iff- ■ 
 
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 THE CITY OK 
 
 Louisville 
 
 AND A GLIMPSE OF 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE 
 
 COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL IMPROVEMENT 
 
 OF THE LOUISVILLE BOARD OF TRADE. 
 1887. 
 

 
jN Julys, 1773, Captain Thomas Bullitt, at the 
 head of a small company of adventurous 
 pioneers, landed at the mouth of Beargrass 
 creek at the Falls of the Ohio, and pitched his tent in the pri- 
 meval forest that covered the banks of the river. The water was very 
 low at that season of the year, and, at night, to guard against surprise and 
 attack from the savages. Captain Bullitt and his men retreated to the exposed 
 rocks in the river, and slept with pickets out. These dozen men were the first ele- 
 ments of population upon the spot where to-day there is a city, with suburbs, contain- 
 ing 275,000 souls. Captain Bullitt was a land-surveyor, and came to Kentucky to survey, 
 under the warrant of Lord Dunmore, certain lands which were included in what are now Jefferson and 
 Bullitt counties. Before he completed his survey he laid out a town site comprising part of the present citv 
 of Louisville, which was called "Falls of the Ohio." It is curious to observe that from the very first beginnings of 
 settlement in Louisville the unusual advantages of the location were seized upon with prophetic instinct. It was before 
 the days of keel-boats even, but the first-comers recoguized the importance of a location that was at the head of navi- 
 gation, even though the growth of the town must wait upon the settlement of the country west of it and aloug the rivers. 
 From that day in July, 1773, when the feet of the Virginians first trod the forest on the spot where a great and 
 beautiful city was destined to stand, the history of Louisville has grown to represent the characteristic courage, intelli- 
 gence, and enterprise of the people who founded the city. When that history comes to be written by the student who 
 can comprehend the many sides and the many causes of events, it will be found full of the romance of actual heroic 
 achievements, not only in the adventures of the pioneers who settled it, but in the social and commercial enterprises of 
 a people who struggled for seventy-five years under the oppression of a domestic institution that was well-calculated to 
 repress, if not to destroy, all enterprise and practical progress. We shall see, also, that, when the weight of slavery was 
 removed, Louisville, more rapidly than any other city in the slave-holding .States, comprehended the new order of things, 
 and, before half a generation was sped, had made such an organic change in the character of her interests as to place 
 her upon equal terms with those cities that had beeu built up in the North by the intelligence, the thrift, and industry 
 of free labor. 
 
 Although Captain Bullitt laid out a town site, and a house was built at the mouth of Beargrass the year following, yet 
 the times were not propitious for settlement, and years passed before the town was to be inspired with life. These years 
 were full of feeling on the part of the people against the Virginia government, which was accused of indifference towards 
 the outlying county of Fincastle, which then comprised the present State of Kentucky. Finally Kentucky was created 
 a sovereign State three years after the town of Louisville had been laid out and incorporated. The town was founded 
 upon a tract of one thousand acres of land which had been owned by John Connelly who had forfeited it by being an 
 active Tory during the war with England. Louisville was named for Louis XVI., the ill-fated victim of the F'rench Revo- 
 lution. There was alread}- a nucleus of French settlers at the Falls corresponding with the movement of F'rench gen- 
 erally through the North-west Territory. Gratitude to the French king for declaring against England in the War of the 
 Revolution suggested the name. At this time the uumber of settlers was very small and there is no way of discovering 
 the actual population. The number in 1800 has long been accepted as 359, but there are good reasons for believing this 
 an underestimate, and it is probable that there were nearly a thousand inhabitants of Louisville, and the immediate 
 vicinity, in iSoo. 
 
 This slight nucleus, that existed in 17S9, of the great city that was to be built on the spot, comprised men of quick 
 intelligence and foresight. When the town was founded there is reason to believe that the enormous value of a canal 
 around the Falls had been suggested. Certain it is that a map of the town, drawn in 1793, presented the projected 
 canal virtually as it was built thirty-seven years later. It is interesting to know that one of the first agitators of the 
 canal project was General James Wilkinson, who settled in Lexington in 1784, at the age of twenty-six, after having 
 made a fine record in the Revolution. His restless, enterprising, and adventurous spirit, sustained by a manner and 
 
 3 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENT AT LOUISVILLE. 
 
 address that were captivating before they were spoiled by dissipation and the turmoil of misconduct, was of great value 
 to the young State. He was a leader in the agitation that — whatever the mistakes of the agitators, and whatever the 
 unjust suspicions that were attached to them under the pressure of excitement attendant upon the discovery of what is 
 usually called the "Spanish Conspiracy" — led to finally securing the Mississippi river as a commercial highway to the 
 United States, and the opening of which built up the great pioueer commerce of the Western States. Up to the break- 
 ing out of the War of the Rebellion, and, indeed, for several years afterward, the internal commerce carried upon the 
 Mississippi and the Ohio rivers was the greatest that any country in the world ever developed. General Wilkinson 
 frequently visited I^ouisville, and the canal project was one that seems to have occupied his mind to a considerable 
 extent. He gave it up with other commercial projects when he returned to the army and was made Commander-in- 
 Chief, but returned to it temporarily, it seems, 
 in 1S05-6, when he invited Aaron Burr, then 
 outlawed for the killing of Alexander Ham- 
 ilton, to go into the project with him. Bun- 
 came to Louisville, examined the ground, 
 and consulted with an engineer. He used 
 that project afterward, or at least Wilkinson 
 accused him of having done so. as a cloak 
 for the greater and more hazardous enter- 
 prise of conquering an empire for himself 
 in Mexico. 
 
 If a history of the genius of the people 
 of Louisville were written, it would be found 
 to comprise three periods, filled with in- 
 tense energy. The first would be the pioneer 
 period, occupied with the conquest of ter- 
 ritorj' and the courageous scheme of devel- 
 oping a river commerce by establishing trade with the Spanish provinces, and by the building of the canal, through 
 which passing commerce should pay toll to the enterprise of Louisville. This developed into realization in 1S30. 
 
 The second period would follow the building of the canal, when the settling of the Western and Southern States 
 provided a great population to be supplied by the activity of Louisville merchants. In this period Louisville was purely 
 a commercial city, handling the manufactures of the East and the great agricultural products of Kentucky developed 
 by slave labor. The city grew rapidly in wealth and importance, but it could not grow in an independent and courageous 
 common population because the blot of slave-labor kept white mechanics of the best classes away. It was in this period 
 that Louisville established her social and political power, and became the resort of the most cultivated classes of the 
 South who were attracted by the temperate climate and healthfulness of the place. It was a period of great social brill- 
 iance, full of that charm of romantic interest which is so attractive to the student, and it came to an end with the 
 Civil War. 
 
 The third and most important period would comprise that of the organic change after the war, when the building 
 of railroads, the abolition of slavery, and the development of agriculture iu the new North-west temporarily endangered 
 the future of the city. Then it was that the heritage of courage, intelligence, and independence received from the 
 pioneers of the first period asserted itself, for, notwithstanding Kentucky had beeu left with a great helpless population 
 upon her hands by the emancipation of slaves, and there was danger that the slave-owners would prove quite as helpless 
 without slave-labor, the people quickly grappled with the problem, and a few years of close application solved it. 
 While Kentucky maintains her great agricultural importance her metropolis has developed into a rich manufacturing 
 city. 
 
 It is with the results of this third period that this book is to deal. It is this period which has made the wonderful 
 organic change of a people within twenty years, and has added to a purely commercial city wonderful manufacturing 
 enterprises, and has, without any sort of jar, brought in a great mechanical population which is not alone one of the most 
 thrifty and contented in the country, but which has the satisfaction of seeing great wealth evenly distributed instead of 
 being locked in the chests of a few millionaires. There are no millionaires in Louisville, at least, practically none. There 
 is no other city of its size in the United States where there are so many handsome and comfortable residences, but there 
 are none here that have been built for the mere display of vast wealth. The first thing that strikes the eye of the 
 visitor accustomed to observation is the absence of the soul-crushing tenement house, while the multiplied numbers of 
 comfortable cottages, with yards and gardens that are occupied by the working people, astonish him. A very large pro- 
 portion are owned by those who occupy them, and there is, indeed, no reason why every industrious mechanic who 
 comes to Louisville should not own a home of his own. Land, offering little choice between a site for a palace or for a 
 cottage, can be purchased more cheaply than iu any other city of similar size in the country : building materials are 
 cheap, and living is at the lowest cost. The street-car system, which is the wonder of all who see it, renders distance a 
 nullity. For five cents oue can ride all over the city, and the system of free transfers makes it possible for the house- 
 holder to live in any section of the city he may choose. 
 
 Louisville occupies a position, calculated by all the favors of nature, to make her the metropolis of that richest 
 region in America, the Mississippi valley, and the rapidity of growth which she has enjoyed for the past ten years indi- 
 cates that the conditions are being prepared to realize that possibility. Taking the city as a center and projecting an 
 imaginary circle upon the map of the West with a radius of 350 miles, the rim of the circle will pass near and include 
 Jefferson City, Missouri; Burlington, Iowa; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cleveland, Ohio; Pittsburgh, Penns5'lvania; 
 Danville, Virginia ; Charlotte, North Carolina ; Atlanta, Georgia ; Birmingham, Alabama ; and Memphis, Tennessee. 
 The area thus included contains a large percentage of fertile soil available for agriculture, with more favorable climatic 
 
 4 
 
conditions than any other area of like dimensions on the known globe. A circle of the same radius, with Chicago for 
 a center, must include many thousand square miles of Lake surface and much land unavailable for agricultural purposes. 
 Advantages of central location in a given area may be, in a measure, counterbalanced by railways, and Chicago has been 
 made a great city because railway lines were forced to pass through that city to flank Lake Michigan. But at the rate 
 at which the railway system of Louisville has been increasing during the past seven years she will soon possess everj- 
 artificial advantage of that character, besides possessing communication with thirty-two navigable rivers and having the 
 richest and most varied territory in America to furnish supplies and create demand. The perfecting of the railway sys- 
 tem of the whole country will balance constructive advantages leaving those of nature to preponderate in favor of the 
 cities possessing them. 
 
 Professor John R. Procter, for many years Director of the Geological Survey, and who has devoted years to attract- 
 ing the attention of capitalists to the incalculable value of the iron ores in the field of which the Cranberry mines of 
 North Carolina are the cen- 
 ter, and to the almost limit- 
 less deposits of cokiug coal 
 in south-eastern Kentucky, 
 commenting upon the area 
 described about Louisville, 
 says : 
 
 " It already contains a 
 larger population than any 
 other circle of like area in 
 the United States, and it is 
 destined to contain the bulk 
 of the population of the 
 greatest empire that has yet 
 existed in the world. The 
 influence of physical feat- 
 ures in population is well 
 shown by the charts aud 
 tables prepared by the last 
 United States census. These 
 charts show temperature, 
 rainfall, etc.; and in connec- 
 tion with the tables the fol- 
 lowing facts : That the great- 
 est absolute gain in popula- 
 tion during the last decade 
 was made in the region hav- 
 ing a mean annual tempera- 
 ture of from 50° to 55°, and 
 that the circle described 
 above is nearly all of this 
 mean annual temperature. 
 That over 12,000,000 people 
 reside upon the area where 
 the annual rainfall is from 
 forty-five inches to fifty inch- 
 es, or a larger population 
 than on any of the divisions 
 made according to rainfall, 
 and that the above is the 
 rainfall of the circle under 
 consideration. The same 
 favorable indications are 
 shown on the charts of ele- 
 vation above sea, minimum 
 and maximum temperature, 
 etc. Thus soil, climate, and 
 all physical conditions point 
 to a future dense population 
 in the region of which Louis- 
 ville is the center. The cen- 
 ter of population of the 
 
 United States has been moving westward each decade along the degree of latitude a little north of Louisville. The 
 census of 18S0 brought it nearer Louisville, and the great movement of population southward will keep it on the lat- 
 itude of and near Louisville for many years. In 1880, almost one-half of the population of the United States resided 
 in the region drained by the Mississippi river and its tributaries. And in 1S90 probably more than one-half of the 
 
 I,OUISVII,I,E BOARD OF TR.\DE BUILDING. 
 
population will reside in that region, and the proportion must increase yearly. So that a larger part of the population 
 can be reached from Louisville by cheap transportation. 
 
 "These significant facts insure the merchant and manufacturer of Louisville ample markets for whatever they may 
 have for sale. The South has hitherto been Louisville's best market, and the great industrial development of that 
 region must greatly benefit the city. Louisville has it in her power to become the distributing point for manufactures, 
 mainly of wood and iron, for a large area of the North and West. The irou used in the West must come maiuly from 
 south of the Ohio river. In bringing the pig-iron to Louisville, where it may be made into hardware, agricultural imple- 
 ments, etc., it is bringing it in the direction of the market. In manufacturing such articles a higher class and better- 
 paid labor is employed than in the mere making of the pig-iron. And such a population will bring a more substantial 
 prosperity. Alreadv Louisville has cheap coal and iron, and in a few years roads now projected will add greatly to the 
 facilities of obtaining these indispensable articles, and there will be in the city great industries based upon them. Louis- 
 ville should not only become a great lumber distributing point, but a great manufacturing point for all articles requiring 
 wood for their construction. Already the car shops, agricultural implement makers and builders in the States north of 
 the Ohio river are looking southward for a supply of lumber, and this demand must yearly increase." 
 
 Professor Sargent, Special E.xpert on Forests for the Tenth Census, says in his report on "Forests of the United 
 States:" 
 
 "The extinction of the forests of the Lake region may be expected to affect the growth of population in the cen- 
 tral portion of the continent. * * * * New centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago as a lumber )narket, 
 and new transportation routes take the place of those built to move the pine grown upon the shores of the great lakes. 
 ♦ * * * -ji-jje piue that once covered New England and New York has already disappeared. Pennsylvania is 
 nearly stripped of her pine, which once appeared inexhaustible. The great North-western pineries are not yet 
 exhausted, aud with newly-introduced methods, logs, once supposed inaccessible, are now profitably brought to the 
 mills, and they may be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few years longer, in response to 
 the growing demands of the great agricultural population fast covering the treeless mid-continental plateau. The area 
 of pine forest, how'ever, remaining iu the great pine-producing States of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota is dan- 
 gerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white-pine lumber, aud the entire exhaustion oj these 
 forests in a comparatively short time is certain." 
 
 Professor Sargent then refers to the long-leaf pine belt of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, of which he says : 
 " The timber is unequaleii for all purposes of construction," and adds with reference to the hardwood forests : 
 
 "The most important of these forests covers the region occupied by the Southern Alleghany Mountain system, 
 embracing South-western Virginia, West Virginia, Western North Carolina and South Carolina, Eastern Kentucky and 
 Tennessee. Here oak unequaled in quality abounds. Walnut is still not rare, although not found in any very large 
 continuous bodies; and cherry, yellow poplar, and other woods of commercial importance are common." 
 
 In this connection the extension of the Cumberland Valley branch of the Louisville & Nashville railwa}- to Pine- 
 ville and beyond, and the extension of other projected lines into Eastern Kentucky, will have a most important bearing. 
 In a communication to the Courier fournal , some years since, was ventured the assertion that the extension of a railway 
 through Eastern Kentucky and into South-west Virginia and Western North Carolina would do more to build up the 
 industries of Louisville, than any one thousand miles of railway into the cotton States. Subsequent investigations con- 
 firm this belief The abundance and excellence of the coals and timbers, the superiority of the coking coals, and the 
 nearness of abundant ore deposits and vast stores of ore suited to the production of Bessemer steel, and the varied 
 resources of that region are such that a phenomenal development must result. 
 
 Keutuckv is the only State having within her borders parts of the two great coal fields. Louisville is situated 
 midway between these, and she can so connect herself with the industries and commerce of this State as to have an 
 enduring prosperity assured. The Kentucky river, with navigation secured to the coal, should be to Louisville what the 
 Monougahela is to Pittsburgh aud the cities below. In the valley of Green river aie immense deposits of irou ores asso- 
 ciated with coal and convenient to railway and river transportation. These ores are regularly stratified, ranging from 
 two feet to five feet in thickness, and can be mined cheaply. These ores are thicker and equal in quality to those of the 
 Hocking Valley, Ohio, where the ores form the basis of extensive iron industries. In the counties of Western Ken- 
 tucky bordering on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers are large deposits of rich Limonite or " Brown" iron ores, 
 similar to the ones on which the prosperity of Decatur and Sheffield are predicated. Furnaces iu these counties will 
 have the local ores, and the advantage of having in addition the Tennessee and Alabama ores brought down stream in 
 the direction of the markets, and furnaces iu that region will be as near the coals of Western Kentucky as are the fur- 
 naces in the above named towns to the coals of Alabama and Tennessee. They will also be convenient to the 
 Missouri ores carried up the river to the furnaces of the upper Ohio. While the coals of Western Kentucky may not 
 produce a coke equal in quality to the cokes of South-eastern Kentucky, it is certain that a coke fully equal to those 
 of Alabama and Tennessee can be made from them. With the completion of the Ohio Valley railway south-westward 
 from Union county, there will be two railways connecting the coals with the Cumberland river ores, and the coal 
 measure ores of the Green and Tradewater valleys. 
 
 These conditions offer an abundant unlimited opportunity for the development of Louis\-ille into the greatest manu- 
 facturing and distributing center of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 As a residence citj' for all classes Louisville enjoys many remarkable advantages, not the least of which is the taste 
 which has been characteristic, from the first, in the beautif^-ing and building of homes. The business quarter has 
 always been plain — though the buildings have been equal to all the demands of an active commerce — while all who 
 could build homes have made them as handsome as their means permitted. The great plain upon which the city was 
 built, covering seventy square miles, and extending back six miles from the river to a group of picturesque " knobs " or 
 hills, has afforded every facility for the economical gratification of taste. Ground being plentiful and level, distance 
 was not difficult to overcome, and so, instead of being crowded into restricted limits set up by natural barriers, the city 
 
 6 
 
BROADWAY, LOOKING EAST FROM THIRD. 
 
 ■"■^ has Spread at her own pleasure. The streets are broad, being from 
 sixty to one hundred and twenty feet in width, all well drained, paved, 
 and beautified with a profusion of fine shade trees. There are few cities in the world with such finely shaded streets 
 as Louisville possesses, and none where the streets are wider. The residences are, as a rule, provided with spacious 
 yards and gardens, and in the spring of the year a drive over the city past the miles of great yards, filled with flowers 
 and shrubbery, and under the shade of trees, rich with foliage and blossoms, is like a trip in fairyland. The average 
 number of residences to the hundred feet in Eastern cities is about five ; in Louisville it is about tv.o. The favorite 
 residence quarter, for many years, was south from Broadway, which divides the city parallel with the river. South 
 Fourth, Third, Second, First, and Brook streets are lined with lovely and costly houses in which the taste of the archi- 
 tect and the landscape gardener vie with each other for expression. Magnolia avenue, Kentucky, Oak, and St. Cather- 
 ine streets, which intersect the others at right angles, running parallel with Broadway, are within this charming district 
 and present the same lovely spectacle. South of Broadway, and practically within the district outlined above, there 
 were 260 residences built in 1SS5 at a cost of Ji, 600,000, or an average cost of ^ |6,i5o each. 
 
 The pride of home, united with good taste and a constant study of the most "^ effective architecture, has thus 
 produced in Louisville a city of remarkably attractive homes. The effect of fflll the change of domestic condition 
 of the people is nowhere more distinctly shown than by comparing the residences ^ a built since the war with those of 
 ante-bellum times. One absolute necessitv of slavery was an intense conser\-a | tism. The incomes of a people 
 
 being dependent upon a class whose condition long experience demonstrated 
 must be unchangeable and unprogressive in order to be safe, 
 all change and innovation were discouraged. This habit ex- 
 tended insensibly in many directions. Under this social 
 aspect, therefore, the architecture of old Louisville was mo- 
 notonous and plain. The chief beauty of the houses 
 of the old regime was merely suggestive. They were 
 spacious and suggested great halls and airiness, but 
 they were plain and angular in exterior. In strik- 
 ing contrast with these are the picturesque 
 modern structures of Swiss and Queen 
 Anne style that now render every street at- 
 tractive and striking. 
 
 But the handsome residences are not 
 alone confined to Broadway and the quar- 
 ter south. They have extended east, and 
 have beautified "The Highlands," made of 
 Clifton a charming suburb, and are already 
 building in large numbers in the West End 
 and the residence suburb of Parkland. 
 Of the many hundreds of fine residences 
 no one, however, could be selected as be- 
 ing of extraordinary cost. 
 
 No other city of similar size in the world has half as many miles of street railway track as Louisville. To this 
 must be added the steam suburban railway lines that connect the suburbs of New Albany and Jeffersouville, Ind., by 
 way of the Louisville Bridge and the new Kentucky and Indiaua Steel Cantilever Bridge. These steam lines also 
 
 7 
 
 DAISY ELEVATED RAILWAY ST.\TION. 
 
encircle the city and pass ilown the river front upon an elevated track some three miles in length. There are about 
 one hundred and tvveuty-five miles of street car and suburban lines, running over the one hundred and forty-four miles 
 of streets of the city. It will thus be seen that there is scarcely' a block of ground in the twelve and a half square miles 
 of territory' covered by Louisville that is not readily accessible by car. All fares within the city are limited to five cents, 
 and this includes transfer to and from all parts, so that it is possible to ride from six to ten miles in the city for a nickel. 
 The suburban lines, which pierce the country to a distance of from three to four miles, and which reach every one of 
 the residence additions, have a uniform fare often cents. Such an abundance of inter-city transportation has prevented 
 the concentration of population within narrow limits, and thus prevented real estate from attaining excessively high 
 values, like those that prevail in cities where no facilities exist. The systetn in Louisville has been fostered by the 
 policy of imposing as few restrictions as possible upon the extension of lines and has had the effect of making ground 
 for residence and manufacturing purposes cheaper than in anj' other city of equal size in the LTnited States. The street 
 car lines are all well equipped, accustomed to handling immense crowds without inconvenience or delay, make rapid 
 time, and are justly celebrated for the comfort and service they render to patrons in return for the small fare demanded. 
 Some showing of the mileage and business of the various lines in the city will be of interest ; 
 
 ROADS. 
 
 MILES OF 
 TRACK. 
 
 PASSENGERS 
 
 CARRIED 
 ANNUALLY. 
 
 
 64.0 
 30,0 
 
 5-8 
 
 lO.O 
 
 6.0 
 
 lO.O 
 
 11,897,000 
 
 7,000,000 
 
 560,000 
 
 t975.ooo 
 
 
 Louisville and New Albany Daisy Line 
 
 Louisville, N. Albany, and Jeffersonville transfer, 
 
 Daisy Belt Line (buildiug) 
 
 Belt Line (to be constructed) 
 
 Total 
 
 125.8 
 
 20,432,000 
 
 f Estimated. 
 
 The trans-river steam lines run trains every half hour between Louisville, New .'Vlbany, and Jeffersonville, at a uni- 
 form fare of ten cents. The large populations of these two Indiana cities are, for all practical purposes, part of the 
 population of Louisville. 
 
 The population of Louisville in 1S87 was estimated by several methods of computation to be about 200,000. The 
 exact figures of the estimate are 195,910. The census of 1880 discovered only 123,758, which was probably under the actual 
 number, although the rapid growth of manufactures and the large increase in railroad facilities since 1880, readily account 
 for the enormous growth of population. The city directory, compiled by Mr. C. K. Caron, one of the most careful and 
 conscientious statisticians in Kentucky, gives an interesting summary of the increase of names in that publication. 
 The number of names in the directory in iSSo was 49,550 ; 1S81, 52,401 ; 1882, 54,362 ; 1883, 56,845 ; 1884, 59,810 ; 1885, 
 62,110; 1886,64,408; 1887,66,900. 
 
 Estimates of population in cities where directories are published unite upon computing one producer to three per- 
 sons, which would give three as the multiplier; this would make Louisville's population for 18S7, according to the direc- 
 tory, 200,700. Since the abolition of slavery, the increase of working population has been rapid and great. The growth 
 of the city since 1780 is given in the following table : 
 
 Population, 1780 30 
 
 1790 200 
 
 iSoo 359 
 
 1810 1,357 
 
 " 1820 4,012 
 
 " 1827 7,063 
 
 " 1830 10,341 
 
 1835 17,967 
 
 Population, 1840 21,210 
 
 1S45 37,2iS 
 
 1850 43.194 
 
 i860 .... 68,033 
 
 1870 100,753 
 
 1880 123,758 
 
 1883 151,113 
 
 1887 195,910 
 
 ' Thus it appears that the increase from 1880 to 1887 has been 56 per cent., which will compare favorably with the 
 growth of Chicago, Cleveland, Milwaukee, and the other Northern cities, which, under artificial stimulus, have, duritig 
 the past ten years, enjoyed advantages not possessed by Southern cities. The rapid development of great manufactur- 
 ing enterprises in Louisville, the possession of the cheapest and most abundant coal supplies in the world, the cheap- 
 ness and proximity of great timber and iron supplies render it probable that the increase of population until 1890 will 
 exceed the present rate, and that the census will demonstrate remarkable facts about the greatest of Southern cities. 
 The healthfulness of Louisville is remarkable, there being few cities in the Ignited States which rank so high in that 
 particular so important to persons seeking homes. The city is absolutely free from the epidemics characteristic of the 
 far South, and the climate being equable and temperate it is free from the objections that beset both extremes of country. 
 The cause of the healthfulness is to be found in abundance of pure water, broad streets, and pure air, perfect sewer 
 drainage, and excellent sanitary regulations. These taken together enable her to occupy the lowest place in the table 
 of mortality rates last published by the United States government in 1885 : 
 
 ANNUAL DEATH-RATE PER I,O0O INHABITANTS. 
 
 New Orleans 28.5 
 
 St. Louis 25.2 
 
 New York 24.9 
 
 Richmond, Va 24.5 
 
 Chattanooga 23.8 
 
 Detroit 23.3 
 
 Cincinnati 23.3 
 
 Philadelphia 23.3 
 
 Newark, N.J 23.1 
 
 Brooklyn 22.9 
 
 Boston 21.9 
 
 Milwaukee 21.9 
 
 Hartford 21.7 
 
 Lowell 20.6 
 
 Chicago 19.2 
 
 Pittsburgh 18.7 
 
 Indianapolis 18. i' 
 
 Nashville (white) ... . 14.6 
 
 Nashville (colored) 58.8 
 
 Louisville 17.4 
 
In iSS6 the number of deaths was 2,Soo; in 1887 (year ending August 31), 2,862, an increase of but 62 in spite of 
 the unexampled drouth y summer, during which the temperature was higher than ever before known in the history of the 
 cit}-. 
 
 Health Officer Gait, in analyzing the report for 18S7, furnishes the number of deaths by months as follows : 
 
 August, 1886 , 
 September, " . 
 October, " . 
 November, " 
 December, " . 
 January, 1SS7 . 
 February " 
 
 216 
 
 March, 
 
 278 
 
 April, 
 
 211 
 
 May, 
 
 z.sg 
 
 June, 
 
 232 
 
 July, 
 
 200 
 
 
 244 
 
 1 
 
 IS87 
 
 .167 
 
 '77 
 
 ■ 321 
 
 303 
 
 254 
 
 Total 2,862 
 
 "In 18S6 there were one hundred and seventeen deaths from typhoid fever, eighty-five from cholera infantum, 
 fifty-one from diphtheria, and nine from scarlet fever. Last year, notwithstanding the long and fearfulh- hot spell so 
 dangerous alike to old people, infants, and invalids, we had but one hundred and twenty-one from typhoid fever, one 
 hundred and four from cholera infantum, one hundred and nine from diphtheria, and but two from scarlet fever. Scarlet 
 fever is a common disease among children, and is often prevalent. No city in the United States of half the size- of 
 Loui.sville can turn to the records and show less than two deaths in a year from scarlet fever." The annual death-rate 
 of Louisville for 1S86 was 16., and in 1887 it is about 14.53. 
 
 The water supply of the city is obtained from the Ohio river at a point six miles above the wharf, the reservoirs being 
 
 located on Crescent Hill, a beautiful property situated 
 three miles from the city. The Water Company, the stock 
 of which is possessed almost entirely by the city, own 
 several hundred acres of land adjoining, which will no doubt be converted into a park in a few years. The improve- 
 ments at the reservoir are of the most costly description, and the distribution of water is, in some instances, continued 
 outside the city limits. The growth of the water supply and its distribution since 1S80, with the attachments, are given 
 as follows : 
 
 DATE. 
 
 Jannarj', I, 1880 
 
 Laid in 1880 
 
 ■' iSSi 
 
 " 1882 
 
 " 1S83 
 
 " 1884 
 
 " 188s 
 
 " 1886 
 
 Total to January i, 1887 
 
 MILES OF 
 VIVE. 
 
 108.84 
 2.447 
 4-505 
 2.512 
 2.087 
 
 3-447 
 3-307 
 3-235 
 
 130.380 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 7.012 
 .223 
 
 .441 
 -346 
 
 -437 
 -531 
 -438 
 •535 
 
 9-963 
 
 The increase in the supply of water furnished since 1880 will also show the great growth in population necessary to 
 use it. There is no more complete and admirable system of water-works in the United States than that in Louisville, 
 which has a capacity of 10,000,000 gallons daily, and two subsiding reservoirs with a capacity of 125,000,000 gallons. 
 The enormous consumption and supply in gallons since iSSo is as follows : 
 
 1880 2,304,039,675 
 
 18S1 2,931,438,825 
 
 1882 2,616,882,450 
 
 1883 2,936,801,700 
 
 1S84 3,251,143,875 
 
 1S85 3,540,907,125 
 
 The water-works, being almost entirely owned by the city, furnish all water used by the city free of cost. This 
 includes fire-cisterns, fire-hydrants, citj- hall, court-house, engine-houses, station-houses, hospitals, public fountains, etc. 
 The cost of the water thus furnished free is about ;j25,ooo per year 
 
 B 9 
 
The number of miles of paved streets, and the nature of the paving, in iSSo, and the increase since, is shown as 
 follows by the City Engineer : 
 
 1880 . 
 
 1881 . 
 
 1882 . 
 1883. 
 1884 . 
 1885. 
 1 886 . 
 
 13-55 
 13-55 
 13-55 
 13-55 
 14.10 
 14.91 
 15-65 
 
 106.03 
 
 105-93 
 107.96 
 109.90 
 107.00 
 
 IOS.20 
 
 108.80 
 
 7.64 
 7.92 
 
 7-47 
 7-47 
 6.10 
 6.10 
 6.10 
 
 ■45 
 
 -45 
 
 5.2S 
 
 6.40 
 
 6.90 
 
 ASPHALT. 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 
 3.62 
 
 3.62 
 
 3-82 
 
 2.76 
 2.76 
 2.76 
 2.76 
 2.76 
 2.76 
 2.76 
 
 BLOCK 
 STONE. 
 
 .10 
 .10 
 .10 
 .10 
 .10 
 .10 
 .10 
 
 130.18 
 130.26 
 
 132-49 
 174-03 
 
 138-99 
 142.21 
 
 144-15 
 
 AHEYS. 
 
 1880 .. 25.71 1884 28.90 
 
 1881 25.71 1885 30.47 
 
 1882 26.77 18S6 31.06 
 
 1883 27.50 
 
 Number of miles of sewers in 1SS6, 47; number of fire-cisterns in i885, 4,314; number of public pumps in 1S86, 
 1,118. 
 
 The police force of 18S6 consisted of: Regular force, 150 men; supernumeraries, twelve men ; on patrol-wagons, 
 six men. Cost of maintaining Department of Police in 1886, |i 17,610. 
 
 For a great many jears the losses bj' fire in Louisville have been under the average of other cities. In 1S86, when 
 the value of the buildings of Louisville w-as assessed at 126,967,965, the loss by fire was 1366,808, or a little more than 
 one-tenth of one percent. The cost of the department in that year was $126,130. The fire department has always been 
 liberally supported, and its celebrity among other cities for extraordinary efficiency is due to the general distribution of 
 storage cisterns of water all over the city. These cisterns are filled from the water-mains and hold from 300 to 2,000 
 barrels each. All the engines needed at a fire can be massed at one or two cisterns within a few yards of the conflagra- 
 tion, and only a short line of hose is necessary. This unusually safe and effective system has not been introduced any- 
 where but in Louisville. The department has always been exceptionally well managed for effectiveness, and there is a 
 strong public pride in its standard. The number of fire engines in commission, thirteen ; number of hook and ladder 
 companies, two. 
 
 Following is a comparative statement of the losses and insurance and insurance premiums for seven years : 
 
 INSURANCE 
 VREMIUM. 
 
 1880 #475.379 
 
 646,343 
 
 IbSl 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 661,683 
 
 695.445 
 712,300 
 712,209 
 751.687 
 
 FIKE LOSS. 
 
 $191,668 63 
 173,826 00 
 145,271 82 
 119,662 65 
 151,34809 
 
 193, .886 02 
 366,808 12 
 
 INSURANCE 
 LOSS, 
 
 1114,32363 
 144,769 00 
 110,931 83 
 I 12,642 00 
 132.389 56 
 146,706 07 
 213.45836 
 
 INSURANCE. 
 
 $664,627 87 
 
 520,475 00 
 
 873,276 76 
 
 I,S0I,002 19 
 
 This table shows that the gross average annual loss by fire in Louisville is a little over one-twentieth of one per 
 cent, of the value of the buildings, while the net loss over insurance is so trifling as not worthy to be computed. 
 
 The total value of propertv assessed for taxation in 18S7 is $66,890,000. a very small amount, because capital, stock, 
 and a great many other sources of productive wealth taxed elsewhere are relieved here in order to permit of its increase 
 and to encourage investment. The tax levy for 1887 was $2.04 on the $100, and for 188S will be $2.09. 
 
 The report of the Sinking Fund Commissioners shows the bonded debt of the city January i, 1S87, to have been 
 $9,352,000, and has not been increased since. There was at the same date cash on hand $513,988.63, and an investment 
 in bonds of $1,343,000 ; which, taken together, will reduce the bonded debt to $7,495,000. After the year 1888 the levy 
 for the Sinking Fund will not exceed fifty-five cents. The average current expenses are $iS,ooo per year, and the income 
 for 18S7 in round numbers was $800,000. 
 
 The census of 1880 shows that the debt per capita of Louisville is very noticeably less than that of most cities of its 
 class and above. The debt has been created to build railroads, sewers, granite streets, and other public improvements 
 that will be monuments of the city's greatness for a century. The payment of the debts has been guaranteed by a 
 Sinking Fund, which has been managed with such conspicuous fidelity and ability, as to the main object of its existence, 
 as to insure the payment of the debt as it matures, and the consequent steady reduction of the present low rate of tax- 
 ation. A comparative table of del^t per capita of cities is as follows : 
 
 Boston $77 84 
 
 Brooklyn 67 13 
 
 Chicago 25 43 
 
 Cincinnati 86 20 
 
 Cleveland 40 38 
 
 Jersey City 127 45 
 
 New Orleans 82 08 
 
 New York feo 71 
 
 Newark 66 44 
 
 Philadelphia 64 01 
 
 Pittsburgh 9° 38 
 
 St. Louis 65 18 
 
 Washington 127 66 
 
 Louisville 39 19 
 
 It will be seen that Chicago is the only city in the list whose debt per capita is smaller than that of Louisville, but 
 the tax rate of Chicago is much higher than in Louisville. 
 
 The educational facilities are of the most extensive and complete character. The public school system was of small 
 efficiency before the war, and the present schools have been built up since 1865. This accounts for their practical and 
 advanced nature, the organizers of the system being weighted by no established prejudices. The excellences of systems 
 
 10 
 
longer established in other cities were combined with as few of the weaknesses as possible. Louisville w-as one of the 
 first cities to provide for a practical business course of traiuin^ for the boys and girls of the public schools whose aims 
 and circumstances did not require or ask a classical finish. The High Schools now admit of a business course in which 
 
 book-keeping and busi- 
 ness usages are taught. 
 The Female High School 
 has, in 18S7, introduced 
 the teaching of stenog- 
 raphy and type-writing, 
 and girls who must 
 rely upon their own ex- 
 ertions for support w-ill 
 have an opportunity, free 
 of cost, to prepare them- 
 selves for those positions 
 which so many of the sex 
 have been taking during 
 the past ten years. 
 There are thirty-three 
 public schools in Louis- 
 ville, classified as follows: 
 One Male High School, 
 cue Female High School, 
 twenty-seven white ward 
 schools, and six colored 
 schools. There vv'ere 404 
 teachers employed in 
 1886, and the total cost of 
 the schools was fci3,57i 
 or I18.53 for each pupil. 
 The number of children 
 of school age in the city 
 in iS85 was 65,ooo as com- 
 pared with only 48,837 in 
 18S0, and the average 
 daily attendance in iS85- 
 7 was 16,796 as compared 
 
 fe;m.\i,e high school. 
 
 with 13,498 in 1880. 
 
 The liberality with 
 which the schools have 
 been maintained has re- 
 sulted in supplying the 
 city with many very large 
 and costly buildings. 
 The Female High School, 
 on First street, is a very 
 handsome edifice, con- 
 taining all modern con- 
 veniences and comforts. 
 During the winter 
 months night schools are 
 kept in every ward, open 
 to those who are not able 
 to attend during the day. 
 For these schools the pu- 
 pil age is extended and 
 through them many 
 grown persons have at- 
 tained the rudiments of 
 education and have 
 achieved success in life. 
 The colored night 
 schools, in particular, have 
 afforded opportunities to 
 many colored people who 
 would not otherwise have 
 had the advantages of 
 common knowledge. 
 
 In addition to the 
 public schools there are 
 numerous flourishing 
 
 private schools and seminaries in which pupils are prepared for colleges. Each Catholic parish has its parochial school. 
 The following table will show the remarkable growth of the public school system since 1865 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE 
 
 
 
 YEAR 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 NUMBER 
 
 AVERAGE 
 
 
 TOTAL COST OF 
 
 
 
 ENROLLED. 
 
 REMAINING. 
 
 BELONGING. 
 
 ATTENDANCE 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 SCHOOL. 
 
 
 1864-65 
 
 9.388 
 
 5.S9O 
 
 6,073 
 
 5.209 
 
 141. 
 
 1103,425 05 
 
 |i7 02 
 
 1865-66 
 
 9.719 
 
 6,310 
 
 6,47s 
 
 5.629 
 
 141. 
 
 109,539 98 
 
 16 90 
 
 1866-67 
 
 12,271 
 
 7.7" 
 
 7.9IS 
 
 6,071 
 
 177.0 
 
 142,149 81 
 
 17 95 
 
 1867-68 
 
 14.054 
 
 8,639 
 
 9,016 
 
 8,04s 
 
 1930 
 
 148,329 26 
 
 16 45 
 
 1868-69 
 
 13,596 
 
 8,8,83 
 
 9.530 
 
 8.550 
 
 220.0 
 
 177,379 45 
 
 18 61 
 
 1869-70 
 
 13.593 
 
 9,089 
 
 9.705 
 
 8,720 
 
 237-6 
 
 188,883 81 
 
 19 46 
 
 1870-71 
 
 14.574 
 
 9,397 
 
 10,174 
 
 9,180 
 
 264.9 
 
 213,445 41 
 
 20 98 
 
 1871-72 
 
 14,229 
 
 9,457 
 
 10,270 
 
 9,227 
 
 287.0 
 
 242,201 06 
 
 23 58 
 
 1872-73 
 
 15.334 
 
 10,355 
 
 10,729 
 
 9.346 
 
 28S.6 
 
 247,354 89 
 
 23 05 
 
 1873-74 
 
 17.557 
 
 11,346 
 
 12,325 
 
 10,944 
 
 300.4 
 
 253,168 48 
 
 20 54 
 
 1874-75 
 
 17,593 
 
 11,755 
 
 12,807 
 
 11.551 
 
 315-5 
 
 255.529 02 
 
 19 95 
 
 1875-76 
 
 I7.53S 
 
 12,250 
 
 13.301 
 
 11,951 
 
 328.3 
 
 272,278 98 
 
 20 47 
 
 1876-77 
 
 18,486 
 
 12,861 
 
 13,732 
 
 12,293 
 
 335-9 
 
 275,137 43 
 
 20 03 
 
 1877-78 
 
 19,292 
 
 13.374 
 
 14,234 
 
 12,999 
 
 319-5 
 
 277,046 43 
 
 19 46 
 
 1878-79 
 
 19,484 
 
 13.960 
 
 14,782 
 
 13,405 
 
 327-6 
 
 218,769 39 
 
 14 79 
 
 1879-80 
 
 19,990 
 
 13.761 
 
 15,051 
 
 13,498 
 
 320.8 
 
 197,699 10 
 
 13 13 
 
 1880-81 
 
 19,189 
 
 13.734 
 
 14,802 
 
 13,270 
 
 326.5 
 
 218,693 56 
 
 14 77 
 
 1881-82 
 
 20,186 
 
 14,108 
 
 15,390 
 
 14,760 
 
 358.2 
 
 245,852 24 
 
 15 97 
 
 1882-83 
 
 20,131' 
 
 14,240 
 
 15,389 
 
 13,902 
 
 370-9 
 
 267,114 33 
 
 17 35 
 
 1883-84 
 
 20,507 
 
 14,836 
 
 15.717 
 
 14,085 
 
 376- 1 
 
 285,447 49 
 
 18 16 
 
 1884-85 
 
 20,061 
 
 15,215 
 
 16,295 
 
 14,664 
 
 383-2 
 
 284,015 34 
 
 17 42 
 
 1885-S6 
 
 20,964 
 
 15,795 
 
 16,926 
 
 15,271 
 
 404.1 
 
 313.571 56 
 
 18 53 
 
 For many years the medical schools of Louisville have been recognized as among the finest iu the world and the 
 fame of their graduates has been international. There are four great medical colleges, attended annually by thousands 
 of students, the University of Louisville, the Louisville Medical College, Hospital College of Medicine, and the Kentucky 
 School of Medicine. The Louisville College of Dentistry, the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women, and the 
 Louisville College of Pharmacy are widely recognized institutions, affording opportunities for education in particular 
 departments of surgical and medical science. 
 
Other educational institutions are the Kentucky Institutions for the White and Colored Blind, among the noblest 
 and most interesting establishments in the country. Attached to these is the government priutiug establishment for 
 the blind. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, which was removed to Louisville in 1877, has flowered iuto a 
 great school, with hundreds of students. In 18S7 work has progressed far upon the new semiuary building which will 
 cost about $300,000. The dormitories have been constructed and are in use temporarily as instruction halls, the students 
 meanwhile occupying the fine Standiford Hotel property as dormitories. There is also a Colored Theological Seminary 
 kuowu as the State University, conducted by a faculty of competent teachers. The Law Department of the University 
 of Louisville is recognized as a successful school. 
 
 The Polytechnic School and Library is one of the largest and most invaluable educational establishments, aud its 
 methods and objects are so numerous and unique that the organization stands without a parallel among institutions of 
 learning in the South. It maintains a library of more than 40,000 volumes, which number is constantly increasing Ijy 
 purchase and donation. The library is open, absolutely free to the public, thirteen hours every day except Sunday. 
 The library room is 135 feet long and seventy-five in width. It is light, cheerful, beautifully furnished, thoroughly 
 warmed and ventilated, and, beiug situated on the ground floor, is easy of access. Members of the society are privileged 
 
 to take books to 
 their homes, and 
 other reputable 
 persons can se- 
 cure annual 
 membership b y 
 the payment of 
 small fees. A 
 course of free sci- 
 entific lectures is 
 provided annual- 
 ly, and these 
 have attained 
 wide celebrity, re- 
 ports of the lect- 
 ures having been 
 secured for publi- 
 cation in many 
 periodicals in 
 this country and 
 abroad. There is 
 also an extensive 
 
 Another View of Broadway. 
 
 laboratory in 
 which practical 
 demonstration s 
 of scientific sub- 
 jects are made. 
 The Troost and 
 Lawrence Smith 
 cabinets of min- 
 erals, and the Oc- 
 tavia A. Shreve 
 memorial cabi- 
 net, containing 
 mineral and oth- 
 er specimens of 
 great value and 
 beauty are in the 
 keeping of the 
 societ}-. Attached 
 is a free art gal- 
 lery of painting 
 and sculpture by 
 American artists. 
 
 including specimens by Joel Hart and Cauova's " Hebe." Besides these means of instructions, which are absolutely free, 
 the society provides for the organization of clubs, or academies, among its members for the cultivation of any branch 
 of science, art, or useful knowledge which may especially interest any five or more members. Provision is also made for 
 close instructiou in various branches of knowledge at a cost barely sufficient to insure regular attendance. The success 
 of the Polytechnic Society since its formation has been phenomenal. During the last seven years it has largely improved 
 its buildiug, purchased several thousand volumes of books, maintained the several departments above enumerated, and 
 paid off f5o,ooo of its bonded debt. Its present bonded debt is but |4o,ooo. It has no floating debt. 
 
 The church buildings of the city are 142 in number, and there are 135 organized parishes and congregations, distril> 
 uted as follows: Baptist, 9; Christian, 7; Congregational, 2; Protestant Episcopal, 12; German Evangelical, 4; Ger- 
 man Evangelical Reformed, 4 ; Jewish, 3 ; Lutheran, 4 ; Methodist Episcopal South, 11 ; Methodist Episcopal North, 6 ; 
 Northern Presbyterian, 9 ; Southern Presbyterian, 7 ; Associate Reformed Presbyterian, 2 ; Unitarian, i ; Spiritual, 2 ; 
 Catholic, 18 ; Faith Cure, i ; Gospel Missions, 3. Colored churches : Baptist, 15 ; Christian, i ; Protestant Episcopal, 
 2 ; Methodist Episcopal North, 13. Louisville is the seat of the Protestant Episcopal and the Roman Catholic dioceses. 
 The Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption is one of the finest edifices in the West. The church buildings 
 are unusually costly aud beautiful, and in this respect Louisville is justh- celebrated. The religious establishments com- 
 prise seven convents and monasteries, a Young Men's Christian Association, supplied with libraries, readin,g-rooms. and 
 gymnasium, and two branches, one for German-speaking people, the other for railroad employes. 
 
 In public and religious charities Louisville surpasses any city in the country, in proportion to population. There 
 are thirty-eight of these institutions, among which the unfortunate or the erring, from the cradle to the grave, of all 
 religious sects, and all social conditions, may find refuge. The public Alms-house cost $210,000, aud persons who are 
 uuable to labor, or are helpless from age, are received there. The city also supports a public hospital, founded in 1817, 
 and which is one of the largest and finest buildings in Louisville. St. John's Eruptive Hospital is also under control of 
 the Committee of Public Charities. The religious charities and hospitals are upon a very large and generous scale. 
 The Church Home aud Infirmary in the Highlands, above the city, is under the care of the Episcopal churches, and 
 provides a home for aged and^helpless and working women, and an infirmary for the sick of either sex. It was founded 
 through the gift of f 100,000 from John P. Morton. The John N. Norton Memorial Infirmary, for the nursing of the 
 sick, is situated in the residence district on Third street, aud is also under Episcopal management. These charities 
 occupy magnificent buildings. Sts. Mary and Elizabeth Hospital, for the nursing of sufferers by railwa\- accideut, St. 
 Joseph's Infirmarj', for nursing desperate cases and strangers, and the Home for the aged poor are three great charitable 
 establishments under the care of the Catholic church. These aud the United States Marine Hospital and a number of 
 private establishments, beside four free public dispensaries, provide for the convenieut care of all public sufferers. 
 
 12 
 
The city sustains three industrial schools of reform for juvenile delinquents. One is for white boys, another for 
 friendless girls, and the third for colored youth. The buildings are large and costly, and the grounds ornamental. 
 These industrial schools are celebrated among philanthropists and those interested in prison reform. 
 
 The greatest and most unique charity in the city is the Masonic Widows' and Orphans' Home, the object of which 
 is to "provide and sustain a home for destitute widows and orphans of deceased Free Masons of the State of Kentucky, 
 and an infirmary for the afHicted and sick Free Masons and others who may be placed under its charge. " This is the 
 single charity of that character in the United States, and it is celebrated all over the world among Masons. The build- 
 ing is the largest in the city, and is maintained by the free contributions of Masonic lodges and the public. It is not too 
 much to say that it is an institution in which the whole State takes pride, and to which contributions are made from all 
 quarters of the country. 
 
 Louisville has eleven orphanages, two homes for friendless women, a home for old ladies, and a central organized 
 charity association. 
 
 The facts enumerated describe to the thoughtful reader a population of the highest and most prosperous type. Edu- 
 cation being free and supplemented with all the advantages that an ambition for learning can demand, it follows that the 
 people are intelligent, active, and enterprising. A people are better represented by their newspaper press than by any 
 other public expression. In this respect Louisville surpasses many much larger cities. There are four daily papers, two 
 morning and two evening, that rank in ability, enterprise, and success with any in the country. The oldest and most 
 celebrated is the Courier-Journal, edited by Henry Watterson. The Commercial, also a morning paper, and the Post and 
 the Times, evening, are publications of exceptional standard. Besides these, there are numerous weekly and special 
 papers and periodicals. The city has six theaters, five of which are constantly maintained, and are equal in beauty and 
 reputation to the best in the country-. 
 
 Business is organized through the Board of Trade which has about 700 members and occupies one of the handsomest 
 buildings in the city. The Commercial Club, composed of the younger business and professional men, has a member- 
 
 £34 
 
 i/^^ 
 
 iiWiiui'i'ir 
 - ^ ^-J ^ 
 
 f MfMf] 11' 
 
 ". -•H ■! II It iL. , 
 
 .,--^__ ^^^ 
 
 fc.'l>B .. I . u 111 I 
 
 i^mmm 
 
 ship of about 500, and has done much since its organization to promote the growth and encourage the development of 
 Louisville. It was organized for that purpose, and its services can always be commanded to assist proper enterprises and 
 to forward pulilic movements. The club is now making arrangements to erect a great building for its quarters which 
 will be one of the most costly and conspicuous structures in Louisville. 
 
 The officers of The Board of Trade in 1S87 are : President, Harry Weissinger ; Vice-Presidents : First, William Corn- 
 wall, Jr. ; Second, Thomas H. Sherley ; Third, George Gaulbert ; Fourth, Andrew Cowan ; Fifth, Charles T. Ballard ; 
 Treasurer, George H. Moore; Superintendent, James F. Buckner, Jr.; Secretary of Transportation, A. V. Lafayette. 
 
 The officers of the Commercial Club are : President, George .\. Rol)inson ; Vice-Presidents : First, Peyton N. 
 Clarke ; Second, John H. SutclifFe ; Treasurer, Julius W. Beilstein ; Secretary, Angus R. Allmond, 
 
 There are a number of social clubs in Louisville of great wealth and influence. Principal among these, and possess- 
 ing their own establishments, are The Peudennis, with 300 members ; The Standard, with no ; The Pelham, with 115 ; 
 The Brownson, with 140; and The Progress, with 100. There are few clubs in the South so splendidly established as 
 The Peudennis and The Standard. 
 
 I,OUISVII,IvE'S RESOURCES. 
 
 A consideration of Louisville as a point for commercial and manufacturing enterprises must be prefaced by a state- 
 ment of the advantages, natural and artificial, which she possesses. These are comprised in the extent and cheapness 
 of transportation for raw material and manufactured products, in the extent and nearness of material, the proximity of 
 markets of consumption, and the various incidental features of labor, supplies, and real estate. 
 
 There is no city in the world more abundantly supplied with transportation facilities. Steamers leaving the wharf 
 at Louisville can ply on thirty-two navigable rivers, having an aggregate length of 25,000 miles. Kentucky alone has 
 over 1,600 miles of navigable streams — more than any State in the Union— and they flow in sections rich in timber, 
 coal, and iron. Steamers already penetrate to these, and the improvements contemplated by the Federal Government 
 
 13 
 
will add to the navigable distance while vastly increasing the productiveness of river commerce. The railway system 
 of Louisville is composed of sixteen roads, entering from all directions, four of which have been organized and con- 
 structed, or are being constructed, within the past three years. Within five years the railroad facilities have been nearly 
 doubled, with the result of increasing traffic, greatly reducing the rates of transportation, and contributing to the rapid 
 and phenomenal development of the city. During 1S87 work was actively prosecuted upon railway lines, local and 
 general, radiating from Louisville to the following extent : 
 
 ROADS. 
 
 Louisville Southern 
 
 Louisville, St. Louis & Texas 
 
 Louisville, Cincinnati & Dayton 
 
 Daisy Belt Railroad 
 
 New Albany and Eastern connections .... 
 New Jeffersonville Railway Bridge (organized) 
 Street Railway Extensions 
 
 80 
 139 
 147 
 
 12 
 
 COST. 
 
 P, 200,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 3,750,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 Total 
 
 378 
 
 f 10,570,000 
 
 This table will show the activity that prevails in railroad building, and the work has been prosecuted with such 
 vigor that all the enterprises will be opened by the summer of iSSS. These roads will uncover new territories filled with 
 coal, iron, and stone ; sections immensely rich in agricultural lands that have only been waiting for transportation facil- 
 ities to greatly increase their development. The completion of the new line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad to 
 Pineville, at the entrance of the famous Cumberland Valley, opens to development 10,000 scjuare miles of timber and 
 coal and great quantities of iron ore. This is the most important railroad that has been constructed in the United States 
 for ten years and is the first to enter the wonderful region so often described by geologists and so long neglected by cap- 
 italists. Besides these roads, others are projected and several are nearly prepared to commence operations, but those 
 named are practically finished. 
 
 During the present year more miles of railroad were under construction in Kentucky than in any other State in the 
 Union, save one. There were ten new lines building with mileage as follows : 
 
 Covington, Maysville & Big Sandy . . 140 miles 
 
 Clarksville & Princeton 53 
 
 Bardstown & Springfield -17 " 
 
 Chesapeake & Nashville 35 " 
 
 Versailles, Georgetown & Paris ... 15 " 
 Louisville Southern 6S " 
 
 Louisville, St. Louis & Texas . . . .150 miles 
 
 Ohio Valley 95^ " 
 
 Cumberland Valley 45 " 
 
 Elizabethtown & Hodgenville .... 12 " 
 
 Total 630^4' " 
 
 In this table is not included the Louisville, Cincinnati & Dayton, which, although it will greatly contriljute to the 
 growth of Louisville, is located through Indiana and Ohio. 
 
 With the rapid building of railroads in Kentucky, nothing is surer than the rapid growlh of Louisville. As the 
 metropolis of the State all railroads seek Louisville as a center of operations. Already the Louisville & Nashville, own- 
 ing and controlling nearly 500 miles, and having a large share in the management of 1,500 miles more, has its headquar- 
 ters here, as has also the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis. The great Huntington system, with its two roads, the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio and the Chesapeake, Ohio & South-western, running east to the Atlantic, and, by associated lines, 
 west to the Pacific, has a general passenger office here, and property interests in the Short Route, Union depot, etc., equal 
 to its property interests anywhere in the country. The Pennsylvania Company has a fine passenger depot, the general 
 freight office, and the Superintendent's office, as well as extensive freight yards. The Louisville, New Albany & Chicago 
 has important terminals at New Albany, while the Queen & Crescent and the Ohio & Mississippi have both freight and 
 passenger offices, and the Ohio & Mississippi has a depot and important terminals at Fourteenth and Main. These roads, 
 connecting Louisville closely wdth the great rail systems of the continent, and selling tickets to New Brunswick, British 
 Columbia, and Mexico, are bound, gradually, to establish more important offices here, and many of them to acquire and 
 improve more property. Indeed, the Pennsylvania Company is now on the point of building extensive freight houses 
 and terminals near Main, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth, at a cost of |i8o,ooo. Mr. Huntington has given evidence 
 of his faith in Louisville and his readiness to put his money here by the construction of the new Union depot and the 
 prompt building, for the Daisy line, of several smaller depots. 
 
 The Louisville Southern will certainly make Louisville its headquarters, and locate here its shops, freight houses, 
 etc. A plan has already been considered for building for it in Portland, convenient to the Kentucky & Indiana Bridge, 
 a freight depot with yards that will give room for all business as it may grow for the next fifty years. The Louisville, 
 St. Louis & Texas and the Louisville, Cincinnati & Da\-ton, with proper treatment, will also place their terminals here. 
 These, with further growth of the old roads in the next ten years, are good for an increase of population aggregating 
 30,000 people, and an added property value of |io,ooo,ooo. 
 
 The rivers and railroads furnish Louisville quick and ready access to all the raw materials used in American manu- 
 factures, and to immense fields of fuel. The Western Kentucky coal field, comprising an area of 4,000 square miles, lies 
 about seventy miles south-west of the city and is penetrated by Green river, which is navigable during slack water 
 throughout its limits. It is also penetrated by several railroad lines. The topography of the country being favorable to 
 the construction of railroads, others are building, and when Green river is made free of tolls the development of the coal 
 will be greatly accelerated. At present, many great mines are operated and Cannel coal is shipped to England. The 
 Eastern coal field, which has just been reached by the Pineville branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, covers 
 10,000 square miles, or one-fourth of the area of the whole State. The coking coal deposits— among the finest yet discov- 
 ered in the world — are estimated to cover about 2,000 square miles, an area between thirty and forty times as great as 
 that of the Counellsville district in Pennsylvania. The existence of such enormous coal deposits on all sides of Louis- 
 
 14 
 
\-ille has had the effect of making coal for fuel cheaper in this city than anywhere else in the country. Coal miners 
 recognize it as the lowest market, and the paradoxical spectacle is often presented of Pittsburgh coal being brought to 
 Louisville and sold for less than it brings at Pittsljurfh. 
 
 The cost of coal has declined so greatly through the development of the unlimited supplies in Kentucky that the 
 cost of steam power in Louisville is less than the cost of water power in New Eugland. A patient inquiry into the 
 rentals and cost of water power in eleven New England manufacturing towns disclosed the fact that, while the average 
 cost per horse power per year of twenty-four hours per day for 300 days was J46, the most liberal estimates made as to 
 the cost of steam power in Louisville show it to be less than $30. Contracts are made here for annual supplies of coal 
 at from f 1.25 to |i.6o per ton, the cost being regulated, of course, by the amount and the usual market influences. It is 
 easily capable of demonstration, however, Ijy the books of any of the large manufacturing establishments, that the cost 
 of fuel in Louisville is greatly less, and that the fluctuations are less marked than in any of the large cities. 
 
 Coexistent with these coal fields are forests of the finest timber known to the market. The virgin forest of Eastern 
 Kentucky covers 10,000 square miles, and the Southern and Western forests are equally valuable and extensive. A very 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 successful and intelligent manufacturer of Louisville, himself using enormous supplies of lumber, 
 
 says, writing on the subject of the timber resources of the State, with special reference to the advantages of Louisville 
 
 as a market : 
 
 " My special study of the timber has been largely confined to the supplies of white oak, hickory, and poplar, suitable 
 for wagon manufacture, along the line of railroads and improved water courses uaturall}- tributary to the Louisville 
 market. This embraces but a small portion of the area and of the timber wealth of the State and that portion which 
 has suffered most from clearings for farms and from cutting to supply manufacturers in this and other .States. Nor does it 
 embrace those portions of the State most heavily timbered originally. And yet, even in these sections, especially a few miles 
 off the lines of such roads and streams, there is an abundant supply of these and other woods to meet the demands of 
 factories now in operation, and of those that are likely to be built, for j'ears to come. Drawing from these sources and 
 from Southern Indiana and Northern Tennessee, Louisville is now the best and cheapest hardwood lumber market in this 
 country, if not in the world. And yet the trade is but in its infancy, having had an existence for only six or seven years. 
 Of the superior quality of this timber I can speak with confidence, having tested it thoroughly in comparison with the 
 products of half a dozen States North and South of Kentucky. For strength, toughness, and durability' the hard woods 
 from the Southern half of Indiana, Kentuckj-, and the Northern counties of Tennessee surpass any found elsewhere, 
 and give to Louisville, as a place for the manufacture of all articles into which wood and iron enter, superior ad- 
 vantages, while its central position, railroads in operation and in process of construction, and water facilities assure the 
 lowest rates of freight. Already the factories of the North and North-west, having measurably exhausted the timber in 
 their vicinities, are drawing a considerable portion of their supplies from this section, and many of them will ultimately 
 be compelled to move nearer to the source of these supplies. The reason of the superiority of the timber over the same 
 kinds north or south of this region is probably owing to the more favorable division of the growing and resting and 
 indurating seasons resulting from its climate. Farther South the period of growth is so rapid and protracted that it does 
 
 15 
 
not sufBciently harden, hence, is too porous and brittle. Farther north it is too short and the wood is too hard and ine- 
 lastic. But the section referred to, as previously stated, furnishes but a small per cent, of the timber of the State. 
 Except as cleared for farming and thinned out along the navigable streams and the railroads and in the vicinity of a few 
 iron furnaces, the timber of the State is practically untouched by the ax and has never been wasted by forest fires. In 
 large sections of Western, Southern, and Eastern Kentucky are found verdant forests of hundreds of thousands of acres 
 
 heavily timbered with the finest and largest growths of white oak, chestnut oak, 
 hickory, poplar, pine, chestnut, and other kinds of trees, indigenous to a temper- 
 ate zone. All over the State, but greath' scattered, e.xcept in places remote from 
 lines of transportation, is found black and white walnut of the largest size and 
 finest quality, and in some portions of Eastern Kentuckv, in large forests. On 
 the ridges, hills, and mountains of Eastern and South-eastern Kentucky, along 
 the tributaries of the Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers the 
 laud is too steep to be ever profitably cultivated; and if the timber is judiciously 
 and systematically cut, it will renew itself throughout the ages. Calculations 
 based on actual experience show that a furnace making some 3,000 tons of char- 
 coal iron annually, located on a tract of 10,000 acres, will have a perpetual sup- 
 ply of suitable fuel. A tract of 100,000 acres, if cut regularly and systematiL-ally 
 as is done in the timber districts of Canada, would continually renew itself aud 
 never become exhausted. It is a peculiaritv of the timber of this State that in 
 large sections the second growth is superior in the kinds of timber to the forest. 
 The railroads projected aud under construction, and the improvements of the 
 water wa^-s will bring into the market, within a few 3-ears, the timber from im- 
 mense tracts of land heretofore valueless." 
 Louisville is also the nearest practicable market for the great deposits of iron ore and coking coal in South-eastern 
 Kentucky now about to be opened by various railroad lines, and the improvement of the Kentucky river, as explained 
 in the article in this book by the Hon. J. Stoddard Johnston. In addition, she is the natural gateway to the cele- 
 brated Bluegrass region, the finest agricultural territory, perhaps, in the United States. vShe is thus always amply sup- 
 plied with food articles. The beef and mutton from this section are celebrated everywhere. The border lands of the 
 Bluegra,ss are hill counties, admirably adapted to the production of fine fruits in great abundance. The country surround- 
 ing Louisville is excellent for farming and garden purposes. Jefferson county, of which Louisville is the seat, is one of 
 the largest potato producing counties, if not actually the largest, in the United States. The receipts of potatoes at this 
 point in 18S6 were 121,637 barrels, and the shipments 225,814, showing that the county raised 104,177 barrels. This is an 
 increase of 95,000 Ijarrels since iSSo. The prices of produce are nearly always lower in the markets of Louisville than in 
 any other Western and Southern city, and the laboring population can be better fed here than anywhere in the South. 
 
 On Four//! Street. 
 
 COMMERCE AND M.\XUF.\CTURES. 
 
 Having thus shown Louisville's situation with respect to transportation and proximity to raw materials of all sorts, 
 and that the city is situated in the midst of an agricultural region capable of supporting many millions of people, it re- 
 mains to see what the actual facts are with regard to her industries and commerce, and to point out the opportunities 
 for profitable investment, and the terms uuder which manufactories can be established. 
 
 It is incomparably the greatest tobacco market in the world, not only in the bulk of its handlings, but in their variety. 
 Situated midway in the great tobacco producing territory, stretching from the Mississippi river across Kentucky, Ten- 
 nessee, and Virginia, every grade of the product seeks its market. One-third of all the tobacco raised in North America 
 was handled in the warehouses of Louisville in 1S85 and 1SS6. In the latter year there 
 were 103,475 hogsheads, or 125,000,000 pounds, of raw tobacco received on the market, 
 valued at 5' 1.625,000 according to the Treasury Department's average of the value per 
 pound to producers. The actual value of the tobacco handled here was nearly f 20,- 
 000,000. The great importance of the Louisville tobacco market is in its universal 
 character, being the only city in the United States where all grades can be obtained. 
 Cincinnati, St. Louis, Paducah, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee, are respect- 
 able markets, but only for certain classes or grades. At Louisville, all grades, from 
 the finest of white Burley to the commonest " Regie " for European governmental 
 contracts, can be obtained. There are resident representatives of consumers in 
 every part of the world. Agencies of the enormously rich and historic firms of 
 Liverpool, London, Bremen, and Antwerp, of the governmental monopolies of 
 France, Spain, and Italy, and of the great manufacturing houses of America are 
 maintained in Louisville because all demands can be supplied here alone. 
 
 There are several features which tend to maintain the supremacy of Louisville 
 as a tobacco market already established by her geographical position. First is the 
 enterprise of her warehousemen, who have a vast capital invested, and who have 
 developed and extended their operations with a judgment and coolness that is 
 bound to command success. Louisville has fifteen warehouses, and through the 
 building of the new Falls City, Enterprise, and Central warehouses, aud storage 
 houses erected and being erected mainly for the purpose of storing tobacco, the 
 
 handling capacity of the Louisville market may be safely called fifty per cent, greater than two years ago. Cincinnati, 
 the only city that has made an exhaustive effort to rival Louisville, has hut six warehouses, aud has long ago dropped 
 out of sight as a competitor. The Cincinnati market deals only with Burley leaf. 
 
 16 
 
 On Fourth Street. 
 
