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THE 35 
 
 HISTOEICAL COMPANION, 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES. 
 
 CONTAININO 
 
 THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1492 TO 1857, AND OP 
 EACH OF THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES : TABLES OF THE SET- 
 TLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES, THE WARS, 
 CAUSES OF THE WARS ; BATTLES, PRESIDENTS, AND 
 AMERICAN INVENTIONS; WITH FULL AND 
 COMPLETE NOTES, ETC., ETC. 
 
 BY A. C. WEBB, 
 
 PRINCIPAL OP ZANE STREET G R A M M A R-S C H 001.. 
 
 ..- "V" 
 
 4?-*^ 
 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PUBLISHED BY E. C. & J. BIDDLE, 
 
 NO. 5 08 MINOR STREET. 
 
 1 S 5 t . 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 
 
 A. C. WEBB, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern 
 District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN. PRINTED BY C. SUERMAN & SOX. 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The aim of the following pages, as the title implies, is not to 
 supersede, but to accompany, more detailed works upon history; 
 to present at one view, within the compass of a few pages, easily 
 mastered, and convenient for reference, those main facts and events 
 which constitute the framework of history; facts, too often lost 
 sight of by the untrained mind of the youthful student, while the 
 attention is fixed by glowing descriptions of places, persons, and 
 scenes, clothed wnth so much interest by the gifted pen of some 
 of our historians. Hence, many persons who have given great 
 attention to the study of history, remain with their minds filled 
 with a mass of details, pictures, and fragmentary scenes, vivid and 
 well-defined in themselves, but so disconnected as to become not 
 only useless, but productive of the grossest errors. 
 
 The facts and dates mentioned in this Chronology are written 
 in plain, unadorned language ; brevity, rather than elegance, 
 being the aim of the author. Geographical notes, on all places 
 mentioned, have been added at the foot of each page, and are 
 referred to throughout the work. Notes are also given upon all 
 points that might present any difficulty to the learner; and all 
 w^ords, or terms, that may be unfamiliar to a child, have been care- 
 fully defined. 
 
 A concise Biographical Dictionary of all the names mentioned 
 in this book, and Maps showing the various territories acquired by 
 the United States since the Revolution, with the locality of each of 
 the important battles, &c., are now in course of preparation, and 
 will shortly be issued. No pains have been spared to make this 
 work accurate, and as complete and useful as its limits would allow. 
 
 (vii) 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS 9 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES, from 1492 to tlie present 
 
 time, with Notes 18 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF VIRGINIA 63 
 
 « " NEW YORK 65 
 
 « " MASSACHUSETTS 67 
 
 " « NEW HAMPSHIRE 69 
 
 « « NEW JERSEY 70 
 
 « « DELAWARE 71 
 
 « " CONNECTICUT 72 
 
 « « MARYLAND 73 
 
 « « RHODE ISLAND 74 
 
 « « NORTH CAROLINA 74 
 
 •« *' SOUTH CAROLINA 75 
 
 " " PENNSYLVANIA 76 
 
 " " GEORGIA 77 
 
 TABLE OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS 79 
 
 " " PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 
 
 « « WARS OF THE COLONIES 79 
 
 " « BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION 80 
 
 « « NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812 81 
 
 « « LAND BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812 82 
 
 « « LAND BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR 82 
 
 " « SETTLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES, 83 
 
 « « AMERICAN INVENTIONS 83 
 
 CAUSE OF PEQUODWAR 84 
 
 " KING PHILIP'S WAR 84 
 
 " " KING WILLIAM'S WAR 84 
 
 " « QUEEN ANNE'S WAR 85 
 
 " " KING GEORGE'S WAR 85 
 
 « " FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 86 
 
 " " REVOLUTIONARY WAR 86 
 
 « THREE YEARS' WAR 86 
 
 « « MEXICAN WAR 87 
 
 (viii) 
 
DEFINITIONS OF HISTOKICAL TERMS. 
 
 Alliance. — A union between nations, contracted by compact, treaty, or 
 league. 
 
 Armistice. — A temporary suspension of hostilities, for negotiation, or other 
 purposes, generally made by convention. A truce is usually by agreement 
 between the commanders. 
 
 Army. — A collection or body of men armed for war, and organized into 
 companies, battalions, regiments, and brigades, under proper officers. 
 
 Assault. — A furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place, 
 by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, and the like. 
 
 Blockade. — The shutting up of a place, by posting hostile troops, or ships, 
 at all the avenues, to prevent escape, and hinder supplies of provisions and 
 ammunition from entering. 
 
 Brigade. — Any division of an army commanded by a brigadier. 
 
 Cabinet. — The select or secret council of a prince, or Executive Govern- 
 ment ; so called from the apartment in which it was originally held. 
 
 Campaign. — The time that an army keeps the field, either in action, in 
 marches, or in camp, without going into winter-quarters. 
 
 Capitulation. — Commonly used in military language to signify the act 
 of surrendering to an enemy upon stipulated terms, in opposition to surren- 
 dering at discretion. 
 
 Charter. — A written instrument, executed with usual forms, given as 
 evidence of a grant or contract. The charters, under which most of the colo- 
 nies were settled, were given by the king, and incorporated certain persons, 
 with power to hold lands granted, to establish a government, and make laws 
 for their own regulation. These were called " Charter Governments." 
 
 Colony. — A company or body of people transplanted from one country to 
 another, to cultivate and inhabit it, but remaining subject to the jurisdiction 
 of the government from whence they came. A colony is sometimes called a 
 province; but, more pro^ierly, a province is a conquered country, while a 
 colony is settled by citizens of the parent country. 
 
 (ix) 
 
X DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS. 
 
 CoxsTiTUTiox. — A system of fundamental rules, principles, and ordinances, 
 fur the government of a State or nation ; in free States, it is paramount to the 
 Legislature, which, in the United States, is created, and its powers designated 
 by the Constitution. 
 
 Continental. — A word much used during the Revolution to designate that 
 which pertained to the General Government, in contradistinction to that 
 which belonged to each State. 
 
 Continental Money. — That which was issued by the General Government. 
 
 Continentals. — The troops of the General Government. 
 
 Definitive Treaty.— A treaty exactly defining the powers and rights of 
 each of the parties, and the limits of the territory belonging to one or both. 
 A definitive treaty is necessary where a colony becomes independent of the 
 mother country, as in the case of the American colonies. 
 
 Democratic Government. — Strictly speaking, this is one in which all the 
 freemen meet for the transaction of the business of the Government. Of 
 course, such a Government can exist only while the population is small; when 
 it increases, it necessarily becomes representative, as in Massachusetts in 
 1634. Commonly, it means "the Government of the people." 
 
 Duties, or Customs, are taxes laid on goods, either imported or exported. 
 Taxes on goods imported are properly called "imposts;" on goods exported, 
 " duties ;" on goods manufactured, " excises." These are called " indirect 
 taxes," because laid on the consumption of certain articles. "Direct taxes" 
 are laid upon persons and property. 
 
 Embargo. — A prohibition of ships to leave port. In commerce, the pro- 
 hibition sometimes extends to shijis entering as well as leaving. 
 
 Emigrant. — One who removes from his native country to another, to settle 
 in it. The removal from one house to another, in the same State or kingdom, 
 is not emigration, but removal. 
 
 Envoy. — This term is usually applied to a public minister sent on a special 
 occasion ; and, as such, is inferior to an ambassador or resident minister. 
 Envoys are either ordinary or extraordinary, and the word may sometimes be 
 applied to resident ministers. 
 
 Evacuate. — To quit or Avithdraw from a place. 
 
 Federal. — Pertaining to a league; derived from an agreement or cove- 
 nant between parties. Federal Government — the Government of the United 
 States, formed by an agreement between the several States. Federal City — 
 Washington. 
 
 Federalist. — At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, the country 
 was divided into two parties — called Federalists and Anti-Federalists, or 
 Republicans. The Federalists urged the necessity of concentrating great 
 power in the Federal Government; while the Republicans, or Anti-Federalists, 
 were in favor of reserving as much power as possible in the hands of the 
 people and the individual States. Adams, Hamilton, and Jay, were promi- 
 
DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS. xi 
 
 nent leaders of the Federalists ; Madison and JefiFerson, of the Republicans. 
 The former were charged with favoring a monarchy, being enemies of Repub- 
 licanism; the latter were accused of being infidels and Jacobins, and of enter- 
 taining unnecessary hostility to England, 
 
 Funding System. — A funding system provides that, on the creation of a 
 public loan, funds shall immediately be formed, and secured by law, for the 
 j)ayment of the interest until the State or Government redeems the whole, and 
 also for the gradual redemption of the capital itself. This gradual redeeming 
 of the principal is called the shikiny of the debt, and the fund appropriated 
 for this purpose is called the Sinkiufj Fund. The national debt was extin- 
 guished for the first time in 1835. 
 
 Grant. — A conveyance in Avriting of property that cannot pass by word 
 only — as lands, rents, reversions, &c. The thing conveyed. 
 
 High Seas. — The common highway of nations, not belonging to any par- 
 ticular country. 
 
 Honors of "War. — Distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy — as of 
 marching out from a camp, or entrenchment, with all the insignia of military 
 etiquette. 
 
 Immigrant. — A person removing into another country for permanent resi- 
 dence. Sometimes a distinction is made between emigrant and immigrant; 
 the former signifying one who goes from a country — the latter, one who 
 enters into a country: but this distinction is without authority. 
 
 Insurrection. — The open and active opposition of a number of persons to 
 the execution of law by a local or civil government. It is equivalent to 
 ncdifinn, except that sedition expresses a less extensive rising. It differs from 
 rehelliou, ioxiliQ latter expresses an attempt to overthrow the government, and 
 to establish a different one. It differs from mutiny, as insurrection has to do 
 with the civil government alone; whereas mutiny is an open opposition to 
 law, either in the army or navy. Insurrection is, however, used to compre- 
 hend either sedition or rchelliou. 
 
 Invest. — To surround a besieged place, so as to cut off all communication 
 with the surrounding country for obtaining supplies, &c. It is remarkable 
 that Sevastopol (sev-as-to'-pol) was not invested. 
 
 Letters of Marque are letters of reprisal ; a license granted by a sove- 
 reign of one country, to his subjects, to make reprisals at sea on the subjects 
 of another, under pretence of indemnification for injuries received. 
 
 Letters Patent. — A writing executed and sealed, by which power and 
 authority are granted to some person or persons, to do some act, or enjoy 
 some right. 
 
 Militia (from 7nile8, a soldier). — A body of armed citizens regularly trained, 
 though not in constant service in time of peace, and thereby distinguished 
 from standing armies. In France, the militia are called '^ National Guards." 
 
 IMiNiSTER. — The representative of a sovereign or Government at a foreign 
 court — usually those that are resident there, but not restricted to such. 
 
xii DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS. 
 
 Mutiny. — An insurrection of soldiers, or seamen, against the authority of 
 their commanders. See Insurrectiox. 
 
 Parole. — In military affairs, a promise given by a prisoner of war, when 
 he has leave to depart from custody, that he will return at the time appointed. 
 
 Pirate. — A robber on the high seas, who makes it his business to cruise for 
 plunder. An armed ship, or vessel, which sails without legal commission, for 
 the purpose of plundering other vessels. 
 
 Plenipotentiary. — An ambassador, or envoy, to a foreign court, invested 
 with full power to negotiate a treaty, or to transact other business. 
 
 Privateer. — A ship, or vessel of war, owned and equipped by private 
 individuals, at their own expense, to seize or plunder the ships of an enemy 
 in time of war. A privateer differs from a pirate, inasmuch as the former is 
 liceused by the Government, and the latter is not; besides, a privateer goes 
 out only during a war, and seizes none but the enemy's vessels. 
 
 Regllars. — Regular troops, in contradistinction to the militia. 
 
 Siege. — The placing of an army before or around a fortification, to compel 
 the garrison to surrender. If the place is entirely surrounded, so as to cut 
 off all communication and supplies, it is said to be invested. A siege differs 
 from a blockade, inasmuch as in the former the investing army approaches 
 the fortified place to attack and reduce it by force, while in the latter the 
 army secures all the avenues in order to cut off all supplies, and waits until 
 famine compels the garrison to surrender. To " lay siege," to besiege ; to 
 " raise the siege," to abandon it 
 
 Surrender. — To give up. It is of two kinds — "to capitulate," and " to 
 surrender at discretion." The latter is to surrender without stipulation or 
 terms. 
 
 Tonnage. — A duty or impost on ships, estimated by the ton. The weight 
 of goods carried in a ship. The cubical contents of burthen of a ship in tons. 
 
 Treason. — In general, treason is the crime of attempting to overthrow the 
 Government of the State to which the offender owes allegiance, or of betraying 
 the State into the hands of a foreign power. In the United States, treason 
 is confined to the actual levying of war against the United States, or in 
 adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 Treaty. — An agreement, league, or contract, between two or more nations 
 or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and 
 solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each State. 
 The treatj'-making power is lodged in the Executive. In the United States 
 it is vested in the President, by and with the advice of the Senate. 
 
 Tkuce. — A suspension of hostilities, by agreement of the commanders, for 
 negotiation, or other causes; frequently for the purpose of burying the dead. 
 An armistice is generally by convention of the Governments. 
 
 Whig and Tory. — During the Revolution, the term Whig was applied to 
 the opponents, and Tory to the supporters, of the royal cause. 
 
CHRONOLOGY 
 
 OP THE 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 HENRY VII. — 1485-1509. 
 
 1492. Columbus (sent out by S'pain^) discovers America." 
 
 1497. The Cabots (sent out hij England^) discover the 
 continent of America.' 
 
 1498. Columbus discoTers tLe main-land, near the mouth of the Orinoco.* 
 
 1498. Sebastian Cabot explores the coast from Labrador^ 
 to Florida.' 
 
 * Spain, a large peninsula lying south of France, between the Mediterranean 
 and the Atlantic Ocean. The Moors held possession of it for more than 700 
 years, but, in 1492, the Christian sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, com- 
 pleted its conquest, and drove the Moors from Spain. They aided Columbus 
 in his undertaking, when many other sovereigns had treated his project as 
 visionary and impracticable. The government is an absolute monarchy; the 
 religion, Roman Catholic. 
 
 * America received its name from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who 
 visited South America in 1499. 
 
 ^ England Avas conquered by the Normans in 1066. At the period of the 
 discovery of America, the country, under Henry VII., was rapidly recoverino- 
 from the desolation caused by the " wars of the Roses." The Reformation 
 commenced in the reign of Henry VIII., • under Edward VI. the Church 
 of England was established, and the Liturgy arranged in its present form 
 (1549). Popery was re-established under Mary; and, though Elizabeth 
 restored Protestantism, it was not until the " Glorious Revolution" that reli- 
 gious toleration was guaranteed by law. 
 
 " Orinoco [i.e. ^'coiled serpent") is in Venezuela, and empties into the 
 Atlantic in Lat. 8° 40'. Three of its tributaries are larger than the Danube. 
 
 ' Labrador, a vast peninsula in the eastern part of British America. Cabot 
 discovered it in Lat. 56°, and called it Terra Labrador, or "cultivable land," 
 to distinguish it from Greenland. 
 
 ^ Florida, the southern peninsula of the United States, extends as far south 
 2 (13) 
 
X4 HENRY VIII. [1509-1547. 
 
 1510. First European city on the continent built by Balboa 
 (sent out by SjMin,^) on the Isthmus of Darien.' 
 
 1512. Ponce de Leon (sent out by Spain, ^) discovers 
 Florida.^ 
 
 1513. Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean.^ 
 
 1520. De Allyon (sent out by SjMin,^) visits Carolina.^ 
 
 1521. Mexico '° conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez. 
 
 1522. First voyage around the world performed by a ship 
 of Magellan's squadron (sent out by Spain^). 
 
 1524. Yerrazani (sent out by France,^^) explores the coast 
 from Florida*^ to Labrador % and names the country New 
 France.'^ 
 
 1528. Narvaez (sent out by Spain,^) attempts to conquer 
 Florida.^ 
 
 1532. Peru'^ conquered by the Spaniards under Pizarro. 
 
 as 25°. It was so named from Pasqua Florida, i. e., Palm Sunday, the day 
 on which it was discovered. 
 
 '' Darien (da'-ri-en), called also Panama (pan-a-ma'), is the isthmus which 
 unites North and South America, between 7° and 9^° North Latitude. In 
 the narrowest part it is only thirty miles wide. 
 
 ^ Pacific Ocean extends from America to Asia and Australia. It was 
 called Pacific by Magellan, in consequence of the prosperous weather he 
 enjoyed while traversing it. 
 
 * Carolina, so called in honor of Charles IX, (Carohts). The two provinces 
 were united until 1729. (Inhabitant, Car-o-lin'-i-an.) 
 
 '° Mexico lies west of the Gulf of Mexico, partly in the Torrid, and partly 
 in the North Temperate Zone. It remained a Spanish province until 1824, 
 when, after several attempts to throw off the 3'oke of Spain, it was declared 
 independent. It has since remained nominally a Republic, though the 
 government is very unsettled. 
 
 " France, one of the Five Great Powers of Europe, separated from England 
 by the English Channel and Straits of Dover. The name of France is derived 
 from the Franks (freemen), a confederacy of German nations, who overran 
 Gaul after the extinction of the Western Roman Empire, A. D. 476, and were 
 united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of the sixth century. 
 The Government is at present an Empire; the religion, Roman Catholic. 
 
 '^ New France. — This name was originally given to the whole country 
 explored by Yerrazani, but afterwards was applied exclusively to Canada, by 
 which name it was known as long as it remained in the possession of France. 
 
 '■■' Peru, a country of South America, in the Torrid Zone, remained subject 
 to Spain until 1R21, when it was declared independent. It is now a Federal 
 Rppublic. 
 
1658-1603.] ELIZABETH. 15 
 
 1534. Gulf and River St. Lawrence'^ discovered by Cartier 
 ■(sent out by France^^). 
 
 1535. Cartier sails as far as Montreal,'^ and takes posses- 
 sion of the country in the name of France." 
 
 1539. De Soto (sent out by Sj)ain,^) undertakes the con- 
 quest of Florida.'^ 
 
 1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi"^ Kivcr. 
 
 1542. Death of De Soto. 
 
 1562. Ribault {sent out by Goligny,) builds Fort Carolina, 
 at Port Royal, '^ S. C, which was the first attempt to plant a 
 colony in the United States. 
 
 1564. French Protestants, under Laudonnier, (sent out by 
 Goligny,) settle in Florida.^ 
 
 1565. First permanent settlement in the United States at 
 St. Augustine, ^^ Florida,^ by the Spaniards. 
 
 1583. Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland,'^ in the 
 name of Queen Elizabeth, 
 
 '* St. Lawrence issues from Lake Ontario, and empties into the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. Considering the river in connection with the lakes, it takes various 
 names : between Lake Superior and Huron, it is called the St. Mary; between 
 Lakes Huron and Erie, the St. Clair and Detroit; between Lakes Erie and 
 Ontario, the Niagara; and between Ontario and the sea, the St. Lawrence. 
 Its length, including the chain of lakes, is 2200 miles. 
 
 '^ Montreal, the principal town of Canada, is on an island in the St Law- 
 rence, just below the Ottawa River. It is 142 miles southwest from Quebec. 
 "Population, 58,000, 
 
 "* Mississippi {Jlfissi Sipi, i. e., the "Great Water") River is, with the Mis- 
 souri, the longest river in the world. Flowing from north to south, through 
 18° of latitude, it has a descent of six inches to the mile — the current con- 
 tinually increases in velocity, until it reaches sixty or seventy miles per day. 
 \''essels are usually eight to ten daj'S in ascending from the Gulf to New 
 Orleans, and nine or ten weeks in reaching the mouth of the Illinois River. 
 By steam, the passage to Cincinnati and back is accomplished in less than 
 twenty days. The first steamboat on the Western waters was built at Pitts- 
 burg in 1811. 
 
 " Port Roj-al is an island on the coast of South Carolina, fifty miles south- 
 west from Charleston. 
 
 "^ St. Augustine is on the east coast of Florida, thirty-five miles south of the 
 St. John's River. On the cast is Matanzas Sound, separating it from Anaa- 
 tasia Island. Population, 2000. 
 
 '* Newfoundland (uu'-fuud-laud'), an island of British America, southeast 
 
X6 ELIZABETH. [1558-1603. 
 
 1584. Raleigh's first expedition lauds at Roanoke/" and 
 names the country Yirginia.^' 
 
 1585. Raleigli's second expedition, under Sir Richard 
 Grenville, settles at Roanoke. ^° 
 
 158t. Raleigh's third expedition, under Captain White, 
 fails for want of supplies. 
 
 1592. " Law of Conformity"^^ passed by Elizabeth, and 
 
 of Labrador, and east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly one thousand miles 
 in circumference. It derives all its importance from its fisheries. 
 
 ^ Roanoke, an island which separates Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. 
 
 " Virginia, one of the thirteen original States, so called in honor of Eliza- 
 beth, the Virgin Queen, originally comprised the country lying between 34° 
 and 45° of North Latitude, embracing all the territory between Cape Fear 
 and Halifax. In 1606, it was divided into North and South Virginia. The 
 State of Virginia is the most northern of the Southern States. Its motto is 
 Sic semper tyrannls, " Thus we serve tyrants." It is a slave State, and is 
 known as the "Ancient" or "Old Dominion." 
 
 "^ " Law of Conformity." — On the accession of Elizabeth, two parties existed 
 in England : those who adhered to the Chureli as established in the reign of 
 Edward VI., and those who wished to make it still more pure — hence called 
 Puritans. In 1505, those clergymen who would not conform to the use of the 
 clerical vestments, Ac, were deprived of their livings. But this only tended 
 to make them adhere still more strictly to their principles ; and, under the 
 guidance of a zealous leader, Pvobert Brown, they advocated a total separation 
 from the Established Church, and an independent organization. From this 
 circumstance, they received the names of Brownists, Separatists, or Inde- 
 pendents. In 1592 a law was passed, declaring that any person over sixteen 
 years of age who refused to attend the public worship of the Established 
 Church should be imprisoned; if he persisted in his refusal, he should be 
 banished ; and if he returned from banishment, death was the penalty. 
 
 23 "Puritan" was a term applied somewhat indefinitely to all persons 
 opposed to the Established Church. It included three parties, viz: political 
 puritans, who contended for the greatest amount of civil liberty; puritans in 
 discipline, who were opposed to the ceremonies and government of the Epis- 
 copal Church; and doctrinal puritans, who were opposed to the doctrines of 
 the Established Church, and favored those of the Reformers. 
 
 ^ Holland (or. The Netherlands,) is a low, flat country in the north-western 
 part of Europe, on the North Sea. The Puritans first went to Amsterdam, 
 and then to Leyden. 
 
1603-1625.] JAMES I. 17 
 
 1594. New Mexico ^^ settled at Santa Fe'^ by the Spaniards. 
 
 1598. Henry IV., of Fiance, issues the " Edict of Nantes," *'' toleriitiug Protest- 
 ants. 
 
 1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod.'''' 
 
 1603. De Monts receives from Henry lY., king of France,^' 
 a grant of Acadia ^^ ( extending from Delazvare Bay'^ to the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence^*). 
 
 ^^ New Mexico, a territory of the United States, acquired from Mexico by 
 the treaty of 1848. Its area was increased by treaty in 1854, when the 
 United States acquired the Mesilla Valley, a tract of bottom land eight or 
 ten miles long, in the southern part of New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande. 
 Population, 61,547; area., 207,007 square miles. 
 
 *" Santa Fe (san'-ta fa'), the capital of New Mexico, is on the Rio Chicito, 
 or Santa Fe River, twenty miles from the Rio Grande. One or two newspapers 
 are issued here. Population, 4846. 
 
 ^'' Nantes (nants), a city of France, on the Loire, noted for the famous 
 ** Edict" in favor of the Protestants, promulgated by Henry IV., 1598, and 
 revoked by Louis XIV., 1685. Population, 110,000. 
 
 '^ Cape Cod, a peninsula on the southern side of Massachusetts Bay, so 
 called from the number of cod-fish found there. 
 
