 122d Infantry 251 124th Infantry 252 133d and 144th Infantry 253 Roll of Honor 254 CHAPTER XVII. ELSAH TOWNSHIP 275 Early Settlement 375 Elsah 276 Busi ness Interests 276 Hotels 246 Still House and Grist .Mill 2:16 Fishery 376 Poatotlice — Municipal — Public School 272 Cornet Band— Town Hall— lioller Mills 272 CHAPTER XVIII. OTTER CREEK TOWNSHIP 274 Early Settlement 274 Cemetery— Religious— Educational — First Items. 292 OlTEKVILLE 293 Present Business Interests 294 Mills 295 CHAPTER XIX. QUARRY TOWNSHIP 301 Early Set tlemenl 302 PAGE Graftok. 308 Business Interests. 309 Ban It of Grafton 311 Hotels 312 Mills — Stone Quarries 322 Ferry Boats— Firs t Item s 324 Camden 324 CHxiPTER XX. PIASA TOWNSHIP 325 Early Settlement 325 Delhi 3.34 Postofflce 335 Hoiels— Educational— Societies 336 CHAPTER XXI. E^sGLISH TOWNSHIP 337 Early Settlement 338 Educational 343 Cemeteries- Historic Items— Religious 344 CHAPTER XXII. EICHWOODS TOWNSHIP 3C6 Early Settlement 366 FlELDON 387 Present Business Interests 338 Bank— Hotel -Municipal— Mills 391 Clendennen 395 CHAPTER XXIII. ROSEDALE TOWNSHIP 396 Eariv Settlers 397 Educational— Mills 398 Cemeteries 399 Tenekiffe 399 CHAPTER XXIV. FIDELITY TOWNSHIP 411 Early Settlement 411 Educational— The Ciran^e 427 Cemetery— Religious— Historic Items 428 FiDKUrY .' 429 Present Business Interests 45i9 Educational— Hotels— Mills— Postofflce 430 CHAPTER XXV. MISSISSIPPI TOWNSHIP 433 Early Settlement 433 First Items — Educational 451 Newbern 45:3 Cemetery 453 N ewhern Horse-thief Detective Society 453 McClusket 453 East Newbekn 455 Dow 456 CHAPTER XXVE. RUYLE TOWNSHIP 457 Early Settlement 458 Kempkir , 459 Business Interests 459 Religious— Postofflce 461 CHAPTER XXVII. JERSEY TOWNSHIP 470 Early Settlement 471 Fir»t I terns 491 Jersetville 493 Early Historv 493 Present Easiness Inlereets 495 Banking 507 Hotels 613 Jerseyville Agricultural Works 515 Elevators ■■••• 51l> Mills 519 Brick Yard— Nurseries 6-.'3 Y'oung Ladies Seminary 523 Municipal— Newspapers— Cemetery 5:33 HISTORY OF GREENE COUNTY. CHAPTER I. PAGE INTEODL'CTION 553 CHAPTER II. GEOGEAPUY, TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 555 CHAPTER III. EAELY SETTLEMENT ."ili" Pioneers of Greene County 567 CHAPTER IV. GOVEKNMENT AND OFFICIA L MATTER 578 An Act eetabliebing Greene County 578 The County Court 5 10 County Commiesioners 5'>'2 Board of County Supervisors 593 CH.;V1^TER V. CllURTS OF GREENE COUNTY 597 CHAPTER VI. £DUCATIOKAL 602 CHAPTER VII. COUNTY SOCIETIES 605 Old Settlers Association 607 Constitution 608 CHAPTER VIII. THE WAR OF THE REBELLION 611 7th, 9ih, l.'th and 14tb 111. Inf 616 Veteran Battalion Hth, 15lh and 16th Inf 617 18th, lOlh, 2M, 27lh, asth, SSth, 30th and 3ad Inf. 618 33d, 31th, :l8th, 49111 and 80th Inf 6M 53d, 55th, .Wth and .Wth Inf 6ai Veteran Orgauizalion ... 6'.i6 6l8t Infantry 629 6M. 611U. 66th. 76th and 01st Inf 633 97th, lOlpt, 106th, ll;!lh and IHth Inf 636 119th, ISid, 124th, liClh, 127th, 12sth, 129th Inf. . 6)7 ind. luluulrv 638 144tb. 145th, i46th and 149lh Inf 639 liad, l.i41h Ini. and 3d Cav 639 6tb,7lh, 9th, 1( th, 11th and 12th Cav 640 lBt,2d, aud aOth U. S. Colored Inf Oil 2dand4thReg. U. S. Vet. Vol 642 CHAPTER IX. POLITICAL 647 CHAPTER X. NATL. STATE, COUNTY REPRESENTATION. . 663 CHAPTER XI. THE BAR OF GREENE COUNTY 708 CHAPTER XII. MEDICAL PROFESSION OF GREENE COUNTY. 720 CHAPTER XIII. THE PRE'SS OF THE COUNTY IS? Carroll ton Advocate 739 CarroUton Gazette ',39 Greeiie County Banner 743 CirroUton Democrat 74) Carrolltou PreHB 743 Carrol I ton Patriot 744 White Hall Register 745 Greenflcld Independent 749 The Comet 749 PAGE The Locomotive 749 Greenfitdd News 749 Greenlield Dispatch 7.50 Greene C'Muitv IJepublican 750 Greenlield Weeklv Arjue 7S0 White Hall Repuidican 762 Evening Republican 753 White Hall Tribune 754 Roodliouse Signal 757 Roodhouse Headlight. 757 Roodhouse Independent 757 Greene County Democrat 757 Harpers Herald 757 Greene County Advocate 75i Daily Morning Journal 757 Roodhouse Review "57 Roodhouse Eagle 758 Roodhouse Journal ; 753 Greene County Union 759 Roodhouse Daily Union 759 Roodhouse Daily Eye 760 Weekly Eye 761 CHAPTER XIV. ECCLESIASTICAL Christian Church, White Hall Hickory Grove United Baptist Church Providence Baptist Church All Souls Roman Catholic Church, White Hall. . Christian Church, CarrolUon Baptist Church, Kane — BaptistChnrch, White Hall St Michaels Roman Catholic, Greenfield First Pre5byterian Church of White Hail Baptist Church, Rockbridge Baplisi Church, Pleasant Point Baptist t_;hurch, Wrightsrilie Presbyterian Church, Waluut Grove Metbo'dist Church, Walnut Grove Baptist Church, Blufl'dale Christian Church, Athensville Rirhwouds United Baptist Church Baptist CJiurches of Greene County Cuml)erlaiid Preshvlerian Church, Greenfield. . . M. E. Church, Gidcnfield M. E. ( hurch. Cariollton Akers M. E. Chaiiel, Linder township Baptist Church. Carrolltou Presbyterian Church. CarroUton Mt. Zion P. .M. Church Oakland Baptist Church First Uuiversaliet Church Uuited Baptist Church, Athensville Baptist Church, Middle Fork, of Apple Crock. . . Triuitv Episcopal Church, CarroUton Ebene/.erM.E Cliurch, Koodhouse township.. Marlin's Prairie Belhel Baptist, Roodhousd Tp. Methodist Church, White Hall St. John's Roman t'ath1 Casey, John 424 Braiuerd. Charles 323 Brav, William 1 319 Bridges, John C 36' Brighani, Edward R 394 Brigjs, William 371 Brinton, William S SIR Brinehnrst. Ur. .Tames, . 151 Brock, Tarlton F 278 Brock, Bobert T 53!- Brockmejer, Henry 352 Brooks, Charles 477 Brown, Spaulding E 3"3 Brown, William S..- 409 Brown, Jehn 339 Brown, John .339 Brown, JohnG 2()5 Buckles, John 439 Buflinglon, C. G 391) Bullington, Dr. 0. G 16! Bull, CharlcsF 297 Burgess, William 362 Bu rke, George W 543 Burris, Scth 301 Burritt, Dr. A. H 150 Burns, i'atiick B 48S Butt, William 373 Cadwalader, Jesse E 290 Cairns, (icorge 328 Calame.L. W 379 Calhoun, .Tames W 519 Calhoun, Solomon 2211 Calhoun, Adrastiis 290 Campbell, Benjamin F.. 369 Campbell, Thomas J. . . 369 Campbell, Jerome 37(i Catt, Chalice 490 Chance, tzekiel 342 Chapman, T'homas H... 414 Chapman. Theodores.. 206 I'hapijell, W. H 438 Chappell, Ephraim 431 Chappell, William 333 ("happen, Bartholomew. 437 Chase. Charles .M 306 ''heney, Prentiss D E4u Cheney, Captain Murray 224 Cbidis'ier. K. C 269 Christopher. Mary B 456 cockrell, Mo.'es .505 Cole, Rev. Luther E 368 Colean, Nelson 340 Coleau, Francis 339 Conn, Elihu 447 L'oleaii, James R 510 C'ope. Edman . 378 Cooper. Jonathan E 472 I'orv, Hon. Joel 198 Coulthard. William H .. 516 Crniii, Silas, Sr 339 Crain John 338 Crawford. JohB B 261 Cray John 486 ross, Hugh N 508 Cross, Andrew W 509 Cummlngs. Thomas 434 Giimmings, Josiah 434 Dabbs, W, W 275 Dabhs, James 275 Dannels John C 467 Dannels, John F 467 Oannels, C. A 467 Darby, William 500 Darby, J, C 499 D'Arcv, Dr. Edwird A... 150 Dare. Oliver 307 Darlington, Samuel 444 narlington, John 11 444 Darneillc. Isaac 197 Darr, Matuew 340 Dashnood. Edward O... 422 Davenport, Frederick S. 549 Davis, Daniel 307 Davis, John W 480 Davis, William 404 Davison, William 445 Day, Samuel 474 Decker, Cornelius 362 DeFossa, j\nt"ine 306 Dempscy, William S 312 Derrick, James 279 Diusmore, Samuel P 304 PAGE Dod.ge, Vilas L 468 Dodson, Theodore 521 Dodson, Francis M 521 Dodson. Rev. Aaron 296 Dolan. Peter 51 Donnallv. Thomas K 481 Doron, Enos T • 273 255-1* Dougherty, John G 281 Dougherty, Samuel J. M yS-'i Douglas, Stephen A 192 Downey. S. G. .'i52 Drainer. Peter 348 Dunbar, James 38i Dunham. Benjamin 370 Dunphy, Patrick 541 Dyniolid, Robert 455 Eads, James 21B Eads. William iiu Eaton, C. B 514 Edgar, V\'illiam S .536 Edgar, Col. W. 11 626 Edsall, C. P 139 Edsall, Thomas 286 Edwards, Henry D 321 Edwards, Andrew 327 Edwards, ticorge W 382 Edwards, William B 385 EgelhofT, George 514 Eldredge, Phincas 315 Ellis, Samuel C 285 Elliott. Jr.. Lewis 464 EMiott, Sr., Lewis 46:, Elliott, Thomas B 464 Ely. Richard R 424 Emtiley, George W 480 Embley, William 540 Engel, Leon 498 English, Lind?ev H. ... 494 English, Hon. Jidin N.. 199 English, Llovd T 345 English, Jr.,' John N.... 348 Enos, Dr.C. W 1.55 Enos, Dr. Charles R 165 Erwin, Samuel 34r Erwin, John G 361 Erwin, J. D 341 Erwin, Dr. A. 1) 159 Everts, Andrew J 445 Falkner, William 360 Falkner, James 493 Farrington, Silas 317 Farley, Dr. R. D 151 Ferns, Thomas F 144 Fisher, Cornelius B. . . 474 Fitzgerald, Joseph W... 486 Flaiiigan, Martin 313 Flautt. Dr. Jamee 4.... 138 Fleming. .Tames 355 Fondel," Mathias D 378 Ford. Horatio N 448 Fox, J».hn 64- Francis. Dr. E F 161 Frtulen burg. Ephraim... 284 Fulks. John .385 Fulkereon, W. II 475 (Jarrels. John Gerson, William F. Gary, Dr. James P.. 364 381 160 PAGE Giberson, James M 264 Gi.M». H. L 294 Gill. Dr. Henry Z 153 CMIIham, John D 433 Gilworlh, Harvey 468 (ileuBOu, David D 403 Gleason. William C 400 Gledhill, Robert C 512 (ioF-man.Johu H 354 Goiflteu, Charles 353 (Joodmau, James G '^^2 Goodman John .\ 331 Gocdrich. .^dams A 143 tioodiich. H 547 Graudstaff. William, .. .407 Greathousc, Joseph F... 144 (ireen.Elisha 371 Green, Addison 449 Green, Nathaniel 449 Grcther, William M 4,54 Urimes, Philip 3S8 (irimes, Jari-ett T 482 Groppel, Herman 380 'ntsjean, Nicholas 488 Guuternian, Sr. John... 366 Haag, Frederick 331 [lagen. Joseph 355 Hamilton, Dr. Joseph O. 1.57 Hamiltou, Dr. Silas 278 Hamilton, Clarence M.. 501 Hamilton. William 279 flaniilton. Martin V mi Hamilton, Dr. John B, . . 153 Harmon, Henry C 364 Harris. James M 450 Han, John 3u7 Hartraan, Frederick 446 Ilarty. Rev. James 188 llausklns. James T 431 Hayes, Uarlev E 545 Hedler, Will II 134 Heidcrscheid, Nicholas. 374 Henderson, Richmond. . 