Most of the tobacco chewed in the world is what is called "navy " plug, having received its name from being at 
 first dealt out by the governments of Europe to their seamen. This tobacco, saturated with sugar and licorice, is by 
 vast odds the favorite solitary consolation of men who do hard labor and engage in rough service the world over. It is 
 chewed by soldiers in all armies, seamen in all navies and under every flag and clime ; the laborer on the streets, the 
 public roads, and the railroads, the man with the skilled trade, and the person whose position in life makes him ashamed 
 of the vice— the incalculable majority find solace in the use of the dark and sweet plug, and millions of jaws keep time 
 to the same weakness. For many years the manufacture of the navy plug has been one of the great interests of Louis- 
 ville, and the bulk of the Western tobacco goes into that product. Consequently, Louisville is the most important point 
 for supply for the greatest of the chewing tobacco demand. 
 
 Here is a table showing the warehouse movement of tobacco in hogsheads in Louisville for the past eleven years. 
 In that time the market has enlarged nearly 500 per cent., sometimes by bold leaps, but usually by sure progression : 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 18S6 
 1885 
 18S4 
 1883 
 1882 
 1881 
 1S80 
 1S79 
 1878 
 1877 
 1876 
 1S75 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 103,112 
 108,821 
 
 71.154 
 71,866 
 
 53.075 
 54.460 
 52,609 
 48,870 
 69,916 
 
 50.532 
 54.883 
 24,200 
 
 DELIVERIES. 
 
 92,238 
 96,566 
 68,756 
 73,020 
 
 53.645 
 57,220 
 5S.35S 
 49.037 
 61,072 
 50,462 
 53.610 
 25,031 
 
 OFFERINGS. 
 
 125,573 
 127,946 
 81,980 
 88,900 
 61,440 
 67,400 
 65,281 
 
 58,035 
 71,028 
 56,218 
 61,352 
 27,700 
 
 STOCK END OF 
 MONTH. 
 
 15.515 
 9.5SO 
 5,701 
 3,294 
 5,912 
 
 4,888 
 7.639 
 13,355 
 13.361 
 6,018 
 5,806 
 5,810 
 
 During 18S7 there has developed a tendency to hold tobacco in storage at this point instead of shipping to New 
 York and abroad to aw^ait demand. This tendency promises to develop the market more and to increase the advantages 
 of Louisville as a point for manufacturing tobacco. 
 
 There are at present fifteen warehouses, thirteen re-handling establishments, sixteen manufactories of chewing and 
 smoking tobaccos, seventy -nine cigar manufactories, and thirty-four brokers engaged in the trade, apart from agents and 
 others who can not be classified conveniently. They 
 employ millions of capital and more than 5,000 work- 
 men. 
 
 The production of and trade in fine Bourbon 
 whiskies, one of the greatest industries of Kentucky, 
 engages a large amount of capital in Louisville. The 
 collection district, of which Louisville is the center, 
 contains one hundred registered grain distilleries, one- 
 half the number in the State. The producing capacity 
 of these houses is nearly 80,000 gallons per day. The 
 gross product during the five years ending June 30, 
 1S87, was over 35,000,000 gallons, upon which internal 
 revenue taxes to the amount of ^^29, 154,319 were paid 
 at the collector's office. About $3,000,000 of taxes were 
 remitted by the exportation of over 3,000,000 gallons 
 in that time. There are required to barrel the product 
 of the Louisville district about 165,000 casks, and the 
 capital invested in the distilleries is estimated at $i,- 
 000,000. The Bourbon whiskies made here are cele- 
 brated as the purest in the world and are universally 
 used for medicinal purposes as well as for beverages. 
 
 Other manufacturing and commercial interests, in 
 which Louisville is the largest market in the United 
 States, are as follows : 
 
 In the manufacture of Kentucky jeans and jeans 
 clothing there are four large mills engaged, employ- 
 ing about $1,250,000 capital, 1,250 hands, and produc- 
 ing annually nearly 7,500,000 yards of cloth, valued at 
 about 12,250,000. In 1887, the capacity of this iudus- 
 try has been increased about twent}- per cent. The 
 trade of the world is supplied with this article, and 
 it is known everywhere. This industry has increased 
 eight-fold in ten years. 
 
 The manufacture of cast gas and water pipe is carried on by the largest establishment in the United States, that 
 of Dennis Long & Co., which has recently enlarged its capacity fifty per cent. There are about 400 hands employed, 
 with a capacity of 250 tons of iron daily, and the output has long since closed similar establishments at Pittsburgh and 
 commands the trade from one ocean to the other. There are twenty-nine foundries making stoves, architectural and 
 other commercial iron products, employing about 4,000 hands and cousumiug about 150,000 tons of iron annually. As 
 c 17 
 
 » 
 
 J" 
 
 mim 
 
 
 UNITED .ST.\TES CUSTOM HOU.SK — FOURTH STREET. 
 
an iron consumer, Louisville ranks about fifth among the cities of the country. In addition to this, it has recently become 
 a great storage market, not ranking first, but having immense supplies stored that enter into the demand of the country, 
 thus requiring regular quotations. There is a prospect that, as the making of pig iron gets to be a larger and more com- 
 maudiug industry in the South, the importance of the Louisville market will increase, and, being nearer the furnaces 
 and the natural center of distribution, the manufactures of iron ought to grow largely. 
 
 One of the most commanding industries of the city and in which it surpasses any other in the world, perhaps, is the 
 manufacture of plows. There are four establishments, making a product valued at $2,275,000 and employing 1,925 work- 
 men. One of these is the largest in the world and sends its plows to every country where modern agricultural methods 
 are pursued. It received the first medal for plows especially designed for farming in Hindostan, and is introducing 
 American plows in Mexico and .Australia. The number of plows made in Louisville in iSSo was 80,000. In 1886 it had 
 increased to 190,000, and the capacity of the largest establishment has been materially enlarged in 18S7. The value of all 
 agricultural implements manufactured in Louisville in 1S80 was |i, 220, 700. In seven years the value of plows alone has 
 
 nearly doubled this. 
 
 Hydraulic cement is made 
 largely, the product of the mills 
 operating upon the cement stone 
 in the bed of the Ohio river and 
 adjoining, reaching nearly a mill- 
 ion barrels annually. The sales in 
 18S6 were 850,000 barrels. 
 
 The reputation of fine oak- 
 tanned sole and harness leather 
 made in the Loui.sville tanneries 
 is world wide. The extraordinary 
 finish of the work attracted the at- 
 tention, some years ago, of the 
 tanners of kid leather in France 
 and they sent a commission to 
 Louisville to examine into the 
 secret. There are twenty-two tan- 
 neries located about the falls, six- 
 teen of which are in Louisville. 
 The value of the annual product is 
 J2, 500,000, and nearly 800 hands 
 are employed. 
 
 In the sale of mules it is the 
 largest market, the sales aggregat- 
 ing about 12,500 annually. 
 In all the manufactures into which wood and iron enter, Louisville is being recognized as one of the most promising 
 points in the country. Recently one of the largest veneering mills in the United States removed its entire plant from 
 New York City to Louisville, where it has erected large buildings and is using forty acres of land and about 500 work- 
 men. A wagon manufacturing company was offered large capital and free grants of land, exempt from taxation, to 
 remove to several of the "boom" cities West and South. The company invested $40,000 in a new site in Louisville 
 instead and will soon have the largest establishment of its kind in the country. The furniture manufactories employ 
 1,200 workmen and make annually a product valued at 1,775,000. The reputation of the furniture is high. 
 
 In connection with the account of the trades and industries in which the citv has been growing, it is proper to men- 
 tion various important manufactures which are insufficiently supplied, or in which Louisville and the State are almost 
 altogether lacking, and which could be created or extended. These involve the production of a number of articles for 
 which there is a large, steady, and increasing demand, not only in Louisville, but in the immediate and great territory 
 which Louisville can supply. Such articles have so far been imported, wholly or in part, from Europe or from points 
 in the East, North-east, and Middle States of this country. They may be classified and discussed as follows : 
 
 Articles of Food for Consumption. — Manufactures of olives and various sweet oils, sugar and syrup refineries, 
 cheese factories, preserving estafflishments are needed. A cotton-seed oil refinery has been started and is growing. It is 
 also making cotton-seed-oil soap. In vinegar, pickles, sauces, mustard factories there is a growing number of establish- 
 ments, large and small, and a marked increase of production and distribution. 
 
 WOODENWARE. — Buckets, wash-tubs, and wash-boards, which, for many years, have come almost exclusively from 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio ; brooms and the building of ships from timber on the Ohio ; all these are needed and would be 
 welcome. There is still room for various agricultural implements to expand the great center which the making of plows, 
 etc., have created of Louisville in the implement trade. 
 
 Metals. — Crucible steel, cast, and metal works ; rolling mills for bar iron, pig iron, and railroad iron and steel ; 
 maimfacturing of nails, axes, horseshoes, iron castings, hardware, cutlery, type are needed. A great rolling mill, many 
 years successfully established in the interior of the State, removed to Louisville last season, and is now successfully 
 making boiler plate, bar iron, and other rolling mill products of the best grades, with orders ahead of capacity. A chain 
 works has resumed (had been abandoned). A new factory, making plumbers' castings and fittings, has just started. 
 Nail mills, cutlery, horseshoe, and various heavy and small hardware and iron factories are still lacking, 
 
 MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ARTICLES.— Various glasswares— window glass, flint glass, pressed glass, tableware ; 
 crockery ware potteries ; starch, of which hundreds of thousands of boxes are brought here annually from the East ; 
 
 18 
 
 Residences on Chestnut Street. 
 
chemicals, dye, and paint stuffs. All these are needed. Two factories are making liottles on a liberal scale. One fair- 
 sized and several small potteries are making jugs and crocker}-. DePauw's works are making plate, window, and bottle 
 glass at New Albany. But there is room for window and pressed glassware potteries. 
 
 Textile F.\brics. — Cotton mills for spinning and weaving; manufacturing of the common, medium, finer, and cost- 
 lier articles of cotton, sheeting and prints, calicoes, ginghams ; of woolen, flaxen (linen), silken, and mixed stuffs, wraps 
 for woolen goods, cotton yarns, cottonades, twine, carpet chain, osuaburgs, brown sheetings, tickings, denims, and other 
 descriptions of heavy, plain, coarse cotton goods, and later following finer work. Though a considerable part of the 
 cotton passing Louisville, mostly for New York and Liverpool, was .sold here, no bale was worked into fabrics, no spindle 
 whirls, no thread is spun, and no yard is woven. Further : With an annual production of 25,000,000 pounds of wool in 
 the West and South, there are in Louisville but four factories for woolen goods, combined with cotton. We need several 
 more for blankets, flannel, cassimeres, broadcloths, knit goods, pilot cloth, petershams, hosiery, carpets, oil cloth, waxed 
 cloth, tapestries, etc., clothing, hats. There is no carpet manufactory in the whole West. Most, or all, of these goods 
 are brought here, as yet, from Eastern places and Europe. 
 
 Small Wares. — All that class of so-called " loft manufactories," so numerous in the East, and employiug so much 
 skilled and unskilled labor. Louisville originates great quantities of heavy freights, but not nearly as much in .small 
 wares as could be profitably turned out. Huudreds of the sundry items distributed by the many grocery, hardware, and 
 
 VIEW IN CAVE HILL- 
 
 other jobbers here are bought elsewhere and ought to be made here. Cabinet and saddlery hardware, trimmings, wood 
 and metal, are used and distributed here to large amounts, and very little of it made here. 
 
 LE.^THerw.\re. — Various leather manufactories are needed, such as belting (which is made on a small scale), all 
 kinds of patent leather, gloves, and fancy articles. Boots and shoes for the trade are manufactured, and could be made 
 in larger quantities. One of the factories, at least, is making a fine article, and Louisville ladies' fine shoes are finding 
 a growing market. There is no reason whatever why most or all of the leatherware for the home market should not be 
 manufactured here. With reference to capital invested in tanneries, and value of product, Louisville takes high rank 
 amoug the places of the United States, and the first rank among the places west of the Allegheny mountains. 
 
 Straw Manufactures. — Hats and other articles ; none here. 
 
 Paper. — Brown wrapper of all descriptions might be made here, but is not; some kinds of writing and book paper 
 are made ; no strawboard is manufactured here, though a great deal of it is consumed. Paper twine and papier-mache 
 works do not exist here. 
 
 Bricks. — The manufacture of patent or pressed and fancy brick and tile ought to be, and is being, developed more 
 largely. We are consumers, and have the clay and most other ingredients right here. 
 
 Power. — Louisville is still without a steam power hall for the rent or lease of power and rooms to mechanics, 
 artisans, and artists with limited means, for the manufacture of articles on a small scale, establishments which have 
 proved very successful and profitable for owners and tenants in the Eastern States. A power and laud company which 
 would provide power and space would attract and develop a class of industries which we lack, and accommodate others 
 we have, and originate many. 
 
 BANKS AND BANKING. 
 
 The banking capital of Louisville has thus far been sufficient to carry on the business of the city. There are twenty- 
 two banks established, representing a capital of I9, 201, 800 with an aggregate surplus of 12,565,279. They are all pros- 
 
 19 
 
perous and in a healthy condition, managed by enterprising and public-spirited citizens. The capital and deposits of the 
 twenty-one banks represented in the Clearing-house Association July i, 1SS7, were as follows : 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 Bank of Kentucky 
 
 Bank of Louisville 
 
 Bank of Commerce 
 
 Merchants' National Bank . . 
 
 First National Bank 
 
 Kentucky National Bank . . . 
 
 Falls City Bank 
 
 Second National Bank . . . . 
 Louisville City National Bank 
 Citizens' National Bank . . , 
 Farmers' & Drovers' Bank . 
 
 People's Bank 
 
 German Insurance Bank . . 
 Masonic Savings Bank . . . , 
 German National Bank . . . 
 
 Western Bank 
 
 Third National Bank .... 
 German Security Bank . . . , 
 
 German Bank 
 
 Louisville Banking Company . 
 Fourth National Bank . . . . 
 
 Totals 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 DEPOSIT. 
 
 11,645,100 
 
 1 792.451 S6 
 
 655,000 
 
 299.715 24 
 
 800,000 
 
 1,036,03657 
 
 500,000 
 
 1,203,10463 
 
 500,000 
 
 834.719 21 
 
 500,000 
 
 2,291,83702 
 
 400,000 
 
 1,261,504 51 
 
 300,000 
 
 589,846 01 
 
 400,000 
 
 586,615 77 
 
 500,000 
 
 I -158. 933 36 
 
 301,700 
 
 621,499 21 
 
 150,000 
 
 261,341 85 
 
 249,500 
 
 1,489,032 21 
 
 250,000 
 
 1,076,895 19 
 
 251,500 
 
 672,000 00 
 
 250,000 
 
 735.732 13 
 
 300,000 
 
 528,379 49 
 
 179,000 
 
 739.214 79 
 
 188,400 
 
 1.503,326 04 
 
 300,000 
 
 1,607,32952 
 
 300,000 
 
 637,624 09 
 
 $8,920,200 
 
 119,927,13870 
 
 From the annual clearings of the association is also to be obtained the best idea of the increase of business. The 
 association was established in 1876 and the clearings for that year were |; 107, 000, 000. For the past five years they were 
 as follows : 1882, $193,000,000 ; 1883, $214,000,000 ; 1884, $211,000,000 ; 1885, $217,000,000 ; 18S6, $233,000,000. This shows 
 a steady and very large increase of the volume of business, but it is greatly exceeded by the reports of 18S7, which have 
 shown an average increase in round numbers of a million a week. The clearings for 1887 will, therefore, reach about 
 $290,000,000. It can be better grasped when it is stated that the increase of business alone in Louisville for 1887 is equal 
 to half the aggregate business of Detroit and that the aggregate business of Louisville for 1SS7 is three times as great as 
 that of Detroit in 1886. During the eight months ending September 30th, there were nearly fift\- new manufacturing 
 establishments planted in Louisville, while many already founded were greatly enlarged and improved. Some of the 
 new enterprises are very important concerns, which have been removed thither from other cities, bringing all their 
 plants and workmen. During the eight months referred to, about 1,400 new buildings were erected at a cost of about 
 $4,000,000. 
 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 Real estate values in Louisville are influenced by conditions existing in but very few cities in this country and which 
 produce results of incalculable value to the actual owner and user of property. The most important fact affecting real 
 estate is the great available supply. The city is built at the uorthgrn extremity of a plain covering an area of seventy or 
 eighty square miles. The corporate limits include about twelve and one-half square miles with 144 miles of paved streets. 
 There are 124 miles of horse and steam street and suburban railwa3-s, a greater mileage in projiortion to the size of the 
 city than can be found anywhere else in the country. The street railway lines have never been required to purchase 
 their franchises, and the cost of extension being comparatively small, the lines have been carried out in many instances 
 in advance of the growth ; this, with a fixed fare of five cents and a liberal system of transfers, has tended to build up 
 the suburbs and relieve the pressure upon the center of the city. The noticeable results of these conditions have been to 
 make desirable property cheaper for manufactories, residences, and business houses than in almost any city of approxi- 
 mate population in the world. Below will be found the assessed values of real estate and of permanent improvements 
 in 1880 aud for each year since, taken from the records for assessments : 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 VALUE OF 
 LAND. 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 I8S4 
 1885 
 
 1 886 
 1S87 
 
 $27,149,665 
 28,475,355 
 28,999,269 
 29,342,601 
 28,993,856 
 30,581,719 
 30,690,026 
 31,550,000 
 
 VALCE OF 
 IMPROVEMENTS, 
 
 $23,045,000 
 23.112,553 
 23.767,015 
 24,225,840 
 24.253.734 
 26,399,141 
 26,967,965 
 28,500,000 
 
 TOTAL VALUE 
 
 $50,194,665 
 51,587,908 
 52,766,274 
 53,568,441 
 53.247,590 
 56,980,860 
 
 57,657.991 
 60,050,000 
 
 An analysis of this table would show the very singular fact that while the increase of land values has been $4,400,335, 
 and the (nominal) value of improvements erected has been $5,455,000, there has been practically little appreciation of 
 the value of general property already improved, and this, notwithstanding the fact that the increase of population has 
 been variously estimated at from 45,000 to 60,000 in that time. The only addition to values has been that added to vacant 
 lots by the erection of improvements thereon. Improvements in Louisville are assessed at about fifty per cent, of their 
 cost and realty at about two-thirds of its fair market value. The actual increase of improvements, therefore, has been 
 about $10,000,000, while only about $4,500,000 have been added to the realty value. Few cities can make such a showing 
 
and iuvite population to homes so cheap, workshops so lightly taxed, or business houses at such fair rental. Nowhere 
 for purposes of actual use are there more inviting opportunities for real estate investments as in Louisville. 
 
 Belowf is a table of the comparative values of unimproved property in various cities, showing very strikingly the low 
 prices that prevail in Louisville by contrast with other places. While high-priced real estate is valuable for speculators, it 
 is a curse for the actual user, because it increases his taxes an,d his risks. Low-priced ground enables a population to 
 base prosperity upon the surest of foundations : 
 
 Cleveland . 
 Detroit . . 
 Milwaukee . 
 Kansas City 
 vSt. Paul . . 
 Toledo . . . 
 Chicago . . 
 Omaha . . . 
 Indianapolis 
 Minneapolis 
 Louisville . 
 
 POPULA- 
 TION 
 IN 1880. 
 
 160,142 
 116,342 
 
 II5.57S 
 
 41,498 
 
 50.143 
 
 503,304 
 
 3o,5i« 
 
 75,074 
 
 46,887 
 
 123,645 
 
 BEST RETAIL 
 CORNER LOTS. 
 
 Depth Per 
 feet, front ft. 
 
 165 
 100 
 150 
 132 
 150 
 106 
 100 
 
 132 
 202 
 200 
 180 
 
 $3,500 
 2,000 
 1,500 
 2,500 
 1,200 
 1,100 
 4,500 
 1,200 
 800 
 1,500 
 1,000 
 
 BEST RETAIL 
 INSIDE LOTS. 
 
 Depth Per 
 
 feet, front ft. 
 
 175 
 100 
 120 
 132 
 150 
 106 
 
 175 
 132 
 200 
 160 
 180 
 
 l3,ooo 
 1,500 
 1,000 
 i.Soo 
 
 800 
 1,000 
 3,000 
 1,000 
 
 600 
 1,500 
 
 650 
 
 BEST RESIDENCE 
 CORNER LOTS. 
 
 Depth Per 
 
 feet, front ft. 
 
 600 
 150 
 120 
 150 
 200 
 330 
 180 
 132 
 200 
 100 
 180 
 
 $500 
 350 
 200 
 
 175 
 300 
 
 125 
 700 
 150 
 175 
 300 
 225 
 
 MEDIUM RESI- 
 DENCE 
 INSIDE LOTS. 
 
 Depth Per 
 feet. front ft. 
 
 200 
 200 
 120 
 132 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 132 
 175 
 160 
 
 iSo 
 
 $100 
 
 150 
 
 80 
 
 65 
 60 
 60 
 150 
 60 
 60 
 80 
 80 
 
 WORKINGMEN S 
 
 RESIDENCE 
 
 INSIDE LOTS. 
 
 Depth Per 
 feet, front ft. 
 
 125 
 126 
 120 
 132 
 120 
 120 
 120 
 132 
 125 
 
 225 
 
 I So 
 
 f40 
 
 25 
 20 
 
 25 
 20 
 
 15 
 36 
 25 
 10 
 
 35 
 20 
 
 ACRE PROPERTY 
 ADJOINING 
 CITY LIMITS. 
 
 Per acre. 
 
 fi,5oo 
 
 3,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 1,000 
 7,000 
 5,000 
 400 
 
 1,000 
 
 INCREASE OF M.\NUFACTURES. 
 
 The wonderful cheapness of real estate, the proximity of great supplies of raw materia! and fuel, and the wonderful 
 increase of railroad facilities since iSSo have been the factors in a remarkable growth of industries in that time. The 
 statistics of manufacturing expansion since 1870 are shown below and it will be noticed that the increase since iSSo has 
 been little short of magical. The census reports furnish the following facts in regard to the natural growth of manufact- 
 uring in Louisville : 
 
 Value of products, 1S70 118,826,349 
 
 Value of products, 1880 35,908,338 
 
 Value of products, 1886 66,508,700 
 
 Increase, 1870 to 18S0 117,081,989 
 
 Increase, 1880 to 1S86 30,600,362 
 
 Greatest number hands employed, 1870 . . 10,315 
 Greatest number hands employed, 1880 . . 21,937 
 Greatest number hands employed, i885 . . 39,125 
 
 Increase, 1870 to 1880 11,622 
 
 Increase, 1S80 to 1886 17,188 
 
 While the population increased twenty-five per cent, from 1S70 to 18S0 the manufactures increased nearly one hun- 
 dred per cent., and while population from 1880 to 1886 increased about forty per cent, manufactures increased about 
 ninety per cent. This is evidence that more and more of the resident population is being utilized in manufacturing 
 establishments, which means eventually a population of skilled and educated mechanics. 
 
 TAXATION AND ASSESSMENTS. 
 
 One striking advantage to manufactories located in Louisville is to be found in the provision made for low taxes on all 
 properties dedicated to manufacturing purposes. The nominal tax-rate of the city is $2.04 on the $100 for the current 
 year, but the rate on manufacturing property judiciously situated is far less. For instance, the lands situated south and 
 
 west of the city are more es- 
 workshops, elevators and 
 railroads aflFording transpor- 
 
 pecially adapted for industrial establishments, factories and founderies, mills and 
 
 warehouses, on account of the high, dry, level, and cheap grounds, the proximitv of 
 
 tation from and to all parts of the country, and of the good drainage b\- sewers, 
 
 indispensable for the carrying on of various branches of industry. The lands partly 
 
 lying within the corporation lines of the city are assessed for taxation at about 
 
 two-thirds of their market value, and if laid out in lots and improved pay the 
 
 full city tax, amounting for the fiscal year to $2.04 on the f 100 assessed value. 
 
 Beside, they pay State tax amounting to fift3--one cents on the Jioo. County 
 
 tax is not levied on property within the city limits. Part of such 
 
 lands, not laid out and not improved, called 
 
 "acre property" pay the city tax 
 
 only for railroads and schools, 
 
 I 
 
 sixty cents on the f 100, beside 
 the State tax of fifty-one cents 
 in 1SS6. Other parts of the 
 lands extending for miles in the 
 western, southern, and eastern 
 direction and some contiguous 
 to railroads and sewers, as well 
 as to the Ohio river, are situated 
 outside of the corporation lines 
 of the citj- and pay only State 
 tax and county tax, which, in 
 
 ENTRAXCI-. To CAVE HILL. 
 
 1886, amounted to seventy-one cents on the f 100 assessed value. They are in everj' respect more suitable for the es- 
 tablishment and successful carrying on of factories and foundries and all branches of industry and trade. Further city 
 taxes are : On assessable investments, less bona fide indebtedness, sixty cents on each |ioo for railroad and schools. 
 
 21 
 
Other personalty and realty and improvements, I2.04 on the |ioo on an assessment of two-thirds value. Head tax, 
 I2.00. Licenses, for carrying on various classes of business, professions, or crafts, rates fixed according to their character 
 and volume. 
 
 The amendments to the charter of the city of Louisville relating to assessments provide: Household goods, etc., 
 of the value of J300, when owned and possessed by bona fide residents of Louisville who are housekeepers and the 
 heads of families, shall not be subject to taxation by the city. United States bonds and city of Louisville bonds are 
 exempt from city taxation. Under the charter of the city of Louisville, approved March 3, 1S70, and amendment of 
 April 15, 1882, Section 2, stock of corporations engaged in, and created for, manufacturing and commercial purposes, 
 and conducting business in said city, shall not be liable for taxation by said city. And under an act to amend the charter 
 of the city of Louisville, approved April 8, 18S2, Section 2 provides that no tax shall be assessed on tools, implements, 
 or material of manufacture in said city, nor any license be required of them for selling their own manufactures. In the 
 same act to amend the charter of the citj- of Louisville, approved April 8, 1SS2, Section 2 provides that merchandise on 
 which a license tax is charged and paid shall not be liable to be assessed under the provisions of this act. The act to 
 revise and amend the tax laws of the cit}' of Louisville, approved April, 1SS4, does not materially alter the previous laws 
 relating to the sources of revenue, the objects to be assessed for, and the values exempted from, taxation, and what changes 
 there are have been considered in the above statement. 
 
 These unusually low tax-rates provided for all manufacturing enterprises, united to the many natural advantages, 
 ought to induce a large accretion of capital. Not only are the taxes at present reasonably low if rightly understood, but 
 the charter and ordinances of the city provide also for various exemptions from taxes, more particularlj- on industrial 
 establishments and their products. 
 
Historical and D^scriptivE. 
 
 ► OUISVILLE lias been the center from which radiated much heroic history. As Vincennes, m 
 Indiana, was the advanced post at which the French made their stand for the glory of French 
 enterprise and arms, so Louisville was the headquarters of all the valor and the military 
 operations that were finally to result in the conquest of the great North-west Territory by that 
 dauntless young chieftain. General George Rogers Clark, and the extension of the domain of 
 the United States from the Ohio river to the great lakes and the present northern limits. A 
 profound prehistoiic interest attaches to the site of Louisville as the scene of the last great 
 battle between the Indians and the people who preceded them. Nothing is known of the ori- 
 gin, character, and fate of these prehistoric people except from the fables that were left, and 
 which have been challenged or contradicted by the ornaments, utensils, and monuments occa- 
 sionallv discovered. They were skilled in the use of copper, and the remains of mounds and 
 fortifications show that they had considerable geometrical knowledge, and, perhaps, warlike 
 ingenuity and courage. The first white settlers heard from the Indians a shadowy tradition to 
 the effect that ages before there had dwelt in the Ohio Valley a numerous and powerful race 
 with whom the Indians waged a war of extinction. The decisive, final battle, as said before, 
 was fought at Louisville. The remnant of the defeated prehistoric race retreated for refuge to 
 an island just below the falls where they were pursued and exterminated by the Indians. 
 The location of the present island in front of Louisville, and the discovery of traces of a 
 great burying-ground on the banks of the river opposite, have been pointed out as giving 
 probability to the story. There are, however, topographical evidences that f ges ago the 
 course of the Ohio river was back of the present site of Louisville, and the final retreat of 
 the exterminated race — if there was any — was on the ground where Louisville now stands, 
 %vhile the battle might have been fought on the great plain some six or eight miles south of 
 the city, where several beautiful hills might have furnished strategic opportunities. 
 ' The burying-place referred to as being partial evidence upon which the Indians based 
 their tradition of the battle was found opposite Louisville a little below the ^nllage of 
 Clarksville, Indiana. It was evidently the site of an Indian village, covered to the depth 
 of six feet with alluvial earth. In 1819, when the discovery was made, large quantities of human bones in a very ad- 
 vanced stage of decomposition were found interspersed among the hearths and scattered in the soil beyond them. The 
 village must have been surprised by an enemy, and, after the battle which ensued, the bones of the combatants in large 
 numbers were left upon the spot. It was argued that, had it been a common burial-place, something like regularity 
 
 '^mik 
 
 THE C.4.THEDR.\I, SPIRE. 
 
 would have been shown in 
 the disposition of the skel- 
 ,etons, and that they would 
 not have been found on the 
 same level with the fire- 
 places of an extensive set- 
 tlement, but below it. 
 
 A number of other in- 
 teresting prehistoric re- 
 mains have been discovered 
 about Louisville. Mounds 
 or tumuli were, at an early 
 day, tolerably numerous. 
 Many have been opened by 
 the curious, and the earth 
 hauled away. In most of 
 these only human bones, 
 but sometimes a few bones 
 of the deer were found. 
 Some contained but one 
 skeleton, but from other 
 mounds of similar size the 
 
 
 i,#^s| 
 
 rr' t" 
 
 A 
 
 il.-^':i'> ■■m 
 
 T ' M (f I 
 
 
 r ' 
 
 _57v J — 
 
 
 &t 
 
 THE CITY H.\I,I,. 
 
 remains of twenty or more 
 were taken, making it very- 
 probable that the former 
 were designed for the mau- 
 soleuins of chiefs or dis- 
 tinguished persons, the lat- 
 ter for those of the commu- 
 nity. 
 
 A few miles below the 
 city, sixty years ago were 
 discovered two stone hatch- 
 ets, at a depth of forty feet, 
 near an Indian hearth, on 
 wliich, among other vesti- 
 ges of a fire, were found two 
 charred brands, evidently 
 the extremities of a stick 
 that had been consumed in 
 the middle on this identical 
 spot. The plain on which 
 these hatchets were found 
 is alluvial, and this fact 
 
 gives rise to the question, where was the Ohio river when the owners of these hatchets were seated by this camp fire? 
 It certainly could not have been in its present place for these remains were below its level. 
 
 About 1808, in Shippingport, an iron hatchet was found under the center of an immense tree over six feet in diame- 
 ter, whose roots extended thirty or forty feet in each direction. The tree was cut down and its roots removed to make 
 
 23 
 
room for the foundation of Tarascon's great mill. The hatchet was e\'identl3- formed out of a flat bar of wrought iron 
 heated to redness and bent double, leaving a round hole at the joint for the reception of a handle, the two ends being 
 nicely welded together and hammered to a cutting edge. The tree was over 200 years old, and the hatchet could not 
 have been placed under it in the particular position in which it was found. It must have been there before the tree was, 
 and the latter grew up and its roots spread over it. 
 
 The existence of the tradition of a pre-historic battle, and the importance of the position in the war for the con- 
 quest of the North-west territory, show that Louisville has always been a spot of interest. It was to the military epi- 
 sodes of the mound-builders and Indians, what Troy was to the Greeks and Trojans : The one place upon which all their 
 greatest exploits centered. 
 
 Upon the great plain where these fabled events occurred, the first comers to the falls of the Ohio saw the opportu- 
 nity for building a citj- at the head of navigation. The Ohio river flows in a long and beautiful curve about the north- 
 ern and western boundary of the county of Jefferson. The middle part of the county, comprising the plain, is rich, 
 productive, and liighly cultivated. There are innumerable fine farms for the production of vegetables and fruit to sup- 
 ply the city market. The city is seventy feet above low water mark, and twenty feet above the highest flood mark, with 
 
 a front of ten miles. The plan of 
 the city is regular and beautiful, the 
 principal streets running parallel 
 with the river. The streets are si.xt\ 
 feet in width, except Main, Market 
 and Jefferson, the principal busi 
 ness thoroughfares, which are nine 
 ty, and Broadway and South Third 
 residence streets, which are one 
 hundred and twenty. Broadwa\ 
 when its destiny shall have be 
 accomplished, will be the fii: 
 street in the world. The head 
 the street is at the entrance to CavL 1^^ 
 Hill Cemetery, about two hundred T 
 feet above the general level, and) 
 thence by an easy slope it sweeps 
 away seven miles, in an almost 
 view and the sunsets from the " Knobs 
 
 
 An Old-fashioned Residence. 
 
 straight line, to the magnificent 
 natural harbor west of the city. 
 Across the Ohio from the harbor 
 are the famous Indiana " Knobs," 
 a range of hills about five hundred 
 feet high, much sought by the 
 ^\ealthy for summer residences. 
 1 pou (.lie tops and sides of this 
 range of hills there is a flora en- 
 tirely distinct from that of the sur- 
 rounding country. The mountain 
 laurel, azaleas, and rhododendrons 
 grow in profusion and all the hardy 
 nuts and wild strawberries. From 
 the eminence the view is superb, 
 extending over a radius of nearly 
 fifty miles. So capable a critic as 
 Bayard Taylor has pronounced the 
 his travels. These hills are a contin- 
 
 as among the finest he had met with in 
 nation of Muldraugh's range, which crosses the Ohio below New Albany, and traverses Kentucky north and south to 
 the center of tlie State. In the rear of Louisville are several remarkably' symmetrical and graceful hills, grouped on 
 the plain, evidently stragglers from this range. They rest the eye in a magnificent perspective from Highland Park. 
 On the east of the city is a range of sharp hills, dotted with suburban residences, called "The Highlands." From 
 the summit of the New Albany hills the cities of the Falls may be seen spread out in birdseye map beneath. 
 
 The first actual settlement at Louisville was made in 177S, upon an island in front of the landing, christened Corn 
 Island. The last vestiges of this were swept away by the rapids some years ago. The first fort was built on the main- 
 land in 1780, and in 1782 Fort Nelson was erected on what is now the north side of Main street, between Sixth and 
 Seventh, opposite the Louisville Hotel. In 1844, while excavating on this spot for a cellar, the remains of timbers, 
 forming the base of General Clark's block-house, were discovered. It was possible to trace the extent of the enclosure, 
 which took in a fine spring on the bank of the river. From this rude beginning the present beautiful city has grown. 
 There has never been a decade when its growth was not steady and rapid. So practical and pushing were the people 
 that the place remorselesslj- sacrificed all historical land-marks and relics, few of which can he ]3oiuted out in the modern 
 town. 
 
 In the absence of relics of the first settlement of Louisville, it is interesting to note that the most minute historical 
 memoranda of the pioneer period have been collected into a private library, which forms one of the most valuable and 
 important monuments of patient and discriminating research in America. This is the library of Colonel Reuben T. 
 Durrett, celebrated as a historical writer and collector of material concerning the political and social progress of Virginia 
 and Kentucky. The collection represents forty-five years' labor of a gentleman of rare culture and education and of 
 liberal mind. It contains prints, paintings, drawings, and maps of pioneer persons and places, of which, in many 
 instances, no duplicates exist and no expenditure of means could replace their loss. Colonel Durrett's library can be 
 nominally valued at a quarter of a million dollars ; it is always open to the student and the scholar, and is the source 
 from which much modern history of Virginia, Kentucky-, and Indiana has been drawn. The collection contains, how- 
 ever, much valuable material concerning the history of the United States, and an interesting and important point of 
 pilgrimage to all intelligent visitors to the city. Another important private library is the theological collection of Dr. 
 James P. Boyce, which is quite as celebrated among students of theology as Colonel Durrett's is among lovers of historv. 
 
 Some of the oldest towns in Kentucky were established near Louisville. Two of these, that had made history for 
 themselves, have been swallowed up in the growth of the metropolis, and were long ago incorporated w'ith the city. 
 Shippingport, which was incorporated in 17S5 as Campbelltown, is situated on the island below the falls, and contains 
 most of the historic remains of Louisville. The first owner of the site of Shippingport was Colonel John Campbell, who 
 sold it in 1S03 to James Berthoud, a French emigre, one of quite a number of adventurous and enterprising Frenchmen 
 who had settled about the falls, and who gave great impetus to business. Two others, who early became conspicuous 
 and successful, were the Tarascons, who purchased the greater part of Shippingport in 1806. At the lower end of this 
 island was the landing-place for boats, and, as the name would imply, the place became an important shipping point, 
 
 24 
 
being the head of lower uavigation, as Louisville was the foot of upper navigation. The two towns were separated by a 
 mile and a half of distance and an arm of the river, but, as up to 1831 (when the canal was opened), all the commerce 
 around the falls in both directions was hauled from one town to the other, growth iu both towns followed the track of 
 commerce, and the^- gravitated toward each other. 
 
 Shippingport, under the enterprise of the thrifty French grew in importance, and at one time transacted a much 
 larger amount of business thau did Louisville. The existence of great natural water-power marked it for the French as 
 a place to be developed for manufactures. In 1S15 the Tarascons began the erection, at a cost of over f 150,000, of an 
 enormous merchant flouring-mill — an enterprise so extensive that even in this day of great manufacturing establishments 
 it would compare well. The building, of stone and brick, with massive foundations and six stories, reaching to a height 
 of 102 feet, still stands a monument to the solidity of early industry. The mill had a capacity of 500 barrels of flour per 
 day. Its machinery, which had been imported at great cost, was the most perfect that could then be designed. The 
 building itself was of the most advanced architecture of the period, and was so constructed that wagons could be driven 
 under an arch and weigh and discharge grain at the rate of seventy-five bushels in ten minutes. The machinery was 
 driven by water-power, and the mill-race had room for much additional power. The Tarascons experimented with the 
 most improved machinery with the purpose of erecting cotton, fulling, and weaving-mills, but their intentions were 
 too far in advance of the times, and resulted in failure. 
 
 The old mill stands, now converted into a cement manufactory, still driven by water-power and contributing its 
 capacity to one of the greatest industries iu Louisville. It is a curious aud interesting relic of the old times, and is 
 
 fittingly surrounded by the monuments of the old French quarter. 
 As early as 1819 Dr. McMurtrie, writing of the place, describes it as 
 showing taste in the construction of the houses, "many of which are 
 neatly built and ornamented with galleries, in which are displayed 
 of a Sunday all the beauty of the town. It is in fact the Bois de 
 Boulogne of Louisville, being the resort of all classes on high da3's 
 and holidays." Traces of all this remain in the weather-stained old houses with their balconies and antique doors 
 and windows. The streets that were made three-quarters of a century ago are still as hard and level as at first. Ship- 
 pingport is now but an election-precinct in one ward. It is the seat of a great cement industry, and the population is 
 made up of laborers. One of its curiosities is the hotel once kept by Jim Porter, the Kentucky giant. Porter, who lived 
 and died on the island, was remarkably small in early boyhood, so small, indeed, that he was employed as a jockey in 
 the races that were run on the old track where Elm Tree Garden stood, a spot now given up to fields of waving corn 
 at the upper end of the island. At fifteen he began to grow so rapidly that he began to measure himself everj- Saturday 
 night. His ultimate height was seven feet nine inches, his -weight 300 pounds. His rifle, eight feet long, his walking- 
 cane, four and one-half feet long and weighing seven pounds, and his sword, five feet in length, were preserved in the 
 house for years but have now fallen into the custody of the Polytechnic society. Charles Dickens, on his trip to this 
 D 25 
 
Third Street. 
 
 countr\-, made a special \asit to Porter, and spent several hours with the giant, of whom Prentice wrote on his death 
 that "among his fellow-men he was a high-minded and honorable gentleman." The coffin containing the remains of 
 Jim Porter is shown in the familj^ vault at Cave Hill Cemetery. The outer casket is nine feet in 
 length and proportionately broad. 
 
 The Louisville and Portland canal, which was opened in 1831, was the cause of the 
 decay of Shippiugport. The falls of the Ohio which impede navigation are more 
 ||j^ correctly described as " an obstruction in the course of the river caused by a ledge of 
 (^ limestone rock running obliquely across its bed, with channels or chutes through the 
 ' mass, produced or modified by the force of the water." The limestone rock which 
 , \ forms the bed of the river in front of the city and is the underlying stratum upon 
 ^' /which Shippiugport island is founded is used in immense quantities for the manu- 
 ^facture of water-lime or cement of a (luality superior to any other made in America. 
 It is an earthy stone of a slightly bluish-green ashen tint, with an earthy flat 
 conchoidal fracture. Its characteristic constituents have been determined to be : 
 Lime, 28. 29; magnesia, S.89 ; pure silica, 22.58; other insoluble silicates, 3.20; pot- 
 ash, 0.32. The lime and silica are exactly in the proportion of their equivalents, 
 to which is due the hydraulic properties of the cement rock. The rock is remark- 
 able for the facility with which it cracks, splits, and disintegrates to calcareous mud 
 when exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather. After it is properly burned and 
 ground, however, the lime and silica unite in connection with the water to form a 
 hydrated silicate of lime which acts as a powerful cement to agglutinate the grains 
 of sand added in mixed mortar, which is usually three times the bulk of the hy- 
 draulic lime added. This cement was exclusively used in the building of the canal, 
 and time has demonstrated that the cement has grown harder than the stone used. 
 The Louisville and Portland canal was the first great engineering work in the United States, and it is to-day full of 
 interest. It was projected by the first settlers and was incorporated in 1825. Governor DeWitt Clinton, of New York, 
 who as a Presidential quantity was advocating internal improvements in the way of canals, came to Louisville in 1826 
 to the t/round-breaking. Taking off his coat and rolling up his sleeves. Governor Clinton filled a wheelbarrow with earth 
 and trundled it off to the dumping ground. This important work, by which the difficulties of navigation past the falls 
 of the Ohio are avoided, was begun under the joint auspices of the United States government and the State of Kentucky. 
 Bv the charter authorizing the undertaking, the government subscribed for |ioo,ooo dollars of stock out of a total of 
 1700,000 issued by the State. The canal was opened for business in the spring of 1S31, having been constructed at a 
 cost of $742,869.94. It has a length of 2.1 miles, a width of eighty feet along rectilinears, and of eighty-six feet at all 
 bends. There are six locks, having dimensions of 400 x 80 feet, large enough to clear eight feet each, although the 
 entire fall is only twenty-six feet. At first the toll charged was eighty cents per ton, which was soon reduced to fifty 
 cents. Produce boats, carrying salt and iron, were charged three cents per foot, and this was subsequently- made two 
 cents per foot. 
 
 The government, to complete the work after the State's funds had been exhausted, subscribed for $133,500 addi- 
 tional stock, and afterward received 567 shares as a dividend. Between 1831 and 1842 the L'nited States received in 
 dividends upon the business of the canal, $257,778, which returned to the government an aggregate, in cash and bonds, 
 of $24,278 and 567 shares more than its original investment in the enterprise. 
 
 The canal eventually proved too .small to accommodate all the craft on the Ohio, and the work of deepening and 
 widening it was begun in i860 under the superintendence of Major Godfrey Weitzel, of the United States Engineer 
 Corps. The improvement was continued through the war up to 1866, when it ceased for lack of appropriations. In 
 1868 Congress voted $300,000 for resuming the abandoned work, and followed it by $300,000 more in 1S69, and $300,000 
 in 1871, and gave $100,000 in 1873. Having thus expended such large sums, the next natural step was for the govern- 
 ment to assume entire charge of the canal, which was accomplished in 1874 by the United States assuming the payment 
 of outstanding bonds. From the date the transfer, all forms of toll charges were 
 abolished, and to this fact the waning powers of river transportation owe what- 
 ever vitalitv remains at the present time. 
 
 Under government auspices and direction, the task of completing the enlarge- 
 ment of the canal has not only been carried to completion, but a new project is 
 now under way to successful accomplishment by which a secure and ample har- 
 bor will be afforded against the perils of moving ice, in the colder seasons, of g 
 those large fleets of coal tows that arrive from Pittsburgh with high stages of I 
 water. All the property is under responsible supervision by officers of the gov- 
 ernment, and the canal proper, with the improvements projected, will long 
 remain as sightly memorials of a paternal government devoted to the interests of I 
 interstate commerce. 
 
 The mouth will be 375 feet wide and it will taper gradually like a funnel 
 to the drawbridge at Eighteenth street, where the width of ninety feet is ' -^^ 
 regular. The cost of the enlargement will be $1,500,000. At the mouth A Pretty " Queen Anne." 
 
 of the canal is the great government wing dam, extending to the middle of 
 
 the river. For half the year the top of the dam is out of water and affords a broad promenade which is utilized by 
 fishermen and pleasure-seekers in large numbers. The force of the current over this dam and into the mouth of the 
 canal is so great in good stages of water that a government life-saving station is maintained. Before this was established 
 the men who commanded it saved many lives from philanthropy. 
 
 26 
 
Below the falls there is, under the bank of the river at the village of Clarksville, on the Indiana side, a strong 
 whirlpool, through which steamers must pass, though it is done without danger. A trip over the falls on the steamers 
 is an experience always enjoyed, and there are few packets passing that do not take a quota of sight-seers. For many 
 years the falls pilot has been Captain Pink Varble, whose name is known wherever there are adventurous travelers that 
 have shot the falls of the Ohio. 
 
 The course of improvement in transportation has already paralleled the canal with a railroad. This is called the 
 "Short Route," and is built upon an elevated steel trestle twenty-one feet above the grade of the streets. It commences 
 at P'irst street, and traverses the river front to Portland, affording direct railway connection across the cit}-, and serving 
 as the roadway for suburban trains and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway system. 
 
 The "Short Route" is an engineering marvel. Its \ower end connects with the Kentucky and Indiana steel 
 cantilever bridge. This beautiful structure, which cost a million and a half dollars, was begun in 18S2 and completed in 
 18S6. It crosses the river below the falls, connecting Portland and New Albany. Its length is 2,453 feet exclusive of the 
 approaches, which on the Kentucky side are very picturesque and extensive. There are nine piers, seven of which are 
 of limestone masonry, and two are cone-shaped iron cylinders, made of boiler-iron five-eighths of an inch thick, resting 
 upon the bed-rock, and fitted with brick and concrete. The average height of the oiers is 170 feet. The masonry of 
 these piers is regarded by engineers as the most handsome and substantial ever placed in position for a bridge on the 
 continent. The aggregate masonry contains 13,600 cubic yards of stone. The length of approaches on the Indiana 
 side is 781 feet, and on the Kentucky side 3,990 feet. The bridge contains 2,414,261 pounds of steel and 3,625,000 pounds 
 of wrought iron. It affords accommodation for railway, carriage, street car, and foot traffic. 
 
 The Louisville bridge, which was constructed in 1868-72, is 5,218 feet in length and cost f2,oi6,8ig. It contains 
 twenty-seven spans, the one over the middle chute of the river being 370 feet long, and that over the Indiana chute 400 
 feet long. The bridge is ninety-si.x and one-half feet clear of low water. The piers are of limestone masonry and the 
 superstructure of wTought iron. It is exclusively a railway and foot bridge. 
 
 During the three vears from i8S4to 1887, the rapid increase in the number of railway lines entering Loui.sville and 
 tlu- vast amount of traffic handled resulted in the nri;anization of a company for tlu- construction of a third l>ridge 
 
 A PUBLIC .\MUSEMENT AMPHITHE.\TRE. 
 
 across the Ohio, connecting the city of Jeffersonville directly with Louisville. Plans for this bridge have been prepared, 
 and it is estimated to cost |i, 500,000. It will provide for railway and horse-car traffic, carriage and foot ways. When 
 that bridge is completed a belt railroad could encompass the three cities at the falls. In all probability the structure 
 will be raised within the next five years. 
 
 The quarter of the city situated on the river front, being the oldest, is full of the quaintest and most interesting sug- 
 gestion. There the houses are ancient and the population the densest. The streets have long ago lost their prestige, 
 and the most historic buildings have fallen into decay and neglect. The concentration of the traffic and business of 
 two hundred thousand people has long ago driven out of this quarter the people who once surrounded themselves with 
 all that wealth and taste could procure. The river front itself is now occupied by railroad tracks, and there are accu- 
 mulating the warehouses, roundhouses, and freight-sheds of a great transportation system. 
 
 Main street, the great wholesale and tobacco street of Louisville, being the first thoroughfare next to the river settle- 
 ment, naturally contains many evidences of the original character of the city. Many of the business houses are old- 
 fashioned, plain and small, while interspersed among these are some of the handsomest and most costly modern struct- 
 ures. There are few streets where the unceasing traffic of heavy business may be seen in such volume as here. During 
 the busy seasons the roar and noise of vans and wagons are deafening. Where Ninth street intersects, begins the 
 "tobacco district," where are conducted the great sales, and where are situated the great warehouses, capable of handling 
 150,000 hogsheads annualh^ The scenes on the tobacco "breaks" on sale days is a novel one, and characteristic of the 
 section and of the trade. There are several hundred resident and special buyers present, who make the rounds from 
 one warehouse to the other "sampling" the hogsheads before bidding. The peculiar reasons for the growth of Louis- 
 ville as a tobacco market have long ago been pointed out. "All planters must be aware," wTote one historian of the 
 trade, "that New Orleans became a leading market originally because it was the nearest eligible point to the mouth of 
 the Mississippi river, and the onlv oiitlet from the West to a foreign market. The class of buyers, who probably more 
 than all others give character to that market, were the agents of European governments, who monopolized the trade at 
 
 27 
 
Modern Tenements — Third Street. 
 
 home aud virtually regulated prices in this couutry. They were wholesale buyers, wanting hundreds and thousands of 
 hogsheads at a time, and to meet their views the individuality of the planter was lost sight of. The merchant arranged 
 his samples in classes, putting the crops of many farmers in one round lot, which was sold at an agreed average price. 
 After the sale he sub-classified the round lot aud made a pro-rata apportionment of prices according to his judgment 
 of the relative value of the several hogsheads, to say nothing of the difficulty of figuring out the 
 ;g^^;. several prices, so as to divide fairly all the funds received for the round lot, nor of the 
 ^^ '^ -^ human nature in most men which would persuade the merchant that the larger 
 
 shipper and most influential man was entitled to better prices than the ob- 
 scure farmer, or unknown shippers ; granting that no errors were made 
 in calculation, and that no interested motive prompted favorit- 
 ism, still the relative value of the tobacco was determined 
 by one man. Now, admitting this merchant to 
 be competent in such cases to divide equitably 
 the last cent ; that he could rise so far above the 
 promptings of selfishness as to do justice to all 
 alike, and that his single judgment in the appor- 
 tionment of prices is worth as much as the com- 
 bined judgments of fifty buyers in open compe- 
 tition at an auction sale, yet there was at New 
 Orleans only an export market. These remarks 
 apply equally to New York, except that there is 
 at New York a market for manufacturing leaf 
 But there is not, nor can there be in such a mar- 
 ket, any competition over the single hogshead." 
 The system prevailing in the Louisville mar- 
 ket is of daily auction sales for cash, in the open 
 market, emphatically upon the merits of the 
 product. The active competition of hundreds 
 of buyers assures the planters of more speedy 
 and equitable returns for their crops, and this fact in connection with the changes in transportation, and the channels 
 for distribution compulsively provided, had the result of making Louisville, as early as 1S64, the largest primary- leaf 
 tobacco market in the world. Since that date large manufacturers North and East, as well as exporters, aud manufact- 
 urers and dealers abroad, have either resident agents and buyers here, or are annualh- represented by bu^-ers who 
 spend as umch time in Louisville as may be necessary to purchase supplies of the types of tobacco offered. Tobacco 
 planters in Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois, and, to a small extent, from other States, ship the article in hogs- 
 heads to oue or another of the great warehouses here on consignment for sale. Nearly every sale of tobacco is made at 
 public auction. The sales are held daily at some or all of the warehouses, the bogheads being previously stripped, so 
 as to expose the tobacco, but also inspected and sampled by a competent inspector, who is responsible for the quality as 
 represented in the sample. All favoritism is necessarily excluded, and the owner of a single hogshead has an equal 
 chance with the owner of a thousand. On these sales, when the owner of the tobacco thinks it is struck off at too low 
 a price, he has the privilege of rejecting the bid, withdrawing the property or leaving it with the warehouse to be 
 offered for sale again. Thus the offerings are aunually some thousands of hogsheads greater than the actual sales. 
 
 The plan of selling tobacco at auctiou by sample and in the presence of the exposed hogshead has been pursued in 
 Louisville as far back as the records and recollection of the trade go. It seems to have originated here in the effort 
 to deal fairly with buyer and seller alike aud to remove cause of misunderstanding aud complaint. Several other cities 
 sell by sample, but not in the presence of the exposed hogshead, because they lack the great warehouse room, one of 
 the characteristic features of the Louisville markets. The auction sale at a tobacco warehouse engages the active skill, 
 judgment, and experience of scores of competitors and, while it is not like 
 the Exchanges of New York or Chicago in uproar and bustle, the sight is 
 quite as novel and interesting. 
 
 The extent of the tobacco trade of Louisville may be realized bv illustra- ' , ' 
 
 tive statistics. The hogsheads are hauled from the railway station to the 
 warehouses on trucks, some of which, drawn bj- four horses, will carry four 
 hogsheads, others, drawn by two horses, will carry two hogsheads. Averaging 
 them at three hogsheads and three horses each, and considering that each 
 hogshead must be hauled from the station and back to it, it would give on the 
 crop of 1S86, 103,000 hogsheads — 69,000 truck-loads, requiring 207,000 horses. 
 Estimating the length of the teams at thirty feet, the number of trucks haul- 
 ing that tobacco would, if moving in a straight line, with only one foot 
 between each team, make up a caravan 405 miles in length, covering b}- more 
 than eighty miles the distance along the Ohio river from Pittsburgh to Louis- 
 ville. Counting twelve hogsheads to a car-load, it would require 8,585 cars to 
 transport it. These cars would make up 214J4 trains of forty cars each, 
 
 stretching over seventy-five miles and requiring the efforts of 300 locomotives to move them properly. 
 horses used in the teams were in cavalry line, it would make up a body stretching 414 miles. 
 
 These statistics refer solely to the warehouse trade. The manufacture of tobacco, while it is profitably and well 
 conducted, is not nearly so important an industry in Louisville as it could be made with the advantages of so great a 
 
 28 
 
 The Masonic U'idoti's' and Orphans' 
 Home Building. 
 
 If the 207,000 
 
market at baud. The tobacco made up here is, however, well known for its superiority. Labor is cheap, living is inex- 
 pensive, and there are many conditions that stand ready prepared to easily develop the city into a great tobacco 
 manufacturing center. 
 
 Fourth street has long been the fashionable shopping thoroughfare and promenade of Louisville. It is on this 
 street that every afternoon, but particularly on Saturdays, are to be seen throngs of women so beautiful as to astonish 
 
 ■ . visitors and which have had so 
 
 much influence toward giving 
 the city abroad the reputation 
 for beautiful women that is uni- 
 versal. The " parade" on Sat- 
 urday is a characteristic sight. 
 There are few shoppers who 
 are not on foot, and the prom- 
 enade is occupied by an endless 
 stream of ladies. This street 
 is lined with many handsome 
 structures a u d i s rapidly ex- 
 tending itself The southern 
 end is a favorite and beautiful 
 residence section, though met- 
 ropolitan necessities have long 
 since developed many rival 
 streets and built them up with 
 residences that are equaled in 
 beauty a u d taste b y but few 
 cities. 1 1 is noticeable that 
 more money is expended upon 
 homes than upou business 
 houses, and a drive through the 
 residence parts of Louisville is, 
 therefore, productive of much 
 pleasure and astonishment. 
 There are no homes that have 
 cost extraordinary sums, but 
 the average luxury aud beauty 
 o f the houses give Louisville 
 the appearance of a city of 
 palaces. 
 
 The public buildings are 
 handsome and numerous. 
 Those built by the city, especi- 
 ally, are monuments of taste 
 and liberality. Principal 
 among the public buildings is 
 the new Custom House, at the 
 corner of Fourth aud Chestnut, 
 which is of white stone, and 
 will cost about $2,500,000 when 
 completed. The County Court 
 House IS a massive and pure specimen of Corinthian architecture, with a por- 
 tico of unusual beauty. Adjacent is the City Hall, built at a great cost. The 
 Board of Trade, the City Work House, the Alms House, the School for the 
 Blind, the City Hospital, the University buildings, aud the numerous exteusive 
 charities present architectural attractions that serve to ornament every part 
 of the city. The Central Asylum for the Insane, at Anchorage, in the suburbs, 
 is conceded to be one of the most complete and beautiful institutions in the 
 world. There are two driving parks, at the Fair Grounds and Highland Park, 
 both situated to the South of the city, and affording charming drives. The Jockey Club Park, on Churchill Downs, 
 near by, is semi-annually the scene of great race meetings, which have given to the record many of the most remark- 
 able performers and performances. 
 
 In the eastern eud of the city, the new water reservoir affords handsome park opportunities, and in that direction 
 also is Cave Hill Cemetery, by natural advantages of locatiou and lavish expenditure for beautifying purposes, one of 
 the loveliest cemeteries in America. 
 
 Louisville is surrounded by many suburbs that are delightful for residence. These are Parkland, to the south-west, 
 Clifton, the Highlands, Anchorage, and Pewee Valley, to the east. The two Indiana cities of New Albauy and Jeffer- 
 sonville, with a combined population of about 45,000, are practically a part of Louisville, connected with it by bridges 
 
 and ferries, aud have a common industrial aud commercial interest. 
 
 29 
 
 ON M.\IN STREET. 
 
The rate of growth which Louisville has experienced during the past seven years indicates that the next census wnll 
 find it the largest city of the South, and one rivaling in business and manufactures any of the cities of the North of 
 equal population. 
 
 The people who make up the community are best estimated through the important public works, the beautiful homes, 
 and the large and liberal charities which they have built. The care and taste that have been lavished upon homes 
 speak of people of broad culture, and well founded in the conservative impulses that cherish patriotism and encourage 
 order and intelligence. It is not surprising that such a people should have established so remarkable an educational 
 S}-steni in which, from primary knowledge to complete technical learning, all the arts, sciences, and virtues are taught. 
 The extent and variety of the school facilities make Louisville worthy to be called the University City, and out of this 
 atmosphere has evolved a society gifted with taste and intelligence of a high order. The charitable institutions mark a 
 community of generous nature, the reflection of the home life so strikingly characteristic of the people. The homes 
 themselves are the common pride of all. There are few cities in the world where the people are so well housed, or 
 where a larger proportion of tlie population are thus bound up in the welfare of all. Building is cheap and land is low ; 
 so that most of the residences are surrounded by spacious grounds, and every house has its yard. It is estimated that 
 in Louisville, the houses average but tw'o to each one hundred feet of ground, while in cities of the same size, they 
 usually average four houses to the same space. 
 
 The streets being universally shaded with oak, elm, maple, poplar, and linden trees, the streets in spring and summer 
 present a most beautiful aspect. In May, Louisville resembles a garden, so generally are the shaded and cool avenues 
 and streets adorned by flowers in every yard. During the summer, it deserves its title of the prettiest city in the South. 
 Its healthfulness is remarkable, and its population being order-loving and contented, there are seldom, or never, any 
 disorderly outbreaks. In a word, no more delightful place of residence, and no more promising place for business, 
 could be selected anywhere in the United States. 
 
 30 
 
Louisville's Coal PuturE, 
 
 ps^^ HE basis for unlimited development of wealth and industry in Louisville is admirably shown in a 
 * paper by the Hon. J. Stoddard Johnston on "The Kentucky River iu its Relation to the Development 
 
 of the Eastern Kentxicky Coal Field," and which was read Vjefore the State Industrial and Commer- 
 cial Conference in Octolier, iSS". The development of this region will make of Louisville a greater 
 than Pittsburgh with all its enjovment of long monopoly of the coal supply of the West : 
 
 There are two Coal Fields iu Kentucky — the Western, comprising about four thousand square 
 miles, which lies about seventy miles south-west of Louisville, and is bisected by the Green river, 
 which is navigable by slack-water throughout its limits. It is also penetrated by several rail- 
 roads — the Huntington system, which traverses it from east to west, in its route from Louisville 
 to Memphis, the Louisville & Nashville, which crosses it from north to south with two lines, one 
 from Henderson and the other from Owensboro, the Ohio Valley Railroad from Henderson to 
 Marion, in Crittenden county, and the Louisville, St. Louis & Texas, now in course of construc- 
 tion along the Ohio river, from the mouth of Salt river, looking to a connection with the Ohio Valley road at Hen- 
 derson. The topograph)- of the conntr)- which it embraces, not being mountainous, is favorable for the construction 
 of railroads, aud, with those already in operation or projected, it will soon, in conjunction with the navigation of Green 
 river, when made free of tolls, have ample transportation for the development of its resources in coal, iron, and timber. 
 The coal of this field is chiefly a soft bituminous, good for grate and steam purposes, but as yet has not had satis- 
 factory development for coking. There is also a limited area of Cannel coal — a superior article known as the Breck- 
 inridge Cannel Coal, found in Breckinridge county, in a twenty-eight inch stratum. It covers about two or three 
 thousand acres, and a mine, situated eight miles from the Ohio river, at Cloverport, is worked by an English company 
 who have constructed a railroad by which the coal is conveyed to the river, aud thence transported by water to New 
 Orleans, whence it is shipped to Liverpool. 
 
 THE E.\STERN' CO.\L FIELD. 
 
 The other, or Eastern Coal Field, comprises more than 10,000 scjuare miles, or one-fourth the area of the State. Its 
 eastern boundary is the Cumberland mountains — the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia — and it runs trans- 
 versely across the State from north-east south-wcstwardly, having an average breadth of seventy-five or eighty miles. It 
 is part of the same coal field which passes northward into West Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, embracing the New 
 river and Connellsville Coking Districts, and which traverses Tennessee on the meridian of Chattanooga and Alabama, 
 through Birmingham, widening in its northern course, aud narrowing in its southern, until it ceases to exist a short dis- 
 tance south of Birmingham. That the Eastern and Western Coal Fields were once united, aud that the intervening 
 territory was denuded of coal by erosion, is patent to geologists, but foreign to the scope of this article to discuss. 
 
 The altitude of the Eastern Coal Field increases from west to east, the elevation, above sea level, of the hills in 
 which coal is first found, on its western border, being about one thousand feet, aud the elevation of the Cumberland 
 range, on the eastern border, being from three thousand five hundred feet to four thousand feet. On the other hand, 
 the geologic dip of the coal and stratified rocks is to the east and south, being very gradual and uniform, until reach- 
 ing the Cumberland uplift, when, for a breadth of about twenty miles, all the strata of coal which had passed succes- 
 sively below the surface have been lifted above drainage. Underlying the coal is the subcarbouiferous limestone, which 
 bounds the western limit of the coal field, but disappears shortly after the first coal develops, and is not seen again until 
 uplifted in the Cumberland ran,ge, finding its best development on the Virginia side of the Cumberland mountains. 
 
 Both borders of the coal field have also iron deposits of various merit ; on the Eastern are hematites, and the 
 Western, limonites and carbonates — a superior quality of the latter being the well-known Red river car-wheel ore, 
 which rests immediately upon the limestoue, and of the former the Hocking Valley ore, which lies stratified above the 
 conglomerate sandstone, which caps two workaljle strata of coal. 
 
 While the general features of the Eastern Coal Field conform to this description, I propose in this paper to speak 
 more particularly of a section drawn through the coal field from west to east, from the Three Forks of the Kentucky 
 river to Big Stone Gap in south-west Virginia. This coal field is penetrated by the following rivers : The Big Sandy, 
 which forms the boundary between Kentucky and West Virginia ; the Licking, which enters the Ohio at Cincinnati ; 
 the Kentucky, the three branches of which, heading respectively in the direction of Pound, Big Stone, and Cumberland 
 Gaps, unite in Lee county near the western border of the coal field, and the Cumberland river, which, heading between 
 the main Cumberland mountain and Pine mountain, parallel ranges, flows near the western base of the latter, and 
 breaks through it at Pineville, in Bell county. 'The topography of the coal field is such that the ranges of the hills or 
 mountains conform in direction with that of the rivers, so that the construction of railroads, while practical iu the 
 direction of the drainage, is almost impossible across drainage. As yet there has been but a partial penetration of the 
 coal field ; the Chesapeake & Ohio (Huntington's trans-continental system) passing through but two counties. Carter 
 and Boyd, having coal in but a limited development. The Cincinnati Southern passes through but a similar strip of its 
 southern border in the counties of Pulaski and Wayne, while, singularly enough, the Knoxville Branch of the Louis- 
 
 31 
 
ville & Nashville road skirts it, as it were, in but two more counties, Laurel and Whitley. A local road has been con- 
 structed from Mt. Sterling to the coal in Menifee, but has not proved a successful enterprise. The obstacle to building 
 railroads through this field has been, that it would not pay to run a local road to the coal merely for this mineral, since 
 the cheaper transportation from Pennsylvania and West Virginia by the Ohio river has forbidden competition, and the 
 cost of a through route to connect with the Eastern and South-eastern systems has heretofore been too great to be justi- 
 fied by the demand for such transportation. But, latterly, the awakened demand for iron and coal has led to the pro- 
 jection of several A railroads, on both sides of the mountains, looking to a junction of the two systems. This 
 --' f5. movement has had its chief impetus in the discovery of rich magnetic and Bessemer iron 
 ores in North Carolina, about seventy-five miles from the Kentucky coal field, and the 
 demand for the coal for its reduction, there being no coal in North Carolina, or nearer 
 than in Kentucky. A road is in course of construction from Bristol, Tennessee, to 
 Big Stone Gap, and the Norfolk & Western has contracted with the Louisville & 
 Nashville Railroad to meet it near the same point, by constructing an extension from 
 the north-east of about eight}- miles, for which the contract has been let. To meet this 
 the Louisville & Nashville is now building an extension from a point on its Knoxville 
 Branch to Pineville, in Bell county, Kentucky, which will be completed within the 
 current year, and thence extended to meet the Norfolk & Western, as staled above, 
 giving a new and shorter route from Louisville to the seaboard. Other routes are 
 projected from the Cranberry iron region in North Carolina to Cumberland or Big 
 ji,; Stone Gap, and from Knoxville to Cumberland Gap, looking in the direction of Cin- 
 cinnati. For the latter road the city of Knoxville has voted a subscription of half a 
 million, and the work has been let to contract. 
 