 '^Acadia (a-ca'-de-a), a name originally applied to all the French posses- 
 sions in North America, but afterwards limited to Nova Scotia (no'-va 
 sko'-she-a,) and New Brunswick, From 1614, when Argall conquered it, 
 until 1710, it was repeatedly captured by the English, and as often ceded back 
 to the French. In 1710, Nova Scotia was permanently annexed to the 
 British crown, and Port Royal was named Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne 
 (1702-1713). In King George's war. Cape Breton (kapc brit'-on), which was 
 considered a part of Acadia, was taken by the English in 1745, but was 
 restored by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aix-la-sha-pcl'). After this treaty, 
 the British Government determined to introduce English colonists, and 
 Halifax was settled by the lion. Ed. Cornwallis. England, at this time, 
 claimed all that largo territory, including not only Nova Scotia, but New 
 Brunswick; while France contended that the peninsula only was referred to 
 in the treaty. In 1755, the English completed the conquest of Acadia. The 
 French inhabitant.^, deeply attached to the mother country, steadily refused 
 to take the oath of allegiance to Great Britain, and a few individuals remained 
 in open rebellion. The Government, with the advice of Admirals Boscawen 
 and Mostyn, then formed the horrible plan of tearing the inhabitiints from their 
 homes, and dispersing them among the British Colonies. They were driven 
 on board the ships at the point of the bayonet, and carried to various towns on 
 the coast. In order to prevent their return, the houses were burned and the 
 lands laid waste. In 1763, the French possessions were ceded to England. 
 
 ^° Delaware Bay lies between New Jersey and Delaware. The southern 
 2* 
 
18 JAMES I. [1003-1625. 
 
 1605. First permanent French settlement in America^ at 
 Port RoyaP' (Nova Scotia,^^ near the Bay of Fundi f^). 
 
 1606. James I. grants South Virginia-' to the London 
 Company, and North Virginia-' to the Plymouth Company. 
 
 1007. First permanent English settlement in America^ at 
 Jamestown.^'* 
 
 1608. Champlain {sent out hy France, ^^) founds Quebec.'^ 
 
 1609. Hudson River ^^ discovered by Henry Hudson {sent 
 out by the Dutch). 
 
 1614. NevvYork"'' settled at Manhattan'' by the Dutch. 
 Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penobscot^'' to 
 Cape Cod.^^ 
 
 point of New Jersey is Cape Maj', on which is the celebrated watering-place, 
 Cape Island City. On the Delaware side is Cape Ilenlopen. The baj' is 
 twenty miles wide at its mouth. 
 
 ^' Port Royal, named Annapolis in 1710, once the capital of French Acadia, 
 is in the western part of Nova Scotia, near the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 ^ Nova Scotia,— (.S'ee Acadia,'^). 
 
 " Bay of Fundy lies between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It is 
 remarkable for the height of its tides, which often reach sixty feet. 
 
 ^* Jamestown, the oldest English settlement in the United States, is on the 
 cast side of the James River, due west of Yorktown, and southeast of the 
 Chickahominy River. The place is in ruins, and is not found on modern maps. 
 
 ^'Quebec (called the "Gibraltar of America,") is a strongly fortified city 
 of Canada East, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Charles. In 
 1759, the French, under Montcalm, were encamped below the city, between 
 the Montmorenci and the St. Charles, while the English lay on the other side 
 of the Montmorenci. Point Levi, immediately opposite the city, and Orleans, 
 a few miles down the river, were also occupied by the English. Quebec is 
 from an Indian word, Kehcc, "narrow." Population, 43,000. 
 
 * The Hudson River, named after Henry Hudson, flows nearly due south, 
 in the eastern part of New York, and empties into New Yoi'k Bay. 
 
 ^'' New York, one of the thirteen original States, was so called in honor of 
 the Duke of York and Albany, to whom it was granted in 1064. New York 
 is the first State in commerce, and only exceeded by Penns3dvania and Massa- 
 chusetts in manufactures. It is a free State. 
 
 '5 Manhattan, or New York Island, is formed by the Hudson, East, and 
 Harlem Rivers. It is fourteen miles long. The name is Indian, signifying 
 " the place where we all got drunk together." 
 
 ^ Penobscot (pe-nob'-skot), is the largest river in Maine. At its mouth it 
 is fifty miles east of the Kennebec. 
 
1603-1625.] JAMES I. 19 
 
 1619. First Representative Assembly in America^ called 
 by Governor Ycardley at Jamestown/^^ Yirginia.^' 
 
 1620. Massachusetts''^ settled at riymoiilh" by English 
 Puritans. ^^ 
 
 1621. Massasoit (Chief of the WamjDanoags,) makes a 
 treaty with the settlers at Plymouth.'" 
 
 1622. Settlers at Jamestown^' massacred by the Indians. 
 
 1624. New Hampshire'^ settled at Dover"' by the English. 
 New Jersey'^"* settled at Bergen"^ by the Dutch and Danes. 
 
 1625. Maine"' settled at Bristol""^ by the English. 
 
 *° Massachusetts, often called the "Bay State," is one of the thirteen original 
 States. Its motto is, '• By the sword she seeks peace under liberty." Massa- 
 chusetts is a free State. 
 
 *' Plymouth (so called from Plymouth, in England,) is thirty-eight miles 
 southeast from Boston. A part of the rock on which the Pilgrims landed 
 was placed in the centre of the town in 177-1. Population, 5000. 
 
 *"' New Hampshire, one of the thirteen original States, is so called from 
 Hampshire, in England, from which many of the settlers came. New Hamp- 
 shire was united with Massachusetts in 1641, and separated in 1680; united 
 again in 1690, separated in 1092,- again united in 1699, and finally separated 
 in 1741. From 1699 until 1741^ the two Colonies had separate Legislatures, 
 but the same Governor. New Hampshire is a free State. 
 
 " Dover, a town in New Hampshire, on the Cocheco Bivcr, four miles 
 above its junction with the Piscataqua. It was formerly called Cocheco. 
 
 ^^ New Jersey, one of the thirteen original States, was so called in honor of 
 Sir George Carteret, who had defended the Island of Jersey during the civil 
 war. In 1677 it was divided into East and "West Jersey, and from this fact 
 comes the expression "the Jerseys." In the narrowest part it is only thirty 
 miles wide. New Jersey is a free State. 
 
 *^ Bergen, a town in New Jersey, on the top of Bergen Bidgc, three miles 
 west of New York City. Population, about 3000. 
 
 "^ Maine is the most eastern of the United States; and Eastport, 67° West 
 Long., the most eastern town. In 1652, Maine united with Massachusetts, 
 though it was not until 1677 that the dispute between Massachu&etts and the 
 heirs of Gorges was decided in England in favor of Massachusetts. Maine 
 became a State in 1820. Its motto is I)in'(/o, "I direct." Maine is a free 
 State. 
 
 *■" Bristol is a town on the coast of Maine, between the Penobscot and Ken- 
 nebec Pavers. Population, DOOO. 
 
20 CHARLES I. [1G25-1640. 
 
 1627. Delaware'^ settled at Cape Henlopen'^ by the Swedes 
 and Finns. 
 
 1633. Connecticut^^ settled at Windsor^' by emigrants from 
 Massachusetts.'*'' 
 
 1634. Maryland 5' settled at St. Mary's" by Roman Cath- 
 olics, under Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1635. Sir Henry Yane emigrates to America. The king forbids Crom-wcll and 
 Hampden to leave Enu;Iand. 
 
 1636. Rhode Island'' settled at Providence" by the Bap- 
 tists, under Roger Williams. 
 
 *' Delaware, one of the thirteen original States, is the smallest of the United 
 States, except Rhode Island. Area, only 2120 square miles. Delaware is a 
 slave State, but contains only 2000 slaves. 
 
 *^ Cai)e Henlopen is in Delaware, on the south side of Delaware Bay, oppo- 
 site to Cape May. The Delaware Breakwater is a few miles north of the Cape. 
 
 '° Connecticut (kon-net'-e-kut), one of the thirteen original States, is tho 
 most southern part of New England. The name is probably Indian. Its 
 motto is, "He who transplanted still sustains." Connecticut is a free State. 
 
 '' Windsor is on the west side of the Connecticut River, seven miles north 
 of Hartford. 
 
 " Maryland, one of the thirteen original States, and the most southern of 
 the Middle States, derives its name from Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. 
 It is third in the Union in the amount of tobacco raised. Maryland is a slave 
 State. 
 
 " St. Mary's, a town on the St. Mary's River, ten miles from its junction 
 with the Potomac. 
 
 '^ Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original States, is the smallest State in 
 the Union, having an area of only 1225 square miles, exclusive of Narragan- 
 sett Bay. The greatest liberty in religious opinions prevailed in Rhode Island 
 from its settlement. Unlike the other Colonies, Rliode Island did not adopt 
 a Constitution at the Revolution, but continued to be govei-ned by the Charter 
 obtained in 1663, until 1842, when an attempt was made to form a Constitu- 
 tion. A difficulty occurred as to the 7node of adopting the Constitution. The 
 "Suifrage Party" (having, in the opinion of their opponents, acted illegally 
 in the formation of the Constitution,) elected a Legislature, and chose Thomas 
 W. Dorr as Governor. At tho same time, the "Law and Order Party" elected 
 Samuel W. King, Governor, and in 1843 both parties met and organized their 
 respective governments. A civil war ensued, which was ended by the arrest 
 and imprisonment of Dorr for treason, and the establishment of the Constitu- 
 tion legally adopted. Dorr was pardoned in 1845. Rhode Island is a free 
 State. Its motto is " Hope." 
 
 " Providence, a town at the bead of Narragansett Bay, on both sides of tho 
 Providence Ptiver. 
 
16l9-16R0;j THE COMMONWEALTH. 21 
 
 1637. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
 ended by the destruction of the tribe. 
 
 1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge. ^^ 
 
 1639. First printing-press established in America.^ — 
 (First hook pr^inted, the "Freeman^s OathJ'' ) 
 
 1641. New Hampshire"^ unites with Massachusetts."*^ 
 
 1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
 Island,^^) for mutual protection and defence. 
 
 1644. Second massacre of the Virginia^' settlers by the 
 Indians. 
 
 1646. Defeat of the Indians at Strickland Plains" by New 
 York^^ settlers. 
 
 1640. Charles I. beheaded by the Parliament, and mon- 
 archy abolished. 
 
 1651. " Navigation Acts "'^ passed by Cromwell. 
 1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 
 
 1658. Death of Cromwell. 
 
 '^ Cambridge (originally called Newtown), is one of the suburbs of Boston, 
 with which it is connected by a bridge. As the traveller passes through it, 
 on his way to Mt. Auburn, many objects remind him that he is on classical 
 ground. There stands the house Avhich Washington made his head-quarters 
 in 1775, now occupied by Longfellow, the poet 
 
 '■' Strickland Plains was on an isthmus in the south-western part of Con- 
 necticut, then claimed by the Manhattan Colony. Being used for pasturing 
 horses, it was called Ilorseneck. The toAvn on this site is called Greenwich 
 (grcen'-witch). It should be observed that there is a difference in the pro- 
 nunciation of many names in England and America. The tendency in Eng- 
 land is to shorten all proper names. Greenwich and Norwich are there always 
 pronounced Grin'-idge and Nor'-idge. Care should be taken, therefore, to 
 make the proper distinction in these words. 
 
 *^ The "Navigation Acts" provided that no merchandize should be imported 
 into any of the British Colonies, except in vessels built in England or her 
 plantations, and navigated by Englishmen ; and that none but native or natu- 
 ralized subjects should exercise the occupation of merchant or factor in any 
 English settlement. The principal articles of American production (such as 
 cotton, wool, tobacco, and sugar,) were not allowed to be exported to any 
 country but England. In 16G3, Charles II. made these restrictions still more 
 oppressive, by prohibiting the importation of European commodities into the 
 Colonies, except in English ships, laden in England. This last provision 
 obliged the colonists to purchase all foreign articles in England, even though 
 they could be purchased more advantageously in other countries. 
 
22 CHARLES II. [1660-1685. 
 
 1660. Restoration of monarchy. 
 
 (Charles II. ascends the throne.) 
 
 Arrival of the Regicides^' {Goffe and Whalley). 
 
 1663. North Carolina'^ settled by the English at Albe- 
 marle. ^° 
 
 Second "Navigation Aets"^^ passed by Charles II. 
 
 1664. New Netherlands surrenders to the English, and the 
 name of Manhattan^^ is changed to New York." 
 
 (Charles II. grants the province to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany.) 
 
 1669. Wisconsin^^ settled at Green Bay" by the French. 
 
 ^^ North Carolina, one of the thirteen original States, was settled as early 
 as 1653, by emigrants from Virginia, but its permanent settlement dates from 
 that made under the auspices of Lord Albemarle, in 1663. Its soil is aurife- 
 rous, and a branch mint has been established at Charlotte. To a member of 
 Congress from Buncombe, in this State, we are indebted for the expression 
 frequently occurring in newspaper accounts of Congressional proceedings, viz: 
 '' Talking for Buncombe." North Carolina is a slave State. (Inhabitant, 
 North Car-o-lin'-e-an.) 
 
 ^° Albemarle Sound, so called in honor of the Duke of Albemarle. The first 
 settlements were on the ChoAvan, near the present village of Edcnton. 
 
 ^' On the restoration of monarchy, by the accession of Charles II., an "Act 
 of Indemnity" was passed, towards all persons who had taken part against 
 the crown, except those concerned in the death of the king. Against these, 
 criminal proceedings Avere instituted. Sixty of the regicides were brought to 
 trial — ten were executed — the rest were reprieved, and imprisoned or banished. 
 Two of the latter, GoflFe and "Whalley, succeeded in escaping to Boston, where 
 they were kindly received by Gov. Endicott and the inhabitants. At various 
 times, inefi"ectual attempts were made by the king to arrest thenu It is said 
 that Goffe Avas concealed for many years in the house of the minister of Hadley. 
 During King Philip's War, the. Indians attacked that place, while the inhab- 
 itants Avere engaged in divine service. In the midst of the consternation and 
 confusion that ensued, an unknoAvn man of A-enerable aspect suddenly aj^pearcd, 
 placed himself at the head of the terrified inhabitants, and led them on to 
 victory. It was GofFe. He died in 1679. 
 
 " New York, the largest city in the United States, and the thu-d in point 
 of wealth and population in the civilized world, comprises the island of Man- 
 hattan at the junction of the East and Hudson Rivers. Lat. 40° 42' 43" N., 
 Lon. 74° 0' 3" W. Population, 624,179. 
 
 " Wisconsin, originally a part of the " Northwest Territorj-," was erected 
 into a separate territorial government in 1836, and became a State in 1848. 
 "Wisconsin is a free State. Its motto is, "Civilization has succeeded barba- 
 rism." 
 
 " Green Bay, a thriving toAvn in Wisconsin, at the head of Green Bay, and 
 
1660-1685.] CHARLES II. 23 
 
 16*70. South Carolina'^ settled at Port Koyal'^ by the 
 English. 
 
 Michigan ^^ settled at Detroit^' by the French. 
 
 1672. Liberty of "free trade" taken away from the Colo- 
 nies by Charles II. 
 
 1673. Mississippi'^ River navigated by Marquette. 
 
 1675. Commencement of "King Philip's War." 
 
 1676. " King Philip's War " ended by his death. 
 1680. New Hampshire'*^ separates from Massachusetts."" 
 1680. New Hampshire"^ becomes a royal province. 
 
 at the mouth of the Fox River, 114 miles north from Milwaukee. When tho 
 present improvements of the river are completed, Green Bay will have unin- 
 terrupted steam navigation with the Mississippi. Population, 2500. 
 
 ^' South Carolina, one of the thirteen original States, was settled principally 
 by the English, but after the revocation of the "Edict of Nantes,'' in 1685, 
 .many Huguenots (French Protestants,) sought refuge on its hospitable shores. 
 Its first Constitution was prepared by the celebrated John Locke, at the 
 request of Lord Shaftsbury. It was ludicrously unsuited to the condition of 
 the settlers, establishing a hereditary order of nobility, with all the appendages 
 of royalty, among a people dwelling in rude log huts, thinly scattered over a 
 large extent of wilderness. The Constitution was abrogated in 1693. South 
 Carolina is a slave State. Its motto is, Dum spiro, spero, "While I live 
 I hope." She is called the "Palmetto State." (Inhabitant, South Car-o- 
 lin'-i-an.) 
 
 *^ Michigan (mish'-i-gan), meaning "great water," one of the Western 
 States, was formed out of the Northwest Territory. The staple products are 
 wheat, Indian corn, oats, and Irish potatoes (for which the soil is especially 
 favorable). It has probably the richest copper-mines in the world. Lakes 
 Huron and Superior are connected by St. Mary's Straits, in which navigation 
 is impeded by the Rapids of Sault St. Mary (usually pronounced Soo-sent- 
 md-ree, Fr. pron. So-aang-ma-ree). Congress gave the State of Michigan 
 750,000 acres of land to construct a ship-canal around these rapids. The 
 "work, in size and style, is superior to anything of the kind on the continent. 
 The locks are supposed to be the largest in the world, the gates being each 
 forty feet wide. The main body of the canal is excavated through solid 
 rock. The British did not surrender Detz-oit until 1796. Michigan is a free 
 Btate. 
 
 " Detroit, so called from the strait on which it is situated, (in French, De- 
 troit,) is on the west bank of the river, eighteen miles from Lake Erie. It is 
 a port of entry; the annual exports amounting to $4,000,000, and its imports 
 to $15,000,000. Population, 35,000. 
 
24 JAMES II. [1685-1689, 
 
 1682. Pennsylvania'^ settled at Philadelphia «» by William 
 Penn. 
 
 1685. Arkansas '"settled at Arkansas Post'' by the French. 
 
 Louis XIV. revokes the '• Edict of ^'antes,"-'' and many Protestants, called 
 Huguenots, emijtrate to America. ^ 
 
 1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 
 Charter of Connecticut^ hidden in an oak. 
 
 1688. New York" and New Jersey ^^ included in the juris- 
 diction of Andross. 
 
 " Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 
 
 16S9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France." AViniam 
 and Mary ascend the throne. 
 
 1689. "King William's War " (hehveen EnglamP and 
 France, ^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 
 
 1690. Texas'' settled at De Bexar"' by the Spaniards. 
 
 *^ Pennsylvania, one of the thirteen original States, is the first State in tho 
 Union for wheat, rye, coal, and iron, and the second in population. It was 
 named in honor of William Penn, (Penn's sylvia, or woods,) and is the only 
 instance of an American colony settled without bloodsheciw Pennsylvania is 
 a free State. Its motto is, "Virtue, liberty, and independence." It is called 
 the "Keystone State." (Inhabitant, Penn-syl-va'-ni-an.) 
 
 *® Philadelphia, the second city of the United States in population, is situ- 
 ated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, six miles above their con- 
 fluence. Camden is on the opposite side of the Delaware, in New Jersey, 
 and West Philadelphia, one of its suburbs, on the west bank of the Schuylkill. 
 Population, in 1850, 408,000. Latitude, 40° K; Long., 75° W. 
 
 ■"• Arkansas (ar-kan'-sas), one of the Western States, was formerly a part of 
 Louisiana Territory, purchased from France in 1803. It is rich in mineral 
 resources, coal, iron, lead, manganese, gypsum, and salt. Grain and stock 
 are the staple products. Arkansas became a territory in 1819, and a State in 
 1836. It is a slave State. 
 
 ■" Arkansas Post is on the left bank of the Arkansas River, fifty miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 " Texas (tex'-as,) was formerly a Mexican province. An extensive emi- 
 gration from the United States commenced in 1821, and in 1832 had swelled 
 to such an amount as to induce the inhabitants to petition the Government 
 for admission into the Mexican Confederacy as an independent State. 
 Stephen F. Austin was appointed to present the petition, which was refused, 
 and Austin imprisoned for more than a year. On his release, the Texans 
 resolved to resort to arms, and headed by Austin, Fannin,'Travis, and Colonel 
 
1688-1702.] WILLIAM AND MARY. 25 
 
 Indiana^* settled at Yincennes'^ by the French. 
 
 Phipp's unsuccessful expedition against Canada." 
 
 Dover '^ burned by the Indians. 
 
 1692. Salem ^' witchcraft. 
 
 1697. King William's War ended by Treaty of Ryswick.^^ 
 
 1699. Louisiana ^^ settled at Iberville^ by the French. 
 
 Bowie, preparatioDS were made for war. A Convention in 1835 chose Henry 
 Smith for Governor, and Samuel Houston, Commander-in-chief of the Army. 
 The Texans took San Antonio de Bexar in 1835 ; but, in 1836, the spirit of 
 the people was roused to the utmost pitch of indignation by the barbarities 
 that were practised by the Mexicans at Bexar, the Alamo, and Goliad. Among 
 the slain at the Alamo were Travis, Bowie, and David Crockett. A decisive 
 battle took place at San Jacinto, when the Mexican force was totally destroyed, 
 and Santa Anna captured. The independence of Texas was acknowledged 
 by the United States and European nations ; and, in 1845, Texas became a 
 State in the American Union. Texas is the Indian word for "friends." 
 (Adjective and inhabitant, Texan.) Area, 237,504 square miles. Texas is a 
 slave State. 
 
 " San Antonio de Bexar, a thriving town in Texas, on the San Antonio 
 River, 110 miles southwest from Austin. It has a large trade, and contains a 
 United States Arsenal. Population, 7000. 
 
 " " Indiana, one of the Western States, formed out of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, lies between Lake Michigan on the north, the AVabash River on the 
 west, and the Ohio on the south. Indiana ranks the fourth State in the 
 amount of Indian corn raised, and the seventh in population. Wyandotte 
 Cave, in Crawford County, is said to rival the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 
 It has been explored for many miles ; its chambers and galleries abound in 
 stalactites and other formations. Indiana is a free State. 
 
 ■■* Vincennes, a town in Indiana, on the Wabash River. 
 
 ■"* Dover, a town in New Hampshire, on the Cocheco River, twelve miles 
 northwest from Portsmouth. 
 
 " Salem, a town on Massachusetts Bay, thirteen miles northeast from Boston. 
 Indian name, Na-um-keag. Population, 20,934. 
 
 " Ryswick (riz'-wik), a town in the western part of Holland, two miles 
 southeast from Hague (haig), and thirty-five miles southwest from Amsterdam. 
 Population, 2,300. 
 
 " Louisiana (loo'-iz-e-an'-na), the first State formed from the Louisiana 
 Territory, was settled principally by France and Spain. Cotton and sugar 
 arc the staple products, but tropical fruits are produced in the southern part. 
 Louisiana is a slave State. Its motto is "Union and confidence." Inhabit- 
 ant, Louisianian (loo'-iz-e-an'-e-an). 
 
 «° Iberville (I-ber-vil), a village in Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, 
 ninety miles above New Orleans. 
 
 3 
 
26 QUEEN ANNE. [1702-1714. 
 
 It 00. Yale College founded at Saybrook.^^ (Removed in 
 1117 to New Haven.'') 
 
 1702. Queen Anne's War cominences (heticeen England^ 
 and Franc e,^^) in America.^ 
 
 1704. First newspaper published in America^ in Boston.^' 
 (''Boston Weekly News-Lettei'.''^) 
 
 Deerfield^ burned by the Indians and French. 
 
 1711. Alabama ^^ settled at Mobile ^^ by the French. 
 
 Admiral "Walker's unsuccessful expedition against Canada." 
 
 1713. Queen Anne's War ended by Treaty of Utrecht.^^ 
 
 1716. Mississippi^^ settled at Natchez^ by the French. 
 
 ^' Saybrook, a town at the mouth of the Connecticut River, on the western 
 side. It was so called in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brooke, to 
 whom it was transferred by Lord Warwick. 
 
 ** New Haven is a port of entry in Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, 
 thirty-four miles southwest from Hartford. It is called the '' City of Elms." 
 Its Indian name is Quinipiac. Population, 23,000. 
 
 *^ Boston, the second commercial city in the United States, is at the western 
 extremity of Massachusetts Bay, in 42° 21' N. Lat., and 71° 4' W. Longitude. 
 Inhabitant, Bostonian (bos-to'-ne-an). Population in 1850, 136,000. 
 
 ** Deerfield, a small town in Massachusetts, west of the Connecticut River, 
 and north of Springfield. Population, 2500. 
 
 ^' Alabama, one of the Southern States, was visited by De Soto in 1540. 
 In 1702, Brienville built afort on Mobile Bay; the present site of Mobile was 
 not occupied until 1711. Alabama formed a part of Georgia until 1802, was 
 then a part of Mississippi until 1817, when it was erected into a Territory, 
 and in 1819 became a State. Alabama raises more cotton than any other 
 State in the Union. It is a slave State. 
 