473 Henderson, Frank P 548 llerdman, George W... 117 Hctzel, John ' 351 Hewitt, William R SIO Highflll. D. M 405 Highlill.T. S 404 Hill, Robert L 220 Hill, Oscar 603 llinson, William 378 Hnelker, Anton 3.53 Holten, John 358 Hooper. Gates 354 Hani, John 390 Howard, Edward D 289 Howell, .lames 327 HouelLJohu 361 Hiiflman, Rev. JohnT.. 317 Huitt. J.ihn W 458 Humiston. ArtburH 295 Huiuistoii. Linus 299 Hunter, William H 491 Hurd.J.M 216 Hutchinson, William H.. 436 Jackson, George H 543 .Tackson, George 11 223 Jevvsbiiry, Ebeaezer C-. 359 XIV BIOGRAPHICAL. PAGE Johnson, Charles W 43-21 Johneou, William 40.': Johnson. Thomas 385 Jones. EiceT. 440 Kallal, Frank 3T6 Keller, Coemoe 267 Kelly, Charles H 137, Kennedy, Isaac N 399 Kennedy. Isaac 287 Kesler, Jacob 260 Keyeer, Hiram T 271 KiD2, Robert A 201 King, Rev. Geo. Ivee... bi2\ Kirchner, Charles R 285! Kirchuer. Otha -.m Kirchner Georee C 356 Knapp, Dr. A, H 208 Knapp. Hon. Kobt. M.. 196 Knapp. Anthony L 194' Knapp, Dr. A. R 156 Knapp, Dr. Charles A... 157 Koraarek. Frank 425 Krousbin. Aui^nst J 389 Krneger. Willlum 375 Kru' gtir, George 37(j Lamb, John J 44S Lane, George F 147 Landon, Milo 357 Larabee. William 4U5 Larue. Wilham 39T Legate, E. B 409 Legate, Marshall B 409 Legate, Henry L 408 Lehmkuhl W. H 294 Lenz, Joseph 361 Lesem. .M. B 429 Lindley, Horace 331 Lo?hr, Chrif-tian A 266 Lofton, Judge John G. .. 43;i Lofton. John L 377 Long. Charles P 330 Lott, Dr. John W 151- Lonx. Jacob S 4!>4 Love, John E 44C Lowe. Frank 1 478 Lwwe. Richard 1 487 Lund. Charles W 310 Lurton. Jacob 2Ul Lurton, Nelson M 438 Lurton. Nelson R 326 Lynn, Rev. Samuel 642 Lynn, William U. 230 McAdams.Wm. Sr 5.i0 McAdams. Jr., Hon. Wm 202 McCann, George W 446 McClintock, John A ... 313 McCollisler, Isaac 421 McDauel. Gregg 277 McDanel. Charles 27'* ;McDo\v, Thomas 4351 WcDow, Charles G 4:)5i McDow, Marion 288 McDow, James 4:^5 McDow, JohuN 435 .McDow, William 279 McDow, John H 457 McGready, Jesse 1 221 McKinney, James 'J12 McKinnev, Abiram 339 McNeil, Levi 325 McRevnolds. Alex. &.... 476 McRejnolds, Thomas J. 489 Madden, John 365 Mains. Freeman J 485 Malotte. Josejih S 549 Marshall. John C 42' Marshaw. Joseph 445 Marstou. Cap*flin Oliver. 541 ^larslon, Joseph G 499 Martin, George 342 PAGE Martin, Moses 341 Mason, James 318 .Massev, Henry C 2(>7 Matthews. Isom 410 Medfurd, John 367 Meisner. Anthony 355 Metzdorf, Mathias 376 Myseaburg. Ernst 311 Middendorf, Francis — 357 Milem, Allen W 375 Miles, D.D. S.Geo. S... 506 Miller, Henrv T 289 Milton. Charles 478 Miner, Nathiiniel 490 Moore. Jemes 422 Moore; IsiacM..- 379 Moss. James F 288 .Muss. James C 288 Moweu, Peter 3.^2 .Murph v. William 319 Mjers.'jr., E. A. R .... 505 Nelson, Bud 395 Neumeyer. Charles 5.50 Nevius, William B 546 Neviiis, Henrv 546 NevJin, William 409 Newberrv. Daniel 2S.S Newton. Robert 516 Noble, Caleb '. 216 Noble, William... 283 Noble, Henry 280 Noble, Ziba 308 Noble, J.N 306 Nugent, R. R 314 Sugeut, MaryA 332 Oehler, Herman 331 O'Malc". .^nthonv 364 Onetto." William G 271 Olney. C. S 38S Uttenhausen, George 377 Page, Joseph M. W 125 Palmer. Orin 4G0 Palmer, William 460 Park. Dr. Wesley 160 Parsell. Peter K 416 Patterson, Maj Gershom 338 Pailon. Isaac T 290 Pennington. Lott 2'^ Perrine. Charles 477 Perrv. Dr. James C 151 Phip'ps. Thomas K 404 Piggott. George 260 Piggoit. Isaac N 269 Pinckard. James B 326 Pogue. Hon. Wm. H 217 Post. Cfleb A 488 Potter. Rev. Thomas.... 489 Powel, James P .358 Powel. O. P 202 Power, Peter 491 Power. John 363 Preble. H, D 398 Price, Thomas A 430 Prill. Carl 381 Quirk, William 423 Kainey, William 356 Randolph, i ewis , 440 Randolph. Oliver S 476 Katcliff, George W 410 Recker. Augustus 480 Reddish, Zeddock 387 Reed. John L 401 Reinhart, Rev. Frank J. 344 Reintges, John B 266 Remer. Theo. F 502 Remer, Abraham 548 Roadcs, William 260 Rhoads, John V . 465 Rice, Andrew .1 360 Rice. E Y 195 P.icbarJs. Guy C 4iXl PAGE PAGE liiffgs. B. A 481 Sumrall. Dr. George 154 Ripplev, Frank 31|J Sunderland. Lloyd W... 476 Rister. Jacob 26! Swan, John T 286 Ritchev, Mordecai J. ... 475 „ t> ^r Roaeh,"DavidJ ggo Taeger, Rev, Herman. . . 394 Roady.Jobn 427 •I^J''""'' J"'"' ^.^''y ■*™ Roberts. Frank M 133 Terry, .lasper M 213 Robbins, Robert B 4T3 Jerry. Henry C ..... 2/7 Robinson George C 450 Thompson. W iIliaicG... 410 Ro'i-ers Silas W ogs I hompson, Andrew J — 407 Rogers! Noah T.'.'.".'.'.'.'. 287 Tlioroman .AN 303 Rogers, Henry S a86!T!'orolu"; ■'ohn .338 Riiebel. Michael 312ij!2.''''>''> "r. J 159 Rusk. Hugh 341 i!ft' hortal. James 28^' Simmons. Richard J.... 413 Simmons, John H 413 Simmons, Samuel C 41 Simmons, C. W 413 Simmons. Edward B ... 426 Sinclair. James I) 400 Sisson. John W 284 Slateu. Henry L 291 >laten. William D, F.,. 30-. Sbiten. George N 314 Slaten, Rev.'George 437 Slateu, James R 446 Slateu. .\lleu M 144 Slover. Dr. .\uslin F 159 Smilh.Greg R 503 Smith, John F 222 Snetleker, Samuel J 5:iu Snedeker.Hon. Orvillc A 53.^j Snedeker. Isaac 534 Spangle. George W 44.8 Spangle, Andrew 287 Spaulding, William H.. 395 Spencer. .James A 371* Stallord, John P 40.^ Slafford. Christopher P. 309 Slaflord. Brook 318 Stall, John 36T Stanhope. Abel H 262 Stanley, Matthew C 4,s0 Starr, James E 268 Stelle, Deacon Jacob K. 442 Stelle. Moore C 44:) Stephany A. H 265 Stieren. Charles 330 Stillwell, Jeremiah O... 283 Slilhvell, Leander 284 Stoller, Jjiues H 408 uddelb. Jaui.sE 406' Tolman, Silas W 487 Tonkinson, David F 456 Trabue, Murray B 420 Trabue, Edward 420 Trible, John .. 414 Trotter, D. Q, 419 Trotter. John W 419 Tunnard, George 330 Twitchel, John 466 Tyson. Rev. Ira C 171 Vahle, Louis 361 Vahle. Anthony 361 Vahle. John 47r Vanausdall, Allen M — £97 VauDervoort. B. C 495 Vandenburg, Peter E 523 VanHorne, Dr. A. K.... 154 VanHorne. George H 439 Vaughn, John 340 Veach, Nathan T .320 Vorhees. C. H 448 Waggoner, John T 291 Walker, John A 140 Wallace. Enoch W 305 Walsh, j.'imes 422 Walsh, James M 372 Ward, Jesse 367 Ward. Moses 368 Warren, Hon. George E. 203 Warren, Mark A 496 Watson, Jesse 368 Watson, Dr S. M 163 Wedding, James H f4l Wedding, Benjamin. .. 225 VV'egmauu. John F 352 West, Ira M 447 West, William L 394 West, W. H. H 393 Wharton, Charles 485 White, Lewis - 276 White. Jesse 278 White, John L 275 White. Dan el P 275 White, Dr. John L, 1.53 White, Hiram 287 Whiteneck, Jacob E 526 Whitttcld. W. T 467 Whilfield. James A 461 Whitlow. Willis iiS Wieshard, Henry 383 Wiibt. Bernhardt 388 Wilkerson, Lucius G... 421 Wil kens. John 325 Willis. William H 406 Williams, Dr. John S... 158 Williams, William -305 W^ood. John 481 U'oodson. Judge D. M. , 116 Woolsey, Joseph B 479 Worthey, Reuben T.. .. 284 Worthev, Absalom 269 VVvckoti'. John 543 W^ckoff. .\mbrose S — 541 Wvckoft', Horatio N 497 Wyckoff, David G 497 Voung. James M 222 Young. Andrew 314 i BIOGRAPHICAL. XV HISTORY OF GREENE COUNTY. rAQE PAOK PAGE Adams, L. C 81." Carter, Davis 904 Eberlem, Herman T... 1034 Haven, W. W 751 Adcock. John ms Carr, Joseph S 68ii Edwards, Gilbert H 881 Hays, Dr. J. B Henderson, James 736 Allen, .lames M lOB-J Carriger, Leonard 961 Edwards, Joel 880 1074 Allen, William 1061 Caverly, A. W iJlark, William E 670 Edwards, En 879 Henderson, Joseph... 940 ! Allen. «. \V 9-ii 1034 Edwards, EriL 87! Henderson, John G... 714 Allen, John VV mw\ Clark, John 800 Edwards, Oshea L 881 Henlev, James T nil Andrews, N. J roi Clapp, Clement L lO.'O Edwards, Hale S Ul9f 876 Ardinser, John W BM Clcmmons, Dr. CO... 735 Edwards, George 11.5: Herrlck, Geo.M 1103 Armstrong, Dr. C'lintor TA' Ulendeiien, George VV. 8,56 Eldred, Leouaid E 1011 999 Arrastrontr. Geo. VV ... 1113 Ulendenen, U. P 850 Eldred, William 100'' Heuberger, Joseph Ilevnood, William 1140 Ashlock, George K (Wl (.'liflord, h'osanna 1080 Kldred, Elon A 1011 . 982 Ashlock, VVm. A 9-»! Clifford, John H 1083 Eldred, Elon 1011 Hill. Georse D 1032 Ashlock, Wm. M 8V1 Clifford, Ahirah 1081 English, Sr-, Lindsey H 5-;> Hill. George Ills Aehlock, Harvev H 9311 Coates, Milton 963 Enelish. Jame,.s W 711 Hinton, Hon. Alfred.. 671 9;J9 961 English, Di . Lindsey H Euslow, Abraham 726 791 Hobson. Peter Hobson, Thomas Hobson. Peter J Hodges. Hon. Chas. D. 1013 1013 1014 665 ! Ashlock, VV. M . 93<' Coatee, Geort'C .... 881 Atchiusun, VVm. B fflis- Cockiell, Jesse 813 • ^'ole, George 790 Fanning, George W 984 Baines, Charles 1063 colllster, A. B 9'.V Farrellv, Hugh P 10.54 1121 lo;; Connole, Anthony Conrad, ,facob 094 Felter, Peter Feuity, Dr. Peter 794 7.39 Hopper, Stephen D... Hoselton. George 982 993 Baldwin, Judije Benj.. 107.-. 847 Ba dwin, Benj. F 1076 Converse, L riah 887 Feuity, Dr. E 734 Hough, Thomas 1043 Baldwin, F. M 10',> Couurod, Jefferson 927 B'iirge>on, James E 1040 House, Adam 973 Ballard, Louis J 947 Coourod, George W 703 Field, A. J. K 1118 972 Ballard, llenrv 1017 Coourod. Eld. Stephen 884 Finch, Dr. Thomas 735 llow-rd, .Tordan 1016 Ballard. James 112.-r Cooper, Dr. Martin A.. 721 Fircher, Charles 937 Howard, John 1153 Barflard, James i):j . William. V80 Flatt, W. M 82'> Huih, Rowland B .... 799 Bell, Francis M lOlil Crist, David 1072 Plait, Jaines B 829! Huitt. John W 676 Bermes. Philip 93li Crow. Dr, James T 729 Fiemmiiig, James 1031 Hunt. John P 1079 Black, Thomas 1011 Culver, Dr. S. U ■r2; Foster. John T 889 Hunter, John VV 800 Black, William 1012 Lulver, Edward A 808 Fiech, Frank 803 Hnniiicutt, Hartwell . . . 828 Blodgott. .Milo R Boirnu. Benj. Joseph. 903 9911 Culver, Dr. Buel cnuningham, Samuel. 7»4 930 9flllHllsted. 0. J 702 Hasted, Edward M 1095 1142 Fry, Gen, Jacob Booker. Kichard M 90' Cunniugbam, Anthony 9.53 lUutchens. Elkauah .. 861 Boring. Hczekiah . 883 t u; nin/ham. Kob't L. 931 Gano, Charles F 797 Hulchens, Elkanah D. 861 Borlin, Henry . 87! Cunningham, Wilson. 906 Gardiner, Key. C. J 787 Hutchinson, David ... 1097 Bowman, Ur Alex 73li I- unniuyham, Geo. W 966 Gardiner. Samuel G... 814 Hyndman, William... 1136 Bovd, Thomas U 6911 Curnutt, James 897 Giller, Edward .