 In all this region of south-western Virginia and south-eastern Kentucky, in view 
 of this railroad development, actual and projected, a great deal of capital is being 
 invested by eastern and English, as well as by Kentucky, companies. The price of 
 Bn// B/oi/;. all land has, within the past twelve months, been advanced ten-fold, and a region 
 
 which has beeu long dormant, and apparently without hope of development, is now 
 quickened with a new energy. Immigration and capital are being directed toward it, and visible signs of improvement 
 are apparent in the building of a better class of dwellings, the opening of new roads, greater interest in schools, a 
 general increase of thrift, and the better observance of law. It is the prospective junction of the Louisville & Nash- 
 ville Railroad with the system of roads lying east of the mountains which has wrought this change, the full import 
 of which will not be realized until the connection has been made a year hence. When the practicability of the junc- 
 tion of the two systems has been demonstrated, and the roads projected on the eastern side of the mountains shall 
 reach the gaps which make the gateways to the Eastern Coal Field, of Kentucky, other roads from the western side 
 will seek connection with them, and other routes be established across the coal field. Already the extension of the 
 Chattaroi Railroad up the Big Sandy is announced as a part of a system from Chicago and Cincinnati to Charleston, 
 South Carolina, while the Kentucky Eastern Railroad, which runs from Riverton, Greenup county, to Willard, Carter 
 county, contemplates extension in the same direction. Huntington, who is building one hundred and forty miles of 
 road from Ashland, Kentucky, to Cincinnati, has bought a local road running from Johnson's Station, on the Mays- 
 ville & Paris road, to Hillsboro, Fleming county, and has been making surs'eys, indicating a purpose to extend it up the 
 Licking Valley, through the rich Cannel coal fields of Morgan and Magoffin, in the direction of Pound Gap. 
 
 Scott, a n d 
 
 ileposits 
 
 atte n- 
 
 The Paris, Frankfort & Georgetown road, for which subscriptions have been voted in Franklin, 
 Bourbon, is also projected to run from Frankfort, through Georgetown and Paris, to the coal 
 of the Licking and Big Sandy. For the upper Kentucky river several roads are commanding 
 tion. The Kentucky Union, which has thirteen miles constructed from the Chesapeake cS: Ohio, 
 at Hedge's Station, in Clark county, to Clay City, contemplates extension by way of 
 the Three Forks to the Cannel coals of Breathitt county, and thence up the North 
 Fork to Pound or Big Stone Gap. The Louisville, Cincinnati & Virginia Railroad, 
 from Winchester to the Three Forks, and thence up the Middle Fork to Big Stone 
 Gap, and up the South Fork to Cumberland Gap, has been voted subscriptions from 
 Clark, Estill, and Lee counties, and within the past ten days has broken ground, thus 
 holding out to Cincinnati the most direct route acro.ss the Eastern Coal Field. Still 
 a third route from Richmond, in Madison county, Kentucky, has been under con- 
 sideration for six or eight years, the road to the Three Fork having at one time been 
 located and let to contract, but suspended by the financial crash of 1884. Its import- 
 ance to Louisville as a possible extension of the Louisville Southern, and as part of 
 a trunk road to connect St. Louis and Chicago with the south-eastern system, ren- 
 ders it only a question of time when it also will be put under cou.struction. 
 
 THE KENTUCKY RIVER. * 
 
 But while it will doubtless be but a short time until all the rivers which pene- 
 trate the Eastern Coal Field will be utilized as routes for the construction of rail- 
 roads, the Kentucky river, from its central position, the number of its tributaries, 
 
 and its availability as a means of transportation for a greater part of its course, presents the best advantages for the de- 
 velopment of the Eastern Coal Field, and as a route for the construction of one or more railroads to connect the 
 eastern and western railroad systems. It has three principal tributaries known as the North, Middle, and South 
 Forks, which, rising in the Cumberland mountains, come together, after traversing the heavily timbered coal field near 
 
 32 
 
 ^w^^-^^ 
 
 T/te "A'ivnoii. 
 
Beattyville, in Lee county, at what is known as the Three Forks. From this point, wliich is near the western border of 
 the coal field to its mouth at Carrollton, a distance of two hundred and fifty miles, it traverses one of the richest sections 
 of the State, leaving the carboniferous formation near the line of Estill and Lee, entering the Trenton limestone in 
 Madison, and flowing through the counties of Clark, Garrard, Fayette, Mercer, Woodford, Anderson, Franklin, Henry, 
 Owen, and Carroll, to the Ohio, through the Lower and Upper Silurian. The project of its improvement by locks and 
 dams was begun by the State fifty years ago, and in 1S43 five locks and dams were completed at a cost of over four mill- 
 ions, gi\ang navigation for steamers of three hundred tons for a distance of about one htmdred miles from the mouth. 
 The maintenance of the navigation became in time a burthen to the State, and, at the close of the war, the system was 
 practically worthless. Various efforts were made looking to a restoration of the old works and the extension of navi- 
 gation by additional locks and dams to the Three Forks as originally designed, but without result, until in 1879-80 the 
 Legislature of Kentucky ceded the locks and dams to the United States, upon condition that Congress would repair 
 them, make navigation free, and exten<l the system to the Three Forks. Since then, by successive appropriations, 
 aggregating more than half a million, the United States Government has repaired the w'orks, restoring navigation for 
 one hundred miles, and has beguu the construction of Lock No. 6, which, when completed, will make the river navi- 
 
 SCENE ON THE KENTUCKY RIVER. 
 
 gable to High Bridge, the crossing of tke Cincinnati Southern Railroad, aliout one hundred and twelve miles from its 
 mouth. The value of this improvement, and the restoration of navigation to the region of country through which the 
 river runs, can not be overestimated. In the single item of coal its cost has been more than saved to consumers, the 
 price at Frankfort being reduced from twenty-five and thirty cents to ten and fifteen cents. So also as to freights of all 
 kinds, the cheaper river transportation has led to corresponding reduction of rates by rail to Louisville and Cmcninati, 
 the decrease being about fifty per cent. In like manner the value of lands lying along the river has been enhanced, the 
 facility thus afforded for reaching market having stimulated the opening of new farms, and led to the restoration of 
 many others which had gone to decay from the lack of means to utilize or sell their products. This improvement, 
 affording free navigation, has been highly beneficial not only to the people who have had a market opened to them, 
 but also to Louisville and Cincinnati, to which points the products of this rich section have been shipped, and whence 
 the merchandise, groceries, coal, etc., have been distributed. The result of the past five years goes far to illustrate the 
 vast benefit which would accrue upon the completion of slack-water navigation to the Three Forks, and should call for 
 some more vigorous effort to induce Congress to hasten the progress of the work. Every remaining county to be 
 embraced by the new works is as rich and abounding in products needing an outlet to market as those already supplied, 
 and they are as much entitled to the improvement. On the score of economy, it would be better for Congress, instead 
 of making appropriations by driblets, to set apart a sum sufficient to place all the remaining locks and dams under con- 
 tract at once, and complete them in two or three years, instead of making a lock and dam every year or two, extendnig 
 the time for the completion of the navigation ten or fifteen years, and suffering losses from floods, etc., from the incom- 
 pleted state arising from lack of adequate appropriations. 
 
 The full value of the system will not be demonstrated until navigation is extended to the Three Forks and it can be 
 utilized as are the Monongahela and Kanawha rivers, similariy improved by the United States Government, for the trans- 
 portation of coal, iron, timber, and other products of the mountains. Pending this completion, and to facilitate this 
 transportation meanwhile, Congress, some years since, made an appropriation of |i25,oooor thereabouts, for the con- 
 struction of a dam on the French system at the Three Forks. It was located at Beattyville, just below the confluence 
 of the South Fork, and completed one year ago. No lock was provided, but in its stead provision was made for letting 
 down about one-third of the dam so as to permit the passage of rafts, etc., through chutes or passes. But apart from 
 the questionable policy of having any device which will permit the products of a country to leave it without providing 
 
 33 
 
for the return of commodities in exchange, the plan or construction of this work has proved so faulty as to require a 
 change, involving its practical reconstruction with a lock instead of the chutes, and for reasons, into which our repre- 
 sentation in Congress should inquire, the benefits expected from this dam in forming a pool into which coal could be 
 loaded in boats to await tides, as in the Monongahela and Kanawha, and saw-logs handled for local milling, will 
 be withheld from that neglected region for two years longer. This leads me to remark, incidentally, that if the 
 average talent which represents Kentucky in Congress could, for a brief period, descend from the lofty pinnacle of tariff 
 j^ N abstractions to the humbler but more practical perch of State advancement in ma- 
 
 terial development, we should not be so far behind our sister States in these essen- 
 tial particulars. Even without the intermediate locks and dams, with a good dam 
 at Beattyville, provided with means of descent and ascent for rafts and coal barges, 
 the coal mines of that region could be utilized, where now the precarious :neans 
 of shipping coal forbid the embarkation of capital. It would bear the same relation 
 to the Kentucky river that the Monongahela dams do to the Ohio. The latter, as 
 the Kentucky river, is navigable only a portion of the year, and from it coal in 
 barges can be brought only upon the occurrence of tides created by rains. But 
 the dams form pools and admit of the loading and safe-keeping of barges until 
 such time as they can be brought down by tides. If this S5-stem is adopted at the 
 Three Forks, the products of our mines will have greatly the advantage of those 
 of Pennsylvania, since, while the Monongahela pools are about eight hundred miles 
 from Louisville, the pool at Three Forks is but three hundred. 
 
 \\%Vi 
 
 ~i 
 
 "U 
 
 The Couyifr-Journal. 
 
 THE TIMBER. 
 Again, statistics gathered by the United States Engineers in charge of the dam 
 at Three Forks show that over fifty million feet of lumber in logs annually pass 
 that point from the three tributaries of the Kentucky river, to be sawed at the 
 several railroad crossings of the river below, into lumber, chiefly for the eastern 
 market. About ten per cent, of this is walnut. The construction of this dam, so 
 as to make a pool like that at Frankfort, eighteen miles in length, as contem- 
 plated, would, upon the building of a railroad to this point, make it one of the principal lumber centers in the west, as 
 the number of lo<»s referred to above would, if cut into lumber, make ten thousand car loads, saving the cost of trans- 
 portation down the river, and equally near the ultimate market. .\s the timber upon neither of the tributaries has 
 been appreciably cut off, the increase would be limited only to the demand, the supply being practically inexhaustiljle. 
 The timber which covers these hills and valleys consists chiefly of poplar, white oak, and several other varieties, walnut, 
 chestnut, linn, hickory, together with all other varieties native to the temperate zone. 
 
 COAI, AND IRON. 
 
 Proceeding eastward from the Three Forks upon the section heretofore indicated, we find for the first twenty-five 
 miles from the western limit of the coal two workable strata of a very fine quality, thirty -six to forty-eight inches 
 thick, which for more than half a century has been used by the towns upon the river below, and commanding several 
 cents per bushel more than the best Pittsburgh coal. Its analysis as given in the geological reports shows a very low 
 percentage of sulphur and ash, and a very high percentage of fixed carbon. It is known as a dry-burning coal, and 
 from this fact is pronounced to be well adapted for use as fuel in smelting iron ore iu its raw state, being the same 
 quality used for the past fifteen years in the furnaces at Ashland, Kentucky, where fifty 
 
 thousand tons are consumed annually. The first stratum lies about fifty feet above _^^ " ^- 
 
 the subcarboniferous limestone, which caps the hills near the line of Estill and ^ ^^"^ *■ ^ 
 
 Lee, with a dip eastward and southward corresponding to that of the coal and ^ 
 
 other stratifications. It is chiefly an oolitic stone, superior for building, making ^ ^^ ii~ —^ - ^^^-.^-.--^mim^^^ZZj^^t^ 
 
 a pure lime and an excellent flux. It passes beneath the river just below the _Js|™g°^^^^ J "'^l^_it,_^ J^ 
 
 Three Forks, and is not seen again until it appears in the Cumberland uplift 
 nearly one hundred miles eastwardl)'. Lying inmiediately upon this limestone, 
 and more or less imbedded in it, is a fine carbonate of iron ore, known as the 
 Red river or car-wheel ore, which is exposed in good workable position in the 
 eastern portion of Estill and the western part of Lee counties, where it has 
 been in years past smelted in considerable quantities. Latterly, however, the 
 production has been limited, owing to the lack of transportation and the general 
 reduction of the price of iron. The second workable stratum of coal is about 
 seventy-five feet above the first, from which it is separated by a thick sand- 
 stone, and is iu turn capped by a heavy conglomerate sandstone, which gives 
 the name and defines the position of the two families of coals in the Eastern 
 Coal Field lying above or below it. Above this conglomerate sandstone, in 
 the region about the Three Forks, is another iron ore, a stratified limonite, 
 known as the Hocking Valley ore. It is abundant and easily gotten 
 out, being near the tops of the hills in beds four or five feet thick, and 
 
 is an excellent cheap ore for mixing with other ores. All of these formations disappear as we go eastward, 
 passing with the dip beneath the surface, and being succeeded as we approach the line of Breathitt county, 
 by Cannel and coking coals, of which there are many strata, sometimes exclusively of one kind and sometimes com- 
 posite, a vein of Cannel coal being not unfrequeutly found super-imposed upon a vein of coking coal, and vice versa, 
 the succession continuing until we reach the Cumberland uplift, where all the strata which have been encountered 
 
 34 
 
 The Standiford Residence. 
 
in the passage from west to east aud successively passed beneath the surface have been again raised above drainage. 
 The Cannel coal, which is found also in the valleys of the Licking and Big Sandy, embracing eight or ten counties, is 
 the largest field of coal of that varietv in Kiir(i]x' or America, and compares favorably with, if indeed it does not 
 
 excel, the best foreign or native Caunel coals. 
 
 One of the best displays of it is to be 
 seen in Breathitt county, near Jackson, 
 from the mines near which Frankfort aud 
 points along the Kentucky river have had a 
 limited supply by water transportation, its free- 
 dom from popping making it very desirable 
 for use in grates. Geueralh', it may be said of 
 all these coals, that they are very valuable, not 
 only for fuel, but, being particularly rich i n 
 volatile combustible matter and low in moist- 
 ure, they will be in great demand as a material 
 for enriching coal gas whenever transportation 
 is available. 
 
 The coking coal is more persistent, and 
 covers a much larger area, as well as being 
 found in thicker stratification, the extreme 
 limit of the thickness of Cannel coal being 
 rarely higher than four feet, while the strata of 
 the coking coals range much higher. Prof. 
 Procter, our State Geologist, to whom Ken- 
 tucky is indebted for the identification of this 
 coal, and defining its area, says of it ; 
 
 " This coal has been traced by the Geo- 
 logical Survey over au extended area, carry- 
 ing its excellent quality with respect to high 
 fixed carbon aud low sulphur aud ash, and re- 
 markable for its uniform thickness." 
 
 The following analyses are given by him oi 
 
 two samples — No. 
 
 I^!f2u oj FianLjoi t, StaU Lapt/al. 
 I from a face of 103 inches, and No. 2 from a face of 96 inches 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 Ash 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 34.10 
 61. So 
 2.40 
 0.412 
 
 The following analyses of the celebrated Connellsville coal are taken from the Chemical Report of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Geological Survey : 
 
 Volatile matter 
 Fixed carbon . 
 
 Ash 
 
 Sulphur. . . . 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 29.662 
 
 55.901 
 
 11.556 
 
 1.931 
 
 Actual tests of the physical properties of the coke made from this Kentucky coal show a strong, tenacious coke, 
 free from impurities, and yielding most satisfactory result. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that a section drawn through the heart of this coal field from the Three Forks of the Kentucky 
 river to the Virginia line, through any of the gaps in the Cumberland mountains, discloses the fact that there are two 
 cheap iron ores on its western boundary, aud that through its entire course it abounds in workable strata of coal of high 
 commercial value. 
 
 THE UPPER WATERS OF THE KENTUCKY RIVER. 
 I have shown the value of the Kentucky river from the Three Forks to its mouth, as a factor in the development 
 of the mountain region of Kentucky, when it shall be locked and dammed throughout its entire course, giving free and 
 uninterrupted transportation at all seasons for the products of the mines, forests, and fields. I propose now to show the 
 value of the tributaries of this remarkable stream, as a further factor in the development of this great coal field. While 
 the natural fall of the streams is gradual and not too great to preclude the possibility of continuing the system of slack- 
 water upon each of the tributaries, it is doubtful whether the water supply in either is abundant or constant enough to 
 make it practical. But nature has so formed the topography of this portion of the State that railroads projected across 
 
 35 
 
the coal field can not go across the drainage, but must follow the general course of the rivers. That the time is ripe 
 or fast approaching for the construction of one or more lines converging at the Three Forks, and forming the shortest 
 connection between the Eastern and Western systems, it is only necessary to examine into the causes which demand it. 
 
 If a line be drawn from Cumberland Gap east to the Atlantic, and south from the same point to the Gulf, we shall 
 have inclosed the quadrant of a circle embracing more than 250,000 square miles of territory, including the States of 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, together with portions of East Tennessee and Virginia, in which 
 there is not a pound of coal, but a vast body of valuable iron and other minerals lying idle and undeveloped for the 
 want of fuel. 
 
 Notable among these deposits is the newly-explored Cranberry iron ore field of North Carolina, where, within 
 seventy-five miles from this Kentucky coal field has been exposed to view a face of magnetic iron ore four hundred feet 
 broad and one hundred feet high, of which General J. T. Wilder, in a letter to the Maniifactuyers' Record, says there 
 was in sight 40,000,000 tons, now being shipped ~ 
 by circuitous routes to Allentown, Pennsylvania, 
 Chattanooga, and Birmingham. Intelligent iron 
 men, both from Europe and this country, 
 have visited this wonderful formation, and 
 recognize the fact that it is ridiculous to y^ 
 send this ore to such remote points for ^>'5^ 
 reduction — Chattanooga, the nearest, ,, 
 
 being 248 miles — when within less 
 than one hundred miles are these 
 coking coals of Kentucky, lying 
 in juxtaposition to cheaper ores 
 and to limestone for flux. They 
 have, therefore, set on foot means 
 for the transportation of this ore 
 looking to the erection of furnaces 
 along the border of Kentucky and 
 Virginia, at such points as Cum- 
 berland, Pennington, and Big 
 Stone Gaps. But, while this would 
 be a great advance upon the pres- 
 ent facilities, and while capital is 
 pouring into that region which 
 the late Prof W. B. Rogers, Geol- 
 ogist of Virginia, many j-ears ago 
 predicted would be the center of 
 iron and steel manufacture in the 
 
 United States, a careful study of the map ivill show that these furnaces, if the natural laws of transportation and 
 distribution are regarded, should be located, not in Virginia upon the eastern, but in Kentucky upon the western border 
 of the coal field. 
 
 The reasons for this conclusion are briefly these : The distance from the Cranberry ore field to the eastern border 
 is about seventy-five miles, and by liberal calculation from thence to the western border at the Three Forks of the Ken- 
 tucky river is one hundred miles, making a total of one hundred and seventy-five miles. Here would be found in the 
 same hill, limestone, coal for smelting, which would not need coking, and two kinds of iron ore, the car-wheel carbonate 
 and the Hocking Valley limonite, for mixing with the richer ores of North Carolina and the hematites, the Clinton and 
 Bessemer ores, of south-west Virginia. It will be readily admitted, that witli a railroad connecting these points, sound 
 policy would suggest that the North Carolina ores, when once loaded on cars, should rather be unloaded at the Three 
 Forks of the Kentucky river than the Virginia line, if the conditions for reduction were only equal, since the further 
 transportation would be in the direct route to a market for the manufactured product. But when the conditions are 
 altogether more favorable for the Three Forks, the argument is unanswerable. What are these : 
 
 First : The locality which I recommend for the reduction furnaces is within one hundred and seventy-five miles of 
 the center of population of the United States, as shown by the census of 18S0 — a few miles south-west of Cincinnati, 
 and about half way between the North Carolina ore field and both Cincinnati and Louisville, being, therefore, one 
 hundred miles nearer than the Virginia border to these centers of distribution, and to St. Louis, Chicago, and the great 
 west. 
 
 Second: It is at the head of what will be the permanent slack-water navigation of the Kentucky river, which, 
 when the works now being prosecuted by the United States Government are completed, as they will be in a short time, 
 if the voice of Kentucky is heard at Washington as it should be, will give uninterrupted navigation to both Louisville 
 and Cincinnati. 
 
 Third : Should it be deemed desirable or necessary to use the coking coals, the haul to this point, from the Cum- 
 berland range and intermediate points, would be down grade. Besides, as a distributing point for coke, it would be the 
 nearest place of supply to the furnaces of the west and north-west, and the same advantages of proximity to market 
 and cheapness of raw material and fuel would enable the product of the furnaces and mines to be produced and sold at 
 a correspondingly' less rate than the products of Birmingham, Chattanooga, or points on the Virginia border. 
 
 These considerations at once force upon our attention the importance of a railroad through the heart of this coal 
 field to which I have previously referred. The problem of the connection of the North-western and South-eastern 
 
 36 
 
 A Market Street Block. 
 
systems of railroads by more direct lines of communication is one which has long engaged the study of engineers and 
 capitalists, but until this new demand sprang up the obstacles have seemed too great to warrant the expense. With, 
 however, the transportation of the North Carolina ores for reduction in Kentucky furnaces as the prime object, other 
 collateral interests are presented which, upon reflection, will demonstrate that such road or roads as indicated by me 
 will not only serve the original purpose of its projectors, but both from the tralTic in coal, coke, and lumber, become 
 at once a paying investment as developing local freights. It would also assume importance as a link in the shortest 
 line connecting the two systems, giving new outlets from the West to the East, and making the closest connection 
 
 From Harper'^ Miigiui 
 
 GRAVE OF DANIEL BOONE, FRANKFORT. 
 
 between Chicago and the Atlantic ocean at Charleston, as the distance would be shorter than from Chicago to New 
 York. For all such purposes it would have the advantage of all other roads which could cross this coal field ; since, 
 while they would describe and follow the arc, it would follow the chord. 
 
 A new era will be opened in Kentucky when once this great coal field shall be penetrated by such a road or roads. 
 Although I have showu that twenty or thirty counties are, from their relations to the Kentucky river, directh- interested 
 in its improvement, and the construction of railroads up its tributaries, the advantageous results will not be limited to 
 that section of the State, but will be felt by every portion of it. Louisville will be benefited almost beyond calcula- 
 tion, for into her lap will be poured the wealth derived from mine and forest. The product of the ores reduced at the 
 Three Forks will be brought here for manufacture, and she will become, even more than she now is, the distributing 
 point of the South-west, and her manufactures multiplied by the increased abundance of iron and lumber. A gieat 
 demand will spring up at once for capital and labor, and a new field for enterprise opened for the energetic yonng men 
 who now, for the want of such home demand, annually seek homes in the West or elsewhere, to the impoverishment of 
 Kentucky. By promoting such an opening we shall make a place for them to emigrate to without leaving the State, 
 
 37 
 
and thus the annual surplus of population, represented by the young men attaining their majority in the agricultural 
 districts, will find ample field in the mountains for that energy and thrift which have done so much to develop the 
 newer States. Not only this, but it will bring back to us thousands of Kentuckians who, ha\'ing emigrated to other 
 States for lack of employment here, will gladly return to invest or labor in a field so full of promise, and richer in possible 
 results than even the fabled wealth of California. The dawn of this era is upon us, and the best omen lies in the great 
 interest taken in our material development by our own people. That it mav be fraught with the best results for the 
 whole State should be the aim of every Kentuckian who has pride in his State, and wishes to see her maintain her 
 proper position in the great march of progress which marks this period of our country's history. 
 
 38 
 
Loui5villE and KEntucky 
 
 *S the coininercial metropolis of Kentucky, drawing its vigor and wealth from the abundance that 
 
 ? :/ X is brought from the State to seek exchange, Louisville's future possibilities can not be adequately 
 
 /ju.-^C- S^^g^fl without understanding fully the resources and development of Kentucky. A report pre- 
 
 m'tr^ pared in iSS6 for the Treasury Department, on the Internal Commerce of Kentucky, by H. A. 
 
 Dudley, United States Treasury expert, is used for that purpose, with such changes as are required 
 
 by the development since the preparation of that report. 
 
 In a vState whose area is so large as that of Kentucky, lying between the two extremes of 
 climate in this country, a considerable diversity in products of the soil is to be expected, and the 
 rewards of agriculture ought naturally to occupy a leading place upon the list of the people's wealth. 
 A cursory glance even will show that this is really the case in this vigorous firstborn of Old 
 Virginia's progeny. First, and principal, must be esteemed the tobacco crop, among the widely 
 varied farm growths of the State. For nearly a century this has been a source of steady and substan- 
 tial profit, and within the last fifty years has added more to the wealth of the State at large than all other 
 crops combined. It will scarcely be believed, but since 1.S56 Kentucky leaf tobacco, according to reliabl\' kept 
 records, has netted to the grower not less than $267,030,030, and the distribution of this enormous sum has been so gen- 
 eral that there is scarcely a county in the State that has not had its share of it. 
 
 Next in order follow the cereals, all of which are grown to perfection, and to an extent which, in an ordinary crop year, 
 is certain to provide a surplus for sale and export to other less favored sections. The production and home manufacture 
 of hemp — a few years ago one of the largest and most lucrative of Kentucky's indu.stries — has only declined because of 
 an insufficient tariff protection and the importation of Indian fibers, as we have shown under that section relating par- 
 ticularly to this product. Cotton is not grown to anv great extent in the State, but is drawn from other Southern States 
 as one of the leading articles of transport to the East and North, both by rail and river. 
 
 The breeding of fine cattle and horses has for many years attracted a large share of attention in Kentucky, and at the 
 present time large capital is invested 
 in this branch of business. It is to 
 be regretted that no statistics are 
 obtainable to show the precise extent 
 and results of the industry ; but that 
 it deserves to be classed among the 
 principal ones of the State there can 
 be uo doubt. As to sheep and swine, 
 the records are more satisfactory, 
 and the same may be said of the 
 growing of mules for market, which 
 latter has been for many years a 
 source of considerable revenue. 
 
 With regard to purely natural re- 
 sources, it must be confessed, how- 
 ever reluctantly, that Kentucky is far 
 behind her Southern neighbors in 
 their development. That this is not 
 due to any lack of materials will be 
 best understood from the mineral 
 statistics and geology of the State 
 presented in this report. The fact 
 that our people have been so long dis- 
 tinctively agricultural may partly account for the neglect of these great sources of wealth, but the main truth is that 
 the mineral belts lie off from transportation routes as a rule, and are awaiting these before they can be best developed. 
 Only in the item of coal has any progress toward development been made worthy of the name, and even in this the 
 enormous veins have scarcely been touched. 
 
 MECH.\NIC.\I. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Cominf now to the industries classed as mechanical, the State makes a better showing. According to the decennial 
 census reports. Kentucky, in i860, had 2,478 establishments, with an invested capital of 111,456,942. These consumed 
 that year materials valued at |i7,i47,30i, and turned out products valued at $26,608,163. I1 1870 the number of estab- 
 
 39 
 
 AN OLD KENTUCKY HOME. 
 
lishments was reduced, by consolidation principally, to 2,204, but the capital invested amounted to 121,874,385, and 
 materials valued at 122,598,651 were used to produce goods aggregating 140,629,811 in value in the market. At the close 
 of the next decade, the census shows 2,975 establishments of this kind, with a total capital of 136,362,477, consuming 
 materials valued at $41,855,937, and producing articles worth $63,912,145. In 1885, beyond which year our figures are 
 not extended, the number of establishments grew to 5,219, having a capital of $57,208,614, consuming materials valued 
 at $60,832,462, and turning out products aggregating $103,303,659 in value. It is scarcely necessary to say that this is a 
 most magnificent showing, and worthy to be compared with that of any other Southern State. The subjoined tables 
 furnish the details of this achievement, whose merits may be better seen by the following recapitulation : 
 
 Decrease in number of establishments between 1860-70 274 
 
 Increase in number of establishments between 1S70-S0 771 
 
 Increase in number of establishments between 1880-85 2,244 
 
 Increase in aggregate capital — 
 
 Between 1860-70 $10,417,443 
 
 Between 1870-80 14,488,092 
 
 Between 1880-85 20,846,137 
 
 Increase in value of materials used — 
 
 Between 1860-70 | 5451.33° 
 
 Between 1S70-80 19,257,286 
 
 Between 1880-S5 18,976,525 
 
 Increase in value of products — 
 
 Between 1860-70 $14,021,648 
 
 Between 1870-S0 23,282,334 
 
 Between 1880-85 39.391. 5i4 
 
 TRANSP0RT.4TION F.\CILITIES. 
 
 In these, Kentucky is annually extending her commercial resources and opportunities. A large increase has been 
 made in her railway mileage, and new enterprises of this kind are in a fair way to be speedily realized. Although sadly 
 embarrassed by the rail routes, the various river routes still continue to afford important aid to the commerce of the 
 State ; but, as intimated in another place in this report, the advantage of rapid transit and the extension of lines to sea- 
 board markets, to sav nothing of the growing length of parallel lines to the main water-courses of the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi Valleys, all combine to make steamboat competition unprofitable. Then the superior organization of the railroads 
 for soliciting, storing, and handling freights is another advantage the river can never have. Added to these drawbacks, 
 steamboatmen have adopted a fashion of rate-cutting before which the best efforts of rival trunk railway lines fall into 
 insignificance. 
 
 For the year 18S5 the United States Bureau of Commerce and Navigation reports a total of eighty-one steam ves- 
 sels in the custom districts covering all the Western rivers. Of these, Kentucky has fifteen, Indiana five, and Ohio ten. 
 
 The table showing the amount of merchandise received and shipped by river at Louisville is the best commentary 
 upon the situation that can be made. The relative magnitude of the business done by the railroads centering at Louis- 
 ville stands out boldly in the last four columns of that table, where the receipts and shipments for two years are given 
 in contrast with corresponding transactions by river. 
 
 Still, we believe that as a medium for the transportation of heavy freights and imperishable commodities, such as 
 coal and the different products of iron, the river will never be wholly superseded by rail routes ; but otherwise it is but 
 a ([uestion of a verv few vears when nearly the whole of the volume of interstate and littoral commerce will be diverted 
 from the rivers. Each season adds to this prospect, whose realization is forecast in the increasing parsimony of Con- 
 gress toward the river improvement systems inaugurated in a more liberal period, when the commerce of the South and 
 East was interchanged along these great natural highways. 
 
 WATER-\V.\YS. 
 
 The most important facts in the commercial history of the State from the earliest period until the era of railroads 
 began have been the remarkable facilities afforded by its water-ways. The entire river system of the Mississippi 
 Valley has its center within the borders of Kentucky, and her territory is penetrated by more miles of navigable rivers 
 than any other State in the LTnion. She has nearly fifteen hundred miles of streams that are navigable at all stages of 
 water, and about four thousand miles can be made navigable by locks and dams. These give access to the whole Missis- 
 sippi system of inland navigation, which includes about twenty-five thousand miles of streams now navigable or readily 
 rendered so with the usual methods of river improvements. The north-western border of the State has a continuous 
 river frontage on the Ohio and Mississippi of 723 miles. Of the navigable water-courses within the State, all of them 
 draining toward the Ohio river, the following are the principal : The Green river and its tributaries, na\-igable by locks 
 and dams for 26S miles ; the Tennessee river, navigable from its mouth to Florence, Alabama, a distance of about 250 
 miles ; the Kentucky river with its three forks is susceptible of navigation for 400 miles from its mouth ; the Cumber- 
 laud river, navigable from its mouth to a point about one hundred miles above Nashville ; the Big Sandy river navigable 
 from its mouth at Catlettsburg to Louisa, a distance of about seventy-five miles ; the Licking river, navigable from its 
 mouth at Covington, to Falmouth, a distance of 125 miles. Each of these rivers penetrates or connects with a vast dis- 
 trict abounding in the richest deposits of iron and coal, and immense tracts of valuable timber. Regular lines of 
 steamboats accommodate the traffic natural to the territory. 
 
 KENTUCKY R.\II,ROADS. 
 The first railroad built in Kentuckv, and the first completed west of the Alleghanies, was the Lexington & Ohio 
 Railroad, now know as a part of the "Short Line" division of the Louisville & Nashville system. It was begun in 
 
 40 
 
October, 1S31, at the Lexington end, and completed to Frankfort in December, 1S35. It was laid that distance with flat 
 rails fastened to stone sleepers. In 1851 the line was completed to Louisville, and in 1881 was purchased by the Louis- 
 ville & Cincinnati Short Line, that had been completed in 1S69. 
 
 The Louisville & Nashville road was begun in 1S51, and finished to Nashville, 185 miles, and opened to business in 
 1859. Two years previous to the latter date the company had built a branch road to Lebanon, Kentucky, which made 
 up the entire Louisville & Nashville system at the commencement of the war. The Bardstown branch was purchased 
 in 1S65. The Richmond branch was opened in 186S, and the same year the Memphis, Clarksville & Louisville road was 
 leased as a part of its new Southern system. Two years after, the Memphis & Ohio road was secured, and what is now 
 known as the Memphis division was formally opened. Both of these leased lines were purchased by the Louisville & 
 Nashville in 1S71-72. The Cecilian branch was thus secured in 1871, and in 1879, the Edgefield & Kentucky road and 
 the Evansville, Henderson & Nashville road were both bought by the company, and, together, now form the Kentucky 
 
 \ N?:\V KKXTrCKV HOM 
 
 and Tennessee portions of the St. Louis division. As already stated, the Louisville & Nashville Company purchased 
 the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington road in 18S1, thus connecting the Company's lines with all the Eastern roads at 
 Cincinnati. With the subsequent extensions of the lines of this Company outside the State on the South, by which it 
 now controls a system aggregating 3,034 miles, the scope of this article does not permit me to deal. 
 
 The Chesapeake & Ohio traverses the entire length of the State, from east to west, and penetrates the vast coal, 
 mineral, and timber regions of Kentucky. The original line extended from Newport News, in Virginia, via Richmond, 
 to the Big Sandy river, and was formed in 1S68 by consolidating the Virginia Central and the Covington & Ohio Rail- 
 roads, comprising a line 512 miles in length. In 1875 the line became involved, and was placed in a receiver's hands. 
 In 1S78 it was sold, and a new company organized, with Mr. C. P. Huntingto 1 at its head. He rapidly developed the 
 western connections of the road, and now it forms a continuous line 927 miles long, composed of the Chesapeake & 
 Ohio, to the Big ',,Sandy river, the Elizabethtown, Lexington & Big Sandy, and Louisville, Frankfort & Lexington, to 
 Louisville, and the Chesapeake, Ohio & South-western (formerly the Elizabethtown & Paducah), extending from Louis- 
 ville to Memphis, via Paducah. 
 
 The Kentucky Central Railroad, originally known as the Lexington & Maysville Railroad, was begun in 1851, 
 Lexington having subscribed f 200,000 towards its construction. The line was compleed from Lexington to Paris in 
 1853, and in October, 1854, it was entirely finished to Covington. The branch line to Maysville w-as completed a few- 
 years later. The entire road now forms the Cincinnati division of the Chesapeake & Ohio system. 
 
 The Cincinnati Southern was begun in January, 1872, and pushed to completion as rapidly as possible thereafter. 
 The line cost nearly twenty million dollars to construct, and was opened for business between Cincinnati and Chatta- 
 nooga in 1878. Like the Louisville & Nashville, this road has established ample Southern connections of great advan- 
 tage to Kentucky. 
 
 The existing railways of the State form a system which wants but a few connecting links to give it an admirable 
 relation to the rest of the country. The North and South lines consist of the following roads, beginning on the east : 
 The Eastern Kentucky, from Riverton, in Greenup county, to Willard, in Carter county, thirty-five miles of road built 
 to develop the coal and iron districts of this section, with the expectation of eventual continuation to Pound Gap, and 
 connecting with the South-eastern system. The Maysville & Lexington Railway, running south as far as Lexington, 
 and connecting there with the system of roads about to be described. Third in the series on the west, we have the Ken- 
 tucky Central Railway, now extending from Covington, a junction with the Knoxville branch of the Louisville & 
 Nashville at Stanford, along the banks of the main Licking Valley and its South Fork. The continuation of this road 
 by either Pond Gap or Cumberland Gap, to the railway system of Eastern Tennessee and, the Valley of Virginia, is 
 
likely to be accomplished at an early day. The Cinciunati Southern Railway, from the mouth of the Lickiug directly 
 south to Chattanooga, affords an admiraljly built road, traversing the State, forming as it does a main line to the South 
 and South-east. The Lexington & Big Sandy is completed as far as Mount Sterling, iu Montgomery couuty. This 
 road when finished will give Kentucky cheaper and more direct communication, by way of the Chesapeake & Ohio 
 railway, with the Atlantic ports. 
 
 The Kentucky & Great Eastern Railway is a prosperous road, on which considerable work has l)een done, extending 
 up the south bank of the Ohio river from Newport to the Big Sandy river. The completion of this road will add 
 "reatlv to the wealth of the river line of counties, and will give them a shorter road to the Atlantic ports than they now 
 
 have. 
 
 The Louisville, Frankfort & Lexington Railroad extends through the counties of Jefferson, Oldham, Shelby, Frank- 
 lin, and Favette. From Lagrange, in Oldham couuty, a branch extends from this road to Cincinnati, known as the 
 Louisville & Cinciunati Short Line, that line passing through the counties of Oldham, Henr\-, Grant, Carroll, CVallatin, 
 Boone, and Kenton. 
 
 The Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, narrow gauge, now built from Shelbyville to Bloomfield, when completed, will 
 pass through the counties of Henry, Spencer, Shelby, Nelson, Washington, Marion, Taylor, Greene, Metcalf, P.arren, 
 and Allen. Its length in Kentucky will be 165 miles. 
 
 The Louisville & Nashville Railroad extends, with its branches, a distance of 365.4 miles through Kentucky iu 
 different directions. The main .stem, from Louisville to Nashville, has a length, within the limits of the State, of 139.6 
 miles, running through the counties of Jefferson, Bullitt, Nelson, Hardin, Larue, Hart, Edmonson, Barren, Warreu, 
 and Simpson. The Memphis Ijranch runs through the counties of Warren, Logan, and Todd, having a length in the 
 State of fortv-six miles. The Knoxville branch extends into South-eastern Kentucky, running through the counties of 
 Nelson, Marion, Boyle, Lincoln, and Rockcastle. It has been completed to the city of Knoxville, Tennessee, where it 
 makes connection with the entire railway systems of the East and South, and of all the cities of the South Atlantic sea- 
 board at the Gulf of Mexico. This road, from its junction with the Louisville & Nashville at Lebanon Junction to the 
 State line, is 170 miles iu length. The Richmond branch runs through the counties of Lincoln, Garrard, and Madison 
 for 33.4 miles, to within a short distance of the rich iron region of Kentucky. The Bardstowu branch runs through 
 the county of Nelson, a distance of 17.3 miles. The Glasgow branch, 10.2 miles, runs to Glasgow, the county seat of 
 Barren county. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad is undeniably one of the most important thoroughfares on this 
 continent. It is onlv second to the Mississippi river as a way for commerce between the Northern and Southern Stales. 
 By means of the magnificent railway bridges over the Ohio river at Louisville and Henderson it connects with all the 
 great Northern roads, and at Nashville and Memphis, its Southern termini, it connects with all the important roads 
 in the South. 
 
 The Chesapeake, Ohio & South-western Railroad extends from Louisville to Paducah, a flourishing city situated on 
 the banks of the Ohio river, fiftv miles from its junction with the Mississippi, and is the principal market town of 
 Western Kentucky. This railroad penetrates Western Kentucky iu such a manner, therefore, as to afford eas}- access 
 to a large portion of that section. It runs through the counties of Hardin, Grayson, Ohio, Muhlenburg, Hopkins, 
 Caldwell, Lyon, Livingston, Marshall, and McCracken. It passes directly through that section of the valuable coal 
 fields of Western Kentucky, which lies within the area of the counties of Ohio, Muhlenburg, Hopkins, and Grayson. 
 The entire length of the Chesapeake, Ohio &. South-western Railroad is 225 miles, all of which is iu the territory of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 The Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which has been absorbed by the Chesapeake, Ohio & South-western road, runs 
 through the counties of McCracken, Graves, Hickman, and Fulton, counecting at Memphis with all the South-western 
 railroads. 
 
 The Evansville, Henderson & Nashville Railroad, from Henderson, on the Ohio river, to Nashville, Tennessee, 
 under lease to the Louisville & Nashville, passes through the counties of Henderson, Webster, Hopkins, Christian, and 
 Todd. At Henderson the ferry takes cars to the Northern system of roads. It forms the most important link in a great 
 trunk line known as the St. Louis & South-easteru Railway. The New Orleans, St. Louis & Cairo Railroad passes 
 through the counties of Ballard and Hickman, 
 
 The Moljile & Ohio Railroad, connecting the city of Mobile with the Ohio river, penetrates Kentucky through the 
 counties of Hickman and Fulton. At Columbus, in Hickman county, a ferry fitted for the carriage of trains gives 
 passage of cars from St. Louis directly through to the South-eastern cities. 
 
 RAILRO.^DS NOW BUILDING. 
 
 It is in roads with eastern connections that the State lacks most. There is but a single railway, the Chesapeake & 
 Ohio, crossing the eastern line of the State. It is to this difficulty of access from the seaward that the State owes the 
 small share it has had in the immigration of capital and labor that has filled the lands of less attractive regions. Three 
 routes have been begun, which, when completed, will fully remedy this grave defect, namely : A road from Louisville to 
 the South-east, via Cumberland Gap, completed to Livingston, and requiring a continuation of about one hundred miles 
 to connect with roads leading from Morristown, Tennessee, to Charleston, South Carolina ; a road from Slount Sterling 
 to Abingdon, Virginia, via Pond Gap, requiring about one hundred aud sixty miles of road to complete the connection. 
 There is a project for building up, east and west, a road along the northern range of counties of the State, giving a con. 
 tinuous route to Henderson, aud the roads connecting at that poiut to the connections with Charleston and Savannah 
 from Morristown, Tennessee ; also a project for a road from Chicago to Charleston, crossing Kentucky from Gallatin 
 couuty to Cumberland Gap ; the contract to build the one-hundred-and-forty-mile extension of the Chesapeake & Ohio 
 Railroad, from Ashland to Covington, Kentucky, aud the contract for the masonry for a bridge across the Ohio river at 
 Covington, have been let. The Chesapeake & Nashville Railroad, a part of the Huntingtou system, which will extend 
 from Nashville to Cincinnati, aud form an air line through the eastern part of the State, is now uuder process of con- 
 struction. 
 
 42 
 
A railroad has lieen projected from a connection with the Chesapeake & Ohio, at Lexington, via Harrodslnirg, 
 Lebanon, Canipbellsville, Greensburg, Glasgow, Scottsville, and so on to Nashville. Tennessee. This projected line is 
 under the auspices of that well-known railway operator, Mr. Huntington, of the Chesapeake & Ohio and transconti- 
 nental lines, and will doubtless be constructed at an early day. When it is completed it will form a competing line 
 with others crossing the State from north to south, thus cheapening freights and transportation, and preventing 
 monopoly. 
 
 The Kentucky I'nion and the Kentucky & South Atlantic Railroads are two of the most promising lines of new 
 roads projected through the mountains. The first starts from Hed.ge's Station, on the Chesapeake & Ohio road, and 
 runs thence south-eastwardly through Powell, Wolfe, Breathitt, Perry, and Letcher counties, to Pond Gap. The line of 
 the second — the Kentuckj- & South Atlantic — starts from Mount Sterling, and running first nearly east to, French- 
 burg, to which it is now completed, there deflects south-eastwardly, and proceeds through the counties of Menifee, 
 Wolfe, Breathitt, Perry, and Letcher, to Big Stone Gap, which is only some ten miles south of Pond Gap. The two 
 roads will probalily cross each other in Breathitt county, which is said to be the richest of the coal and iron counties. 
 After passing through the gaps in the Cumberland chain of mountains, both roads will proceed as nearly as possible on 
 an air line, the first to Abingdon, the other to Bristol, both those towns being on the East Tennessee & Virginia Rail- 
 way, one of the main trunk lines conncrting the Eastern States .itid cities with tlic Smith and Wc^t P.ntli tlucc Hues 
 
 From Harp-T*^ M 
 
 111, ls8b. h\ Harper & Bruthcra. 
 
 A I!I,rK('.R.\S.S SHEEP PA.STrKlC, 
 
 of road, through the mountains, which are intemled to develop the richest portion of the coal and iron fields of that 
 region, have been constructed a distance of about eighteen or twenty miles, and both of them are to be pushed to com- 
 pletion at the earliest practicable day. The Kentucky & South Atlantic management announce that the work is to be 
 pushed from both ends of their line. A large force is at work on the western diNasion not far from the Three Forks, 
 and a still larger force at the other terminus, near Bristol, whence it is promised that the work will be pressed with all 
 possible speed to Big Stone Gap, Hazard, and so on, to a meeting with the force working up from the western terminus. 
 It is promised by the contractors that this road will be completed and put in operation by or before the ist of August, 
 1888. Judging by the amount of capital said to be at the back of both these roads, combined with the skilled and 
 experienced building companies who have undertaken their con.struction, it is safe to say that both will be completed 
 by or before January i, 1S8S. and the vast amount of mineral and other wealth of the entire region through which they 
 run, a region extending from the "bluegrass" of Kentucky on the west, to the "bluegrass" of Virginia on the east, ynd 
 stretching from the Ohio river on the north, to the Tennessee line on the south — all this boundless and inexhaustible 
 wealth amply justifies their construction on competing lines. From the western boundaries of Powell and Estill 
 
 43 
 
counties to Pond and Big Stone Gaps are to be found eshaustless treasures of the best iron and coal in the world, not 
 to speak of the vast forests of the very best timber. 
 
 The gold medal of the Centennial International Exposition, at Philadelphia, in 1S76, was awarded the Haddock 
 Coal Mining Company, of Breathitt county, "for the best Canuel coal in America," mined right on the line of the 
 Kentucky Union Railroad. lu fact, these two iron highwaj'S will bind together the railway system of the entire North- 
 west with that of the Gulf and South Atlantic States ; it w'ill connect all the rest of the world with the mountain 
 counties of Kentucky, filled w'ith the best car-wheel iron ores, coking and Cannel coals, and all sorts of hardwood 
 timber. A branch railroad, eight miles in length, has been completed from Midway, on the road from Frankfort to 
 Lexington, to the town of Versailles, in Woodford county, and has now been transporting freight and passengers for 
 several months. It is in contemplation to extend the line first northwardly to Georgetown, and later to Harrodsburg, 
 thus placing it in connection with the Cincinnati Southern, and other systems both North and South. 
 
 The construction of the Indiana, Alabama & Texas Railroad, whose termini are at Princeton, Kentucky, and Clarks- 
 ville, Tennessee, was begun at the Clarksville end some three years ago. Ten miles from Clarksville it enters Ken- 
 tucky at a point in Christian county, some tour miles from the Todd county line, on the Tennessee State line, and runs 
 thence north-westerly through the county of Christian. This road, completed to Princeton, is sixty miles in length, about 
 fifty of which are in Kentucky. It is a narrow-gauge road, and the president of the company. Major E. C. Gordon, 
 resides at Clarksville. All the way from Clarksville to Princeton it runs through one of the very finest agricultural 
 regions in all Kentucky, and is therefore certain to prove a paying road. As a feeder to the EHzabethtown & Paducah, 
 or Louisville & South-western on the one hand, and the Memphis branch of the Louisville S: Nashville, with which 
 it connects at Clarksville, on the other, it is bound to prove a complete success. 
 
 Another new road in the same section of the State is the Elkton & Guthrie branch of the Louisville & Nashville 
 Railroad. This road is twelve miles long, is admirably constructed and equipped, and was built in 1884. This road 
 runs through one of the finest agricultural sections of the State, with an intelligent, thrifty, and prosperous population ; 
 the transportation to market of whose surplus products, with their general commerce with the outside world, will be 
 sure to make this branch road a paying property, especially to the Louisville & Nashville, of which it is a feeder. Still 
 another line in the same quarter of the State, the most of which has been built within the past two or three years, is the 
 Owensboro & Nashville Railroad, eighty-three and one-half miles of which are in Kentucky, and about forty miles of 
 which have been completed during the past year. 
 
 This is also a well-constructed road, and running as it does through the wealthy counties of Daviess, McLean, 
 Muhlenburg and Logan, it is one of the most important lines in the State, independent of the fact that it connects the 
 wealthy counties of Southern Indiana with the finest agricultural and manufacturing sections of Tennessee. These 
 considerations combine to make it probably one of the best paying lines in the South. 
 
 Still another new railroad has just been built across this part of the State, from the Ohio river at Henderson, into 
 Tennessee. The line of this road was surveyed last suinmer from Evansville and Henderson down through Morgan- 
 field and Dekoven, in Union county ; Marion, in Crittenden county ; Eureka, at the crossing of the Chesapeake & Ohio 
 and the Cumberland river, in Lyon county ; Aurora, at the crossing of the Tennessee river, in Marshall county ; Murray, 
 in Calloway county, and so on to the terminus at Jackson, in Western Tennessee. It is called "The Ohio Valley Rail- 
 road," and, extending in a south-westwardly direction from the Ohio at Henderson, will open up a portion of country, 
 which is one of the richest in minerals, such as coal, iron, and the finest building stone, and agricultural products, such 
 as corn, tobacco, wheat, fruits, and live stock of all kinds to be found in any part of the State. The line will be 200 
 miles in length, and the cost will not exceed J2, 000,000, according to the very careful estimates of the civil engineers 
 who surveyed it. It is understood that the work will be completed at an early day. About one hundred miles of road 
 are already in operation. 
 
 The Louisville Southern, it is stated, will be completed and trains will run regularly by February i, iSSS, from 
 Louisville to Harrodsburg Junction, a distance of eighty miles. The road will traverse the five counties of Jeflferson, 
 Mercer, Shelby, Anderson, and Woodford, which pay one-fifth of all the State revenues and contain one-seventh of all the 
 population of the State. This indicates how great will be the traffic that this line will bring to Louisville. The road 
 will be the most costly in the matter of equipment in Kentucky. It is supplied with heavier steel rails than any rail- 
 road in Kentucky, the rails all being sixty pounds. It will be equipped with elegant cars and in this respect will sur- 
 pass the Cincinnati Southern. 
 
 The Louisville, St. Louis & Texas Railway will be completed from Louisville to Henderson by June :, 1SS8, un- 
 less the company is delayed by the bridge over Green river at Spottsville. This railroad will pass through Webster, 
 Brandenburg, Stephensport, Hawesville, Lewisport and Yelvington. The report of the Auditor of State shows that the 
 population and taxable wealth along this line of road exceeds that along the line of any other railroad of its length in 
 the State. As an agricultural region, the country to be traversed by this line of road is probably not surpassed on the 
 continent. The productions of the counties through which the roads will pass, and those tributary thereto, amount 
 annually to over 30,000,000 pounds of tobacco, 9,000,000 bushels of corn, and other products in equal proportion. 
 Seventy tobacco factories, a very large number of distilleries, cotton mills, and other manufactories of various kinds are 
 located in the cities and towns along the line. The timber along this line is of the best quality. Cement rock, oolite, 
 brown and building stone are of the finest quality, and found in immense quantities, the brown stone having been 
 awarded the highest medal at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. From Cloverport to its western terminus, the road 
 will pass through a continuous coal field ; it is found in veins from four to six feet in thickness, and at an elevation of 
 from twenty to fifty feet above the located line. The celebrated Breckinridge Cannel coal is found in great abundance 
 eight miles back of Cloverport, to which a railroad is already constructed. The supply of these coals is inexhaustible. 
 The quality is unsurpassed, it being considered equal to Pittslnirgh coal for steam, manufacturing and domestic pur- 
 poses. This coal is only seventy miles from tlie city of Louisville. Coal is now being hauled from West Virginia by 
 rail, a distance of 306 miles, and sold at a profit in the Louisville market, where 800,000 tons are consumed annually. 
 
 44 
 
Parties owning large bodies of these valuable coal and timber lands have made provision for their immediate develop- 
 ment, and are ready to contract for the shipment of coal iu large quantities. From this source alone an enormous 
 traffic awaits the completion of the road to the coal field. The road will be of standard gauge, laid with steel rails, 
 and constructed with every regard to permanency and economical operation. 
 
 The Louisville, Cincinnati & Dayton will be 147 miles in length and will be completed by July i, 18S9. It will pass 
 through the towns of Madison, Vevay, Patriot, Rising Sun, Aurora, and Lawreuceburg, in Indiana, and Hamilton and 
 Middletown, Ohio. 
 
 In addition to these, three lines which will have their terminus in Louisville, and which will necessitate the building 
 of another bridge between Jefferson and Louisville at a cost of about |i, 500,000, are being rapidly pushed through. One 
 of these is the Frankfort, Georgetown & Paris Railroad, which will traverse the three richest Bluegrass counties and 
 place 150,000 population in more direct communication with Louisville than Cincinnati. The road is to be constructed 
 by county subscriptions. 
 
 The completion of the Pineville branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad from Corbin to Pineville, a distance 
 of thirty-seven miles, will be accomplished about February ist, and will open the largest coal and timber region iu the 
 world to the Louisville market. 
 
 The Louisville, Cincinnati & Virginia Railway will run from Winchester, one of the richest and most rapidly grow- 
 ing towns in the State, through the heart of the richest mineral belt in Kentucky, to the Virginia line, where it will 
 
 connect with the Norfolk 
 & Western, South Atlantic 
 & Ohio and other roads, 
 making a through route 
 from Louisville to the At- 
 lantic and Gulf coasts. The 
 line is located from Win- 
 chester via Irvine to Beatty- 
 ville, Lee county (the Three 
 1-orks of the Kentucky), 
 fiftv-five miles, and it is re- 
 ■^olved to have trains run- 
 ning that distance by July, 
 iSSS. 
 
 The development of the 
 railwa)- system in Kentucky 
 has stimulated each pre- 
 viously existing industry to 
 g reater development, by 
 making new markets f o r 
 surplus products, and en- 
 abling speedier returns and 
 exchanges than the old 
 system of water transporta- 
 tion had rendered possible. 
 Besides this advantage ac- 
 cruing from rapid transit 
 and broader market terri- 
 tory, the railroads have 
 practically, though gradu- 
 alH', brought down the rates 
 
 charged for conveying the surplus and bringing supplies for distribution. This has had the result of encouraging a 
 svstem of interchange previou.sly unknown between the territory that naturally pays tribute to Louisville as the 
 principal trade center of the State, and the leading markets of the East and North. 
 
 The most notable example of the change wrought by the railways is found in the steady growth of Louisville and 
 other distributing points in the State as a market for leaf tobacco. Under the old system of river transportation, Ken- 
 tucky leaf tobacco, her leading staple, was compelled to find a market either at St. I^ouis or Cincinnati, where the 
 annual crops could be more easily aggregated and forwarded to the export markets. With the advent of railroads this 
 rule has been broken so far that Louisville is to-day the principal tobacco market of the world, and the growers of this 
 staple find here and at other points in the State, a satisfactory sale at all seasons of the year. 
 
 Distinctively Southern staples, such as cotton and sugar, are, since railway comnmnication has been established 
 with the North and East, diverted largely from water-way and coastwise transportation, directly to points of consump- 
 tion and distribution. 
 
 Without these adjuncts afforded by rail routes, none of the surprising instances of enterprise and growth in the 
 South would have been possible that are to-day subjects of common congratulation. 
 
 As intimated, there has been a marked increase of direct shipments of Northern staples to the various new dis- 
 tributing centers, like Atlanta, Chattanooga, Selma, Meridian, and other interior cities that have sprung up through 
 railroad influence, and the river cities no longer enjoy that old-time monopoly which the river once gave them. They 
 are now obliged to compete in an open market for whatever trade they may attract, and have only the surviving advant- 
 age of being nearer to the raw staples than Northern cities to depend upon. This fact, however, is being legitimately 
 
 45 
 
 From Harper's .vtogaziae. 
 
 copyr ht ISS7, by Harper it Brotbert. 
 
 INDIAN OLD FIELDS— PIONEER SETTLEMENT. 
 
used to draw investments of foreign capital in manufactures to the J^outli, and eventually will more than compensate 
 for the drawbacks of the present condition of trade. 
 
 KENTUCKY COAL FIELDS. 
 Prof John R. Procter, State Geologist, has furnished a valuable paper on the coal fields of Kentucky to a periodical 
 recosjuized as the leading publication in the world on mining and engineering. It is as follows : 
 
 Kentucky is the only State in the Union containing parts of each of the two great coal fields, having about ten 
 thousand square miles of the Appalachian coal field in the eastern part, and about four thousand square miles of the 
 Illinois coal field in the western part of the State. 
 
 WESTERN COAL FIELD. 
 
 The Western Coal Field is a broad synclinal, having its axis almost parallel with the general direction of Green 
 river, and crossed by gentle undulations running slightly north of east and south of west. The conglomerate sand- 
 stone at the base of the coal measures is not so thick as in Eastern Kentucky. Above this conglomerate twelve work- 
 able coals are present. Some of these coals are of excellent quality, but the percentage of ash and sulphur is greater 
 than in tlie best of Eastern Kentucky coals. A strong coke has been made from at least one of the upper coals, having, 
 however, in the coke from unwashed coal a higher percentage of sulphur than is desirable. Recent experiments lead 
 to the hope that a furnace coke may be made from the first coal above the conglomerate (No. i). 
 
 This field has now excellent transportation facilities. Green river traverses the entire field from south to north, 
 giving reliable slack-water navigation from Bowling Green to the Ohio river. One railway traverses the center of the 
 field from east to west, and two railways from north to south, and two important new roads are being now completed, 
 and others are projected. 
 
 There is an abundant supply of cheap iron ores convenient to the coals of Western Kentucky. Associated with 
 the coals of the lower measures, in the counties of Grayson, Edmonson, Butler, and Muhlenburg, are stratified carbon- 
 ites and linionites, ranging from two to five feet and upward in thickness, and persistent over a wide area. 
 
 Analyses from carefully averaged samples from workable deposits in each of the above-named counties give the 
 following from the unroasted ore : 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 
 Silica . . . 
 Alumina . . 
 Phosphorus 
 
 A very pure limestone is convenient to these ores. 
 
 On the western border of the coal field in the counties of Crittenden, Caldwell, Livingston, Lyon and Trigg are 
 large deposits of limonite in the subcarboniferous limestone. 
 
 The following are analyses from carefully averaged samples from five outcrops in the above-named counties. 
 Analyses from roasted and unwashed ores : 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Metallic iron 
 Silica . . . . 
 Lime . . . . 
 Alumina . . 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 46. 28 
 22.33 
 
 1.06 
 0.18 
 
 48.86 
 
 49.84 
 
 11.98 
 
 12.10 
 
 2.12 
 
 2.S7 
 
 2.9S 
 
 3.01 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.09 
 
 50. 184 
 
 16.960 
 
 0.095 
 
 These are similar to the ores in Alabama and Tennessee, on which the iron industries of Sheffield and Decatur are 
 predicated. Furnaces located near the mouth of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, in Kentucky, will have the 
 advantage of a large local supply of ores, with the Alabama and Tennessee ores brought down stream in the direction 
 of the markets, and the Iron mountain ores of South-west Virginia and the Green river ores, all delivered by cheap 
 water transportation. 
 
 In addition to the pure limestone contiguous, there are large deposits of fluor-spar, associated with galena, near the 
 aliove-mentioned ores of Western Kentucky. The peculiar advantages of water and rail transportation, with an abun- 
 dance of coal, iron ores, limestone, and timber for charcoal, should lead to the establishment of furnaces in this region, 
 and also in the valley of Green river. The Western Coal Field has exceptional advantages for supplying the markets 
 of the Lower Ohio and Mississippi rivers with coal. 
 
 E.\STERN COAL FIELD. 
 
 Resting upon the south-eastern slope of the great anticline of Central Kentucky, the coal-measure rocks dip gently 
 to the south-east until interrupted by the Great Pine mountain fault, extending from the "breaks" of Big Saudy river 
 to near Jellico, on the Tennessee line. As the hills increase in height, the thickness of the measures and the number 
 of coals increase to the south-east, until we have north of Pine mountain the following coals, counting from the western 
 outcrop upward : Two coals below the conglomerate, one a reliable bed from thirty-si.x to forty-eight inches ; Comb's 
 coal, first coal above conglomerate, twelve to thirty-six inches, not given a number; Sand Lick coal, thirty-six to sixty 
 inches (coal No. i ); Wright's coal, twelve to forty-two inches ; Elkhorn coal (coking seam), forty to one hundred and 
 eight inches (coal No. 3) ; upper splint coal, thirty -six to eighty inches ; Riser's seventy-two-inch coal (Letcher) ; Bear 
 Fork Cannel (Pike); coal with many partings, Ambergy's sixty-inch coal (Knott); Sycamore creek, ninety-two-inch 
 coal (Pike); Flat Woods coal. Pike county ; reported as a thick bed. 
 
 46 
 
In the Big and Little Black and Log mountains, iu the synclinal trough between the Pine and Cumberland moun- 
 tains, through the counties of Letcher, Harlan, Bell, and Knox, the above sections are not only present, but additional 
 coals in higher measures. The mountains reach an altitude of 4,000 feet above sea, and the vertical thickness of coal 
 measures is probably greater here than is found at any one place in the United States. 
 
 Co^-yrigLt, :887, by I Jarpel & Brothers. 
 
 F'Oir Rarper'c Mr.irnjinB. 
 BIG SYCAMORE TREE ON i:,tn,BEGRUD CREEK. 
 
 Two claims may be made for the Eastern Kentucky coal field : First, That it contains the largest known area of 
 rich and thick Cannel coals and, second, it contains the largest known area of thick and pure coking coals. Caunel 
 coals of workable thickness are found in si.xteen of the counties of the Eastern Coal Field, and many of these coals 
 are remarkable for richness and purity. The following analyses from averaged samples will show the general good 
 quality of the coals : 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 Ash 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 First 
 
 49-130 
 41.920 
 
 7-150 
 0.802 
 
 Second 
 
 43.400 
 
 46.300 
 
 8.300 
 
 0.689 
 
 Third 
 
 44.160 
 
 49.400 
 
 6.000 
 
 0.766 
 
 Fourth 
 
 66.280 
 
 29.730 
 
 3.640 
 
 0.830 
 
 Fifth 
 
 53.800 
 
 45.000 
 
 5-540 
 
 0.772 
 
 Sixth 
 
 50.00 
 
 40.14 
 
 8. 40 
 
 1.65 
 
 First : Cannel coal, Johnson county. Second : Cannel coal. Pike county. Third : Cannel coal, Perry county. 
 Fourth and fifth : Canuel coal, Breathitt county. Sixth : Cannel coal, Morgan county. 
 
 47 
 
When the projected roads shall penetrate Eastern Kentucky, these Cannel coals will find a market all over the 
 country' for domestic use, and for the manufacturing and enriching of gas. 
 
 The main coking coal of Eastern Kentucky has been named the Elkhorn coal, from the stream of that name in 
 Pike county, where it was first found and proven to be a coking coal. Since its discoverj- a few years ago, this bed has 
 been identified and traced as a thick coal over an area of more than sixteen hundred square miles, and has been proven 
 by tests to produce an excellent coke over an area of more thau one thousand square miles. It has been traced as a 
 thick bed above drainage through Pike, Letcher, and Harlan counties, and over a large part of Floyd, Knott, Leslie, 
 Perry, and Bell counties. It has also been ideutified as a workable coal in Wolfe, Clay, and Breathitt counties. 
 
 This coal attains its greatest thickness in Letcher, Pike, and Harlan counties, and in Wise county, Virgiuia, where 
 it has been named by Professor Stevenson, the Imbodeu seam ; but it is thick enough for profitable miuiug, when trans- 
 portation is secured, in all of the counties mentioned above. For over one thousand square miles, it is found as a coking 
 coal, most favorably located for cheap mining. 
 
 The following analyses, made by the Kentucky Geological Survey from carefull)' averaged samples, show the 
 excellence of this coal over a wide area : 
 
 ANALYSES OF KENTUCKY COAI,S. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Letcher 
 Pike . 
 Pike . 
 Wolfe . 
 Bell . . 
 Bell . . 
 Harlan 
 Harlan 
 
 ■^ 
 
 >5 
 
 h^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 SS':^ 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 "Sr 
 
 mbusi 
 ateria 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 34-30 
 
 58.10 
 
 6.50 
 
 0.890 
 
 ! 26. So 
 
 67.60 
 
 3. So 
 
 0.967 
 
 33-50 
 
 60.54 
 
 396 
 
 0.429 
 
 37-50 
 
 5570 
 
 4-40 
 
 0.895 
 
 37-90 
 
 57-78 
 
 3-12 
 
 1.030 
 
 3S.60 
 
 57-.iO 
 
 2.70 
 
 0.629 
 
 36.70 
 
 58.K6 
 
 2.24 
 
 0.277 
 
 35-30 
 
 58. 24 
 
 3-36 
 
 1.290 
 
 Repeated tests have demonstrated that a superior coke can be made from these coals, and these cokes have been 
 tested for strength and porosity witli most satisfactory results. The following analyses show that the cokes from these 
 coals possess three requisites of a good blast-furnace fuel — high fixed carbon, with low sulphur aud ash : 
 
 Pike . 
 Pike . 
 Wolfe 
 Bell . 
 Bell . 
 Harlan 
 Harlan 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 i. 
 
 ^ 
 
 §.^' 
 
 §. 
 