 *^ Mobile, a town on the west bank of the Mobile River, thirty miles from 
 the Gulf of Mexico. Population, 20,000. 
 
 *■" Canada, the most important part of British America, extends from 64° to 
 nearly 91° W. Long. Its most southern extremity is Pelee Island, in Lake 
 Erie, 41° 45' N. Lat. Canada comprises all the territory north of the Lakes, 
 as far west as the heads of the streams falling into Lake Superior. Upper 
 and Lower Canada were united in 1841. Upper Canada, now called Canada 
 West, on the western side of the Ottawa River, has a much milder climate and 
 more productive soil than Canada East. 
 
 ** Utrecht (u'-trekt), is a noted city in Holland, on the Rhine, twenty miles 
 Boutheast from Amsterdam. Population, 50,000. 
 
 »' Mississippi was formerly a part of West Florida. It was erected into a 
 territorial government in 1798, and in 1817 was admitted into the Union. 
 Mississippi is a slave State. Inhabitant, Mississippian (mis-sis-sip'-e-an). 
 
1727-1760.] GEO RUE II. 21 
 
 1720. Illinois'' settled at Kaskaskia*^ by the French. 
 1725. Yermont^^ settled at Fort Dumraeu^^ by emigrants 
 from Massachusetts."^ 
 
 1732. George Washington born in Westmoreland"^ County, 
 Virginia.^' 
 
 Laws "^ passed restricting mamifactures. 
 
 1733. Georgia ^^ settled at Savannah ^^ by the English. 
 
 Soon after the settlement of Georgia,®^ the celebrated preachers, John 
 
 Wesley and George Whitfield, visited America.* 
 " Sugar Act" "■'' passed. 
 
 1744. King George's War (between England^ and 
 France^\) commences in America.^ 
 
 '° Natchez, the largest commercial city of Mississippi, is on the Mississippi 
 Eiver, 279 miles above New Orleans. Population, GOOO. 
 
 " Illinois (il-in-oi'), one of the Western States, was formed out of the North- 
 west Territory. It has Lake Michigan and the Wabash River on its eastern 
 boundary, the Ohio on its southern, and the Mississippi on its western. 
 Illinois is rich in minerals : lead, bituminous and anthracite coal, copper, iron, 
 and marble. The State ranks third in the production of Indian corn. Illinois 
 is a free State. 
 
 ®^ Kaskaskia, a town in Illinois, on the Kaskaskia River, two miles from 
 the Mississippi River. 
 
 '' Vermont (verde monts), so called from the Green Mountains, is one of the 
 New England States. It was settled at Fort Dummer, near Brattleboro, in 
 1724. The territory of this State was claimed both by New York and New 
 Hampshire. In 1777, the people declared themselves independent, but tlio 
 oppositiort of New York was only Avithdrawn by the payment of $30,000. 
 Vern^ont is a free State. 
 
 " Fort Dummer, now Brattleboro, is on the right bank of the Connecticut 
 River, 100 miles from Montpelier. 
 
 ®* "Westmoreland County is on the Potomac River. 
 
 ^ Georgia, the last settled of the original thirteen States, was named in 
 honor of the reigning monarch, George II., who granted the territory as an 
 asylum for the poor of England and the persecuted Protestants of all nations. 
 The Spaniards claimed the country as far north as 33°. Georgia is one of 
 the most flourishing of the Southern States. It is a slave State. 
 
 " Savannah, the largest commercial city in Georgia, is on the right bank 
 of the Savannah River, fifteen miles from its mouth. The British took it 
 in 1778, and evacuated it in July, 1783. Population in 1853, 21,000. 
 
28 GEORGE II. [1727-1700. 
 
 1745. Louisburg^ and Cape Breton ^^ taken by the British. 
 (British commanders, Sir William Fepperell and Admiral 
 Warren.) 
 
 1748. King George's War ended by the Treaty of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle.'«» 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 175C-1763. 
 
 1749. George II. grants the territory on the Ohio"" River 
 to the Ohio Company. 
 
 1753. Washington sent with' a letter of remonstrance to 
 St. Pierre, the French Commander at Yenango.'^^ 
 
 1754. Expedition against the French. 
 
 Washington surprises the French at Great Meadows,"^ 
 
 (Jumonville killed.) 
 
 AVashingtoiucapitulates at Fort Necessity.""' 
 
 Convention meets at Albany.'"^ ( Plan of confederation 
 
 jDi^ojyosed by Dr. Franklin.) 
 
 ^^ Louisburg (loo'-e-burg), is on the southeast side of the island of Cape 
 Breton (kape brit'-on). After its capture in 1758, the buildings were demo- 
 lished, and the materials carried away for the construction of Halifax and 
 other towns. It is difficult now to trace the position of the principal buildings 
 and fortifications. 
 
 "* Cape Breton (kape brit'-on), an island of British America, lies between 
 Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Its capital is Sj'dney. 
 
 "^ Aix-la-Chapclle (aix-la-sha-pel'), a town in Khenish Prussia. It derives 
 its name from a splendid chapel built by Charlemagne. The doors of this 
 temple were of bronze, and its dome bore a massive globe of gold. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle was for some time the capital of the empire. Charlemagne was 
 buried there in A. D. 814. Population, 46,000. 
 
 "" Ohio River is formed by the junction of the Monongahela and Alleghany 
 Rivers, in the western part of Pennsylvania, and empties into the Mississippi. 
 Length, 950 miles. 
 
 '°^ Venango, now Franklin, is the capital of Venango County, Pa. Aux 
 Boeuf (o-buff), now French Creek, in Venango County, is a west branch of 
 the Alleghany River. 
 
 '"' Great Meadows is ten miles east of Uniontown, Pa. 
 
 '"^ Fort Necessity was in Fayette County, Pa., on the National Road. 
 
 '"* Albany (aul'-ba-ne), the capital of New York, is on the west bank of the 
 Hudson River, 160 miles north from the city of New York. It was called 
 Fort Orange until 1664, when its name was changed, in honor of the Duke 
 of York and Albany, to whom the territory was granted. 
 
1727-1700.] OEOllOE II. 29 
 
 1755. Braddock appointed Comraander-in-cliief. 
 
 British, under Monckton, take Acadia''^ (Nova ScoHa^^). 
 
 Expedition aj^ainst Fort Du Quesne."* Braddock's defeat. 
 (Sliirly succeeds Braddock.) 
 
 Johnson defeats the French at Lake George.'*^ (Dieskau 
 killed.) 
 
 Expedition against Ticonderoga'°^ and Crown Point, '°^ 
 under Johnson, abandoned. 
 
 1156. War declared. Lord Loudon, Commander-in-chief. 
 
 Fort Oswego '"^ taken by Montcalm. 
 
 The Provincials defeat the Indians at Kittaning.'" 
 
 1-757. Tennessee "^ settled at Fort Loudon ''^ by emigrants 
 from North Carolina.^^ 
 
 "^ Fort Du Quesne (du-kain'), on the present site of Pittsburg, was built by 
 the French in 1754. It was abandoned to General Forbes in 1758, and named 
 Pittsburg in honor of William Pitt. It is 357 miles from Philadelphia. Popu- 
 lation, 110,241. 
 
 '"'' Lake George, called also Horicon, is a beautiful lake in New York, cast 
 of the Hudson River. During the French and Indian AVar, Major Rodgcrs, 
 being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down a rock, rising almost perpen- 
 dicular from the lake to the height of 200 feet, and landed safely on the ice. 
 
 *°^ Fort Ticonderoga was on the west side of Lake Champlain, at the outlet 
 of Lake George. This fort was considered the Gibraltar of America, requiring 
 10,000 men to garrison it. Notwithstanding its strength, it is remarkable that 
 Ticonderoga surrendered three times without an attempt at defence : in 1759 
 to General Amherst, in 1775 to Gen. Ethan Allen, and in 1777 to Burgoyne. 
 Mount Defiance, fortified by Burgoyne, which commands Ticonderoga, is in 
 NcAv York. Mount Independence is in Vermont. The forts are now in ruins. 
 
 '=' Crown Point, on the western shore of Lake Champlain, is about sevent.y- 
 five miles north from Albany. Crown Point was built by the French in 1731, 
 who abandoned it in 1759. It was captured by Allen and "Warner in 1775, 
 and retaken by Burgoyne in 1777. Some of the ruins are still objects of 
 interest. 
 
 "" Fort Oswego. — Old Fort Oswego was on the west side of the river. In 
 1755, Fort Ontario was built on the east side of the Oswego River, and north 
 of this is the present Fort Oswego. 
 
 '" Kittaning is on the left bank of the Alleghany River, in Pennsylvania, 
 forty-five miles above Pittsburg. Population, 2000. 
 
 "^ Tennessee, originally a part of North Carolina, was ceded to the General 
 Government in 1790, when it was organized into the "Territory southwest of 
 the Ohio." Tennessee is a slave State. 
 
30 GEORGE II. [1727-1700. 
 
 Expedition against Louisburg^^ abandoned. 
 
 Colonel Munroe surrenders Fort William Henry"^ to Mont- 
 calm. (The garrison massacred by the Indians.) 
 
 William Pitt appointed Prime Minister (in June). 
 
 1758. Abercrombie, Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 Louisburg^^ and Cape Breton ^^ taken by Generals Amherst 
 and Wolfe. 
 
 Abercrombie repulsed from Ticonderoga '°® by Montcalm. 
 (Lord Howe hilled.) 
 
 Fort Frontenac"' (in Canada,^') taken by Colonel Brad- 
 street. 
 
 Fort Du Quesne'°^ taken by Colonel Forbes. (Name 
 changed lo Pittsburg. ^^) 
 
 1159. General Amherst, Commander-in-chief. 
 
 Quebec "^ taken by General Wolfe. (Death of Wolfe and 
 Montcalm.) 
 
 Ticonderoga '^^ and Crown Point '°^ taken by Amherst. 
 
 Fort Niagara""^ taken by Sir William Johnson. fP/'z- 
 deaux killed.) 
 
 1760. Montreal'^ capitulated, and the subjugation of the 
 French in America^ was completed^ 
 
 1763. War ended by Treaty of Paris,''^ (or Versailles''^). 
 
 France *' ceded to Great Britain ' all the territory claimed by Lcr east of the 
 Mississippi '® and north of the Iberville Eiver. 
 
 "^ Fort Loudon was on the Tennessee lliver, near the confines of Georgia 
 anil Tennessee. 
 
 "* Fort William Henry was on Lake George, in New York. 
 
 "' Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, is on the northeast part of Lake Ontario, 
 in Canada. 
 
 ^'^ Quebec, a city and fortress of Canada, on the left bank of the St. Law- 
 rence, at its junction with the St. Charles. From its great strength, it is fre- 
 quently called the Gibraltar of America. It takes its name from an Indian 
 word, Kcbec, signifying "narrow." Population, 30,000. 
 
 '" Fort Niagara, in New York, at the mouth of the Niagara River. 
 
 "* Paris, the capital of France, is on both sides of the River Seine, 11 miles 
 from its mouth. Population, 1,000,000. Versailles, the residence of the sove- 
 reigns of France, is nine miles southwest from Paris. 
 
1760-1S20.] GEORGE HI. 31 
 
 EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1651. Navigation Acts '^ passed by Crounvell. 
 
 1732. Laws*** passed restricting manufactures. 
 
 1733. Sugar Act,"" imposing duties on sugar, colTee, indigo, &c., passed. 
 
 1764. Sugar Act"^ re-enacted. 
 
 Missouri'^" settled at St. Louis'^' by the French. 
 
 It65. Stamp Act'-^ passed. 
 
 Pirst Colonial Congress met in New York. 
 
 (Timothy Kuggles, President. Declaration of rights framed.) 
 
 Grenville succeeded by the Marquis of Rockingham as Prime Minister. The 
 JIarquis of Rockingham, Pitt, Barre, Lord Camden, and others, adA'ocato 
 the cause of the Colonies, and the repeal of the Stamp Act. 
 
 nee. stamp Act'-'' repealed. 
 
 (Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister.) 
 
 Itet. Duties laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors. 
 
 1768. Military force, under Gen. Gage, stationed at Boston. ^^ 
 
 1769. California* settled at San Diego by the Spaniards. 
 
 1770. Boston ^^ Massacre. 
 
 (Captain Preston tried for murder; ably defended by John Adams and Josiuh 
 Quincy, and acquitted.) 
 
 Lord North, Prime Minister. 
 
 Duties repealed, except those on tea, 
 
 1773. Destruction of tea in Boston ^^ harbor, {Dec. 16). 
 
 1774. Boston^^ Port Bill''' passed. 
 
 *" The Sugar Act imposed duties on all sugar and molasses imported into 
 the Colonies. Other acts prohibited the exportation from any colony of hats 
 and woollens of domestic manufacture; forbade hatters to employ more than 
 two appz'entices at a time ; and laid restrictions on the manufacture of iron 
 and steel, pitch, tar, and turpentine. 
 
 ''^° Missouri is remarkable for enjoying the navigation of the two largest 
 rivers in the United States, if not in the world. It is the principal seat of an 
 active trade with Santa Fe, and the tcrritorj' lying between the States and 
 the Rocky Mountains. (See paragraph ^"°.) Its motto is, " The public safety 
 is the supreme law." (Inhabitant, " Missourian.") 
 
 '^' St. Louis, one of the most important cities in the West, is on the Missis- 
 sii:)pi River, twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri. 
 
 ^■^ The Stamp Act was an act requiring all legal instruments, such as notes, 
 bonds, deeds, &q., and printed almanacs, ncwsj^apers, &,c., should be executed 
 on stiimped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the crown. 
 
 "' The Boston Port Bill was a bill removing the Custom-house to Salem, 
 and prohibiting the landing or shipping of goods to Boston. 
 
 '■>' See Note on Culilornia, l*'£^' '^^•- 
 
32 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 
 
 First Continental Conf::ress met in Pliiladeli)liia/^ — 
 
 (Peyton Randolph and .lolin Hancock, Presidents. This Congress agreed upon a 
 declaration of rights, recommended a suspension of commercial intercourse, and Toted 
 an address to the king and people of Great Britain' and Canada.*'') 
 
 REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775-1783. 
 
 1175. Kentucky '2' settled at Boonesboro '-'' by Daniel 
 Boone. 
 
 Boston *' garrisoned with 3000 troops. General Gage, Eoyal Governor. 
 
 Battle of Lexington. '2^ 
 
 (American Commander, Parker ; British, Smith and Pitcairn. April 19.) 
 
 Ticonderoga'°^ and Crown Point '°' taken by Allen and 
 "Warner,* 
 
 Arrival of IIowc, Clinton, and Burgoyne. 
 
 Washington appointed Commander-in-chief, (June 15). 
 Battle of Bunker HiU.'-^ 
 
 (Americans defeated. Amer. Com., Prescott, aided by Putnam and Warren ; British, 
 Howe, aided by Pigot and Clinton. June 17.) 
 
 Invasion of Canada." Montgomery captures Montreal,'' 
 Montgomery killed in an unsuccessful attack on Quebec."® 
 1716. Dunmore, the last royal Governor of Yirginia,^' 
 destroys Norfolk '" by fire, 
 
 ''^'' Kentucky, one of the Southern States, originally formed a part of Vir- 
 ginia. It was settled at Boonesboro, in 1775, by Daniel Boone, and others. 
 Kentucky is a slave State. 
 
 '^' Boonesboro, a decayed village on the Kentucky Iliver, eighteen miles 
 southeast of Lexington. 
 
 '^"^ Lexington, noted as the place vrherc the first blood M'as shed in the 
 Revolutionary War, is in Middlese.x County, Massachusetts, eleven miles 
 from Boston. 
 
 "^ Breed's Hill is a small eminence in Charlcstovrn, one of the suburbs of 
 Boston, Colonel Prescott had orders to fortify Bunker Hill, but Breed's being 
 nearer and more eligible, it was concluded to fortify that, 
 
 '*'' Norfolk, a port of entry on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of the Eliza- 
 beth Iliver, eight miles from Hampton Roads, On the opposite side of the 
 river is Gosport, with a United States Arsenal, and extensive dry docks. 
 
 * Arnold joined the expedition the day before the taking of Ticonderoga, as a vohtnteer, 
 and had no command. Allen took Ticonderoga, and Warner took Crown l'i>int.— Zoi- 
 sing's ''Fkld-Book of the lievoluUun,'" Vol. I., p. 163. 
 
17G0-1820.] GEORGE III. 33 
 
 Washington fortifies Dorchester Heights. '^^ 
 British evacuate Boston/^ and retire to Halifax.''^' 
 British, under General Clinton, attack Charleston, '^° and 
 are repulsed by Moultrie. 
 
 (British officers, Cornwallis and Sir P. Parker. June 28.) 
 
 Independence proclaimed, July 4th. 
 
 Commiltee that drafted the Declaration — Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, 
 Benjamin Franklin, Eoger Sherman, and llobert K. Livingston. 
 
 Commissioners sent to France " to solicit assistance. 
 
 (Benjamin Franklin, &ilas Peane, and Arthur Lee.) 
 
 Battle of Long Island. '='' 
 
 (Americans defeated. Amer. Com., Putnam ; British, Howe and Clinton, Aug. 27.) 
 The American Generals, Sullivan, Stirling, and Woodhull, were taken 
 prisoners. 
 
 Nathan Hale executed as a spy. 
 Battle of White Plains. '^'^ 
 
 (Americans defeated. Amer. Coms., Washington and McDougall ; British, Howe anj 
 
 Leslie. Oct. 28.) 
 
 British take Fort Washington. '^^ 
 
 (Amer. Cora., Magaw; British, Ilowe. Nov.lG.) 
 
 Americans evacuate Fort Lee. '^^ 
 
 (Amer. Com., Greene; British, Cornwallis. Nov. 18.) 
 
 ^^ Dorchester Heights are on a peninsula south of Boston, while Charles- 
 town is north of it. Washington succeeded in fortifying these heights, and 
 Howe, seeing it was impossible to defend the city, determined to evacuate. 
 The British were allowed to retire unmolested, on condition that they would 
 not burn the city. 
 
 ''^ Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is on Chebucto Bay, ten miles from 
 the sea, and has an excellent harbor. It was founded in 1749, and named 
 after Lord Halifax. 
 
 '^ Charleston, a port of entry, and the largest city in South Carolina, is 
 situated at the confluence of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers. Sullivan's Island 
 is seven miles below. Population, 30,000. 
 
 '^' Long Island, south of New York and Connecticut, is separated from the 
 main-land by Long Island Sound, which, near New York City, is only three 
 quarters of a mile wide, and is called the East River. 
 
 '^=^ White Plains, twenty-seven miles northeast of New York City, in West- 
 chester County, N. Y. 
 
 "^ Fort Washington is on the east side of the Hudson River, ten miles above 
 New York. 
 
 '" Fort Lee is on the west side of the Hudson River, ten miles above N. York. 
 
34 GEORGE III. [irCO-1820. 
 
 The American army retreats through "the Jerseys. '"^^ 
 Battle of Trenton.''^ 
 
 (Americans successful. Amer. Com., "Washington; British, Kahl. Colonel Eahl 
 killed. Dec. 26.) 
 
 1111. Battle of Princeton.'" 
 
 (British defeated. Amer. Com., "Washington; British, Maw hood. General Mercer 
 killed ; James Monroe wounded. Jan. 3.) 
 
 Arrival of Lafayette. 
 
 Danbury"^ burned by General Tryon's orders. 
 
 "Wooster, Arnold, and Sullivan, defended the town. 
 
 Invasion of Burgoyne by way of Lake Champlain.'^ 
 Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga.'"^ 
 
 (St. Clair, commander. July 5.) 
 
 General Schuyler evacuates Fort Edward,'*" and is joined by Gen. Lincoln 
 and Kosciusko, chief engineer. 
 
 Colonel Barton captures General Prescott. 
 A detachment of Burgoyne's army defeated at Bennington "' 
 by Stark. 
 
 (British Com., Colonel Baum. Aug. 16.) 
 
 Battle of Brandy wine. '■'^ 
 
 (Amer. Com., "Washington; British, Howe. Knyphausen commanded the Hessians. 
 Count Pulaski and Lafayette were in this engagement — the latter was wounded. 
 Sept. 11.) 
 
 135 «Tije Jerseys." — This term originated in the fact that New Jersey was 
 divided, in 1677, into East and "West Jersey, and was continued until after the 
 Revolution. " Glorious news from the Jerseys " gladdened every heart in 
 1776, when "Washington fought the victorious battle of Trenton, 
 
 '* Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is at the head of steamboat naviga- 
 tion on the Delaware River, twenty-seven miles above Philadelphia. Popu- 
 lation, 5000. 
 
 """ Princeton is in New Jersey, partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset 
 Counties, eleven miles northeast from Trenton. 
 
 '** Danbury, in Connecticut, on the Norwalk and Danbury Railroad. 
 
 •'^ Lake Champlain is between New York and "\''ermont, and extends a few 
 miles north of the Canada line. 
 
 '*" Fort Edward is on the cast side of the Hudson River, forty-five milea 
 north of Albany. 
 
 "' Bennington is in Bennington County, Vermont, 117 miles southwest of 
 Montpelier. 
 
 '■" Brandywine Creek flows south-easterly through Pennsylvania, and emp- 
 ties into Christiana Creek, at Wilmington. The battle was fought at Chad's 
 Ford, near Kennet Square, a few miles north of the boundary of Pennsylvania. 
 
1760-1820.] GEORGE III. 35 
 
 Battle of Stillwater. '^^^ 
 
 (Amer. Com., Gates; British, Burgoyne. Sept. 19.) 
 
 Defeat of General Wayne near Paoli.'''^ {Sept. 20.) 
 
 Congress removes to Lancaster."* Washington retreats to Pottsgrovc.*** 
 
 British, under Cornwallis, enter Philadelpliia. 
 
 (The main body, under Howe, encamp at Germantown.'*'' Sept. 26.) 
 
 Unsuccessful attack on the British at Germantovvn/" 
 Battle of Saratoga."^ 
 
 (Amcr. Com., Gates ; British, Burgoyne. Oct. 7.) 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne, (iOct. H). *" * '"* 
 
 Unsuccessful attack by the British on Fort Mercer."' 
 
 (Donop killed. Americans abandon Forts Mercer'" and Mifflin.''") 
 
 Washington encamps at Yalley Forge. ^^' 
 
 (The British, under Howe, go into winter-quarters at Philadelphia.*') 
 
 IT 18. Treaty of alliance with France." 
 
 (Signed by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee.) 
 
 British, under Clinton, evacuate Philadelphia,^^ (June 18). 
 Battle of Monmouth. ''2 
 
 (Amer. Com., Washington; British, Clinton. June 28.) 
 Lee reprimanded by Washington. 
 
 '" Stillwater, N. Y., is west of the Hudson and north of the Mohawk Rivers, 
 twenty-two miles from Albany. 
 
 "* Paoli is on the Lancaster Turnpike, leading from Lancaster to Phila- 
 delphia. The massacre took place one mile south of the Warren tavern, and 
 two miles southwest of Paoli tavern. A monument was erected in 1817. 
 
 '"* Lancaster, the fourth city in Pennsylvania, is seventy miles west from 
 Philadelphia, and one mile west from Conestoga Creek. 
 
 '^ Pottsgrove, on the Schuylkill River, thirty-five miles northwest from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 "' Germantown is now a part of Philadelphia, six miles N. N. "W. from the 
 centre of the city. 
 
 "^ Saratoga is a township in a county of the same name, on the Hudson 
 River, at the mouth of Fish Creek. Saratoga Springs, one of the principal 
 watering-places in the United States, is twenty-eight miles from Albany. 
 
 *'' Red Bank, which was defended by Fort Mercer, is in New Jersey, on 
 the Delaware River, six miles from Philadelphia. The battle-ground is one 
 and a half miles from the steamboat landing. A neat monument marks the 
 grave of Colonel Donop. 
 
 '* Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, is in the Delaware River, about six miles 
 below Philadelphia, opposite Fort Mercer. The fort is still garrisoned. 
 
 '" Valley Forge is in Chester County, Pa., twenty miles northwest of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 "^ Monmouth, now Freehold, is in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Colonel 
 
36 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 
 
 Lord North's " Conciliatory Bill " '^' passed by Parliament. 
 France" acknowledges the independence of the Colonies. 
 D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet. 
 Massacre at Wyoming'^ by British and Indians. 
 