\ 1079 Brace, Leonard Bradley. Robtrt C lOlo 8lT Cnrtius, Henry 799 Giilingliam, Bainbridge Giliiiore. VV'm P 997 1138 Irwin, James M 808 j Brad.-^ha\v. Perry 91!- Damm. Dieter 937 Gilson, Edward P 712 1038 Bradshaw. William M. 1153 Damm, Jr. Dieter Damm, Christian 938 Goacher, Albert 984 James. Charles F 900 Brannan, Thomas. ... 8V, 933 Goeddy, Herman 87.5 .Tolineon, John D OW Bray, John L 801 Darr, George 8ia Goode, John I Goode, William B 947 947 .Tohusou. .T;imes I 11129 1031 Bridges, Archibald Kill Davis, Dr. Cyrus A... 668 Bridges, Frank M 681 Davis, James 1072 Graham, George 938 .Tohnsou. .Tohii 927 Bridges, Oman Briggs,Ellis lD«ii'Davi8, Francis A 1030 Grant, Oscar F 109:i:.Johnson. Edward D .. 1011 lUirUavis, Dr, James .M.... 7a5 Greene. S. P 706 .Tones. David H 1071 Broiimarkle, JohnB... 9091 Oavis, Hon. KobertU.. 681 Greene, John 6711 ■roues, Josiah 1052 Brooks, James E Wi Davis, William A . .. 693 Cireene, William 786 694 Brown, Jr., James 11081 Davis, Georgo W 693 Greene, Nelson 786 Jones, John U 839 Bruner, Dr. A. J 73. 1 Daw son, Henry U 903 80? Burns, Dr. Georse W. Burnett, Dr. W, L Burr, lion, .\lbcrt G-.. . Burrill, Edward 731. Dayton, .Matthew 8.52 Gregory. Charles 66.5 Kahm, Coonrod 9^1 73iiDayton, Thomas U 6661 Dayton, Lewis .. .. e52 a52 Grider, Marshall F tiriswold, Adonijah ... 979 1069 Keach, Hiram 841 841 Iveach, Cant. .John R.. 98:1 Deeds. Lafayette 968 Griswold. Loval P 1061 IvcUv. Dr. .M. F 724 Burruss. Ilarrv D Bushuell, Lynian S Ql.'i De Witt. Dr. M, F 726 Oriswold, Cvrus 1064 Kendall. Nathaniel... 11171 1041 Dixon. HenrvJ 903 Griswold, Henry lOeiiKennott, Luther M 1055 Di.ion. Hiram 904 (iris wold, Edgar 1070 Kennett. William C... 10.58 Cameron. Joseph T Campbell, Rev. Wm. M 10,)5 Dixon, Solomon 105.5 DodgBon, David 897 1007 (Jroce, Thomas 960 876 Kincaid. James Kincaid. William T .. 892 891 Groves, William A Campbell Amburgh... 112 Dodgson, Uruau 1008 King, Capt, Lucian... 081 Cannedy, James 80.> Dodgson, Peter 101.7 Ilahn, David 960 King, .Alexander 677 Cannedy, George W. . . 891) Dodgson. James 931 Hall, Dr, Benj. J 73? Kinsr, Robert 851 Cs.nnedv, William U.. 896 Dossel, Charles 1093 Hall, Thomas It'>). King, Charles 867 Canneilv, .Tames F gs? Downs. Thomas B 977 Hall. Julia E 1036 King. Thomas 86« 696 Downs, Andrew 976 Hamilton, B. B 1101 Kinsr. D F 718 Carliii, William . . 692l)o>le, Samuel 9.VI lianev, .\lbert 1127 Iviib'ach, .Tonae 935 Carlin. Thomas .. . 604 Dovle, Thomas loailDrennan, Sr. J. P 931 11.50 Hankins, Alexander... 1037 970 Carmody, CorneliHe 1156 Carmodv, Michael L... 1018 Drennan, Jr. J. P 1152 Hardcasile. John 9.10 Carmody, John O 95Jj Dressel, Joseph 798 Hardwick. Geo, W 874 Lakin, Judge Leandcr 691 Carter. Lorenzo E 9M|Duncan, Thomaa 1107 Harper, Ephralm lli72 Langdou. Dr. Wm. O.. 737 XVI BIOGRAPHICAL. PAGE 844 731 930! 963 i 1026 8761 915 1151 832 699 98^ PAGE . 967 . 967 . 704 . 718 . 815 . 801 . 883 , 1113 . 1155 . 844 . 1037 . 984 . 940 . 795 . 735 . 683 . 1039 . 723 . 1017 . 1024 . 1183 . 1006 . 1006 . 698 . 901 . 792 . 791 . 1003 . 1036 . 1017 . 848 . 973 . 985 . 1039 . 1089 . 1099 . 1022 . 1109 . 889 . 846 . H-.:0 . 1120 . 843 . 730 . 809 . 853 . 734 . 1024 . 855 . 932 . 701 . 990 . 897 . 1041 . 1062 . 1114 . 829 . 830 . 830 .. 831 .. 833 . 997 . 7:i4 . 997 . 1069 . 729 . 833 . 834 690 ■. . 953' .. 725 J 10.33 . 1134 . 1134 Schnelt, John B Schnelt, Henry ."chnelten, Henry Schier. Nicholas Schutz, Matthew Schutz, George Schutz, John Schutz, Joseph .1 Schild, Frank Schmidt, Christian Scott. Benjamin Scroggins. Robert Sccor, Elijah J PAGE 1018 1017 1020 999 963 962 962 963 866 871 883 834 932 931 959 868 938 731 885 88.3 1129 836 1033 730 1135 1136 942 1122 1032 1033 965 1120 1081 832 881 899 84;> 569 . 8.3S 838 97! 978 837 1116 988 . 941- 7f9 890 1091 853 901 900 1145 918 735 812 VanDoren.C. C Vanluyle, Robert VauArsdale, James H... Varble. George Varlile, Elisha PAGE 1144 1122 898 875 870 870 1029 1114 1094 1112 1113 798 872 944 944 719 713 1053 7.37 1098 1036 1035 895 940 800 1052 954 796 973 988 795 1068 811 8!-'4 1104 1104 980 811 969 897 737 673 849 936 1091 1091 1092 678 869 917 1010 707 790 934 791 672 866 83G 702 8'B 836 . 837 601 892 923 ' 1031 674 . 11.37 1096 . 9.37 950 949 10.56 Lightfiiot, Philip F Linlv, Dr. Eliza Linder, Jacob Llltle, T. A Loclie. David LogliD, Joh!i B Lorton. Thomas Ludi, N. .J McAdanip, Willmm .. McCoiiathv. Perrv llcCauley.'W. W McCracken, Elbert M. McFnll. Dr A. C McGuwaii, P. .1 M'lver. Duiicnu C Mclvcr, W. T McKabucv. ,Tobn Mcl,anc-,.i. 1) McMahiin, Michael McMahou, Patricli W. McNdil, John A McPheron, Charles W McPherou, Anioe McPheron, James Madipon, Abraham — Marks, Jud()Q yards wide, 100 feet in height and rounded on the top by a deep deposit of clay. Centrally, along the line of its stuiimit, and thrown up in the form of an embankment three feet high, extended the outline of a quadrujjed, measuring 250 feet from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, and having a width of 18 feet at the HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 19 centre of the body. The head was 35 feet ill k'lirrth, the ears 10 feet, legs 60, and tail 7"). The cuivaturt^ on both the fore and hind h-g?, was natural to an animal lying on its .side. The general outline of the figure most nearly resembled the extinet animal known to geologists as tlie Megatherium. The question nat- urally arises, by whom and for what purpose was this earth figure raised ? Some have conjectured that numbers of this now extinct animal lived and roamed over the prairies of Illinois when the Mound-Builders first made their appearance on the upper part of the Mississippi Valley, and that the wonder and admiration, excited Ijy the colossal dimensions of these huge creat- ures, found some expression in the er- ection of this figure. The bones of some similar gigantic animals were exhuiiK'il iin this stream about tiiree miles from the same ])lace. Mr. Breckeiiridge, who examined the antiijuities of the western country in 1(S17, speaking of the mounds in the American Hottoiii, says: "The great number niid extremely large size of some of them may be regarded as fur- nishiii"!, with other circumstances, evi- dences of their antiipiity. I have some times been induced to think that at the period when they were constructed there was a population here as numer- ous as that whied with dithcultv. From its summit, almost as inaccessible as an eagle's nest, the valley of the Illi- nois is seen as a landscape of exquisite beauty. The river near by struggles between a nutnber of wooded islands, while further below it quietly meanders through vast meadows until it disap- pears like a thread of light in the dim distance. On the summit ot this rock, the Illinois were besieged by a superior force of the Pottawattamics, whom the great strength of their natural fortress enabled them to keep at bay. Hunger and thirst, however, soon accomplished what the army was unable to effect. Surrounded by a relentless foe, without food or water, they took a last look at their beautiful hunting grounds, and with true Indian fortitude, laid down and died from starvation. Years after- ward, their bones were seen wdiitening in tliat place. At the beginning of the present cen- tury, the remnants of this once powerful confederacy were forced into a smaller compass around Kaskaskia. A few years later they emigrated to the south- west, and in 1850 they were in the In- dian Territory, and nundjered but 84 persons. E.VELY DISCOVKIilES. Nicholas Perrot, a Frenchman, was the tjrst white man to visit the present great state of Illinois. In the year 1671, he was sent to Chicago by M. Talon, in- tendaut of Canada, for the purpose of inviting the Indians to a peace conven- tion, to be held at Green Bay. The ob- ject of this convention was the ft)rma- tion of a plan for the exploration of the Mississippi river. De Soto, the Spanish ex)ilorer, had discovered the river nearly one hundred and fifty years pre- viously, but did not eflfect a settlement or explore the country any farther. It remained as-it was until the French de- termined to visit it, for wliicli purpose it was deemed a wise policy, as far as possible, to .secure the friendship ami co-oi)eration of the Indians, before ven- turing upon an enterprise which their 00 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. hostility might render disastrous. A plan was accordingly" arranged, and Louis Joliet joined Father Jacques Mar- quette at tlie Jesuit Mission, on the strait of Mackinaw, and with live other Frenchmen, and a simple outfit, the daring explorers, on the 17th of May, 1673, set out on their perilous voyage to discover the Mississippi. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Mich- igan, they entered Green Bay, and passed thence up Fox river and Lake Winnebago, to a village of the Musca- tines and- Miamis, where great interest was taken in the expedition l)y the na- tives. With guides they j)roceeded down the river. Arriving at the pt)rt- age, they soon carried their eight canoes and scanty baggage to the Wisconsin, about three miles distant. Their guides now refused to accompany them further, and endeavored by reciting the dangers incident to the voyage, to induce them to return. They stated that huge de- mons dwelt in the great river, whose voices could be heard a long distance, and who engulfed in the raging waters all who came within their reach. They also stated that if any of them shoiild escape the dangers of the river, fierce tribes of Indians dwelt upon its banks, / ready to complete the work of destruc- tion. They proceeded upon their jour- ne}', liowever, and on the 17th of June, pushed their frail barks upon the bosom of the stately Mississippi, down which they smoothly glided for ni'arly a hun- dred miles. Here Joliet and Marquette, leaving their canoes in charge of their men went up on the western shore, where tliey discovered an Indian village, and were kindly treated. They .journeyed on down the unknown river, passing the mouth of the Illinois, then running into the current of the muddy Missouri, and afterwards the waters of the Ohio joined with them on their journey southward. Near the mouth of the Arkansas they discovered Indians who showed signs of hostility; but when Marquette's mission of peace was made known to them, they were kindly received. After proceeding up the Arkansas a short distance, at the advice of the natives, the^^ turned their faces northward to retrace their stejis. After several weeks (jf hard toil, they reached the Illinois, uj) wliich they \)Vi>- ceeded to Lake Michigan. Following tlie western shore of tlie lake, they en- tered Green Bay the latter part of Sep- tember, having traveled a distance of 2,500 miles. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. On his way up the Illinois, Marquette visited the Kaskaskias, near what is now Utica, in LaSalle county. The follow- ing year he returned, and established among them the mission of the Immac- ulate Conception. This was the last act of his life. He died in Michigan, May 18, 1675. The town was named Kas- kaskia by Marquette. The first military occupation of the country was at Fort Crevecoeur, erected in 1680; but there is no evidence that a settlement was commenced there, or at Peoria, on the lake above, at tliat early date. The first settlement of which there is any authentic account was com- menced with the building of Fort St. Louis, on the Illinois river, in 1682; but this was soon abandoned. The oldest permanent settlement, not only in Illi- nois, but in the valley of the Mississi]ipi, was at Kaskaskia, six miles above its HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 2:] confluence with the Mississippi and the I'raivie ihi Roclicr, near I'mt (liarti'es. Fort Cliartres was Iniilt under the diree- tionot'tlie Mississippi eompany in 171S. and was tV)|- a lime the headijuarters of the niilitaiv ediiinianchints of tlie dis- trict of Illinois, and the most inipreg- nalile fortress in North America. It was also the center of wealth and fashion in west. For about eighty years, the French retained peaceahh; possession of Illi- nois. Their amiable disposition and tact of ingratiating themselves with the Indians, enabled them to escape almost entirely the broils which weakened and destroyed other colonies. Wliether e.x- ]jloring remote rivers or traversing hunting grounds in pursuit of game, in the social circle or as participants in the religious exercises of the church, the red men became thidr associates, and were treated with the kindness ami consid- eration of brothers. For more than a hundred years, ])eace between the white man aAd the red w.-is unbioken, and when at last this icign of harmony ter- ininatey tlie iMiglish, ni> regular court was ever hehl. \\'hen, in 17H.5, the country passed into the liands of the English, many of the French, ratherthan submit to a change in their institutions, pn^ferred to leave tlieir homes and. seek a new abode. There are, however, at till' ])resent tiim-. a few renmants of the old l'"rench stock in the state, who still retain to a great extent, the ancient habits and customs of their fathers. KNIW.ISII RII.K. In 1750 France claimed the whole valley of the Mississippi, and England the right to extend her possessions west- ward as far as she might d<'sire. Through c(donial controversies, the two motliei' countries were precipitated into a bloody war within the North western Territory, George Washington firing the first gun of tlie military struggle which resulted in the overthrow of the French.not only in Illinois, hut in North America. The Freneh evinced a deter- mination to retain control of the terri- tt)ry borderingthe Ohio and Mississippi, from Canada to the Gulf, and so long as the English colonies were confined to the sea-coast, there was little reason for controversy. As the English, how- ever, l)ecame acquainted with this lieau- tiful and fertile portion of our country, they not only learned the value of the vast territoi'y, hut also resolved to set up a counter-claim to the soil. The French established numerous military and trading' jiosts from the frontiers of Canaila to New Orleans, and in order to establisli also their claims to jurisdic- tion over the country, tliej- carved the lilies of France on the forest trees, or sank j)hites of metal in the grouml. These measures ilid not, however, deter the English from going on with their ex- plorations; and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conllict was gathering, and it was only a question of t'mc when the storm shouhl burst ujicju the frontier settlement. The French basecl their claims upon discoveries, the English on grants of territory ex- tending from ocean to ocean, but neither party paid the slightest attention to the prior claims of the Indians. From this position of affairs, it was evident that the actual collision between the con- 24 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. tending parties would not much longer he deferred. The English government, in anticipation of a war, urged the gov- ernor of Virginia to lose no time in huilding two forts, which were equipped by arras from England. The French anticipated the English, and gathered a considerable force to defend their pos- sessions. The governor determined to send a messenger to the nearest French post, and demand an explanation. This resolution of the governor brought into the history of our country for the first time the man of all others whom Amer- ica most loves to honor, namely, George Washington. He was chosen, although not twenty-one years of age, as the one to perform this delicate and difficult mission. With five compan- ions he set out, on November 10, 1753, and after a perilous journey, returned January 6, 1754. The struggle cona- menced, and continued long, and was bloody and fierce; but on the 10th of October, 1765, the ensign of France was replaced on the ramparts of Fort Chartres, by the flag of Great Britain. This fort was the depot of supplies, and the place of rendezvous for the united forces of the French. At this time the colonies of the Atlantic sea-board were assembled in preliminary congress at New York, dreaming of liberty and in- dependence for the continent; and Washington, who led the expedition against the French for the English King, in less than ten years was com- manding the forces opposed to the Eng- lish tyrant. Illinois, besides being constructively a part of Florida for over one hundred years, during wliicli time no Spaniard set foot upon her soil or rested his eyes upon her beautiful plains, for nearly ninety years had been in the actual occupation of the French, their puny settlements slumbering quietly in colonial dependence on the distant waters of the Kaskaskia, Illinois and ^\'abash. CHAPTKR II. COUNTY AND TERRITORY OF ILLINOIS. The Northwest Territory was now en- tirely under English rule, and on the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, the British held every post of impor- tance in the west. While the colonists of the East were maintaining a fierce struggle with the armies of England, their western frontiers were ravaged by the merciless butcheries of Indian war- fare. The jealousy of the savage was aroused to action by the rapid extension of American settlement westward, and the improper influence exerted by a numlier of military posts, garrisoned by British troops. To prevent indiscrimi- nate slaughter, arising from these causes, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 25 Illinois became the theatre of some of the most daring exploits connected with American history. The hero of the achievements by which this beautiful land was snatched as a gem from the British crown, was George Rogers Clark, of Virginia. He had closely watched the movements of the British through- out the nortliwest, and understncjd their whole plan; he also knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and therefore was con- vinced that if the British could l)e de- feated and expelled from the northwest, the natives could be easily awed into neutrality. Having convinced himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlement might easily succeed, he re- paired to the capital of Virginia, arriv- ing November 5, 1777. While he was on his way, fortunately, Burgoyne was defeated (October 17), and the spirits of the colonists were thereby greatly en- couraged. Patrick Henry was governor of Virginia, and at once entered heart- ily into Clark's plans. After satisfying the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his project, he received two sets of in- structions — one secret, the other open. The latter authorized him ti> enlist seven companies to goto Kentucky, and serve three months after their arrival in the west. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his lew- der and lead of General Hand, at Pitts- burg, and to proceed at once to subju- gate the country. With these instructions Coldncl Clark re])aired to Pittsburg, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the col- onies for the conflict there. Enlisting his men, he at once })roceeded to carry out his instructions. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he inteiuled to surjjrise the garri- son, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Each of these posts were, in turn cap- tured. The services of Clark proved of es- sential advantage to his countrymen. They disconcerted the plans of Hamil- ton, the governor of Detroit, who was intending to make a vigorous and con- certed attack upon the frontier, and not only saved the western frontier from depredations by the savages, but also greatly cooled the ardor of the Indians, for carrying on a contest in which they were not likely to be the gainers. Had it not been for this small army, a union of all the tribes from Maine to Georgia against the colonies might have been ef- fected, and the whole current of our history changed. COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. In October, 1778, after the successful campaign of Colonel Clark, the assem- bly of Virginia erected the conquered country, embracing all the territory northwest of the Ohio river, into the county of Illinois, which was doubtless the largest county in the world, exceed- ing in dimensions the whole of Great Britain and Ireland. To sj)eak more definitely, it contained the territory now end)raced in tlir great states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisc(uisin and Micii- igan. On the 12th of December, 177!S, John Todd was appointed lieutenant commandant of this county l)y Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, and 26 HISTORY OF TLTJXOTS. accordinpjly, also, the first of Illinois county. N( 1 KTIIW ICSTKK N TICK K ITO H Y . Illinois continued to form a jiiut nf Virginia until March 1, 1784, when that state ceded all the territory north of the Ohio to the United States. Immedi- ately the genera] government proceeded to establish a form of government for the settlers in the territories thus ceded. This form continued until the ])assage of the ordinance of 17S7, fur the gov- ernment of the Northwestern Territory. No man can study the secret history of this ordinanci' and nut feel that Provi- dence was guiding with sleepless eye the destinies of these unhorn states. American legislation has never achieved anything more admirable, for its inter- nal government than this comprehen- sive ordinance. Its pri>visit>ns concern- ing the distribution of proi)erty, the principles of civil and religious liberty wiiicli it laid at the foundation of the cnmmiuiities since established, and the ethcicnt and simple organization by wliich it created th(; first machinery of civil society, are worthy of all the ]>raise that has ever been given them. OI!Dl.\.\NCK OF 17.S7. For some years Thomas Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of gov- ernment for the Noithwestern Territory. He was an emancipationist, and labored the exclusion of slavery from the terri- tory, and in this he was opposed by almost the entire south. In July, 17S7, Manasseh Cutler appeared in New York to lobby on the question of organization of the Northwestern Territory. He was a country gentleman of the i)ld style, a man of commanding presence and of in- viting face. He came representing a Massachusetts company that desired to purchase a tract of land, now included in Ohio, for the purpose of jdanting a colony. This company, together with certain speculators in New York, enabled him to re])resent a demand for o,5(K),000 acres. The amount thus received from the sale of this land would apply towards reducing the national debt, which Jeffer- son was anxious should be paid as soon as jiossible. Massachusetts then owned the terri- tory of Maine, which she was crowding on the market. She was opposed to opening the northwestern region. This iired the zeal of Virginia. The south caught the inspiration, and all exalted Dr. Cutler. The entire south rallied around him. Massachusetts could not vote against him, because many of the constituents of her members were inter- ested personally in the western specu- lation. Thus Cutler, making friends in the south, and doubtless using all the arts of the lobby, was enabled to com- mand the situation. True to deei)er I'on- victions, he dictated one of the most com- jiact and finished documents of wise' statesmanship that has everailorned any human law liook. He borrowed from Jef- ferson the term "Articles of Compact," which, preceding the federal constitu- tio7i, rose into most sacred cliaracter. He then followed very closely the con- stitution of Massachusetts, adopted three years before. Its i)rominent points were : 1. The exclusion of slavery from the territory forever. 2. Provision for public schools, giv- ing one township for a seminary, and HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. every section numbered 16 in each town- sliip ; that is, (HU'-tliirty-sixth oi'all the land lor jmhlic schools. ;!. .\ iinixision ])r(>hil)itinu' the ad(i]i- liciii (it aiiv cimstilution (ir the riiactiui'ut ot any law that shduld millil'y pre-ex- isting contracts. Be it forever remembered that this compact declared that " religion, moral- ity and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall always be encouraged." Dr. Cutler planted himself nn this platform, and would nut yiehl. tiiving his un- t|Ualitied declaration that it was that or nothing, — that unless they could make the land desirable they did not want it, — he took his horse and buggy and started for the constitutional convention at Phil- adelphia. On .July l;>. 17M7, the bill was ])Ut upon its passage, and was unani- mously adoi)ted. Thus the great states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, a vast empire, were conse- crated to freedom, intelligence and mor- ality. Thus the great heart of the na- tion was prejiarc'd to save the union of states, for it was this act that was the salvation of the rej)uhlic and the destruc- tion of slavery . Soon tiic south saw their great blunder, and tried to have the com- ])act repealed. In bSO.S congress referred it to a committee, of which .lohn Ran- dol))h was chairman. He reported that tills ordinance was a compjict, and oj)- posed repeal. There it stood, a rock in the wav of the on-rushing sea of slavery. GenerarArthur St. Clair was, by con- gress, elected'governor of this vast ter- ritory. ILLINOIS TKIIlMlciHV. After the division of the Northwest- ern TerritoiT, Illinois iiccanie one of tiie counties of the territory of Indiana, from which it was sepjirated by an act of congress, February 3, 1809, forming the territory of Illinois, with a popula- tion estimated at 9,000, and then includ- ing the present state of Wisconsin. It was divided, at the time, into two coun- ties — St. Clair and Randolph. .John Boyle, of Kentucky, was appointed gov- ernor by the president, James Madison, ])ut declining, Ninian Edwards, of the same state, was then aiipointed, and served with distinction ; and after the organization of Illinois as a state, he served in that capacity, being its third governor. During (iovernor Edwards' adminis- tration, the war of 1812 commenced, and the few whites in the state had to con- tend against a savage foe incited on to deeds of violence by the British ollicers sent out for that jmrpose. The massa- cre at Fort Dearborn, of helpless pris- oners, by the infuriated Indians, forms a black page in Illinois history. Several expeditions were put on foot by Oover- n(jr Edwards against the Indians, and in the various campaigns the governor bore an honorable and heroic part. Peace came at last, the Indian dejireda- tions ceased, and the territory of Illinois was again on the road to jjrosperity. 28 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. OHAPTTEIR III. STATE ORGANIZATION. In .lanuary of ISIS the territorial leg- islature forwarded to Nathaniel Pope, delegate in congres.s from Illinois, a petition j)raying for admission into the national union as a state. On April 1y siune means, surprised and killed several white men. l^pon reeeiving intelli- genee of these murders, the whites who were worl^ing the lead mines in the vicinity of (ialena foi-uuMl a l)ody of volunteers?, and. rcinfoi-ccd liy a company of United States troops, marched into the country of the Win- nehagoes. To save their iiation from t]u> miseries of war, Red Bird and six other men of his nation voluntarily surrendered themselves. Some of the nund)er were executed, some of them imi)risoned, and destined, like Red Bird, ingloriously to {>ine away within the narrow limits of a jail, wdiere for- merly the vast forests had proven too confining for thcni. BI,.\CK ll.WVK WAR. In the year 1S()4, a treaty was con- cluded l)etween the United States and the cliiefs of the Sac and Fox nations, who hail fought with great bravery in the service of Great Britain during the war of 1812. Black Hawk had always taken exee])tions to this treaty, pro- nouncing it void. In 1881 he estab- lished himself, with a chosen baml of warriors, n])on the disi)Uted territory, ordering the whites to leave the coini- try at once. The settlers complaining, (Governor Reynolds dispatched (Jencral (laines, with a company of regulars and l,o(K3 vcdunteers, to the seem' of action. Taking the Indians by suri)ris(>, the troops burnt their villages and forced tiiem to coni-lude a treaty, by which they ceded all lands east of the Missis- sippi, and agreeij to remain on the western side of the river. Necessity forced the j)roud s])irit of Black Hawk into submission, whicli made him moic than ever determineil to be avenged ujxm his enennes. Having rallied around him the war-like braves of the Sae and Fox nations, he crossed the Mississijipi in the spring of 1S82. Upon learning of this invasion, (4overnoi- Reynolds hastily collected a body of l,.s(l(l volun- teers, i)lacing them undei' command of Brigadier-General Whiteside. The army marched to the Mississippi, and having reduced to ashes the Indian village kn(jwn as "Prophet's Town," proceeded several miles up the river to Dixon, to join the regular forces ur.der General Atkinson. They found at