 •«: 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 rs 
 
 
 -< 
 
 . S 
 
 
 
 . 7 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 94.14 
 
 4.66 
 
 1.484 
 
 95-40 
 
 3-50 
 
 •517 
 
 91.00 
 
 4.60 
 
 •503 
 
 95.80 
 
 4.00 
 
 1. 718 
 
 94.00 
 
 5-60 
 
 .629 
 
 93-10 
 
 6.30 
 
 -,S46 
 
 93.60 
 
 6.00 
 
 1.06S 
 
 As vet this coking coal field has not been reached by railways, but roads now in process of construction will pene- 
 trate it within the next twelve months, when a great development may be confidently expected. 
 
 The following streams head in the area containing this coal and radiate from it in a manner to aflxird easy routes for 
 railwavs to penetrate it from every direction, viz : The Pound, Elkhorn, Beaver, and Shelby forks of the Big Sandy, 
 to the north-east ; the Kentucky river, to the north and north-west ; the Cumberland river, to the south-west ; the north 
 forks of the Powell's river, to the south-west and south, and the Guest river, to the south-east. 
 
 The central position of this coal, and its nearness to high grade and cheap iron ores add much to its value. 
 
 It is the nearest coking coal to Cincinnati and Louisville aud the nearest good coking coal to St. Louis. It is as 
 near Chicago as is the Connellsville coking coal, and is nearer to large deposits of Bessemer steel ore than is any other 
 coking coal in this country. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF COAL MIXING. 
 
 Concerning the growth of the mining industry in this State, C. J. Norwood, the inspector of mines, says : "Coal 
 mining as an important industrv in this State dates, practically, from 1S70. Prior to that year there was comparatively 
 little coal mined for general commerce. A few considerable mines were in existence, but they have but little effect upon 
 the general market, the larger part of the coal used in the State itself being brought from other fields. By the building 
 of the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Cincinnati Southern, and the Knoxville extension of the Louisville & Nashville system 
 aud the completion of the Chesapeake & Ohio, the industry was given an impetus that has carried it forward with com- 
 parative rapidity. The output of all the mines in the State for 1870 amounted to only 169,120 tons; in 1S80 it had 
 grown to 1,120,000 tons, and in 18S4 the output amounted, in round uimibers, to 1,550,000 tons." 
 
 48 
 
During the fiscal year iS86, ending July i, 18S7, the output, according to the report of the Inspector of Mines (who 
 has under his supervision only those employing more than five persons) was as follows : 
 
 DISTRICTS. 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Net tons. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 North-eastern 
 
 8 
 22 
 
 41 
 
 245,122 
 633,828 
 914,277 
 
 6,128,059 
 15,845,100 
 
 Western 
 
 22,856.929 
 
 Total 
 
 71 
 
 1,793.227 
 
 44,830,088 
 
 Thus the output in seven years has doubled. Each operator has been requested by the inspector to state his prob- 
 able output from July i, 1887, to January i, 1SS8, and the returns upon this request justify the following estimate of the 
 output for the calendar year 1887 : 
 
 DISTRICTS. 
 
 Mutes. 
 
 Net tons. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 North-eastern 
 
 8 
 25 
 42 
 
 255.161 
 
 663,599 
 1,010,569 
 
 6,379,029 
 
 
 16,589,969 
 
 
 25,264,223 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 75 
 
 1,929,329 
 
 48,233,221 
 
 July I, 1887, there were 4,903 persons engaged in eighty-six mines, coming under the supervision of the inspector. 
 Counting all mines, large and small, there are not less than 6,500 miners employed in Kentucky. But this is merely a 
 beginning of the great developments that will follow during the present decade. 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 The iron resources of Kentucky are extensive and varied. At a few localities a considerable development of them 
 has been attained, but, taking the State as a whole, it has hardly reached a fraction of the possibilities of production. 
 
 f jom HArper'fl aiaKazioe. Copyrit;ht, Ui:!, by Harper & Brothera. 
 
 KENTUCKY TROTTERS AND B.\RN. 
 
 The greater portion of the ore territory of the State is as yet untouched by the pick of the miner, but enough has been 
 done in most of the ore districts to learn the quality and something of the extent of the ores. Geographically, the ore 
 districts of the State may be divided into the Eastern and Western ; geologically, the ores of the most importance may 
 be divided into three classes, as follows : 
 
 1. The Clinton ore of the Silurian period. This is the equivalent of the dyestone ore in Tennessee and Virginia. 
 
 2. The unstratified limonites of the subcarboniferous limestone. 
 
 3. The stratified carbonites and limonites of the coal measures. 
 
 There are also ores associated %vith the Waverly and Devonian shales in many parts of the State, which have been 
 worked to some extent, but they are of minor importance in comparison with the other varieties of ore. Of the three 
 classes of ore above named, the first.and the third are foitnd in Eastern, and the second and third in Western, Kentucky. 
 It may be said also that the ores of the coal measures are the best developed and of the most importance in Eastern, 
 while the unstratified limonites of the subcarboniferous limestone are of the greatest value in Western, Kentucky. 
 
 49 
 
It is also proper to state here that the State has been imperfectly prospected, aud that it is altogether possible, aud, 
 indeed, probable, that the ores of one or another of these varieties will be found to be much more extensive and 
 valuable than at present supposed. 
 
 EASTERN KENTUCKY. 
 
 The ore districts of Eastern Kentucky, where the ores have been manufactured, are two, known as the Red river and 
 the Hanging Rock iron regions. The Red river iron region embraces portions of Estill, Lee, Powell, Menifee, aud 
 Bath counties. The ores found in this region are the Clinton ore, and an ore stratified resting upon the subcarboniferous 
 limestone on the base of the coal-bearing shales. It is found both as carbonate or clay limestone, and as limouite or 
 brown hematite. It is this ore which has been most largely worked and upon which the excellent reputation of the 
 iron from this region has been made. The Clinton ore has not been so extensively worked but the principal deposit of 
 it is situated geographically near this region, and may be said to belong to it. 
 
 The best known deposit of this ore in Kentucky is in Bath county, on the waters of Slate creek, and is known as 
 the Slate Furnace ore bank. It is a stratified deposit of oolitic fossiliferous liraonite, capping several hills in the vicin- 
 ity. It reaches a thickness of fifteen feet at places. The area covered by the ore at this point is somewhat over forty 
 acres, and the total amount of ore about one and a half million tons. The ore bears evidence of having been formerly 
 a hematite, similar to the dyestone ore of the same geological horizon along the great valley from New York to 
 Alabama, but it has lain so long, unprotected by anj-thing except a slight covering of earth, that it has absorbed water, 
 aud been converted into a limonite. The deposit seems to be somewhat local, at least of this thickness, as it grows 
 thin, and finally disappears in this neighborhood. The limestone which bears the ore is, however, present in a narrow 
 vein all around the central part of the State, and it is probable that, when thorough examination is made, other deposits 
 of the ore will be found. 
 
 The following analyses by Dr. Peter and Mr. Talbutt, of the Kentucky Geological Survey, of a sample of ore 
 from this deposit, shows the composition of the ore : 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. Per Cent. 
 
 Iron peroxide 70.060 
 
 Alumina 4-540 
 
 Lime carbonate 040 
 
 Magnesia 021 
 
 Phosphoric acid 1.620 
 
 Sulphuric acid 031 
 
 Silica and insoluble silicates ii-530 
 
 Combined water 12.300 
 
 100.142 
 
 Metallic iron 49-042 
 
 Phosphorus 707 
 
 Sulphur 012 
 
 The dyestone ore, a fossiliferous hematite, extends along the flank and foothills of the Cumberland mountains of 
 Virginia, just across the State line from Kentucky, the crest of the mountain forming the line for about forty miles. It 
 lies in two or three beds, ranging from six inches to three feet or more in thickness, and forms in the aggregate an 
 enormous mass of easily-obtained and cheaply-reduced ore. This ore, although situated in Virginia, is of the greatest 
 importance to Kentucky, as it is destined to be smelted with Kentucky coals, which lie on the opposite side of the 
 mountain, and are the only coals acce.ssible to the ore, as there is no coal to the south of the mountain. 
 
 This ore, although phosphatic to a certain extent, is easily worked, and yields from forty to fifty per cent, of iron. 
 From this ore, smelted with stone coal, iron will probably be made as cheaply as in an}- region of the countr)-. The 
 great Pine mountain vault, which extends from some distance south of the Kentucky line in Tennessee, in a course 
 about north thirty degrees east through Kentucky to the Chatterawah or Big Sandy river, in man)' places is of suf- 
 ficient uplift to have brought the rocks of the Clinton or d\-estone group above the drainage, and it is probable that on 
 exploration the ore will be found in Kentucky. It has been found at the foot of the Pine mountain, in Tennessee. In 
 Kentucky the place of the ore is usually covered deeply by the talus from the overlying rocks, which probably accounts 
 for its not having been discovered. Should it be found along the foot of Pine mountain, in Kentucky, it will be most 
 favorably sitviated for cheap iron making, as, on the opposite side of the stream which flows at the base of the mountain, 
 there is found excellent coal in great abundance. 
 
 The limestone ore of the Red river iron region, from which the iron is manufactured which gives to the region its 
 reputation, rests upon the subcarboniferous limestone, and from this association takes its name. It lies in a bed of 
 irregular thickness, ranging from a few inches to three feet or more in thickness, but probably averaging, where found in 
 any quantity, about one foot thick, or a little less. It is occasionally irregular and uncertain in its .distribution, but 
 in general it may be said that it is found in its proper position almost wherever the subcarboniferous limestone is above 
 the drainage, along the edge of the coal measures from the Kentucky to the Ohio river. South of the Kentucky river 
 the ore is known to extend a short distance, as far as it has been explored ; but its limit in this direction is as yet 
 unknown. 
 
 The Red river region embraces, however, only that portion between the Licking and Kentucky rivers. This region 
 has been little developed, except in a portion of Estill county, where four charcoal furnaces have been in operation. 
 There are many eligible sites for charcoal furnaces in this region, where timber and ore are both in abundance, and aa 
 yet untouched. 
 
 The development of this region has been retarded by the lack of transportation facilities, as the iron had to be 
 hauled a long distance in wagons to railroad or river. This difficulty is likely to be remedied in the near future by the 
 
 50 
 
construction of one or two projected railroads into or along the edge of this region, and we can then look for a largely 
 increased production of the excellent iron from this region. The iron is of great strength, and ranks very high in the 
 markets of the West. It is usually used for car-wheel purposes, as it is of very great strength, and chills well. 
 The following analj-ses show the character of the ore of this region : 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Iron peroxide 1 66.329 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime carbonate 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Silica and insoluble silicates .... 
 Combined water 
 
 Total . . 
 
 Metallic iron . 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 12-532 
 
 Trace. 
 
 •'73 
 
 .709 
 
 9.720 
 
 9.580 
 
 99-043 
 
 46.440 
 •309 
 
 NO. 2. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 63-535 
 
 2.798 
 
 ■450 
 
 1-073 
 
 -537 
 
 20.480 
 
 9.800 
 
 9S-673 
 
 45-874 
 ■234 
 
 NO. 3. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 74.127 
 
 3-542 
 
 -390 
 
 .461 
 
 .601 
 
 9-580 
 
 11.270 
 
 NO. 4. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 99-971 
 
 5i-t 
 
 .262 
 
 65-591 
 
 5-762 
 Trace. 
 
 .248 
 
 -447 
 16.230 
 11.060 
 
 99-338 
 
 45-9H 
 •195 
 
 I, from the Richardson Bank, Clear Creek, Bath county ; No. 2, from Logan Ridge, Estill Furnace, Estill 
 No. 3, from Thacker Ridge, near Fitchburg, Estill county ; No. 4, from Horse Ridge, Cottage Furnace, Estill 
 
 No 
 county 
 county. 
 
 The above analyses were made by Dr. Peter and J. H. Talbutt, chemists of the Kentucky Geological Survey, from 
 samples selected by the writer. 
 
 THE H.\NGIXG ROCK REGION. 
 The Kentucky division of the Hanging Rock iron region at present embraces the whole part of Greenup, Carter, 
 Boyd, and Lawrence counties. The ores are stratified carbonates and limonites, occurring in the lower coal measures, 
 
 THE OLD .-i.I.EX.A.NDER HOUSE. 
 
 beginning with the ore just described, resting upon the subcarbouiferous limestone, and extending through 600 to 700 
 feet of the coal measure strata. The ores are mineralogically similar, but differ somewhat in the physical character and 
 circumstances of deposition. They are popularly known as limestone, block, and kidney ores. They usually occur at 
 well-defined geological levels, but do not always form connected beds. They also differ in thickness, ranging from four 
 to eight inches in some of the thinner beds to fourteen feet in one local deposit. This latter is the Lambert ore of 
 Carter county. The most common thickness is from six inches to one foot. There are from ten to twelve ore beds which 
 are more than local in extent in this region. In addition, there are numerous local beds, one or more of which is 
 found at nearly every furnace. This region supports eleven charcoal and two stone coal furuaces. The Hanging Rock 
 iron bears a reputation for excellence for general foundry purposes which is unsurpassed by any iron in the United 
 States. 
 
 The iron produced is mostly hot-blast charcoal iron, but some of the furnaces are worked with cold-blast for the pro- 
 duction of car-wheel iron. The reputation of the iron of this region is, however, chiefly founded upon its excellence 
 for castings of all sorts. The iron combines in a remarkable degree great strength with fluidity in casting and non- 
 shrinkage on cooling. The stone coal iron of this region is used almost entirely for the manufacture of bar iron and 
 nails. 
 
 The stone coal iron is made from the ores of this region, mixed with a considerable proportion of ore from other 
 States. The fuel used is the celebrated Ashland or Coalton coal ; it is a dry-burning, non-coking coal, which is used 
 raw in the furnace, and is of such excellent quality that no admixture of coke with it in the furnaces is necessary, as is 
 the case with most of the other non-coking furnace coals of the West. 
 
 The charcoal iron is manufactured exclusively from the native ores, which yield, as shown by the books at a num- 
 ber of furuaces, for periods ranging from one to four years, an average of between thirty-one and thirty-two per cent, of 
 iron. The ores of the region are known as limestone, block, and kidney ores. These names are due to peculiarities of 
 structure or position, rather than to any essential difference in chemical composition. As a rule, however, the limestone 
 ores are the richest and most uniform in qualitv. The kidney ores are next in value, while the block ores present greater 
 variations in quality than any other, some of them being equal to the best of this region, and some of them so silicious 
 and lean that thev can not be profitalily worked. 
 
 51 
 
The following analyses, by Dr. Peter and Mr. Talbutt, of the Kentucky Geological Survey, show the composition of 
 some of the ores of each class in this region : 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 Iron peroxide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Manganese brown oxide . . 
 
 Lime carbonate 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Silica and insoluble silicates 
 Combined water 
 
 Total . . 
 
 Metallic iron . 
 Sulphur . . . 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 NO. I. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 67-859 
 
 1. 160 
 
 .9S0 
 
 .120 
 
 1-275 
 
 -143 
 
 NO. 2. NO. 3. 
 
 Per Cent. Per Cent. 
 
 15-560 
 12.903 
 
 47-501 
 .062 
 
 71.680 
 
 4-155 
 .090 
 
 -380 
 .050 
 .084 
 .270 
 12.650 
 10.800 
 
 100.159 
 
 50.176 
 .108 
 .036 
 
 54-530 
 
 2.120 
 
 1.380 
 
 .040 
 
 1.823 
 
 .908 
 
 -336 
 
 28.360 
 
 10.900 
 
 100.397 
 
 38.171 
 .134 
 .428 
 
 NO. 4. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 68.928 
 
 2.768 
 
 .290 
 
 .680 
 
 .641 
 
 .249 
 
 .748 
 
 15.240 
 
 II. 100 
 
 100.644 
 
 48. 249 
 .298 
 .098 
 
 NO. 5. 1 NO. 6. 
 
 Per Cent. Per Cent. 
 
 61.344 
 4.236 
 
 750 
 .208 
 
 -795 
 
 .041 
 
 21.480 
 
 11.200 
 
 100.054 
 
 42.941 
 .016 
 
 .347 
 
 66.200 
 
 3907 
 
 .030 
 
 -430 
 
 -345 
 
 .130 
 
 .182 
 
 16.530 
 
 11.730 
 
 99.484 
 
 46.340 
 .072 
 -057 
 
 No. I, lower limestone ore, Kenton Furnace, Greenup county ; No. 2, upper limestone ore, Graham bank, near 
 Willard, Carter county ; No. 3, lower block ore, Kenton Furnace. Greenup county ; No. 4, upper or main block ore. 
 Laurel Furnace, Greenup county ; No. 5, yellow kidney ore, Bueua Vista Furnace, Boyd county ; No. 6, 3ellow kidney- 
 ore. Mount Savage Furnace, Carter county. 
 
 WESTERN KENTUCKY. 
 
 The most extensive and best developed ore region of Western Kentucky is called the Cumberland river iron region. 
 It embraces the whole or parts of Trigg, Lyon, Livingston, Crittenden, and Caldwell counties. The ores of this region 
 are limouites, found resting in the clay and chert above the St. Louis or subcarboniferous limestone. They occur in 
 deposits of irregular shape and uncertain extent, but in the aggregate the amount of ore is immense. The ores are dis- 
 tributed with great irregularity throughout this region, but they seem to be found in greatest abundance and quantity 
 where the limestone has been most extensively worn away, and where, as a consequence, the clay and chert, which are 
 the result of its decomposition, are of the greatest thickness. 
 
 The ores are, perhaps, found in greater abundance in the country between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers 
 than in any other portion of this region, although there are extensive deposits on the east side of the Cumberland 
 river which have been largely worked. As a rule, however, the deposits decrease in size and frequency in going from 
 the Cumberland river toward the east, and after a few miles' distance from the river is reached they are scattering and 
 small. The ores are of excellent quality, being almost entireh' free from sulphur, and containing but a small amount 
 of phosphorus ; but they are sometimes mixed with chert and sand. The quality in this respect is as variable as the 
 size of the deposits, the ore in the same deposit frequently showing all degrees of admixture with chert, from a chert 
 breccia to a rich, pure ore, with only an occasional lump of chert inclosed. The average yield of iron, from the ore at 
 the furnaces of this region, where it is not very carefully selected previous to roasting, is between thirty and thirty- 
 five per cent. With careful sorting the j-ield can be brought much higher — from forty to fifty per cent. 
 
 The iron produced from these ores is of a very high grade. There are three active furnaces in this region which use 
 charcoal fuel exclusively for the production of pig-iron. From this iron is manufactured the celebrated Hillman's 
 boiler-plate, of which it is said by the manufacturers that no boiler constructed of this iron has ever exploded. This 
 iron ranks equal or superior to any other boiler-plate manufactured in the United States. It is used largely for steam- 
 boat and locomotive boilers, for which latter purpose it finds an extensive market, even as far as the Pacific Slope. 
 
 Considerable ore from this region has been shipped to furnaces at a distance, but within the past two years the 
 depressed condition of the iron market has rendered this unprofitable. This region is well situated as regards trans- 
 portation facilities, it being drained by two navigable rivers, the Cumberland and Tennessee, and on the lower border 
 by the Ohio, so that the iron manufactured here can be very cheaply placed in market. The following anal3-ses of two 
 samples of ore from this region are by Dr. Peter and Mr. Talbutt, of the Geological Survey : 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 Iron peroxide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Lime carbonate 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphur . 
 
 Silica and insoluble silicates 
 Combined water 
 
 Total 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 NO. I. 
 Per Cent. 
 
 59-370 
 
 1.622 
 
 .090 
 
 .170 
 
 .100 
 
 .179 
 
 .212 
 
 30.000 
 
 8.400 
 
 100.143 
 
 41-559 
 .007 
 
 NO. 2. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 70.518 
 .045 
 .190 
 .090 
 
 Trace. 
 ■ 275 
 •045 
 
 18.910 
 9-850 
 
 99-923 
 
 49363 
 .120 
 
 52 
 
This same variety of ore is found, iu greater or less quantity, in many other counties where the St. Louis limestone 
 is the prevailing rock formation, but iu none of them, save those mentioned, has any extensive iron industry been 
 established. In the Cumberland river region there are many furnace sites unoccupied where iron can be cheaply and 
 profitably manufactured. This region is capable of, and destined to, a much greater development than it has yet 
 attained. The charcoal-iron manufacture will always be an important and extensive industry, for over a large part of 
 the regiou the most profitable use that can be made of the laud is the production of timber for charcoal. There is 
 destiued, at no far-distant day, to be a large stone coal or coke iron industry established here, using the ores of this 
 regiou with the coals of the Western Kentucky Coal Field, either raw or coked. The best known of the Western coals 
 at present are too sulphurous for use in iron making, without previous separation from sulphur by washing and coking. 
 It is through the introduction of modem machinery and ovens, by which these operations can be cheaply and thoroughly 
 effected, and a coke fit for iron smelting produced, that the coal and iron ore of Western Kentucky will be most profit- 
 ably and extensively developed. The Louisville, Paducah & South-western Railroad affords direct communication 
 between the coal and ore fields. Already measures are in progress for the erection of extensive coke works on the line 
 of the railroad, which will doubtless prove but the first step in the successful development of a different form and more 
 extensive iron industry than any yet established iu W'estern Kentucky. 
 
 THE NOLIN RIVER DISTRICT. 
 
 In Edmonson and Grayson counties, north of Green river, between Nolin river and Bear creek, is an area of 
 
 considerable size, called 
 the Nolin river district. 
 The ores of this region 
 are stratified carbonites 
 and limonites, found 
 near the base of the coal 
 measures ; the ore of the 
 most value occurs above 
 the conglomerate. It is 
 about four feet thick, and 
 so far as present develop- 
 ment indicates, underlies 
 an area of large extent ; it 
 is almost wholly undevel- 
 oped. A number of years 
 since, a small charcoal fur- 
 nace was established on 
 Nolin river, but it was so 
 far from market, and trans- 
 portation of the iron was 
 so uncertain and expensive 
 that the enterprise soon 
 failed. It ran long enough, 
 however, to establish the 
 fact that an excellent iron 
 could be made from these 
 ores. 
 
 The following analyses, by Dr. Peter and Mr. Talbutt, show the quality of a sample of this ore from near the head of 
 Beaver Dam creek, iu Edmonson county : 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. P^'' Cent. 
 
 Iron peroxide 52.926 
 
 Alumina 4-792 
 
 Manganese 210 
 
 Lime carbonate 180 
 
 Magnesia ■ -425 
 
 Phosphoric acid 355 
 
 Sulphuric acid 143 
 
 Silica and insoluble silicates 30-58o 
 
 Combined water 10.400 
 
 From Harper's Magazi 
 
 VIEW OF K ROY.AL F.^MILV. 
 
 Total loo.oii 
 
 Metallic iron 37048 
 
 Phosphorus .• 154 
 
 Sulphur 057 
 
 In addition to the great amount of timber available for charcoal, stone coal in abundance occurs in the same region. 
 This coal is the lowest of the series, and is the most excellent quality, analyses showing it to be far superior to the 
 higher coals of Western Kentucky, which are the ones more generally mined. 
 
 This region is more accessible than formerly, as it lies within fifteen miles of the Louisville, Paducah & South-west- 
 ern Railroad ; but the lack of transportation facilities directly to it has prevented its development. It is one of the 
 most richly endowed undeveloped iron regions in the State. 
 
In many other localities in the Western coal field iron ores have been found, but they have not been thoroughly 
 prospected, and little is shown of their extent. One of the best known localities of this sort is in Muhlenburg county. 
 In this county are found, at Airdrie Furnace, on Green river, and at Buckner Furnace, near Greenville, deposits of so- 
 called black-band iron ore — a ferruginous, bituminous shale, yielding about thirty per cent, of iron. 
 
 At Airdrie Furnace this ere rests immediately above an excellent coking coal, and the two can be mined together 
 very cheaply. At this place iron can be produced very cheaply by bringing ore from the Cumberland river region and 
 using it in admixture with the native ore. For a more detailed description of this locality, see report in the second vol. 
 ume, new series, " Kentucky Geological Reports on the Airdrie Furnace." 
 
 The above described localities embrace all the most important iron ore districts of the State. There are numerous 
 ore deposits at other places, some of which have been worked, but in comparison with the others, to a small extent onlj-- 
 
 OTHER ORES. 
 
 Lead: In uearU- all of the regions where the St. Louis group is fulh- developed more or less lead has been found. 
 The onl}- mining that has been done for the metal, however, has been in Livingston, Crittenden, and Caldwell counties. 
 In Livingston and Crittenden counties a number of pits and excavations of various sorts have been dug for the purpose 
 of working the deposits. With possibly one exception, however, the work has so far proven unprofitable. In Critten- 
 den countv considerable lead has been found at a point known as the Columbia nunes, leading to the supposition that 
 economically managed they may be wrought at a small profit. So far these lead mines had to contend with the pro- 
 duction from the mines in the Rocky mountains, where a large quantity of this metal has been produced, almost with- 
 out cost, in the reduction of ores for their silver. Should this competition in time be removed, the)- would become 
 more important sources of profit. 
 
 Zinc: Zinc is frequently found in the form of sulphide (black jack) accompanying the lead. It has never been found 
 in sufficient quantities for working. 
 
 Fluor-spar: Fluor-spar is found in more or less liberal quantities throughout the lead region. In Crittenden 
 county, northwardly from the Columbia mines, fluor-spar is found in great abundance. Considerable deposits of the 
 massive variety, very white and apparently free from impurities, are found at the Jlemphis mines and vicinity. It is 
 not unlikely that other important deposits may be found. 
 
 Marl beds: One of the most interesting results of the geological surs-ey was the discovery of potash and soda in 
 some of the marls of the Chester group, in such quantities as to prove them valuable as fertilizers. 
 
 Attention was first directed to the deposits near Leitchfield, Grayson county, and now they are searched for with 
 interest wherever the Chester group is known to occur. They have been found in Grayson, Edmonson, Breckinridge, 
 Caldwell, Christian, and Livingston counties. Their entire extent is unknown, but it is not improbable that further 
 explorations may prove their existence wherever the Chester group is fully developed. 
 
 Scarcely too high an estimate can be placed on these marls iu Kentucky, as they constitute a ready and cheaper 
 fertilizer for tobacco lands, the properties of the marl being to renew the vigor of the soil as it is impoverished by the 
 tobacco. The infertility of nmch of the land is largely due, not to original poorness, but to the exhaustion produced by 
 tobacco ; these potash marls are expecte<l to ser\'e in placing the lands once more in a fertile condition. 
 Following is the analyses of a sample of marl collected from Haycraft's Lick, Grayson county : 
 (Composition dried at 212° Fahrenheit.) 
 
 CONSTITUENTS. Per Cent. 
 
 Alumina, iron, etc., oxides 27.811 
 
 Lime, carbonate 880 
 
 Magnesia 824 
 
 Phosphoric acid 109 
 
 Potash 5.554 
 
 Soda 657 
 
 Water and Loss 4.245 
 
 Silica and insoluble silicates 59.920 
 
 Total 100.000 
 
 IRON MANUFACTURE IN KENTUCKY. 
 
 The original iron enterprise in the State is said by an earlj' writer upon Kentucky historv' to have been a small 
 furnace built by government troops on Slate creek, a branch of the Licking river, in Bath county, in 1791. It was 
 successfully operated until 1838. In 1810 there were four furnaces and three forges in the State, two of the former being 
 located in Montgomery county and one each in Estill and Wayne counties, with a forge in each county named, that 
 supplied the neighborhood with blacksmithing irons and castings. In 1815 Lexington had four nail factories, that 
 turned out seventy tons of old-fashioned wrought nails annuallv. During the same year a Greenup county farmer 
 smelted in a cupola the first iron ore used in the Hanging Rock district, and the business proving successful, he, with 
 two partners, in 1S17 built the first blast-furnace in that district. It was located on the left bank of the Little Sandy 
 river, about six miles south-west of Greenupsburg. It had a twenty -five-foot stack and was six feet wide at the noshes, 
 and was merely an excavation in the solid argillaceous rock of a cliflF, the archway below being excavated to meet it. 
 
 This furnace was operated until 1837 and never turned out a great amount of iron. In 1824, Messrs. Ward & 
 McMurty built the Pactolus furnace, in Carter county, a few miles above that just described, but it was abandoned like 
 the other in 1837. The Pactolus had a large forge which was operated in connection with it during the period named. 
 In 1S24 there was likewise a steam furnace in Greenup county, three miles from the Ohio river and five miles from 
 Greenupsburg. This was abandoned in i860. Bellefoute furnace, on Hood's creek, near Ashland, in Boyd county, was 
 
 54 
 
erected in 1826 by A. Paull, George Poague, and others. It was the pioneer enterprise in that county and is still being 
 operated in a small way. From iSiS to 1S34 thirteen furnaces were built in Carter, Boyd, and Greenup counties, all of 
 which, after a short existence, were allowed to become disused and valueless. 
 
 Subsequent to 1834 a uumber of charcoal furnaces were operated in these three counties and in Lawrence county 
 for a considerable period, but nearly all have been abandoned lona; since, and these were followed later on by a few 
 
 bituminous coal and coke 
 ' '^ffic'3 furnaces, which have all met 
 ' ^"^'^^wM ^^^ same fate. In 1830 there 
 were at least a dozen forges 
 in Greenup, Estill, Edmon- 
 son, and Crittenden counties, 
 Imt by 1.S50 all, with one ex- 
 ception, had ceased to be 
 operated. These forges 
 turned out blooms, which 
 were disposed of at Pitts- 
 burgh, Cincinnati, and Ken- 
 tucky rolling-mills. At this 
 time there is but one forge 
 in the States, at Red river, 
 in Estill count)-, and it is not 
 active, all this remarkable de- 
 cay being attributable to the 
 difficultj- of getting the prod- 
 uct of furnaces and bloom- 
 eries to a profitable mar- 
 ket. Outside of the Hanging 
 Rock district, prior to i860, 
 furnaces were built in several 
 counties lying in the central 
 and western parts of the 
 State ; in Bath, Bullitt, Rus- 
 sell, JIuhlenburg, Nelson, 
 Lyon, Crittenden, Trigg, Cal- 
 loway, and Livingston coun- 
 ties, but none are now in ex- 
 istence. During this period 
 eight rolling-mills were oper- 
 ated also, but at present 
 there are but two establish- 
 ments of this kind in the 
 State actively employed, one 
 at Covington, another at 
 Louisville. 
 
 Viewing the rapid develop- 
 ment that has been made in 
 routes of transportation since 
 the close of the war period, 
 it is remarkable that Ken- 
 tucky has permitted her vast 
 iron resources to remain un- 
 improved. In 1870 the State 
 was seventh among iron-pro- 
 ducing States and eleventh 
 in 1880, while now she occu- 
 pies a much lower position 
 on the list. With the advent 
 of the various railroads of 
 Eastern Kentucky into the 
 heart of the richest coal and 
 iron districts of the State 
 it may reasonably be expected 
 that all previous difficulties 
 
 in the way to a profitable working of iron in the Red river region will be removed, and that this industry will 
 receive such an impulse that it can never again fall back to its present position. 
 
 The rush of investment and impulses of development into the coal and iron sections of Kentucky during 1887 
 have been so impetuous and vigorous as to leave little doubt that the next five years will see the immense stores of natural 
 
 BIG POPLAR TREE, BELL COUNTY (21 feet in circumference). 
 
wealth fully opened to enterprise. Railroads that were projected many years ago have been put under contract, and 
 many miles of track have been laid. In the iron and coal-bearing district of Western Kentucky new lines of railroad 
 have aided to organize several furnace projects, and the coking coals have been promisingly opened. In Eastern and 
 South-eastern Kentucky, new lines of transportation have already reached the edge of the coal fields, and discoveries 
 of deposits of finest iron ores have been made where they were not expected. The probabilit\- is that the north side of 
 the Pine mountain range contains a continuous and extraordinarily rich deposit of iron ore that will make every rail- 
 road built into the section profitable. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad is now preparing to build its line to a junc- 
 tion with the Norfolk & Western, at Big Stone Gap, and all that remains to be decided is whether the route shall be up 
 the Cumberland Vallev of Kentucky or Powell's Valley in Tennessee. This concentration of energy and development 
 means a rich and powerful future for Louisville, the already great industrial city, straight on the road to the great 
 markets North and West. The next ten years will see Kentucky one of the greatest industrial States in the Union 
 and Louisville almost doubled in population. 
 
 ifC-^M^y ' 
 
 56 
 
'-^^-^'^^-^ 
 
 OVERNORJ. Proc- 
 I tor Knott, on June 2, 
 I S 8 7 , delivered an 
 address on "Ken- 
 tuck}- " to the graduates of the State Agricultural and Me- 
 chanical College, at Lexington, which contains an admirable 
 summary of the condition of the State. It is as follows : 
 When I consider the superior intelligence and refinement of the presence in which I have 
 the honor to appear, I very seriously mistrust my ability, either to contribute to your enter- 
 tainment or to add to your present stock of information, by a discussion of any subject whatever. 
 There is one, nevertheless, upon which I may, perhaps, venture with some propriety to address you. 
 Descended from an ancestry who made their homes on "The Dark and Bloody GrouniJ" when it was a savage wilder- 
 ness, with danger and death lurking on every hand ; born upon the bosom of the Commonwealth which they, in their 
 humble sphere, assisted to create while the tomahawk and the scalping knife were gleaming around them ; inspired 
 with a passionate pride in her prosperity and her prestige from my earliest youth ; the recipient of the most distinguished 
 honor within the gift of her generous people, and standing beneath the shadow of this splendid institution of learning — 
 the offspring of her enlightened bounty, and the object of her fostering care — I feel that I may at least speak to you 
 of Kentucky ; of her resources, her progress, and her possibilities. 
 
 I desire, however, to have a distinct understanding with you at the outset. I do not propose to abuse your courtesy, 
 or weary your patience with well-worn platitudes. I have no inflated panegyric to pronounce upon the chivalry of her 
 sons, or the beautv of her daughters ; no fervid protestation of impassioned patriotism to make ; no fanciful theories to 
 advance, and no gaudy display of stilted rhetoric, or studied declamation to exhibit. All I have to offer 3-ou is a plain, 
 unpolished statement of established facts, with, perhaps, an occasional suggestion of such conclusions as may be read- 
 ily deduced from them by your own enlightened judgments. 
 
 With the singular State pride characteristic of the native Kentuckian, we are accustomed to congratulate ourselves 
 that our own State is the most heaven-favored land beneath the shining sun, and that, too, very frequently, without any- 
 thing like an intelligent appreciation of the vast varietv of fortunate circumstances which so abundantly justify that 
 gratifying conclusion. Yet, with all this happy self-satisfaction, we are overwhelmed with amazement when we come to 
 realize, in the light of well authenticated facts, the astounding munificence with which we are endowed with all the 
 natural elements of material prosperity and grandeur. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The very air around us seems to kiss the fair face of our State with affectionate fondness, breathing upon it a 
 delicious and health-giving influence, and thrilling all the manifold forms of organic nature within her bosom with 
 superior life and vigor. This is no mere fanciful idea. It is a simple truth, attested not only by our own experience, 
 but by a variety of familiar facts, which prove conclusively that we are not only favored with a mild and salubrious 
 climate, but with one in every respect among the most desirable to be found upon the globe. While the seasons are 
 more regular in succession, more nearly equal in their duration, and more distinct in the characteristics peculiar to each, 
 than is usual in other latitudes, it has been demonstrated by careful observations, made by the Signal Service through a 
 series of years, that its lowest temperature in winter very rarely reaches zero, while its maximum heat in summer is 
 frequently far below that of Boston, Montreal, Chicago, or St. Paul. 
 
 57 
 
Thus free from the ever-actiug iuflueuces of the protracted summers of the South and the disadvantages of the long 
 and rigorous winters of the North ; with each successive season performing its beneficent functions within its appointed 
 time, our climate is in ever}- particular most favorable to the prosecution of industrial enterprise, and the promotion of 
 physical development. Our cattle are frequently found upon the pasture during the entire winter, requiriug but little 
 additional food, while there is rarely a time in winter or summer when a laboring man can not perform a full day's work 
 with comparative comfort in the open air. 
 
 To this remarkably favorable climate we are indebted in a great measure, no doubt, for the well-known speed and 
 endurance of our horses, and the superior development of all our domestic animals which has made the name of Ken- 
 tucky famous throughout the world. But its wonderful salubrity is attested in a still more striking degree, not only by 
 our comparatively low rate of annual mortality, but by the extraordinary size and strength of our adult population. 
 Mark me, I do not merely assume this. The official tables of measurements taken during the W'ar between the States 
 show that among the hundreds of thousands of volunteers from all parts of the Union, including natives and foreign- 
 ers, those born and reared in Kentucky and the adjoining State of Tennessee, exceeded all others in their average height, 
 weight, size of head, circumference of chest, and ratio of weight to stature. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 But while we are thus singularly fortunate in our climate we are no less favored in the fertility of our soil and the 
 varietv of its products. I stand at this moment upon one of the most wonderful plateaus to be seen upon the broad and 
 varied face of this spacious earth ; a tract of near ten million acres of laud, beauteous as the poet's dream of Cashmere ; 
 bounteous as the valley of the Nile — resting like a jeweled diadem upon the queenly brow of my native Common- 
 wealth. When I look over its broad and undulating fields, teeming with almost every variety of product known to our 
 latitude, and see its peaceful pastures, carpeted with perennial green, with their quiet flocks and splendid herds repos- 
 ing upon the shady banks of murmuring streams, I almost feel that it would be but a rude awakening from a most de- 
 licious dream to think of other portions of the State at all. But when I recur to that marvelously beautiful and prolific 
 scope of country including portions of Warren, Simpson, Logan, Todd, Christian, Trigg, and Caldwell, or to the wonder- 
 ful grain producing counties of Daviess, Henderson, and Union, or to the rich alluvial bottoms skirting our innumerable 
 water-courses everywhere, or to the generous uplands to be found in almost every agricultural county in the State, I 
 congratulate myself that there are numerous sections of Kentucky which rival, if they do not surpass, her owu far- 
 famed " Bluegrass Region " in many of the products of her soil. 
 
 In fact, there is scarcely a county in the State in which, with proper cultivation, almost any commodity within the 
 agricultural range of our climate might not be produced, not only in sufficient quantities for home consumption, but with 
 a profitable margin for export to less favored sections. In some one or more of those commodities, there has not been 
 a decade from iSio to the present, in which Kentucky has not far outstripped all her sister States, notwithstanding the 
 fact that at least one-half her primeval forests remain to this day untouched b}- the woodman's ax. This is especially 
 true of tobacco, which has prol:iably contributed more to the actual wealth of the State within the last thirty years than all 
 other crops combined, having produced to the grower during that period, according to reliable records, over $267,000,000, 
 or an average of $8,900,000 per annum ; and so general has been the distribution of that enormous sum throughout the 
 State that there is scarcely a single county which has not received some portion of it. This fact alone is sufficient to 
 show that in our agricultural resources themselves we possess a mine of wealth exceeding all the gold of California. 
 
 TIMBER. 
 But I remarked a moment ago that fully fifty per cent, of our virgin forest still stands where it was planted by the 
 hand of providence centuries ago. That is true ; and if you would form some faint estimate of the enormous extent and 
 value of that tremendous source of wealth to our State, you have but to pass along the streams which find their source 
 in our mountains and count the thousands and thousands of rafts w'hich line their banks, all made up of the most val- 
 uable hardwoods to be found on the continent. And yet if you would go to the fountain head you would be amazed 
 to find the dindnution of the original stock almost inappreciable, notwithstanding this constant and enormous de- 
 pletion. 
 
 \V.\TER-COURSES. 
 
 But speaking of these countless rafts of valuable timber reminds me of another natural advantage we enjoy, the 
 importance of w'hich it w'ould be almost impossible to overestimate. I allude to our extraordinary facilities for water 
 transportation. Besides our navigable water boundary of eight hundred and thirteen miles our territory is penetrated by 
 more miles of natural water-ways adapted to commercial trausportation than any other State in the Union. We have 
 largely over a thousand miles already navigable at all stages of water, and it is estimated that there are over three thou, 
 sand nules in addition, which can be readil}' made so by the ordinary methods of river improvement. These streams 
 traverse directly or connect with wide districts, abounding in almost every variety of agricultural product, filled with 
 inexhaustible deposits of valuable minerals, or covered with enormous forests of the finest timber in the world, giving 
 access to the entire Mississippi system of inland navigation, reaching nearly twentj'-five thousand miles in extent. 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 But if the natural advantages of Kentucky, thus patent to the most casual obser\'er, are so extraordinary, they are 
 not more so than the inconceivable stores of hidden wealth which lie beneath her surface, waiting for the hand of Intel" 
 ligeut enterprise to drag them forth. Building stones of great variety and excellent quality abound in almost every 
 section of the State. The petroleum wells of Barren, Cumberland, and Wayne counties have been yielding up the their 
 treasures for years, and there are the strongest reasons for believing that enormous reservoirs of the same material ex- 
 ist in other localities yet untried. Extensive deposits of marl sufficiently impregnated with potash and soda to render 
 them as valuable as fertilizers for some soils as the phosphate beds of South Carolina have already been discovered in 
 Grayson, Edmonson. Breckinridge, Caldwell, Christian, ami I^ivingston counties, and are, no doubt, to be found in equal 
 or greater quantities in other sections of the State where similar geologic conditions exist. 
 
 58 
 
Fire and pottery clays of the finest quality occur in great abuudauce beneath the gravel beds of the Tennessee river, 
 in numerous places iu Central Kentucky, and throughout the extensive coal measures in both the eastern and western 
 portions of the State. What the value of some of these clays might be if the experiments now being made with a view 
 of producing aluminum at a cost that would render it an article of common use is, uo doubt, a matter of pleasing spec- 
 ulation to you, especially, who sit at this moment within less than an hour's travel of a single deposit amounting to nrillious 
 on millions of tons, which Would yield from fifty to sixty per cent, of that very remarkable and valuable metal. 
 
 But one of the most striking illustrations of that singular combination of a variety of natural resources, which is to 
 be found nearly everywhere iu Kentucky, may be seen in a few hours of leisurely travel along a portion of the border 
 of Meade county, bounded on the north by a bend of the Ohio, with over seventy-five miles of river front, a large pro- 
 portion of which is alluvial bottom of iuexhaustible fertility. Stopping at a point on the 
 
 Louisville & Paducah Railroad, near the summit of Muldraugh's Hill, you ^^""^ ^"^^w^ will fine 
 
 an almost inexhaustible supply of white sand, which, for the manufacture ^r ^^^ of the 
 
 finer qualities of glass, is said to be the equal of any to be found upon ^ . ^V the 
 
 continent. Within a walk of a mile or two, you will reach the Gra- 
 hampton Mills, on Otter creek, with their hundreds of busy spin- 
 dles and clattering looms, engaged in the profitable manufacture 
 of seamless bagging. Turning down the little stream you wi 
 pass, perhaps, half a dozen equally eligible but unoccupied mil 
 
 I<OUISYILI.E BRIDGE. 
 
 sites iu as many miles, before 30U reach its mouth. 
 
 There you will observe in the river bluff a stratum 
 of pure hydraulic limestone, thirty feet in thickness, with facilities for the manufacture of more than a thousand barrels 
 of cement a day, gravitation beiug the only motive power required to remove the stone from the quarry to the kilns, 
 from the kilns to the crushers, and from the crushers to the deck of the steamer, or the barge below. Dropping down 
 the river a few miles along the margin of broad bottom fields you will come to a rich deposit of pottery clay, reaching 
 within a few feet of the water's edge, where the manufactured commodity can be removed out of the workshop or the 
 wareroom on to the boat. A mile or two further down you will reach the celebrated Moremau salt well, which for 
 more than twenty years has been continuously pouring out its briny torrent with more than sufficient fuel in the form 
 of natural gas to reduce its waters to a salt, which has been awarded the first premiums iu Europe and America ; and 
 in less than a mile further you will find a steam flouring mill, which has been running for years with heat furnished 
 entirel)' by the same convenient and inexpensive material. 
 
 I might extend this picture almost indefinitely, but I need not detain you with such things as these. Interesting as 
 they are to me, and important as they may be to others, they seem dwarfed into insignificance when compared with the 
 measureless wealth of our State in 
 
 COAL AND IRON. 
 
 Of these it might be sufficient to say, in an address like this, that the combined area of the coal fields of Kentucky 
 is greater, in superficial extent, and in the aggregate thickness of their workable beds, than those of Pennsylvania, or 
 of Great Britain and Ireland together. That they underlie the whole or part of twenty-nine counties of our State 
 comprising over fourteen thousand square miles, in a territory of only forty thousaud four hundred ; and that through- 
 
 59 
 
out these vast and inexhaustible measures, containing almost every variety of coal, or in convenient proximity to them, 
 are to be found abundant deposits of rich and valuable iron ores, from which may be produced a quality of iron, for 
 many purposes uuequaled by any other in the world. 
 
 I trust you will pardon me, however, if I shall be somewhat more specific. We hear it frequently said, that with all 
 our wonderful deposits of coal we can never compete with Pennsylvania ; that a single flood in the Ohio river w ill fetch 
 from Pittsburgh more coal than we can bring to market from our mines in a year ; and that, with all our abundance of 
 superior iron ores, our want of transportation facilities will forever prevent our competing with Alabama and Tennessee 
 in the production of iron. And I am free to admit that if we had no water transportation of our own, and if coals were 
 used only by those living along the Ohio, and if it were impossible to construct railways, or to transport the products of 
 our mines over them at rates which would be profitable to the carrier without being oppressive to the producer, there 
 might be some force in these somewhat exaggerated objections. But we shall presently see that shrewd, far-seeing 
 business men, who have large capital to invest, are taking a very different view of the matter, and that these objections 
 have really no foundation, either in reason or in fact. 
 
 The census report on the statistics of iron and steel production in the United States for iSSo shows that "the 
 average distance over w-hich all the domestic iron ore, which is consumed in the blast furnaces of this country, is trans- 
 ported is not less than four hundred miles ; and the average distance over which the fuel which is used to smelt it is 
 hauled is not less than two hundred miles." 
 
 Now, in the light of these facts, let us look, for a moment, at our Western coal fields, underlying nine counties and 
 embracing an area of over four thousand square miles. 
 
 Instead of a haul of four hundred miles for our ores, or two hundred for our fuel, we find these tremendous meas- 
 ures side by side, with the rich deposits of iron in the counties of Grayson, Edmonson, and Butler, on the east, and the 
 great Cumberland river iron region, extending through the counties of Crittenden, Caldwell, Livingston, L3"on, and 
 Trigg, on the west, while in the very heart of the fields themselves — as may be seen in Muhlenburg — there are localities 
 in which the ore is found resting immediately above an excellent qualit}' of coking coal, so that both can be mined 
 together with comparatively little expense. 
 
 We find them, moreover, almost if not quite as convenient to water trausportatiou as the coal mines of Pennsylvania — 
 touching the Ohio at Dekoven, connected with the Cumberland within a trifling distance by rail, and penetrated by the 
 Tradewater and Green rivers, both navigable streams. But this richly-endowed section of our State is not only fortunately- 
 located with regard to the great Mississippi system of inland navigation, but it has for years past been attracting the 
 attention of intelligent capital, and its coal measures and iron beds are being rapidly gridiroued by railways. The New- 
 port News & Mississippi Valley Railway passes directly through them from east to west, while they are traversed 
 from north to south by railroads leading from Owensboro to Russellville ; from Henderson to Nashville ; from Princeton 
 to Clarksville ; and from Henderson through the counties of Union, Crittenden, and Caldwell, to the ore beds of Trigg, 
 where the proprietors of the Dekoven mines are making preparations for the extensive manufacture of iron. 
 
 Apart, however, from all idea of developing an extended or profitable iron industr\' in the western portion of our 
 State, the fact remains that it is brought into immediate connection with the great and continually widening railroad 
 systems of the South and South-west, the larger parts of which extend through regions entirely destitute of coal ; and 
 that alone is sufficient to insure heavy and constantly increasing drafts upon the enormous treasures of its coal fields 
 until long after this generation shall have passed away. 
 
 But let us look for a moment at our Eastern coal measures underlying twenty counties, with an area of over ten 
 thousand square miles, a treasure house of such inconceivable dimensions that the imagination reels and recoils from 
 the vain attempt to compass them. To say nothing of the vast deposits of Cannel and other superior coals suitable for 
 steam and domestic purposes, they embrace a remarkable variety, in strata from three and a half to nine feet in thickness, 
 covering an area of a thousand square miles or more, extending through portions of Pike, Letcher, Harlan, Leslie, 
 Breathitt, Floyd, Perry, and Knott counties, and from which a coke can be made in every respect superior to the far- 
 famed coke of Connellsville, which has for years cut such a conspicuous figure in the industrial history of our country. 
 But what of all that ? Can those vast treasures ever be utilized? Where is the key which is to open their hidden vaults? 
 Let us see. 
 
 There are now in the United States, in round numbers, 129,000 miles of railwaj-, and new lines are being constructed at 
 the rate of hundreds of miles each succeeding year, all of which must be supplied with steel, which is rapidl}^ taking 
 the place of, if it has not already superseded, the iron rail formerly in universal use. Consequently, Bessemer steel has 
 not only become, but must always continue to be, one of the most important and indispensable articles of commerce. 
 The principal part of the ore for the manufacture of this commodity in the United States is derived from the mines of 
 Lake Superior, from which there were shipped within the last year 5,000,000 tons, costing at Cleveland, Ohio, from $7.25 
 to I7.50 per ton. 
 
 But fuel is as indispensable to the production of steel as the ore itself, and Connellsville coke is carried over six 
 hundred miles to the blast furnaces of Chicago, and over seven hundred and fifty to those of St. Louis. Now, while 
 this is true, there lies within ninety miles of the vast fields of coking coal in south-eastern Kentucky, a bed of iron ore 
 more extensive than the enormous deposits of Missouri and Michigan, which has been ascertained by actual test 
 and pronounced by competent authorities to be unsurpassed by any on the earth for the production of Bessemer steel, 
 and which, with proper railroad facilities, could be delivered in the heart of these extraordinary coal measures at a cost 
 not exceeding two dollars anil a half per ton. 
 
 In addition to this, these coals are within easy reach of the Red river iron region, embracing portions of Estill, 
 V.ee, Powell, Bath, and Menifee counties, and the Hanging Rock region of Greenup, Carter, Bo\-d, and Lawrence, and 
 siill more convenient to the enormous masses of fossiliferous hematite and other excellent ores extending along the 
 foothills of the Cumberland mountains, just across the line from Kentucky, and which must depend upon the coals of 
 this section of our State for smelting purposes. 
 
 60 
 
In view of such facts as these it is by no means singular that the attention of intelligent and entemrising capitalists 
 is being steadily concentrated upon this marvelous combination of stupendous natural advantages. Not only have 
 many of the more wealthy and sagacious business men of our own State made large purchases of timber and mineral 
 lands in this remarkable section, but similar investments have been recently made by large steel and iron manufacturers 
 in England, in the Eastern States, and from the flourishing, but less favored, localities of Chattanooga and Birmingham. 
 
 Three railways from the north and west, already partially constructed, are reaching for the vast treasures of this won- 
 derful region. One up the Cumberland Valley from the Louisville & Knoxville Railroad, furnishing an all-rail connection 
 with our own splendid commercial metropolis, and the great cities of Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis in one direction, 
 and with the great and constantly expanding system of southern railroads in the other ; the Kentucky Union, which 
 
 By permission "t l'n>t_ J "^ 
 
 THE MOUNTAIN SCHOOL — A WARM DAY. 
 
 will no doubt ultimately find one of its termini in your own beautiful city ; and the third up the valley of the Big 
 Sandy, bringing its coals in almost immediate contact with our north-eastern ores, and one of the rich iron regions of 
 Ohio. 
 
 There are four other railroads now in process of construction from the East and South, all concentrating upon this 
 same fabulously favored section of our State. The Norfolk & Western, which will furnish it direct connection 
 with the Atlantic coast ; the Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley ; the South Atlantic & Ohio, and the Charleston, Cumberland 
 Gap & Chicago, all leading through the richest iron regions of the South, and furnishing easy communication with an 
 enormous territory almost, if not entirely, destitute of coal. 
 
 Now, when we remember that the demand for coke for the manufacture of iron and steel is increasing every year at 
 a tremendous rate ; that for this purpose it is frequenth* transported over a thousand miles by rail ; that these coal 
 measures will furnish a greater quantity and better quality of that material than any other locality in the world ; that 
 they are in almost immediate proximity to an inexhaustible supply of the best and cheapest Bessemer steel ore to be 
 found on the globe ; that they are nearer the center of population of the United States, and to Louisville, Cincinnati, 
 and other great manufacturing cities, as well as to the ore regions of South-western Virginia, Western North Carolina, 
 and East Tennessee, than any other extensive deposit of similar coal yet discovered ; and that with the Kentucky river 
 navigable to the Three Forks, and the railroad facilities I have mentioned, it will find a cheap and ready market for all 
 its products of timber, coal, and iron, we may begin to form some conjecture of the capacity of this remarkable region 
 to contribute to the prosperity and grandeur of our State. And here I trust you will pardon me for saying — as a matter 
 
 6l 
 
of justice to a most excelleut and faithful, but poorly paid public officer — that for the prospect of the early and rapid 
 developmeut of this wonderful section of our State, we are mainly indebted to the able and efficient Director of our 
 Geological Survey, Mr. John R. Procter, whose patient, persistent, intelligent, and unpaid efforts in directing the atten- 
 tion of railroad companies and other capitalists in Europe and America to its astonishing resources has doue more to 
 promote the progress of Kentucky than all her politicians combined. 
 
 PROGRESS. 
 
 Permit me also in this connection to disabuse your minds, if they have been unfortunatel}' imbued with the impres- 
 sion which appears to be prevalent among many, that there is really no such thing as " progress" in Kentucky at all. 
 We hear of booms in Tennessee, booms in Alabama, booms in Kansas, and booms in other States, but none in our own, 
 and I am glad of it. I prefer the steady, healthful glow of the sunlight to the startling but momentary glare of the 
 meteor, and I propose to show, by a brief reference to a few well-authenticated data, that in those things that constitute 
 a sound, substantial prosperity, the progress that Kentucky is making is not only gratifying, but far in advance of some 
 of the States with which she has frequently been invidiously compared by many who appear to have been totall}' ignor- 
 ant of the real facts. 
 
 The latest report upon the internal commerce of the Uuited States, made by the Bureau of Statistics at Washing- 
 ton, shows that the amount of capital invested in mining and manufacturing industries in Kentucky during the two 
 vears ending December 30, 1SS6, was $46,707,200 — $20,022,200 more than in Alabama, notwithstanding all that has been 
 said of her remarkable progress — 130,233,200 more than in Arkansas; $3,558,200 more than in both combined, and, 
 with the exception of those two 17,336,400 more than all the other Southern States together ; and that the increase in 
 1SS6 was $10. ioo,Soo greater than in 1SS5. The same authority shows that the increase in the value of products manu- 
 factured in the State from iSSo to 18S5 was $16,109,000 greater than the increase for the entire preceding decade ; that 
 wliile the increase in the sales of leaf tobacco in the great market at Louisville was 22,279 hogsheads, or fifty-four per 
 cent, for the ten years from 1870 to iSSo, the increase for the following five years was 42,399, or si.xty-five per cent., 
 
 reaching the enormous 
 amount of 107,670 hogs- 
 heads in the single year 
 1S85 ; vdiile for the same 
 year — the last one report 
 ed — we had an increase 
 upon the one preceding 
 of 8,124 mules, 11,156 
 horses, 28,196 cattle, 334, 
 000 bushels of wheat, 
 18,680,000 bushels of 
 corn, and 17,455,000 
 pounds of tobacco. 
 
 Our healthy and con- 
 servative progress, espe- 
 cially as regards the com 
 niercial growth of our 
 beautiful and prosperous 
 metropolis, is more strik- 
 
 A Mountain Homestead. 
 
 ingly exhibited, however, 
 by the records of the 
 Louisville Clearing 
 House, which show that 
 the clearings for the year 
 ending December 31, 
 1 885, were $233, 282, 262. 23, 
 against $107,349,171 for 
 1S76, or $18,583,918.23 
 more than twice as much ; 
 and that for the five 
 months just closed there 
 w.is an increase of $18,- 
 664,323 upon the clearings 
 for the corresponding five 
 months of last year. 
 
 To t h e s e facts, which 
 are of themselves abun- 
 dantlv sufficient to .show 
 
 the gratifying prosperity of Kentucky, it may be added that we Jiow have under contract and in process of rapid con- 
 struction five hundred and one miles of new railroad, against one hundred and one miles constructed last 3-ear — more, 
 in fact, than can be claimed forauy other State in the Union, with, perhaps, a single exception. 
 
 TAX.\TION AND DEBT. 
 
 There is another singular delusion with regard to our State, under which some uninformed minds may, perhaps, 
 honestly labor, but which may be dispelled by the simple statement of a few plain facts. It is the impression, encour- 
 aged too often, I fear, by those who ought to know better, that our taxation is vastly disproportioned to our wealth, our 
 revenues devoted to unw'orth}- purposes, and our indebtedness too grievous to bear — in other words, that Kentucky, in 
 her corporate sense, is a miserable, misgoverned, tax-ridden, delrt-ladened pauper, when nothing could be more directly 
 contrary to the truth. 
 
 In the report of the census of 1880, the true aggregate valuation of our assessable w'ealth was estimated at $902,000,- 
 000, which, considering the seven 3'ears which have since elapsed, it would be entirely safe to estimate, according to the 
 same ratio of increase during the preceding decade, at a thousand million dollars. Yet it is set down bj' our assessors 
 for the present fiscal year, at only $484,491,690, less than one half its real assessable value. Upon this the rate of ta.xa- 
 tion for all State purposes is forty-seven and a half cents on each hundred dollars, equivalent to less than twenty-three 
 cents upon a correct assessment. Of that forty-seven and a half cents, twenty-six are appropriated to our educational 
 funds, leaving only twentj'-one and a half for all other purposes ; and of this remainder fully five cents are devoted to 
 our public charities, leaving only sixteen and a half, orthe equivalent of a tax of eight and a quarter cents on each one 
 hundred dollars of our actual assessable wealth, to meet all the other expenditures of our State government, fixed and 
 contingent. Yet.wdiile this is true, and notw-ithstanding the fact that fully one-half the State is still in virgin forests and 
 undeveloped by internal improvements the same census report ranks Kentucky as the fourteenth State in the Union in 
 regard to the assessed value of propert}', and the thirty-fifth as to the amount of taxation per capita ; and, moreover, 
 that while thirty-four States tax their people a higher amount per capita, but four others in the entire Union appropriate 
 anything like the same proportion of the revenues derived from State taxation to educational purposes. 
 
 62 
 
Oxir vState debt proper is smaller than that of any other State in the Union, excepting seven, amonnting to only 
 f674,ooo, at an aggregate interest of $30,640 per annum or a fraction over a half cent on each one hundred dollars of our 
 property at its present reduced rate of assessment, and to meet this debt, which, in nine years, will be reduced to I500,- 
 000, there are assets in our sinking fund amounting to 1711,346. 
 
 If I have been tedious in the recital of facts with which you were, perhaps, already familiar, I trust that I shall be 
 amply justified by the purposes I have had in view. 
 
 It has been my object, as you have already anticipated, no doubt, to show this splendid body of intelligent and as- 
 jnring young gentlemen, who are here preparing to enter the arena of active manhood, that no matter what avenue of 
 
 THK THOROUGHBKKD TROTTER AT HuSIh. 
 
 useful enterprise tbey may select, they can find no more fitting field for the employment of their talents, or the exercise 
 of their energies, nor one which promises richer rewards in fortuue or in fame, than is furnished here in our own mag- 
 nificent State, so bountifully endowed by nature, so lightly burdened by man. 
 
 I have desired also, to suggest the importance of enabling our young men to prepare themselves for the nmltiplied 
 opportunities for usefulness and honor to be afforded in the development of our manifold resources, and the infinite 
 varieties of productive industries growing out of them, which is just beginning and which must continue with constantly 
 increasing activity until long after you and I shall have crumbled to dust. To the accomplishmeut of that desirable end, 
 I know of no more natural or necessary step than the ampler endowment of this institution, and such enlargement of 
 tlie range of its instruction, as w^ill enable the student to step from the curriculum of his alma mater, full panoplied, 
 into his choseu field of action, whatever it may be, whether the farm or the factory, the machiue shop or the mine, the 
 engineer's office or the laboratory of the chemist, or any of the nmltitude of avocations requiring superior intelligence 
 and training. This, as I have endeavored to show, the State is abundantly able to do, and I hope the time is not far off 
 when an enlightened public policy will make the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky the grand institute 
 of technology of the Valley of the Mississippi, the pride and ornament of this l)eautiful and prosperous city, and the 
 brightest jewel in the coronet of the Commonwealth. 
 
 63 
 
Mineral Discov^riES in KEnhucky 
 
 HE following extracts from the official report, for 1SS7, of Hon. John R. Procter, State Geol- 
 ogist, will show, not only the very remarkable resources of coal, iron, clays, etc., brought to 
 light within the last few years, but will explain to those unacquainted with the history of 
 Kentucky, and to its people, the reasons why the means of penetrating into the wonderful 
 mineral regions have been comparatively few : 
 
 Kentucky had taken high rank as an agricultural State, but, notwithstanding her great 
 wealth in coals, iron ores, timbers, and other natural products, she had fallen behind States 
 less richly endowed in commerce, manufacturing, and mining. This is not due, as has been 
 generally supposed, to a lack of enterprise or liberality ou the part of the State. 
 
 The facts bear out the assertion that few States have been more liberal in promoting 
 public improvement than Kentucky. The second railway constructed in the United States, 
 and the first west of the mountains, was built in Kentucky, largely by State aid. A spleudid system of macadam 
 roads, unexcelled by any in this country, was begun as early as 1S25, and carried to its present perfection mainly by 
 State and county aid. The State early began, and carried forward for a number of j-ears, the improvement of the main 
 rivers within her borders, by an expensive system of locks and dams. The support given to the Geological Surv-ej-, 
 when it is considered that the State had no public lands for sale, has been continued with commendable liberality. 
 
 It was not from lack of a progressive public policy, but from causes without and beyond the control of the State, 
 that she has not taken the rank as a manufacturing State which her vast resources would warrant. A glance at some of 
 these causes is all that can be here attempted. Our pioneer fathers came for hundreds of miles over mountains and 
 through almost impenetrable forests, and settled this fair land long before the advent of railways and steamboats, and 
 the early prosperity of the State was the marvel of those times. Nothing, not even the settlement of the great West, 
 promoted as it was b}' railways and large donations of public lands, has been so phenomenal. In 1775 the first path 
 was " marked " by Boone through " The Wilderness," and in 1790 the population amounted to 73,677, notwithstanding 
 constant wars with the Indians, and that, during the period from 1783 to 1790, there were no less than fifteen hundred 
 authenticated instances of death by the Indian's rifie and tomahawk. In 1800 the population was 220,959 ; in iSio it 
 had increased to 406,511, and in 1820 to 516,317 souls. And during all this time there was hardly a wagon road connect- 
 ing this prosperous community with the distant settlements in the Atlantic States. 
 
 The increase in wealth and commercial prosperity was as remarkable as the rapid increase in population. The State 
 soon took rank as one of the leading States in the value and variety of agricultural products, and had developed exten- 
 sive manufacture of such commodities as could reach the markets by river transportation. 
 
 The relative importance of Kentucky as a center of commercial and manufacturing enterprise was for a time changed 
 by the following causes : The completion of the Erie Canal, in 1823, connecting the Atlantic with the great lakes by way 
 of Hudson river, made New York the great commercial metropolis of the Atlantic seaboard, and started industrial 
 development and population westward on a line north of Kentucky. The introduction of the railway as a means of 
 transportation furthermore altered existing conditions. The great mountain ranges, and the hundreds of miles of almost 
 uninhabited forests, offered insurmountable obstacles to the early construction of railways connecting the State with the 
 seaboard. 
 
 It was less expensive to construct roads through the States north of Kentucky. From the great public domain to the 
 north and north-west, enormous grants of land were made by the General Government, and by the States, to promote 
 the construction of railway's, often amounting in value to more than the entire cost of the roads to which the grants 
 were made. The General Government yet further promoted this building of roads westward by indorsing the bonds of 
 some of the projected roads, in addition to the land grants, so that by this means this sj-stem of roads was carried west- 
 ward to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 These roads, in order to bring population along their lines, and realize from the sale of their lands, instituted the 
 most expensive and effective system of advertising ever before seen. As a result an unprecedented foreign immigration 
 has been carried westward, and large drains have been made upon the population of the older States. Capital and in- 
 dustrial activity followed this vast influx of population, and a resultant speculative mania made large drains upon the 
 productiveness of Kentucky. To the south of Kentucky, the conditions are somewhat analogous. The great valley 
 extending south-westwardly from Pennsylvania to Alabama, afforded a cheap route along which railway's were con- 
 structed. In Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida the public lands were the property of the General Govern- 
 ment, and large donations were made to aid in the construction of railways. 
 
 Thus great lines of road, counecting the seaboard with the West, passed by the State on the North and on the 
 South, leaving a great area, many thousand square miles in extent, comprising south-east Kentucky, western and 
 south-west Virginia, without transportation facilities, being the largest area east of the Mississippi river unpeuetrated 
 by railways. This was the principal problem coufrciiting the Survey when I was called to assume the direction of its 
 work in 1S80. 64 
 
Of the large region on the head waters of the Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, and Cumberland rivers, comprising the 
 counties of Elliot, Morgan, Johnson, Martin, Floyd, Pike, Magoffin, Wolfe, Powell, Lee, Rockcastle, Jackson, Laurel, 
 Leslie, Clay, Knox, Bell, Whitley, Wayne, Pulaski, and Knott, no reports on the geology and resources, save prelim- 
 inary reconnaissance reports on limited areas, had been made, either by the present Survey or by the former Survey 
 conducted by Dr. Owen. Capitalists will not furnish money to build railways and turnpikes, and open mines on gen- 
 eralities, however enticing, but demand accurate statement of facts, and the Survey has aimed at placing the e.xact facts 
 before the public. 
 