 (Amer. Com., Col. Zebulon Butler ; British, Col. John Butler.) 
 
 Battk of Rhode Island. '"' 
 
 (Amer. Com., SuHivan; British, Pigot. Aug. 29.) 
 
 Massacre at Cherry Yalley '^^ by the British and Indians. 
 
 (.UutJwuua^^iQBJbBWwtedtl^fcWalter Butlery BritishMM^ iDdians, by Braudt, sachem 
 of the Mohawks.) • ^ 
 
 British take Savannah.'" 
 
 (Amer. Com., General Howe; British, Colonel Campbell. Dec. 29.) 
 
 Itt9. Sunbury'^^ captured by Gen. Prevost, British Com- 
 mander at the south. 
 
 General Lincoln, American Commander of the southern army. 
 
 Gen. Prevost defeats Ash at Brier Creek, '^^ and completes 
 the subjugation of Georgia,^ (March 3). 
 
 Monckton, a British officer, was killed in this battle. Molly Pitcher, seeing 
 her husband fall while firing a cannon, took his place, and faithfully per- 
 formed his duties. Congress, as a reward, gave her half-pay for life. 
 
 '" Lord North's Conciliatory Bill proposed, in vague and general terms, 
 that when any colony should offer to make provision for raising a sum of 
 money (disposable by Parliament,) for the common defence, and should engage 
 to provide for the support of the civil government and the administration of 
 justice within its own limits, it would be proper to forbear the levy of any 
 taxes or duties within such colony, except such as might be required for the 
 regulating of trade. 
 
 js« Wj'oming, a valley lying on both sides of the Susquehanna River, in 
 Luzerne County, Pa. The village is on the west side of the river, four miles 
 below Wilkesbarre. 
 
 '" Rhode Island. — The city of Newport, which was besieged by Sullivan, 
 August 15th, is in the island of Rhode Island (a part of the State of that 
 name)- The siege was raised on the 28th, and Sullivan retired to the northern 
 part of the island, where the battle took place on the 29th. 
 
 "® Cherry Valley, Otsego County, N, Y., fifty-two miles west of Albany, and 
 about fifteen miles south of the Mohawk River. 
 
 '" Savannah, a city and port of entry in Georgia, is on the right bank of 
 the Savannah River, fifteen miles from its mouth. Population, 11,000 
 "* Sunbury is on the northeast coast of Georgia. 
 ''" Brier Creek, a branch of the Savannah River, in Georgia. 
 
1760-1820.] GEORGE III. ^>j 
 
 Stony "^° and Yerplaiik's'^' Points taken by Clinton and 
 Vaughn. 
 
 (The garrison abandoned Stony Point "° without resistance. May 31.) 
 
 Expedition against Penobscot,'^^ commanded by Lovell and Saltonstall, 
 defeated by the British, under McLean and Colliers, July. 
 
 Tryon's expedition against the towns of Connecticut,^" 
 (3Iay-Jidy). 
 
 Gen. Wayne re-takes Stony Point/^ (July 15). 
 
 Sullivan defeats the British and Indians at Chemung. '^^ 
 
 (British commanded by Sir John Johnson and Brandt. Aug. 29. The Indians 
 •were the " Six Nations." * 
 
 Paul Jones's Battle ofif Plamboro Head.'^'' Serapis, Capt. 
 Pearson, captured by the Bon Homme Richard, (Sej^L 23). 
 
 D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed from Savannah^' by Pre- 
 vost. 
 
 (Sergeant Jasper and Count Pulaski mortally wounded. Oct. 9.) 
 
 England^ at war with Holland.^* 
 
 nSO. Sir Henry Clinton, commander at the south. 
 
 Lincoln surrenders Charleston '^^ to Clinton on capitulation. 
 
 Lincoln and his troops, with a large number of citizens, were made prisoners. 
 The citizens, and many soldiers, were set at liberty " on parole." 
 
 Gates, commander-in-chief at the south. 
 
 ■ '^° stony Point, on the west side of the Hudson River, forty miles above 
 New York. 
 
 '" Verplank's Point, on the east side of the Hudson, opposite Stony Point. 
 
 "^ Penobscot, the largest river in Maine, empties into the Atlantic Ocean 
 through Penobscot Bay. The settlements were on the site of the present town 
 of Castine. 
 
 '" Chemung, or Tioga River, empties into the North Branch of the Susque- 
 hanna., in Pennsylvania. The battle was fought at Elmira, in New York, 
 near the boundary of Pennsylvania. 
 
 "'* Flamboro Head, on the east coast of England, north of the Ilumber 
 River. 
 
 * Five Nations, called, by the French, Iroquois, possessed the central part of the 
 present State of New York. They consisted of a confederacy of five tribes : Mohawks, 
 Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas. The great council-fire of the confede- 
 racy was in the keeping of the Onondagas, and by them was always kept burning. 
 From 1711 to 1713, the Tuscaroras, of North Carolina, were engaged in a war with the 
 Cofonies. Colonel Moore having seized their fort, and taken 800 prisoners, the re- 
 mainder emigrated to New York, and joined the Five Nations, thus making the Six 
 Nations. 
 
38 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 
 
 Massacre of Buford's regiment at Waxhaw'^ by Tarleton. 
 
 The British, nuder Knyphausen, defeat Greene at Spring- 
 field, '^^ (June 23). 
 
 Admiral Ternay's French fleet, and Rocharabeau, arrive. 
 
 Col. Trumbull defeats Sumpter at Rocky Mt.'" (July 30). 
 
 Sumpter defeats the British, under Irwm, at Hanging 
 'KocW^ (Aug.Q,), 
 
 First battle of Camden. '^^ Gates defeated by Cornwallis. 
 
 (De Kalb killed. Aug. 16.) 
 
 Tarleton defeats Sumpter at Fishing Creek, '"° and com- 
 pletes the subjugation of South Carolina. ^^ (Aug. 18.) 
 Arnold turns traitor. Andre (an-drii,) executed as a spy. 
 Ferguson defeated by Col. Campbell at King's Mountain."* 
 
 Ferguson slain, 1100 killed, or taken prisoners ; 1500 stand of arm.s taken by 
 the Americans. Loss of Americans, 20. 
 
 Gen. Greene supersedes Gates, (Oct. 30). 
 Sumpter defeats Wemyss at Broad River. '"^ 
 
 (Weniys.s, severely wounded, was taken prisoner, and allowed to go to Charleston 
 " on parole." Nov. 12.) 
 
 Sumpter defeats Tarleton at Blackstocks,''^ on the Tiger.''* 
 
 (Sumpter, the " Carolina Game-cock," wounded. Nov. 20.) 
 
 "^* Waxhaw Creek, in South Carolina, is an east branch of the Catawba, or 
 Wateree River, north of Fishing Creek. 
 
 ^^ Springfield, in Essex County, New Jersey, northwest of Elizabethtown. 
 
 "'' Rocky Mountain is on the west bank of the Wateree or Catawba River, 
 near Fishing Creek, S. C. 
 
 '^® Hanging Rock, S. C, east of the Wateree River, thirty-five miles from 
 Camden. 
 
 '" Camden, S. C, on the east bank of the Wateree or Catawba River. The 
 first battle took plac« near Sanders' Creek, and is sometimes called "the battle 
 of Sanders' Creek." 
 
 "" Fishing Creek, S. C, enters the Catawba River from the west, south of 
 Waxhaw Creek. 
 
 '■" King's Mountain, in the southern part of North Carolina, east of the 
 Broad River. Lossiug says : " The battle was fought in South Carolina, one 
 and a half miles from the boundary." 
 
 *" Broad River, S. C, east of the Saluda, with which it unites at Columbia, 
 and forms the Congaree River. 
 
 '"' Blackstocks is on the south bank of the Tiger River, a west branch of 
 the Broad River. 
 
 '■" Tiger River is a western branch of Broad River. Blackstocks is on the 
 Bouthcrn bank, in the north-western part of South Carolina. 
 
1/-60-1820.] GEORGE III. 39 
 
 1781. Articles of Confederation"^ adopted. 
 
 Revolt of American troops at Morristown.'^^ 
 
 Arnold and Phillips invade Virginia.^' (Jan.-AprHl.) 
 
 Battle of Cowpens,'"^ South Carolina.^^ 
 
 (British, under Tarleton. defeated bj' Morgan. Jan. 17.) 
 
 Pursuit of Morgan and Greene to Virginia.^' (Feb. 3-14.) 
 
 Surprise of the British, under Pyle, at Haw and Deep Hivers,*" by Lee. 
 
 Feb. 25. 
 
 Battle of Guilford Court-house.''^ 
 
 (Americans, under Greene, defeated by Corn-wallis. March 15.) 
 
 Second battle of Caraden,'^^ or Hobkirk's Hill.''" 
 
 (Greene defeated by Lord Bawdon.) 
 
 Greene drives the British from all the posts in South Caro- 
 lina,^' except Charleston,'^'' Ninety-Six,'*' and Augusta.'^'' 
 
 Forts Watson,^^^ Motte,'^* and Georgetown,'^* taken by the Americans. 
 
 Col. Hayne executed on the charge of breaking his parole. 
 New London'^ burned by Arnold. 
 
 '"" The Articles of Confederation was a league framed by the members of 
 Congress, and approved by all the States, by which Congress was authorized 
 to declare war, to conclude peace, contract alliances, and act as sovereign head 
 to the nation. But it was totally inadequate to the national wants, giving 
 no power to Congress to levy a tax upon the people, or provide for a public 
 revenue, or enter into commercial treaties. 
 
 '"^ Morristown, noted for having been the head-quarters of tlio American 
 army in the spring of 1777 and 1780, is in New Jersey, thirty-two miles 
 northwest of New York. The house occupied by General Washington, and 
 an old fort, are still visible. 
 
 ''■" Cowpens, near the northern boundary of South Carolina, in Spartanburg 
 District, five miles south of Broad River. 
 
 ''^ Haw and Deep Rivers unite thirty miles southwest of Raleigh, N. C, 
 and form the Cape Fear River. 
 
 '''^ Guilford Court-house, now Greensboro, is in the northern part of North 
 Carolina. 
 
 '^° Hobkirk's Hill, about eight miles north of Camden, S. C. 
 
 "' Ninety-Six, in the north-western part of South Carolina, five miles south 
 of the Saluda River. 
 
 '^'^ Augusta, a city in Georgia, on the Savannah River, 231 miles from its 
 mouth. Population, 12,000. 
 
 "' Fort Watson, on the left bank of the Santee River, S. C. 
 
 "* Fort Motte, on the right bank of the Congaree River, S. C. 
 
 "' Georgetown is in South Carolina, on the Pedee River, near its mouth. 
 
 *" New London, a town on the west bank of the Thames River, in Con- 
 
40 CONGRESSIONAL GOVERNMENT. [17S3-1789. 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Springs.'" 
 
 (Greene and Stuart ; indecisive. Sept. 8.) 
 
 Siege of Yorktowu.'^^ Cornwallis surrenders. 
 
 (Char]eston,"° Savannah,^" and New York,*-' the only posts held by the British.) 
 
 1782. Treaty with Holland.'* 
 
 John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, 
 and Henry Laurews, commissioners to negotiate peace. 
 
 1783. Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain/ 
 September 3d. 
 
 American army disbanded,* November 3d. 
 British evacuate New York,'^' November 25th. 
 
 EVENTS BETWEEN 1783 AND 1789. 
 
 1786. Shay's Rebellion '^^ in Massachusetts.'"' 
 Delegates from six States convene at Annapolis.'^" 
 
 1787. Convention meets in Philadelphia^^ to adopt a form 
 of government. 
 
 Washington, President. Rhode Island ^* the only State not represented. 
 
 necticut, three miles from Long Island Sound. Fort Trumbull and Fort Gris- 
 •wold are a mile below the city. 
 
 '^'' Eutaw Springs, S. C, a small stream that enters the San tee River from 
 the south, fifty miles from Charleston. 
 
 '^^ Yorktown is in Vu'ginia, on the south side of the mouth of York River. 
 Gloucester is opposite. 
 
 '^' The causes of this rebellion were the heavy taxes, real difficulties, poverty 
 and exhaustion of the country consequent upon the war, the want of a certain 
 market, and the depression of domestic manufactures from foreign comj^eti- 
 tion. The people complained of the extortion of lawyers, the aristocratic 
 character of the Senate, the high salary of the Governor, and the refusal to 
 issue paper money. The rebels, headed by Shay, took AVorcester. General 
 Lincoln, with 4000 men, attacked them, and three of the rebels were killed. 
 A large number were tried, fourteen were found guilty of treason, and con- 
 demned to death, but were afterwards pardoned. 
 
 '* Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, is on the Severn River, two miles 
 from Chesapeake Bay. Population in 1850, 3000. 
 
 * Naval Events. — At the commencement of the Revolution the Colonics had no navy. 
 In 177.5 and 1776, Congress ordered several vessels to be built, of which the largest was 
 the Alfred. John Paul Jones was on board of this vessel as lieutenant. The first 
 ensign ever hoisted was on board the Alfred, in 1775. The "stars and stripes" were 
 not adopted until 1777. The first battle took place between the Alfred and the British 
 ship Glasgow. The enemy escaped. The same year the American ship Lexington 
 captured the British tender Edward. 
 
1789-1797.] TRESIDENT WASHINGTON. 41 
 
 1788. 01no'°' settled at Marietta'^' by emigrants from the 
 Eastern States. 
 
 Constitution ratified by all the States, except North Caro- 
 lina ^^ and Rhode Island.^'* 
 
 EVENTS SUCCEEDING THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 1789. First Congress under the new Constitution. 
 
 (George Washington, President. John Adams, Vice President.) 
 
 Cabinet — Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Thomas Jefferson, 
 Secretary of State; Henry Knox, Secretary of War. Judiciary — Johu 
 Jay, Chief Justice; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 
 
 1790. Duties laid on tonnage, imported goods, and dis- 
 tilled spirits. 
 
 Hamilton's Funding System '^^ adopted. 
 
 Harmer defeated by the Indians of Northwest Territory. "'- 
 
 Death of Franklin. 
 
 1791. Vermont'^ admitted into the Union. 
 United States Bank established at Phihidelphia.^^ 
 
 (Charter expired, 1811 ; re-chartered, 1816; expired, 1836.) 
 
 United States Mint established at Philadelphia.^'' 
 
 St. Clair defeated by the Indians of Northwest Territory.'^* 
 
 1792. Kentucky'^ admitted into the Union. 
 
 1793. Washington's second administration. 
 
 John Adams, Vice President. Edmund Randolph, Secretary of State. 
 
 '■^' Ohio, one of the Western States, lies between the Ohio River and Lako 
 Eric. It originally formed part of the Northwest Territorj^, ceded to the 
 United States by Virginia in 1781. Ohio, though settled five years after the 
 close of the Revolution, is now third in point of population and wealth, and 
 first in the products of the soil. Ohio is a free State. 
 
 '"^ Marietta, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Muskingum, was settled 
 by emigrants from New England, under General Putnam. Population, 4000. 
 
 '"^ The public- foreign and domestic debt amounted to about $54,000,000, 
 and that due by the States, $25,000,000. Hamilton proposed that the General 
 Government should assume these debts, uniting them in a general fund, on 
 some of which three per cent, interest should be paid, and six per cent, on the 
 remainder. 
 
 "* Northwest Territory was all that territory between Pennsylvania and the 
 Mississippi River, north of the Ohio River. It was ceded to the United States 
 by Virginia in 1781. By the Ordinance of 1787, slavery was forever excluded 
 from its limits. 
 
 4* 
 
42 PRESIDENT WASHINGTON. [17S'J-1797. 
 
 noS. Yellow fever in Philadelphia/^ 
 llevolution in France." Difficulties with Mr. Genet, the 
 French Ambassador. 
 
 1794. Whisky Insurrection'^^ in Pennsylvania.'^^ 
 Wayne's victory on the Maumee.'^^ 
 
 (The Indians of the Northwest Territory "* were completely subdued.) 
 
 Great Britain^ seizes American vessels, and impresses 
 American seamen. 
 
 Jay's Treaty '^^ with Great Britain.^ 
 
 1795. Treaties with Algiers, ''^^ Spain,' and the Indians of 
 the Northwest Territory.'^' 
 
 135 rpj^g "Whisky Insurrection" took place in consequence of the duty laid 
 on distilled spirits and stills in 1790. To the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 
 west of the Alleghany Mountains, the law was particularly odious. Meetings 
 were held, and a daring and criminal resistance was made to every attempt 
 to collect the tax. Personal violence was offered to the officers, and at last it 
 was found necessary to call out the militia in order to execute the law. A 
 number of the leaders were convicted of treason, but afterwards pardoned. 
 
 '""* The battle was fought at the rapids, eighteen miles from the mouth of the 
 Maumee River, on the site of the present town of Waynesfield. 
 
 '■"''' Jay's Treaty with Great Britain provided for the evacuation of all tho 
 western posts still held by the British ; compensation was to be made for 
 illegal captures of American vessels ; the United States agreed to secure to 
 British creditors the means of collecting debts contracted before the peace of 
 1783; and, under certain restrictions, the United States were allowed to trade 
 with the East and West Indies. It was violently opposed by the Republican 
 party, but favored by the Federalists, and was ratified in June, 1795. 
 
 'S8 Algiers, or Algeria (al-geerz', or al-ge'-ri-a), one of the principal 
 Barbary States, lies between Barbary and Tunis. In the sixteenth century 
 the celebrated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Algiers, and for more 
 than three centuries it continued the seat of Barbary piracy. At one time 
 there were not less than 25,000 white slaves in the city of Algiers alone. 
 Finding it in vain to attempt to subdue these pirates by force of arms, the 
 Christian nations, to enable their subjects to traverse the seas in peace, gradu- 
 ally resorted to the expedient of paying tribute to the Pasha, or Dey. Tho 
 English were the first to chastise their insolence; and, in 1815, the America.u3 
 compelled the Dey to renounce all exactions, and pay an indemnity of 
 $60,000. But "it was not until 1816 that the English and Dutch bombarded 
 the town, and entirely destroyed the fleet and arsenal; 1000 slaves were libe- 
 rated, and the Dey was compelled to sign a treaty by which the abolition of 
 slnvcry was eflFccted. In 1830, Algiers was conquered by the French. 
 Religion, Mohammedan. 
 
1797-lSOl.] PRESIDENT ADAMS. 43 
 
 The "Kentucky Remonstrance," demanding the use of 
 the Mississippi River. 
 
 1196. Tennessee"- admitted into the Union. 
 
 Washington publishes his "Farewell Address." 
 
 not. John Adams, President. Thomas Jefferson, Yice 
 President. 
 
 Cabinet— John Marshall and Timothy Pickering, Secretaries of State; Oliver 
 AVolcott, Secretary of the Treasury: James McIIenry, Secretary of War ; 
 Benjamin Stoddard, Secretary of the Navy; William Gushing, Chief 
 Justice. 
 
 Dimculties with France." "X. Y. Z." Letters. '^^ 
 
 (The two Federalist Envoys, Marfhall and Pinckney, ordered to leave France;** 
 the Republican Envoy, Elbridye Gerry, allowed to remain.) 
 
 1798. "Alien and Sedition"'" Acts" passed. 
 Washington appointed Commander-in-chief. 
 
 1799. L'Insurgent taken by the Constellation. 
 Death of Washington, {Dec. 14). 
 
 1800. Seat of Government removed to Washington.^"' 
 Treaty of Peace with France." 
 
 (Napoleon, First Consul ; Le Brun, Second ; Cambacercs, Third.) 
 
 199 ax. Y. Z. Letters."— In 1797, the French Government, then in the hands 
 of the Directory, ordered the American Minister to quit France. Mr. Adaniy, 
 unwilling to involve the United States in war, appointed three Envoys Extra- 
 ordinary — Pinckney, Marshall, and Gcrr3\ On their arrival, they received 
 a number of letters, proposing that they should pay a large sum of money to 
 those in power, in order to induce them to settle the difficulties amicably. 
 These letters were signed " X. Y. Z.," and, it is believed, were written by the 
 order of Talleyrand. 
 
 ^°° The Alien Act authorized the President to compel aliens, or foreigners, 
 whom he should deem dangerous to the safety of the country, to leave the 
 United States on penalty of imprisonment. The Sedition Act imposed a 
 heavy fine, and imprisonment for years, upon such as should combine or con- 
 spire together to oppose any measure of the Government, or should write, 
 utter, print, or publish, any thing scandalous or malicious against the 
 Government of the United States, Congress, or the President. These laws 
 were violently opposed by the Republicans; and, by the large body of tho 
 people, were considered dangerous to liberty. 
 
 -"' Washington, the capital of the United States, is on the northeast, or left 
 bank of the Potomac River, in the District of Columbia. The site was selected 
 by Vrashington in 1790. Population in 1810, 23,000. 
 
44 PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. [1801-1S09. 
 
 1801. The '' Midnight Judiciary "''" established. 
 Thomas Jefferson, President. Aaron Burr, Vice President. 
 
 (JeCforson [Republican.] elected by the House of Eepresnntatives.) 
 
 Cabinet — James Madison, Kobei-t Smith, and James ^Monroe, Secretaries of 
 State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Trcnsury ; Henry Dearborn, Secre- 
 tary of War ; Jacob Crowninshield, Secretary of the Navy ; Wm. Pinckney, 
 A ttor ney • G eneral. 
 
 Bepeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts.^*^ 
 Restoration of the Judiciary. ^°^ 
 
 The United States refuses to pay tribute to Tripoli/"^ and 
 Tripoli declares war. 
 
 1802. Ohio'" admitted into the Union. 
 
 New Orleans "°^ closed against the United States. 
 
 1803. Louisiana Territory ^^ purchased from France" for 
 $15,000,000. 
 
 '•^ The "Midnight Judiciary" was so called because the Act reorganizing 
 the Judiciary, and appointing sixteen new Judges, was passed on the last 
 night of Mr. Adams's Administration. It was considered as another proof of 
 the usurpation of power by the Federalist party, and was repealed by the 
 Republicans as soon as they came in power, in consequence of Mr. Jefferson's 
 election. 
 
 203 Tripoli, one of the Barbary States, lying between Tunis on the west, and 
 Barca and the Lybian Desert on the east. It has considerable commerce. 
 
 *"* New Orleans is on tlie east bank of the Mississippi River, 105 miles from 
 its mouth. It was settled by the French in 1717. Population in 1853, 
 145,000. 
 
 ^^ Louisiana Territory. — In 1762, France ceded to Spain all her territory 
 lying west of the Mississippi River, and the name of Louisiana became limited 
 to this part of the Mississippi Valley. At the close of the war of the American 
 Revolution, in 1783, Florida was ceded to Spain. Spain now held all North 
 America, except British America,and the United States, bounded on the west 
 by the Mississippi River, and on the south by Florida. The navigation of 
 the Mississippi soon became a source of trouble between Spain and the 
 United States ; and, in 1795, the boundary, the free navigation of the Missis- 
 sippi, and the right of deposit in New Orleans, were agreed upon. Continual 
 violations of the treaty taking place, in 1798 the United States prepared a 
 force to descend the Mississippi River, and take New Orleans. Representa- 
 tions being made to Spain of the infraction of the treaty, it was answered that 
 Louisiana had been ceded to France in 1800. In 1803, France ceded it to 
 the United States. The country has been explored by Lewis and Clarko 
 (1801), Lieutenant Pike, Major Long, and many others. The northern 
 boundary was settled by the treaty of 1819 with Great Brita.in — a line drawu 
 
1801-1809.] PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. 45 
 
 Commodore Preble sent to the Mediterranean. ^°^ 
 The Frigate Pliiladelphia, commanded byBaiubridge, cap- 
 tured by the Tripolitans. 
 
 1804. Lieutenant Decatur re-captures and burns the 
 Frigate Philadelphia. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. 
 
 Napoleon crowned Emperor of France." 
 
 1805. Jefferson's second Administration. George Clinton, 
 Yice President. 
 
 Americans, under Eaton, take Derne.^°'' 
 Treaty of peace with Tripoli. ^°^ 
 
 1806. Great Britain'^ declares the coast of France," from 
 Brest '°' to the Elbe,'"^ in a state of blockade, {Hay 16). 
 
 Berlin Decree ^'° issued by Napoleon, declaring the British 
 Isles'' in a state of blockade. 
 
 on the 49th parallel of latitude, from Lake of the "Woods to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains ; the boundary between it and Mexico, settled by the treaty with Spain 
 in 1819, is from the Sabine to the Red River, thence along the Red River to 
 100° of longitude west from Greenwich, north to the Arkansas River, which 
 it follows to the 42d parallel of latitude, and thence westward to the South 
 Sea. The territory west of the Rocky Mountains seems rather to belong to 
 the United States by priority of discovery, than as a part of the Louisiana 
 purchase. 
 