Dixon two comjtanies of volunteers, who, sighing for glory, were dispatched to rei'onnoi- tre the enemy. They advanced, under command of ^[ajor Stillman, to a small creek, afterwanl known as '•Stillman's Run," and while there encamped, saw a party of mounted Indians at a distance of a. mile. Several of Stillman's jiarty mounted their horses aufl charged the Inple River Fort, near Galena, defended by "i-") men. This fort, a mere palisade of logs, was erected to att'onl i)rotection to the miners. For fifteen consecutive hours the garrison hail to sustain the assault of the savage enemy; but knowing 30 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. very well that no quarter would be given them, they fought with such fuiy anil desperation that the Indians, after losing many of their best warriors, were compelled to retreat. New forces having been sworn into the service, Generals Atkinson and Henry determined to ])ursue the retreat- ing foe. They folhiwed tlicm into Wis- consin, and liearing that Black Hawk was encamped on Rock river, at the Manitou village, issued orders to con- tinue the pursuit. The officers of General Henry handed to him a written protest ; but he, a man equal to any emergency, ordered the officers to be arrested, and escorted to General .Atkin- son. Within a few minutes after the order was given, the officers all collected around the general's quarters, and pledged their word that if forgiven, they would return to duty, and never do the like again. The battle of Bad Axe immediately followed, resulting in a loss to the In- dians of three hundred, besides fifty prisoners. The whites had l)ut seven- teen killed and twelve wounded. Black Hawk, with twenty of his l)ravcs, e.scaped, retreating up the Wisconsin river. The Winnebagoes desiring to secure the friendshiji of the whites, went in inirsuit. and cnpturccl nnd de- livered them to General Street, the I'nited States Indian agent. .Vmong the prisoners were the s(m of Black Hawk and the projihet of the tribe. These, with Black Hawk, were taken to Washington, D. ('., and were soon conKned as prisoners at Fortress Mon- roe. Thus ended the Black Hawk war. IXTER.NAL IMTROVEMENTS. At the general election in 1834, Joseph Duncan was chosen governor bj' a hand- some majority. A reckless and uncon- trollable desire for internal jiublie improvements seized the minds of the people. In his message to the legisla- ture, in 1S35, Governor Duncan said; When we look abroad and see the extensive lines of inter-communication penetrating almost every section of our sister states; when we see the canal boat and the locomotive bearing with seeming triunqih the rich productions of the interior to the rivers, lakes and oceans, almost annihilating time, l)ur- then and space, what patriotic bosom does not beat high with a laudable am- bition to give I-llinois her full share of those advantages which are adorning her sister states, and which a magnificent Providence seems to invite by a wonder- ful adaptation of oui' whole country to such improvements." STUPE.VDOUS SYSTEM OF IMPKOVE.MEXTS IN.MUiURATEI). The legislature' resjjonded to the ardent words of the governor, and emicted a system of internal improve- ments without a parallel in the gran- deur of its conception. They ordered the coustruction of 1,3(X) miles of rail- road, crossing the state in all directions. This was surpassed l>y the river and canal iiu])rovements. There were a few counties not touched by the rail- road, river (U' canal, and they were to be compensated by the free distribution of S-2(I,(HH» among them. To inflate this balloon l)eyond credence, it was ordered that work should connnence on ])oth ends of each of these railroads and rivers, and at each river crossing, all at the same time. This provision, which HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 31 lias l)eiMi ("iIIimI tin- crownini,' tolly of the entire sy.steiu, was the result of tiiose jealous coiuliinatioiis eiuanatiuir from the fear that advantaj^es luiuht aeerue to one seetion over another in the coninieneeiuent and eonipletion of the works. We can ;iiii)reeiate hetter, perhaps, the magnitude of this j.'rand system hy reviewinj;; a few figures. The debt authorized for these improvements in the (irst instanee was $10,-2aO,0(X); But this, as it was soon found, was l)ased on estimates at least too low hy half. This, as we readily see, commit- ted the state to a lialiility of over $20,- (KX),(K¥), equivalent to $2()(),tKK),fKK)at the ])resent time, with over ten times the population, and more than ten times the wealth. Such stupendous undertakings by the state naturally engendered the fever of speeulation among individuals. That j)artieular form known as the town lot fever, assumed the malignant type at first in Chicago, from whence it spread over the entire state and adjoining states. It was an c|iidcmic. It cut up men's farms without regard to locality, and cut uj) the ]>urses of the purchasers without regard to consei|uences. It was estimated that building lots enough were sohl in Indiana alone to accommo- date every citizen then in the I'liitcd States. Chicago, which in 1S.'?(), w;is a small trading jmst, has of Israel. .\fter their settlement in and atjout Nauvoo, in Hancock county, gr(^at dep- redations were committed by them .on the "Gentiles." The Mormons had been received from Missouri with great kindness by the people of this state, and every possible aid granted them. The depredations committed, however, soon made them odious, when the ques- tion of getting rid of them was agitated. In the fall of 1S41, tlie governor of Mis- souri made a demand on (Governor Carlin for the arrest and delivery of Joe Snuth as a fugitive from justice. Smith was subsequently arrested, but was re- leased by Judge Douglas upon the ground that the writ had once been re- turned before it liad been executeTl. In lrS42, he was again arrested, and again escaped. Emboldened by success, the Mormons became more arrogant and overl)earing. Many peoi)le began to be- lieve thej- were about to set up a gov- ernment for themselves in defiance of the laws of the state. Owners of pro])- erty stolen in other counties made pur- suit into Nauvoo ; and were fined by the Mormon courts for daring to seek their property in the ludy city. About this time they petitioned congress to estab- lish a territorial government for them in Nauvoo. Smith soon began to play the tyrant over his people. Among the first acts of this sort was an attempt to take the wifi- of William Law, one of his most talented disciples, and nuike her his spiritual wife. He established, without author- ity, a recorder's office, and an office to issue marriage licenses. He jiroclainied that none could deal in real estate or sell Ii(|Uor but himself. He ordered a printing office demolished, and in many ways controlled the freedom and busi- ness of the Mormons. Not only did he stir up some of the Mormons, but by his reckless disregard of the laws of the land, raised up opposition ou every 34 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. hand. It was Relieved he introduced the Panite band, which he had chosen as the ministers of his vengeance, that no blood, except that ofithe church, was to be regarded as sacred, if it contra- vened the accomplishment of his object. It was asserted that he inculcated the legality of perjury and other crimes, if committed to advance the cause of true believers ; that God had given the world and all it contained to his saints, and since they were kept out of their right- ful inheritance by force, it was no moral offense to get possessiim of it by steal- ing. It was currently reported that an es- tablishment existed in Nauvoo for the manufacture of counterfeit money, and that a set of outlaws were maintained for the purpose of putting it in circula- tion. Statements were circulated to the effect that a reward was offered for the destruction of the Warsaw Signnl, an anti-Mormon ])aper, and that Mormons dispersed over the country threatened all persons who offered to assist the con- stable in the execution of the law, with the destruction of their property and the murder of their families. There were rumors also that an alliance had been formed with the western Indians, and in case of war they would be used in murdering their enemies. In short, if only one-half of these reports were true, the Mormons must have been the most infamous people that ever existed. AVilliam Law, one of the proprietors of the printing office destroyed by Smith, went to Carthage and procured a warrant for the arrest of Smith and others in the deed. The propliet, his brother Hiram and others, surrendered themselves at Carthage, June 24, 1844, on a charge of riot, and all entered into a recognizance before a justice of the peace for their appearance at court. They were again arrested, and thrciwn into prison at Carthage. The peojjle of Hancock, McDonough and Schuyler counties liad assembled, armed and ready to avenge the outrages that had been committed by the IMormons. G rcat excitement prevailed. All were anxious to march into Nauvoo. The 27th of June was aj)])ointcd for the march, but Gov- ernor Ford, who at the time was in ( 'ar- thage, a])prehended trouble if the militia should attempt to invade Nauvoo, dis- banded the troops, retaining only a guard for the jail. Governor Ford went to Nauvoo on the 27th. The same morning about two hun- dred men from Warsaw, many of tlieni disguised, hastened to Carthage. On learning that one of the companies left as a guard had disbanded, and the other stationed 150 yards from th jail, while eight men were left to guard the prison- ers, a communication was soon estab- lished between the Warsaw troops and