 That a more intimate knowledge of the coals in this hitherto unexplored region might be obtained, men were era- 
 ployed, under the direction of officers of the Survey, to dig into the coal outcrops, face them up, so that averaged sam- 
 ples could be obtained for analysis ; and also that accurate measurement be made of the thickness of the various beds, 
 ■with the accompanying shale or rock. The large number of detail sections of coals already published, drawn to a scale 
 
 A BLUEGRAS,S CATTLK PASTURK. 
 
 of five feet to the inch, and the numerous analyses from hitherto unknown coals,* attest the value of such work. It is 
 with pleasure that I am enabled to say, that the several able experts, who have been sent into this region during the 
 past two years, have borne willing testimony respecting the accuracy and reliability of the work of the Survey. 
 
 Mr. Procter goes into details as to the survey aud the character of the work reported. The detailed reports have 
 been published or are now in the hands of the printers, and will show all the various analyses of undeveloped coal in 
 South-eastern Kentucky. The examinations were made by assistants of high character and great experience, and will be 
 of value only to persons desirous of investing in particular lands. The report then continues as follows, summarizing the 
 several volumes in few words : 
 
 The Geological Surs'ey in South-eastern Kentucky has brought to light the following facts within the past few years : 
 That, in addition to the coals beneath the conglomerate sandstone forming the base of the coal measures proper, we 
 have above the conglomerate, north of Pine mountain, 1,650 feet of coal measures, containing nine beds of coal of 
 workable thickness, and between the Pine and Cumberland mountains there is a greater thickness of the coal measures, 
 containing twelve or more workable coals. That certainly one, possibly three, of these coals are coking coals of great 
 excellence. That in places, two, and sometimes three, of the coals are found as Cannel coals of remarkable richness and 
 purity. The facts brought to light warrant the assertions that the largest known area of rich Cannel coals is found in 
 Eastern Kentucky, and that the largest known area of superior coking coal is found in the same section ; that this 
 coking coal is more advantageously located, with reference to cheap and high grade iron ores, than any other coking 
 
 *Since 1881 Dr. Peter, the Chemist of the Survey, has made analyses from 287 samples, carefully averaged, from undeveloped coals. 
 
 65 
 
coal. Canuel coals are found in sixteen of the counties in the Eastern Coal Field. Below are recent analyses from 
 some of these Cannel coals. The value of a Cannel coal is usually determined by relative richness iu volatile com- 
 bustible matter : 
 
 J; 
 
 ■5- 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 
 ^ 1^ 
 ft 
 
 
 
 ti. 
 
 2578 Bell . . 
 2838 Bell . . 
 284i|Bell . . 
 26i8]Breathitt 
 2619 Breathitt 
 
 * I Breathitt 
 
 * Breathitt 
 2509:Morgau 
 2656: Clay . 
 2703'Harlau 
 2717 Johnson 
 2719 Knott . 
 2739 Leslie . 
 2784'Perrv 
 281 1 [Whitley 
 
 41-54 
 51.60 
 47.40 
 53-So 
 41.10 
 48.22 
 66. 28 
 50.06 
 44.16 
 42.64 
 50.22 
 44.40 
 44.20 
 44.80 
 40.56 
 
 50.60 
 40.40 
 47.70 
 39-46 
 46.70 
 44-24 
 
 29-73 
 40.14 
 
 43-74 
 46.48 
 40.74 
 47.00 
 43-70 
 37.60 
 51-24 
 
 7.00 
 7.00 
 3-30 
 5-54 
 11.20 
 4.76 
 
 3-64 
 
 8.40 
 
 11.80 
 
 9-32 
 7.60 
 7.88 
 11.00 
 16.80 
 6.70 
 
 
 5.078 
 •739 
 -574 
 .722 
 
 1. 120 
 .078 
 -0S3 
 
 1.065 
 
 1.244 
 -574 
 -837 
 ■753 
 .690 
 .970 
 
 2.768 
 
 * Analyses by Prof. Thos. Egleston, of Columbia College School of Mines. 
 
 For purposes of comparison, analyses from some of the most celeljrated Cannel coals are given 
 
 Kirkless Hall, England j 40.30 
 
 Boghead, Scotland 1 51.60 
 
 Lesmahago Cannel i 49.60 
 
 Peytona, West Virginia , 46.00 
 
 It will be seen that some of the East Kentucky Cannel coals excel the most celebrated coals of England.' When 
 the projected roads penetrate this region these Cannel coals will find a market all over the country, for domestic use, 
 and for the manufacture and the enriching of gas. They will also bear exportation for the same purposes. 
 
 The maiu coking coal of Eastern Kentucky has been named by the Survey the Elkhoru coal, from the stream in 
 Pike county, where it was first discovered and proven to be a coking coal. Since its discovery, a few years ago, this bed 
 has been identified as thick coal, and traced by the Survey over an area of more than 1,600 square miles. It 
 has been traced as a thick bed, above drainage, through Pike, Letcher, and Harlan counties, and over a large part of 
 Floyd, Knott, Perry, Leslie, and Bell counties. It has also been identified as a workable coal in Wolfe, Breathitt, Clay, 
 and Knox counties. 
 
 This coal attains its greatest thickness in Letcher, Pike, and Harlan counties, but it is thick enough for profitable 
 mining when transportation is secured, in all of the counties mentioned above. The following analyses, selected from 
 the many made by the Survey from carefully averaged samples, show the great excellence of this coal over a wide area: 
 
 AN.\LVSES OF ELKHORN BED, KENTUCKY COKING COAL. 
 
 AVERAGE OF 
 
 i. 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 
 17 Bell county coals 
 
 9 Harlan county coals 
 
 6 Letcher county coals 
 
 6 Pike county coals 
 
 Connellsville coal, Pennsylvania . . 
 
 62.63 
 60.02 
 61.09 
 63.86 
 60.30 
 
 37.13 
 35-46 
 35-00 
 31-67 
 31-38 
 
 3-83 
 4-25 
 3-19 
 2.86 
 7.24 
 
 .760 
 .940 
 .464 
 .686 
 1.090 
 
 66 
 
The chemical composition of these Kentucky coals more nearly resembles that of the celebrated Counellsville, than 
 do the coking coals of West Virginia, Tennessee, or Alabama. 
 
 Careful tests, oft repeated, have demonstrated beyond question that a superior coke can be made from this Elkhorn 
 coal. These cokes have been tested for strength and porosity with most satisfactorj' results. The following analyses, 
 selected from a large number, show that these cokes possess three requisites of a good blast furnace fuel — high carbon, 
 with low sulphur and ash : 
 
 ANALYSES OF KENTUCKY COKES. 
 
 AVERAGE OF 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 5: 
 
 5 Samples of Bell county coke 
 
 3 Of Harlan county cokes 
 
 4 Of Letcher and Pike county cokes . . 
 
 93.68 
 92.20 
 94.27 
 
 5.84 
 6.16 
 
 5.09 
 
 .765 
 .662 
 .S36 
 
 For comparison, analyses are given from the best cokes now in use in the furnaces : 
 
 AVERAGE OF 
 
 i. 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 Samples Connellsville coke . . . . 
 
 4 Of Chattauooga, Tennessee, coke 
 4 Of Birmingham, Alabama, coke . 
 3 Of Pocahontas, Virginia, coke . . 
 
 
 
 88.962 
 ■S0.513 
 87.299 
 92.550 
 92. 3S 
 
 9.741 
 16.344 
 10.545 
 5.749 
 7.21 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 810 
 
 595 
 195 
 597 
 552 
 
 
 
 
 
 The importance of the discovery of this coking coal, and its bearing upon the future industrial development of the 
 State, can not be overestimated. It adds to the value of the iron ores in North-eastern Kentucky, and the ores in Bath 
 county, and to the brown ores in the limestone of the Red and Kentucky river valleys. In fact, it adds to the value of 
 the ores of the entire State. 
 
 It is the nearest coking coal to Cincinnati and Louisville, and also the nearest good coking coal to St. Louis. It is 
 
 CUKE OVEN CONSTRICTING IN WESTIiRN KENTICKV. 
 
 67 
 
as near Chicago as is the Connellsville coking coal, and nearer to large deposits of Bessemer steel ores than is any other 
 coking coal in this country. 
 
 As the south-eastern boundary of the vState is for many miles also the south-eastern limit of the Appalachian coal 
 field, and the great deposits of iron ores beyond our border must, in large measure, be smelted with Kentucky coke, 
 a slight reference to some of these ores may prove of interest. Just beyond, and parallel to the south-eastern border of 
 the State, there is a stratified ore, ranging from two to five feet in thickness, and averaging from forty-five to fifty-four 
 per cent, of metallic iron. This ore is known by the several names of "Clinton ore," " Dyestone " and "Red Fossil." 
 It extends along the eastern base of the Cumberland and Stone mountains, and is duplicated along the slope of Powell's 
 mountain and Wallen's ridge, giving three parallel lines of this cheap ore, convenient to the South-eastern Kentucky 
 coke, and often most favorably located for cheap mining. 
 
 Recently, it has been my good fortune to prove the existence of a reliable horizon of limonite or "brown" ore ex- 
 tending parallel and near to the above. This ore has been opened in a number of places, showing a thick deposit of 
 excellent ore, averaging as high as fifty-two per cent, of metallic iron. This ore is in the Oriskan^- of the Upper 
 Silurian, and knowing that the same formation was brought up above drainage through the Eastern Kentucky Coal 
 Field by the Great Pine mountain fault, it was hoped thct the same ore could be found along the northern slope of Pine 
 mountain. Investigations made in November of the present year confirmed these expectations. On Straight creek, 
 about three miles above Pineville, this same Oriskany ore is in place, with indications of a thick deposit, and fragments 
 of the same ore were seen at other places along the mountain. This is a rich ore, and I hope it will prove a reliable and 
 extensive deposit. 
 
 In 1S82-3, the Geological Survey found an excellent iron ore resting on top of the subcarboniferous limestone on the 
 northern slope of Pine mountain, in Pike county, being the same as the ore occupying the same horizon in Estill, Lee, 
 and adjoining counties. The hope has also been indulged in that, somewhere along Pine mountain, the rocks would 
 be lifted up high enough to give the Clinton ore above drainage. The certainty of having two valuable ore horizons, 
 and the possibility of a third (the Clinton), in places along Pine mountain, opens up wide possibilities for the future de- 
 velopment of that region. The Pine mountain lault extends for many miles immediately through the field containing 
 the coking coal. 
 
 Beyond the ores above mentioned, in the great valley, are large deposits of brown ore, resting on the Cambro-Si- 
 lurian limestones of the several counties of South-west Virginia ; and in Carter, Johnson, and Unicoi, and other coun- 
 ties in East Tennessee. These ores range from fifty to sixty per cent, in iron, and frequently low enough in phosphorus 
 to make a Bessemer iron. Large deposits of manganese ore favorably located for cheap mining are abundant. Yet 
 further east additional brown ores are found in great abundance, in the Potsdam formation, and quite recenth" an im- 
 mense deposit of high grade ore has been found at the base of this formation. 
 
 Specular ore of great richness, and as low as .003 per cent, of phosphorus, is found in East Tennessee ; and along 
 the flanks of the Great Smoky mountain, having the great Roan mountain as a center, are deposits of very rich and pure 
 magnetic iron ore. These ores have been found along this range for many miles ; the largest development being at the 
 Cranberry mines, in Mitchell county. North Carolina, where the ore has been uncovered on the face of the hills for a 
 width of nearly four hundred feet and quite three hundred feet high. This ore, now being shipped in large quantities 
 and successfully used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel, is mined by quarryin;^ in open cut, so that it is delivered on 
 the cars at a low cost. 
 
 The Bessemer steel ores of the Lake Superior region are over seven hundred miles from the nearest coking coal, 
 while the abundant Bessemer steel ores of this region are less than one hundred miles from the Kentucky coking coal. 
 Assuming Cleveland and Youngstown region as the natural meeting point between the Lake Superior iron ores and the 
 Connellsville coke, the cost of the raw material (coke, limestone, and ore) necessary for the manufacture of a ton of 
 Bessemer pig will be at least five dollars a ton more at those points, than will be the cost of similar materials at favor- 
 able localities where the Kentucky coke and the North Carolina magnetic ores may be brought together ; and the differ- 
 ence in the cost of materials necessary to make a non-Bessemer pig will be yet greater, and more in favor of the same 
 region. Latest quotations give the price of ore at Cleveland as follows : 
 
 Specular and Magnetic Bessemer, per ton fy 00 to J7 50. 
 
 Bessemer Hematites, per ton 5 75 to 6 70 
 
 The cost of the coke and the ore necessary for the production of a ton of iron in Mahoning Valley district is given 
 in Iron Trade Review at $9.90 for the ore, and $4.50 for the coke ; total, $14.40. 
 
 The facts above stated are at last known and appreciated by irorimasters and railway builders. Four important lines 
 of railway are being pushed to rapid completion, and will penetrate this region during the coming year, viz : First: The 
 Clinch Valley extension of the Norfolk & Western. Second: The South Atlantic & Ohio, from Bristol through Big 
 Stone Gap to a connection with the Eastern Kentucky Railway. Third : The Powell's Valley Railway, from Kuo.k- 
 ville to Cumberland Gap. Fourth : The Cumberland Valley extension of the Louisville & Nashville Railway, through 
 the great Water Gap in Pine mountain to a connection with the Powell's Vallev Railway at Cumberland Gap, and with 
 the Clinch Vallej- extension of the Norfolk & Western, at or near Big Stone Gap. An important railway is being lo- 
 cated from North Carolina through Eastern Kentucky via the "Breaks" of the Big Sandy. And lines are being 
 located with prospects of being completed at no distant day, up the valleys of the Big Sandy, the Kentucky, the Licking, 
 and Cumberland rivers. So that this region, which a year ago was the largest area east of the Mississippi river unpene- 
 trated by railway, will, within the next two years, have abundant railway facilities. 
 
 In my former biennial reports I called attention to the remarkable wealth of fire and pottery clays in the Purchase 
 region. Professor Loughridge's forthcoming report will give minute particulars respecting the location of these clays, 
 and will also contain a valuable chapter on the uses to which they may be applied. It is confidentU- expected that the 
 publication and distribution of this report will lead to the establishment of prosperous industries for the manufacture, 
 in that region, of the manv articles for which these clavs are so admirablv suited. 
 
 6» 
 
These clays have not only been subjected to numerous analyses, but many practical tests have been made. The 
 gentleman who kindly superintended the tests of the pottery, terra-cotta, and other clays, and who has a wide experience 
 in their practical manufacture, writes to the Sur\-ey respecting these Purchase clays : 
 
 "You have raw material equal to the finest in England. The articles have a constant and ready sale, and are .sub- 
 jected to heavy freight rates in transportation from New York, Trenton, or East Liverpool, so that they should be pro- 
 duced near a market, and Kentucky is known as a good market. The practical experience I have had with clays of this 
 district has taught me their jieculiarities, and I can freely say that, from their great plasticity, they are most easily and 
 
 cheaply worked, and, from their 
 binding qualities, entail less loss 
 in the kiln than any others I have 
 ever met with. One of these clays, 
 he writes, will, with the addition 
 of some flint, make a very beau- 
 tiful ivory-ware, almost exactly 
 resemljliug that made by the cele- 
 brated firm of Copeland & Sons, 
 England, for table and toilet sets. 
 Professor Loughridge says (see 
 forthcoming Report "Jackson's 
 Purchase Regiou, ' ' page iioj: 
 "A number of our Kentucky clays 
 compare very favorably in their 
 aualytical results with the G e r- 
 man glass-pot clays, which are so 
 celebrated for their great refrac- 
 tory character. As will be seen 
 by the table given below, the per- 
 centages of iron and potash, the 
 injurious ingredients, are com- 
 paratively but little above those 
 of the German clays, and in several 
 it is much less ; while in the Cal- 
 loway county clay, No. 2639, 
 there is only a trace of iron, a 
 small amount of potash, and a 
 very large percentage of silica and 
 alumiua, making this a far finer 
 clay than the German. * * * 
 There is little doubt that these 
 clays can take the place of the 
 German clays in those estab- 
 lishments where they would be 
 required to withstaud the most in- 
 tense heat." 
 
 Dr. Peter says of clays in the 
 "Bluffs" borderin.g on the Mis- 
 sissippi river : " It is evident that 
 these Tertiary bluffs, from which 
 these clays were collected, offer 
 some valuable materials to the 
 industrial arts. Some of these are 
 quite refractory in the fire, especi- 
 ally Nos. 2136, 2138, 2140, and 2141, 
 and would probably make good fire-bricks, etc. ; others of them could be employed for terra-cotta w'ork and other forms 
 of pottery, while some of these abundant deposits might, no doubt, be used with advantage in mixture with the more 
 calcareous soft material found in some of these beds in the manufacture of hydraulic cement of the character of the 
 celebrated Portland cement." Elsewhere Dr. Peter shows that some of these clays are very like, in chemical compo- 
 sition, the celebrated Strobridge clays of England. 
 
 The Western Coal Field has excellent transportation facilities. Green river traverses the entire field from south to 
 north, affording reliable slack-water navigation from Bowling Green to the Ohio river. One railwav traverses the field 
 from east to west and two from north to south, and two important roads are now being constructed, and others pro- 
 jected. 
 
 There is an abundant supply of cheap iron ores convenient to the coals of Western Kentucky. Associated with the 
 coals of the lower measures, in the counties of Grayson, Edmonson, Butler, and Muhlenburg, are stratified carbonates 
 and limonites, ranging from two to five feet and more in thickness, and persistent over wide areas in the above-men- 
 tioned counties 
 
 69 
 
 Cupyrigbt, 1887, by Harper & Brothurs 
 IX THE CUMBBRLAND MOUNTAINS. 
 
The following are some of the analvses from thick deposits, one from each of the counties of Grayson, Edmon- 
 son. Butler, and Muhlenburg : 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 Silica . . . . 
 Alumina . . 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 PER CENT. 
 
 40.48 
 14.36 
 
 0.41 
 
 42.31 
 22.40 
 
 4-83 
 0.28 
 
 45.10 
 
 14.20 
 
 6 98 
 
 0-39 
 
 48 88 
 
 12.73 
 
 3-91 
 
 Pure limestone is convenient. This region, and the region on the lower Cumberland and Tennessee, certainly offers 
 a most inviting field to the iron manufacturer. 
 
 CHEMICAL WORK. 
 
 The chemical department has always been a prominent feature in the Geological Survey of this State since its first 
 organization, under the distingnished chemist, Dr. Robert Peter, whose frequent contributions have been most valuable 
 additions to chemical and agricultural science. Since the organization of the present Survey he has been ably assisted 
 by his son. A.. M. Peter. Dr. Peter has, in the eleven chemical reports made by him since the inauguration of the Sur- 
 vey, built for himself an enduring monmuent, bearing testimony, for all time, to his high attainments as a chemist, his 
 unfaltering zeal and untiring industry, through long years, to his professional duties, and to his patriotic devotion to the 
 best interests of Kentucky. 
 
 This department has made twenty-eight hundred and sixty -two analyses of substances, coals, ores, clays, etc., with 
 few exceptions from samples carefully collected and averaged by officers of the Survey. The last chemical report, now 
 ready for publication, will, in some respects, be the most important of the entire series, representing, as it does, a larger 
 number of coals from hitherto unexplored sections, destined to play a most important part in the early development of 
 the State. These chemical reports afford a fair index of the work of the Survey. I give below a table of some of the 
 principal materials analyzed since the reorganization of the Survey : 
 
 Coals from developed mines 
 Coals undeveloped .... 
 
 Cokes 
 
 Iron Ores 
 
 Clavs 
 
 tear in which Chemical Report was made. 
 
 1875- 
 
 *58 
 34 
 
 Limestones . . 
 Pig Iron . . . 
 Mineral Waters 
 Soils 
 
 82 
 20 
 17 
 19 
 13 
 86 
 
 1877. I 187S. 1881. tiS83. 18S4. 1886. 
 
 86 
 62 
 
 29 
 4 
 
 22 
 12 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 74 
 
 6 
 25 
 13 
 
 8 
 90 
 
 29 
 86 
 19 
 
 15 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 26 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 II 
 
 162 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 31 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 51 
 
 * The large number of coals analyzed from developed mines may mislead as to the number of coal mines. Fre- 
 quently several samples were taken from the same mine, and from the various entries and "rooms" of a single mine. 
 
 t There was also made, in 1SS3, a valuable report on the comparative composition of the limestones, clays, marls 
 etc., of the several geological formations of Kentucky. 
 
 7C 
 
^^OMIN£:^^ 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 .1 
 
 
W\)<z ©l-)io Vallcv ^jy epr)Or;c feorr^pGirij- 
 
 J. B. Speed. 
 
 James Clark. 
 
 ure, which, in addition to commodi- 
 ous offices for the company, contains 
 two fine stores, several suites of 
 offices, and one of the finest lecture 
 and concert halls in the city. In the 
 rear of this was put up a fire-proof 
 building, the first floor of which 
 contains the ware-rooms, shops, etc., 
 of the company, and the second floor, 
 the large operating room in which is 
 located all the apparatus of the cen- 
 tral oflice. 
 
 On December 31, 1886, the com- 
 pany was reorganized under a special 
 charter as The Ohio Vauey Tele- 
 phone Company. The officers are 
 the same as those who managed the 
 old company. The capital stock is 
 $450,000. The central office is now 
 constant experiments and changes, all of which have been costly to the 
 owners of telephone companies ; but in Louisville the company has hesi- 
 tated at no expense to perfect its service and has adopted every improve- 
 ment, as soon as it has been demonstrated to be of real value. 
 
 Recognizing the difficulty of providing for the eruormous bulk of 
 wires which are accumulating in the central portion of the city, the com- 
 pany has already begun placing its heaviest routes of wires under ground> 
 for as great a distance as they can be made to work satisfactorily. It has 
 already laid about six miles of underground pipes in which the heavy 
 routes will gradually be placed. There are already working in these pipes 
 nearly 1,225,000 feet or 232 miles of wire. 
 
 When the present management took charge of the business it w'as found 
 that it was actually losing monej*, and it became necessary to advance 
 rates. This was done in December, 1S80. This necessity was explained to 
 the subscribers who, with a few exceptions, cordiallv acquiesced in the 
 advance. Since that time there has been no increase in rates, and a year 
 ago the management found that it was possible to make some slight con- 
 cessions to residences. The present rates are as low as those in any city 
 of equal population in the United States, and are considerably lower than 
 the rates in Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, and New Orleans. 
 
 The Exchange now has about 1,800 subscribers and the service is one 
 of the most rapid and reliable in the country. 
 
 SHE Telephone Exchange was opened in Louisville, February, 1879, ^y 
 the American District Telegraph Company. In the fall of 1879 J. B. 
 Speed became President ; James Clark, Vice-President and Treasurer ; 
 H. N. Gifford, General Manager, and W. H. Mundy, Secretary. 
 
 At that time there were about two hundred subscribers, several were 
 connected on the same line and the wires all ran upon house-tops. The 
 new management at once began erecting a system of pole lines, and the 
 wires were removed from house-tops and placed thereon. In the spring of 
 1880, the old central office was abandoned and a complete new equipment 
 of switch boards was placed in the Board of Trade building. 
 
 In 1SS3, the company was reorganized as the Ohio Valley Tele- 
 phone Company. As the utility of the telephone became recognized, 
 the list of subscribers grew until it reached about 1,400. The central 
 office system, although at the time of its purchase the best system known, 
 Vjecame inadequate for the needs of the increasing business and the de- 
 mand for a prompt and reliable service. Recognizing this fact, the com- 
 pany bought a lot on Jefferson, between Fourth and Fifth'streets, running 
 back to Green street, and in 18S4- 5 erected thereon two buildings. The 
 one in front is a handsome three-story pressed brick and stone struct- 
 
 equipped with one of the latest sys- 
 tems of multiple switch boards, and 
 is capable of expanding sufficiently 
 to meet the growth of business for 
 many years to come. 
 
 In addition to its Exchange plant 
 in this city, embracing its cen- 
 tral office and nearly twelve hundred 
 miles of lines carried on the best red 
 cedar poles, the compan\' owns and 
 operates nearly five hundred 
 miles of lines running to different 
 parts of the country, connecting 
 with all prominent towns in Ken- 
 tucky and Southern Indiana. 
 
 Telephone communication, which 
 in the last decade has developed 
 from nothing to a great business ne- 
 cessity, has of course been subject to 
 
 H. N. GiFFORO, 
 
 72 
 
H^r)C igJeprr)<2tr) ir)sup(2rr)ce JcDar)!^. 
 
 [ "^ 
 
 ii 
 
 F. Reidhar. 
 
 J. J. Fischer. 
 
 SHE German Insur- 
 AXCE Bank, No. 327 
 West Market street, bad 
 i origin in the German lu- 
 rance Company, whicli was 
 incorporatetl in 1854, with a 
 ' apital of fo5,ooo. The in- 
 I iirporators w-ere Robert Er- 
 nest, Landeliu Ei s e n m a n , 
 1 bilip Tomppert, G. Philip 
 I irern, Louis Rehm, Gusta- 
 \ us Stein, Jacob Paval, John 
 I lurkee, Conrad Schrceder, 
 I lias Hall, John J. Felker, 
 ^ imuel W. vStone, Herman 
 1 iisti, N. C. Morse, Frederick 
 Schmidt, and Orville Tru- 
 man. Most of these gentle- 
 inen were German retail 
 merchants, and they gave the 
 company a distinctive charac- 
 ter which the bank still re- 
 tains. In 1S60 the charter was so amended as to enable the company to do a banking business. The capital stock had been 
 gradually increased by stock dividends, and this process was continued until 1S72, when the law was passed requiring a 
 separate capital for each branch of the business by banking and insurance companies. In 1S72, therefore, the German 
 Insurance Bank was organized, with a paid-up capital of 1250,000. From this time until the present, the bank has been 
 one of the most successful in Louisville. Its capital remains at the figures aljove stated. The largest patronage of the 
 institution is from the German merchants of Louisville, whose interests it has always served with great fidelity. 
 For several years a dividend of eight per cent, has been paid on its stock. Its surplus is |ioo,ooo, and its depos- 
 its average a million and a half of dollars. It does a strictly legitimate banking business, and takes no speculative risks. 
 It does an unusually large foreign exchange, especially with Leip.sic, and issues letters of credit good all over the world. 
 Much of the success of this bank is due to the great popularity of its officers, who are, and have long been F. Reidhar, 
 President ; J. J. Fischer, Cashier ; Joseph Haxthausen, Henry Wellenvoss, W. H. Edinger, Charles Winkler, and Nicho- 
 las Finzer, Directors. Mr. Reidhar, the President, has a remarkable history. He is over eighty years of age ; has been 
 President of the Insurance Company and bank for twenty-five years, and is still a well-preserved man. He was born 
 in the Canton Zug, Switzerland, November 25, 1S07. His parents died when he was a small child, and his boyhood was 
 one of indigence and toil. He learned the trade of cabinet-maker and joiner, and was a journey-man for a year when 
 he enlisted in the French army. After serving in some of the wars of the time he returned to his trade, worked at it 
 for several years, and came to this country in 1S34. He landed in New Orleans, and came up the Mississippi and Ohio 
 rivers on a boat in which cholera raged among the emigrant passengers. Landing at Portland, the young man first found 
 work in helping to right a wrecked steandmat, for which he received seventy-five cents a day. He w-as then employed 
 in making repairs on the interior woodwork of the boat. After working at his trade in fitting up a store, he was 
 employed as a clerk in the store. He established a bakery and confectionery in Jeffersonville, Indiana, and was suc- 
 cessful in this venture. The following year he embarked in the clothing business in Louisville, and afterward estab- 
 lished branch houses in Portland and Henderson, Kentucky. He sold the Louisville store, and in 1856 and l86r 
 withdrew from the other stores. In 1863 he was elected President of the German Insurance Company, and, in 1872, 
 President of the bank. 
 
 Mr. J. J. Fischer, the Cashier of the bank, is one of the most widely known and most popular bank officers in Lou- 
 isville. ■ To his great business capacity, his tact, and his uniform courtesy is due much of the success of the bank. Mr. 
 Fischer was born in Bieberich, Nassau, Germany, December 5, 1842. In 1854 his parents brought their family to America, 
 shortly afterward making Louisville their home. Mr. Fischer was a pupil of the public schools here, and was then ap- 
 prenticed as a printer in the office of the Anzeif^er. the leading German newspaper of this city. He left the printing-of- 
 fice to return to school ; and then, after one or two brief business experiences, learned book-keeping in a business col- 
 lege. In 1862 he went into the office of the German Insurance Company as messenger and book-keeper for the bank. 
 His promotion was rapid, as in less than five years he was made Secretary of the Company. When the bank and the 
 insurance company were made separate institutions, he was the first cashier of the bank, Mr. Fischer has for several 
 years been the President of the Liederkranz, the leading German singing society of Louisville. To his care and energy 
 the society owes its present standing as a musical organization. He is also a director of the Anzeiger Company. 
 
 The German lN,srRANCR Companv is officered by the same gentlemen who control the affairs of the bank. It is 
 a prosperous corporation, doing a purely local business, and carrying risks to the amount of I3, 000,000. Its paid-up 
 capital is |20o,ooo, and it has a surplus of #50,000. The Company pays an annual dividend of six per cent, on its stock. 
 Since 1872 it has paid fire losses to the amount of |i 40,000. 73 
 
-m = ^V]r)C Kcr)fucky iTJe[lfir)Cf c<Qir)paiyy. ^^^^^^9^ 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 5 HE Kentucky 
 ai A L T I N G Com- 
 pany was organ- 
 ized July I, 1S76, by the 
 election of E. W. Her- 
 man, President, and J. H. 
 Panic, Secretary and 
 Treasurer, both of which 
 gentlemen have contin- 
 ued to hold these offices 
 respectively until the 
 present time. At the 
 time of the organization 
 they occupied two malt- 
 ing houses, the John En- 
 geln house, Market street, ,1 
 between Sixth and 
 Seventh streets, and the 
 Stein & Doern house, 
 Sixth street, between 
 Main and the river, or the 
 
 combination of the two j_ h. Pank. 
 
 malting houses of E. W. 
 Herman & Co. and Stein & Doern. This combination proved so successful, and the business increased so rapidly that 
 the erection of the present building, corner Thirteenth and Maple streets, an immense concern, a fair representation of 
 which is given herewith, became necessary. This is now the largest and most complete establishment of the kind south 
 of Chicago, and has railroad facilities connecting it with all of the lines entering Louisville. ' An elevator is attached for 
 storing the raw material and manufactured product in large quantities, also a malting capacitj- of nearly half a million 
 bushels annuallv. They have run the house to its full capacity ever since its completion, November i, 1880. 
 
 They make the finest quality of malt, which enables them to compete successfully with the largest houses in the North- 
 .^yest — at Chicago and Milwaukee. Their trade has been principally local, and they are proud of being able to retain the 
 custom of the largest houses in Louisville and Kentucky against all opposition. They also ship to important points in the 
 South, including 
 
 E. W. Herman- 
 
 New Orleans, 
 Nashville, Bir- 
 mingham, Knox- 
 ville, and Atlanta, 
 but thus far they 
 have not sought 
 for trade north of 
 the Ohio river. In 
 order to meet the 
 demand in the 
 South, they are 
 now increasing 
 their facilities at 
 great expense. 
 
 They also have 
 a large concern in 
 Chicago, under 
 the firm name of 
 J.H. Pank & Co. 
 (J. H.PankaudE. 
 W. Herman com- 
 posing the firm) ; 
 
 'SiSliLfT'/P 
 
 View of the Malting House and Elevator. 
 
 being a member 
 of the Chicago 
 Board of Trade, 
 enables them to 
 make purchases 
 for both bouses 
 with advantage in 
 the largest barley 
 markets in the 
 United States. 
 The Chicago 
 house sells all of 
 its product in 
 Ohio, Penusylva- 
 uia. New York, 
 and other Eastern 
 States. 
 
 Mr. E. W. Her- 
 man has been in 
 the malting busi- 
 ness since 1865, 
 beginning as a 
 clerk and rising 
 He is still in the 
 
 to his present position at the head of one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the South 
 
 prime of life, being forty-seven years of age. In addition to his other enterprises, he has recently built a brewery at 
 
 Kno.x\'ille, Tennessee, known as the Knoxville Brewing Association, of which Mr. Herman is President. 
 
 Mr. Pank, who has charge of the Chicago house, is a Louisville man, only thirty-six years of age, whose success in 
 business has been phenomenal. He is exceedingly popular, personally, and a fine business man, and has contributed 
 largely to the success of both of the enterpri.ses in w'hich he is interested. He has also risen from a clerkship, and en- 
 joys an enviable position in the business world. 
 
 74 
 
-m =Yh^ ll0uis^i\l(z Bail' SQiriparij-. =^ 
 
 5 HE mercantile establishment known as The Fair was opened October 24, 1SS5. Its location on one of the princi- 
 pal thoronghfares of the city secured for it all the advantaojes to be derived from a central situation, and it was 
 one of the few new things to meet \v\th immediate acceptance at the hands of the public. A vast bazaar contain- 
 ing everything one would wish to buy in a day's shopping — from a silver tea service to a potato chopper, from a bonnet 
 in the height of the mode to a box of pills— was a convenience instantly appreciated by all persons who " shop." 
 
 The gathering of all these articles of merchandise under one roof where the person w-ho came for a single purchase 
 might be tempted to a dozen others by the mere convenience of the arrangement, and the close margins upon which the 
 goods were sold were productive of even more satisfactory results than was at first anticipated ; and, on October 24, 
 1886, just one year after the opening, the building was extended back to Market street, giving a depth of 4S0 feet with a 
 frontage of eighty feet on Jefferson street and tweuty-two feet on Market street. The building is two stories in height ; 
 the long, upper galleries afford excellent opportunities for the advantageous and attractive display of goods. 
 
 The phenomenal success of the experiment led to the incorporation of a company ou April i, 1S87, w-ith the follow- 
 ing gentlemen as Directors : Aaron Kohn, James P. Whallen, E. Boulier, Meyer H. Hilp, Fred Hoertz, and Charles 
 Godshaw. The officers are Aaron Kohn, President; E. Boulier, Secretary; James P. Whallen, Treasurer; and George 
 C. Rossell, General Business Manager. The company carries at present stock worth |i25,ooo, which includes everything 
 
 A Glimpse at the Interior of the Fair. 
 
 in the way of merchandise except ready-made clothing. At the Jeflferson-street entrance, at the left of the buildnig, is 
 situated the millinery department, handsomely fitted up and stocked with the most desirable materials for hats and bonnets. 
 This department is under the supervision of Mr. W. K. Israel, and has been one of the most successful features of the 
 enterprise. On the same side is the dry goods department, in charge of Mr. H. C. Struss. This division shows an ex- 
 tensive line of well-selected goods, including wraps of all kinds. and gentlemen's furnishing goods. There is an up- 
 holstery department, where carpets and curtains of all grades are to be found, and a house-furnishing department 
 showing all the homely but useful articles necessary to a well-equipped kitchen. The drug store contains druggists' 
 supplies, patent medicines, and all the toilet articles and fancy goods in plush and brass usually found in such places. 
 The Fair deals in musical instruments and sheet music, making a specialty of "ten cent" music. 
 
 The handsomest display in the house is that of silverware and jewelry. Two very large cases filled with silverware 
 occupy a conspicuous place in the center of the building and add much to the attractive appearance of the interior. The 
 large stock of glass and china shows great variety and much taste in the selection of the goods. One entire side of the 
 building on the upper floor is given up to toys, and is the largest and most varied collection in this line in the city. 
 
 One of the most profitable features of The Fair is its picture gallery. This is situated in the front of the building 
 on the upper floor. Here an oil painting that may be bought for sixty cents hangs side by side with one that costs as 
 many dollars, besides engravings, chromos, photographs of famous works of art, and imported pictures in great varieties. 
 
 75 
 
-^ 
 
 trr)or) 
 
 )r)uli^atcp.^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Simon Shulhafer. 
 
 IT is uow a well-established fact, settled by scientific investigation, that 
 imperfect drainage and careless plumbing has been a fruitful source 
 of disease, and that certain laws must be carefully understood and 
 observed in the construction and adjustment of sanitary appliances. It 
 would be difficult to estimate the loss of life and the sickness that the 
 human family has suffered as the result of bad plumbing, executed by 
 ignorant men, whose knowledge of their business is merely mechanical, 
 and whose only ambition is to do the least possible amount of work for 
 the largest possible sum of money. Happily, this class of workmen has 
 had its day, and the scientific plumber is now regarded as of as much 
 importance as the educated physician or the skilled engineer. The suc- 
 cessful plumber must be a thorough mechanic and a careful student, well 
 acquainted with sanitary laws, so that he may be able to correct faults in 
 planning or construction and avoid the errors which may endanger life 
 and health ; and he must know his business so well, and be firm enough 
 in his positiim to insist upon the correction of .such errors, in the face of 
 opposition from ignorant builders and conscienceless property owners. 
 
 There is no question of the fact that Mr. Simon Shulhafer is an hon- 
 orable representative of the latter class of workmen. He learned his 
 trade, w4ien a boy, under the careful tuition of one of the best sanitary 
 engineers in the whole country, and is, therefore, a practical mechanic, 
 an educated engineer, and a thoroughly honest man, who enjoys the 
 confidence of the community, and of the architects and builders of 
 Louisville and the South. He is an active member of the American Public Health Association of the United States, and 
 State Vice-President of the National Association Master Plumbers for Kentucky, also President of the Association of Plumb- 
 ers of Louisville. He has established a good name in the leading cities throughout the country, especially in the South. He 
 holds the only medal awarded by the Southern Exposition for the best display of gas fixtures and sanitary- plumbing. 
 He refers with justifiable pride to his standing in his own city to many leading citizens for whom he has done important 
 work, the names of a few of whom are given : Dr. Samuel Brandeis ; Dr. George W. Griffiths ; Dr. D. W. Yaudell ; B. 
 F. Avery & Sons ; Mr. Dexter Belknap ; Captain Silas F. Miller ; Mr. Thomas H. Sherley ; Mr. A. G. Munn ; Bamber- 
 ger, Bloom & Co.; Hale & Bro. ; S. S. Meddis ; John A. Strattou & Co.; S. Ullman ; John MacLeod ; Julius Barkhouse ; 
 Home of the Innocents ; Payson & Lyon ; City Hospital ; German National Bank ; Louisville Banking Co.; Falls City 
 Bank ; Mason Maury ; Bridgeford & Co.; Kleinhans & Simonson ; Dumesnil Bros., and others. 
 
 Referring to work done for the citv by Mr. Simon Shulhafer, in remodeling the city hospital plumbing, Messrs. 
 McDonald Bros., architects, wrote Mayor Reed as follows : " This work has been done in a manner which is entirely 
 satisfactorv to us, and we believe the city has secured an ample and valuable return for the money expended. We have 
 found Mr. Shulhafer disposed to exceed his contract, rather than fall short of it in any particular, and we can compli- 
 ment, in the highest terms, the fidelity aud skill with w'hich his work has been carried out." 
 
 Mr. Shulhafer began business on his own account in 1872, and at once established a reputation for good work 
 which he has carefully maintained aud strengthened during fifteen years of remarkable iudustry, and stands to-day at 
 the head of his profession. He occupies two floors in Law Temple, each 40 x 100 feet, employing a large force of com- 
 petent workmen ; carries a fine assortment of fixtures, embracing the best of everything in his line, and does a business 
 of |;6o,ooo a year. His trade extends to the South and West, especially Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, 
 Georgia, and Arkansas. Mr. Shulhafer gives his personal attention to all work entrusted to him, and, as stated by the 
 McDonald Bros, in the above letter, " is disposed to exceed his contract rather than fall short of it in any particular." 
 
 Many others will corroborate the testimony of McDonald Bros., among which are some of the leading business 
 houses, finest churches, residences, and club-houses. Mr. Shulhafer points with pride to the elegant five-story carpet 
 house of W. H. McKnight & Co., C. J. Clarke, architect, which he furnished with plumbing and fixtures throughout; 
 the new Baptist Church, corner of Twenty-Second aud Walnut, C. A. Curtin, architect, where one sunlight, center, 
 reflecting chandelier of two hundred burners lights the auditorium as bright as day ; the new Standard Club House, 
 Wehle & Dodd, architects, in which a room 60 x 90 feet is lighted by one sixty-six light, imitation candle fixture, 
 all of the candles being of different colors ; the palatial home of Phil B. Bate, Third street, Henr}- Wolters, architect, 
 which is certainly one of the handsomest homes in the city, and furnished in exquisite taste, and which has the most 
 elegant Hue of gas fixtures ever put up in Louisville ; also a block of houses for Dumesnil Bros., Sixth and Oak 
 streets, and many others which have recently been completed and are now under wa}'. Mr. Shulhafer is now putting 
 in the fixtures for T. L. Jefferson's new block of nine houses, corner of Flo3-d and Gray streets, Maury S: Haupt, archi- 
 tects, where the plumfjing aud sanitary work is decidedly the best that has gone into any house or houses in the city 
 that have been put up for rent. One of the handsornest homes in Louisville is that of J. F. Kellner, Broadway 
 near Floyd, C. D. Meyer, architect, in which the class of plumbing is unlike anything here, and w-hich Mr. Shulhafer 
 invites the citizens of Louisville to call and examine. 
 
 Mr. Shulhafer does work for all of the leading architects of Louisville, and enjoys their confidence as a thorough, 
 reliable, and painstaking plumber, who stands at the head of his profession. y6 
 
-m 6. S. jSicl^el §) So.^ 
 
 ^/^ 
 
 C. C. BtCKEL. 
 
 SHE manufacture of fine cigars was not considered one of the leading 
 industries of Louisville until within a few )-ears past ; but now 
 there are probably one hundred and fifty cigar factories registered 
 in the collector's ofiice, paying the government nearh' $54,000 annually 
 for cigar stamps. This embraces a few large establishments and a great 
 many smaller ones, but the leading house in the city as shown by the 
 collector's books is that of C. C. Bickei, & Co., who pay over |io,ooo 
 for stamps, or nearly one-fifth of the entire amount collected. The 
 amount of stamps bought by this firm during the first nine months 01 
 the present year was $6,735 ; which, at the same rate for the remainder 
 of the year, will exceed $10,000, representing three million cigars. This, 
 however, only represents the cigars upon which tax has been paid, and 
 does not represent a large stock on hand which have not been stamped, 
 to say nothing of their large stock of fine imported and domestic cigars, 
 probably two millions per annum, while the tax paid by smaller factories 
 who make the cheaper grades for them amounts to half as much more. 
 
 Mr. Bickel embarked in the manufacturing luisiness on his own 
 account in 1870. He was thoroughly acquainted with the bu.siness, hav- 
 ing commenced to learn the trade of cigar-making at an early age. He 
 began business in a small way, working at the bench himself and em- 
 ploying only two hands, in an old house on Main street, where the dr3 
 goods house of Carter Bros. & Co. now stands. After a short time 
 he moved to Sixth street, in the old Adams Express building, remaining 
 there until 1S73, when he located at the present stand, Nos. 538 and 540 West Main street. 
 
 During the panic of 1S73, and the hardships that followed for several years, Mr. Bickel saw nearly every cigar 
 house in the city go down — and he only escaped the doom of the others by the most careful management, which, along 
 with a practical knowledge of the liusiness, and a determination not to fail, enabled him to weather the storm. His 
 business has grown steadily, until he now employs about seventy-five hands, his pay-roll every Saturday amounting to 
 about |i,ooo, while the demand for his popular brands of cigars is greater than at any former period. 
 
 The " Spotted Fawn " first became famous, aud holds its own to-day among smokers of ten-cent cigars. After the 
 first reduction of the tobacco tax, when it became possible to make a good cigar for five cents, he introduced the 
 " Daniel Boone, " the " Corinne," and the " Rose, " all of which brands have held their own, and are more popular to- 
 day than any other five-cent cigar in the market, and have been the means of directing trade to Louisville, for strangers 
 in the city who had a taste of these cigars would require their merchants at home to get them. In this way the 
 cigars are known all over the country and in some parts of Europe, an order having been received from Liverpool 
 recently for parties who had used them while here on a visit. 
 
 The historical name of the "Daniel Boone" may have aided in its introduction, but the quality of the material, 
 which has been guarded very carefully, has given these cigars the lead in this city and throughout the whole country. 
 With all of the competition in the cigar trade there is nothing that will down the " Boone" or the "Corinne," and there 
 is nothing a drummer for other houses dreads so much as to find these cigars in his customer's case. 
 
 The best recommendation these cigars have is the fact that the brands are imitated by irresponsible manufacturers, 
 who know the merits of these goods and hope to break them down. 
 
 One of the secrets of Mr. Bickel's success is his gentlemanly treatment of his employes, many of whom have con- 
 tinued to work for him for years. They understand the wants of his customers, and are careful to keep up the standard 
 of his celebrated cigars. He knows the wants of his men and pays good wages, and as a result, he has never had a 
 strike in his establishment, and everything runs smoothly and successfully. Besides, he employs a number of regular 
 Cuban cigar makers who are turning out Spanish work, superior in quality and workmanship, and equaled only in 
 Havana and Key West. 
 
 Mr. Bickel buys his stock for cash, sometimes laying in a year's supply at one time, buying whenever and 
 wherever he finds stock to suit him, whether he needs it or not. In this way he is not affected by sudden fluctuations 
 in the market. 
 
 In the purchase of Havaua tobacco, he selects only the best that the Island of Cuba produces, and by purchasing 
 very large quantities at a time, he not only gets it at the lowest prices, but secures an even quality of goods, thereby 
 preserving the excellent quality of bis cigars w-ithout deteriorization. One would be astonished at the enormous stock 
 of fine leaf tobacco this house carries. There are tiers and tiers of bales of Havana and Sumatra tobaccos of the finest 
 grades stored away, readv for use, and improving with age, in their store-rooms. 
 
 Mr. William Kohlhepp, who has been with Mr. Bickel as book-keeper, and in charge of the sales-room and office, 
 has rendered valuable aid in building up the business, and for his faithful attention to business was admitted to a part- 
 nership in 18S4. There are few more popular young men in Louisville than Mr. Kohlhepp, and Mr. Bickel recognizes 
 the value of his popidarity and his superior business qualifications. 
 
 Indeed, the citizens of Louisville may be proud of such an industry as the "Daniel Boone " cigar factory of C. C. 
 Bickel & Co. 77 
 
■^ ==^^pl-)e, uouisville jcypicag 
 
 e..^ 
 
 =8^ 
 
 5 HE magnificent stnicture crossing the Ohio at the head of Uie Falls, 
 extending from a point just below' Jeffersonvilk- to tlu- foot ol 
 Fourteenth street, in the city of Ivouisville, connecting the Indiana 
 railroad system with the roads on the south of the Ohio that center 
 at Louisville, has proven a profitable investment, as well as an indispen- 
 saljle adjunct to the traffic of the South and West. I'onnerly passengers 
 and freights coming to and going out of Louisville, across the river, were 
 transferred by fei'ry, a process that was tedious, expensive, and Iroulde- 
 some, on which account the traffic was necessarily limited ; and now, look- 
 ing back over a period of more than seventeen years, during which time 
 the traffic of the bridge has grown in ])nip(irtiou to the increasing trade of 
 Louisville, it is difficult to realize the jirogress that has been made and 
 luiw much this enterprise has contributed to the prosjierity of the city. It 
 is certainly no exaggeration to say that no investment of a like ainount of 
 money in any other enterprise has contributed so much to the business 
 growth of the cities of the Falls. 
 
 The construction of the bridge was eommeiucil ir. the year 1.S67, and 
 after repeated and vexatious delays, occasioned by floods and freshets in 
 the river, was finallv coin- 
 
 Chas. H. Gibson, President. 
 
 pleted and opened for traffic 
 on the I St day of March, 
 1870. Considering the almost 
 insupenible difficulties that had to be overcome in erecting the piers in 
 the swift-running water of the F'alls, and the facilities then at hand for 
 accom])lishing such work, the time occupied in building the bridge was 
 comparatively short. It is a railroad bridge, having a single track in the 
 ci'Utei-, w itli fi)<)l-walks on both sides. The superstructure, from abutment 
 to aliiitmenl. is exactly one mile in length, having twenty-five spans, 
 two of which are fiiur luiudrid feel long. The Bridge Company also 
 owns and operates tracks on Fourteenth street, connecting the Northern 
 and Southern systems, 'flu- bridge proper is what is popularly known 
 as the I'ink Truss Bridge, and was constructed under the personal super- 
 vision of Mr. AUiert I'ink himself,'assisted by Mr. F. W. Vaughn. At this 
 time about one hundred and fifty trains per day cross the bridge, it liaving 
 to carry the entire traffic of the four roads that approach Louisville from 
 the West, North, anil Ivist. .\l the lime of its erection it was estimated 
 that not exceeding fifty trains ]ier day could be accommodated on this 
 bridge, but under the iiiqiroved system of operating trains, it is able to 
 
 accommodate four times 
 III!ii|)!illfli|l|||il!|l5l|jij 
 
 WALTER Irwin. Secretary. 
 
 I I iHm^^^^P'i'' 
 
 W. F. Black, SuPEHiNTENOtNT. 
 
 that nunilier. 
 
 When the Jeffersouville, 
 Madison & Iiidianaiiolis Railroad became part of the western system of 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's lines the latter coni])any, appreci- 
 ating the great and permanent value of the bridge, acquired, and has 
 ever since held, about two-thirds of the cajiital stock of the Bridge Com- 
 pany, thereby securing control of the bridge, and making it iirnctically 
 a jiart of the Pennsylvania lines, 'flie reiiiaiuing shares are held jirinci- 
 ])ally by fortunate parties in Louisville and New York. 
 
 Mr. W. B. Hamilton was the first President of the company, whit h 
 position he held until June, 1876, when he was succeeded by Dr. !•;. I). 
 Standiford, who continued to hold the office until his death in July, 1S87. 
 Mr. Charles H. Gibson, the present incumbent, also the attorney of the 
 company, was elected to succeed Dr. Stanrliford, September 28, 1.SS7. Mr. 
 Walter Irwin, Secretary and Cashier, was for many years jiaymasler of 
 the J., M. & L Railroad Company, a position which he filled with great 
 credit until the removal of the offices to Pittsburgh, after which he accepted 
 a position with the Bridge Company, and was elected secretary and cashier, 
 May 20, 1S85. W. F. Black, the efficient superintendent of the bridge, is 
 also superintendent of the J., M. & I. division of the Pennsylvania lines. 
 Thus the management of the Bridge Company lias been placed in the hands 
 of young men whose qualifications have been recognized by the directory 
 after vears of faithful service. 7S 
 
Jjouisville, Cici'efy Vauli ar)d H'^pusf o 
 
 ornpcr 
 
 9P^9J- 
 
 T' 
 
 H V. Loving. 
 
 'HE Louisville Safety Vault and Trust Company was incorpo- 
 rated under a special charter from the State of Kentucky in 1SS4, and 
 organized in the latter part of the year. It has a capital stock of 
 1300,000, fully paid up and a surplus of about 132,000. Officers : H. V. 
 Loving, President ; Theo. Schwartz, Vice-President ; Robert Cochran, 
 Secretary and Treasurer ; Thos. J. Wood, Vault-Keeper. Directors : 
 John T. Moore, John C. Russell, W. C. Priest, St. John Boyle, Herman 
 Beckurts, Theo. Schwartz, Theodore Harris, H. V. Loving, R. S. Veech, 
 Ceo. A. Owen, Samuel Russell, James S. Ray, John H. Detchen. 
 
 The modern Safety Vault and Trust Company is an outgrowth of 
 the wouderful age in which we live, and we could no more dispense with 
 its advantages, convenience, safety, and adaptability to all the varied 
 wants and necessities of the times, than we could get along without the 
 railroad, the telegraph, or the telephone. Recognizing the necessity for 
 a first-class institution of the kind in Louisville, some of her most enter- 
 prising citizens organized the Louisville Safety Vault and Trust 
 Comp.\ny, and after a critical examination, by experts, of the best vaults 
 111 this country, they had constructed one of the strongest and most se- 
 cure depositories extant. Its vault is absolutely fire and burglar proof, 
 and the doors are .secured, not only by the best combination locks, but 
 also by infallible time-locks. 
 
 Few, if any, so-called "fire-proof safes" offer any protection against 
 a great fire, and the professional burglar laughs at the fancied security of the ordinary " burglar-proof safe." Those 
 who, through false ideas of economy, leave their valuables to the protection of the common bank vaults, should under- 
 stand that the banks are in nowise responsible, and that they take all the risk themselves. This is poor economy 
 when for a very small sum the Trust Company will guarantee perfect security. The boxes of the Safety Vault are 
 rented at prices ranging from $5.00 to $45.00 per annum, the size of the box determining the rate. 
 
 In view of the small annual rent of these boxes, no one in city, town, or country should take the risk of keeping 
 elsewhere, bonds, stocks, notes, wills, deeds, pension papers, valuable receipts, abstracts, mortgages, contracts, powers 
 of attorney, articles of copartnership, life and fire insurance policies, claims, and important papers of any kind. 
 
 The Louisville Safety Vault .and Trust Company acts, at any place in the State, as executor, administrator, 
 guardian, receiver, assignee, committee for idiots or lunatics, as register or transfer agent of stocks and bonds, as trustee 
 for railroad and other mortgages, as attorney in fact for the collection of rents and income and the management of the 
 estates of married women, as trustee of corporations alone or jointly with others, and in a word fills every position of 
 trust that can be held by an individual. This company is also prepared to negotiate loans, deal in real estate paper and 
 other securities, make desirable investments for individuals and corporations and transact all business authorized by its 
 charter, a copy of which will be furnished on application to the company. 
 
 Hector V. Loving, the President of the Company, was elected to that office at its organization and has given the 
 business his constant and unremitting attention. Mr. Loving was born 
 in Bowling Green, Kentucky, in 1S39, and attended school in that town 
 until he was eighteen years of age, when he entered the sophomore 
 class of Hamilton College, New York, and graduated in the class of 1859. 
 On his return home he entered the Louisville Law School, and received 
 his diploma from that institution in the class of 1862. Mr. Loving has 
 filled many positions of honor and responsibility during his residence in 
 Louisville, and his education and experience eminently qualify him for 
 the business in which he is now engaged. 
 
 Robert Cochran, the Secretary and Treasurer of the Company, has 
 held that position since its organization, and gives his whole time and 
 talents to the discharge of the important and responsible duties of his 
 office to the entire satisfaction of all concerned. He is also a native of 
 Kentucky, having been born in Spencer county in 1829, attended school 
 there and at the academy at Taylorsville, afterward for three years at 
 the Kentucky Military Institute, Frankfort. Kentucky. Mr. Cochran is 
 well read in law, and was for ten years Commissioner of the Louisville 
 Chancer}' Court, under Chancellors Cochran, Bruce, and Humphrey. The 
 gentlemen at the head of this popular institution have the confidence 
 and esteem of all who know them, and are peculiarly well qualified for 
 their respective positions. 
 
 The growth and progress of the Loui.sviLLE Safety Vault and 
 Trust Company has been somewhat remarkable, having been a divi- 
 dend payer since the first year of its organization. j'g 
 
 Robert Oochran. 
 
O0pr)WGill # lc)P0fr)ePj ^oaps ar)d oarjdl 
 
 GS. 
 
 r 
 
 William Cornwall. Sr 
 
 'HE firm of CoRNWALi, & Brother, Manufacturers of Candles and 
 Soap, was established in Lexington, Ky., in the year 1S38 and then 
 consisted of John and William Cornwall, two brothers. John Cornwall 
 died several years ago and the firm is now composed of William Cornwall 
 and his sons, William Cornwall, Jr., and Aaron W. Cornwall. The manu- 
 facture of a star candle seems a very simple matter ; but much scientific 
 skill has been exhausted in producing this homely article. Early in the 
 present century the great French chemist, Chevreul, took the first impor- 
 tant step in this direction by discovering that fats were not homogeneous, 
 but were capable of being reduced to several fatty acids. Then H. Lap- 
 ham, who lived in Lexington, Ky., took out a patent for making lard oil, 
 by pressing the oil out through sheep-skins, and for making stearine can- 
 dles of the residuum. He sold his right to CoRNW.\LL & Brother. Up 
 to this time lard oil had been made only of lard itself The first business 
 of the firm in question was, therefore, the manufacture of lard oil and 
 stearine candles, the oil being the most important of the two branches of 
 their business. The candles gave a dull light and required constant snuff- 
 ing. Shortly after the first improvement on this old process, in 1S42, 
 CoRNW.^Li, & Brother removed their works to Louisville, comin.g here 
 in 1844. 
 
 Between 1834 and 1S60 there were four processes invented for making 
 candles, each being an improvement on the last. By the first lard oil and 
 stearine were produced. In 1842 the "lime saponification" process was introduced. The tallow was melted with four- 
 teen per cent, of lime and boiled until the mass became solid. It was then put into tanks and the soap was decomposed 
 by means of sulphuric acid. The fatty bodies thus parted with their glycerine and became fat acids. These were then 
 subjected to hydraulic pressure, when the oleic acid flowed off' and left a white, crvstalline substance composed of stearic 
 acid and margaric acid. This was then molded into candles. This process continued in use for about ten years. Then 
 experiments were made which resulted in saponifying fats by means of sulphuric acid. By this process the most inferioi 
 fats were acidified and turned into a black mass. The process is still used in working with fats of an inferior 
 quality ; but in it the glycerine is lost, as it was in the process before mentioned. In 1S60 another process was discov- 
 ered, called the "digester process," in which the fats were subjected to the action of water, with a small percentage of 
 alkali. At a high pressure and temperature, continued for several hours, they are divided into fat acids and glycerine. 
 The discovery of this process introduced glycerine into commerce, which has had so vast an eff'ect upon the advance- 
 ment of civilization ; since from it we have nitro-glycerine, giant powder, etc. 
 
 The "digester" has superseded the "lime saponification" process entirely, the soap made without the use of .sulphu- 
 ric acid being commercially much the best. Briefly stated, it may be said that candles are now made by melting a neu- 
 tral fat, like tallow, or cocoanut oil, e.^tracting the glycerine, and leaving the stearic acid and oleic acid mixed. By 
 means of hydraulic pressure the oleic acid is drawn off, leaving the stearic acid, which is then molded into candles. 
 
 Corn\v.\ll & Brother make two grades of candles, the famous "Star" brand and Stearic Acid candles. The lat- 
 ter are extremely pure, being entirely free from the oleic acid. These candles, especially the vStar brand, are sold in 
 California, all over the South, to some extent in Mexico, and also in the East. 
 
 But making caudles is by no means the most important part of the business of Cornw.\i,i, & Brother. For many 
 years their laundry soaps have been widely sold, and in 1883 the firm began the manufacture of toilet soaps, after very 
 elaborate preparations, and the importation from Paris of the most improved machinery- for this purpo.se. The styles 
 are all of the latest and are of the most approved, while the fine soaps compare favorably with any made in America. 
 The process of manufacturing soap is too elaborate to be described here, and it is only necessary to say that for its high 
 grades the firm has received the highest praise. The A)iic>iiaii A)ialyist has made very careful examinations of Corn- 
 w.^LL's soaps, and commends them in the most unqualified manner for purity and excellence of manufacture. 
 
 Among the best brands may be mentioned the "Exquisite Bouquet," a most delicately scented and delightful 
 toilet article that is prepared with the utmost care, and that meets the wants of the most fastidious. Cornwall & 
 Brother's "Oatmeal Soap" is made with genuine oatmeal and is a most desirable soap for those whose business causes 
 dirt to be grimed into their hands. All these soaps are most thoroughly milled, are firm and heavy, of desirable shape, 
 and have a very pleasant effect upon the skin. A high laundry grade is the Mottled German, w-hich is in great de- 
 mand by the trade. In laundry soaps the firm makes evervtl'.ing from the common German soap up. At the first 
 New Orleans Exposition — that of 18S3 — Corxw.\ll & Brother received the highest award for the best laundry soap, 
 their "National" taking the honors over all competitors. The firm also makes a most useful article for the housekeeper. 
 It is a soap powder called "Cleanit," and is of the greatest use in scrubbing floors, washing dishes, clothes, and in gen- 
 eral house-cleaning. It does not injure fabrics or the skin. 
 
 C0RNW.\i,L & Brother employ an average of 100 men. Their factory is located on Preston and Washington streets, 
 where they have a frontage of 275 feet, with a depth of 4S0 feet. The buildings are three and two stories above groinid 
 and have two stories under ground. All of their machinery and appliances are of the most approved kind, and the firm 
 is one of the most important in Louisville. 80 
 
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 n). 
 
 
 K 
 
 Richard w. Knott. 
 
 I 0MB AND FARM is an eight-page agricultural paper, published 
 twice a tnonth, for fifty cents a year. This journal was founded 
 ten years ago by B. F. Avery & Sons, the great plow manufact- 
 urers. They recognized the necessity for a medium through which all 
 the improvements in agricultural machinery and the latest results of 
 agricultural experiments could be made known to the farmers through- 
 out the South. Before that time, agricultural newspapers had sought 
 only a local circulation, and devoted themselves to special fields and 
 topics. It was necessary therefore in order to secure a general and con- 
 tinuing circulation that many of the traditions of agricultural journalism 
 be abandoned, and new plans adopted in every department. 
 
 The first decision was to publish the paper at a price which would 
 bruig It within the reach of every farmer in the South, it matters not 
 where located nor how narrow his resources, hence, the subscription was 
 fixed at fifty cents a 3'ear. 
 
 The publishers determined in advance that nothing should prevent 
 them from securing the assistance of recognized writers on agricultural 
 topics, but in addition they decided that they would have the personal 
 experiences of practical farmers through all the Southern country. 
 Following this policy, Home .\nd Farm has gathered about it a peculiar 
 corps of correspondents, composed of men who are testing their theories 
 every year on farms of their own, and detailing their experiences, month 
 by month, for the benefit of half a million readers. The most notable movements in Southern agriculture have found 
 their first exponents aud illustraters among the contributors to Home and Farm. 
 
 Perhaps nothing that has been done in agricultural matters in the South since the war has had a wider influence 
 than the experiments made by the late Parish C. Furman, of Georgia. Beginning with an abandoned farm, where the 
 yield of cotton was only eight bales to sixty-four acres, by studying the constituents of the soil, and by fertilization sup- 
 plying what it lacked, Mr. Furman brought the yield up to a bale and a half an acre in five years. He wrote for Home 
 AND F.\rm a careful record of this five years, and described so, plainly and practically what he was doing that thousands 
 everywhere were enlightened, and, following his directions, succeeded in vastly increasing the production of their own 
 lands. The publishers of Home .^nd F.\rm, after his death, gathered these letters of Mr. Furman's into a pamphlet, 
 which thev have circulated by the thousands to the very general benefit of the whole cotton region. 
 
 This is but one of a number of examples of what may be done by a wide-awake agricultural publication. Home 
 and FiVRM treats in the same way all topics relating to the farm or household matters upon the farm. It has published 
 a series of articles by J. B. Killebrew, upon tobacco, the most exhaustive treatment of this subject that has yet oeen 
 attempted. It is now publishing a number of papers upon truck farming, by Mr. Waldo F. Brown, of the most valuable 
 character. Its correspondents are everywhere. North, South, East, and West, and nothing escapes them that would 
 be of interest to the farmers West and South. By following out these lines it has secured not only the largest 
 subscription list, but the most hearty support from its readers. It is simplj- a great co-operative society, and the adver- 
 tisers everywhere recognize this. Moreover, the publishers have made it a rule to exclude all objectionable advertise- 
 ments, and have thus secured for their advertisers something of the same confidence that the readers have in the 
 paper itself, so that it is of the utmost importance to merchants and manufacturers seeking southern trade that they use 
 the columns of Home and Farm. In character and extent its advertising patronage is the surprise and envy of news- 
 papers everj'where. Throughout all the season of depression its pages were crowded with the advertisements of the 
 most enterprising and trustworthy firms of the North and East, and to-day any one who desires to build up a Southern 
 trade turns to Home .a^nd Farm for an audience. 
 
 As an indication of the appreciation in which this journal is held, we make the following extracts from a letter 
 written from Tennessee to the publishers ; 
 
 " Many persons praise your paper without saying what it has really done for the land we live in. The best possible 
 evidence of its value to the farming communit)' I find in the many letters you publish from the drouth stricken portions 
 of Texas. These letter writers, men, women, and children, invariably say that they have enough aud some to spare for 
 their less fortunate neighbors. How is this? Why these writers simply take advantage of the helps aud hints given 
 every two weeks through Home and F.arm, making poultry, sheep, cattle, hogs, and bees play their part when in a 
 tight place." 
 
 This is only one of manj- testimonials to the value of the journal. The most substantial token of approval is found 
 in the steady demand for the paper from the farmers themselves. Its regular edition is now about eighty-five 
 thousand, and is steadily increasing. It has probably the largest list of actual subscribers possessed by any agricultural 
 journal in America which adheres to the rule that every paper is discontinued when the time paid for has expired. 
 
 Home and Farm is published by the Home and Farm Publishing Company, of which Samuel L. Avery is president, 
 aud George C. Avery, vice-president. It is, aud has been for the past seven )'ears, under the editorial charge of Richard 
 W. Knott Si 
 
♦ ^ W. W. Pife ^ £<Z>r- 
 
 e3^ 
 
 ■■■lP''v 
 
 W*'' 
 
 W. W. HITE. 
 
 ^^O the river trade Louisville owes her origin, and to the growth of 
 l*\ the river interests does she owe her early development from a 
 barge landing, on up through the various stages of hamlet, 
 village, town, and city. 
 
 In the good old days when the vast area of wooded hills and grassy 
 dells that has been farrowed into green and golden grain fields and 
 divided into rich States, lined the Ohio, a newly inhabited land, the river 
 was the only connecting liuk between wilderness and civilization and in 
 time became the line of export and import, of barter and merchandise, 
 and the site now covered by this beautiful and thriving city, by reason of 
 its natural advantages which so well adapted it to that purpose, became 
 a port of entry for the supplies coming from the East by way of the 
 water courses, and a shipping port for the products of the fast developing 
 fann land around. Naturally, therefore, as grew the river trade and the 
 river interests so grew the City of the Falls. 
 