 ^^ Mediterranean Sea (from medhis, the middle; and tei-ra, the earth,) was 
 so called by the ancients on account of its lying between Europe, Africa, 
 Asia, and the Atlantic Ocean — the then known parts of the earth. Notwith- 
 standing the immense mass of water which it receives from the rivers emp- 
 tying into it, its surface is lower than that of the ocean — the current from 
 the ocean to the sea flows at the rate of 3 to 6 miles per hour. Many theories 
 have been advocated as the cause of this phenomenon, but the correct one is 
 probably that the evaporation by the hot winds of Africa continually lowers its 
 surface. 
 
 ^^ Derne (ancient Darnis), a seaport of Northern Africa, under the domi- 
 nion of Tripoli. It was one of the cities of Pentapolis. 
 
 ^°* Brest, on the northern shore of a small gulf called the Road of Brest, in 
 the north-western part of France. It is one of the first naval ports of Europe. 
 Population in 1852, 51,000. 
 
 ^"^ Elbe, a river in Germany, emptying into the North Sea, between Ilan- 
 over and Denmark. 
 
 '""The "Berlin Decree" prohibited all commerce, intercourse, and corre- 
 spondence with Great Britain. Every Englishman found in France, or in a 
 
4€ PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. [1801-1809. 
 
 180Y. Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted. 
 Commencement of steam navigation,^" 
 American frigate Chesapeake (Com. Barron,) attacked by 
 the Leopard, (Humphreys). 
 
 (The Chesapeake had three killed and eighteen wounded. The four nienjClaimed 
 by the British as deserters, were given up.) 
 
 "Orders in Council "^'^ issued. 
 
 Milan Decree ^'^ issued, {Dec). 
 
 Congress lays an Embargo on American ships, {Dec. 22). 
 
 1808. Foreign slave trade ceased. 
 
 (See Constitution of the United States, Art. I., Sec 9th, clause 1st.) 
 
 country occupied by French troops, was a prisoner of war, and all property 
 belonging to Englishmen a fair prize. No vessel coming from an English 
 4)ort was to be admitted into any harbor, and all vessels avoiding the Edict 
 by false declarations were confiscated. Berlin, on the Spree, a branch of the 
 Elbe, is the capital of Prussia, and, next to Viennna, the largest city of Ger- 
 many. Population, 450,000. 
 
 ^" To the United States belongs the honor of originating the first successful 
 steamboat. Rumsey and Fitch attempted to construct steamboats in 1783, 
 and actually exhibited their models in Washington. In 1790, Fitch ran a 
 passenger-boat, on the Delaware Piiver, from Philadelphia to Burlington.* 
 In 1807, Fulton, having already constructed a boat in Paris that would run at 
 the rate of four miles an hour, built one on the Hudson River that Avas entirely 
 successful. Steamboats were not introduced into Great Britain until 1812. 
 
 312 « Orders in Council" are orders issued by the king, by and with the 
 advice of the Privy Council. The first " Orders in Council" of 1807, prohibited 
 any neutral trade with France or her allies, unless through Great Britain. 
 All neutral vessels, whatever their cargoes, bound to any port of France or 
 her allies, were required, under pain of capture, to touch at some British port, 
 pay exportation duties, and receive a license to trade on the continent. 
 
 ^'^ The " Milan Decree" declared that every vessel which had been searched 
 by an English vessel, or had paid duty to England, or had sailed from any 
 country occupied by England, or were destined to any such port, should be a 
 lawful prize. In consequence of these decrees, all colonial produce rose to an 
 enormous price, and a regular smuggling trade was carried on. At Heligo- 
 land, such was the crowd of persons concerned in this business, that a ducat 
 •was paid for a barrel to sleep in. Thousands of substitutes were invented for 
 coffee and sugar, and a variety of manufactures grew up on the continent, 
 which were the germs of very extensive and profitable branches of industry. 
 Milan, the largest city of Austrian Italy, is in a beautiful and fertile valley, 
 between the Adda and Ticino. Population, 101,000. 
 
 * See Catalogue of Inventions, page 83. 
 
1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 4Y 
 
 1809. James Madison, President. George Clinton, Vice 
 President, 
 
 Cabinet — Robert Smith, Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of 
 the Treasury; \Villiam Eustis, Secretary of War; Paul Hamilton, Secre- 
 tary of the Navy; William Pinckney, Attorney General. 
 
 The British Minister promises the repeal of the injurious 
 decrees. 
 
 Embargo law repealed, (April 19). 
 
 Non -intercourse again proclaimed, (Aug. 10). 
 
 Mr. Jackson succeeds Mr. Erskine. Mr. Jackson dismissed. 
 
 1810. Napoleon issues a decree from Rambouillet,^** injurious to American 
 commerce, but repeals it the same year, when commercial intercourse 
 between France " and the United States was renewed. 
 
 1811. Oregon ^'^ settled at Astoria ^'^ by emigrants from 
 New York.^' 
 
 American frigate President (Com. Rogers,) attacked by 
 the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, (Bingham). 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe.^'"' General Harrison defeats the 
 Indians. 
 
 George III. insane, and the Prince of Wales becomes Prince llcgent. 
 
 1812, Louisiana'^ admitted into the Union. 
 Death of George Clinton, Yice President. 
 
 THREE YEARS' WAR; OR, THE WAR OF 1812, 1812-1815. 
 
 Congress lays an Embargo for ninety days. 
 War with England^ declared, (June 18). 
 
 "Orders in Council"**'^ revoked. 
 
 ^'^ Rambouillet (romb-wee-ya'), a town in France, seventeen miles southwest 
 of Versailles. 
 
 2'5 Oregon Territory, bounded on the north by Washington Territory, which 
 it lately included, is the most western territory of the United States. Captain 
 Gray, in the ship Columbia, visited the Columbia River in 1791, and named 
 it after his vessel. In 1804, Jeflferson sent out an expedition, commanded by 
 Lewis and Clarke. In addition to the right obtained by exploration, the 
 United States claimed it as being ours by the Louisiana purchase. The 
 boundary was settled in 1846 {q. v., note 265). Oregon applied for admission 
 in 1855. 
 
 ^'^ Astoria, about ten miles from the mouth of the Columbia River, was 
 named in honor of John Jacob Astor. It has a Custom-house. 
 
 ^'■' The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought near the west bank of the Tippe- 
 canoe River, at its junction with the Wabash. 
 
48 PRESIDENT MADISON. [1S09-1817. 
 
 General Dearborn, Coramander-in-cbief. 
 General Hull invades Canada/^ {July 12), but abandons 
 the expedition, {Aug. 1). 
 Battle of Brownstown.''^ 
 
 (British defeat the Americans under Major Van Ilorne, while conveying supplies to 
 General Hull.) 
 
 Hull surrenders Michigan ^^ to General Brock, {Aug. 16). 
 
 Mackina^F *^^ surrendered, July 17. 
 
 General Yan Kenselaer invades Canada^' by the Niagara 
 frontier. 
 
 Battle of Queenstown.^^° 
 
 (Brock defeats Van Renselaer. Brock killed, Oct. 13.) 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES, 1812. 
 
 British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, (Com. Porter). 
 
 British frigate Guerriere (Dacres,) taken by the Constitu- 
 tion, (Hull, Aug. 19). 
 
 British brig Frolic (Whinyates,) taken by the sloop Wasp, 
 (Jones, Oct. 18). 
 
 (Both captured by the Poictier, Oct. 18 ) 
 
 British frigate Macedonian (Garden,) taken by the United 
 States, (Decatur, Oct. 25). 
 
 British frigate Java (Lambert,) taken by the Constitution, 
 (Bainbridge, Dec. 29). 
 
 1813. Madison's second Administration. Elbridge Gerry, 
 Yice President. 
 
 Proposals for peace. 
 
 (Commissioners — Adams, Gallatin, Bayard.) 
 
 "VVm. II. Harrison, Commander of the Western army; Gen. Dearborn, 
 of the Centre; and Hampton, of the Northern. Sir George Prevost, 
 Commander of the British. 
 
 "'* Brownstown is situated nortli of the Huron River, in Michigan, twenty 
 miles south of Detroit. 
 
 ^'^ Mackinaw (sometimes called Mackinac, and Miehilimackinac), a village 
 on an island of the same name in Lake Huron, ,320 miles from Detroit. 
 
 ^ Queenstown, a river port in Canada West, on the Niagara River, five 
 miles from the Falls. 
 
1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 49 
 
 British, under Proctor, defeat Gen. Winchester at French- 
 town,-'-' {Jan. 22). 
 
 Americans, under Dearborn, take York,^^^ Upper Canada." 
 
 (General Pike was mortally wounded. British Com., Sheaffe. April 27.) 
 
 Fort Meigs,^-^ on the rapids of the Maumee River, '^ besieged 
 by Proctor, {May 1). 
 
 Fort George ^'^'' taken by American forces from Sackett's 
 Harbor. ^^^ 
 
 Prevost attacks Sackett's Harbor ^-^ during the absence of 
 the garrison, and is repulsed by the militia under Brown. 
 
 Ravages of the British in Chesapeake Bay, {May). 
 
 Sandusky ^^"^ gallantly defended by Major Croghan, {Aug. 2). 
 
 Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mimms.^^' 
 
 Perry's victory on Lake Erie,^^- {Sept. 10). 
 
 (Amer. Com., Perry; British, Barclay.) 
 
 Battle of the Thames.^^^ Americans, under Harrison, defeat 
 Proctor, {Oct. 5). 
 
 (Colonel Richard M. Johnson was wounded. Tecumseh, killed.) 
 
 Battles of Talladega,^^" Attosse,^^^' and Emucfau.^^'-^ 
 
 "' Frenchtown, on the north side of the Raisin River, in Michigan, imme- 
 diately opposite the present town of Munroe. 
 
 ^^ York (now Toronto,) is on Lake Ontario, in Canada West. 
 
 "^ Fort Meigs was near PeiTysburg, in Ohio. 
 
 ^"' Fort George, in Canada, at the mouth of the Niagara River, one mile 
 from Lake Ontario. 
 
 '^^ Sackett's Harbor, a port of entry, is on the southern shore of Black River 
 Bay, eight miles east of Lake Ontario, in New York. Stony Creek, Canada, 
 west of the Niagara River. 
 
 -^ Sandusky, a port of entry, is delightfully situated on Sandusky Bay, 
 three miles from Lake Erie. Population, 10,000. 
 
 ^^^ Fort Minims, in Alabama, on the east side of the Alabama River, ten 
 miles from its junction with the Tombigbee. 
 
 "'^ Lake Erie, one of the five great lakes drained by the St. Lawrence, lies 
 north of Ohio. Its depth is less than any in the chain ; its shallowness being 
 a serious impediment to navigation, which is entirely suspended during the 
 winter months, on account of the shoal water being frozen. 
 
 *-* Thames River, in Canada West, empties into Lake St. Clair. The 
 "Battle of the Thames" was fought near the "Moravian Yilhige." 
 
 ^" Talladega (tal-la-de'-ga,) was east of the Coosa, in Talladega Co., Ala. 
 
 ^' Attosse was on the south bank of the Tallapoosa River, in Alaliama. 
 
 '" Emucfau was on the west bank of the Tallapoosa River, Alabama. 
 
 5 
 
50 PRESIDENT MADISON. [1S09-1817. 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 British brig Peacock (Peake), taken by the Hornet, (Law- 
 rence, Feb. 24). 
 
 American frigate Chesapeake (Lawrence), taken by the 
 Shannon, (Broke, June 1). 
 
 American brig Argus (Allen), taken by the Pelican, 
 (Maples, Aug. 14). 
 
 British brig Boxer (Blythe), taken by the Enterprise, 
 (Burrows, Sept. 5). 
 
 British squadron (Barclay), on Lake Erie, taken by Com- 
 modore Perry. 
 
 1814. Creek War ended by the battle of Tohopeka."^ 
 
 Peace between England' and France," and a large number of British 
 
 troops sent OTer. 
 Napoleon abdicates, and becomes sovereign of Elba.'*'* 
 
 Generals Scott and Ripley invade Canada.^' 
 
 (Fort Erie^^" captured, July 3.) 
 
 Battle of Chippewa.^^'^ 
 
 Battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane,^' {July 25). 
 
 The Americans abandon Fort Erie,^'' cross the Niagara River, and go 
 into winter-quarters at Buffalo,-'^ in December. 
 
 British take Bladensburg^^^ and Washington, ^^' {Aug. 24). 
 McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain,'^^ {Sept. 11). 
 
 (Prevost retreats. Commodore Downie, a British oificer, killed.) 
 
 ^ Tohopeka, or Horse-shoe Bend, is on the Tallapoosa River, near the 
 northeast corner of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. 
 
 '"' Elba, the largest island of Tuscany, is in the Mediterranean Sea. It was 
 erected into a sovereignty for Napoleon, who resided in it from May 3d, 1814, 
 to Feb. 26th, 1815. 
 
 ^' Fort Erie was at the source of the Niagara River, near Lake Erie, in 
 Canada West. Fort George was at the mouth of the river. 
 
 ** Chippewa (chip'-e-way), a village and port of entry in Canada West, at 
 the confluence of the Chippewa and Niagara, above the Falls. 
 
 ^■' Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, is in Canada, half a mile northwest from 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 '^^ Buffalo, a port of entry at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, N.Y. 
 Population in 1854, 80,000. 
 
 "^ Bladcnsburg is in Maryland, six miles northeast from Washington. 
 
1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 5I 
 
 British, under General Ross, defeated at North Point''" 
 and Fort McHenry,''' {Sept. 12). 
 Treaty of peace at Ghent. ^''- 
 
 (American Commissioners— Adams, GaHatin, and Bayard, in 1813; Clay and Russel, 
 in 1S14. British Commissioners— Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry Gouldborn, and "VVil- 
 liam Adams.) 
 
 Death of the Vice President, Elbridge Gerry, Nov. 29. 
 
 Hartford'^' Convention {held by the Federalists, Dec. 15). 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 American frigate Essex (Porter,) taken by the Phoebe 
 (Hillyer,) and Cherub (Tucker). March 2S. 
 
 American sloop Frolic (Bainbridge,) taken by the brig 
 Orpheus (Pigot). Ajjril 21. 
 
 British brig Epervier (Wales,) taken by the American 
 sloop Peacock (Warrington). ^pn7 29. 
 
 British sloop Avon (Arbuthnot,) taken by the American 
 sloop Wasp (Blakely). SejA 1. 
 
 British squadron on Lake Champlain ''^ (Com. Downie,) 
 defeated by Commodore McDonough. Sept. 11. 
 
 1815. Battle of New Orleans.^"* 
 
 (American General, Jackson; British, Packenham. Jan. 8.) 
 
 The British Generals-, Packenham, Keene, and Gibbs, were killed. 
 British loss — 2000 killed and wounded. American — six killed and 
 seven wounded. 
 
 British vessels Cyane (Falcon,) and Levant (Douglass,) 
 taken by the Constitution (Stewart). Feb. 20. 
 
 ^° North Point is at the mouth of the Patapsco River, fourteen miles from 
 Baltimore. 
 
 ^' Fort McHenry is on the west side of the entrance to Baltimore, two miles 
 below the city. 
 
 "" Ghent is in Belgium, thirty-one miles northwest of Brussels. Population, 
 112,410. ^ ' 
 
 ^'^ Hartford, one of the capitals of Connecticut, on the Connecticut River, 
 50 miles from Long Island Sound, and 112 miles from New York. Previous 
 to its settlement by the English in 1G35, tlie Dutch had built a fort in tho 
 southeast part of the city. It was during the attempt of Andross, in 1687, to 
 establish his authority over Connecticut, that the charter was hid in an oak 
 tree, still called "Charter Oak." This tree was blown down in 1857. 
 
52 PRESIDENT MONROE. [1817-1825. 
 
 Treaty of peace ratified, Feh. IT. 
 
 War declared with Algiers ;'^^ Commodore Decatur sent 
 there. 
 
 (The Americans refuge to pny tribute.) 
 
 Commodore Decatur compels the Dey to sign a treaty of 
 peace at the city of Algiers. ^^^ 
 
 Massacre of the American prisoners at Dartmoor.^"*^ 
 
 1816. Indiana^'' {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
 United States Bank re-chartered for twenty years. 
 
 (Charter expired in 1811.) 
 
 Duties laid on imported goods. 
 
 1817. Mississippi^^ {slave State,) admitted into the Union. 
 James Monroe, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, Yice 
 
 President. 
 
 Cabinet— John Q.Adams, Secretary of State ; Wm. II. Crawford, Secretary 
 of the Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; Smith Thompson, 
 Secretary of the Nayy ; William Wirt, Attorney-General. 
 
 1818. Illinois^' (free State,) admitted into the Union. 
 Hostilities commence with the Seminoles and Creeks in 
 
 Georgia®^ and Florida.^ 
 
 General Jack.son sent to the assistance of General Guinea. 
 
 Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed. 
 Pensacola^^*^ taken by General Jackson. 
 
 (Spanish authorities sent to Havana.^") 
 
 1819. Alabama ^^ (slave State,) admitted into the Union. 
 
 ^** Algiers will probably be one of the handsomest cities on the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea. Its commerce is of great importance, it being the entrepot of four- 
 fifths of the trade with Europe. Steam vessels leave for Toulon and Marseilles 
 three times a month, performing the voyage in fifty hours ; vessels run also to 
 many of the towns in Africa. Population, 94,000. 
 
 ^*^ Dartmoor is a table-land in the southern part of Devonshire, in England. 
 During the war of 1812, extensive barracks for prisons were erected, where 
 American prisoners were confined. On a supposed mutiny occurring in 1815, 
 the soldiery fired on the prisoners, killing great numbers. 
 
 ^*^ Pensacola, a port of entry on Pensacola Bay, in Florida. Population in 
 1850, 2164. 
 
 ^" Havana is on the northwest coast of Cuba. (Inhabitant, Ilavanese.) 
 Population, 134,000. 
 
1S25-1829.] PRESIDENT J. Q. ADAMS. 53 
 
 Treaty with Spain' for the cession of Florida.^ 
 
 (John Q. Adams, American Commissioner; Don Onis, Spanish. Spain* retains 
 Texaa.'«>) 
 
 Treaty with Great Britain^ regarding the fisheries of New- 
 foundland,'^ and settling the boundaries from Lake of the 
 Woods'*' to the Rocky Mountains.^''^ 
 
 1820. Maine'' {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
 
 Commodore Decatur killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, 
 
 1821. Missouri^' {slave State,) admitted into the IJnion. 
 
 "Missouri Compromise "250 adopted, prohibiting sUiTery in all territory 
 (except the State of Missouri,^') west of the Mississippi Kiver,** and 
 north of 36° 30'. 
 
 1824. Lafayette visits the United States. 
 
 1825. John Q. Adams, President. J. C. Calhoun, Vice 
 President. 
 
 John Q. Adams was elected by the House of Representatives. 
 
 Cabinet — Henry Clay, Secretary of State; Richard Rush, Secretary of the 
 
 Treasury; James Barbour, Secretary of War; S. L. Southard, Secretary 
 
 of the Navy. 
 
 1826. Death of the two Ex-Presidents, John Adams and 
 Thomas Jefferson, July 4. 
 
 Abduction of Morgan. 
 
 1827. First railroad finished in the United States {at 
 Quincy,^'^ Massachusetts,'^^ four miles long). 
 
 1828. Duties on imported goods increased. 
 
 "^^ Lake of the Woods is in British America, Lat. 49°, Lon. 95° W. 
 
 ^" Rocky Mountains (called also the Chip-pe-wa-an), a chain in the central 
 and northern part of North America, commencing in New Mexico, near Furt 
 Webster, extends throughout the northern part of the continent to the Polar 
 Sea. In Central America, the range takes the name of the Cordilleras, and 
 the Andes in South America. 
 
 250 rpjjg « Missouri Compromise." — When Missouri applied for admission into 
 the Union, a discussion arose as to whether it should be admitted vpith slavery. 
 A compromise vras finally decided upon : the North allowed Missouri to be 
 admitted with slavery, and the South consented that slavery should be forever 
 excluded in all the Louisiana Territory north of the southern boundary of 
 Missouri, 36° 30'. 
 
 ^'' Quincy, a village eight miles south of Boston, celebrated for its quarries 
 of granite, known as Quincy granite. It is the bu-thplace of .T<jhu Hancock, 
 Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the two Adamses. Population in ISOU, 5000. 
 
 5* 
 
54 PRESIDENT JACKSON. [1829-1837. 
 
 1829. Andrew Jackson, President. J. C. Calhoun, Yice 
 President. 
 
 Cabinet — Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State ; S. D. Ingham, Secretary 
 of the Treasury; J. H. Eaton, Secretary of War. J. Branch, Secretary 
 of the Navy; John McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General. 
 
 1831. Death of James Monroe, July 4. 
 
 1832. Black Hawk's War.'^^ 
 
 (Sacs [sauks], Foxes, and Winnebagocs, subdued by General Scott.) 
 
 Bill re-chartering the Bank of the United States vetoed by 
 
 the President. 
 
 Nullification of the Tariff laws ^" in South Carolina.^" 
 Clay's Compromise ^^^ providing a gradual reduction of 
 
 duties. 
 
 1833. Cholera visits the United States. 
 
 lowa^^^ settled at Burlington by emigrants from N. England. 
 
 '^'^ Black Hawk's War. — Under the noted Chief, Black Hawk, the Indians 
 of Wisconsin Territory commenced hostilities against the settlers in Wisconsin 
 and the adjoining States. General Scott was sent against them, and after 
 many skirmishes, Black Hawk was captured, and the Indians were compelled 
 to remove to Indian Territory. 
 
 ^'^ Tariff Law and Clay's Compromise. — In 1816, duties were laid on im- 
 ported goods; in 1826, these duties were increased; and in 1832, a "Tariff 
 Bill," imposing additional duties on foreign goods, was passed by Congress. 
 These laws were supposed to favor the vtaniifacturers, (residing principally iu 
 the North,) by increasing the price of foreign goods imported into this 
 countrj', thus enabling him to sell as cheap if not cheaper than the foreign 
 manufacturer; and to i)ijiire the jilanter, by increasing the cost of foreign 
 articles, thus diminishing the amount which he would receive in exchange 
 for the cotton, sugar, &c., of the South. Great opposition was exhibited by 
 many of the Southern Stat^ to these laws. South Carolina, who has ever 
 maintained the most ultra doctrine on the question of " States' Rights," held 
 a State Convention, and openly nnflijied the law, bj' declaring that the duties 
 shoidd not be paid, and if the United States attempted to enforce the laws, 
 she would withdraw from the Union, and establish an independent govern- 
 ment. The prompt and determined measures of President Jackson compelled 
 South Carolina to submit to the laws. In 1832, Henry Clay brought forward 
 his second "Compromise Bill," providing for a gradual reduction of duties 
 until 1842, when they were to sink to twenty per cent. 
 
 ^** Iowa (i-o-wa), one of the Western States, was formed out of the Louisi- 
 ana Territory. It lies between the Mississippi and Missouri Bivers. It is 
 rich in minerals, lead, zinc, copper, and bituminous coal. The staples are 
 Indian corn, wheat, and live stock. It is a free State by the Missouri Com- 
 promise, {q. v.). 
 
1837-1841.] PRESIDENT VAN BUKEN. 55 
 
 Removal of the deposits {U. S. funds,) from the United 
 States Bank to the State banks. 
 
 (Wm. J. Duane, Secretary of the Treasury, di?inissecl from oifice for refut^ing to 
 remove the deposits. Roger B. Taney appointed in his place.) 
 
 1835. War apprehended with France." 
 Spoliation Bill paid by France." 
 
 (25,000,000 francs for spoliations on our commerce during the wars of Napoleon.) 
 
 Great fire in New York.'^' 
 
 Seminole War in Florida.^ 
 
 A party, under General Dade, massacred by the Indians. 
 
 Battle of the Withlacoochee.^^^ 
 
 (General Clinch defeated. Bee. SI.) 
 