the guard ; and it was arranged that the guard should have their guns charged with blank cartridges and fire at the as- sailants when they attempted to enter the jail. The conspirators came up, jumped the fence around the jail, were fired upon by the guard, which, according to arrangement, was overpowered, and the assailants entered the prison to the door of the room where the two prisoners* were confined. An attempt was made to break open the door; but Joe Smith, be- ing armed with a pistol, fired several times as the door was broken open, and three of the assailants were wounded. At the same time several shots were fired HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 35 into tlio room, by sonu' of which John Taylor, a friend of the Smith's, re- ceived four wounds, and Hiram Smith was instantly killed. Joe Smith, se- verely wounded, attempted to escajie by jum})ing out of a second-story win- dow, but was so stunned by the fall that he was unal>le to rise. In this position he was disj)a,tehed l)y balls fired throujih his body. Thus fell Joe Smith, the most successful imposter of modem times. Totally ignorant of almost every fact in science, as well as in law, he made up in construetiveness and nat- ural cunning wliat he lacked in educa- tion. IMany fearenel Brock- man, who j>roeeeded to invest the city, erecting breastworks, and taking other means for defensive as well as ofiensive operations. What was then termed a battle next took place, resulting in the death of one Mormon and the wounding of several others, and loss to the anti- Mormons of three killed and four wounded. At last, through the inter- vention of an anti-Mormon ct)mmitte(^ of one hundred from Quincy, the Mor- mons and their allies were induced to submit to such terms as the posse choose to dictate, which were that the ilor- mons should immediately give up their arms to the Quincy committee and re- move from the state. The trustees of the church and five of their clerks were permitted to remain for the sale of Mor- mon jiroperty, and the posse were to march in unmolested and leave a sudi- cient force to guarantee the i)erforniance of their stipulations. Accordingly the constable's posse marched in, with Brockman at their head. It consisted of SOO arnu'd men, and 6(.KI or 7tK) un- armed, who had assembled from all the country around, through motives of curiosity to see the once proud city of Nauvoo hunil)le(l and delivered up to its enemies. They ])rocee(lcd into the city slowly and carefully, examining the wav for fear of the exjilosion of a mine, manj' of which had been made by the 36 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Mormons, by burying kegs of powder in the ground, with a man stationed at a distance to pull a string communicat- ing with the trigger of a percussion lock affixed to the keg. This kind of a con- trivance was called by the Mormons "hell's half acre." When the posse arrived in the city, the leaders of it elected themselves into a tribunal to de- cide who should be forced away and who remain. Parties were dispatched to hniit for fire-arms and for Mormons, and to bring them to judgment. When brought, they received their doom from the mouth of Brockman, who remained a grim and unawed tyrant for the time. As a general rule, the Mormons were ordered to leave within an hour or two, and by rare grace some of them were allowed until next day, and in a few cases longer time was granted. MEXIC.\N WAR. In 1846, when the war with Mexico commenced, Illinois sent her quota of six regiments to the tented field. More men were offered, but only the six regi- ments could be accepted. These six shed imperishable honors, not only upon the state, but upon the American Union. Veterans never fought more nobly and effectively than did the vol- imteers from Illinois. At the battle of Buena Vista, by the coolness and bravery of the second regiment, under Colonel Bissell, the day was saved. The conflict began early on the morning of February 22d, 1847, and was continued until nightfall of the next day. The solid columns of the enemy were hurled against our advancing forces all day long, but were met and held in check by the unerring fire of our musketry and artillery. A portion of General Lane's division was driven back by the enemy, who appeared in such formid- able numbers as to be almost irresistible. At this time the Second Illinois under Colonel Bissell, with a sipiadron of cavalry and a few pieces of artillery, came handsomely into action, and gal- lantly received the concentrated fire of the enemy, which they returned with deliberate aim and terrible effect. Every discharge of the artillery seemed to tear a bloody path through the columns of the enemy. Says a writer: "The rapid musketry of the gallant troops from Illinois py went, Kentuckians and Illinoisans, officers and men, all mixed up in confusion, and all pressing on over the loose pebbles and rolling stones of those shelving, precipitous banks, and having lines and lines of the enemy firing down from each side and rear as they went. Just then the enemy's cavalry, which had gone to the left of the reserve, had come over the spur that divides the mouth of the second gorge from that of the third, and were now (^losing up the only door through which there was the least shadow of a chance for their lives. Many of those ahead endeavored to force their way out, but few succeeded. The lancers were fully six to one, and their long weapons were alreadj' reek- ing with blood. It was at this time that those who were still back in that dreadful gorge heard the roar of "Wash- ington's battery. No music could have been more grateful to their ears. A moment only, and the whole opening, where the lancers were busy, rang with tlie repeated explosions of spherical case shot. They gave way. The gate, as it were, was clear, and out upon the 38 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. road a stream of onr poor fellows is- sued. They ran panting down toward the battery, and directly under the flight of iron then passing over their heads, into the retreating cavalry. Hardin, Clay, McKee, M^illis, Zabriskie, Hough- ton, but why go t)n? It would be a sad task indeed to name over all who fell during this twenty minutes slaughter. The whole gorge, from the plateau to its mouth, was strewn with our dead. All dead! No wounded there — not a man; for tlie infantry had rushed down the sides, and ciinijdeted the work with the bayonet. After a hard tiglit, at night both ar- mies laid down upon their arms, in much the same position as in the morn- ing. However, early the following morning, the glad tidings were heard amidst our army that the enemy had retreated, thus again crowning the American banners with victory. In addition to Colonel Bissell, other names that shine as stars in this war are Shields, Baker, Harris, Hardin, Coffee — alWrom Illinois. Such, indeed, were the intrepid valor and daring courage exhibited by Illinois volun- teers during the Mexican war, that tlieir deeds should live in the memory of their countrymen while time shall last. THE WAR FOR THE UNION. In the war for the Union, no state can show a more glorious record than that of Illinois. Sumter was fired upon April 12, 1861. Two days after- ward. President Lincoln issued his first call for volunteers — 75,0UU in num- ber. On the 1.5th, Governor Yates issued his proclamation, convening the legislature and ordering the enlistment of six regiments, the quota assigned the state. The call was no sooner made than filled. Patriotism filled every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, every vocati(jn in life offered its best men. On assembling, the legislature authorized the raising of ten additional regiments, anticipating another call. At the close of 18(U, Illinois had sent to the field nearly 50,000 men, and had 17,000 in camp awaiting marching or- ders, thus exceeding its full quota by 15,000. In July and August of 1862, the President called for 600,000 men— the quota of Illinois being 52, 296 — and gave until August 18 as the limits in which Ihe number might be raised by volun- teering, after which a draft would be ordered. The state had already fur- nished 17, (MX) in excess of her quota, and it was first thought this nundjer would be deducted from the present requisition, but this could not be done. But thirteeen days were granted to enlist this vast army, wliich had to come from the farmers and me- chanics. The farmers were in the midst of harvest, but, inspired by love of country, over 50,(K)0 of them left their harvest ungathered, their tools and their benches, the plows in their furrows, turning their backs on their homes, and before eleven days had ex- pired, the demands of the government were met, and both quotas filled. The war went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the free states to crush out and destroy the mon- strous war, traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 39 there was a willing and ready response, and it is a boast of the people that, had the sn])ply of monc}- fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered themselves as sacrifiees on their coun- try's altar. On the '21st of December, liS64, the last call for troops was made. It was for 3(X),(K^) men. In consccpience of an imperfect enrollment of the men subject to military duty, it became evi- dent, ere this call was made, that Illinois was furnishing thousands of men more than what her quota would have been, had it been correct. So glaring had this disj)roportion become, that under this call the ipiotii of some districts exceeded the nund)er of able-bodied men in them. No troops ever fought more lu'roically, stulibornly, and with better efi'ect, than