 From the landing of the first cargo, back at a period that tests the 
 limit of the oldest inhabitant's memory, running down to the present day, 
 the City of the Falls has been closely identified with the river interests 
 which grew rapidly into immense proportions as men of enterprise met 
 from year to year the demands of the country's development, and by 
 placing ample barges and handsome lines of steamers on the river opened 
 a vein of commerce right into the heart of the fast growing Common- 
 wealth, which even now, after the coming of all the railroads, retains nmch of its former importance. 
 
 Closely identified with this development of the river trade have been, since the early days of steamboating on the 
 Ohio, the Hite family. Indeed, the Hites have done much for the development of Kentucky. They came here in the 
 early da\-s when this was a wilderness and a man had to be brave and venturesome in order to undertake the risks of a 
 journey into this unknown country. Away back in the pioneer times, Isaac Hite was one of a party that came to the 
 falls of the Ohio on an exploring expedition. Daniel Boone was a member of the same party. Hite returned to 
 Virginia, but in 177S came back and settled in what is now Jefferson county. In 17S2 his brother Abraham, a captain 
 in the war of the revolution, also came out. Then followed Joseph Hite, another brother, and then came their father. 
 They all settled in the county a few miles from the present city of Louisville. They were typical Kentucky 
 pioneers, two of them, .Abraham and Joseph, bearing to their graves wounds inflicted by Indians, who then infested this 
 section of country. From this hardy stock sprang the subject of this sketch. Ilis father, the late Captain W'm. C. Hite, 
 began life on the river, first as a clerk. He rose to be a captain of steamboats and then to own them. Those were days 
 when the captain of a river boat was an autocratic prince of a floating palace. Until the time of his death Captain 
 Hite kept up his interest in river commerce and through it acquired a large fortune. At his death the mantle of his 
 business tact and integrity fell upon the shoulders of his son, W. W. Hite, senior member of the firm of W. W. HlTE 
 & Co. So this young man received as a heritage, not only large interests in the steamboat and river supply business, 
 but also the c)ualifications, training, and a natural bent, that insured the success that has attended the business as con- 
 ducted by himself and his active and enterprising partners. 
 
 The firm of W. W. Hite & Co. was formed July, 18S2, as the successor of the firm of Gilmore, Hite & Co., of 
 which W. W. Hite had been the active member since its formation in 1S77. The personnel of the present firm is W. 
 W. Hite, President; J. G. McCulloch, Vice-President; Ed S. Brewster, Secretary; and Louis Hite, Treasurer. They 
 own the controlling interest in the Louisville and Evansville Packet Company, running the elegant line of freight and 
 passenger steamers, composed of the City of Owensboro, the Rainbow, the James Guthrie, and the Carrie Hope, plying 
 between Louisville, Owensboro, Evansville, and Henderson. One of these boats leaves the Louisville wharf at four 
 o'clock p. m. every da}' for the points mentioned. This line has ever been noted for its speed, safety, and comfort, and 
 it is the pride of the owners that each of these boats furnishes accomodations first-class in every particular and 
 unequaled on the Ohio river. 
 
 But their packet line, though a big business in itself, is but a minor part of the business of this enterprising firm. 
 They deal largely in steamboat supplies, cordage, oakum, cotton ducks, railway and mill supplies, and also represent 
 the following extensive lines of trade ; 
 
 The Boston Belting Company, of Boston, in Rubber goods. The Asbestos Packing Company, of Boston, in Asbestos 
 material. Samuel Cabot, of Boston, in Creosote stains. ■ The New York Tar and Chemical Company, of New York, in 
 two and three-ply Ready Roofing. The Magnesia Sectional Covering Company, of Philadelphia, in Pipe covering, 
 Sockets Sheathing paper. Roof Coating, Paints, etc. 
 
 The business of the firm, on and off' the water, is extensive, and by reason of the commercial tact, the energy, and 
 the enterprising management of Mr. W. W. Hite — who with his personal knowledge of the trade, his training for 
 its development, and an ambition for its success, acquired both by birth and education— and the intelligent aid of his 
 competent co-laborers, the business has continued to thrive and keep well apace with the rapid growth of the city of 
 which it is so important a factor. Nor will these gentlemen let it lag behind the city in her onward march, for they 
 have the push, they have the money, they have the brains, and their watchword is Excelsior. $2 
 
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 f . p. 8i)epkj § e 
 
 <Z)r 
 
 ^^ 
 
 u 
 
 T. H. Sherley. 
 
 XTIL within a very few years the difference between cities north of 
 the Ohio river, and those south of that beautiful, historic waterway 
 was as distinct and radical as that between daylight and darkness. 
 Given at any tinae two cities in their respective sections, with equal 
 advantages in the race for wealth, power, and importance, the victory was 
 never doubtful at all. No matter what the underlying causes for their 
 difference were, it was generally recognized that the southern merchants 
 lacked the energy, the dash, the intrepidity of their northern competi- 
 tors. The former were content with moderate success, conservative to the 
 point of timidity, interested, rather, each man in his own well-being, 
 than in the growth and improvement of the community. There was 
 very little in the South of what is known across the river as "public 
 spirit." In every oneof thecentersof population attheSouth, however, 
 there were exceptions to the rule of general sluggishness ; men who, 
 either naturally, or bj- business association with their active brethren 
 further north, were infected with the pluck and push of the latter. When 
 the great awakening which has come to all sections of the country in the 
 last few years — the Titanic impulse which is to carry America to yet 
 undreamed-of heights of splendor and glory — reached such men, it found 
 eager and able advocates and promoters. Louisville has a few of this 
 class among her native residents, and of these Thos. H. Sherley is a type. 
 The firm of T. H. SherlEY & Co., of which Mr. Sherley is the ruling 
 spirit, is one of the most extensively and favorably known in Kentucky. Twenty-two years ago, in 1S65, the house was 
 established by llr. Sherley, himself then a very young man, who began busiuess as a distiller's agent and commission 
 merchant for the sale of distilled spirits. In a few years he acquired the control of a large number of staudard brands, 
 and enlarged the scope of his business by engaging in the actual manufacture, obtaining an interest iu two distilleries. 
 At present the firm operates three distilleries. 
 
 Of these, the most famous perhaps is the E. L. Miles. This is the oldest manufactory in the State. It was established 
 by the father of the present E. L. Miles, and has been in continuous operation for nearly one hundred years, except a 
 period of about three years during the war. Its product has attained a wonderful celebrity among consumers and the 
 medical profession who require a purity of quality combined with the perfect flavor that is rarely, if ever, known out- 
 side of the Kentucky article. As showing the position held by such goods among the trade, it may be stated that the 
 highest priced sweet mash whisky in Kentucky to-day is the brand known as the E. L. Miles. After Mr. Sherley gained 
 control of it, the Miles, which had been a small house, w-as enlarged and improved, and in 1885 was converted into a 
 stock company of which Mr. Sherley is President. 
 
 The second of his houses is the New Hope. This was built in 1876, but its product has already gained a wide 
 reputation for its purity and flavor. This is also run as a stock company of which Mr. Sherley is Vice-President. 
 The third is the " Belle of Nelson." This famous brand of whisky is simply manufactured by Sherley & Co. for the 
 Belle of Nelson Distillery Company, of which Bartlej', Johnson & Co. are the principal stock-holders. 
 
 The capacity of the Miles house is about 10,000 barrels a year, that of the New Hope about 6,000 barrels. The 
 distilleries where these whiskies are manufactured are in Nelson county, where the soil and water contain the peculiar 
 properties essential in the production of Bourbon whisky to a degree not surpassed by any of the other famous localities 
 in Kentucky. The firm is also interested as commission merchants in the apple and peach brandy trade, and controls 
 two-thirds of the product of the State. 
 
 In addition to its dealings in whisky, within the past few mouths the firm has leased both the Southern Glass Works 
 and the Kentucky Glass Works, and is now actively operating those enterprises. The same activity and sagacity which 
 Mr. Sherley has always displayed in his other pursuits, warrant a prediction of great success in his latest venture. 
 
 The company of the firm is Mr. Thos. J. Batman, a young man of fine character and sterling business qualities, who 
 entered Mr. Sherley's service in 1S75 as an oflice boy, and who after ten years of faithful and intelligent apprenticeship 
 was honored by admission as a partner. Mr. Batman has complete control of the oflnce. and by his thorough know- 
 ledge of the business and his devotion to the firm's interests has acquired a fine reputation in the mercantile world. 
 
 While Mr. Sherley is known to the business world as a shrewd and prosperous merchant, his reputation with the 
 public is still more general as an alert, progressive citizen, interested in every movement for the general development, 
 and in every particular satisfying the requirements necessary to that envied and admired individual, a prominent man. 
 For six years he was a member of the School Board, part of which time he was its chairman. He has been a director 
 in the Board of Trade for two terms, four years in all, and is a director in the Louisville Southern road. It was mainly 
 due to his exertions and money that the Public Elevator was built, the only institution of its kind in the city. Mr. 
 Sherley has always manifested a fondness for politics and is now a member of the Democratic State Conmiittee. (He 
 is fortunate in the possession of a temperament of which a vivid, if not elegant, idea is conveyed by the expression, 
 "he is a good fellow.") Louisville owes her prosperity to such men as Tom Sherley and their multiplication here will 
 insure her future greatness. 3, 
 
♦^ ^^\q). H>. f\\)(LV>J 
 
 5 HE day has passed, in this 
 country as well as iu others, 
 when from very small be- 
 ginnings mechanical industries 
 could rise to enormous proportions ; 
 but some forty years ago nearly 
 everything in mechanics was done 
 on a small scale, and enterprise 
 and intelligence were required, 
 rather than large capital. This 
 was the case when the great plow 
 factory of B. F. Avery, now known 
 under the name of B. F. AvERY & 
 Sons, was established in Louis- 
 ville in 1848. 
 
 Mr. Avery was a native of 
 New York, descending from an old 
 New England stock. He received 
 a collegiate education and was 
 admitted to the bar, going to the 
 city of New York to practice law. 
 
 S. L Avery. 
 
 had a natural aptitude for mechan- 
 ics and determined to devote him- 
 self to some industry in which this 
 bent could express itself He re- 
 turned to the paternal home, where 
 his farming experiences had taught 
 him how inadequate were the 
 plows then in use. This led to a 
 determination to go into the busi- 
 ness of making plows, with the 
 ultimate object in view of making 
 thenu more nearly meet the de- 
 mands of the farmer. He 
 equipped himself with a small 
 portable furnace, some patterns, 
 and f400 in money, and started out 
 to seek his fortune. He came 
 down the coast to Virginia and 
 'iettled in Mecklenburg county. 
 He went into business with an- 
 other \oung man — a practical 
 ui older — and together they 
 
 But this was not to his taste ; he 
 bought a ton of iron and opened a foundry. After some success here they thought they would find a more profitable 
 business in North Carolina, whither they accordingly went. They returned to Virginia, however, and were again in 
 business there when Mr. Avery w-as called home to look after the affairs of his family. He induced one of his nephews 
 to come out into the West to make plows. The nephew settled iu Louisville and began the business, but shortly wrote 
 for his uncle to come out here and advise him. Mr. Avery reached Louisville on December 25, 1847, intending to remain 
 here only a few weeks ; but he became interested in the business, saw the advantages that Louisville would afford, and 
 determined to nuike this city his home. 
 
 Mr. Avery's success was not gained without much effort. He found it difficult to induce the people to accept his 
 cast-iron plows which were eventually to make his fortune, and of which more than 50,000 are now made annually. 
 But the practical intelligence and earnest determination of such a man were not likely to fail. Many minor improve- 
 ments were made that told wonderfully iu the long run. For instance, Mr. Avery was the first to introduce the simple 
 device by which a straight handle can be fitted to the back of the mold-board. Formerly the handle had to be bent at 
 each end, but by casting with the mold-board two small projecting pieces into which bolts could be inserted, the straight 
 handle could be securely fastened. Moreover, any countrv blacksmith could put a new handle to a plow, the handle 
 not having to be bent to the shape of the mold-board. 
 
 Thus Mr. Avery made his improvements and built up his business until it became one of the largest and most 
 widely known of Louisville enterprises. His sons were trained in the factory, and when the founder of the enterprise 
 retired, he left his business in competent hands. Mr. Avery began to make plows iu 1825. In 1S47 he came to Louis- 
 ville and in 1852 the factory was located at its present site, at Fifteenth and Main .streets. The concern is now an incor- 
 porated company with a capital stock of |i, 500,000. Its officers are Samuel L. .-^very, President and Treasurer; George 
 C. Avery, Vice-President and Secretary; and W. H. Coen, General Manager. These gentlemen all occupy the highest 
 commercial positions. 
 
 The factory covers some six acres of ground. Here every part of a plow, from a bolt or nut up, is made and sold 
 separately or in the most complete of plows. Undressed lumber, pig iron, and plates of steel are the materials bought. 
 The business of working up the raw materials is all done iu the factory, and for this the apparatus could not possibly be 
 more complete than it is. 
 
 The managers of this great establishment understand that manufacturing, in order to be profitable, must now be 
 done on a large scale. The large buyer gets the best rates on what he buys. He sells his goods, also, in the largest 
 quantities and can consequently afford to undersell his small competitor. He has a fuller and more perfect line of 
 machiuer)-. The business of the Messrs. Avery has been ruuning for fifty years, and there has not been a year of that 
 time in which the machinery has not been improved. They never hesitate to throw out a machine and substitute 
 another that will make plows more economically or more perfectly. Moreover, they use the best material, the best 
 wood, the best iron and steel, and employ the best mechanics, and quality always tells. By all of these means they 
 are enabled to sell a good plow at a profit where smaller concerns make none. In fact, the cost of manufacture 
 has been reduced to such a point that they can deliver plows and cultivating implements in any foreign country at 
 prices which compete with goods made in that country, and they have a large foreigu trade. There is no waste in this 
 factory. A piece of wood that will no^ make two handles will make one handle and a round. The shavings and chips 
 are burned and effect a great saving* in coal. Here again is an advantage over the small manufacturer. Another 
 is that the machinery is nearly always in use and the money invested in the plant is not lying idle, but is returning a 
 good percentage. 84 
 
-m = flovS r¥)czir)u acf 
 
 aclurcrs.- 
 
 EsS^ 
 
 The location of the factory, its 
 owners consider, is most advan- 
 tageous to their business. Louis- 
 ville is ill the heart of the finest 
 timber country and has iron and 
 coal at her very door. Rents are 
 low, and there is obtainable here a 
 good class of skilled labor which 
 is quiet and steady. The shipping 
 facilities of the city are unsur- 
 passed, as it not only has a perfect 
 railroad system, but also a water- 
 way that is a high road to the sea. 
 On all of these accounts Mr. Avery 
 considers Louisville the best pos- 
 sible location for his extensive 
 works. 
 
 The working force of the fac- 
 tory is 600 men. The output is 
 1,500 plows and cultivating imple- 
 ments a day. The engine that 
 
 W. H. COEN. 
 
 is a 400-horse-power Porter-Allen 
 machine that makes 140 revolu- 
 tions per minute and turns four 
 twelve-foot wheels that supply the 
 power to the shafting, which is 
 located in several different build- 
 ings. The first of these the visitor 
 enters contains the wood-working 
 rooms. The lumber is all white 
 oak. It is received in heavy 
 planks, the suppl}' coming mostly 
 from Keutucky. The wood is kept 
 for from a year to eighteen mouths 
 in three large yards, becoming 
 thoroughly seasoned. The supply- 
 now on hand is about fioo,ooo 
 worth. After the planks have 
 been cut into pieces of the re- 
 quired length, the rough patterns , 
 are marked on them and they are 
 cut into shape by a band saw. The 
 handles and other wooden parts of 
 
 steamed and bent and, after drying thoroughly in the drying 
 
 does the greater part of this work 
 
 the plow are then shaped up. The handles are no 
 
 rooms, are " finished up" ready for use. 
 
 But the carpenter shops are not the most interesting section of the factory ; it is when one gets amoug the belching 
 furnaces, the cyclopean hammers that beat a merry rat-a-plan with a force that would crush mountains, amid the 
 presses and dies that mash great pieces of steel into shape, that one realizes the magnitude of the work in hand. Here 
 are hundreds of men engaged in the lusty labor. The pig iron, of which a dozen varieties are used, is melted and cast 
 for the several pieces of a plow. The mold-boards and the shares are so hardened that they will cut glass. The several 
 pieces are now bolted together onto the standard, when they are polished and ground on stones and emery w-heels. 
 Then we have the cast iron, or chilled plow, which is used in sandy soil that would soon cut the steel plow to pieces. 
 The factory annually turns out 40,000 plows of one catalogue number alone, or of one size and design, beside the 
 thousands of other designs. The grindstones on which these plows are polished are from five to seven feet in diameter 
 and several of them are always at work. One of these huge stones is ground down to two feet in diameter in from two 
 to three weeks, when it becomes useless. The workmen who polish the plows stand with their backs pressed agaiust an 
 upright, while their legs are encased in boxes, by means of which they hold the metal firmly against the revolving stones. 
 
 For the steel plows the steel is bought in slabs. It is heated red hot and placed in presses which mash it into the 
 required shapes. These are then tempered. The points are shaped up by the great trip hammers and are then sharp- 
 ened ou the emery wheels, which throw out such volleys of sparks as to make the 'place look like a display of Japanese 
 fire-works were taking place. In one of the shops are several machines called shears which trim the steel or iron 
 plates, cutting a piece of steel a half inch thick as easily as one would cut a piece of caml)ric. 
 
 After the plow has been put together and the wood work has been bolted on, it is sent to the paint shop, where it is 
 finished for the market in more or less elaborate style. Handsomely decorated implements are made for exhibition 
 purposes, but these, of course, are few. 
 
 There is no kind of a plow that is not made in this factory, from the one-horse garden affair to the largest machine 
 for breaking up a prairie or teariug to pieces a McAdamized street. Of course, the}- make sulky-plows and cotton land 
 plows, and plows for a sandy soil, and plows for a rich loam. In fact, the establishment meets every demand of the 
 market, the great \-ariety of its manufacture enabling them to supply plow-s fitted to till any character of soil. 
 
 Here also are made all the cultivating implements in use, though the plow is what has carried the name of Avery 
 into almost every country on the globe. Just 143 different kinds of plows and cultivators are made. 
 
 The Messrs. Avery assert that the persistence with which their w-ares have been pushed has done as much for their 
 success as the superior quality of the plows themselves has done. They are always in the field, their videttes and out- 
 posts, that is, their drummers and agents, being as alert as their general officers are w-ise and bold. Their success is due 
 to enlightened energy and to absolute knowledge of the business in hand. During his residence in Virginia and North 
 Carolina, Mr. B. F. Avery himself did much of the mechanical w-ork of the foundry. His experience and knowledge 
 of the business thus descended to every detail. But it was the confident knowledge of the man of business that en- 
 abled him to extend his enterprise until it became of vast importance. 
 
 Major Coen has been connected with the business as general manager for the past three years, having come here 
 from Chicago, where he was the general manager of the Bayle Ice Machine Company. He is a man of marked ability, 
 wonderful energv-, and Ijusiness tact. In the short time of his residence in Louisville he has earned an enviable reputa- 
 tion as being one of the foremost business men of the city-. He is an Englishman by birth, but has spent most of his 
 life in America. 85 
 
Y-l)'^- ITJuiual Jjijc lr)sup<2rr)CG. v50ir)p(a:r)y ©t xjcr^fucky. 
 
 HON. Charles D. Jacob. 
 
 5 HE important business of Life Insurance is ably represented in 
 Louisville by the Mutual Life Insurance Company of Ken- 
 tucky, which numbers among its officers and directors a score or 
 more of the very first business men of the city. It is only necessary to 
 mention the names of these gentlemen to show the strength and high 
 integrity of the Company. 
 
 Officers : Hon. Charles D. Jacob, President ; John K. Goodloe, Vice- 
 I'resident; L. T. Thustin, Secretary; Dr. W. H. Boiling, Medical Direc- 
 tor ; David Meriwether, Actuary. 
 
 Directors : Thos. L. Barret, President Bank of Kentucky, Treasurer ; 
 Henry W. Barret, Eclipse Woolen Mills; R. A. Robinson, Wholesale 
 Dru.ggist ; John M. Robinson, Wholesale Dry Goods Merchant ; J. B. 
 Wilder, Wholesale Druggist ; Geo. W. Morris, President Gas Company ; 
 WuT. Mix, Attorney -at-Law ; Geo. W. Wicks, Tobacco and Cotton Mer- 
 chant ; John D. Taggart, President Fidelity Trust Co.; W. W. Hite, Pres- 
 ident Louisville & Evansville Mail Line ; W. C. Priest, Real Estate Agent ; 
 W. T. Rolph, Manager Dun's Mercantile Agency ; M. Muldoou, INIarble 
 Works ; H. M. Burford, President Bank of Commerce ; Charles Gold- 
 smith, of Bamberger, Bloom & Co.; A. P. Humphrey, Attorue\'-at-Law. 
 The Company was organized in iS66, with Prof J. Lawrence Smith, 
 President ; Judge L. T. Thustin, Secretary ; and a directory of eight men 
 whose names at once inspired confidence and assured the careful man- 
 agement of the important trust which they assumed. Prof Smith continued in office until the duties of the growing 
 company demanded the entire time of its officers, when he resigned on account of his preference for his scientific 
 researches, which gave him a world-wide reputation, and Hon. John B. Temple was elected in his stead, who gave his 
 undivided attention to the business of the Company, sustaining its high reputation until his death, iu May, l8S6. Hon. 
 Charles D. Jacob was elected to the Presidencj- October 21, 1SS6. 
 
 Mr. Jacob was selected for the office on account of his peculiar fitness, his resignation as United States Minister 
 Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to Colombia thus resulting in the good fortune of the " Mutual of Kentucky." 
 The substantial growth of the company's business from the date of his inauguration to the present time has proven 
 the wisdom of the directory in choosing their third president, its assets amounting to 11,350,000, and its surplus to policy- 
 holders to f 206,000. 
 
 Judge Thustin has faithfully filled the position of Secretary from the organization of the company to the present 
 time, and to his careful management aud conservative policy, the success and high standing of the compau}- is largely 
 due. His excellent judgment in the management of the finances of the company has at once been a protection agaiust 
 loss from unsafe or injudicious investments, and has enabled the organization to earn, with unfailing certainty, the in- 
 crease w'hich is so essential to the success of all such corporations. 
 
 The Mutu.\i, Life Insurance Co. of Kentucky is the largest in the South, and the only Life Insurance Com- 
 pany organized and located in the State of Kentucky, whose insurance laws are most stringent, and v.hose credit is 
 equal to that of any State in the Union. Its managers are gentlemen well known to the commercial world as men of 
 substance, integrity, and intelligence, which the best writers say is the chief consideration in the selection of a company. 
 They are the very men who have contributed to the high credit of the State. 
 
 The ME.\NS and credit of the Company are of the first order. It has sought the safest investments, as its state- 
 ments show, while it has met all its losses promptly. Its management has been conser\'ative, whereby it has gained 
 largely the confidence of the insuring public, who have the best opportunity for knowing its strength, and has elicited 
 the approval of the eminent State officers set to watch over the large interests involved, in a manner of which any 
 company in existence might be proud. 
 
 In obedience to the laws, among the most rigid in the whole country, the State Commissioner of Insurance has, 
 year by year, issued a report, to be found in all the public offices of the State and counties, in which a clear and full 
 statement of the Company is spread before the public for its scrutiny. These reports have all the time shown the 
 Company to be in good condition, and its affairs well administered. Five times since 1S70 have these personal exami- 
 nations lieen made. January, 1S77, the Commissioner closes his report as follows : "After a most rigid examination I have 
 no hesitation in saying that I found the Company to be in a sound and healthful condition, showing evidence of careful 
 and prudent management." In the fall of 1&S3, the fifth examination was made. The report of it closes: "The Com- 
 pany was found to be solvent and sound." The condition and standing of the Company, as well as the value of the 
 securities comprising its investments, can be easily ascertained at all times ; as its aflairs and securities are examined by 
 a committee of the Board of Directors, composed of business men of undoubted integrity, who are residents of the city 
 of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 The Company is mutual in the highest sense, and better than mutual. Besides giving to its policy-holders the sur- 
 plus PRO RAT.4, its managers have put up as security a guarantee capital of one hundred thousand dollars, invested in 
 safe securities, and lodged with the State Treasurer, on which they are limited to draw interest, only when there is entire 
 safety, without encroaching upon the security which the State law requires. Mutual Life Insurance, thus guaranteed is 
 the safest, the most just, and in the end, much the cheapest, as may be easily shown. 86 
 
-m =Yr)c C'0ufr)cpr) dixposifior). 
 
 -\)0 
 
 SINCE the first exhibition by the Southern Exposition, in 1S83, its 
 displays have gradually become more and more practical in their 
 aim, until that of 1SS7, which serves rather to illustrate the real 
 business of this community and the surrounding territory than to com- 
 mand attention by its mere magnitude. In this way, if it is less ambi- 
 tious, it is equally useful. In other words, the Southern Exposition of 
 the present year is directly commercial, rather than educational. It is, 
 iu fact, a great market for the display and sale of goods, being intended 
 to act as an index to, and illustration of, the manufactures and commerce 
 of Louisville and the surrounding country. With this end iu view the 
 management has sought to make the amusement accessories such as will 
 draw, instead of such as will teach. The displays are not built on the fine- 
 art plan, the design having been to make them comprehensive instead 
 of elaborate. 
 
 The history of this enterprise is certainly instructive. The com- 
 pany, which is incorporated, was organized October 30, 1S82. The first 
 exhibition was held in the summer and fall of 18S3. This and the season 
 of the following year saved the city of Louisville from falling into the 
 commercial lethargy that then overcame other and larger cities. Indeed, 
 the influence of the Southern Exposition iu the years 1S83-S4 was 
 worth many years of ordinary growth to the city, keeping business act- 
 ive at dull seasons, and opening new fields to the merchants here. Many 
 reat shows. Again in 1885, the exposition was a success, and iu 1SS6 more goods were 
 sold within the walls of the building than had been sold even in those years when the elaborate foreign displays formed 
 so large a part of the exhibition. 
 
 It is impossible to overestimate the educational benefits of the first four great displays iu the departments of music 
 andpainting, 
 
 !<y 
 
 Major J. M. Wright. 
 thousands of strangers visited the 
 
 whose influence 
 has created a dis- 
 tinctly good and 
 discrimi n a ti n g 
 taste among Louis- 
 ville people in 
 those branches of 
 art. For four years 
 the art gallery was 
 filled with the best 
 American and for- 
 eign pictures. To 
 music the exposi- 
 tion owes much of 
 its success. Dur- 
 ing the exposition 
 seasons Dam- 
 rosch, Gil more, 
 and Cappa have 
 Southern Exposition Company owns 
 
 Southern Exposition Building. 
 
 furnished the 
 music. The com- 
 pany has also pro- 
 vided four spring 
 festivals — two sea- 
 sous of Thomas' 
 symphony con- 
 certs, and two of 
 grand opera, all of 
 which have been 
 eminently suc- 
 cessful. This year, 
 however, the en- 
 tertainments are 
 of a more popular 
 kind and are to be 
 changed from 
 week to week. 
 
 So much for 
 the past: The 
 
 2,815 worth of land ; the improvements, machinery, etc., bring the total up to 
 ^96,613, and the company has other property under its control. The main building has an area of fifteen acres and 
 an exhibit space of 677,400 square feet, of which 177,000 square feet are devoted to the machinery exhibits. vSixteen 
 boilers outside of the building supply the steam to run 1,516 feet of shafting. The company owns all the necessary ap- 
 pliances for running the machinery-. The electric light plant is the largest nidividual plant in the world. The 
 Southern Exposition seems to be particularly well situated for profitable exhibiting of machinery. At the end ot 
 one season, when the subject was traced up, it was found that out of '600 car-loads of machinery coming from the 
 East, only 100 car-loads went back to their original place of shipment ; the balance all having been sold during the 
 exhibition, and at the close shipped to the purchasers. 
 
 All of the exhibits are put in place at a minimum cost to the exhibitors. There is no charge for unloading_and load- 
 ing freight. A special line of railroad runs to the doors of the building, and there is no drayage to pay. There is no 
 charge for space and no entry fee. 
 
 The exposition of the current 3'ear has many special and popular attractions. The admission price is only twenty- 
 five cents ; for children, only ten cents. There is every prospect for the continued success of the enterprise. 
 
 The prosperit}' of the exposition, indeed, its very existence, has been mainly due to Major J. M. Wright, who has 
 been its general manager since its inception, and for two years was its president. 87 
 
-m^ 
 
 =L \uFPcllj vfl^aJDcll m) 00. = 
 
 — cA" 
 
 /f^ 
 
 H, C. MURRELL. 
 
 MONG the most important of the commercial interests of Louisville 
 is the wholesale grocery trade. One of the most successful mer- 
 chants now engaged in it is Henry C. Murrell, of the firm of 
 MURRELI,, Cabell & Co. Mr. Murrell was born iu Glasgow, Ky., in 
 Tune, 18^2. In 1849 he went into the store of his uncle, Mr. Roljert 
 Murrell, where he remained as a clerk until 1S52. Meanwhile, the uncle 
 had quit business in Glasgow and removed to Louisville, establishing, in 
 1S51, a wholesale grocery business in the latter city under the firm name 
 of Murrell & Trigg. Here Mr. Henry C. Murrell followed in January, 
 1852, going into the business as a clerk. On July i, 1S56, he was admitted 
 to an interest in the business, the firm being Murrell, Tri,gg & Co., com- 
 sed of Robert Murrell, .\lanson Trigg, and Henry C. Murrell. The 
 jcern then moved into the building now occupied by Murrell, Cabell 
 S. Co. This firm continued Inisiness for two years and a half, when Mr. 
 I igg retired, the firm then changing its style to Murrell & Co. This 
 iitinued until i860, when H. C. Murrell bought his uncle out, when he 
 nied a partnership with George C. Castleman and Joseph 1'. Torbitt. 
 is firm continued in business for seven years and a half, when it was 
 1 isolved. A partnership was then formed between Mr. Murrell and 
 I :ob F. Weller, under the name of Murrell & Weller. This firm con- 
 unued business until July i, 1S70, when Mr. Murrell went into business 
 alone and in his own name, Init on January i, 18S1, the present firm was 
 established, Mr. Murrell, of course, being the senior member. 
 
 The business of the house, while confined mostly to Kentucky and Indiana, is of large proportions. It embraces 
 everything in the grocery line ; but the firm has made a specialty of manufactured tobaccos, which it handles very 
 largely. The business altogether is as large as is done in the same line of trade in Louisville, the house being popular, 
 as well as substantial. The firm, as it is now composed, consists of Henry C. Murrell, John M. Cabell, a young man and 
 a native of Tavlor county, Ky.,and Samuel Murrell, a younger brother of the senior member of the firm. These gentle- 
 men are most energetic in the conduct of their business, keeping thoroughly abreast of the times and often leading the 
 market. Their business is of a substantial kind, having been built up by energy and probity, rather thau by any 
 speculative ventures. 
 
 During his long and energetic career as a merchant in Louisville, Mr. Murrell has held many positions ol public 
 trust and honor. For a number of years he was a director in the Louisville branch of the Northern Bank of Kentucky, 
 his connection with this institution ceasing when the Louisville branch closed in January, 1873. For seven or eight 
 years he was a director of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, holding this office during the several terms of 
 Presidents E. D. Standiford, H. Victor Newconib, E. H. Green, and C. C. Baldwin. Under Dr. Standiford he was a 
 member of the finance committee which redeemed the property from destruction and established its business standing. 
 He severed his connection with the directory of the road in June, 1S82, but is still actively interested in and officially 
 connected with the road in many of its organizations and enterprises. 
 
 But Mr. Murrell has long held a much larger and more important trust than any of these, having for many years 
 represented his ward— the Seventh— in the Common Council of the city. He has fulfilled this trust with the same 
 honesty, honor, and intelligence that have marked his commercial career. He was first elected to the lower board of the 
 Council in 1867, resigning the following year. In December, 1S73, his fellow citizens sent him to the Board of Alder- 
 men, where he has served ever since, his re election having been opposed only twice in that time. AVhile eminently 
 endowed with the shrewdness, tact, and strength of purpose that make the successful politician, Mr. Murrell in no 
 sense belongs to that category, but has served the city only at the earnest solicitation of those whose trust he holds. 
 With the single exception of its President, Mr. Murrell has been in office longer thau any other member of the Board. 
 It is somewhat remarkable that he has nearly always been classed as an "anti-administration man," at least, since the late 
 Mr. Baxter retired from the Mayoralty. On questions of general policy INIr. Murrell always agreed with that progressive 
 and energetic officer, but he has for years been a "member of the opposition," though, of course, in many of the details 
 of city government, the city's various and changing officers have had his active co-operation. Mr. Murrell has been 
 repeatedly solicited to become a candidate for the Mayoralty and has once or twice been almost forced into the race for 
 that office. But he is a man engaged in large commercial enterprises which demand his attention and which he would 
 have largely to sacrifice were he elected Mayor of Louisville. 
 
 Among the public measures which he actively promoted was the building of the enormous storage reservoir of the 
 Water Works, one of the finest pieces of engineering in the country and one of the most useful of public structures. 
 The timely foresight of those who favored the measure has doubtless several times averted a water famine in Louisville. 
 Mr. Murrell's uncle Robert is an interesting character. He continued actively in business in New York until 18S0, 
 or until he was seventy years of age. He is still a hale and active man, but makes no effiort to do business, though he 
 keeps his seat in the Cotton Exchange. His habits have alwaj^s been most exact and methodical. H. C. Murrell says 
 he has often known him to come into the store day after day and not speak a word to a living soul, except on matters of 
 business, for a week. He acquired a large fortune in his long and busy life. He lives in Brooklyn, but he still spends 
 much time in his office in New York and in the Cotton Exchange. 88 
 
• ^ ^^[)<z Rctlls Gify iSar)!^.^ Sfe- 
 
 |i" 
 
 l-'TER overconiiiii^ 
 numerous adverse 
 circumstances, tlit- 
 
 Falls City Bank has 
 
 for several years beeu one 
 
 of the most prosperous of 
 
 Louisville institutions. It 
 
 was chartered iu 1S65, 
 
 with a paid-up capital of 
 
 ^400,000, being then 
 
 known as the Falls City 
 
 Tobacco Bank. At the 
 
 time of its organization 
 
 there was great financial 
 
 depression throughout 
 
 the country, but the bank 
 
 prospered. Then came 
 
 the panic of '73, and be- 
 fore this storm had swe])t 
 
 over the country the 
 
 Falls City Bank re- 
 ceived a blow that would 
 
 have crushed most similar concerns, but did not cause this one to suspend business, though its entire surplus was wiped 
 out in a single night. In March, 1S73, the bank was robbed of between $300,000 and |4oo,ooo in cash and convertible 
 securities. The thieves rented a room just over the bank's vault and worked down from the top. They used the finest 
 tools and one Satunlay night they had cut their way through the iron and steel top of the vault. The robbery was not 
 discovered until late Monday afternoon, as the thieves had fastened the bolts of the door so that it could not be opened 
 except by expert workmen. The thieves were never caught, though between $200,000 and $300,000 worth of bonds were 
 recovered at a cost of $83,000. The Falls City Bank is particularly fortunate in its charter, which permits its officers 
 
 JOHN T. Moore. 
 
 Major Wm. Tillman. 
 
 t o regulate its 
 capital stock on a 
 sort of sliding 
 scale between 
 $400,000 and $1,- 
 000,000. They 
 may increase it, as 
 they see fit, up to 
 f 1 ,000,000 and 
 may then reduce 
 it to $400,000, but 
 not lower than 
 that. At present 
 its capital stock is 
 $400,000 ; but it is 
 now issuing $200,- 
 000 additional 
 stock. Its shares 
 are quoted at no. 
 The bank is 
 one of the deposi- 
 tories of the Sink- 
 ing Fund of the 
 City of Louisville, 
 which is of great 
 
 advantage to it, 
 and also of the 
 Water Company's 
 account. It trans- 
 acts a general 
 banking business 
 in loans, deposits, 
 discounts, foreign 
 and domestic ex- 
 change, and pays 
 particular atten- 
 tion to inland col- 
 lections. It has a 
 large correspond- 
 ence throughout 
 the South and al- 
 I0WS interest on 
 l)ank deposits. Its 
 Savings D epart- 
 nicnt is a feature 
 of the institution, 
 in which interest 
 is allowed on de- 
 posits. 
 
 After the death 
 
 Interior Falls City Bank. 
 of Mr. L. L. Warren, Mr. John T. Moore was elected President of the l.ank. Mr. Dennis Long is the Vice-President. 
 The other directors are P. Meguiar, J. W. E. Bayly, H. C. Warren, and Charles H. Pettet. Mr. Moore is a member of 
 the firm of Moore, Bremaker & Co., wholesale grocers, and of the Bremaker-Moore Paper Company. 
 
 Major Wm. Tillman, the Cashier, was born in New York iu 1834. The breaking out of the civil war found him in 
 Michigan. He w^as appointed on the staff of General A. S. Williams, but was then made a paymaster in the army. He 
 resigned in 1S66 with the brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, having disbursed $23,000,000, for which he promptly 
 received his quietus. He came to Louisville in 1S75, and in 1S76 accepted a position in the bank. In November, 1S80, 
 he was made cashier. At that time the deposits amounted to $150,000 ; now they reach a million. S9 
 
*^ ^iTJcdais. ©oufl^vvPicl^ # 6©.= 
 
 s3^ 
 
 S. S. Meddis. 
 
 SHIS old aud well-established firm has been in the real estate business 
 since 1867, and have done a very large business. They have sold 
 more property than any other firm in the city, aud perhaps more 
 than all the others put together, since they do a ver\- large auction busi- 
 ness, Mr. Meddis having the well-earned reputation of being one of the 
 best real estate auctioneers in the State. He is a native of Louisville, and 
 before going into the real estate business had served many years as dep- 
 uty sheriff under Charles Ouirey. S. S. Hamilton. W. ,S. D. Megow^an, 
 and J. Wash Davis, w'hich emplo^-ment peculiarly fitted him for the duties 
 of real estate agent and auctioneer. His first important auction sale was 
 in 1S70 for the Bank of Kentucky, amounting to nearlj- two hundred 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 Mr. Meddis made the great Bustard sales in 1S70, aggregating nearly 
 one-half million dollars. The firm has made nearly all the important 
 sales of real estate that have occurred in Louisville during the past 
 twenty years. They have been the purchasing agents for the Short 
 Route Company, Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad Companv, 
 Louisville Bridge Company, C. & O., Cincinnati Short Line, and Ken- 
 lucky and Indiana Bridge Company. They represented the late E. D. 
 Standiford in nearly all his large transactions, and with one or two excep- 
 tions purchased for H.Victor Newcomb, Esq., the vast real estate now- 
 owned by that geutleman in this city. They are now in the active employ 
 of the Fidelity Trust Company, the Louisville Southern Railroad Company, Kentucky and Indiana Bridge Company, 
 Bank of Kentucky, and most of the institutions and individuals having large dealings in real estate in Louisville. 
 
 While Mr. Meddis is essentialh- a real estate agent, devoting most of his time to that branch of his business, he is 
 one of the most successful of general auctioneers and has made an enviable reputation as an auctioneer of live stock, 
 having made some of the greatest sales that have occurred in the United States. For eleven consecutive vears he made 
 sales for L. L. Dorsey, the founder of the great " Golddust " family of horses, and has, with one exception, made all the 
 sales for the late Mr, McFerran and R. S. Veech at the Glenview and Indian Hill stock-farms, on which farms have been 
 bred, and at which sales were sold, many of the trotting celebrities of the present day. At thp executor's sale of Mr. 
 McFerran's estate in October, 1886, Mr. Meddis made what he considers the greatest sale of his life. At this sale 16S 
 head of stock were sold at an average of $1,932 each, the total sale of stock and Glenview farm aggre.gating over four 
 hundred thousand dollars. While these high prices were mainly due to the character and breedin.g of the stock, no one 
 who saw the sale can deny that its success was augmented l:)y the aide manner in which Jlr. Meddis presented the 
 property at the sale, and that he is justh- entitled to congratulations on his management of the greatest and most suc- 
 cessful sale that has ever occurred in America. 
 
 Mr. Southwick came to Louisville in 1S62 from Seneca county. New York, where he spent his boyhood on a farm. 
 His first stay in Louisville was only of two years' duration, but he returned in 1866, and in conjunction with John T. 
 Morris, organized the real estate firm of Morris, Southwick & Co., which firm for nearly eleven years had the largest fol- 
 lowing of any firm of the kiud in the city, and did an immense business in real estate and auction sales. 
 
 The firm of Morris, Southwick & Co. was very successful and accumu- " - / / , .■:<,. 
 
 lated a fortune of a quarter of a million, but the decline in propertv afti.r 
 the panic of 1S73, caused it to lose heanly, aud in 1875 tlis ^x\\\ was 
 dissolved. Thereupon the present firm of JlEDDis & Sot'THWiCK was 
 organized, and for seven or eight years it had hard up-hill business and a 
 series of successes and disappoiutments. But by iuduslry, euerg\-, aud 
 good judgmeut its members have manageii to recuperate their fortunes. 
 Mr. Southwick is regarded as one of the best real estate agents, always 
 amiable in manner, persuasive and convincing in argument. 
 
 Bruce Hoblitzell, the junior member of the firm recentlv admitted, 
 has charge of the books and financial department and will hereafter give 
 special attention to the renting department. This branch of the real 
 estate business the firm has heretofore declined, but \>y the accession of 
 Mr. Hoblitzell, are prepared to conduct it with the same satisfaction to its 
 patrons as it has given in the other branches. 
 
 Both Mr. Meddis and Mr. Southwick are expert in all matters per 
 tainingto real estate. Being fanuliar with nearly every foot of ground in 
 the city — indeed they have sold property on nearly everv block in Louis- 
 ville — they are thoroughly familiar with values, and if they are asked sep- 
 arately to give a valuation on any piece of property, their estimates will in 
 all cases be found to coincide within a few dollars ; consequently, whether 
 for the buyer or seller, their opinion as to prices is equally valuable. Charles Southwick. yo 
 
^m^ 
 
 y©l-)r) H. S)fp(2tffor) §) Eq. =^ 
 
 SHE recent remarkable activity 
 ui real estate brought proin- 
 iueutly before the pul)lic 
 those gentlemen who are supposed 
 to benefit most by the "booms" 
 that certain sections of country are 
 now enjoymg. Among these none 
 has attracted more attention by 
 his foresight, enterprise, and suc- 
 cess than have John A. ,Stratton 
 & Co., real estate and house agents. 
 The firm consists of John \. Strat- 
 ton and X. L. Varble, both of 
 whom are young men and who owe 
 their present influential position 
 entirely to their unaided eflbrts. 
 Mr. Stratton has been in this busi- 
 ness since 1S79. He was born in 
 Henr}- county, Kentucky. February 
 24, 1S54, and removed to Louisville 
 when nine years of age. After re- 
 
 JoHN A. Stratton. 
 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
 but was obliged to spend a year in 
 the far West ou account of failing 
 health. On returning he opened a 
 collecting agency, especially for 
 the collection of rents. The latter 
 branch had increased so much that 
 in 1X79 he determined to devote his 
 attention entirely to real estate. 
 Since that tiine he has made laud 
 values a special study and is known 
 as an expert in this delicate busi- 
 ness. He has been employed to 
 divide some of the largest estates 
 in Louisville, and in almost every 
 important suit at law, involving 
 the value of realty, he is called as 
 an expert and eminenth' fair wit- 
 ness. No man scented Louisville's 
 real estate "boom" from such dis- 
 tance in time as did Mr. Stratton, 
 and the success of his clients was 
 
 ceiving a good education he became 
 
 remarkable. Mr. Stratton is also something of a real estate law\-er, and generalh- looks up the law in his owu cases. 
 
 N. L. Varble was born in Louisville in March, 1855. He was employed variously before forming a partnership with 
 Mr. Stratton. For one year he was with the commission engaged in improving the Mississippi river. He now has ex- 
 clusive charge of the rents looked after by the firm and has the reputation of collecting rather more promptly than any- 
 one else in Louisville. 
 
 In 18S3 these two young gentlemen organized the present firm. When Mr. Stratton first went into the business 
 Louisville property was low in value and the market was almo'st ////, but few sales being made. The rise commenced in 
 iSSo, since which time prices have increased in some localities 200 per cent. 
 
 Mr. Stratton estimates that from 1881 to 1SS3 his business increased 600 per cent., and that it has increased 100 per 
 cent, every year since that time up to January, 18S7. During the first seveu months of 1887 his sales amounted to 
 between J!6oo,ooo and $700,000, 300 per cent, more than the total of 1886, with the autumn trade still to come and every 
 indication of renewed activity. In the city of Louisville the real estate sales for July, 18S7, alwavs the dullest month in 
 the year, amounted to $500,000. These sales were made to investors and consequently are not speculative. No fancy- 
 prices have been paid for desirable locations in any special line of business. 
 
 Mr. Stratton assigns as the first thing that caused Louisville property to appreciate in value, its extraordinary cheap- 
 ness. Another prime cause has been the recognition by so many railroad companies that the South does not afford a 
 better terminal point than is found in Louisville. Since 1879 t^^ number of roads centering here has been more than 
 doubled. While, as a consequence of this, many manufactories and other industries have been located in Louisville, 
 
 still land here is comparatively 
 much cheaper than it is in many 
 countrv villages in this and other 
 States. 
 
 Besides other important con- 
 siderations heretofore mentioned, 
 Louisville offers the following iu- 
 ducements to persons desiring to 
 locate business enterprises : low- 
 freight rates to all sections, cheap 
 fuel, cheap iron, abundant supplies 
 of raw- materials, and, finally, cheap 
 living, both in food and house rent. 
 There has been remarkable free- 
 dom from strikes, wages being 
 good and living easy. .\ nice 
 frame cottage of four rooms with 
 a lot 30x150 feet, on a line of street 
 railroad, within a mile and a quar- 
 ter of the center of the city, can 
 be bought for from I900 to $1,300. 
 There is scarcely any point in the 
 
 .fOUtOXL^^ 
 
 N. L Varble. 
 
 cit3' which is not within three 
 blocks of a street railway. There 
 is no city in the United States, 
 and scarcely any village, that can 
 off'er such inducements to work- 
 ingmen to own their own homes, 
 and there are more laborers in 
 Louisville who own the houses 
 thev live in than there are in any 
 citv of like size in the country. A 
 cottage such as already described 
 brings the investor a rental of from 
 $10.50 to $12.50 per month. The 
 taxes ou such property would be 
 about eighteen dollars a year. 
 
 Messrs. Stratton & Co. offer 
 the following references : Bank 
 of Kentucky, City National Bank, 
 Bank of Louisville, Masonic 
 Savings Bank, German Bank. 
 Merchants' National Bank, West 
 ern Bank, and others. 91 
 
♦ ^ ^^^|^air)bGFqGF, jG)loorr) 
 
 sS^ 
 
 
 
 Julius Bamberger. 
 even founded a junior house in Louisville. 
 
 Levi Bloom. 
 
 ^NE can not obtain 
 any where in Louis- 
 ville a finer idea of 
 commerce than in the 
 l|||i||l{i||ri, I ijij great dry goods establish- 
 
 Ill I \ I ment of BAMBERGER. 
 
 'il, I'l!" \ ... - 4 ■ Bloom & Co., Nos. 644 to 
 
 650 West Main street, 
 
 and 215 and 217 Seveuth 
 
 street. The house is the 
 
 most important and 
 
 largest in its line of trade 
 
 Ml the South or West, 
 ^cepting only a few 
 ' uses in Chicago and 
 1 ie in St. Louis. Other- 
 
 \\.se, it can scarcely be 
 
 said to have a rival west 
 
 of the AUegheuies. It 
 
 has a branch house in 
 
 New York, Nos. 115 and 
 
 117 Worth street, and has 
 The business was established in 1S52 by the late Jlessrs. E. Bamberger and 
 Nathan Bloom, and has ever since occupied a most iufluential position in the trade of the South. The firm name was 
 E. Bamberger & Co. until 1865, when its present style was adopted. During its entire career the house has been known 
 for high integrity and commercial souudness, having weathered all the storms that in the intervening years have caused 
 so many wrecks. The business was at first limited in character, but its spread was rapid, and under Mr. N. Bloom, for 
 years the head of the house, its prosperity was remarkable. This gentleman was a native of Hesse-Darnstadt. 
 He received a good business training in Germany and came to this country when he was twenty-two years of age, 
 landing in New York in 1S4S. He came to Kentucky and established a business in Daviess county, where he remaiued 
 until he came to Louisville in 1852. 
 
 It was under the management of this able financier and merchant that the name of the firm became celebrated, 
 and that the business assumed its large proportions. Mr. Bloom was the head of the house for mauy years. His per- 
 sonal character, his public spirit, generosity and kindness to all with whom he came in contact made him an ideal 
 merchant and contributed to his success quite as much as did his mercantile ability. He died January 14, 18S7. 
 
 N. Bloom's estate is still interested in the business. The firm is composed as follows : Julius Bamberger and 
 Levi Bloom, general managers of the Louisville house ; Levi and J. F. Bamberger, New York partners. Julius 
 Bamberger has charge of all the office work ; Levi Bloom assumes the remainder of the business, being the Gen- 
 eral Superintendent. Mr. S. C. Lang is cashier and head book-keeper. The business is divided into departmeuts which 
 are organized as if each were a distinct business. Each is presided over by its chief of department, and all these report 
 to the General Superintendent. W. Schwabacher is the head of the furnishing department; Gus Dinkelspiel, of the 
 notion department; A. Bierman, of the dress and white goods department; Levi Bloom, of the domestic department, 
 lu the store there are over one hundred emplo)'es. In New York there are two resident bu^-ers who constantly watch 
 the market aud buy for cash at any time and in any quantity, when thej- get an opportunity to buy at prices that they 
 deem a bargain. In this wa}' the firm is able always to meet the lowest prices in the market, as in New York the oppor- 
 tuuities to buy cheap for cash are sufficiently numerous. 
 
 Bamberger, Bloom & Co. have the largest trade in jeans that is done in the world. They absorb the entire out- 
 put of several large mills and buy all the goods that the Louisville mills will let them have of their production. This 
 trade is the firm's specialty, their jeans being sold over the length and breadth of the laud. In this branch alone the 
 firm does a business of three-quarters of a million a 5'ear. 
 
 They keep the fullest Hue of stock in all other branches of the dry goods business. The trade of the firm was 
 originally limited to Kentucky and Southern Indiana, but the energy with which the business has been pushed has 
 extended it all over the South and South-west. It is largest in Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Illinois, .Alabama, Missis- 
 sippi, Arkausas, Georgia, and Texas. The firm imports large quantities of linen gooils and handles the entire product 
 of several cotton mills, as well as that of the woolen mills, already referred to. 
 
 The great growth of the business of this firm rendered its old quarters too small, and in 1S72 it moved into the 
 building it now occupies on Main street, the structure having been built b\- the firm. It was then the handsomest 
 business house in Louisville aud is still one of the finest. It has five stories above ground and two below. It has a 
 frontage of seventy-two feet on Main street and runs back 179 feet. A wing, or L, fronts fort\--eight feet on Seventh street 
 and runs back sixty feet. Yet this splendid structure is already too small for the constantly growing business. In addi- 
 tion to the building already mentioned two large warehouses are always kept full of stock. One of these is the old 
 Newcomb-Buchauau warehouse, ou Fourth street between Main aud the river. 92 
 
- ^ ^^^^; ^^J'^^ # £ 
 
 0. ^^S^ 
 
 5 HE wholesale furnishing goods house of Hess, Mayer & Co., of 
 No. 708 West Main street, does the largest business of its kind in 
 the South, its trade extending throughout all the Southern States, 
 as well as through Kentucky and portions of Indiana and Illinois. 
 Although the house is yet a young one, L'.i3 members of the firm have 
 had a wide experience in the trade that enabled them at once to build up 
 a business of the first importance to the commerce of Louisville. The 
 members of the firm are B. Hess, E. Mayer, and E. B. Hess. The senior 
 member, Mr. B. Hess, was for eighteen years a partner in the house of 
 Bamberger, Bloom & Co. ; Mr. Mayer came to Louisville from Chicago, 
 where he was in the wholesale clothing business ; and E. B. Hess was 
 formerly an employe of Bamberger, Bloom & Co. The house was 
 founded in January, 1SS2, and since then the flying mercury, which is its 
 trade-mark, has carried its name and fame far and wide. He has also 
 filled another of his important ancient offices ; for he has gathered gold 
 together for the lucky merchants who constituted him their patron di- 
 vinity. 
 
 Hess, M.wer & Co. keep a general line of men's and women's 
 
 furnishing goods, white goods, etc. They are direct importers of certain 
 
 of these and they have a resident buyer in New York whose office is at 
 
 No. 40 Thomas street. Thus they are always abreast of the times, and 
 
 B. Hess. their stock is always complete and filled with the latest novelties. Their 
 
 store, which contains five stories, is always packed from cellar to roof and many busy clerks give the place that 
 
 attractive air of activity that makes a mercantile house seem something more than a mere machine for the acquisition 
 
 of wealth. Here are piles of cloaks, great stacks of them that might keep a whole town warm. Here are tiers of boxes 
 
 containing handkerchiefs enough to equip all the hay-fever sufferers in the world. On another floor are piled up no 
 
 end of undershirts, drawers, hosiery, etc., and on the last floor are suits of clothes, house furnishing goods, flannels, etc. 
 
 One of the specialties of this firm is the Atkinson lauudried shirt, for which they have the sole agency for the 
 
 South. These well-known shirts are carried by representative -city retail houses, as well as by country merchants. The 
 
 make has been on the market longer than any other, having stood the test of thirty-four years, during which noue 
 
 better has been found. The firm's stock of these shirts is proportionately the largest stock in the house, as they are in 
 
 very great demand. 
 
 Another specialty is men's and women's underwear, which consists of plain white goods, stripes, scarlets, mixtures, 
 and, in fact, all novelties and staple goods, both of foreign and domestic manufacture, and of all grades from the coars- 
 est to the highest priced. The line of hosiery is equally complete, consisting of domestic and foreign makes and going 
 from a cotton sock to a fancy silk hose. The firm supplies many city houses with the finer grades of men's and women's 
 underwear. The fact that the house does not carry staple dry goods, or the " domestics " sold by the large dry goods 
 houses, enables HESS, MAYER & Co. to keep a fuller line of these furnishing goods than is kept in any of the large dry 
 goods establishments, and to run their grades over a broader range of prices, from the cheap articles to the expensive. 
 They are large importers of gloves, hosiery, laces, etc. 
 
 In the department of house furnishing goods the stock embraces damasks— fancy, bleached, unbleached, aud red — 
 napkins, towels, curtains, comforts, blankets, and all other articles generally included in this department. 
 
 The cloak department is one of the largest in the concern, which is always up with the latest of the ever-changing 
 styles in ladies' wraps. This season the long Newmarket is still to be much in vogue, while tight-fitting jackets and 
 short wraps will also be generally worn. The stuffs used are plushes, plaids, diagonals, stripes, checks, aud kenseys, 
 in the lighter colors, while astrakhans, brocaded and plush goods will be in good demand. The leading styles will 
 be jackets, Newmarkets, raglans, wraps, and plush sacques. There will be a great deal of trimming on the various 
 garments, especially the wraps and sacques. jet and passementerie being most fashiouable, though lur will hold its own. 
 The wraps are generally longer in front than behind. Jackets of beaver cloth, braided, and raglans are supplanting the 
 Newmarket in the larger and more fashionable cities. Richly-adorned wraps will also be very stylish, the trimming 
 being especially heavy about the shoulders. A seal-plush jacket is expected to produce a happy effect, and jersey 
 jackets with tinsel trimmings will become a good figure. Checks, plaid goods, and light shades generally will be pop- 
 ular. Girdles and belts will be almost universally worn. 
 
 All this, and a great deal more, one may learn of that mystery called fashion by spending half an hour in the cloak 
 room of Hess, Mayer & Co., where the feminine freaks of a season are anticipated, just as the clerk of the weather 
 declares for rain or shine ; except that the clerk of the cloaks is rather more to be trusted than the other. 
 
 Of men's goods the firm carries a full and complete line including gloves of all varieties, suspenders, neckwear, 
 hosiery, rubber coats, gossamers, jeans trousers, and clothing. Of women's goods there is as full an assortment, the 
 leading articles being corsets, laces, ribbons, embroideries, shawls, underwear, woolen and knit goods. 
 
 Hess, Mayer & Co. offer the lowest prices to the trade, as they are large buyers and have the advantage of obtain- 
 ing the best cash rates. They are courteous to customers, fill orders promptly, being always able to fill au)- order in 
 their line of business, and are merchants of the highest commercial standing. ^3 
 
H^PjC r^etlior^al vf:i©lleciir)q vfj0ir)p(Z[r)y. 
 
 Guy C. Sibley. 
 
 SHE National Collecting Company is an institution not yet two 
 years old, Init it has already demonstrated its utility and its popu- 
 larity. It was incorporated under the laws of Kentucky in 1S85, 
 its capital being f 100,000, and the business at once undertaken. Its object 
 is the collection of claims against debtors, no inatter where located. In 
 order to accomplish this a very perfect system has been devised, while 
 the company has extended its usefulness beyond the mere collection of 
 debts, giving its suljscribers a list of delinquent debtors against whom 
 claims have been received in any of the company's offices. At present 
 there are offices in active operation in Louisville, Cincinnati, Kansas City, 
 anil Chicago, and as fast as. possible other offices will be organized. In 
 addition to the above-named places, the company is now represented in 
 New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, and St. Louis, 
 which will be headquarters of the chief departments, the country being 
 districted. The plan is to operate in the United States and Canada about 
 twenty-six offices in the largest cities. At all of these points attorneys 
 will be retained, managers appointed, and a competent suliordinate force 
 employed. It was originally intended to make this, as a collecting com- 
 pany, what R. G. Dun & Co. and Bradstreet's are as reporting agencies, and 
 this intention is being carried out. The position of Louisville being 
 central in relation to population, that city was selected as the most con- 
 venient point in the United States from which to develop the business 
 and to obtain the easiest co-operation on the part of the several offices. It is the purpose of the company to have its 
 regular attorney at every county seat and important town throughout the United States and Canada. Thus a very perfect 
 and comprehensive system will be secured. Subscribers to the company are guaranteed against any loss from the mis- 
 appropriation of moneys collected by the company's agents. They are also furnished a delinquent list which will show 
 where credits have been strained or where debtors are behind hand in their payments. In this feature, however, the 
 only reports made are as to parties against whom the conipan\' holds claims. 
 
 The gross earnings for the year ending January I, 1SS7, the first year of the company's existence, were about |i2,ooo 
 and on that date a dividend of five per cent, was declared. The revenues are derived from three distinct sources, the first 
 of which is a regular subscription fee of $25 charged merchants and manufacturers for the use of all the facilities of the 
 company. The second is the annual fee which is paid by the company's attorneys in the smaller towns throughout the 
 United States and Canada. This fee is paid in consideration of the large amount of law and collection business which 
 is concentrated through the numerous offices of the company. The third source of revenue, and much the largest, con- 
 sists of fees and commissions from collections. The office making the collection gets two-thirds of the commission, 
 while the office sending the claim receives one-third, in cases where the collection is made through two offices. Claims 
 are classified and unifonn rates of commission are charged for collecting the various classes of debts. These rates range 
 from one to ten per cent. The banks consider the company a very important adjunct to their business, inasmuch 
 as it takes out of their hands a great many claims that are not strictly first-class and manj- that are collected by the com- 
 pany at a percentage much less than an attorney would charge, and a little greater than the banks themselves would 
 charge. These are claims that a bank would find difficult}- in collecting without the employment of a lawyer. A large 
 part of the revenue is derived from the handling of local claims that are strictly first-class, the company and its employes 
 taking the place of the regular collector for business and professional houses. The fact that a claim is in the hands of 
 this company raises no presumption that there will be difficulty in its collection, as many claims are placed in the hands 
 of the conipau}- before they become due. 
 
 The organization is also of great assistance to the lawyers, since it takes out of their hands hundreds of small 
 claims which can be manipulated by the employes of a corporation like this at a much cheaper rate to patrons thau 
 that at which reputable lawyers could afford to handle them. While the company protects its patrons by being respon- 
 sible for the work of its agents, it is itself protected by requiring its local managers to execute bonds of from fj.ooo to 
 |i5,ooo, according to the amount of business done by the branch office. 
 
 The general officers of the company are Guy C. Siblej-, President ; C. C. Taylor, Secretary and Local Manager ; David 
 J. Davis, General Manager. The directors are Clinton McClarty, Samuel Russell, I. L. Schwabacher, Harry Stucky, 
 and Guy C. Sibley. Among the principal stockholders are the foregoing and George Davis, President Fourth National 
 Bank, Louisville ; Jas. A. Leech, Cashier City National Bank, Louisville ; Jacob Kreiger, Sr., President Masonic Savings 
 Bank, Louisville ; Louisville Banking Company, Louisville ; Louisville Safety Vault and Trust Company ; J. T. Gath- 
 right. Surveyor of the Port of Louisville ; Charles S. Sibley, Wholesale Lumber Dealer, Mobile, Alabama : Eugene Sibley, 
 Brownson & Sibley, Bankers, Victoria, Texas ; Robert Clarke & Co., Publishers, etc., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Mr. Sibley, the President, is an attorney' of ten years' practice at the Louisville bar. The formation of the company 
 was partly the outgrowth of a collection business formerly done by Duke & Richards, attorneys, who, when their firm 
 dissolved, left a large collection business to Mr. Sibley. He employed clerks to attend to this, but his legal practice was 
 so much interfered with that he conceived the idea of forming the company, and as a corporation the business has been 
 thoroughly reorganized, systematized, and enlarged. This was done, the incorporators insisting on his becoming President. 
 
 94 
 
•^ — wcstcpr) vfjGiT)cr)f (g/issociafior). 
 
 eS^ 
 
 5" 
 
 !•■ 
 
 HE Western Cement Association is the selling agent of all the 
 celebrated lirands of Louisville hydraulic cement. The officers of 
 the Association are : R. A. Robinson, President ; J. B. Speed, Vice- 
 resident ; Charles W. Gheens, Secretary aud Treasurer. 
 
 The manufacture of Louisville Cement was beguu in 1829 bv John 
 
 I lulnie & Co., at Shippingport, a small suburb of Louisville, located near 
 
 llie foot of the Louisville and Portland canal. The greater part of the 
 
 1 iroduct of this small mill was used in the construction of the canal and in 
 
 w'll . ' I'l the improvement of Green and Kentucky rivers. From its first introduc- 
 
 ' * II. . lion as al)ove, Louisville cement has been recognized as the best natural 
 
 .irticle manufactured in this country. Notwithstanding the rude process 
 
 ■•f manufacture used by John Huhne, the w'oik on the Louisville and 
 
 jrtland canal, after a period of over fifty years, exposed to a variation 
 
 temperature of fully one hundred degrees, is in a perfect state of 
 
 reservation, while much of the stone used in the masonry plainlj" shows 
 
 e effect of age and exposure. The process of manufacture has been 
 
 eatly improved and the capacity of the mills has been largely increased 
 
 supply the great demand for Louisville cement. In 1S70, the product 
 
 the mills was 320.150 barrels, while in l8S5 the sales amounted to 
 
 'J. 210 barrels. The Louisville brands comprise the .Star, Diamond, 
 
 "■■ '" "'"• -inchor. Acorn, and Fern Leaf cements, two of the mills being in Ken- 
 
 R. A. ROBINSON. jm-ky aud six in Indiana. 
 
 The uses to which good hy<lraulic cement may be put are numerous, including the construction of masonry of 
 all classes, foundations, brick walls, subterraneous structures, concrete street foundations, floors, the walls of cisterns 
 and wells, the interiors of fire-proof safes and bank vaults, in fact in ever}' work or structure where a constantlv 
 hardening mastic is required, which is impervious to water and fire. The LouLsville brands have received the highest 
 testimonials from engineers aud architects in all parts of the United States, and in every instance where tests have 
 been made to show the relative value of Louisville and other cements, the former has been awarded the preference 
 for intrinsic merit. There is hardly a .State or Territory west of the Alleghany mountains, where large works of a 
 pulilic character have been constructed, in which Louisville cement has not been largely, and in many cases exclusivelv, 
 used. This includes bridges, water-works, railroad buildings, governmeut improvements on rivers and harbors, custom 
 houses, and large buildings of every description. One of its principal features is its economy (as compared with other 
 brands) iu the proportion of sand it will carry iu the preparation of mortar. This feature, together with the fact that 
 Louisville cement sets promptly and hardens regularly and persistently% has given it such an excellent reputation that 
 the consumption of the Louisville article west of the Alleghany mountains is larger than the aggregate sales of all 
 other cements. 
 
 In setting, Louisville cement is prompt aud energetic, which renders it valual)le for work which must be carried on 
 in running water, or in positions where new foundations nmst carr}- heavy superstructure as soon as they are finished. 
 Tests of Louisville cement show that this induration begins as soon as the mastic is deposited in place, and that it will 
 resist a tensile strain of from seventy to one hundred pounds per square inch of section in twenty-four hours. In the 
 preparation of concrete for street foundations, where large areas are covered by one mass, aud where traffic is to be re- 
 sumed as soon as the paving material is set, the rapid induration of Louisville cement has given it the preference over 
 all competitors. For special purposes, the manufacturers make a slow'-setting cement, which can be furnished at any 
 time and in any quantity. The latter is generally used iu works where large quantities of mortar are required to be 
 transported some distance to the site of the work, aud where very high temperatures prevail. In extremely hot weather 
 the tendency of all cements is to "set" rapidly, so that a slow setting article, which may be mixed in large quantities 
 without fear of crystallization commencing before the same is deposited in the work, is very desirable. By specifying 
 "slow setting cement " in ordering, this class of cement will be delivered. 
 