 National debt extinguished. 
 
 1835 to 1837. Great mania for land speculation. 
 
 1836. " Specie Circular" issued. 
 
 (It 1 rovided that all moneys paid to the Government should he in specie.) 
 
 Arkansas '° {slave State,) admitted into the Union. 
 
 Death of James Madison. 
 
 Second battle of the Withlacoochee.^^^ 
 
 (General Gaines defeats the Indians. Feb. 29.) 
 
 1837. Martin Yan Buren, President. Pv. M. Johnson, 
 Yice President. 
 
 Cabinet— John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of 
 the Treasury; J. R. Poinsett, Secretary of War; J. K. Paulding, Secretary 
 of the Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. 
 
 Surplus revenue distributed among the States, according 
 to the "Distribution Bill." 
 
 Michigan ^^ {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
 
 Great money pressure. 
 
 Extra session of Congress. 
 
 Banks suspend specie payments, {May 10). 
 
 Osceola captured by General Jessup. 
 
 1838. Canadians revolt, and are aided by the Americans. 
 
 (The President issues a proclamation of neutrality.) 
 
 Banks resume specie payment, {Aug. 13). 
 
 Exploring Expedition sets out under Lieutenant Wilkes. 
 
 '" Withlacoocliee River enters the Gulf of Mexico, 95 miles north u[ Tampa 
 Bay, Florida. 
 
56 PRESIDENTS II ARRISON — TYLER. [1841-1845. 
 
 1840. " Sub-treasury," ^^^ or "Independent Treasury Bill," 
 passed. (Hej^ealed in ISil.) 
 
 .1841. Wm. H. Harrison, President. Jolm Tyler, Yice 
 President. 
 
 Cabinet — Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas Ewing, Secretary 
 of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George Badger, Secretary 
 of the Navy ; J. J. Crittenden, Attorney -General. 
 
 Death of Wm. H. Harrison. John Tyler, President. 
 Extra session of Congress. 
 
 Sub-treasury Bill^^® repealed. (Passed in 1840.) 
 Two bills, re-chartering the Bank of the United States, 
 vetoed by the President. 
 
 1842. North-eastern Boundary ^^"^ Question settled. 
 
 (American Commissioner, Daniel Webster; English Com., Lord Ashburton.) 
 
 Difficulties in Rhode Island ^^ concerning the adoption of a 
 Constitution. 
 
 Exploring Expedition returns, having discovered the 
 Antarctic Continent. ^'^ (Set out in 1838.) 
 
 1844. Explosion of the Peacemaker on board the steamer 
 Princeton. 
 
 (Abel C. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas W. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, 
 •were killed.) 
 
 1845. Joint resolutions, ^^^ for the annexation of Texas, ''^ 
 adopted, (Jan.). 
 
 (The Mexican Minister, Almonte [al-mon-ta'], protests against the annexation of 
 Texas," and demands his passport?.) 
 
 ^^ The Sub-treasury, or Independent Treasury Bill, provided for the col- 
 lection, safe keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public fund.s, without 
 any dependence upon the banks. This bill was rejected by the House of 
 Representatives in 1837, became a law in 1840, repealed in 1841, and passed 
 again in 1840. 
 
 "■* The North-eastern Boundary, or the boundary between Maine and 
 Canada, was a subject of contention for many years, and at one time threat- 
 ened an appeal to arms. The United States claimed the Highlands as the 
 dividing line ; the British, a line running across the State, in almost 46° N. L. 
 
 -*^ The Exploring Expedition coasted along the shores of the Antarctic 
 Continent, a little north of the Antarctic Circle. Captain Ross reached land 
 as far south as 78° 10' South Latitude. 
 
 ^'^ Joint Resolutions are resolutions passed jointly by the Senate and House 
 of Representatives. 
 
1S45-1SW.] PRESIDENT POLK. 57 
 
 James K. Polk, President. G. M. Dallas, Vice President. 
 
 Cabinet — James Buchanan, Secretary of State; Kobert J. Walker, Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury; AVilliam L. Marcy, Secretary of War; George Baa- 
 croft, Secretary of the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmastor-Geueral. 
 
 Texas'^ accepts the joint resolutions,^^^ and thus becomes 
 United States territory. 
 
 General Taylor sent to Corpus Christi^*^°to defend Texas. "'^ 
 
 Texas'^ and Florida^ (slave States,) admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 1846. lowa^^' (fi'ee State,) admitted into the Union. 
 
 Bills passed — Sub-treasury ^^^ Bill, Warehousing^^' Bill, 
 and the bill establishing the Smithsonian Institute. ^^^ 
 
 Tariff Law of 1842 repealed. 
 
 British abolish their Corn Laws.^^' 
 
 ^''° Corpus Christi is at the mouth of the Nueces Eiver, Texas, 100 miles 
 from the Rio Grande. 
 
 ^' The Warehousing Bill provided that goods imported into the country, 
 subject to duty, might be placed under bond?, in warehouses provided for the 
 purpose, where they could remain for one year without having paid the duty. 
 Should it be more profitable to the importer to sell the goods in some other 
 country, they could be re-shii^ped without having paid duty. These ware- 
 houses are sometimes called " Bonded Warehouses." 
 
 '^'^ Smithsonian Institute. — James Smithson, of England, left his entire 
 property to the United States, to found, at Washington, an institution which 
 should bear his name, and have for its objects the increase and diffusion of 
 knowledge. The trust was accepted by the Government, and an act passed, 
 August 10, 1846, organizing "The Sniitfisonian Institution for the Increase and 
 Diffusion of Knoiuledge among Men." The endowment consists of the original 
 sum, $515,169, received Sept. 1, 1838, which is to remain for ever as a perma- 
 nent fund. The interest of this amount to 1846, when, by Act of Congress, 
 the funds were placed in the hands of the Board of Regents, was $242,129 ; 
 which sum, with all accruing future interest, is to be expended in the building, 
 and the current expenses of the Institution. The entire income is to be 
 divided into two equal parts, one of which is to be devoted to the increase 
 and diffusion of knowledge by means of original research and publications ; 
 and the other, to the gradual formation of a library, a museum, and a gallery 
 of art. 
 
 ^' Corn Laws. — In Great Britain, the term "corn" is generally applied to 
 wheat, rye, oats, and barlej'. Simultaneously with the extension of "free 
 trade" principles in the United States, Great Britain abolished the duties on 
 the importation of grain, and thus opened a profitable market for American 
 produce. 
 
58 PRESIDENT POLK. [1845-1849. 
 
 Wilmot rroviso^si defeated. 
 
 North- western Boundary ^^^ settled. 
 
 (American Commissioner, James Buchanan; British, Packenham.) 
 
 General Taylor removes to Point Isabel. ^^^ 
 General Taj^lor moves up the Rio Grande,^^' and builds 
 Tort Brown. 2^^ 
 
 Battle of Palo Alto.^^^ 
 
 (General Taylor defeats the Mexicans, May 8. Major Ringgold was killed.) 
 
 Battle of Resaca de la Palraa.^° 
 
 (Taylor defeats the IMexicans, May 9. Gen. La Vega taken prisoner.) 
 
 War declared between the U. States and Mexico, '° (3IaylS). 
 Taylor crosses the Rio Grande/" and takes Matamoras.-'' 
 
 ^^* "Wilmot Proviso. — In 1846, David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, proposed a 
 bill providing that the terms of the "Missouri Compromise" should apply to 
 a,ll territory that might be procured by purchase or conquest from Mexico. 
 It passed the House, but was lost in the Senate. 
 
 ®=* In President Tyler's Administration, a dispute arose as to the northern 
 limit of Oregon Territory,* the British claiming as far south as 49° N. Lat., — ■ 
 the United States, as far north as 54° 40' N. L. In the Presidential election 
 of 1844 this was one of the most exciting topics, and the party cry of 
 *' Fifty-four forty, or fight!" sufficiently indicates the feeling that existed. In 
 1846, Lord Packenham was appointed Commissioner by England, and James 
 Buchanan by the United States, to settle the difficulty, and 49° N. Lat, with 
 the Straits of Juan de Fuca, was determined on as the boundary. 
 
 ^^ Point Isabel (iz'-a-bel), a port of entry in Texas, on a point of land oppo- 
 site Brazos Santiago, thirty miles northeast of Brownsville. 
 
 **' Rio Grande del Norte (re-o gran-dd del nor-td, or ri-o grand), a river 
 which forms the boundary between the United States and Mexico. It is very 
 shallow, though small steamers have ascended 450 miles from its mouth, at 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 "^^^ Fort Brown, now Brownsville, a thriving post-town in Texas, on the Eio 
 Grande, forty miles from its mouth. Its trade is very important; the exports, 
 in 1852, were estimated at $5,000,000. It contains a Custom-house, as well 
 as one or two printing-offices, and was named in honor of Major Brown, who 
 was killed during the bombardment. May 6th, 1846. Population, 5000. 
 
 **' Palo Alto (pd,-lo al'-to,) is in Texas, nine miles northeast of Matamoras. 
 
 °''° Resaca do la Palma (ra-sd-ki da Id. pd-md,) is in Texas, four miles north 
 of Matamoras. 
 
 **" Matamoras, or Matamoros (mat-a-m6-ras), a river post-town on the Rio 
 Grande, forty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Exports — specie, hides, avooI, 
 and horses. Imports — manufactured goods from Great Britain and the 
 United States. 
 
1845-1849.] PRESIDENT POLK. 59 
 
 General Taylor takes Monterey /-^'^ {Sept. 24). 
 Monterey,-'^ in California,"'' taken by Com. Sloat. 
 Santa Fe^^ taken by Gen. Kearney, {Aug. 18), 
 Tampico"^ taken by Com. Connor, {Nov. 14). 
 184Y. Wisconsin ^^ {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
 Battle of Buena Yista,''^ {Fel). 22). 
 
 (General Taylor defeats the Mexicans under Santa Anna.) 
 
 General Scott takes Yera Cruz,^" {3Iarch 21). 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo,"'"' (Ji^jnY 18). 
 
 (American Generals, Scott and Twiggs ; Mexican, Santa Anna.) 
 
 Americans, under Worth, enter La Puebla,^^^ {3Iayl5). 
 
 ^'•^ Monterey ("king's mountain"), the capital of New Leon, 85 miles north- 
 east of Saltillo, is the most important place in North Mexico. Population, 
 12,000. 
 
 ^" Monterey (mon-ta-ray'), a port of entry in California, is on Monterey 
 Bay, 94 miles southeast of San Francisco. 
 
 *''* Upper California comprises the present State of California and the Terri- 
 tories of New Mexico and Utah. 
 
 '^^ Tampico (tam-pee'-ko), a seaport of Mexico, on the shore of Lake Tarn- 
 pico, 215 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. 
 
 ^^^ Buena Yista (bwa'-na vees'-ta, or bo'-na vis'-ta; literally, "good, or fine 
 view"), in Mexico, 90 miles southwest from Monterey, and ten from Saltillo. 
 The battle is sometimes called the " Battle of La Angostura." 
 
 ^'' Vera Cruz (va'-ra krooz — " the true cross,") is a seaport in Mexico, on 
 the Gulf, 185 miles east of the city of Mexico. It is defended by the strong 
 castle of San Juan d'Ulloa (san ju-an', or hoo-an', da oo-loo'-a), built on an 
 island half a mile from the shore. In commerce, Vera Cruz ranks fourth in 
 the Mexican Confederation. Exports — bullion, cochineal, sugar, flour, indigo, 
 A^anilla, logwood, and pimento. Imports — woven fabrics, cocoa, paper, brandy, 
 wines, and metals. Population, 8228. 
 
 ^■* Cerro Gordo is 60 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. 
 
 ^" La Puebla de los Angelos (lii pweb'-la da loce ang-hd-les — "the city 
 of the angels,") is 76 miles southeast of the city of Mexico. According to 
 some, it received its name from the beauty of its situation ; but a much pret- 
 tier account is the following : " Many years ago," says tradition, " it was 
 desired by the faithful to build a cathedral. But the people were poor, and 
 unable to accomplish such an undertaking. Urged by the clergy, however, 
 they commenced contributing labor and materials as they were able, and 
 were rewarded by finding the work progress in the most astonishing manner. 
 Every morning it was found that as much had been done in the absence of 
 the laborers, in the night, as during the day previous. All theories failed to 
 account for the phenomenon, until it was discovered that every night the 
 
60 PRESIDENT POLK. [1845-3849. 
 
 Nicholas P. Trist sent to negotiate peace. 
 
 Battles of Contreras^*" and Churubuseo,^^' (Aug. 20). 
 
 (American Gen., Scott; Mexican, Valencia and Santa Anna.) 
 
 Molino del Rey^^^ and Chapultepec^^^ taken by General 
 Worth, (Sept. 8-13). 
 
 Americans, under Scott, enter the city of Mexico,^^ Se2:>f- 14. 
 1848. Treaty of peace ^^ signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo.^^^ 
 Death of John Quincy Adams, (Feb. 23). 
 
 Girard College ^'' opened for the admission of pupils. 
 
 angels came down, and rewarded the zeal of the people by doing exactlj^ as 
 much in the night as had been done in the day." The cathedral was finished 
 in the most splendid and expensive manner. The lofty candlesticks, the 
 balustrade, the lamps, and all the ornaments of the principal altar, are of 
 massive silver. The great chandelier suspended from the dome is said to 
 weigh several tons. 
 
 ^° Contreras (con-trd-ras,) is fourteen miles south of the city of Mexico. 
 
 '^' Churubusco (choo-roo-boos'-ko,) is six miles south of the city of 
 Mexico. 
 
 ^'^ Molino del Rey (mo-lee'-no del ray' — "the mill of the king,") is twelve 
 miles southwest of the city of Mexico. 
 
 ^^ Chapultepec (chd^pool^ta-pec^, a strong fortress, two miles southwest of 
 the city of Mexico. 
 
 ^'* The City of Mexico, the capital of the Confederacy, is on a plain 7400 
 feet above the level of the sea. The United States Army occupied it from 
 September 14th, 1847, to June 12th, 1848. Population, 180,000. Lat. 19° 
 25' N.; Lon. 103° 45' AV'est 
 
 ^^ By this treaty, Mexico ceded to the United States more than 2,000,000 
 square miles of territory, including California, Utah, and New Mexico. 
 
 '^'"' Guadaloupe Hidalgo, a small town three and a half miles north of the 
 city of Mexico. The treaty of peace was concluded February 2d, 1848, and 
 ratified by the Mexican Congress, May 19th, 1848. 
 
 **■' Girard College, situated in the northwestern part of the city of Philadel- 
 phia, was founded upon a bequest of $2,000,000, left by Stephen Girard, who 
 died in 1831. Orphans are admitted between the ages of six and ten years; 
 at the age of fourteen they are bound out to some useful occupation, unless 
 they evince a disposition to pursue classical studies, in view of a profession, 
 when they remain in the institution until they attain the age of eighteen years. 
 The useful branches of an English education, and the French and Spanish 
 languages, are taught in the principal department; and, as the pupils advance, 
 higher branches are introduced. The college buildings, constructed on a plan 
 differing in many respects from that designated by Girard, are objects of great 
 interest to visitors. 
 
1849-1853.] PRESIDENTS TAYLOR — FILLMORE. Ql 
 
 Utah^ss settled at Salt Lake City,'^^ by Mormons from 
 Illinois. 
 
 1849. Zachary Taylor, President. Millard Fillmore, Yice 
 President. 
 
 Cabinet — John M. Clayton, Secretary of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury; G. W. Crawford, Secretary of War; AVilliara B, 
 Preston, Secretary of the Navy; lleverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. 
 
 Death of James K. Polk. 
 
 Minnesota ^^ erected into a Territory. 
 
 1850. Death of John C. Calhoun. 
 Death of Zachary Taylor. 
 Millard Fillmore, President. 
 
 Cabinet — Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Corwin, Secretary 
 of the Treasury; Chas. M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Wm. A.Graham, 
 Secretary of the Navy; A. H. 11. Stuart, Secretary of- the Interior; 
 J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 
 
 Compromise Measures ^^ passed — admission of California,, 
 with a Constitution prohibiting^ slavery ; the erection of Utah 
 and New Mexico into Territories ; the settlement of the boun- 
 
 ^* Utah (yu-taw*), a Territory of the United States, originally a part of 
 Upper California, was ceded to the United States in 1848. The productions 
 are wheat, rye, harley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables 
 of the Middle States. Wood, both for building purposes and fuel, is scarce. 
 The principal town is Salt Lake City, which is the Mormon capital. It has a 
 magnificent temple, and a theatre which cost $20,000. Population, 10,000. 
 The other cities, naming them in order from north to south, are Brownsville, 
 Ogden City, Provo City, Manti City, Fillmore City, and Paravan. They are 
 built mostly of adobes, or unburnt bricks. Fillmore City is the capital. The 
 population of Utah is composed principally of Mormons, who settled here in 
 1848, after their expulsion from Illinois and Missouri. 
 
 ^^ Minnesota was a part of Louisiana Territory. In 1857 it was authorized 
 to form a State Constitution. Pembina, on the Fox River, where it crosses 
 the 49th parallel of North Latitude, is the most northern town in the United 
 States. 
 
 **° Clay's Compromise provided for the admission of California, for the 
 organization of the Territories of Utah and New Mexico, and for the adjust- 
 ment of the Texas boundary. This " Omnibus Bill," as it was called, was 
 strongly opposed, and all its measures defeated, except that which provided 
 for the organization of Utah into a Territory. Afterwards, California was 
 admitted with a Constitution excluding slavery; New Mexico was erected into 
 a Territorial Government, with the provision that Utah and New Mexico 
 Bhould be admitted as States, either with or without slavery, as the Coustitu- 
 
 6 
 
62 PRESIDENTS PIERCE — BU CHANAN. [1S53-1857. 
 
 dary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave trade in the District 
 of Columbia ; and the Fugitive Slave Law. 
 Death of Richard M. Johnson. 
 
 ArriTal of Jennj' Lind. 
 
 1851. Bills passed. — A bill providing for the payment of 
 French spoliations ; Postage Bill, by which postage on letters 
 was reduced to three cents, prepaid, for all distances under 
 3000 miles. 
 
 Opening of the Crystal Palace, in London. A'isit of Father Mathew to the 
 United States. Death of James Audubon, the ornithologist; James 
 Fennimore Cooper ; Mrs. Shelley; Joanna Baillie. 
 
 1852. Death of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. 
 
 Arrival of Kossuth. 
 
 1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Wm. R. King, Yice 
 President. 
 
 Cabinet— Win. L. Marey, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of 
 the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War ; J. C. Dobbin, Secretary 
 of the Navy; Kobert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior; Caleb 
 Cushing, Attorney-General. 
 
 Death of Wm. R. King. David R. Atchison, Yice Presi- 
 dent pro tern. 
 
 Opening of the Crystal Palace in New York. Washington Territory formed. 
 U. S. Expedition to Japan, under Commodore Perry, set out. 
 
 1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise,^^ by the estab- 
 lishment of Territorial Governments in Kansas and Xebraska.^^' 
 
 Purchase of the Mesilla Valley.-* Loss of the Steamer Arctic. 
 
 185t. James Buchanan, President. J. C. Breckenridge, 
 Yice President. 
 
 Cabinet — Lewis Cass, Secretary of State; IIowcll Cobb, Secretary of the 
 Treasury; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of 
 the Navy ; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, 
 Postmaster-General ; Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. 
 
 lion of each should prescribe ; the Texas boundary was settled, and $10,000,000 
 paid to her by the United States ; the slave trade was abolished in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia ; and the '' Fugitive Slave Law" passed. 
 
 '^'- The Kansas and Nebraska Act established territorial governments over 
 Kansas and Nebraska, and provided that, Avhen admitted as States, they 
 shall be received with or without slavery, as the Constitution of each may 
 prescribe. This act, by allowing slavery in a part of the Louisiana Territory, 
 north of 36° 30', repealed the Missouri Compromise. 
 
CHRONOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 1606. James I. grants South Yirginia'' (34°-38° N.Lat.) 
 to the London Company. 
 
 1601. First permanent English settlement in America/ at 
 Jamestown.''* 
 
 (Edward Wingfield, Governor.) 
 
 Capture of Smith by the Indians. 
 
 1608. Captain Newport arrives with 120 settlers. 
 "Gold mania" in the Colony. 
 
 1609. London Company receives the second Charter. 
 
 (Lord Delaware, Governor for life. Gates, Deputy Governor, wrecked on the Ber- 
 mudas.29') 
 
 1610. Smith returns to England.^ 
 
 The Colonists suffer from starvation. They embark for 
 England, but are met by Lord Delaware with supplies. 
 
 1611. Lord Delaware returns to England.^ Sir Thomas 
 Dale appointed Governor. 
 
 1612. London Company receives the third Charter. 
 
 1613. An expedition, commanded by Argall, destroys the 
 French settlements in Acadia,^'' and compels the Dutch at 
 Manhattan ^^ to acknowledge the authority of the English. 
 
 ^' Bermudas (ber-moo'-clas), or Somers' Islands, a group of islands in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, 680 miles from Cape Ilatteras, belonging to Great Britain. 
 Principal exports — arrow-root, potatoes, and onions. There is no fresh water 
 on the islands, except a few wells, and these are brackish. Hamilton, tho 
 capital, is on Bermuda, or Long Island. There is regular steam communica- 
 tion with New York. 
 
 (63) 
 
C4 VIRGINIA. 
 
 1614. Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penob- 
 scot ''Uo Cape Cod.2« 
 
 1616. Cultivation of tobacco introduced. 
 
 1619. First Representative Assembly in America^ called 
 by Governor Yeardley, at Jamestown,^" Virginia.^' 
 
 1620. Negro slavery introduced. 
 
 Ninety girls sent from England^ to be wives for the planters. 
 
 1621. A written Constitution granted by the Company. 
 Cultivation of cotton introduced. 
 
 Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor. 
 
 1622. Settlers at Jamestown ^^ massacred by the Indians. 
 
 1624. King James dissolves the London Company. 
 
 1625. Charles I. ascends the throne. 
 
 1628. Harvey, Governor. 
 
 1636. Harvey imprisoned, and sent to England,^ but was 
 sent back the same year. 
 
 1639. Sir William Berkeley appointed Governor. 
 
 1644. Second massacre of the Virginia settlers by the 
 Indians. 
 
 1649. Charles I. beheaded by Parliament, and monarchy 
 abolished. 
 
 1651. "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Cromwell. 
 
 1652. Cromwell sends a force to compel Berkeley to ac- 
 knowledge his authority. 
 
 (From 1652 to 1660, the Governors were Bennet, Diggs, Mathews, and Sir William 
 Berkeley.) 
 
 1660. Restoration of monarchy. 
 
 (Charles II. ascends the throne.) 
 
 1663. Second "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 
 
 1672. Liberty of "Free Trade" ^^" between the Colonies 
 taken away by the king. 
 
 16T3. Large tracts of land granted by the king to his 
 favorites, Culpepper and Arlington. 
 
 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 
 
 In 1677, Culpepper was appointed Governor for life, thus making the colony a pro- 
 prietary government. In 1684, Culpepper being deprived of his office, Virginia became 
 a royal province, and continued so until the adoption of a State Constitution, at the 
 time of the Revolution. 
 
 ^ A heavy tax was laid upon goods exported from one colony to another. 
 
NEW YOllK. 65 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 1609. Hudson River^^ discovered by Henry Hudson (sent 
 out by the Dutch). 
 
 1614. New York ^'^ settled at Manhattan ^'^ by the Dutch, 
 and called New Amsterdam. ^^^ 
 
 Fort Orange^^' built on the site of Albany. '^^ 
 Captain Argall, sailing from Yirginia/' compels the settlers 
 to acknowledge his authority. 
 
 1615. Dutch renounce the authority of the English. 
 
 1625. Peter Winuits, GoTernor of New Netherlands.'" 
 
 1629. "Charter of liberties" granted by the West India 
 Company. 
 
 1631. Dutch claim from Cape Ileulopen*^ to Cape Cod.^ 
 1633. Touter Yon Twiller, Gorernor. 
 
 1633. Dutch form a settlement at Hartford. ^^' 
 
 1C38. Sir William Keift, Governor, rebuilds Fort Nassau.'** 
 
 1640. Hostilities commence with the Indians of Long 
 Island'^' and New Jersey.'''' 
 
 1646. Indians defeated in the battle of Strickland Plains,^' 
 by New York^^ settlers. 
 
 1647. W. Stuyvesant, Governor. 
 
 1650. Treaty between the Dutch and Connecticut ^° settlers. 
 
 (The Dutch relinquish their claim to the present State of Connecticut.'") 
 