did the hoj's from the " Prairie state." At Pea Ridge, Donelson, Pittsburg Land- ing, luka, ('(irinth. Stone River, H4. He served as a delegate in congress from ISll to 1815, wliere he procured the right of pre-emption of public land. He was elected governor in 1818 ; was beaten for congress in 1824, by Daniel P. Cook. He died at Kaskaskia, April 11, 1830. Edward Coles, the second governor, was born December 15, 1786, in Virginia. His father was a slave-holder, gave his son a collegiate education, and left to him a large number of slaves. These he liberated, giving each head of a family 160 acres of landand a considerable sum of money. He was President Madison's private secretary. He came to Illinois in 1819, was elected goverlun- in 1822, on the anti-slavery ticket; moved to Philadelphia in 1833, and died in 1868. Ninian Edwards, the successor of Mr. Coles, was not new to the duties of the ofHce, having been appointed in 1809, when the territory of Illinois was formed, as its territorial governor, which jxisition he held until its organization as a state, when he was sent to the United States senate. He was elected governor in 1826. He was a native of Maryland, and born in 1775; received a collegiate edu- cation ; was chief justice of Kentucky. John Reynolds, the foiirth governor of the state, was born in Pennsylvania in 1788, and came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1800. In 1830 he was elected governor on the democratic ticket, and afterwards served three years in con- gress. He also received a classical edu- cation, yet was not polished. He was an ultra-democrat; attended the Charles- ton convention in 1860, and urged the seizui'e of United States arsenals liy tlie South. He died in 1865, at Belhn'ille, childless. In 1834 Joseph Duncan was elected governor by the whigs, although form- erly a democrat. He had previously' served four terms in congress. He was born in Kentucky, in 1794; had but a limited education; served with distinc- tion in the war of 1812; conducted the campaign of 1832, against Black Hawk. He came to Illinois when quite young. Thomas Carlin succeeded Duncan, having been elected on the democratic ticket in 1838. He had but a meagre education; held many minor offices, and was active, both in tlie war of 11S12 and the Black Hawk war. He was born in Kentucky, in 1789; came to Il- linois in 1812, and died at Carrollton, February 14, 1852. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 41 Thomas Ford, the next governor, was elected as a democrat, in 1842. He was born in Pennsylvania, in the year 18(K); was bvonght by his widowed inotlier to ^lissouri, in 1804, and shortly afterwards to Illinois. He received a good education, and studied law; was elected judge tour times — twice as cir- cuit judge, judge of Chicago, and judge of the supreme court. He wrote his history of Illinois in 18-17, and died in 1850. ' Augustus C. Frencli was born in New Hampshire, in 1808; was admitted to the bar in 1831, and shortly afterwards moved to Illinois. He was elected governor in 184(i. On the adojitinn of the constitution of 1848, he was again chosen, serving until 1853. He was a democrat in ]iiditics. Joel A. iNIatteson, who succeeded French in the gubernatorial office, was born in .Ictrersun county. New York, in ISDN. \l\ti father was a farmer, and gave bis son only a common school ed- ucation. He first entered ui)on active life as a small traih'sman, but sul)se- (Hicnl ly became a laigc coiit ractoi' and manufacturer. He was a heavy con- tractor in building the canal. He was elected governor in 1S52 upon tlu' d.im- ocratic tii'ket. William II. I'.issell was (dccted by the republican party in 185(1. He had pre- viously served two terms in congress; he was a colonel in the Mexican war, and had held many minor offices pre- vious to being chosen governor. He was born in New York state in ISll; received a common school education; came to Illinois early in life and en- gaged in }be medical profession. This he changed for the law, and became a noted orator, and the standard-bearer of the republican party in Illinois. He died in IStiO, while governor. liicbard Yates, the "war governor" of Illinois, was born in Warsaw, Ken- tucky, in 1818; came to Illinois in 1831; served two terms in congress; in 18G0 was elected governor, and in 1865, United States senator. He was a col- lege graduate, and read law under J. J. Hardin. He rapidly rose in his chosen profession and charmed the i)eoijle with his oratory. He filled the gid)er- natorial chair during the trying days of the rebellion, and by his energy and devotion won tlie undying atlection of the loyal people. He died in St. Louis at the expiration of his tei'm as senator. Richard J. Oglesby, who was elected governor in 1864, was born in Kentucky in lS-i4; at the age of eight years he found himself an i>rphan, and four years later he came to Illinois. lie was aijprenticed to learn the carpen- ter's trade, worked some at farming, • and read law occasionally. He enlisted in the Mexican war. and was chosen first lieutenant. .Vttcr his return, be again took up tiie law, but during the gold fever of 1849, went to California; he soon returned, and in 1852, he en- tered upon his illustrious jiolitical career. He raised the second regiment organized in the state to suppress the rel)ellion, and for gallantry was pro- moted to be major-general. His elec- tion as governor in 1.S64 was due, in a great degree, to his patriotic war record. He was again elected to the same posi- tion in 1872, but resigned to go to the United States senate. He was again elected in 1884. He is a staunch re- jjublican in politics. 42 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. John M. Palmer succeeded General Oglesby. He was born in Kentuck}' in 1817, and came to Illinois in l(), and on the death of Ciovernor Bissell, became governor. Francis A. Hoffman was chosen with {Jovernor Yates in ISIM). He was l)orn in Prussia in 1822, and came to Illinois in 1S4(). William Bross was the next, elected in 1864. He was born in New Jersey, and came to Illinois in 1S4S. John Dough- erty was elected in l.S(j,S. John L. Beveriilge was chosen lieuten- ant-governor in 1872, and when (iov- ernor Oglesby was sent to tlie senate in 1ougall, l.s43-4f); David B. Campbell, 184(); [office abol- ished and recreated in 1867]; Robert G. IngersoU, l3, and again in lS-^9. From his first entrance in the .senate, he was acknowledged this p( cr of Clay, Webster and (.Jalhoun, witii whom he served his first term. His famous contest with Ahraliam Lincoln for the senate in IS.IS, is the most niem- oralile in the annals of our comitry. It was called the "hattle of the giants," and resnlted in Douglas' eh'ction to the senate, and that of Lini'oln to the pres- idciu-y. He was horn in Braiulon, Ver- mont, April '2'.>, ISl,"), and came to Illin.iis, in IS;}.'!. HiMlicd inlSdl, |I,. was ap|)ointed secretary of state by (iovernor ('arlin, in l.S4i), and siiortly afterward to the supriMuc licnch. James Shields — Was elected and as- sumed bis scat in the United States senate in 1849, March 4. He was born in Ireland, in 1810, and came to the United States in 1827. He served in the Mexican war, was elected senator from Wisconsin, and in 1879 from Missouri for a short term, Lyman Trumliuli — Took bis scat in the United States senate March 4, 18-55, and became his own successor in 1861. He had previouslv served one term in the lower house of congress, and served on the supreme t)encb. He was born in Connectit'ut; studied law and came to Illinois in early life, where for years he was actively engaged in politics. He resides in Chicago. Orvillc H. Browning was ap|)ointed United States senator in 18(;l to hll the seat made vacnnt by the dt'atli of Ste])hen A. Douglas, until a senator could br regularly elected, Mr, llniwn- ing was liorn in Harrison county, Ken- tucky; was admitted to the bar in 18;!1, and settled in (iuincy, Illinois, where he engaged in the practice of law, and was instrumental, with his friend, Abraham Liuc-obi. in fofiniut;- tiic rcimblican party of Illinois, at the IMoomington conven- tion, lie cnti'rcd .lohnson's cabinet as si'crctary of the interior, and in Marurr, Barton C. Cook, Shelliy M. Cullom, John F. Farnsworth, Jolni Baker, Henry P. H. Bromwell, John A. Logan, Samuel S. Marshall, Oreen B. Rauin, Lewis W. Ross. Forty-first, 1869-70— N. B. Judd, John F. Farnsworth, H. C. Burciiard, John B. Hawley, Klicii C. Ingersoll, Barton C. Cook, Jesse H. Moore, Shelby M. Cullom, Thomas W. McNecley, .\1- hert (i. Burr, Samml S. Marshall, John P.. Hay, John M. ('nl)s, John \. Logan. Forty-second, 1S71-72 — Charles B. Farwell, John Farnswortli, Horatio C. Hurchard, John B. Hawley, IJradford N. Stevens, Henry Snaj>i), Jesse H. Moore, James C. Roliinstm, Thos. W. ]\IcNally, Edward Y. Rice, Samuel S. Marshall, John B. Hay, John .M. Crebs, Jolin S. Beveridge. Forty-third, 187;{-74 — John H. Pice, Jasper D. Ward, Charles B. Farwnr- chard, J. B. Hawley, Franklin Corwin, 48 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. win, Robert M. Knaiip, Jniucs V. Rob- iu8on, Jobn B. McNulta, Ju?eph G. CaiiiKin, Jiihn R. Eden, James S. Mar- tin, \\'illiani R. Morrison, Greenliury L. Fort, Granville Barriere, William H. Ray, Isaac Clements, Samnel S. Jlar- shall. Forty-fourth, l.S7o-76 — Bernard G. Caulfield, Carter II. Harrison, Charles B. Farwell, Stephen A. Hurlburt, Hora- tio C. Burehard, Thomas .J. Henderson, Alexander Camiibell, Greenbury L. Fort, Richard H. Whiting, .Tolni C. Bagby, Scott Wike, William M. Springer, Adlai E. Stevenson, .loseph (i. Cannon, .John R. Eden, W. A. .1. Sparks, Wil- liam R. Morrison, \\'illiani Hartzell, William B. Anderson, Forty-fitth,1877-7