 The grinding of Louisville cement is carefully and evenly done. This is a point too frequently neglected by cement 
 manufacturers, ami one which seriously affects the utility of the article, when mixed with saud. Coarse particles of 
 cement are, to some extent, inert and when mixed with sand have no contact. The Louisville maimfacturers require 
 their cement grouiul so that at least eighty-five per cent, shall pass through a screen of twenty-five hundred meshes to 
 the square inch. 
 
 Under an improved process, the burning of the natural cement rock is regulated bv an artificial draught produced 
 by a large fan. This insures a regular quality of "lime" (as the burned rock is called) and therefore a higher and more 
 even grade of cement. A large force of men and a complete plant of machinerj' are constantly employed in quarrying 
 the cement rock, of which large beds are found in the river at Louisville and in the country back of Jeffersonville, on 
 the opposite side. The eight mills represented by the association have a much larger capacity than any demand which 
 has yet been made upon them, which insures promptness in filling orders, and a sufiicient stock always on hand to meet 
 sudden calls for large quantities. 
 
 A large number of expert mechanics are employed in the manufacture of Louisville cement. The office of the 
 Western Cement Associ.\Tion is at the corner of Third and Main streets, Louisville, Ky. 95 
 
r)Gr)tuciw iijufual 
 
 )ccupil 
 
 Bund £ 
 
 i^ i^ur)Gl V.0r9pai)j. 
 
 5 HE Kentucky Mutual Security Fund Company of LouIS\^l:,I,E 
 IS oue of the youngest life insurance companies iu the State, but 
 has already acquired a business of large proportions. It is a 
 member of the Mutual Benefit Life Association of America, and was char- 
 tered by the Kentucky Legislature Februar3- 4, 1SS4. having begun busi- 
 ness in the fall of 1883 under the general charter. Its incorporators were 
 Wm. B. Hoke, Robert J. Breckinridge, Charles S. Clark, W. T. McCarley, 
 and Edward Badger. It is the only company chartered under the laws of 
 Keutuckj- that creates a security fund, one of the great safeguards of life 
 insurance, and a feature that gives this company a great advantage over 
 other similar co-operative societies. That the plan is a popular one is 
 shown by the fact that, though the company is still so young, it has written 
 over|i4,200,oooof insurance ; has paid in death losses over I165, 000, and 
 lias accumulated a reserve fund of about 550.000, which is invested in 
 interest-bearing bonds of the safest character. The company now has 
 liusiness in twenty-nine States atid territories, over which it has a well- 
 orLjauized agency corps. 
 
 The company' furnishes life insurance on what is known as the 
 " natural premium system," its rates being surprisingly low. That is to 
 say, it insures at actual cost, according to age and the expectation of life. 
 For the safe conduct of its business three distinct funds are provided. 
 Judge W. B. Hoke. -[-[jg j^j-gj. ^f tijgse jg tlig Expense Fund, for the maintenance of which 
 
 each member of the company pays I3 a year on every |i,ooo of insurance carried b)' him. Out of this fund all the ex- 
 penses of conducting the business are paid. The second is the Mortuary Fund, which can only be used to pay death 
 losses. This fund is provided by a pro rata mortuary payment of members, according to their age and the amount of 
 their insurance, limited to six payments per annum. The third is the Security Fund. This is limited to f 1,000,000 and 
 is created by the payment to the company of |io for each |i,ooo of insurance held. It really amounts to a deposit and is 
 to be made only once during life, and can be made at such times and in such amounts as the insured may desire ; but if 
 not paid in full before death, fifty per cent, will be added to the balance then due and deducted from the face value of 
 the certificate. This fund is deposited with the Louisville Safety Vault and Trust Company as Trustees, which holds the 
 bonds in which it is invested, subject to the demands of the certificate holders. As soon as the fund reaches $250,000, 
 or at the expiration of five years, the interest will be declared as a dividend, payable to members who have made their 
 deposit to the fund five years previously, and will be placed to their credit to pay future dues and mortuary payments. 
 The dividends are only paid to persistent members of the company, and thus it acts as a tontine fund as well as a protec- 
 tion to members by providing against the failure of the comjjauy, either by the lapsing of members or any other possible 
 cause. The Mortuary and Security Funds are, of course, inviolable. The officers of the company are required to make 
 an annual report to the Insurance Commissioner of the State as to the condition of these two funds, the receipts and 
 disbursements of the same, and the balance remaining on hand. 
 
 A strict medical examination is required, and only the best risks are accepted. On this subject L. C. Norman, In- 
 surance Commissioner for Kentucky, says in his report on the Kentucky Mutual Security Fund Company : "The 
 prosperous condition of the company is due to many causes, but the low averr.ge age of its members — less than forty 
 years — and the careful and efficient medical super\-ision of its risks are among the most important. Too much credit 
 can not, therefore, be given your accomplished Medical Supervisor, since his rejection of a large volume of business has 
 materially assisted in securing and maintaining the present low death-rate of the company. I may say I found the office 
 of the company in excellent condition, systematicallv arranged, and conducted in a neat and business-like manner." 
 In all other respects the commissioner finds the affairs of the company regular and prosperous. 
 
 The officers of the company are W. B. Hoke, President ; George W. Griffiths, Vice-President and Medical Super- 
 visor ; B. H. Trabue, Secretary ; Professor J. R. Hodges, Adjustor ; W. T. McCarley, Superintendent of Agencies. 
 Judge William B. Hoke was one of the incorporators of the company and has been its President ever since its 
 organization, by his high character and intelligence guaranteeing the probity of the company. He was born August i, 
 1838, in Jefferson county, Kentucky, and was educated for the bar. He read law in the office of the late James Speed 
 and graduated from the Law School of the I'niversity of Louisville in 1859, taking the first honors of his class. In 1866 
 he was elected County Judge, which office he has since continuouslv filled. He has been elected to the office six consec- 
 utive times and is now filling his sixth term. Judge Hoke has been highly honored by Masonic bodies and other secret 
 and benevolent organizations. 
 
 Dr. George W. Griffiths has also been an officer of the company since its inception. He has long been a member 
 of the Board of Aldermen of Louisville, aud is an ex-President of that body. Mr. B. H. Trabue took a position in the 
 office of the company in October, 1S85. He was elected assistant secretary and a member of the Board of Directors in 
 May, 1886. In April, 1S87, he was made secretary. He is still a young man, having graduated at the Kentucky Military 
 Institute in 1S81. 
 
 Mr. W. T. McCarley, one of the incorporators, aud the superintendent of agencies since organization, is an experi- 
 enced insurance man, having come here from Nashville to assist iu organizing the company. 96 
 
«^ 
 
 % 
 
 esGrpeaKe- 
 
 k 
 
 r\0uf 
 
 0Ul<2-.= 
 
 
 General John Echols. 
 
 SHE history of the progress of Louisville is contained, in a great 
 measure, in the history of the lines of railway forming this route. 
 Not only have new fields been opened to Louisville enterprises, but, 
 in inaugurating competition between Louisville and the commercial 
 centers of the South and South-west, and between Louisville and the 
 Eastern cities, increased values have been added to Louisville's commerce. 
 Recently the Newport News and Mississippi Valley Company was 
 incorporated for the purpose of operating the Chesapeake & Ohio 
 Lines, the Eastern Division operating betvv'een Lexington, Ky., Rich- 
 mond, Va., Newport News, Va., Norfolk, and Old Point Comfort; the 
 Western Division operating between Louisville and Memphis. By a 
 favorable alliance with the Old Dominion Steamship Company, a cheaper 
 route between Louisville and New York than ever before enjoyed was 
 established. 
 ' A transatlantic steamship line (known as the "Huntington Line") 
 
 is operated in connection with the Newport News and Mississippi Valley 
 Company between Newport News aud Liverpool. 
 
 By traffic arrangement W'ith the Virginia Midland Railway between 
 Charlottesville, Va., and Washington, aud with the Louisville & Nash- 
 ville Railroad, between Louisville and Le.xingtou, through trains, with 
 Pullman buffet cars, are run daily between Louisville and Washington. 
 The line through the Virgiuias is celebrated for its beautiful scenery ; 
 it is laid through the canons of New River, and penetrates the barriers 
 of the Alleghany and Blue Ridge mountains. The scenery is varied in character, and it is difficult to pronounce one 
 type more beautiful or iuteresting than the other ; the grandest of mountains, the most picturesque of mountain rivers., 
 and the most beautiful valley landscapes being presented. All through the mountains of the Virginias are scattered 
 health and pleasure resorts, the most prominent of the springs resorts are White Sulphur, Red Sulphur, Salt Sulphur, 
 the old Sweet Chalybeate, the Warm, the Hot, the Healing, and Rock Bridge Alum. There are innumerable others of 
 smaller dimensions, largely patronized by Virginians. The Hygeia Hotel at Old Point Comfort, and Hotel Warwick at 
 Newport News, are visited at all seasons of the year by those who delight in the attractions of the sea-shore. 
 
 An immense freight traffic is carried on between Louisville and the East, the fast freight line Ijeiug known as the 
 "Kanawha Dispatch." 
 
 The Western Division, or as it is still familiarly known, the Chesapeake, Ohio & South-western, is of even greater 
 importance to the local interests of Louisville than the Eastern Division, as it is nearer home. It has given to Louis- 
 ville a fine article of fuel at a small cost for transportation ; the mines at McHenry and vicinity producing some of the 
 best bituminous coal of the State. Produce of all kinds from the river counties is delivered in Louisville in large quan- 
 tities daily, during the season. 
 
 The Ches.\pe.\ke & Ohio Route is through Paducah, Fulton, Rives, Paducah Junction, and Covington, Teun., to 
 Memphis. At Fulton the Illinois Central road is crossed, giving a line to Cairo and the North, and several important 
 cities of the South. The Mobile and Ohio is crossed at Rives, and adds to the number of Southern cities placed within 
 the range of Louisville trade. The Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis road is crossed at Paducah Junction, giving a line 
 to Hickman, Ky. Upon the completion, this fall, of the new river road, which will join the Chesapeake, Ohio & South- 
 western at West Point, the distance to Owensboro will be very much shortened. The lumber interest in West Tennessee 
 is assuming vast proportions, and much Louisville capital has been invested in that section. At Memphis the line con- 
 nects with roads for Little Rock and principal points in Arkansas and Texas; also, with the Louisville, New Orleans & 
 Texas Railroad, which runs through the Mississippi Valley to Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans. The Western 
 Division is laid with heavy steel rails, and the track is stone-ballasted from one end to the other. Double daily trains 
 run between Louisville and Memphis, equipped with the finest Pullman buffet and combination chair aud sleeping-cars. 
 There has never been anything speculative in Mr. Huntington's property. All of his railroad interests represent an 
 investment, not at the mercy of Wall street or any other demoralizing clique of speculators. In Louisville alone, he 
 has invested a vast fortune in improvements. The elevated "Short Route," which extends along the river front from 
 one end of the city to the other, is a remarkably fine piece of work, and should be the pride of Louisville. The new 
 Union Passenger Station, at Seventh street and the river, will be, upon its completion, one of the finest and most com- 
 plete stations in the West. In fact, it will not be excelled anywhere in the United States. Such structures can not but 
 advance the interests of Louisville. 
 
 Mr. C. P. Huntington is President of the Newport Nevs and Mississippi Valley Company ; General Wm. C. Wick- 
 ham, Secoud Vice-President, whose office is at Richmond, Va. , operates the Eastern Divisiou, aud General John Echols, 
 Third Vice-President, whose office is in Louisville, operates the Western Division. Mr. John Muir is General Traffic 
 Manager, and Mr. H. W. Fuller, General Passenger Agent of the entire line. Mr. B. F. Mitchell, General Freight Agent 
 of the Western Di\asion, has an office in Louisville, but as the General Freight Agent of the Eastern Division is located 
 in Richmond, Mr. J. W. Wheeler, Agent of the Kanawha Dispatch in Louisville, looks after the freight interests of the 
 Eastern Division here. 97 
 
uapicrrnasiGF s 
 
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 f GF s JdcpaFfrncnf, U.. ^. ©/i., 
 
 :paFlrr)cr) 
 
 0' 
 
 MAJOR-GEN'L Rufus Saxton. 
 
 iiif*i«iiiiiiiiiiii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iiii<iiiii(!iiiiiiiiiiB™ ^^NE of the most interesting of the public institutions in the neigh- 
 
 borhood of Louisville is the Jeffersonville Depot of the 
 Quartermaster's Department of the U. S. A. This is the 
 general supply Depot of the Army, being the place from which the 
 bulk of "clothing aud equipage," as the ofBcial phrase is, and "quarter- 
 master's stores" are shipped to every military post in the country. Half 
 a million gallons of illuminating oil, for instance, are sent out from here 
 to the various posts. The last advertisement for bids calls for So.ooo 
 pounds of mule shoes; 250,000 pounds of horseshoes; 40,000 pounds 
 of horse shoe nails; 23,500 pounds of rope; 50,000 pounds of white 
 lead ; 100,000 pounds of iron ; 100,000 tire bolts ; 10,000 feet of rubber 
 hose ; 10,000 files, etc. No doubt Jeffersonville was selected as the 
 point for the collection aud shipment of all the numerous articles 
 in consequence of the central position occupied by the Falls Cities, 
 which are easily within reach of raw aud manufactured materials. 
 Another consideration that must have had great weight in locating this 
 depot is the admirable advantages afforded here for shippiug goods to 
 the North, South, East, or West. The presence of this institution is of 
 great advantage to Louisville, whose manufacturers and merchants 
 obtain many large contracts for government supplies, they being right 
 at the door at which the goods are to be delivered and thus enjoying a 
 certain advantage over bidders from a distance. 
 The building is located just back of Jeffersonville, Ind. It is a long quadrangular structure, 800 feet square, 
 inclosing a court or lawn of about eighteen acres which is covered with a fine sward and dotted with trees and beds of 
 flowers. The storage capacity of the building itself is 2,700.000 cubic feet. The original cost of the structure, which is 
 of brick, was |i50,ooo, the city of Jeffersonville donating the ground. The building was erected in the years 1S71-74, 
 when General Grant was President of the United States; W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War; W. T. Sherman, General 
 of the Army ; and M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General. General Meigs drew the plans for the building. In the center 
 of the enclosed square is an oiEce building surmounted by a high tower. The boiler and engine rooms are also in this 
 central structure, for the entire depot is heated by steam. 
 
 The number of men employed is, ordinarily, seventy-five, but occasionally as many as 700 sewing women are engaged 
 there. The cost of keeping the buildiugs in order is from I3, 000 to ^4,000 a year, but the funds disbursed here 
 annually range from fcoo,ooo to Ji, 000,000. 
 
 The depot at Jeffersonville was the direct outgrowth of the civil war. Louisville would have been the central point 
 for the distribution of stores during the progress of that strife but for the fact that the river was in the rear of it, 
 instead of in front. Consequently, Jeffersonville was chosen, the town even then having good railroad facilities, besides 
 the river. Consequently, here were located branches of the Quartermaster, Commissary, Ordnance, and Hospital 
 departments, which gave life to the place. A Government hospital was located there during the war, while the United 
 States also had barracks, warehouses, army stables, blacksmith shops, and bakeries there. All of this resulted in the 
 establishment of a government depot. 
 
 This important institution is under the command of Brevet Major-General Rufus Saxton, Assistant Quartermaster- 
 General, U. S. A., who succeeded General Ekin on July 30, 1883, when the latter was retired 
 from ser\'ice because he had reached the age of sixty-four years. 
 
 General Saxton was born in Massachusetts, and was appointed a cadet in the United 
 States Military Academy, where he graduated in 1S49, when he was made a Brevet Second 
 Lieutenant of the Third Artillery. He sen-ed in the Florida Indian War in 1849 and 1S50. 
 
 K i- 
 
 Interior View of the Quartermaster's Depot. 
 
Jcj|<2,FS0r)Villc, ir)diar)a:. 
 
 After serving in Texas, he was the Chief Quartermaster of the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad Exploration. He conducted an exploring expedition 
 from the mouth of the Columbia River across the continent, through a 
 region of country never before traversed by white men. For this achieve- 
 ment he received the congratulations and praise of Governor Stevens, of 
 Washington Territory, chief of the expedition. It is somewhat remark- 
 able that in blazing his way, without guides, through the unknown 
 wilderness, the young officer marked out almost the exact line that has 
 since been followed by the Northern Pacific road. The undertaking was 
 considered a most dangerous one, as the party was small and the territory 
 was infested by hostile Indians. When the explorers started on their 
 hazardous journey there were many people who predicted that thev would 
 never be seen again. 
 
 In 1S55 he was promoted to be First Lieutenant of the Fourth Artil- 
 lery, and in 1859 was on Coast Survey duty. In 1859 and 1S60 he was 
 Assistant Instructor of Artillery Tactics at the United States Military 
 Academy. At the breaking out of the war he was promoted to a cap- 
 taincy. He was appointed Colonel of Missouri Volunteers, afterward 
 being appointed Colonel of the 22d Massachusetts Volunteers, neither 
 of which positions he was permitted to accept, the Quartermaster-Gen- 
 eral being unwilling to dispense with his services in his department. In 
 1S61 he was Chief Quartermaster for General McClellan in his West 
 Virginia campaign and became Chief Quartermaster of General T. W. Sherman's expeditionary corps to Port Royal, 
 S. C, and of the Department of the South. He had entire charge in New York of the organization of the transportation 
 for this expedition and was warmly congratulated by Geueral Meigs on his success. The fleet sent out was one of the 
 largest put afloat during the war. 
 
 During the early part of the war he was several times offered high rank in the volunteer service. In 1S62 he 
 was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers in the Army of the Potomac. He was Military Governor of the 
 
 Major Addison Barrett. 
 
 BiRDSEYE View of the QUARTERMASTERb DEPOT. 
 
 Department of the South, being charged with the recruiting of colored troops. He was in command of Morris' Island 
 and of the bombardment of Charleston. In 1S65 he was made Brevet Major-General of Volunteers, having charge of 
 important undertakings in connection with the freedmen of the South. He was mustered out of the volunteer service 
 in 1S66, with the rank of Major in the regular army. In 1SS2 he was promoted to be Colouel and Assistant Quarter- 
 master-General. 
 
 The Military Storekeeper, who is second in command and who has charge of all property and of the shipping, is 
 Major .\ddisou Barrett, a native of Massachusetts. He vcas a Sergeant in the general service, located first in the 
 Adjutaut-General's oflBce in Washington in 1S62. In April, 1863, he was discharged, and on December 21, 1S64, was 
 appointed Captain and Commissary of Subsistence. On September 24, 1S65, he was brevetted Major in the volunteer 
 service. In July, 1S66, he was appointed Captain and Military Storekeeper in the regular army. Major Barrett's first 
 assignment in the Quartermaster's Department was at Charleston, S. C, where he remained from 1S67 to 1S70. He was 
 then transferred to San Francisco, where he remained two years, at the expiration of that tiine coming to Jeffersonville. 
 He has served at the depot there for fourteen years. The perfect order and ship-shape air of the establishment are 
 due to Major Barrett, who realh' has the arduous duties of the place upon his shoulders. He has to keep all the 
 details of the enormous business at his fingers' ends, and must know the quality of everything from a spool of thread 
 to an ambulance. 
 
 General Saxton's chief clerk is Captain Edwin W. Hewitt, who has been in the military service for twenty-five 
 years. Mr. T. E. Longden is the chief clerk to Major Barrett, and has been employed in various positions ia the 
 Quartermaster's Department for more than fourteen years. 99 
 
iior)q ^ |e)pofr)GF A"i0:r)u Grcfupirjq v!;orr)p(Z[r)Y 
 
 Charles R. Long. 
 
 SHE Long & Brother Manufacturing Company, makers ol 
 chairs, and of Vienna bent-wood furniture, has a capital stock ot 
 $100,000, of which f6o,ooo are paid up. The officers are Charles 
 R. Long, President ; Frank A. Cannon, Vice-President ; D. B. McMullen, 
 Secretary and Treasurer ; J. F. Jaworek, Superintendent. The late E. D. 
 Standiford was one of the directors. The others are W. R. Raj-, John 
 E. Norris, and Charles R. Long. 
 
 This companj- has recently undertaken an enterprise that will 
 greatly add to the importance of Louisville as a furniture manufacturing 
 place. It is the making of the Vienna bent-wood furniture, chiefly 
 chairs, which for several years have been imported into America, and 
 which have been cheaply imitated to some extent in this country. But 
 before going into the subject of making this admirable class of furniture, 
 a brief outline of the history of the Long Chair Factory may be given 
 in the history of its founder. 
 
 Mr. Long is a type of that energetic race of people which derives its 
 descent from what is called the Scotch-Irish, who did so much towards 
 settling this countrj-. Isaac Long, his grandfather, came to Kentucky 
 from Pennsylvania in the last century. He made his home in what 
 is now Fayette county, where Wm. C. Long, the father of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, was born. His maternal grandfather, Charles Ellis, 
 was a native of Culpeper county, Virginia, but removed to Kentucky 
 early in the present century. He was a soldier in General Harrison's campaign against the Indians and took part in 
 the fight at Tippecanoe. Charles R. Long was born in Shelby county, Ky., May 7, 1840. He inherited the hardy 
 character, the strong will and energv of his pioneer ancestors, and his career has been the exercise of their traits in a 
 new field of action, commerce and politics having been substituted for backwoods adventure and Indian warfare. Mr. 
 Long was raised on the farm until he eighteen years of age. He received a practical education in the country schools ; 
 but it was his native energy rather than any acquired skill or culture that pushed him ahead through life — a fact wherein 
 he resembled most of the successful men of his generation and surroundings. He finished his school days at the high 
 school in New Albany, Indiana. At twenty years of age he became a shipping clerk in a chair factory in New Albany, 
 where he also married a daughter of Captain John R. Cannon. 
 
 In 1861 he located in business in Louisville, his older brother, Isaac N. Long, joining with him in the manufacture 
 of chairs. Mr. Isaac N. Long died in March, iSyg. The factory was orgiually located on Market street between Preston 
 and Jackson streets, where only twenty men were employed. From this small beginning has grown up the great busi- 
 ness which now keeps from 150 to 300 men steadily engaged, besides machinery that will do the work of many 
 hundred men. After the death of his brother, Mr. Long organized the stock company whose name forms tlie caption 
 of this article. 
 
 The business was successfully conducted, and Long's chairs became known far and wide. Recently the company 
 conceived the idea of making a specialty of the bent-wood furniture that has become so quickly popular. Some six months 
 ago preparations looking to this end were commenced, and four months ago the company began to make this furniture, 
 having secured the completes! possible outfit of machinerv and labor, Mr. J. F. Jaworek, a skilled workman of Vienna, 
 was secured to superintend the shops and other efficient mechanics were engaged. The furniture made here is guaran- 
 teed to equal, if not to surpass, that made in Vienna. This is the only factory in America where the wood is polished 
 and finished in the high style of that of European manufacture. Elsewhere in America the wood is varnished, but 
 not polished. One great advantage that the company has over foreign competitors is found in the beech wood, which has 
 a fiue grain, is easily bent, and takes the highest possible polish. They have no such wood in Vienna. Many of the 
 chairs made at this factory are polished like a highly-finished piano, and even the cheap grades are handsome, as well as 
 durable. The company is able to equal the European article in style and finish and to undersell the foreign manufacturers. 
 The company has unsurpassed facilities for making this furniture. It begins at the beginning by selecting and 
 felling its own trees and sawing them into planks in its own saw-mill, situated in the southern part of Indiana. These 
 planks are then brought to Louisville after having been thoroughly selected. Here they are cut into strips of the 
 required thickness and length. Those for the curved backs of chairs are then turned. The strips are then steamed, 
 afterward being taken to the bending room, where the wood is bent by machinery from castings that have been made 
 after wooden patterns designed by a workman especially engaged for that purpose. It is astonishing into how many 
 varieties of shapes the wood is bent. It is made into intricate scrolls or perfect circles, the ends in the latter being 
 joined by what is known as the "snake joint" — i. e., like a snake that has swallowed his tail. The wood is clamped 
 about the castings and is then taken to the drying room. In the factory are 100,000 pounds of castings that represent 
 hundreds of patterns. 
 
 After the piece is firmly set in the desired shape, the casting is removed. The wood has then become extremely 
 flexible. It bends like a reed and bounds off the floor when thrown hard against it. This elastic strength is one of the 
 merits of the furniture. Now comes the reduction of the rough wood to smoothness. The piece is planed, rasped, 
 filed, scraped, and sand-papered until it is perfectly smooth. Theu it is dipped into vats and stained with the funda- 
 
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 rrjepicar) 
 
 r;cr)f=w00(2l rfeupnlf 
 
 9^ 
 
 LuP(^. 
 
 mental color, if it is not to be left in its natural color. The polish is now put on by rubbing it thoroughly into the grain. 
 It is colored to imitate ebonj-, antique oak, mahogany, cherry, and other woods, and is rubbed in by hand. This polish 
 consists of shellac and alcohol, with the proper chemical coloring matter. It becomes thoroughly ingrained with the 
 wood and does not wear off. Sometimes the natural woods are polished in their own colors, the varieties used being 
 beech, oak, ash, maple, and walnut. The pieces are then put together by means of bolts and screws, no glue being 
 used for this purpose. Thus durability is secured, the chair not being liable to break in any part. The bolt-heads and 
 screw-heads are concealed. The seat is bent iu one piece and the chair back and back legs are also one piece. The 
 chairs go fresh from the factory to the dealer, without having to endure an ocean voyage. Thev are packed in glazed 
 paper and straw, so that they will not become bruised or scratched. This gives the company several advantages over 
 the Austrian makers who ship to America. 
 
 A new style of bent-wood furniture is now being made at this factory. It is called the "American Bent-wood 
 Furniture," and is an adaptation of the Vienna article to the needs of the trade in supplying cheap and durable 
 furniture that is at the same time handsome and artistic. In the Vienna furniture all the pieces are rounded ; but iu 
 the company's American not all of them are. The finish is not so high in this style, though it is handsomely stained 
 iu different colors and nicely finished in varnish. The furniture of this class is as durable as the Vienna, but is not 
 nearly so expensive. The style is entirely new. never having been made before in this or any other country. It will 
 certainly meet a long-felt want of the trade, as it will undoubtedly become popular. 
 
 One of the long-standing articles of manufacture by this company is the "double-caned seat standard chair," as it 
 is known to the trade. It is made of maple, beech, and hickory, and its manufacture will be continued as of old. Many 
 
 thousands of these .^ __^ , ings of which it 
 
 chairs are sold an- F" liiiiiliiiilii^^ consists c o n t a i n 
 
 nually, they being between 50,000 
 
 cheap, substan- and 60,000 square 
 
 tial, and useful. feet of working 
 
 The company also fT*""^ space. In addi- 
 
 makes a specialty ^ . W, j \ if^Jw) '■^°° *° ^^^ factory 
 
 of lawu and gar- ^^^^^^ r=W l^"~^ ■' li/^^fST^^^ /*^^!V P''oP'?»' there is a 
 
 den furniture of >k II |0 — 3 / />^-^ l^F (( f M two -story ware- 
 
 an ornamental \w_>^S ^^11 11,! ! ^ ..^5==»=^ 1^ .ff k ^- %4 II 1 j^ house 100 feet 
 
 and durable kind. \y ___ll^^i-« l^'X'^fi ^^--^^^^ jff p^'i=/|— ^. _J'a \ Ull k' ^1"are. When 
 
 As may be I Ll _ _' .^ te " \lf^^ ' ~5^^' -tzJ"'^ \ ■'•«^' ''jj""^ the factory is ruu- 
 
 imagined. the )^_ !t^\ ' V^^^^TT^^ '' '~- |/"^I~' 7(*^^ ning at its full ca- 
 
 factory of the V j \ \]^ I (Cl(wTT ll ^^ '" ' '/ 'llW ^"""^^ '' employs 
 
 Long&Brother ' // ; ''- U > ^w- -J^ ^^^^ 7 |r \ '^"° hands and 
 
 M.\NUFACTURIN« ll^' ■' ;(-._ ^^^ — ^--;^],.™»_^,a,5^ ' U =^ _^ ^ turns out 70Q 
 
 Company is an «si^ \L. '^^^ ^^^^ S!!^^-^'^ :^=":iXj."J ^S !: U-~~" j.^ pieces of bent- 
 
 extensive affair. W'--^ ^" 7^'T''n^^'*T^T'^T°'W''°T^" ^ wood furniture a 
 
 The several build- day, besiaes 300 
 
 pieces of other styles. Every chair made in this factory contains the firm's trade-mark on the bottom of the seats, 
 which will enable purchasers to distinguish these wares from those of other American manufacturers who are not so 
 well equipped as this company is. 
 
 In stating the number of hands employed the caners are not included, the cane seats and backs being put into the 
 chairs by the children of the House of Correction of the city of Louisville. 
 
 Mr. Long was elected to the city council in i856 and continued to serve in that body for ten consecutive years. He 
 was president of the council in 1^70-3 inclusive, his term of service in that office being unprecedented. In 1S74 he was 
 elected presideut of the Louisville Water Company, to which position he has been continuously re-elected since then. 
 LTnder his management the company has greatly reduced its rates, increased its revenue more than fifty per cent., greatly 
 extended mains, and otherwise perfected the service. He is a man of remarkably quick preceptions aud of the first 
 ability as an organizer and executive officer. His mind is always busy, and he has a comprehensive grasp of all subjects 
 to which he addresses himself. As a member of the city government he has contributed much to the prosperity of 
 Louisville, being essentially a progressive man. In his own business he has made many improvements, having greatly 
 perfected the machinery required in making chairs. He has also invented several devices useful in his business, and 
 which he has patented. He leads a life of the greatest energy aud makes himself felt wherever he appears. He is an 
 ardent Democrat aud, though his services have been of untold benefit to his party, he has steadily declined to accept 
 political office. In short, he may be described as a successful man who owes but little to the world aud much to 
 himself 
 
 He has fought his own way through the world and has acquired a shrewdness that is untainted by any trace 
 of harshness. He is generous and thoroughly honest in his dealings with men, but allows no chance to escape for the 
 legitimate exercise of his strong mercantile faculty. In this new departure of bent-wood furniture he has found a field 
 iu which he can utilize all of his experimental force, that sort of energy which brought his ancestors out into the wil- 
 derness of Kentucky, and enabled them to successfully combat the difficulties of their position. Mr. Long has under- 
 taken the business with a determination to make the articles of his manufacture stand comparison with any iu the world. 
 
 lOI 
 
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 lo-r^evada 
 
 ssupcar) 
 
 ce. 
 
 ^oppopaiio 
 
 flQ 
 
 9 
 
 ,f Galif 
 
 opr)ia. 
 
 Julius W. Beilstein. 
 
 SHE next thing to absolute protection of property against loss by 
 fire is its insurance in a company of unquestionable soundness 
 and undoubted integrity. America has many such corporations, 
 but none of them, perhaps, has acquired a position of such business 
 renown in so short a time as the Anglo-Nevada Assurance Corpora- 
 tion OF California, of which Mr. Julius \V. Beilstein is the general 
 agent in Louisville. This young Company, starting with the prestige 
 which enormous wealth bestows, has come forward with great strides, 
 and though not yet two years old, it commands the confidence and pat- 
 ronage of the public to a gratifying degree. The company was organized 
 in November, 1SS5, the original idea being to limit the stock to f 1,000,000, 
 but there was immediately such an urgent demand for the shares that 
 this was increased to j52, 000,000, which is now the paid-up capital. The 
 high position at once assumed Ijy the new institution is easily explained 
 by a glance at the board of directors, which is as follows : J. W. Mackay, 
 Louis Sloss, J. B. Haggin, J. Greenebaum, J. L. Flood, W. F. Whittier, 
 J. Rosenfeld, George L. Brander, E. E. Eyre, E. L. Griffith, and W. H. 
 Dimond. The officers are Geo. L. Brander, President ; J. L. Flood, Vice- 
 President ; G. P. Farnfield, Secretary ; J. S. -Angus, Assistant Manager. 
 The names of Mackay, Flood, and Haggin are not only of local but 
 national strength. They are synonymous with the gigantic fortunes of 
 the Pacific coast, and guarantee the solidity and success of any enterprise 
 with which they are connected. The stock of the company is held mostly in blocks of $25,000 and upward, several of 
 the directors holding 175,000. Its financial agent is the Nevada Bank, of San Francisco. The new company is closely 
 identified with that great moneyed concern, Mr. Geo. L. Brander, the President of the Insurance Company, being the 
 Managing Vice-President of the bank. The first year after its organization the Anglo-Nevada's main field of opera- 
 tion was the Pacific Slope, but since then it has extended its lines rapidly, and now has the whole of the United .States 
 under organized agencies. Its security is peculiarly fixed by the insurance laws of California, which are founded on the 
 principle enunciated in the great Glasgow Bank decision. 
 
 The Anglo-Nevada is the only American company which has followed the British companies in paying losses with- 
 out discounts. This is a popular feature and a strong recommendation. The investments of the company are first class. 
 According to the annual report, published last December, the following are the main items in the assets : Loans on real 
 estate mortgages, |557,ooo; first mortgage 6 per cent, bonds of the Southern Pacific of Arizona, |i, 500,000; United 
 States 4 per cent, bonds, 150,000. The managers of the An.glo-Nevada by becoming the pioneers in this movement 
 have displayed good judgment and will be correspondingly benefited. The choice of Louisville as the headquarters 
 for the Southern Department was exceedingly judicious, as this city is the natural and inevitable capital of the great and 
 growing southern territory. The amount of business already transacted by the Southern Department as shown by its 
 last report, speaks well for both the opportunities offered and the management. 
 
 The Anglo-Nevada was the first American company to establish a general agency at Louisville. The district of 
 which this city is the headquarters embraces the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 and South Carolina. The department was established in September, 18S6, and Mr. Beilstein was made the manager. 
 Mr. Beilstein is a young man of progressive ideas, energetic character, and possessing a comprehensive knowledge of 
 the insurance business. It was his idea that the establishment of a Southern Department, with the management located 
 at Louisville, would not only prove advantageous to the company, but would prove an important factor in advancing the 
 prosperity and importance of Louisville. Every one of the great insurance companies ought and will in time have 
 a department in the South, embracing a greater or less number of States, and Louisville is the natural location for the 
 district offices. With the proper effort these can be secured for this city. The establishment of general agencies in 
 Louisville for the leading insurance companies would increase and facilitate the business of insurance in the South in a 
 verv laro-e degree. The experiment which has been made by the Anglo-Nevada has already proven highly satisfactory. 
 At first only two States were allotted to Mr. Beilstein. but the results were so gratifying that his company added 
 four more. This indicates that the Anglo-Nevada has established the system permanently and regards Louisville as a 
 proper point for the general agencv. Indeed, there is no reason why Louisville should not become, in relation to insur- 
 ance in the South, what Chicago has to the North-west. The many and exclusive advantages which the placing of risks 
 with it presents, coupled with the company's impregnable soundness, strongly recommend it to the business public, and 
 inspire property owners with a confidence which is highly valuable in these days of uncertain corporations. The recom- 
 mendations of the Anglo-Nevada lie on the surface and simply require inspection to inspire trust. 
 
 The Anglo-Nev.\d.a now has a balance to its credit on the business in the South. Under the rapid but steady 
 improvement that is taking place in the South, particularly in the locating of large amounts of capital among them for the 
 improvement of their industries, towns, and cities, the outlook for the Southern Department is exceedingly encouraging. 
 Already thoroughly established, its future growth is sure to be healthy and rapid, and to furnish a glowing tribute to the 
 discernment of the central oflSce. 102 
 
Y^*^ JJouisviUc ^rirr)cs.= 
 
 =9^ 
 
 Emmet G. Logan. 
 
 1 I I HEN it is cousidered that the establishment of a successful news- 
 Ill paper, requiring, as it does, a peculiar combination of intelli- 
 gence, energy, and judgment, is one of the most doubtful and 
 precarious undertakings of modern times, the position of power, influ- 
 ence, and profit to which The Louisville Times has mounted does 
 indeed seem marvelous. It is only three years since the first number 
 was issued, yet to-day it claims without contest the proud and honorable 
 distinction of heading the list of afternoon journals South of the Ohio, 
 and in its peculiar features is not surpassed by any of the evening news- 
 papers of the country. 
 
 If one is asked to tell the story of The Times newspaper, he might, 
 with considerable aptitude, reply in the words of Canning's knife-grinder, 
 "God bless j'ou, sir! I have no story to tell." Its growth has been so 
 rapid, spontaneous, and unchecked that it has reached its present position 
 of maturity having scarcely had any youth, and consequently offering 
 but few points upon which to hang a tale. Concerning its inception a 
 few words may be instructive. In the spring of 1SS4 Mr. W. N. Halde- 
 man. President and principal owner of the Courier-Journal Company, 
 impressed with the circumstance that there was no afternoon paper in 
 Louisville having either the Associated Press dispatches or possessing 
 any well-defined, consistent, or respectable editorial policy, became con- 
 vinced that a promising opportunity was presented for the founding of 
 a paper which could display these advantages. To think, with Mr. Haldeman is to act, and preparations were immedi- 
 ately begun for carr^-ing out his designs. They were quickly completed, and on the first day of May the new journal- 
 istic ship was launched. Its intended track was clearly conceived. It had certain definite purposes to accomplish. 
 Probably few events in the life of its founder have given him more satisfaction than the realization that the track has 
 been closely followed and his aims very fully achieved. 
 
 It was primarily intended that the field of The Times' endeavors should be confined mainly to local and State affairs, 
 paying due regard, of course, to all national and foreign happenings so far as a concise knowledge of them was of 
 general interest or concern. With this view the editorial control of the paper was placed in the hands of Messrs. 
 Emmet G. Logan and E. Polk Johnson, two journalists of State-wide reputation and each fitted, by his intimate knowl- 
 edge of Kentucky affairs and his extensive and varied acquaintance with Kentucky people, to discharge the delicate and 
 responsible duty of floating the new-made craft. Deeply impressed by the confidence which had been reposed in them 
 and stimulated by the expectation which sprang up all over the State, these gentlemen, with their editorial associates, 
 devoted themselves with enthusiasm and unremitting energy to that work, and in a few months the paper was removed 
 from the list of ventures and had become an established fact. 
 
 The Times was a complete newspaper from the very first. It had from the start the advantages of a thoroughly 
 equipped office. The perfect and elaborate mechanical facilities of the Courier-Journal and that great paper's finely 
 arranged system of news-gathering were at its disposal. The acquisition of these adjuncts, therefore, which usually 
 constitute a long, tedious, and dreary period in a newspaper's life, was unnecessary, and the first number of The Times 
 was attended with almost as few drawbacks as the last one before this 
 was written. 
 
 Its friends and patronage also went right up with a steady increase. 
 It is Democratic in politics and preserves a close affiliation with the 
 organization of that political party in the State. Yet it is liberal in its 
 opinions and absolutely fearless and untrammeled. 
 
 While it is not always easy to discriminate and give to each element 
 instrumental in the general success of a great concern its due proportion 
 of merit, it is a self-evident fact that much of a newspaper's prosperity is 
 due to a competent business management. In the case of The Times 
 this remark is specially applicable, for it has been the absorbing motive 
 of Mr. John A. Haldeman, who has had charge of the paper's interests 
 during its upward strides, to advance its prosperity. In fertility 
 of resource he is unequaled, in application to his work indefatigable, 
 and he may claim with perfect modesty a large share in the paper's good 
 fortune. Of the other gentlemen who are on the staff and have been 
 with the paper from the beginning, Mr. T. G. Watkins, city editor, Mr. 
 Walter Emerson, telegraph editor, and Mr. W. M. Hull, dramatic critic, 
 may be mentioned as most valuable assistants to the editor-in-chief 
 
 The Evening Times to-day. has an average circulation of I5,oo(., 
 continually increasing, and is respected, admired, and sought. 
 
 103 John A. Haldeman. 
 

 '^P°9J- 
 
 St John Boyle. 
 
 ^^HIRTY-FIVE thousand people ride every day upon the cars of the 
 l*^ L,ouisvii.i,E City Railway. On some days the number rises as 
 high as seventy thousand, but the first number is a fair average all 
 the year around. 
 
 The svstem has sixty-eight miles of track, thirty-eight of which are 
 laid with steel rail. It takes 245 cars and 1.400 head of mules to handle 
 the vast traffic. Each car makes an average of ninety miles per day, and 
 a day's work for the stock is reckoned a little over sixteen miles per 
 head. The tracks form a network which penetrates every part of the 
 city, and there is such a perfect system of transfers in operation that by 
 paying only one fare a passenger may go almost wherever he pleases 
 within the corporate limits. He may also visit the Homestead suburb, 
 and, by taking his time, can make a complete circuit of the city. A 
 more perfect system is not possessed by any other city in the country. 
 There is no institution in Louisville more closely connected with the 
 i city's prosperity than her street railroads. They are fifty years in advance 
 of the general business, and have done more to build up Louisville than 
 probably any other one thing. They have given suburban homes and 
 fresh air to rich and poor, and afforded facilities of quick transportation 
 to all classes of people at the minimum prices. This has been appreci- 
 ated, and there is a remarkably large and steadily increasing bulk of 
 travel on the various lines. 
 
 The Louisville City Railway Company was organized in 1S64. General J. T. Boyle was the originator, and 
 after a charter had been secured from the Legislature and rights of way from the city council the company, of which he 
 was president, made the start by laying four miles of single track. The first was laid on Twelfth street from Rowan to 
 Main, then east on Wain to Wenzel. The first cars were operated on this line on November 24th, of that 3-ear. From 
 this small start has grown up the present magnificent S3-stem. The Citizens' Passenger Railway (JIarket street), w'hich 
 was organized in iS65, was, for awhile, a rival. The projectors were Isham Henderson and James R. Del Vecchio. 
 They built the tracks on Market street, Shelby and Eighteenth streets, which they operated till 1872. In that year the 
 City Railway purchased all their tracks, rights, franchises, and other property, and have operated the lines ever since. 
 Year by year other lines have been built and added until now they are operated on the following streets: 
 
 East and West — Water street, from Thirty-fourth to Thirty-sixth ; Rudd avenue, from Thirty-third to Thirty-fourth : 
 Portland avenue, from Thirty-third to Seventeenth ; Bank street, from Sixteenth to Seventeenth ; Main street, from 
 Seventeenth to Story avenue, through and along Storv avenue to Ohio ; Market street, from Johnson to River (seven 
 miles); Jefferson street, from Baxter avenue to Twenty-sixth ; Chestnut street, from Sixth to Ball Park ; Broadway, from 
 Cave Hill to Twenty-first ; Breckinridge street, from First to Second ; Dumesnil street, from Eighteenth to Twenty-eighth. 
 North and South — Shelby street, from Market to City Limits ; Preston street, from Main to Oak ; First street, 
 from river to Jefferson, and from Breckinridge to Oak ; Second street, from Jefferson to Jockey Club grounds and 
 Wilder's Park ; Fourth street, from Main to Jefferson ; Sixth street, from Main to Lee ; Twelfth street, from Main to 
 Oak ; Thirteenth street, from Main to Jefferson ; Sixteenth street, from Main to Bank ; Seventeenth street, from Main 
 to Bank ; Eighteenth street, from Market to Dumesnil ; Thirty -third 
 street, from Portland avenue to Rudd ; Thirty-fourth street, from Rudd 
 to Water. 
 
 Between six hundred and seven hundred men are given constant 
 eniplo^-ment as clerks, drivers, conductors, track repairers, and in other 
 positions. All operatives are paid by the hour, and settled with on the 
 loth and 25th days of each month. The drivers and conductors are 
 treated with great liberality, and are paid at the rate of fifteen cents per 
 hour. 
 
 The main offices of the City Railway are at Thirteenth and Main 
 streets, but it is the intention to erect a handsome building for the head- 
 quarters at an early day. The officers are Alexander H. Davis. President ; 
 St. John Boyle, Vice-President ; H. H. Littell, Superintendent ; R. .\. 
 Watts, Secretary and Treasurer. The directors are A. H. Davis, St. John 
 Boyle, E. C. Bohne, Theodore Harris, J. B. Speed, A. P. Humphrey, and 
 H. H. Littell. Superintendent Littell has been with the City Railw.w 
 ever since its organization, and, though a young man. has a most respon- 
 sible position. Upon his shoulders has devolved the active management 
 of the company's affairs, and an admirable executive he has made. To 
 him is largely due the perfection of the street railway system of Louis- 
 ville, his foresight and enterprise being important factors in keeping the 
 growth of the system co-extensive with the spread of the city. 104 
 
 H. H. LiTTEtt. 
 

 u©)ur)car) s iTjor)! J^l v liyGrqazir)©.: 
 
 h3^ 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 & General Information^. 
 
 [ OHN DUN'CAN, the editor and proprietor 
 of Duncan's Monthly Magazine, is a 
 worker iu what may be termed the liter- 
 ature of live-stock, and for this business no man 
 is better qualified, either by nature or training. 
 From early boyhood his tastes all lay iu the 
 line of scientific investigation of practical sub- 
 jects ; and in treating breeding questions, he 
 brings to bear a mind stocked with a thorough and complete knowledge of the fundamental prin- 
 ciples involved. A wide knowledge of families and of their characteristics, and of marked indi- 
 vidual animals among the several branches of thoroughbred live-stock, enables him to apply these 
 principles in such a manner as to make him an authority upon the questions of which he treats, and the practical discus- 
 sion of which he has made his life's business. 
 
 Mr. Duncan is a Scotchman of the purest Scottish descent, such names as Douglas, Ellis, and Kennedy appearing 
 among his near ancestors. The name Duncan is itself significant, since it is one of those survivals that dispute the asser- 
 tion of the all-absorbing power of the Anglo-Saxon and the Norman races. The name appears in the remotest periods 
 of Scottish history. Sir. Duncan was born in 1S44. Absorbing from his surroundings a love of the natural, and being 
 thus directed to inquire into it, as a mere lad he went to London for the purpose of studying the natural sciences. 
 After taking courses of lectures under Huxley, Tyndall, Ramsey, and others at the .School of Mines, he devoted his 
 attention especially to botany, and studied at the Roval Gardens, Kew. In this work his success was marked. In his 
 first year he took the Society of Arts and the Roj-al Horticultural Society's first prize. An original discovery made by 
 him elicited attention, and upon this he wrote a paper that was read before and published in the records of the Linnasan, 
 a branch of the Ro)-al Society. Thus he early evinced that aptitude for investigation and original thought that has since 
 been of such material value to him. After concluding his course, Mr. Duncan entered the civil service and took charge 
 of the Herbaceous Collection at the Royal Gardens, w-here he remained until 1S71, when he came to America. 
 
 When Mr. Duncan determined to come to America he wrote to a 
 friend here, a member of the Agricultural Bureau at Washington, whose 
 acquaintance he had formed in London, informing him of his intentions. 
 About that time Mr. John B. Bowman, Regent of the Kentucky Univer- 
 sity, was seeking a professor of botany and other kindred sciences for tlie 
 Agricultural College, then a part of the University. He applied to Mr. 
 Duucan's Washington friend and was recommended by him to secure 
 Mr. Duncan. They di<l not meet, however, until Mr. Bowman went to 
 the editor of the Aiuerican Agriculturist, in New York, still in search 
 of a teacher. The editor of that paper also recommended Mr. Duncan ; 
 for the latter, finding himself iu New York without definite plans, was 
 engaged in writing for the paper, a business with which he had become 
 familiar in London several years previously. Thus, then, Mr. Bowman 
 found the man he had been seeking, and Mr. Duncan, a few weeks after 
 landing in the United States, found himself at Lexington, Kentucky. He 
 did not long remain connected with the University-, which was not quite 
 what he had expected ; but in the short period of his connection with the 
 school he formed several acquaintances that have since ripened into 
 lasting friendships. Almost immediately after reaching Lexington he 
 began to write for the papers, and when he left the University he engaged 
 regularly in journalism. From that time his connection with the press 
 has been unbroken. It has already been explained that his mind and ed- 
 ucation peculiarly fitted him for scientific writin.g on subjects of every- 
 day importance. A connection with an agricultural newspaper opened up to him the field of live-stock literature, and 
 he entered it, determined to make his mark upon it. Having come to Louisville some years previously, he estab- 
 lished Duncan's Monthly Magazine, in 1877. By study and great care in collecting all data pertaining to his busi- 
 ness, he has reduced his work to the methods of exact science, giving his greatest attention to the trotting horse, his 
 breeding, his qualities, and his performances ; while similarly he has familiarized himself with thorough-bred cattle, and 
 the other leading live-stock interests of the country. 
 
 Besides his work on his own magazine, Mr. Duncan has contributed valuable articles to other periodicals, notably 
 several carefully-prepared papers on the great trotting families, published in the Southern Bivouac. He is a member 
 of the editorial staff of the Courier-Journal, of which he is the editor of the Live-Stock and Agricultural Departments. 
 Upon the death of the late Dr. T. S. Bell, he succeeded to the charge of the important "Answers to Correspondents" 
 department of the Courier-Journal, the high reputation of which he has fully maintained. 
 
 Where careful work and accuracy in knowledge and statement are required in matters pertaining to live-stock, 
 his services are sought ; and no man in Kentucky possesses more entirely the respect and confidence of the stockmen of 
 the State. 105 
 
 JOHN Duncan. 
 
T^perdsipeef s (fj0rr)rr)cpcierl ©/iqcr)CY. 
 
 B' 
 
 Charles F. Huhline. 
 
 kRADSTREET'S MERCANTILE AGENCY bears to the business 
 life of Louisville a vital relationship. That it has sustained its 
 responsibilities well is undisputed. The BradsTreet Agen'CY 
 was established in 1S49. The Louisville office was opened early in the 
 fifties, and has thus for over thirt}- years been aiding and promoting 
 sound commerce for the trade interests centering here. "While the 
 agency is an old one, it has especially earned the name of being in-wt's/ ; 
 of being a progressive and enterprising concern. Beginning with the 
 printed reference book or volume of ratings, Br.\dstreet's has originated 
 the numerous improvements of great merit in connection with its busi- 
 ness, and it is justly regarded by its patrons as progressive in the highest 
 degree. It avoids the sensational and hypothetical, and centers its efforts 
 in the useful, substantial, and reliable. The Louisville office is constantly 
 amplifying its facilities and resources, and increasing its efficiency to its 
 subscribers about the falls cities. A day spent in Br.\dsTREET'S office 
 will not only reflect the immense amount of work which it performs for 
 its patrons, but will at the same time give an excellent idea of the variety 
 and scope of Louisville's trade interests. From Canada to the Gulf, and 
 from Maine to the Pacific coast, reports are in demand by the great 
 whisky, tobacco, leather, iron, woolen, implement, furniture, saddlery, and 
 general jobbing and manufacturing interests of Louisville and vicinity. 
 To concentrate here for the sellers, and to furnish to other points of pur- 
 chasing, trustworthy information of business people of all degrees is agreat work, and Br.\dstreet's is doing it efficiently. 
 The energies of Br.\dstreet's are confined to the legitimate functions of the business, and, in the legitimate pros- 
 ecution of the business of and for Louisville, has done more for Louisville than Louisville has done for it. No expense 
 is considered too great in procuring and applying to the conduct of the business all possible improvements. With its 
 present system for obtaining and promulgating information this agency is justly regarded by its patrons as authority on 
 all matters affecting commercial credit. Figures, however, are more pregnant with facts than words : There were 671 
 failures in the United States and Canada in June of this year (1887). The ratings of these as given in the April volume 
 show that, wMth ten exceptions, the reports on all were such as tended to lead cautious business men to avoid or limit the 
 firms indicated. The reports on these varied from unworthy of any credit to heavy shading. Of the total 671 failures 
 but four were given a first-class rating. This statement is in substantiation of the general correctness of Bradstreet'S 
 work, and defeats any criticism of those who might wish to belittle the great value and ser\-ice of the institution. 
 
 Mr. Huhline, the present Superintendent of Bradstreet's Agenxy in Louisville, has virtually grown up in the 
 interests of which he is now the head. He began as a city reporter about ten years ago, and was made Superintendent 
 in 1 886, and, since taking the helm, has shown a vigorous hand and an unerring judgment in pushing forward the work 
 in which he is engaged. Mr. Huhline is not yet thirty years of age but his position in business circles is such that an 
 older man might envy. He w^as born and reared in Louisville, and is a product of her public schools. 
 
 With a view to encourage every element of progress which makes itself known in Louisville, BradstreeT'S recently 
 secured, wherein to conduct its affairs, one of the handsomest offices in the new Kenyon building, the most palatial 
 business edifice, and the only one of its character, in the city. 
 
 The organization of this great business, as it stands to-day, is the practical result of the wisdom and skill of thou- 
 sands of employes, who have labored faithfully and earnestly in its advancement, as, also, the expenditure of millions 
 of dollars. From being known and recognized as a "Mercantile Agency "—a title which, by the way, has no signifi- 
 cance, and is of no possible value— this institution has earned and established a professional place and title by its con- 
 ceded ability as an "Investigator of Credits." It has established its offices in every commercial center; it has corre- 
 spondents in every hamlet, and by its own special agents it is investigating and formulating the history and the present 
 condition of traders, manufacturers, and bankers throughout this entire continent. 
 
 From the simple fact of furnishing a printed volume containing a few names, with their commercial ratings — for 
 this was the original and only service contemplated— the most careful and painstaking investigations of the character, 
 business cjualifications, and financial responsibility in all departments of business have been gradually assumed, the 
 whole standard of the work advanced, the resources amplified, and the results established. Notwithstanding the enor- 
 mous increase in the work, the great advancement in the power and ability of the organization to do better sen-ice, the 
 compensation is the only thing which has remained practically stationary. The telegraph companies make a charge for 
 each 500 miles and their fractions ; the express companies charge, for the delivery of a small package, a certain price for 
 100 miles, an increased price for 500, and a very largely increased price for 3,000, but Bradstreet's undertakes the in- 
 vestigation of the subject inquired for over a territory of 3,500,000 square miles at one price, quite irrespective of distance. 
 One sterling quality of the BradsTrEET system is the gratifying rapidity with which its patrons are furnished with 
 the information, simple or complex, which is demanded of it. With its thousands of trained and energetic servants 
 covering the entire territory of the new world, and working with the unison of a well-disciplined army, or, better, with 
 the perfection of wonderful mechanism, information of every character is transmitted hither and thither with a celerity 
 and a minuteness as to detail that has given BRADSTREET'S the high reputation it so well deserves. 
 
 1 06 
 
«V\3— 
 
 ^'Ud (zissivjcicr s ^roDQcco i>grcf opy. ^^^9^ 
 
 Harry Weissinger. 
 
 LOUISVILLE beiug situated in the heart of the great tobacco produc- 
 ing section of the United States, and reaching this couutrj' both by 
 rail aud water, this city is the natural market for tobacco grown in 
 Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, and Illinois. A number of causes have 
 resulted in this city's haviug absorbed nearly all the trade in tobacco from 
 the section indicated. A central market is desirable both for the buyer 
 and producer, and, this beiug the case, the cheapness of Louisville's 
 shipping facilities to all points, and the geographical location above 
 alluded to, have made this city the great leaf-tobacco market of the world. 
 The general use aud consequent increased growth of white burley have 
 materially aided this result, especially since, outside of a small strip of 
 southern Ohio, Kentucky is the ouly State where the white burley can be 
 grown to perfection. Consequently, in 1885 there were sold in this city 
 127,046 hogsheads of tobacco, an amovint of business that largely ex- 
 ■ ceded that of auy previous year in the history of au\^ market in the 
 world. Louisville's position, with regard to the entire Western trade, 
 lias continued to increase in importance during 1SS6 aud 1S87. 
 
 The advantage of all of this to the Louisville manufacturer is evi- 
 deut. He is able to make his selections in person, or directly under his 
 eye, and he saves freight charges and the expense of a resident buyer. 
 Mr. Harry Weissinger has appreciated and acted upon these and other 
 advantages, which will be noticed later, and is the proprietor of one of 
 the largest factories of navy tobacco in the country. His factory was es- 
 tablished in 1869 by Weissinger & Bate and was then known as the Globe Tobacco Works. Its location was on Jlain 
 street, uear Tenth. The firm was continued until March, 1887, when Mr. Weissinger bought out Mr. Bate, the latter 
 retiring on account of ill health. In the year 187S the now famous brand of "Hold Fast" was introduced to the trade 
 aud was received with so much favor that an addition had to be made to the factory in order to supply the demand for 
 this particular brand. Finally the old quarters were fouud to be too small aud the plant could not be sufficiently en- 
 larged, as the factory was hemmed in by other buildings ; consequently, Weissiuger & Bate bought a lot, 155 x 380 feet, 
 on Floyd street, between Breckinridge and College streets, and there erected a large building and most complete factory, 
 equipped with every convenience for the business in hand. It contains the most improved machinery, and is built with 
 a view to economizing labor. Before putting up the buildiug Mr. Weissinger and an architect visited the principal 
 factories of the United States, so that the architect not only had the advantage of Mr. Weissiuger's experience but the 
 benefit of what he himself saw in other factories, .\bout the buildiug was left sufficient grouud for any additions that 
 the growth of the business might make necessary. 
 
 Among the advantages possessed by the Louisville manufacturer, besides those already mentioned, is that of being 
 able to secure here any necessary number of skilled operatives who have been bred to the trade, and of getting these at 
 as reasonable wages as are paid anywhere in the United States. This condition of things springs from the fact that 
 living is as cheap in Louisville as in any city of its size in the country, if not cheaper. Fuel — a considerable element of 
 cost in tobacco manufacture — is also very cheap here, cheaper than in any other city where tobacco is manufactured. 
 
 The first brand of tobacco established by Weissinger & Bate was the " Old Kentucky," which made its appearance 
 in 1S69. It is now the oldest braud of navy tobacco on the market, aud more of it was sold in 1886 than in any previ- 
 ous year. It is standard grade. " Hold Fast," which became so popular as to require the factory to be enlarged, was put 
 upon the market in 1878, aud was the first brand made in Louisville out of the white burley, which has since cut so im- 
 portant a figure iu the manufacture of tobacco. It was quick to go to the front. More of it is consumed in Louisville than 
 of any other brand made in the United States. This tobacco is absolutely pure, and being made of thoroughly ripe 
 tobacco, carefully selected, no evil results will follow the use of it. Mr. Weissiuger's product has been and is confined 
 almost exclusively to the better grades of tobacco, for the reason that the difference in the cost of manufactured tobacco 
 consists alone iu the quality of the materials used, for the tax and the workmanship amount to the same on a pound of 
 indifferent tobacco that it does on the best. Hence it will be seen that a reductiou iu the price, and consequently the 
 quality of the material, will not make a corresponding reductiou in the price of the manufactured article. To illustrate, 
 the percentage of difference in quality between five and ten cents leaf is fifty percent, manufacture the two and the dif- 
 ference in cost is only about eight per cent. 
 
 " Prune Nugget " is a more expensive brand. It is made of the highest grade of white burley, seasoned to a delicious 
 fruity flavor by a process known only to the manufacturer. This firm also makes many other brands and styles. "Hold 
 Fast " is made in lumps of 3 x 3 inches, seven plugs to the pound, and is packed in boxes of thirteen and a half and twenty- 
 five pounds. "Old Kentucky " is made in plugs of sixes and fours to the pound. The fours are packed in nineteen-pound 
 caddies aud twenty-five-pound boxes. The sixes are packed iu sixteen-and-a-half-pound and twenty-five-pound boxes. 
 Mr. Harrv Weissinger, now the sole proprietor of the factory, has worked in every department of a tobacco factory 
 and knows the business practically from the cellar to the counting-room ; consequently, he is able, personally, to direct 
 every step in the making of his tobaccos. He is, moreover, a successful man of business, and is now serving his second 
 term as President of the Louisville Board of Trade. 107 
 
•^G= 
 
 . tepcEtr) 
 
 a 
 
 IT). 
 
 ^^ 
 
 SHE lumber trade of Louisville is a very important industry, and one 
 that is certainly growing in extent and value. The city's location 
 is such, her communications so perfect, and her facilities for the 
 prompt and convenient filling of bills of all kind are so good that dealers 
 and users of lumber in a large section of country turn to this market for 
 supplies. The trade in lumber is consequently on the increase, and bids 
 fair, with the opening up of new and heavily-timbered regions, to 
 increase in the future more rapidly than in the past. 
 
 The river and railroad facilities are such that this city is placed 
 within easj- reach of the best lumbering regions of the North and South, 
 thus enabling the dealers here to respond readily to the demands for all 
 kinds of lumber. Add to these features the fact that the trade is repre- 
 sented here bv a class of live and progressive business men, and there is 
 abundant reason why the Falls City is considered a popular and reliable 
 lumber market. 
 
 Among the many houses engaged in the handling of lumber in this 
 city, none is more worthy of mention than the well-known house of 
 S. P. Graham, which is the oldest house in the business in Louisville, 
 and has a reputation and trade that speak well for the high character of 
 the house. 
 
 The true reason, and the only one, for success in a business venture 
 S P. Graham, is a thorough knowledge of the business, care in accepting and filling 
 
 orders, and a comprehensive knowledge of the wants and requirements of patrons. To intelligently meet these demands, 
 a constant study of the available materials, and the probable necessities of any given territory must be made, and this 
 knowledge must be coupled with an executive ability to handle the details of the business; else errors in filling orders, 
 and a consequent dissatisfaction of the buyers follow, and the trade either fails to materialize or continually declines. 
 Then follows embarrassment, if not absolute failure. One of the oldest houses in this city is presided over by one of 
 our youngest business men ; but, although young in years, he carries on his shoulders a head weighty with knowledge 
 of business, and an affable and courteous manner which attracts to the house a clientage of the most permanent 
 character. 
 
 The business was established on a small scale in 1S54 by John Graham, a thrifty and enterprising Scotchman. It 
 grew steadily and surely until 1S63, when the proprietor admitted his son, Mr. S. P. GRAHAM, as a partner, and for many 
 years the house was known as John Graham & Son. Upon the decease of the elder gentleman, Mr. S. P. Graham suc- 
 ceeded to the business, since which time, by his personal popularity, his keen appreciation of the wants of his patrons, 
 and a square and honest method of supplying the customers of the firm, he has ver)- largely increased its business, until 
 it is probably to-day the most extensive lumber and supply depot in this city, if not in the South. It seems to be the 
 rule that a man once a customer of the Grahams feels forever bound to them, not alone by ties of business interest— for 
 they are pioneers of low prices — but by personal attachment as well. 
 
 S. P. Graham deals in all kinds of lumber, making a specialty, however, of white and yellow pine. He also han- 
 dles poplar to a considerable extent, as well as lath and shingles. 
 
 Mr. Graham handles an immense value of doors, sash, blinds, mantels, etc., and always keeps in stock large 
 quantities, thus enabling him to meet promptly all demands that may be made upon his resources. These goods are 
 the productions of the most famous manufacturers in the great lumbering sections of the North-west, and with whom he 
 has the most favorable arrangements, thereby enabling him to supply the trade on the most advantageous terms. 
 
 The house maintains a most extensive lumber yard and factory at No. 810 Magazine street, where a large and varied 
 stock of rough lumber, dimension lumber, common boards, fencings, floorings, lath, shingles, moldings, doors, sash, and 
 blinds is constantly kept on hand, something of a specialty being made of rough lumber, in which this house decidedly 
 leads its competitors in the volume and territorial extent of its business, shipping chiefly in car-load lots to all parts of 
 the South. 
 
 Mr. Graham supplies estimates as to the cost of building, and among resident builders his standard of lumber grades 
 is generally recognized and approved. His customers are already very numerous, and those not recorded in that array 
 will find it to their interest to communicate with Mr. Graham and to establish business relations with that live, enter- 
 prising house. 
 
 Mr. Graham thoroughly appreciates the value of making his institution known, patronizing all the leading papers 
 with advertisements that talk ; he is never afraid to giA'e prices, aud his customers know that that is the assurance which 
 grows out of confidence, and shower the orders in on him in a most liberal fashion. More than two-thirds of the coun- 
 ties in this State do business with him, besides which he ships to every Southern State, his transactions often amounting 
 to thousands of dollars in a single day. A striking instance of the extensiveness of bis trade occurred lately in the receipt 
 of a large and miscellaneous order from Hamburg, Germany. 
 
 Mr. Graham is a first-class example of our new order of business men in the South, and is destined to confirm and 
 extend the honorable reputation he enjoys. Although his firm is an old one, having been established by his father, 
 Mr. Graham is still a young man. 108 
 
Y^)^ jJpestjlepiGtr) Hr)'^lual ^ 
 
 ssupa 
 
 r)cc 
 
 Kar)d. 
 
 
 
 j\R of the companies conducting a life insurance business on an im- 
 proved and highly successful system is the Presbyterian 
 Mutual Assurance Fund, of Louisville, Ky. The companv was 
 chartered in 187S under the laws of Kentucky and its charter was amended 
 tn 1S86. Its officers are Bennett H. Young, President ; John H. Leathers, 
 Vice-President aud Treasurer ; W. J. Wilson, Secretary ; Dr. F. C. Wilson, 
 Medical Director ; James H. Moore and E. H. Martin. Superintendents 
 of Agencies. The directors are Bennett H. Young, J. H. Leathers, W. N. 
 Haldemau, Vincent Davis, F. C. Wilson, aud W. J. Wilson. 
 
 The company's depository is the Louisville Banking Company, the 
 assets of which are, capital, 1300,000 ; surplus, 1370,000. 
 