 1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir.^^^ 
 
 1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware River. 
 
 1663. Second Indian War. 
 
 1664. New York^" surrenders to the English. 
 
 ^''^ Nevy Amsterdam, or New York. — These settlements by the Dutch were 
 mere trading-huts. A discrepancy exists in the dates — some writers giving 
 1613, and some 1614. Argall considered the Dutch as intruders on the soil 
 of Virginia — the patent of James I. extending to the 45th parallel. The 
 name of Fort Orange was given in honor of the Prince of Orange, and 
 changed, in 16C4, to Albany, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. 
 
 ^' Fort Nassau, on Big Timber Creek, on the east side of the Delaware 
 River, six miles from Camden. 
 
 ^' Fort Casimir was on the present site of Newcastle, fivo miles from the 
 Swedish fort at Christiana. 
 
 6* 
 
66 NEW YORK. 
 
 1673. New York " surrendered to the Dutch by the treachery of Sir John 
 Manning. 
 
 1674. New York '■" retaken by the English. 
 
 16t4. Andross appointed Governor. 
 
 1682. First Legislative Assembly meets in New York.''' 
 
 1683. Second "Charter of liberties" granted. 
 
 1684. Council at Albany '°' with the Six Nations (p. 31). 
 
 1688. New York ^^ included in the jurisdiction of Andross. 
 "Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 
 
 1689. Jame^s II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France." 
 William and Mary ascend the throne. 
 
 1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
 France,^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 Andross imprisoned, and sent to England." 
 Leisler assumes the authority. 
 
 1690. Schenectady^^ burned by the Indians. 
 
 1691. Sloughter appointed Governor. 
 Leisler and Melbourne executed. 
 
 1692. Fletcher appointed Governor. 
 1698. Bellamont appointed Governor. 
 IT 02. Queen Anne ascends the throne. 
 
 Queen Anne's War {between England^ and France,") 
 commences in America.^ 
 
 Cornbury appointed Governor. 
 
 ni3. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
 Utrecht. ^^ 
 
 1711. Expedition to Montreal,*' by wayof LakeChamplain,"' is abandoned. 
 
 It 14. George I. ascends the throne. 
 1119. Burnet appointed Governor. 
 172t. George II. ascends the throne. 
 IT 41. Negroes charged with a conspiracy to destroy the 
 whites. 
 
 New York remained under a Provincial Government until the adoption of a State 
 Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 "'* Schenectady, on the Mohawk River, in Ne^y York, sixteen miles north- 
 west of Albany. Population, 9000. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 6t 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1592. Law of Conformity^ passed by Elizabeth, and Puri- 
 tans ^^ emigrate to Holland.^* 
 
 1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod.^^ 
 
 1603. James I. ascends the throne. 
 
 1606. James I. grants North Virginia^' to the Plymouth 
 Company. 
 
 1607. Plymouth Company attempts a settlement on the 
 Kennebec River.^^'^ 
 
 1614. Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penob- 
 scot "'Ho Cape Cod.2' 
 
 1620. Massachusetts'" settled at Plymouth."' 
 
 1621. Massasoit, a chief of the Wampanoags, makes a 
 treaty with the settlers at Plymouth.'" 
 
 1625. Charles I. ascends the throne. 
 
 1628. Salem ^^ settled by John Endicott. 
 
 1629. Colony incorporated. 
 
 1630. Boston settled by Winthrop. 
 
 1634. Government changes from a pure democracy to a 
 Representative Government. 
 
 1635. Henry Yanc and other emigrants arrive. 
 
 The king forbids CromweU and Hampden to leave England.* 
 
 Roger Williams^ banished. 
 
 1636. Yane appointed Governor. 
 
 Dispute with Ann Hutchinson on religious questions. 
 163t. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
 ended by the destruction of the tribe. 
 
 1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge.^^ 
 
 1639. First printing-press established in America.^ 
 1641. New Hampshire''^ unites with Massachusetts.''-" 
 
 ^'' The Kennebec, an important river in Maine, issues from Moosehead Lake, 
 and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has a descent of more than 1000 feet 
 in 150 miles, thus afifording a valuable water-power. The usual time for the 
 closing of the river by ice is December 12th, and April 3d for the opening of 
 navigation. 
 
68 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
 Island,^'') for mutual protection and defence. 
 
 (Comprising Massachusetts. Connecticut, Plymouth, and New Ilaren.) 
 
 1649. Charles I. beheaded by order of Parliament, and 
 monarchy abolished. 
 
 1650. Persecution of the Baptists. 
 
 1651. "Navigation Acts"^** passed by Cromwell. 
 
 1652. Massachusetts ^° and Maine ^^ unite. 
 1656. Persecution of the Quakers. 
 1660. Restoration of monarchy. 
 
 (Charles II. ascends the throne.) 
 
 Arrival of the regicides {Goffe and Whalley). ■ 
 
 1663. Second " Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 
 
 1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
 of the Colony. 
 
 16t2. Liberty of "free trade "'^'^ between the Colonies 
 taken away by the king. 
 
 16t5. Commencement of King Philip's War. 
 
 Attack on Swanzey.^^^ 
 
 1676. King Philip's War ended by his death. 
 
 1680. Massachusetts "" and New Hampshire ^^ separate. 
 
 1684. Charter of Massachusetts^" declared invalid. 
 
 1685. James II. ascends the throne. 
 
 1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 
 
 (The Colony deprived of its Charter.) 
 
 1688. '' Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 
 
 16S9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
 William and Mary ascend the throne. 
 
 1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
 France,^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 
 
 1690. Conquest of Port Royal =" by Sir Wm. Phipps. 
 Phipps's unsuccessful expedition against Canada. ^^ 
 1692. Salem ^' witchcraft. 
 
 Massachusetts ^° receives a new charter. 
 
 "^^ Swanzey, a village in Massachusetts, on Mt. Hope Bay, a part of Narra- 
 gansctt Bay. 
 
NEW IIAMrSIIIRE. 69 
 
 1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
 wick."'^ 
 
 1Y02. Queen Anne ascends the throne. 
 
 Queen Anne's War commences in America.^ 
 
 Attack on Deerfield.^* 
 
 1704. First newspaper published in America^ at Boston.^ 
 
 (The "Boston Weekly News- Letter.") 
 
 1707. Unsuccessful expedition to Port Royal.^' 
 
 1710. Conquest of Port Royal. ^'^ 
 
 (1 he name changed to Annapolis.") 
 
 1711. Admiral Walker's unsuccessful expedition to 
 Canada.^'' 
 
 1713. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
 Utrecht. ^^ 
 
 1714. George I. ascends the throne. 
 
 1716. Contest between Governor Shute and the House of 
 Representatives as to salary. 
 
 1727. George 11. ascends the throne. 
 
 1744. King George's War (between England^ and 
 France,^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 1745. Louisburg^* and Cape Breton °^ taken by the British. 
 
 (British Commanders, Sir William Pepperell and Admiral Warren.) 
 
 1748. King George's War ended by the Treaty of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle."^" 
 
 Massachusetts remained under the Charter granted by William HI., in 1692, until 
 the adoption of a State Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 ISTEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 [The accession of the sovereigns, and some other events, are not mentioned in this 
 and the following Colonies, unless necessary to the connection.] 
 
 1622. Grant of land to Gorges and Mason. 
 
 1624 New Hampshire'' settled at Dover ••' by the English. 
 
 1629. New Hampshire"^ granted to Mason. 
 
 1641. New Hampshire^' united with Massachusetts."" 
 
YO NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1664. Commissioners sent over to examine the affairs of 
 the Colony. 
 
 1680. New Hampshire''^ separated from Massachusetts.''" 
 First Legislature assembles at Portsmouth. ^^^ 
 
 1681. Dispute between Mason and the people as to the payment of rent 
 for the land. 
 
 1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 
 
 1688. "Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 
 
 1CS9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
 "William and Marj' ascond the throne. 
 
 1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
 France,^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.^ 
 
 1690. Dover '^ burned by the Indians. {King WilUanVs 
 War.) 
 
 New Hampshire ^^ united with Massachusetts.''" 
 1692. New Hampshire ^^ separated from Massachusetts.'"' 
 1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
 wick."^^ 
 
 1699. New Hampshire"^ nited with Massachusetts.'*" 
 
 Earl of Bellamont, Governor. 
 
 1741. New Hampshire"^ separated from Massachusetts.''" 
 
 New Hampshire remained a Eoj'al Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
 tion at the time of the Kevolution. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1623. Fort Nassau ^^^ built by the Dutch, but abandoned. 
 
 1624. New Jersey"^ settled at Bergen'' by the Dutch and 
 Danes. 
 
 1664. New Jersey'*' granted by the Duke of York to 
 Berkeley and Carteret. 
 
 1665. Philip Carteret {first Governor,) establishes himself 
 at Elizabethtown. 
 
 ^® Portsmouth, on a peninsula lying on the south side of the Piscataqua 
 Biver, in New Ilampshire. 
 
DELAWARE. tl 
 
 16t0. Difficulties between the settlers and the proprietors 
 as to the payment of rent for the land. 
 
 16Y4. Andross, Governor of New Jersey,"'' 
 
 Berkeley sells his share of New Jersey''" to Billings. 
 
 1675. Billings makes an assignment to William Penn and 
 others. 
 
 167t. New Jersey"" divided into East and West Jersey.^ 
 
 (East Jersey given to Carteret; West Jersey, to Penn.) 
 
 1G80. The eminent jurist, Sir W. Jones, decides against the claims of 
 Andross to New Jersey.** 
 
 1681. First Representative Assembly in West Jersey. 
 
 1682. East Jersey purchased by Penn and others. 
 
 1688. New Jersey "" included in the jurisdiction of Andross. 
 1702. New Jersey"" becomes a royal province. 
 
 Lord Cornbury, QoTernor. 
 
 1738. New Jersey"" separates from New York.^' 
 
 New Jersey continued under a Provincial Government until the adoption of a 
 Stale Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 1627. Delaware"^ settled at Cape Henlopen"^ by the Swedes 
 and Finns. 
 
 New Sweden extended from Cape Ilenlopen *^ to Trenton.'^* 
 
 1638. Settlement at Christiana Creek, ^°' near Wilmington, 
 under Minuits. 
 
 1643. Swedes build a fort on Tinicum, to oppose Fort 
 Nassau.^^" 
 
 John Printz, first Governor. 
 
 1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir'^^ at New Castle. 
 Fort Casimir"^ seized by Rising, the second Swedish 
 Governor. 
 
 °°° East and West Jersey. — The division Avas made by running a line from 
 the most southern point of the east side of Little Egg Harbor, to the north- 
 western extremity of the State. 
 
 '" Christiana Creek enters the Brandywinc at Wilmington. 
 
*^^ CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 
 
 Rising was conTeyed to Europe, and the country was placed under depu- 
 ties from New Netherlands. 
 
 1664. New York ^^ surrendered to the English. 
 1 682. " The Territories, ' ' or, the " Three Lower Counties, ' ' 
 now Delaware,"^ granted to Penn. 
 
 1691. Delaware''^ separates from Pennsylvania.^^ 
 
 1693. Delaware"*^ united to Pennsylvania.^^ 
 
 (Fletcher, Governor.) 
 
 1694. Delaware''^ and Pennsylvania^^ restored to Penn. 
 lYOl. Delaware"^ refuses to continue the union with Penn- 
 sylvania.^^ 
 
 n02. Delaware"^ has a separate Legislature, but the same 
 Governor. 
 
 Penn died in 1718, leaving Delaware and Pennsylvania to his three sons. The heirs 
 continued to govern the Colony until the Revolution, when they surrendered their 
 claims to the Commonwealth for $580,000. A State Constitution was then adopted. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1633. Dutch form a settlement at Hartford.^^^* 
 
 Connecticut^" settled at Windsor.^' 
 
 1635. Weathersfield=°' and Saybrook'' settled. 
 
 1637. War between the Pequods and Connecticut*" settlers 
 ended by the destruction of the tribe. 
 
 1638. Settlement of New Haven by Davenport. Eaton, 
 and others. 
 
 1639. Connecticut^ towns adopt a Constitution. 
 
 1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
 Island,) for mutual protection and defence. 
 
 (CoQiprifing Massachusetts, Connecticut, I'lymouth, and New Haven.) 
 
 1650. Treaty between the Dutch and Connecticut settlers. 
 
 (Dutch relinquish their claim to the present State of Connecticut.) 
 
 ^ Weathersficld, on the west side of the Connecticut Biver, four miles south 
 of Hartford. 
 
MARYLAND. •j3 
 
 1662. Connecticut^" obtains a Royal Charter. 
 
 Charter granted to 'Wiuthrop on presenting a ring which was a present 
 from Charles I. 
 
 1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
 of the Colony. 
 1675. Andross attempts to gain possession of the fort. 
 
 (Captain BuU defends the fort.) 
 
 Commencement of King Philip's War. 
 
 1687. Andross attempts to take the Charter.^^' 
 
 (Charter 2" hid in an oak.) 
 
 1688. "Glorious Revolution'Mn England.^ 
 
 1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
 France,^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.'' 
 1692. Governor Fletcher's visit to Hartford.^'*' 
 
 Captain Wadsworth retains the command of the militia. 
 
 1700. Yale College founded at Saybrook.**' 
 1708. The "Saybrook Platform " ''"^^ adopted. 
 1717. Yale College removed to New Haven. 
 
 Connecticut remained under a Royal Charter until the adoption of a State Consti- 
 tution at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 1631. Clayborne receives a license to trade with the 
 Indians. 
 
 1632. Lord Baltimore receives his Charter. 
 
 Sir George Calvert dying, the Charter was made out to his son, Cecil 
 Calvert. 
 
 1634. Maryland'' settled at St. Mary's'^' by Roman Cath- 
 olics, under Lord Baltimore. 
 
 ="'•' The "Saybrook Platform" contained the Confession of Faith and the 
 rules and discipline of the Church in Connecticut, and re-aflSrmed the AVest- 
 minster and Savoy Confessions. All churches Avhich acknowledged this plat- 
 form were established by law, but all others were allowed to regulate their 
 concerns as they pleased. 
 
 7 
 
74 RHODE ISLAND — NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1635. First Legislative Assembly convened. 
 
 1639. Pvepresentative Government established. 
 
 1645. Clayborne's Rebellion. 
 
 1655. Civil war between Roman Catholics and Protestants. 
 
 1660. Philip Calvert appointed Governor. 
 
 1691. Lord Baltimore deprived of his Charter. 
 
 1*715. Charter restored to the heirs of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Maryland remained under a Proprietary Government until the adoption of a State 
 Constitution at the time of the lieTolution. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 1636. Rhode Island^ settled at Providence'^ by the Bap- 
 tists under Roger Williams. 
 
 1638. Settlement of Portsmouth ^'^^ by Coddington, 
 
 1639. Settlement of Newport.''^ 
 
 1644. Charter obtained from Parliament by Roger Wil- 
 liams. 
 
 1647. A Democratic Government established. 
 
 1663. Royal Charter obtained. 
 
 1664. Commissioners sent over to examine the affairs of 
 the Colony. 
 
 1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 
 
 Andross dissolved the Charter of Rhode Island, but it was resumed on hia impris- 
 onment, and continued in force until the adoption of a State Constitution in 1842. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1585 to 158t. Raleigh's unsuccessful attempts to form set- 
 tlements. 
 
 Emigrants fi*om Virginia^' attempt to form settlements at 
 Albemarle^" about the year 1650. 
 
 *°' Portsmouth is in the northern part of the island of Rhode Ishmd. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. "jS 
 
 1663. Charles II. grants Nortli'^ and South Carolina*^^ to 
 Lord Clarendon and seven others. 
 
 North Carolina^^ settled at Albemarle by the English. 
 
 1667. Clarendon Company established by planters from 
 Barbadoes.^^ 
 
 1670. Locke prepares a " Fundamental Constitution."^^ 
 
 1671. John Yeamans removed to the South Carolina*^" 
 Colony. 
 
 1677. Culpepper's Rebellion in support of a smuggler. 
 
 1683. Seth Sothel, Governor; banished in 1688. 
 
 1693. ''Fundamental Constitution "^^ abolished. 
 
 1695. John Archdale, Governor. 
 
 1698. Settlements on Tar River,=''' 
 
 1711. War with the Tuscaroras and Corees. 
 
 (Colonel Barnwe'l sent against the Indians.) 
 
 1713. Colonel Moore sent against the Indians. 
 
 Tuscaroras emigrate to New York,^^ and join the Five 
 Nations (p. 37). 
 
 1715. Peace with the Corees. 
 
 1729. North ^^ and South Carolina ^^ become distinct 
 provinces. 
 
 (The Colonies were purchased by the king for $80,000.) 
 
 North Carolina remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
 tion at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1562. Ribault {sent out by Coligny,) builds Fort Carolina, 
 at Fort Royal,'" in South Carolina, ^^ which was the first at- 
 tempt to plant a colony in the United States. 
 
 1670. South Carolina^' settled at Port Royal by the English. 
 
 1671. Yeamans. Governor. 
 
 ^°^ Barbadoes is one of the Caribbee, or Windward Islands, and the most 
 eastern of the West Indies. 
 
 ^ Tar River, in the eastern part of North Carolina, enters Pamlico Sound. 
 From the Sound to the village of Washington, a distance of forty miles, it is 
 called Pamlico River. 
 
76 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Locke prepares the " Fundamental Constitution."^^ 
 1680. Settlement of Charleston. '^° 
 
 1685. Louis XIV. revokes the "Edict of Nantes,'"^'' and many Protestants 
 emigrate to America.* 
 
 1690. Seth Sothel succeeds Colleton as Governor. 
 1693. "Fundamental Constitution"^^ abolished. 
 1695. John Archdale's wise and equitable administration. 
 1697. Huguenots admitted to all the rights of citizens. 
 n02. Queen Anne's War (between England^ and 
 France,^^) commences in America.^ 
 
 Governor Moore's unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish Province 
 of Florida.^ Spain* was an ally of France,** consequently liable to attack 
 by England.'' 
 
 1706. Spaniards invade South Carolina.®^ 
 
 1713. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty -of 
 Utrecht.'' 
 
 1715. War with the Yamassees. Battle of Salkehatchie.^*" 
 
 1720. Proprietors forfeit their Charter. 
 
 1729. North^^ and "South Carolina^^ become distinct 
 provinces. 
 
 (The Colonies were purchased by the king for $80,000.) 
 
 South Carolina remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
 tion at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1643. Settlement of Tinicum^*^ by the Swedes. 
 
 1681. Penn receives his Charter. 
 
 1682. Pennsylvania^ settled at Philadelphia^'' by William 
 
 Pemi. 
 
 Treaty with the Indians. 
 
 ^^ Salkehatchie, a name given to the upper part of the Combahee River, in 
 South Carolina. 
 
 ^°^ Tinicum, an island in the Delaware River, belonging to Pennsylvania, 
 twelve miles from Philadelphia. 
 
GEORGIA. 77 
 
 First Legislative Assembly convened at Chester. ^°^ 
 East Jersey purchased by Penn and others. 
 "The Territories," or, the "Three Lower Counties," now 
 Delaware,''^ granted to Penn. 
 
 1683. Second Legislative Assembly convened at Phila- 
 delphia.^^ 
 
 1684. Penn returns to England.^ 
 
 1688. " Glorious Revolution" in England.^' 
 King William's War {between England^ and France, ^^) 
 commences in America.^ 
 
 1691. Delaware'*^ separates from Pennsylvania.^^ 
 
 1692. Charter taken from Penn. 
 
 (Fletcher appointed Governor.) 
 
 1693. Delaware''^ re-united to Pennsylvania.^^ 
 i694. Charter restored to Penn. 
 
 1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
 wick.'"^ 
 
 1699. Penn's second visit to the Colony. 
 
 1701. Penn returns to England.^ 
 
 1702. Delaware"^ separated from Pennsylvania.*^^ 
 1718. Death of Penn. 
 
 In 1776, the Commonwealth purchased the Colony from Tcnn's heirs for $580,000, 
 and adopted a State Constitution, 
 
 GEOKGIA. 
 
 1732. Oglethorpe receives his Charter from George II. 
 
 1733. Georgians settled at Savannah'' by the English. 
 
 (Treaty with the Indians.) 
 
 1736. Boundary disputes with Spain.* 
 
 Visit of Wesley in 1736; Whitfield, in 1738. 
 1739. England^ declares war against Spain.* 
 
 Chester is on the Delaware lliver, fifteen milca southwest of Philadeli^hia. 
 7* 
 
•jg GEORGIA. 
 
 1740. Unsuccessful expedition to Florida.^ 
 1742. Spanish invasion defeated by Oglethorpe's stratagem. 
 1752. Proprietors resign their Charter, and the Colony 
 becomes a Royal Government. 
 
 Georgia remained a Koyal Province until the adoption of a State Constitution 
 at the lime of the Revolution. 
 
 No^E. — California, the most western of the United States, was taken possession of by 
 Commodore Sloat during the Mexican War, and ceded to the United States by the Treaty 
 of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The auriferous character of the soil has made this 
 territory of the greatest importance. At the close of 1854, the amount of gold pro- 
 duced was estimated at $298,243,938. Adventurers from every part of the globe are to 
 be found there — even China has a large representation in California. It became a 
 State in 1850, after a protracted and stormy debate, it being the first State formed from 
 the territory lying south of the line of the Missouri Compromise, whose Constitution 
 had excluded slavery. Iler admission, Avith that Constitution, was the result of the 
 Compromise measures of 1850. Population, 204,435. Area, 188,982 square miles. 
 (Inhabitant, Cal-i-for'-nian.) , 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 
 
 English. Sovereigns, from the Discovery of America. 
 
 House of Tudor. House of Stuart. House of Brunswiclc. 
 
 1485. Henry VII. 
 1509. Henry VIII. 
 1547. Edward VI. 
 
 Mary. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 ■*1553, 
 1558 
 
 1603. James I. 
 
 1625. Charles I. 
 
 1649. The Commonwealth. 
 
 1660. Charles II. 
 
 1685. James II. 
 
 16!- 9. "William and Mary. 
 
 1702. Anne. 
 
 1714. George T. 
 1727. Geor-^e II. 
 1760. George III. 
 1820. George IV. 
 1S,30. -William IV 
 1837. Victoria. 
 
 » -••♦ 
 
 Presidents of the United States. 
 
 George Washington . 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Thomas Jefferson .....^ 
 James Madison ..*..... 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 John Quincy Adams 
 
 Andrew .lackson 
 
 INlartin Van ISuren... 
 AVilliam II. Harrison 
 
 John Tyler 
 
 James K. I'olk 
 
 Zachary Taylor 
 
 Millard Fillmore 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
 James Buchanan 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Massachu.'^etts 
 
 .Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 New York 
 
 N. Hampshire 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Born. 
 
 1^^ 
 1789 
 
 
 
 1732 
 
 57 
 
 8 
 
 1735 
 
 1797 
 
 62 
 
 4 
 
 1743 
 
 1801 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 1751- 
 
 •1S09 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 1758 
 
 1817 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 1767 
 
 1825 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 1767 
 
 1829 
 
 62 
 
 8 
 
 1782 
 
 1837 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 1773 
 
 1841 
 
 68 
 
 _ 
 
 1790 
 
 1841 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 1795 
 
 1845 
 
 49 
 
 4 
 
 1784 
 
 1849 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 1800 
 
 1850 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 1S04 
 
 1853 
 
 49 
 
 4 
 
 1791 
 
 1857 
 
 66 
 
 
 Dec. 14,1799 
 July 4, 1826 
 July 4,1826 
 .lune 28, 1836 
 July 4, 1831 
 23, 1848 
 June 8, 1845 
 
 - April "4,1841 
 
 .7unel5J"lS49 
 July 9, 1850 
 
 Wars of the Colonies arfd States. 
 
 1637. War between the Pequods and Connecticut settlers ; ended the same year by 
 the destruction of the tribe. 
 
 1675. Commencement of King Philip's War; ended, 1676, by his death. 
 
 1689. King William's War (hetiveen England and France^ commences in America; 
 ended, 1697, by Treaty of Ryswick. 
 
 1702. Queen Anne's War (between England and France,) commences in America; 
 ended, 1713, by Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 1744. King George's War, or, the Old French and Indian War {between England and 
 France), commences in America; ended, 1748, by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 1756. French and Indian AVar, or, the Seven Years' War; ended, 1763, by the Treaty 
 of Paris. 
 
 1775. Bevolutionary War; ended, 1783, by the Treaty of Paris. 
 
 1812. Three Years' War, or, the War of 1812; ended, 1815, by the Treaty of Ghent. 
 
 1846. Mexican War; ended, 1818, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 
 
 (79) 
 
80 
 
 CimONOLOGICAL TABLES. 
 
 Battles of the Hevolution. 
 
 Where fought. 
 
 When 
 fought. 
 
 April 19 
 May 10 
 May 12 
 . June 17 
 
 Oct. 2S 
 Nov. 16 
 Dec. 26 
 Jan. 3 
 July 5 
 , Auii. 3 
 
 Aug. r, 
 
 . Au-r. 16 
 . Au<r. 16 
 
 17: 
 
 American British 
 
 Commanders. Conmiauders. 
 
 5. Lexington Parker Smith and Pitcairn 
 
 Ticonderoga Allen De La Place 
 
 Crown Point Warner 
 
 Bunker Hill Prescott Howe and Clinton . 
 
 Quebec Montgomery.. Carlton Dec. 31 
 
 6. i'ort Moultrie Moultrie Clinton, aided by i 
 
 CornwallisandSir > June 28 
 Peter I'arker. > 
 
 LongLsland Putnam Howe and Clinton ... Aug. 27 
 
 "White Plains McDougall Howe 
 
 Fort Washington ... Magaw Howe 
 
 Trenton Washington Rahl 
 
 7. Princeton Washington Mawhood 
 
 Ticonderoga St. Clair Durgoyne 
 
 Fort Schuyler Gansevoort St. Leger 
 
 Oriskany Herkimer Butler and Brandt 
 
 Bennington Stark Baum 
 
 Bennington Warner Breyman 
 
 Brandywine Washington Howe Sept. 11 
 
 Stillwater (1st) Gates Eurgoyne Sept. 19 
 
 Germantown Washington Howe Oct. 4 
 
 Stillwater (2d) Gates Burgoyne Oct. 7 
 
 Fort Mifflin Smith Nov. IG 
 
 Fort Mercer Christoph. Greene .. Donop Oct. 22 
 
 "S.Monmouth Washington Clinton June 28 
 
 Wyoming Col. Zeb. Butler John Butler July 4 
 
 Rhodelsland Sullivan Pigot 
 
 Cherry Valley WhUlw PiiHrv Brandt 
 
 Savannah Robert Howe Campbell Dec. 29 
 
 r9. Suubury Major Lane Prevost Jan. 9 
 
 Port Roval Moultrie Gardiner Feb. 3 
 
 Kettle Creek Pickens Boyd Feb. 14 
 
 Brier Creek Ash Prevost March 3 
 
 Stono Ferry Lincoln Maitland June 20 
 
 Stony Point Wayne Johnson July 15 
 
 Lovell and Salton- \ McLean and Col- - 
 stall, _S lifirs, 
 
 PaulusHook 7 Lee Sutherland Aug. 19 
 
 ^, o 11- fSir John Johnson 7 . nr. 
 
 Clif™"°S' Sullivan | and Brandt, | Aug. 29 
 
 Jones Pearson Sept. 23 . 
 
 Lincoln Prevost Oct. 9 
 
 TT *. f Webster, Ferguson, ") . ., , , 
 
 II^Se\ t «nd TarletSn, | ^P^^^^ 
 
 Lincoln Clinton May 12 
 
 Waxhaw Buford Tarleton Jlay 29 
 
 Springfield Greene Knyphausen June 23 , 
 
 Rocky Mount Sumpter Col. Trumbull July 30 
 
 Hanging Rock Sumpter Col. Irwin Aug. 6 
 
 Saunders' Creek, | ^^^^^ Cornwallis Aug. 16 
 
 Penobscot , 
 
 Flamboro Head. 
 Savannah 
 
 80. Monk's Corner .. 
 
 Charleston 
 
 ....^.^...jJ... Aug. 29 
 
 It JK.«5Mr«)M-^'ov. 11 
 
 I July 25 
 
 (Ist Bat. of Cam 
 Fishing Creek .... 
 King's Mountain 
 
 Broad River 
 
 Blackstocks 
 
 rSl. Cowpens 
 
 Guilford C.H 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill ... 
 
 Ninety-Six 
 
 Fort Griswold .... 
 
 Sumpter Tarleton A.ug. 18 
 
 Campbell Ferguson OctT 7 
 
 Sumpter Wemyss Nov. 12 
 
 Sumpter Tarleton Nov. 20 
 
 Morgan Tarleton Jan. 17 
 
 Greene Cornwallis Mar. 15 
 
 Greene Rawdon April 25 
 
 Greene Cruirar June 18 
 
 Ledyard Arnold and Eyre Sept. 6 
 
 Eutaw Spring.s Greene Stuart Sei)t. 8 . 
 
 ' " De Grasse, """"^ } Cornwallis Oct. 17 
 
 ,, , . f Washington 
 
 Yorktown < j ^ 
 
 Parly 
 successful. 
 
 Amer's. 
 
 Amer's. 
 
 Amer's. 
 . British. 
 . British. 
 
 . Amer's. 
 
 . Briti.«h. 
 
 Ind!i«*«-^,«<V 
 , Britii-h. 
 . Amer's. 
 . Amer's. 
 . British* 
 
 ■ PgpM'h ^r^m\ 
 . Indians 
 . Amer's. 
 . .\nier's. 
 . Btitish. 
 . Amer's. 
 . British. 
 . Anu'r's. 
 . British. 
 . Amer's. 
 . Amer's. 
 . British. 
 . Amer's. 
 . British. 
 . British. 
 . Brili^h. 
 . Amer's. 
 . Amer's. 
 . British. 
 . British. 
 . Amer's. 
 
 ,. British. 
 
 . Amer's. 
 
 .. Amer'.s. 
 
 ,. Amer's. 
 ,. British. 
 
 ,. British. 
 
 ,. British. 
 ,. British. 
 . Amer's. 
 ,. British. 
 ,. Amer's. 
 
 ,. British. 
 
 ,. British. 
 ,. Amer's. 
 ,. Amer's. 
 .. Amer's. 
 ,. Amer's. 
 ,. British. 
 ,. British. 
 .. Brirish. 
 .. Briti.-h. 
 . Indecis. 
 
 .. Amer's. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 
 
 81 
 
 
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82 
 
 CII110:X0L0GICAL TABLES. 
 
 Principal Land-Battles of the War of 1813. 
 
 When fought. 
 
 Where fought. 
 
 Force engaged. 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 Amer's. 
 
 British. 
 
 American. 
 
 1 
 British 
 
 1812. Aug. 5 
 Aug. 9 
 Oct. 13 
 
 1813. Jan. 22 
 April 27 
 May 1 
 May 27 
 May 29 
 Aug. 2 
 Oct. ^ 
 
 1814. Jan. 27 
 July 5 
 July 25 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 24 
 Sept. 11 
 Sept. 12 
 Sept. 13 
 
 1815. Jan. 8 
 
 Brownstown 
 
 Brownstown 
 
 Queenstown 
 
 Frencbtown 
 
 York 
 
 200 
 
 600 
 1000 
 
 800 
 1700 
 1200 
 4000 
 1000 
 
 160 
 3500 
 
 3500 
 3500 
 1600 
 6000 
 2000 
 3000 
 1000 
 6000 
 
 800 
 800 
 2500 
 1500 
 1800 
 2000 
 1500 
 1000 
 l:J00 
 2000 
 
 5000 
 5000 
 5000 
 5000 
 
 14,000 
 7000 
 N. F. 
 
 12,000 
 
 Tan Ilornc 
 
 Miller 
 
 Tecumseb.* 
 
 Tecuuiseh.* 
 
 Brock.* 
 
 Proctor.* 
 
 Sheaffe. 
 
 Proctor. 
 
 Prevost. 
 Proctor. 
 Proctor. 
 
 Biall. 
 
 Drummond. 
 
 Drummond. 
 
 Boss.* 
 
 Prevost. 
 
 Brooke. 
 
 Cochrane. 
 
 Tan Bensselaer 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Pike 
 
 Clay 
 
 Dearhorne 
 
 Brown 
 
 Fort George 
 
 Sackett's Ilnrbor . 
 Lower Sandusky . 
 Thames 
 
 Crchan 
 
 Harri'^on 
 
 
 Chippeway 
 
 Bridgewater 
 
 Brown 
 
 
 Eladensburg 
 
 Plattsburg 
 
 
 Macomb 
 
 North Point 
 
 Fort Mcllenry 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Strieker 
 
 Armstead 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The asterisks indicate the actions in which the British wore successful. 
 
 Principal Battles of tlie War with. Mexico. 
 
 1846. May 
 May 
 
 1847 
 
 28 
 
 Sept. 24 
 Dec. 25 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 Jlarch 27 
 April IS 
 Aug. 20 
 Aug. 20 
 Sept. 8 
 Sept. 13 
 Sept. 14 
 
 Where fc-jghU 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 Besaca de la Pal ma 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Bracito* , 
 
 Buena Tista 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 Tera Cruz 
 
 Cerro Gordo 
 
 Contreras 
 
 Churubupco 
 
 Molino del Key , 
 
 Chapultepec 
 
 City of Mexico 
 
 Force engaged. 
 
 Amer's. 
 
 J^Iex's. 
 
 2300 
 
 6000 
 
 2200 
 
 6000 
 
 6600 
 
 10.000 
 
 900 
 
 4000 
 
 4759 
 
 19.000 
 
 900 
 
 4000 
 
 12,000 
 
 10.000 
 
 8500 
 
 15.000 
 
 4000 
 
 7000 
 
 9000 
 
 30,000 
 
 3200 
 
 14.000 
 
 7200 
 
 20.000 
 
 7500 
 
 20,000 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 American. 
 
 Mexican. 
 
 Taylor.... 
 
 Arista. 
 
 Taylor .... 
 
 Arista. 
 
 Taylor.... 
 
 Ampudia. 
 
 Doniphan 
 
 Ponce de Leon. 
 
 Taylor .... 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 Doniphan 
 
 Trias. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Morales. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Talencia. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 Worth 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 ' The Bracito (" Little Arm," so called from a bend in the river near the place,) ii ou 
 the east bivnk of the Rio Grande, 200 miles north of Chihuahua. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. §3 
 
 Settlements and Admissions of the States. 
 
 1565 
 1594 
 ItiOT 
 1614 
 1G-20 
 16-iJ 
 1G24 
 1625 
 16-27 
 1633 
 
 1634 
 
 1636 
 
 1663 
 1669 
 1670 
 1670 
 
 1682 
 
 ins5 
 
 1690 
 1690 
 1699 
 1711 
 1716 
 1720 
 1725 
 1733 
 1757 
 1704 
 1769 
 1775 
 1788 
 1811 
 1833 
 1846 
 18-48 
 
 
 Florida 
 
 New Mexico.... 
 
 Virginia 
 
 New York 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 N. Hampshire. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 IMaiue 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Connecticut.... 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Rhode Island .. 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Michigan 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Pennsylyama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Texas 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Missouri 
 
 California 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Utah 
 
 Where settled. 
 
 St. Augustine 
 
 Sant^i Fe , 
 
 •lamestown 
 
 Manhattan 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Dover 
 
 Bergen , 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Cape Ilenlopcn 
 
 Windsor 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Providence < 
 
 Albemarle 
 
 Green Bay 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Port Koyal 
 
 Philadelphia < 
 
 Arkansas Post 
 
 San Antonio de Bexar 
 
 Vincennes 
 
 Iberville 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Natchez 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 Fort Dunimer 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Fort Loudon 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 San Diego 
 
 Boonesboro 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Astoria 
 
 Burlington 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Salt Lake City 
 
 By wliom. 
 
 Joined 
 
 the Confederacy 
 
 
 
 what tin. 
 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 Admitted 1845. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 States 
 
 Dutch 
 
 
 
 
 English Puritans 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 " 
 
 English 
 
 a 
 
 '' 
 
 a 
 
 Dutch and Danes 
 
 n 
 
 English 
 
 Admitted 1820. 
 
 
 Swedes and Finns 
 
 One of the orig. 
 
 States. 
 
 Em. from Mass. ... 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 Rom. Catholics, ) 
 
 
 
 
 under Lord V 
 
 k( 
 
 " 
 
 « 
 
 Baltimore, > 
 
 
 
 
 Baptists under) 
 UogerWilliams/ 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 En"-lish .... 
 
 Admitted 1847. 
 
 (J 
 
 French 
 
 
 French 
 
 
 1837. 
 
 
 English 
 
 Oneof tlif'^i'i"' 
 
 States 
 
 English, under) 
 Wm. Penn, / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AdmittP'^' 1SSR 
 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 
 1845 
 
 
 French 
 
 « 
 
 1816. 
 1812. 
 
 
 French 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1819. 
 1817. 
 
 IS] 8. 
 
 
 French 
 
 
 French 
 
 
 Em. from Mass. ... 
 
 a 
 
 1791. 
 
 
 English 
 
 One of the orig. 
 
 States. 
 
 Em. from N. Ca. ... 
 
 Admitted 1796. 
 
 
 French 
 
 jj 
 
 1821. 
 1850. 
 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 
 D. Boone and asso. 
 
 a 
 
 1792. 
 
 
 Em. from N. Eng. 
 
 " 
 
 1802. 
 
 
 Em, from N. York 
 
 
 
 
 Em. from N. Eng. 
 
 a 
 
 1846. 
 
 
 Em. from N.Eng. 
 
 
 
 
 Mormon Em 
 
 
 
 
 American Inventions. 
 
 Invention of the Quadrant, by Thomas Godfrey, about 1730. 
 
 Invention of the Lightning-Rod, by Benjamin Franklin, about 1753. 
 
 Invention of the Franklin Stove, by Benjamin Franklin, about 1753. 
 
 Invention of the Cotton-Gin, by Eli Whitney, about 1790. 
 
 Invention of the machine for making Cards, by AVhittemore. 
 
 Application of Steam to Navigation, by Fitch and Fulton, in 1790 and 1807. 
 
 In 1790, Fitch succeeded in propelling a boat by steam at the rate of eight miles an 
 
 hour. The following advertisement, taken from the daily papers of that period, affords 
 
 indubitable proof of this fact : 
 
 "THE STEAMBOAT 
 
 Is now ready to take passengers, and is intended to set off from Arch Street Ferry, in 
 Philadelphia, every Monday, WeOnesday, and Friday, for Burlington, Bristol, Bor- 
 den town, and Trenton, to return Tuesd.avs, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Price for 
 passengers, 2s. 6d. to Burlington and Bristol, 3s. M. to Bordcntown, bs. to Trenton " 
 — Tal-en from ''Pennsylvania PacJcel," of June 15, 1790, and ''Federal Gazette" June 
 14, 1790. See " Life of Fitch," just published. 
 
 [No less than 23 advertisements, specifying 31 trips, are found in the papers 1 
 
 Invention of the Electric Telegraph, by S. B. Morse. [The first successful Electric 
 
 Telegraph wns erected between Baltimore and Washington in 1844.] 
 
CAUSES OF THE WARS 
 
 The ?equod "War. 
 1637. 
 
 In 1637, the Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting Connecticut, seeing the 
 steady increase of the whites in number and power, determined to attempt 
 their total destruction. They failed in their endeavors to form an alliance 
 with the Narragansetts and Mohegans, and, by the skilful management of 
 Captain John Mason, were totally defeated. The war was ended the same 
 year by the desti-uction of the tribe. 
 
 King Philip's War. 
 1675 — 1676. 
 
 The treaty of peace made with Massasoit, the Sachem of the "Wampanoags, 
 and the iettlers at Plymouth, in 1621, was preserved inviolate until his death 
 in 1662. Soon after this event, his two sons, Alexander and Philip, were sus- 
 pected of hostile intentions towards the English. The colonists considered 
 that Philip had, for many years previous to the war, designed their destruc- 
 tion ; but later and more impartial historians assert that Philip was friendly 
 to the English, but was forced into the war by the ardor of the young men 
 of the tribe, against his own judgment, and that of his counsellors. The 
 war was ended by his death in 1676. 
 
 King William's War. 
 1689—1697. 
 
 James II. succeeded his brother Charles II. in 1685. During his short 
 reign, he rendered himself odious to the people, by levying taxes without the 
 consent of Parliament — suspending the penal laws by which conformity to 
 the established religion was enforced — opening diplomatic relations with the 
 Pope, which was declared a treasonable offence by English laws — and mani- 
 festing, in various Avays, his determination tore-establish the Roman Catholic 
 religion in England. 
 
 In 1688, the people, seeing no hope of redress, revolted, and offered the 
 crown to William, Prince of Orange, who had married Mar}^, the eldest 
 daughter of James. In 1688, "William landed in England at the head of a 
 
 (84) 
 
CAUSES OF THE WARS. 85 
 
 large army, and was received with such general satisfaction, that James fled 
 to France. Soon after, Parliament declared "William and Mary joint sove- 
 reigns of England. The king of France, Louis XIV. (1642-1715,) espoused 
 the cause of James, and thus England and France were again engaged in 
 war, which was not ended until the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. As the 
 Revolution, which compelled James to abdicate, established the principle that 
 none but a Protestant can succeed to the throne of England, it is commonly 
 called " The Glorious Revolution." 
 
 Principal Events. — Battle of Killiecrankie, 1689; Battle of the Boyne, 1690; 
 Phipps* unsuccessful expedition against Canada; burning of Schenectady. 
 
 Queen Anne's "War ; or, the War of the Spanish Succession. 
 1702 — 1713. 
 
 On the death of Charles II. of Spain, there were two claimants to the 
 throne: Charles, Archduke of Austria, and Philip of Anjou, nephew of Louis 
 XIV., king of France. The Spanish monarch, though really in favor of his 
 kinsman, the Archduke, was induced by bribery to assign his crown to the 
 Duke of Anjou. The fear that the crowns of Franco and Spain might be 
 united by the accession of a Bourbon, induced England, Austria, and Hol- 
 land, to unite against France in a league, known as the '' Triple Alliance." 
 William III., of England (1689-1702), having died while preparing to take 
 the field in person. Queen Anne determined to adhere' to the policy of her 
 predecessor. The war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 Principal Events. — The taking of Gibraltar, 1704 ; Battles of Blenheim, 
 1704; Ramillies, 1706 ; Oudenarde, 1708; Malplaquet, 1709. 
 
 King George's War; or, the War of the Austrian Succession. 
 1744—1748. 
 
 King George's War, or, " The Old French and Indian War," (called, in 
 Europe, "The War of the Austrian Succession,") did not commence in 
 America until 1744, though it had existed in Europe since 1741. 
 
 In 1740, the Emperor of Austria died, and a dispute as to the succession 
 immediately arose. Previous to his death, Charles VI. had named his 
 daughter, Maria Theresa, as his successor, and had obtained the consent of 
 all the powers of Europe in a general treaty, called the "Pragmatic Sanction." 
 Notwithstanding this agreement, numerous claimants arose, among which 
 the most important were the Elector of Bavaria and the King of Spain. 
 France espoused the cause of Spain, while England offered her aid to Maria 
 Theresa. The war was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Principal Events. — Battle of Dettingen, 1743; Battle of Foutenoy, Preston 
 Pans, 1745; Culloden Moor, 1746; capture of Louisburg and Cape Breton. 
 
86 CAUSES OF THE WARS. 
 
 The Frencli and Indian War ; or, the Seven Years' "War. 
 1755—1763. 
 
 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was but a suspension of hostilities. Both 
 France and England restored all conquests made by them, and the long dis- 
 puted boundaries of their colonial possessions in America remained unsettled. 
 Looking at the grants made by the sovereigns of France and England, it will 
 be seen that the same territory was frequently claimed by both countries. 
 The French grant to De Monts, in 1603, conveyed to him the entire territory 
 from 40° to 46° N. Lat., and westward to the Pacific Ocean ; this was one 
 degree south of New York City: while the English grant to the Plymouth 
 Company extended from 41° to 45° N. Lat., all of which was included in the 
 previous grant to De Monts. 
 
 The English claimed the whole country from Newfoundland to Florida, by 
 virtue of the early discovery of the Cabots ; and had established their claim 
 westward to the Pacific, by numerous grants, previous to any French settle- 
 ment. The French claim was founded upon the exploration and actual occu- 
 pation of the country. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. 
 
 The Revolutionary War. 
 1775—1783. 
 
 The Eevolntionary War originated in the attempt of Great Britain to 
 govern the Colonies "in an arbitrary manner, entirely for the benefit of the 
 mother country; while the colonists maintained the great principle that 
 " Taxation and representation are inseparable." The Navigation Acts 
 (1651, 1663); the restrictions on free trade between the Colonies (1672); the 
 imposition of duties on sugar and molasses (1733); the passage of the Stamp 
 Act; the duties laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors; the maintaining 
 of standing armies to enforce these obnoxious laws; the removal of persons, 
 charged with crime, to England for trial ; the obstacles which were continually 
 opposed to the administration of justice in the local courts : these, and many 
 othercauses set forth in the Declaration of Independence, were continually 
 exasperating the people, alienating their affections, and preparing them for 
 resistance and revolution. The war was ended by the definitive Treaty of 
 Paris, in 1783. 
 
 Three Years' War; or, The War of 1812. 
 1812—1815. 
 
 The causes of the Avar of 1812 must be sought nearly as far back as the 
 close of the Revolution. During the wars of Napoleon, serious injuries were 
 inflicted by both England and France on American commerce. In 1793, 
 England issued an order in Council, authorizing the capture of any vessel 
 l.'iilcn with French colonial produce, or carrying supjilics for any of the French 
 colonics. England also iusi^ited on her right to board any vessel suspected 
 
CAUSES OF THE WARS. 87' 
 
 of having deserters from the British service, and to caiTy them off by force. 
 Though the treaty of 1794: left these primary difficulties unsettled, yet, as it 
 granted some other important privileges, the hostile feeling which so seriously 
 threatened war was in some degree allayed; but England, in 1805, jealous of 
 the increase of American commerce, declared as her policy, that "the neutral 
 has no right, by an extension of trade, to afford supplies to the belligerents, 
 to ward off the blows of an enemy." Many American vessels, under this law, 
 •were seized, carried into British ports, and condemned. Notwithstanding the 
 remonstrance of the United States, in 1806, England declared a blockade 
 against the coast of France; and, the following year, prohibited neutrals from 
 trading with France or her allies. Under these oppressive acts, property to 
 the amount of more than $2,000,000 was seized by a nation with whom we 
 were at peace. The impressment of American seamen, claimed as deserters 
 from the British service, or as British subjects owing allegiance to Great 
 Britain, was another cause of the most bitter and hostile feelings. As the 
 two nations resemble each other in appearance, and use the same language, 
 it was impossible to determine whether a man belonged to Great Britain or 
 not, and it was proved that no less than nine thousand American seamen were 
 seized by Great Britain previous to 1812. 
 
 The war was ended by the Treaty of "fitfilt^ in 1815. It is a singular fact 
 that no mention was made in the treaty of the principal causes of the war, 
 the rights of neutrals, and the impressment of seamen. The war on the Con- 
 tinent being ended, England no longer needed such immense numbers of 
 soldiers, and "the rights of neutrals" ceased to be a practical question. 
 
 The Mexican War. 
 1846—1848. 
 
 Mexico became independent of Spain in 1822; and, two years later, adopted 
 a Constitution similar to that of the United States, but the Government 
 remained a mere military despotism. Notwithstanding the acknowledgment 
 of her independence by the United States, Mexico soon commenced a series 
 of insults and injuries, for which redress was sought in vain by our Govern- 
 ment. American citizens, engaged in lawful trade, were imprisoned, their 
 property was seized, and our flag insulted in all the Mexican ports. 
 
 The admission of Texas into the Union, while her independence was not 
 yet acknowledged by the Mexican Government, and the question whether the 
 boundary should extend to the Rio Grande, or only to the Nueces, were addi- 
 tional causes of hostility. Mexico assigned three causes for the war: 1st. The 
 annexation of Texas ; 2d. The invasion of territory claimed as belonging to 
 Mexico ; 3d. The invasion of territory in her actual possession. 
 
 THE END, 
 
19 89 
 

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