 The last statement issued by the company is as follows : Insurance in 
 forte July 31, 1887, $5,562,000; indemnity reserve July 31, 1887, $103,- 
 420 47 ; cash on hand July 31, 18S7, 115,732.64 ; death losses paid July 31, 
 1887,184,000; insurance written from January to July 31, 1S87, |;i, 125,000. 
 The plan of insurance is a modified form of the old "natural premium 
 plan." which is an increasing rate annually with advancing age. In the 
 case of the Presbyterian Mutual Assurance Fund instead of au 
 annually increasing rate, the rate increases bj- terms of five years. The 
 insured pays the same rate from twenty to twenty-four years of age, in- 
 creasing it from twenty-five to twenty-nine, again from thirty to thirty- 
 four, etc. But it is provided that when the first increase in the rate 
 takes place — at the end of the first five years — dividends shall accrue to the insured to offset the increase, thereby making 
 the premium very nearly stationary. Said dividends are to be placed to the credit of the policy-holders by the following 
 arrangement : After the payment of five full annual premiums by the member, the company w-ill credit on his premium 
 annually thereafter a dividend of not less than ten per cent,, and as much more as the accumulations to his reserve will 
 warrant from year to year. (It is estimated that the accumulations from all sources will yield a dividend annually of 
 twenty-five per cent.) Or if the member shall elect, after the expiration of the first quinquennial period, to apply the 
 accumulations to the credit of his certificate to paid-up insurance instead of annual dividends, he shall be entitled, after 
 the expiration of the secoud quinquennial period, to as much paid-up insurance as his accumulations during that period 
 will purchase on a four per cent, basis ; provided, said member shall give notice to the management, in writing, of his 
 election, thirty days previous to the expiration of the first quinquennial period. 
 
 By this arrangement it is mathematically shown that a man can carry insurance from the time he is twenty-four 
 years old until he is forty-five at a cost not exceeding I14.57 annually for $1,000 of insurance. In one of the "old line 
 companies" at forty-five years of age he would pay $37.97 per $1,000. 
 
 The essential feature of the company's plan is that it furnishes insurance at cost, on the "pa)- as you go" principle, 
 the policy-holder paying for the risk assumed by the company as his age advances. A security is maintained of from 
 f2oo to $300 for every $100 of liability. The accumulation or reserve fund is a practical guarantee and is arrived 
 at by cansing each policy-holder to make a deposit which is a guarantee for his indebtedness, and thus becomes 
 a guarantee to every other policy-holder. The premium paid by each insured is only sufficient to meet the risk of the 
 company and is fixed at a rate accurately ascertained by the "experience tables" — tables which give the legitimate cost 
 of insurance according to the expectancy of life. 
 
 Another feature is that the company is a purely mutual one, there being no stockholders, and all surplus, from what- 
 ever source derived, being held in trust for the policy-holders for the purpose of strengthening the mortuary fund. No 
 dividends have to be declared to share-holders, being declared and placed to the credit of the insured themselves, and no 
 large salaries are given to officers, the salaries and other expenses being only large enough to secure competent and 
 trustworthy officers, and to keep the affairs of the company in proper and business-like condition. Thus the cost of 
 insurance is reduced to a minimum, the insured, in fact, receiving all the benefit accruing from the investment of the 
 company's surplus earnings, which, in the case of most companies, is a benefit that goes to the share-holding capitalist. 
 The Presbyterian Mutual Assurance Fund offers insurance, pure and simple, free from investments, and maintains 
 a reserve amply sufficient to guarantee the security and permanency of each policy. It is definite in character, simple 
 in practice, and reliable. It is not hampered by the idea that in making his payments the policy-holder is making an 
 investment, which would be better made with some savings institution. The plan of this companv is simple life insur- 
 ance reduced to the cheapest possible basis consistent with safe business principles. 
 
 The company's books and papers are always open to the inspection of members, aud the business is under the super- 
 vision of the Insurance Commissioner of Kentucky. Losses are paid w-ithin ninety days after proof of death is filed. 
 The policies issued are incontestible while in force, after three annual premiums have been paid thereon. The mortuary 
 fund is exclusively used in payment of death claims and dividends to policy-holders. Insurance is issued in sums of 
 from $1,000 to $6,000 on any life under sixty years of age. The company, notwithstanding its name, is strictly undenom- 
 inational. It is constructed on a plan that practically guarantees its perpetuity, and secures the desideratum that the 
 cost of insurance will not have to be raised hceafter for incoming members. It is not one of those companies that is 
 obliged, finally, to increase its rates because it began too cheaph-. 109 
 
-^ 
 
 %^ 
 
 ©upiep 
 
 ^ 1 0UPr)Q:i, ^^ 
 
 X this age of the printing-press it may almost be said that a commu- 
 uitj- is known by its newspapers; and this is the case especially of 
 Louisville, which has gained its broadest and best advertisement 
 through one newspaper — the Courier-Journal. Indeed, this jourual 
 has been, within itself, the history, not only of a city, but of the South, 
 in all of the poteut social, political, and economical factors that, since 
 Ml • war, have formed the internal motives of the South's progress and 
 .1 present prosperity. At the same time that the Courier-Journal 
 li 1 > been the reflection and record of the thought and events of an epoch, 
 n has itself been a power in molding this thought and controlling these 
 I 'Mits. Conservative only in the highest and best sense, it bas led the 
 p ople of a section in all that could conduce to their advancement, polit- 
 
 illy and socially. The importance of this newspaper in politics is, to a 
 I 'tain extent, due to location, and the same causes that should make 
 I uisville the commercial head and front of the South and South-west have 
 ^ -en to the two men who control the destinies of the Courier-Journal 
 the opportunities for their great achievements. This, however, should 
 In esteemed as merely fortunate. The essential power of the journal 
 nuist be created within itself, and it is thus that the Courier-Journal 
 h li long occupied a position that is almost anomalous in the history of 
 the newspapers of America. Leaving aside, for the moment, the consid- 
 eration of pure Hews, and considering only the higher plane of journal- 
 ism, the success of the Courier-Journ.\l and its importance and powder 
 in the socio-political questions of the day are attributable alone to the most intelligent integrity. Ability to see the 
 
 Walter N. Haldeman 
 
 right and courage to advocate it and exist in it alone are the most evident 
 Soundlv Democratic in politics, it has been the conservator of those fundament- 
 al principles which are embodied in the constitution of the couutrj-, and 
 which a hundred years of political history have demonstrated 
 to be the safeguards to our govermental frame-work and 
 national institutions. It has fearlessly led the fight ' 
 against those fallacies that its editor recently described as 
 political proprietary articles and quack nostrums. Thus, w-hile 
 it has created many enmities which were vapid and unavailing, its 
 justness and policy have, in the end, been confirmed and estab- 
 lished by the outcome of events. 
 
 The two directing geniuses of this journal form prac- 
 tically a unit. They are Walter N. Haldeman, 
 the President of the company and publisher of 
 the paper ; and Henry Watterson, its editor. The 
 untiring energy, limitless enterprise, great busi- 
 ness sagacity, and fine knowledge of men pos- 
 sessed by Mr. Haldeman have made the Cour- 
 ier-Journal not only one of the best newspa- 
 pers of the country, but one of the best news- 
 paper properties, the revenues of the journal 
 having been uustintingly used for its own ad- 
 vancement until it is now one of the richest 
 newspapers in the United States. Its building is 
 one of the handsomest and most costly business 
 houses in Louisville. Above the ground it has a 
 height of five stories. On Fourth street it has 
 a frontage of one hundred and sixty-five feet, 
 and on Green street a frontage of eighty-six feet. 
 Its perfecting presses, stereotj'ping rooms, and 
 engines for heating and lighting it with electi i. 
 lights are contained in the enormous basement 
 Its composing and editorial rooms are the most 
 perfect in America. The cost of this magnificent 
 structure was more than half a million dollars, 
 and it certainly has no equal in Europe or Amer- 
 ica. The Courier-Journal's equipment is 
 equally perfect in all other respects. 
 
 characteristics of this newspaper. 
 
 Courier-Journal Building. 
 
 110 
 
*»vv— 
 
 u©)(2[iiy Gir)d OTgc^Iv.^ 
 
 sS^ 
 
 Henry Watterson. 
 
 Besides the large staff of editorial writers, editors, and reporters, it 
 has its special correspondents at all principal points throughout tl 
 United States, special wires running into its office from New Yorl 
 Washington, and elsewhere, and, in its own peculiar territor}-, it h:i 
 correspondents at every town and village. These, supplemented 1 
 the Associated Press service, daily furnish the office with the news ci 
 the world. 
 
 The more than national reputation and influence of the Couriek 
 Journal are mainly due to its editor, Mr. Henry Watterson, the mo'-i 
 brilliant journalist in America. What has already been written of th 
 paper may be said of him, since its policy is the emV)odiment of hi 
 views. There is no man in journalism in this couutry who exert 
 through his newspaper, so powerful a personal influence as does Mi 
 Watterson. The dashing brilliancy of his literary st^'le and its fearle 
 originality are typical of the man himself, and his personalitj- deligh 
 fully pervades all he writes. But it is neither as a lifcra/ciir nor a politi 
 cian that Mr. Watterson claims and receives distinction. While tin 
 utterances of but few men are received with more attention by his part\ 
 — and, indeed, the nation at large — than are his, he is absolutely frer 
 from political entanglements and is thus able to discuss the questions of 
 the day with no other motive in view than that which he conceives to be 
 the right. No man more quickh- than he scents a danger or recognizes 
 a fallacy. The most intimate acquaintance with men and events, both 
 of the past and of to-day, seems to give him an insight into the future that is commonh' spoken of as the intuition of 
 genius, but which is really the inevitable logic of accurate knowledge. Mr. Watterson has been and is to be fouud in 
 the van of the Democracy in all questions where Democratic and not mere factional principles are involved. With Car- 
 lisle and Morrison, he leads the Democratic fight for a "tariff for revenue only," and is foremost in the opposition to 
 the out-growing evil of the war tariff, the " Money Devil" of the South. It is due to him that the power and influence 
 of the Courier-Journal are out of all proportion, even to the large circulation of the paper. 
 
 The Courier-Journal is essentially the " paper of the people." It is opposed to every form of monoply ; no one 
 connected with it desires political office, or in any way seeks to benefit himself otherwise than through the legitimate 
 functions of journalism. Those who have kuown it longest commend it most. Whatever it believes will tend to the 
 bettering of the whole people of the country it advocates fearlessly and constantly. Its news features cover the widest 
 field of the newspaper ou all current subjects. It is recognized as the representative journal of the South and South- 
 west, and has, in its weekly edition, by far the largest circulation of any democratic newspaper in the country, no paper 
 being more widely known and read. The circulation of the daily is 18,500; of the Sundaj- edition, 25,000; of the 
 weekly, 110,000. 
 
 What has been said of the daily edition of this paper applies equally well to the weekly paper, which is the cheap- 
 est and best family newspaper published in the United States. It possesses the same facilities that give the daily edition 
 its standing in journalism, and for one dollar a year may be obtained the largest and best democratic newspaper in the 
 land. The Weekly Courier-Journ.\l is an eight-page paper, each page containing eight columns of matter, each 
 issue therefore containing sixty-four columns, while other leading weekly newspapers contain but fiftj'-six columns. 
 Not only is the quantity of matter so unusual, but its quality even surpasses the quantity. The great size of the paper 
 enables its editors, by judicious selection and condensation, to put into each issue a complete summary of the news of 
 the week previous, thus furnishing to the farmer or other man to whom a daily paper is inaccessible, a current history 
 of the world in which he lives. Its information about political movements and its political gossip are especially com- 
 plete. It, like the daily Courier-Journal, and under the same editorship as the latter, maintains a constant fight 
 against the war taxes and other burdens with which agricultural classes are especially oppressed for the benefit of a lim- 
 ited manufacturing class. By means of its enormous circulation of 110,000, which is national in character, but for the 
 most part in the South and South-west, its views are spread throughout the entire couutry, and its influence is felt 
 wherever it is read. 
 
 But the Weekly Courier-Journal is not only a potent political factor ; it is the best family newspaper in the 
 country. While its general news is full and complete, its miscellany makes it serve the double purpose of a news- 
 paper and a magazine. The best known writers of current fiction contribute to its columns, and its serial and short 
 stories make a distinctive feature of this journal. Its selections are made with the greatest care. With every issue are pub- 
 lished sermons from eminent divines, specially furnished to the Courier-Journal. Its several departments give the 
 paper a value in the home circle ; one of these, the " Answers to Correspondents," has long been a most interesting, val- 
 uable feature of the paper, containing as it does information on all conceivable subjects furnished at the request of 
 the paper's readers. The "Children's Department," the " Women's Department," the " Agricultural and Live Stock 
 Departments " are all maintained fully and regularly, thus causing the paper to embrace a field of news, politics, liter- 
 ature, and general information not contained in any other journal in the United States. As an advertising medium the 
 Weekly Courier-Journal is uuequaled. ill 
 
-^E 
 
 %z P 
 
 padley <^ ferilbc 
 
 cpi L-orr)pG(r)y. 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 ..lES C. Gilbert. 
 
 SHE Bradley & Gilbert Company, booksellers, stationers, prin- 
 ters, blank-book and paper-box manufacturers, is one of the oldest 
 and most widely-known houses in Louisville. It is an incorporated 
 company, its officers being James C. Gilbert, President ; John C. Hern- 
 don, Vice-President ; William Harrison, Secretary and Treasurer. The 
 firm was founded in 185S by Thomas Bradley and James C. Gilbert. They 
 were journevmeu printers, having no capital, but a great deal of indus- 
 try. They began business in a small way but were prosperous, and, in 
 1S61, moved from their small quarters on Market street to their present 
 location at Third and Green streets. Here the}- gradually enlarged their 
 business and their facilities, the history of the house being one of un- 
 broken success. In 1879 Mr. Bradley died, and in January, 1SS2, the stock 
 company was organized, being then called the Gilbert & Mallory Publish- 
 ing Company. In March, 1SS4, the name of the company was changed 
 to its present title. The company now occupies very extensive quarters, 
 liaving a double house of four stories aud another of three stories. The 
 hands employed uumber 150, and there is the most complete equipment 
 of machiuery. The busiuess is divided into four departments, the most 
 important of which is the manufacture of blank and record books. 
 
 The blank-book manufactory is as complete as auj' in the West or 
 South, and the work done there is equal to any in the world. It has 
 every facility, the most improved and complete machinery ; uses the 
 best material, aud employs the most skillful workmen, paying the high- 
 est prices for labor. Here are made two-thirds of the record books used in the offices of the clerks of courts throughout 
 Kentucky. The company makes a specialty of railroad work, aud has a large trade with banks and merchants, and is 
 the only one in America that will sell a bank outfit, and then, through its Vice-President, open the books aud teach the 
 officers of the bank the routine of the banking business. This company has the credit of haviug made the largest blank 
 book in the world. It is a ledger that measures twenty-five inches in width, twenty -seven inches in length, and ten and 
 a half inches in thickness. It weighs 250 pounds aud cost I150. The work is of the handsomest kind, the binding being 
 of Russia leather, tooled aud carved, and beautifully inlaid with colored leathers, aud ornameuted in black aud gilt. 
 The printing department, covering an area of three large floors, contains the latest patterns of perfected printing 
 presses and cutting machines, an abundant supply of new and standard fonts of body and display types, aud all modern 
 appliances requisite to fully equip an office for quickly and artistically executing the varied demands made on a large 
 aud prosperous printing concern. It iucludes all the branches known to the "art preservative," and employs a compe- 
 tent corps of artisans able to intelligently execute the ever-changing ideas of art and taste in letter-press printing, in a 
 prompt and thorough manner. It keeps apace with the fluctuating trade of this progressive age of perfected printing, 
 and adds new type faces as they appear, to meet the wauts of a large aud exacting trade. Among several important jobs, 
 is now being issued a revised addition of the General Statutes of Kentucky, a book of extraordinary size and neces- 
 sarily prepared with the utmost care. It is promised that the publication will be as perfect as the printer's art can make it. 
 The company is one of the two manufacturers of paper boxes in Louisville, the other having been started at a com- 
 paratively recent date. When the firm began making them, years ago, a very small equipment more than supplied 
 the demand for them here. Now, with every modern improvement for making the boxes, aud with many hands em- 
 ployed, the factory can not nearly supply the demand, though there is another factory in Louisville. That of the Brad- 
 ley & Gilbert Company has recently been entirely refitted and is now the largest anywhere west of Cincinnati. 
 
 When the firm first moved to Third and Green streets the city was without the letter-carrier system, aud all people 
 were obliged to go or seud to the post-office for their letters. Messrs. Bradley & Gilbert immediately saw that their loca- 
 tion was an admirable one for a book and stationery store ; so they added that branch of busiuess to their printing-office 
 and bindery. The store rapidly became very popular and soon had to be enlarged in order to accommodate their increas- 
 ing trade. This popularity it has never lost ; their business in this Hue has gone on increasing, and "Bradley & Gil- 
 bert's" is a familiar household name in the city. The store now occupies the lower floors of the buildings fronting on 
 Third street. It comprises two large and elegant rooms, thrown together by arches, and is, without doubt, one of the 
 most handsome and attractive in the city. It has always been considered the headquarters for the retail trade in school 
 aud college books, and does an extensive business in office and fancy stationery. 
 
 Mr. James C. Gilbert, the practical head of the firm siuce its foundation, is a remarkable man, haviug many strong 
 qualities, and would have made his mark in whatever walk of life he had selected. He was born on December 12, 1832, 
 at Jackson, Missouri, but is descended from an old Kentucky family, his maternal grandfather, James Duncan, having 
 been one of the early residents of Louisville. As a yer\' young man Mr. Gilbert moved to Salem, Indiana, whence he 
 came to Louisville. Here he has long been an important political factor. For seven years he was a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of the Public Schools. In 1S70 he was elected to represent the Ninth Ward in the Board of Alder- 
 men, and has been returned at every election since then. Under Mayor Baxter's administration he was President of the 
 Board for two years, and for several weeks acting Mayor. Under the present administration he is now in the third year 
 of his term as President of the Board. He succeeded the late Hon. James Trabue as President of the Sinking Fund. 
 
 112 
 
■ ^ ^^Jj0:r)d ar)d c)uild.ir)a Lorr)par)i(2.s.= 
 
 =-2i^ 
 
 Thomas W. Blackhart. 
 
 SHE recent activity in the Lonisville real estate market has had, 
 among other results, that of causing the business men of this city 
 to see how the commerce of Louisville could be materially bene- 
 fited bj-the development of certain unoccupied portions of the city, and 
 tracts of laud lying just outside of the city limits. Although the West 
 End of Louis\-ille offers more advantages for the location of factories 
 than does any other section, it has been slowest in building up, a condi- 
 tion of affairs due largelj' to the fact that this section was distant from 
 any railroad connection. Now, however, a line of road, called the Daisy 
 Route, runs into it and connects it with all the railroads running into 
 Louisville. The Daisy Realty Company was incorporated in March, 
 1887, its authorized capital stock being $500,000. Its officers are Thomas 
 W. Blackhart, President ; Davis Brown, Vice-President ; Sidney J. 
 Hobbs, Secretary ; R. C. Kerr, Treasurer. The directors are the forego- 
 ing, and John T. O'Neil, S. W. Hegan, Dr. M. K. Allen, and C. R. Greg- 
 orj\ The purpose of the company is to develop West End property. It 
 v»|j, owns 125 acres of the most desirable land in the West End, on which it 
 >^ is proposed to build houses and establish factories, and, where necessary, 
 take stock in factories desiring to locate on this ground. The land is all 
 ' west of Twenty-eighth street, and south of Broadway. It lies along the 
 
 line of the Daisy Route. Some of it has already been sold to manufact- 
 urers, and within a short time several factories will be built there. 
 
 Mr. Blackhart is also Vice-President of the WEST Louisville L-'^nd 
 AND Improvement Comp.a.nv, incorporated in June, 1SS7, with a capital of Ji, 000,000. The officers are W. C. Hall, 
 President ; Thomas W. Blackhart, Vice-President ; Theodore Harris, Treasurer, and John A. Stratton, Secretary. The 
 Directors are W. C. Hall, Jesse J. Brown, Morris McDonald, John Colgan, Henry J. Lewis, Bennett H. Young, S. S. Meddis, 
 S. W. Hegan, and the officers of the compau}-. The company owns and has options on 922 acres of laud west of Twenty- 
 eighth street, and south of Broadway, extending in one tract to the Ohio river, which makes a bend just below Louisville, 
 skirting the city on the west. It is the purpose of the WEST Louisville Land and Improvement Company to build 
 wharfs in the deep water of the river and make steamboat landings there, and connect the city by cable lines of cars. 
 This will save the time and expense of going through the canal, and for freight shipped by water to or from the South, 
 from or to factories iu the West End, will cause a vast saving, both in time and money. The elevation of the ground is 
 twenty feet higher than that on which Louisville is built, giving good drainage and preventing all danger of flood. It 
 contains the most available factory sites about Louisville. Here the company expects to locate factories, build a town, 
 and lay out an extensive park. The town will have its own water-works and its own municipal government. 
 
 Another company interested in the development of this locality is the Westview Building Company, also recently 
 organized with a capital of |2oo,ooo. Its officers are W. T. Pyne, President ; George B. Bahr, Vice-President ; George 
 M. Crawford, Secretary, and Thomas W. Blackhart, Treasurer. The company is improving 100 acres of land known as 
 the Homestead, a subdivision of Parkland, which is a suburb of Louisville. The land is the highest tract west of Louis- 
 ville. The object of the company is to build dwelling-houses and sell them on the monthl3'-payment plan. It is the 
 only building association ever organized in Louisville that ever built a house. It has already sold and now has in course 
 of construction thirty handsome frame houses, costing from f2,ooo to JS,ooo each, the cost of the ground being $16 a 
 foot, in addition to the cost of the houses. The company has taken an active part in all the improvements iu the West 
 End, and was instrumental in locating the Daisy Route which runs through its land. It has also secured a post-office, 
 and telegraph and telephone stations. It has already established one lumber-yard and will locate another. It is arrang- 
 ing to double its building capacity, having already received applications for houses to be built ne.xt spring. 
 
 Another important enterprise in the West End is the Parkland Hills Hotel and Amusement Company, of 
 which Mr. Blackhart is the President. E. C. Bohne, George M. Crawford, Newton G. Rogers, J. W. Beilstein, Vernon 
 D. Price, and W. T. Pyne are the directors. The grounds chosen for the hotel comprise about ten acres iu the 
 most beautiful part of Parkland, adjacent to the depot of the Daisy Railroad. The lot is already a handsome park, 
 but will be still greatly improved. An artificial lake ©f three acres will be made in a corner of the grounds, with boat- 
 houses and pleasure-houses. In the center of the grounds will be the large hotel, supplied with everj- convenience. 
 Twenty or more villas, to be let to families, will be built about it, each containing parlor, three or four bed-rooms, bath- 
 rooms, halls, and all conveniences. The grounds and houses will be lighted by incandesceut electric lights, and the 
 small buildings will be connected with the hotel by telephone and electric bells. The hotel will furnish hot and cold 
 water, and heat by pure hot air in winter to all the houses. The hotel servants will do the work in the villas. 
 
 Mr. Thomas W. Blackhart, the gentleman most largely interested in these several companies, is quite a young man. 
 He is a native of Ohio, but came to this city when fifteen years old. In 1876 he entered the house of Price & Lucas 
 and rose to have full control of the office of that establishment. Having located iu Parkland, he invested there in real 
 estate and is the largest individual owner of property in that town. His investments have quadrupled in value, and 
 now demand his entire time and attention. Mr. Blackhart is a man of great energy and of a progressive spirit emi- 
 nently fitted to manage large affairs. 1 13 
 
^ r)e lsrlcr)vieW ©foci^ J>apiT) (di0iT)par)y. 
 
 0" 
 
 John e. green. 
 
 lF the numerous stock-breeding establishments of Jefferson county 
 the most successful and the most famous is " GlEnview," formerly 
 the property of the late J. C. McFerran, whose intelligence and 
 enterprise caused his farm to take a foremost place amoug the trotting- 
 horse establishments, even of Keutuck\'. At the executor's sale, after 
 his death, his great number of horses brought the highest average 
 price per head ever obtained at a sale. Such was the reputation of 
 Glenv'IEW. The reputation had been well-earned, for the farm was the 
 home of the grandly-bred Nutwood, the speed-begetting Cuyler, and the 
 admirable Pancoast. Here was bred Patron, Pancoast's j-oung son, 
 which, this season, promises to lower the stallion record. Here also 
 were bred Patron's dam, besides Day Dream, 2:21,54" ; Algarth, 2:23; and 
 Elvira, 2:i8'/i, with others that figure in the 2:30 list. 
 
 When Glenvievv was sold it was bought by some gentlemen who 
 had the capacity and the will to sustain the high reputation of the place, 
 if not to advance it still further. They then incorporated the coni- 
 jiany, which is constituted as follows: J. I. Case, President; S. H. 
 Wheeler, of sewing-machine fame, Vice-President; John E. Green, 
 Secretary, Treasurer, and General Manager. Mr. Green understands as 
 well as any one the fundamental principles that insure success in breed- 
 ing trotting horses. He lives upon the place, and all of the details of the 
 business are conducted under his supervision. The farm is five miles 
 east of Louisville and lies in a rolling, limestone country that is not 
 surpassed in the State, the land being of the famous bluegrass formation. Besides the original Glexvievv property 
 other land has been purchased, so that the place now comprises 1,087 acres, all of it capable of the highest cultivation. 
 Most of it, of course, is in meadow or pasture land, the general aim being to keep the farm in bluegrass. A large tract 
 is heavil}' timbered, the woodland affording good shelter for horses running out in the winter time, though numerous 
 sheds are also provided for this purpose. The barns and stables are ample for all the stock that the place will support. 
 These are always in the best of repair. A good mile track enables the horses to be regularly trained. The land is 
 divided into convenient paddocks and fields, all well fenced and well watered. But the great natural excellence of 
 Glenview consists in the quality of the soil, which is as rich as any land in the bluegrass country itself Indeed, one 
 ma}' go all over that famous section of Kentucky and not find better fields of grass than are found here, where the herb- 
 age is high and so thickly matted that one is impeded as one walks. This grass affords good pasturage, except in the 
 worst weather, and a horse could live on it quite comfortably all the year ; but at Glenview a high sj-stem of feeding 
 is maintained. The colts are taught to eat even before they are weaned and they are given all they will consume, while 
 the mothers are similarly treated. This fact is evident in the appearance of the stock. 
 
 Mr. Green, who has the entire management of the place, entertains the clearest and most intelligent ideas of breed- 
 ing, and no man understands the science better than he does. It may be said in a nutshell that the principle on which 
 he conducts the business is to go back to the highest producing dams through the most successful sires, speed being 
 always the test of merit. Especial stress is laid on the families on the side of the dams. At the head of the stud is the 
 two-year-old Egotist, a colt whose breeding illustrates Mr. Green's ideas, as he goes back to two of the three greatest pro- 
 ducing mares of the country. He is by Electioneer, out of Sprite. Electioneer is out of Green Mountain Maid and she 
 has five in the 2:30 list, they being : Elaine, 2:20 ; Prospero, 2:20 ; Dame Trot, 2:22 ; Storm, 2:26-'^ , and .\ntonio, 2:28,^/. 
 Mr. Backman expects to put two more in this year. So much for the sire's dam. Sprite, Egotist's dam, is by Belmont 
 out of Waterwitch, another great mare, her sire being Pilot, Jr. To her credit stand Mambrino Gift, 2:20 ; Scotland (sired 
 by a thoroughbred), 2:22^2, and Viking, 2:20><. But Waterwitch is also the dam of several speed-getting mares and 
 Sprite herself, Egotist's dam, is the dam of Spry, 2:2814', stid Sphinx, with a three-year-old record of 2:24'<{. The stud 
 books do not show more desirable breeding than this colt illustrates. There is no line in his pedigree which does not 
 contain speed of the first order. He not only combines in a rare degree the best of the great families, but the best per- 
 petuating capacities in those families. Electioneer's breeding is the same in blood lines as that of George Wilkes, but 
 is really better than his, as Electioneer's dam has five in the 2:30 list. Waterwitch, on the other side, has had a test ap- 
 plied to her that the great Miss Russell has not yet had, in that she has shown that she transmits to the daughters the 
 speed-getting power. Sprite, too, stands in the line that has had the test of speed-perpetuating capacity longest applied 
 to it. Thus on ever\- side of the pedigree there is the first order of greatness. Individually, Egotist justifies all this. 
 He is an animal of the most noble appearance, standing alreadv near sixteen hands high and being beautifully propor- 
 tioned. His conformation shows power in every line, great driving muscles in his thigh, a full capacity in body, plenty 
 of breathing room in his throat, a fine neck and broad head, with thick breast, strong shoulders, straight legs, and the 
 cleanest action. In color he is a rich bay. In fact, he is the perfect type of the trotter. 
 
 As may be seen, Mr. Green attaches but little importance to a pedigree beyond where the 2:30 capacity is apparent, 
 and likes as much of that as it is possible to get. In the selection of the forty mares now on the place the same princi- 
 ple has been followed, and it may be safely predicted that Glenview will continue to stand among the foremost of the 
 trotting stock farms of the country. 114 
 
-^ ^l)g. Ijouisv'ilk JocJ^sj- 6luk= 
 
 Eg^ 
 
 Lewis Clark. 
 
 5 HERE is no institution in the State of Kentucky that has so adver- 
 tised the State, and especially the city of Louisville, as has the 
 Louisville Jockey Club. The horse is the greatest product of the 
 state — the one of which the people are most proud. To enhance the 
 \alue of this product by encouragement of the breeding interests, not 
 only of Kentucky, but of Tennessee and the South and West, has been 
 the sole aim of the Club, and unqualified success has been the result. 
 Kentucky has always been famous for her horses ; even as far back as 
 17S7 they had thoroughbreds here and raced them, too. On the Oakland 
 track at Louisville there were some great contests. Here it was, in the 
 presence of thousands of the elite and chivalry of the South and West, 
 thit the famous races or matches, between Grey Eagle and Wagner, were 
 run the distance being four-mile heats. A description of one of these 
 races still stands as a masterpiece in the literature of the turf. At that 
 period the staying qualities of the horse were more considered and 
 \alued than his speed alone, and the races were a source of pride and 
 sectional feeling. 
 
 After the abandonment of the Oakland course, Woodlawn was es- 
 tablished, but, toward the close of the sixties, that fell into disuse, and 
 racing was at a low ebb in Kentucky — in fact, in America. In the North 
 and East there were but three courses: Jerome Park, Monmouth, and 
 Saratoga, and in the entire West and South but three, those at Lexing- 
 ton, Nashville, and New Orleans. The period of racing at each was 
 quite limited, and the added nione}- to stakes and purses very small. The demand for thoroughbreds was confined to a 
 few rich men in the East, and prices were so low that many breeders were seriously considering the propriety of discon- 
 tinuing the business. Colonel Clark was in Woodford county at this time, and the matter was discussed thoroughly 
 with a view of suggesting a remedy. The problem necessarily was to create a demand for the race horse, and to do this 
 intelligently required careful stud3'. Kentucky was the England of America, and the English had certainly solved this 
 question with success. The organization of a Jockey Club and a race course was the first consideration. The next was 
 the establishment of a system of stakes and races that would demonstrate the superiority of certain classes and ages of 
 the thoroughbred, and, by reason of the value of the stakes, create a demand for their winners — the key to the situa- 
 tion. In the establishment of a great principle which was to be the means of reviving the thoroughbred interests, it 
 was essential that a set of rules and scale of weights be adopted that would meet the wishes of breeders and owners of 
 race horses. 
 
 Therefore, in 1872, with a perfectly clear and comprehensive idea of what was needed. Colonel Clark visited Europe 
 and carefully studied the sj-stems of stakes, racing, rules, etc., of England, and also those of France. Every facility and 
 social courtesy was shown him by those best posted and interested in such matters, and upon his return the Louisville 
 Jockey Club was organized in June, 1874, and the course and club-house completed by November of the same year. 
 In November, 1874, the leading breeders and turfmen of the South and West met at Louisville and were shown the 
 grounds and club-house, and the purpose and aim of the Club were explained. Their aid, counsel, and co-operation 
 were requested. Before this body of gentlemen Colonel Clark laid the sketch of the programme of stakes and races, 
 which was a careful digest of his European observations. The result was the formulating of the stakes and programme 
 of races for the first great meeting in May, 1875. 
 
 The Kentucky Derby, Kentucky Oaks, the Clark Stake, and St. Leger Stake were to be the three-year-old events, 
 and the Louisville Cup, the test of distance for aged horses. The policy of the English Derby was recognized here. 
 There must be one great event for the three-year-olds, a test at the distance best suited to show the colts and fillies of 
 this age, and one mile and a half was so recognized, and the Kentucky Derby inaugurated. The Kentucky Oaks is 
 really the Derby for the fillies, and the Clark Stake was to accentuate the Derby form at a longer distance two miles (since 
 changed to one and a quarter miles), while the St. Leger, in the fall, was established to add greater luster to the fame 
 of the Derby winner, in case he could win it, or enhance the value of some other colt and blood, in case he could van- 
 quish the winner of the great spring event. Other rich and valuable stakes were established for the spring and fall 
 meetings whenever it was to the benefit of the breeding and racing interests, notably the great American Stallion Stake, 
 one and three-quarter miles for three-year-olds, where breeders were compelled to subscribe the price of a season of 
 sires before their colts or fillies were eli.gible for entry ; and the Merchants, Dixiana, and Turf, also for all ages, became 
 fixtures. The 3-oungsters of two years were similarily treated and fully cared for, and their merits as clearly ascertained. 
 Colonel M. Lewis Clark has been the President of the Club since its organization, and, by his coolness, knowledge, 
 and determination, has kept the course free from suspicion. He has made a noble fight for honest racing, and to this 
 end has, for several j-ears, advocated a desirable system of uniform judges, whose services should be compensated bj- 
 the various courses. He has succeeded in getting the South and West to race under one set of rules and scale of weights, 
 and has tried to have all America do the same thing. Colonel Clark was, also, largely instrumental in organizing the 
 Board of Trade of this city, and was one of the gentlemen who established the Southern Exposition. Whenever enter- 
 prise and energy are needed he is always to the front. ue 
 
Y^^^ (STcprQctr) cDecupifv j^etr)!^, ar)a lr)supar)cc C-orrjpany. 
 
 5 HE German Security Bank 
 is an altogether unique in- 
 stitution in that it was estab- 
 lished to meet a particular want in 
 the commerce of Louisville and, 
 meeting it, has proved to its stock- 
 holders one of the best investments 
 among the banking institutions of 
 the country. This want was the 
 need of an up-town bank, in a sec- 
 tion of the city where there is a 
 large German population, collect- 
 ively doing a very important part 
 of the trade of Louisville, which 
 would be greatly facilitated by 
 means of a bank located in its 
 midst. Mr. James S. Barret was 
 shrewd enough to see this fact an<l 
 to take advantage of it. Through 
 his efforts the German Security 
 Bank was chartered by the Legis- 
 lature of Kentucky in March, 1S67, 
 and began business in May of that 
 year, its location then being in 
 what had been a barber shop. The 
 institution was soon moved, how- 
 ever, into the handsome building 
 on Preston and Market streets, 
 erected by its owner to serve the 
 purposes of the bank which still 
 occupies it. 
 
 The capital stock was origi- 
 nally jtioo.ooo, but in March, 1S69, 
 was increased to f 180,000. Its first 
 dividend was declared in Decem- 
 ber, 1867, the year of its organiza- 
 tion, and was four per cent. The 
 dividends were then five per cent, 
 semi-annually until the end of 
 1S71. From 1S72 till 1S77, inclu- 
 sive, they were six per cent, semi- 
 annually. Commencing with 1S78 
 and continuously since then the 
 bank has declared semi-annual 
 dividends of five per cent. Up to 
 June, 1887, in the twenty years of 
 the bank's existence, the dividends 
 
 ipiia iiiiniiiiiHiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii unnBiiiniiiiii miii 1 11 
 
 James S. Barret 
 
 declared aggregate 21 1 per cent. 
 The stock now sells readily at $175 
 per share of a par value of |ioo. 
 The surplus is now {90,000 and the 
 average deposits are $760,000. 
 
 A peculiarity about this bank 
 is that it has never changed its 
 officers and has now the same 
 board of directors that it had when 
 it began business twenty years ago. 
 It has never been troubled by any 
 of those dissensions among the 
 directors which so often prove fatal 
 to the interests of financial insti- 
 tutions, but all of its officers have 
 worked together with most remark- 
 able unanimity. Its officers and 
 board of directors were recently 
 re-elected and at the expiration of 
 this current term will have served 
 twenty-two )-ears. The officers are 
 John H. Detchen, President ; James 
 S. Barret, Cashier; W. F. Rubel, 
 J. B. Stoll, Wm. Ehrman, and C. 
 Tafel, Directors. This was the 
 organization in 1867, except that 
 ex-Mayor Philip Tompert was then 
 a member of the board. The 
 vacancy caused by his death is the 
 only one that has occurred and was 
 filled by Mr. Tafel. The clerical 
 force of the institution is George 
 Gutig, teller ; Charles Gutig and 
 George W. Detchen, book-keepers, 
 and Hugo Tafel, discount clerk. 
 
 When the bank was organized 
 it was common to do a banking 
 and an insurance business on one 
 capital, as did the GERMAN Se- 
 curity Bank. But in 1S72 the 
 Legislature of Kentucky passed a 
 law that did away with this, requir- 
 ing insurance companies to be 
 conducted on a separate capital 
 and to be under the supervision of 
 the Insurance Bureau of Ken- 
 tucky. Consequently, the German 
 
 Security Insurance Company was organized, with a capital of $100,000 and the same officers that controlled the 
 German Security Bank. The company conducts a very conservative business and is, perhaps, the onh' company in 
 Louisville that does not take any risks outside of the corporate limits of the citv. It is the aim of the officers to per- 
 sonally examine all risks taken and to know the owners of the property insured. Consequently, since 1872 the company 
 has only paid in fire losses I52.000 and has a surplus of $52,145, having in the meantime declared dividends to the 
 extent of $56,500. 
 
 Mr. John H. Detchen, the President of the bank, came to this country a poor boy, from Germany. In the days 
 of the prosperity of Ohio river navigation, he kept a small store and hotel on the levee in this city. Gradually he 
 established a large business with the steamboats and afterward became an owner of steamboats. Finally he opened a 
 grocery store on Preston and Market streets, which store he still conducts. 
 
 Mr. James S. Barret, may be said to have created the German Security Bank. He was born in Munfordville, 
 Hart county, Ky., and came to Louisville when sixteen years old. He was first employed as a clerk in a queensware 
 store and in 1855 became a partner in the queensware firm of Huber & Barret. In 1S63 he became a member of the 
 firm of S. Barker & Co., who owned the " New York Store," then the largest retail dry goods establishment in the city. 
 Here Mr. Barret remained until he got the charter for the bank ot which he has ever since been the cashier. 
 
 116 
 
/isiopia \/er)G(^p iTyills (2ir)d Jjurr^bcp iti 
 
 
 
 ^P^9J- 
 
 W. H. WILLIAMS. 
 
 5HIRTEEN years ago, in what was then the village of Astoria, 
 now au incorporated suburb of the city of New York, air. W. H. 
 Williams, a young man of great pluck and energy but some- 
 what limited capital, established the Astoria Veneer Mills. His process 
 for making veneers was an entirely new one, and, like all new things, 
 was hard to introduce. Gradually the business grew, however, until it 
 finally became too great for the section in which it was located. 
 Freights, too, were an item of importance, and it was no uncommon 
 thing for the company to pay from $25,000 to f4o,ooo a year to railroads 
 for hauling raw logs from the great timber sections of the South and 
 West to their works. This was not true economy, particularly when it 
 is known that at least one-third of the raw material was clear waste, 
 and had to go in the furnace. 
 
 At last the business became so gigantic that a change in location 
 was an absolute necessity. Louisville, situated in the very heart of one 
 of the finest hard wood timber sections in the world, having railroad 
 •:onnection with every part of the United States, and a waterway reach- 
 ing from the poplar forests of the AUeghenies to the black walnuts of 
 Indian Territory ; from the singing pines of the North to white oaks of 
 the vSouth ; beside other natural advantages which fitted her for the 
 peculiar business contemplated, was selected as the new site. 
 
 A stock company was organized, with feoo.ooo capital. Mr. R. H. 
 Prichard, of Catlettsburg, Ky., a gentleman whose knowledge of the hard woods of the South and West made him 
 especially adapted for the position, was elected President ; Mr. C. H. Hampton, of Catlettsburg, Ky., was made Secretary 
 and Treasurer, and Mr. W. H. Williams, the inventor of the process of veneering by machinery, was selected as Manager. 
 Twenty -two acres of land on the river bank in the north-eastern section of the city were purchased, and on the iSth of 
 January, 1SS7, work on the largest veneering mills in the world was commenced. The saw mills of Hall & Eddy and 
 Joseph Hall were bought, and other mills were at once erected. The work on the factory was pushed rapidly, and 
 now an immense five story brick building, fitted with every modern convenience in the way of veneering machinery, 
 requiring 250 hands to operate it, and capable of sawing and completing 150,000 feet of veneer daily, is in operation. 
 Agents are employed in every State in the Union, who buy and ship fine logs of every description direct to the mills. 
 Mahogany is sent direct from Mexico and South America, while rosewood, tulip, satin, amboyne, and other rare woods 
 come from other European countries. It is uo uncommon thing for the mills to have $400,000 worth of fine logs on 
 hand at once, while their orders for veneer from great piano, furniture, and sewing machine companies of the East and 
 Europe extend months ahead. Rafts of logs reach for miles up the river, while the yards are stacked with lumber 
 ready sawed awaiting shipment. 
 
 But as the name indicates, the Astori.\ VenEER Mills axd Lumber Comp.\xy will not devote all their time and 
 attention to veneers. Lumber of every description for every purpose will be saw'ed and sold to builders and manu- 
 facturers in all sections of the United States. The main offices and manufactory of the company are located at 1000 
 Fulton Street, Louisville, Ky., while the warerooms, which, like the mills, are the largest in the world devoted to 
 this specialty, are at No. 120 E.\ST Thirteenth Street, New York City. 
 
 For the benefit of the uninitiated, a short description of the uses of veneer mav not be out of place here. Years 
 ago, before the invention of this process, pianos, furniture, sewing machines, etc., were made of solid wood, with a 
 surface polished. This was 
 necessarily expensive, partic- 
 ularly in the case of rosewood 
 or mahogany pianos. The 
 veneer was then introduced, 
 and it worked a revolution. It 
 consists of a thin strip ol 
 mahogany or other bard wood 
 placed over a foundation of oak 
 or something of the kind, thus 
 presenting the same appear- 
 ance as a solid wood, jet being 
 nmch cheaper. At first the 
 manufacture of veneers was 
 expensive, but, by the use of 
 machinery invented and pat- 
 ented by Mr. Williams, of this 
 company, the cost has been 
 reduced to a mininiun. View of the Mills. 117 
 
y\)<^ ^^9^^^ky '^V^ ir)dicir)(a ^pid^c. 
 
 I 
 
 Bennett H. Young. 
 
 ' \ a foregoiug part of this work is a good picture of the great cantilever 
 bridge that spaus the Ohio river between Louisville and New Albany, 
 Indiana, called the Kentucky and Indiana Bridge. The building 
 this bridge was, in many respects, the most important achievement in 
 i le development of industrial Louisville within the last ten years. The 
 budge itself is a remarkable structure, having the longest cantilever .span 
 I 1 it has ever been built. The picture above referred to is an excellent 
 ie, showing both the bridge and its approaches from the Kentucky side 
 I the river. A few j-ears since. Colonel Bennett H. Young, than whom 
 n man has done more to advance the material interests of Louisville, 
 5posed to build a railroad bridge from this city to New Albau}'. What 
 L ilonel Young proposes is as good as done. Work on the bridge was 
 I ^un and pushed rapidly to completion, so that in June, iS86, the bridge 
 V IS opened to the public, the foot, passenger, and carriage ways being- 
 en completed. On October i6th, of the same year, the first passenger 
 ti liu was sent across, with appropriate ceremonies. The event was hailed 
 \ th delight by the people of both cities, especially by those of New 
 \ bany, who were badly in need of a readier access to Louisville than 
 ii id before been afforded them. 
 
 The length of the bridge is 2,453 'e^^t ; of ^^^ two cantilever spans, 
 4b ; feet each. The five spans forming the cantilever system extend from 
 pier four to pier nine, a distance of 1,843 f^^i, making the longest canti- 
 lever system ever constructed. The draw span is 370 feet in length and 
 can be opened or closed in three minutes. The superstructure is of steel. The cost of the bridge and th: terminal 
 together was about f 1,800,000. The capital stock of the company is Ji, 700,000. The first mortgage bonds on the bridge 
 are f 1,000,000 ; on the terminal they are ^40,000. A short time since the stock sold at 67, on the mere prospect that the 
 Ohio & Mississippi Railroad would use the bridge. This prospect is shortlj' to be realized, as the road is building a line 
 into New Albany from Watson, a station a few miles out, which line is about completed. 
 
 The men most active in organizing the company and building the bridge were Colonel Young, W. S. Culbertson, of 
 New Albany, and John MacLeod, the Chief Engineer in charge of the work, the Union Brid,ge Company being the 
 builders. The company is officered as follows : Bennett H. Young, President ; W. S. Culbertson, First Vice-President ; J. ,S. 
 Winstaudly, Second Vice-President and Treasurer; W. T. Grant, Vice-President and General Manager; A.J. Porter, 
 Superintendent ; John MacLeod, Chief Engineer ; W. W. Hill, Secretary ; A. H. Ford, Auditor ; and J. K. Zollinger, 
 Resident Engineer. 
 
 On the Indiana side of the river the bridge connects directly with the Ohio & Mississippi and the Louisville, New 
 Albany & Chicago roads, and indirectly with the Jeffersonville, jfadison & Indianapolis road and the St. Louis Air Line. 
 On the Kentucky side it connects directly with the Louisville & Nashville a-nd the Chesapeake, Ohio & South-western 
 at Magnolia avenue ; at Fourteenth street and Portland avenue, with the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis, Ohio & 
 Jlississippi, and Louisville, New Albany & Chicago roads; at Thirteenth and High streets, with the Chesapeake & 
 Ohio Short Route. The latter is an elevated road that runs for some distance along the river bank and is used for trans 
 ferring passenger and freight trains from one depot to another. This 
 forms a part of a belt line, most of which was built by the KENTUCKY 
 AND Indiana Bridge Company, and which, together with the bridge, is 
 now called the "Daisy Route." Over this run thirty-six passenger 
 trains a day between New Albany and Louisville. In the latter city 
 trains also run from First street to Parkland, a suburb of Louisville. 
 The fare between the two cities is only ten cents. A uniform rate of five 
 cents is charged to all points on the Kentucky side. A very important 
 connection with the bridge will be the Louisville Southern railroad, now- 
 approaching completion, which will connect with the belt line at Twelfth 
 street and Magnolia avenue and which has entered into a contract to use 
 that line as its passenger entrance into the city, making its depot in the 
 Union depot, at Seventh street and the river. 
 
 The bridge has been a success ever since it was built. Its earnings 
 in the first week amounted to jSi, 499.65, and the showing since then h.is 
 been equally gratifying. The " Daisy " trains now do the bulk of tlu 
 passenger business between this city and New Albany, and the bridge is 
 a fashionable and beautiful drive. The bridge trains are largely used by 
 those living in the western part of the city, who can come from Thirty- 
 second street to Fourth street in ten minutes, whereas a street car takes 
 half an hour. The bridge and belt line will be of manifest advantage in 
 buildmg up the western part of the city with factories. 
 
 r-^. 
 
 Ill 
 
 \ 
 
 W. T. Grant. 
 
 118 
 
^^r)2. JJouisviUc C)0uii^cpr) I'^GrilpoGrGl. 
 
 P' 
 
 Major J. W. Stine. 
 
 |ROBABLY uo enterprise identified with the interests of the city of 
 Louisville of late years has attracted so widespread attention and 
 interest as the Louisville Southern Railroad Company ; its 
 possibilities and benefits were noticed as long as tw^euty years ago, and 
 at different times repeated efforts had been made to successfully carry out 
 the project, up to the time that Colonel Bennett H. Young and his asso- 
 ciates took hold of it in i8Si. The importance of the enterprise was 
 recognized by its enemies as well as its friends, and a most bitter warfare 
 for and against its completion was carried on between the years 1880-86. 
 Colonel Young was determined, however, and gathered about him some 
 of the most successful business men of Louisville, who were resolute in 
 their purpose to build the line and give Louisville the benefit of an addi- 
 tional outlet South. It runs from Louisville to Danville, Kentucky, a 
 distance of eighty-seven miles, and will, immediately after construction, 
 bring the Erlanger system, with its 1,200 miles of railways, to Louisville, 
 and open to the city a vast territory for trade. 
 
 This road is being constructed first-class in every respect. It will 1)e 
 the best-built and best-equipped road in the South, and will, as soon as 
 operated, become a part of a great trunk line. It will penetrate the best 
 counties of Kentucky — ^Jefferson, Shelby, Anderson, Mercer, and Boyle — 
 uhere a junction will be formed with the Cincinnati Southern w'ith which 
 a favorable traffic arrangement has been made, thereby giving Louisville 
 every advantage, as far as the Southern markets are concerned, for which 
 Cincinnati expended the enormous sum of |20,ooo,ooo. Its Directory are among our strongest and most sagacious citi- 
 zens, and are as follows : J. W. Stine, President ; Theo. Harris, \Vm. Cornwall, Jr., Thomas H. Sherley, V. D. Price, R. S. 
 Veech, W. H. McBrayer, St. John Boyle, Bennett H. Young, Charles Goldsmith, Thomas W. Bullitt, and W. B. Hoke. 
 The enormous possibilities of this line are attracting attention on every side. The present relations of the Louis- 
 ville & Nashville with the lines north of the Ohio river render another Southern outlet a commercial necessity. The 
 Louisville, New Albany cS: Chicago Railway, with its ever-inereasing traffic, the Ohio & Mississippi Railway, and the 
 Louisville, Evausville & St. Louis Railroad all need a Southern adjunct, and the LoulsvillE Southern presents the 
 only chance for this. Much freight north of the Ohio river is carried via Cincinnati on account of the lack of competi- 
 tive facilities at Louisville, and this new line, via the Louisville Southern, not only offers this competitive factor but 
 gives a shorter and more direct connection to many parts of the South. Chattanooga will be an hour and a half closer 
 to Louisville, and this will apply to all points in Georgia and the Carolinas. It will give the Louisville merchants addi- 
 tional territory and facilities and open to the rapidly-expanding manufactures of Kentucky's metropolis new fields for 
 the sale of their products. That such an important link should so long remain unfinished is astonishing to those who 
 are acquainted with Louisville's courage and enterprise, and that her citizens are at last able and willing to undertake 
 this work is renewed evidence of their readiness to meet every emergency in her commercial history. 
 
 One of the most important aspects of this new railroad is the return of the Bluegrass region to intimate connections 
 with Louisville. The construction of the Cincinnati Southern, which offisred such remarkable facilities to Central Ken- 
 tucky for trade and travel with Cincinnati, has carried no inconsiderable portion of that section to that point. The 
 Louisville Southern will change this condition of affairs and bring to Kentucky's chief city — where it naturally be- 
 longs — a people who will delight to again have made such commercial, social, and financial relations to Louisville. 
 
 The men who have undertaken this enterprise are public benefactors, and, with the construction of this line, they 
 will have achieved for Louisville a prominence and importance in railway matters wdiich lend additional force to her 
 claims as the center and metropolis of the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. 
 
 The Louisville Southern R.\ilroad will be ready for business about March ist next ; it is a first-class road in 
 every respect, built upon the Pennsylvania Company's standard, and designed for speedy and safe travel. 
 
 The President, Major J. W. Stine, has long been a leading spirit in all that has been undertaken for the develop- 
 ment of Louisville. He connected himself with tlje enterprise in its darkest days, and to his courage and genius a very 
 large share of its present success and prosperity is attributable. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but removed to 
 Newport, Kentucky, in 1859. He entered the federal service with the Cincinnati Zouaves, of which he was an officer. He 
 left the army in 1863, and, after a brief mercantile venture in the interior of Kentucky, came to Louisville in 1864 and 
 became a member of the firm of W. B. Leonard & Co., then in the grain business. A short time afterward, he purchased 
 a share in the Hope Woolen Mills, since which time he has devoted himself unremittingly to the "Kentucky jeans man- 
 ufacture." He now partly controls and manages the Louis%-ille I Kentucky) Woolen Mills, one of the largest manufac- 
 tories of Louisville, and the most extensive establishment of its kind in the world. Major Stine has been most fortunate 
 in all his enterprises. He is public spirited to a high degree, and has been honored by election to many offices of trust. 
 In the Expositions, new and old, he was an active spirit and officer. For five years he was a member of the Board of 
 Directors of the Board of Trade, and for two years a member of the council from the Second Ward. He was elected to 
 the council in the memorable Baxter-Jacob contest. The ward voted for Baxter, but on account of Major Stine's great 
 personal popularity, though being the Jacob candidate, he carried the ward by a handsome majority. 
 
 119 
 
^m ^W]r)(z KipgWop^s ©/irr)pr)if:^caf 
 
 caie-p. 
 
 eeS^ 
 
 5 HE FIREWORKS AMPHITHEATER is situated on Fourth ave- 
 uue, occupying a full city square (bounded on the east by Fourth 
 avenue, on the west by Fifth avenue, on the north by Hill street, 
 and on the south by "A" street), and is the most popular place of open 
 air amusement in the city of Louisville. Mr. Daniel Ouilp is the sole 
 proprietor and manager, and Mr. James B. Camp is the business nian- 
 ao-er, whose handsome picture adorns this page. The enclosure embraces 
 four acres of ground. The grand stand seats 10,000 people, and is so 
 constructed that any entertainment that may be produced at the Amphi- 
 THE-'^TER can lie perfectly seen from every seat. In front of the grand 
 stand is a promenade forty feet wide, covered with a nice green carpet of 
 grass, which is kept nicely mowed. Between the promenade and stage 
 is a lake, in the shape of a half moon, 300 feet long and 75 feet broad iu 
 its widest part. The banks of the lake are walled up with stone, the 
 bottom and sides are covered with cement, and it is deep enough to float 
 boats of consideraljle size. The Fireworks Amphithe.^ter was con- 
 structed for the special purpose of producing the grand pyrotechnical 
 spectacles of the great London pyrotechnist, Mr. James Pain, who is 
 conceded to be the fireworks king of the world. The scenery used in 
 each of these spectacles is painted by Mr. Pain's own scenic artist, Mr. 
 Joseph Barker, together with the materials used in their construction, 
 costing the enormous sum of ^2,000, or |io,ooo in United States money. 
 The scenery requires a stage breadth of 400 feet and a stage depth of 250 
 feet. In the production of Pain's spectacle over 200 people or performers, all dressed in correct and appropriate cos- 
 tumes are required, all under the direction of Mr. Pain's own stage manager, Mr. John Raymond, for years connected 
 with the Royal Alhambra Theater. The FIREWORKS Amphitheater was opened August 28, 1SS6, with Pain's beauti- 
 ful and romantic spectacle, "The Last Days of Pompeii," which was produced every Thursday and Saturday evenings 
 until October 23d, the close of the season. The scenery was beautiful, correctly representing the beauties of the Italian 
 architecture of the marble palaces of that ancient Italian city, and a vivid and thrilling representation of the eruption 
 of Vesuvius. While this book is going to press, the season of 1S87 at the Fireworks AmphiThE-^TER has already 
 begun with the production of Pain's grand Russian military spectacle, "The Burning of Moscow," beginning Thurs- 
 day, August iSth, and will be produced every Thursday and Saturday evenings until October 22, 1SS7, the close of the 
 season, and no readers of this book should fail to see this wonderful spectacle, Paiu's greatest triumph. The spec- 
 tacle gives a correct idea of the Russian architecture, and of the city of Moscow, the Kremlin,^ the mosques with their 
 
 James B Camp 
 
 Fireworks Amphitheater Seats, 
 
 golden domes, its cathedrals and magnificent palaces. It illustrates also one of the grandest events of history— the 
 end of Napoleon's glory and the beginning of his downfall. Next year for the season of 1SS8, Pain's " Siege of 
 Sebastopol " will be produced. It will be seen that all of Pain's spectacles represent some great event in history, 
 thereby affording not only pleasure and instruction to the young, but also entertainment to the old. The spectator wit- 
 nessing these spectacles at night, when the scenerj- is lighted up by a vast number of electric lights, and is reflected 
 in the^waters of the lake, feels as if he were transported by magic far away iu some distant land, forgetting and far 
 removed from the cares of this busy world. Popular prices of admission are charged by the management of the Fire- 
 works Amph iTHE.^TER to witness these wonderful spectacles— tweuty-five cents for adults, and ten cents for children. 
 
-m^ 
 
 yrcQpge- T.. Uiefz ^ fe,©. 
 
 
 George H. Dietz. 
 
 COUISVILLE leads the South in printing, binding, and the manu- 
 facture of blank-books. One of the oldest Main street houses in 
 this line is that of GEORGE H. Dietz & Co., of No. 514 West 
 Main street. The business was established in 186S, and has steadily 
 grown in proportions till it stands in the first rank. 
 
 Mr. Dietz, of the firm, is a practical, careful, methodical German. 
 His training in his business fits him emiuenth- to maintain the success 
 his firm has achieved. He has a wide acquaintance throughout the busi- 
 ness world, of which Louisville is the center, and is personally popular 
 with solid business men. 
 
 The firm does a general wholesale business in printing, binding, 
 blank-ljooks, and stationery, plain and fancy. Their printing includes 
 joli and book printing of all ordinary forms. They are prepared to turn 
 out job work with more than ordinary dispatch, and the books printed 
 by them have been highly commended for the neatness and accuracy of 
 ■_ the work. They make a specialty of blank and memorandum books of 
 their own manufacture. They have had long experience in the manu- 
 facture of such goods, having commenced almost at the founding of the 
 business. To all the details strict personal attention is given, and this 
 insures the best quality of work. At the same time the extent of their 
 trade in this line enables them to offer the lowest current prices. 
 
 In stationery the whole range of quality and prices is covered, in- 
 cluding a full line o( papcteric and other fancy articles. Especially as 
 the holidav season approaches, a full stock of albums, card-cases, rulers, paper-knives, etc., suitable for presents, is kept 
 on hand. At all times a complete and carefully-selected line of pens, ink, mucilage, pen-holders, ink-stands, paper- 
 weights, pencils, cravon, blotters, copj'-press stands, copying-presses, copying-brushes, water-cups, oil-boards, thermom- 
 eters, pen-trays, sponge-cups, check-cancelers, paper-files, paper-clips, manifold paper, cap-tablets, newspaper-files, bill- 
 holders, paper-cutters, pen-cleaners, cash-boxes, bond-boxes, qffice-boxes, postal-card cases, stationery-cases, envelope- 
 cases, post-office boxes, bill-head cases, calendars, card-racks, match-.safes, twine-boxes, steel erasers, paper-fasteners, 
 rubber bauds and rings, bankers' shears, ribbons for bank stamps, tape, counting-house slates, book-slates, corkscrews, 
 thumb-tacks, letter-balances, office-baskets, shipping-tags of all styles, bottle-labels, tape-measures, twiues, sealing-wax, 
 etc. Their stock of inks includes, of course, all standard plain black and colored iuks, and of pens the best kinds of 
 steel and gold. For those who prefer the old-fashioned quill-pen, they sell a machine with which such pens can be 
 made very rapidly. The firm does not deal in miscellaneous books. Much of their fine writing paper and other fancy 
 goods is imported direct from England, France, and Germany. 
 
 The business house of GEORGE H. DiETZ & Co., No. 514 West Main street, is a handsome building, 22 feet front by 
 190 feet deep, four stories and a basement. In the basement are kept heavy goods and the stock of papers for manufact- 
 uring. On the first floor is the stock in all its lines for the inspection of customers. Also conveniently at the rear, the 
 office. On the second floor is the printing office, one of the most complete in all its appointments in the State. In 
 every branch the latest improved machinery is employed, and the most skilled men in their several lines are selected to 
 do the book and job printing turned out of this office. On the third floor is the bindery, and here, also, with the best 
 machiner}- known to the business, work is most carefully and substantially done. On the fourth floor is stored stock, 
 raw material, and surplus of any kind. The firm, coming on Main street in 1S71, has been at this same place for the 
 past eight year.s, and its stand has become familiar to all dealers in blank-books, stationery, etc., throughout Louisville's 
 legitimate trade territory. They have facilities equal to any, and make a specialty of filling orders promptly. In con- 
 sequence, customers once secured seldom leave them. They send goods throughout the South — Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and to a few chosen points in Texas. They have also a good trade in Indiana 
 and Illinois, while nearly every town in Kentucky of any size knows their work for its excellence. 
 
 A specialty of this firm is .\ruold's Cipher for secret correspondence. It is used throughout this country, in Italy, 
 Spain, France, and Europe generally, in Africa, India, Australia, and, in fact, throughout the civilized world, wherever 
 telegraphic correspondence is carried on. So many railroad men can read telegraph messages from the instrument by 
 the sound merely, it is almost inipossilUe to carry on a correspondence secretly by the use of ordinary language. Accord- 
 ingly many efforts have been made to secure a satisfactory cipher. In Arnold's it is believed the highest degree of suc- 
 cess has been attained. It gives strict accuracy and complete secrecy. At the same time it is much more economical 
 than ordinary language. Its advantages over other methods are that the phrases used have been selected from actual 
 correspondence of men of large experience, the cipher words have been chosen with great care by a practical telegraph 
 operator of fifteen years' service, and a system of keys is arranged so that the key can be changed at pleasure. The 
 book is printed in convenient pocket size. 
 
 Correspondence is invited by the firm, and prompt attention given it. .Anything in their line not named in their 
 catalogue will be furnished at the lowest current rates. They urge upon customers the importance of explicit direc- 
 tions in sending orders, and ask that all orders state in what manner .shipments shall be made, whether b}- rail or river, 
 freight or express. The greatest care is exercised to fill orders accurately and to ship promptly. 
 
 121 
 
^-PjC 1Jouis\/i11g ]^ar)i5ir)q Lorr)pa:r|V' 
 
 yT'HE Louisville 
 f^ Banking Com- 
 
 JKv\v 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 PANY is one of the 
 foremost financial institu- 
 tions of the city of Louis- 
 ville. Its stock sells for 
 more than that of any 
 other bank in the city, 
 and its deposits are sur- 
 prisingly large. It was 
 incorporated under the 
 lawsof Kentucky in 1S67, 
 Mr. Theodore Harris be- 
 ing then, as now. Presi- 
 dent. The capital stock 
 was then |ioo,ooo. The 
 company did business for 
 many years on Main 
 street, near Fourth, and 
 moved into the building 
 now occupied by it in 
 1S85, the old quarters 
 having become too cir- 
 cumscribed to afford facilities for the growing business, which constantly demanded a larger clerical force. It is now 
 on the first floor of the handsome Bull Block, a building erected especially to suit the conveniences of the bank, which 
 has a thirty years' lease on the premises. Thus, the LOUISVILLE Banking Company obtained all the benefits that it 
 could have derived from putting up its own building, with none of the attendant inconveniences. The vault is one of 
 the finest in the West. It extends to the solid rock below the sub-cellar ; the lower story of the vault, underneath the 
 bank, being occupied by the Louisville Trust Company, and is built up to the roof of the house. It is absolutely fire and 
 burglar proof. The banking rooms contain all the latest improvements, and are beautifully furnished. 
 
 The officers of the institution are Theodore Harris, President ; J. E. Sutcliffe, Vice-President ; John H. Leathers, 
 Cashier. Mr. Harris has lived in Louisville for the greater part of his life, and has been connected with various bu.si- 
 ness enterprises ; but for the last twenty years the bank has absorbed his entire attention. He was the most active man 
 
 THEODORE Harris. 
 
 John H. Leathers. 
 
 in the organization, and its great success 
 is chiefly due to his energy and skill. He 
 is widely-known as one of the most able 
 financiers in the South or West. Dr. 
 .Sutcliffe, the Vice-President, is a member 
 of the successful wholesale firm of .Sut- 
 cliffe & Owen, dealers in boots and shoes. 
 He is known for his business sagacity and 
 prudent, conservative ideas, and is emi- 
 nently a safe man to be concerned in the 
 management of a bank. Major J. H. 
 Leathers, the Cashier, was elected to 
 his office April I, 1885. A Virginian by 
 l)irth, he came to Louisville as a boy and 
 has lived here ever since, except during 
 the four years of the war, when he was 
 with .Stonewall Jackson, having entered 
 the Confederacy from Virginia. He is a 
 man of middle age, but he has all the 
 snap and dash of Young America and 
 has done not a little to increase the 
 Treasurer Falls City Jeans and Woolen Company 
 
 rCiiil^i 
 
 
 rafcife 
 
 
 bank's business through his large ac- 
 quaintance and strong personal following 
 throughout the State. He is Grand 
 Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Ken- 
 tucky Free and Accepted Masons, and 
 also Treasurer of the Grand Chapter of 
 Kentucky. Mr. W. S. Jones, the Teller, 
 has recently been elected Assistant Cash- 
 ier. 
 
 The Directors of the bank are repre- 
 sentative men. In addition to Mr. Harris 
 and Dr. Sutcliffe, they are Jas. C. Gilbert, 
 of the Bradley & Gilbert Company, book- 
 sellers and stationers ; F. A. Gerst, of the 
 F. A. Gerst Companj', wholesale notions ; 
 Jas. P. Boyce, D. D., President Southern 
 Baptist Theological Seminary; R. L. 
 White, of White, Green & Huffaker, 
 wholesale boots and shoes; Alvin Wood, 
 of Alvin Wood & Co., wholesale whis- 
 kies; R. L. Whitney, Secretary and 
 
 The Bull Block. 
 Vernon D. Price, of Price & Lucas, manufacturers of cider and vinegar. 
 The capital stock of the bank has been increased from time to time to meet the wants of its growing business. Its 
 present capital is 1350,000, and its surplus, |475,ooo. In July, 18S7, 1:50,000 additional stock was issued and sold at I250 
 a share, the par value of a share being |ioo. The sale realized |i25,ooo, of which |5o,ooo have been placed to capital 
 stock, and the remaining 175,000 to surplus. Thus the total capital and surplus is $825,000. The bank pays a semi- 
 annual dividend of eight per cent, and its stock commands, at this time, a higher price than is reached by any other 
 bank stock in Kentucky — $250 per share, the par value being $100. The phenomenal increase of business in this bank 
 is shown by the deposits for the last three years : July i, 1885,1616,000; July i, 1886, |i,iS6,ooo; July i, 1887, $1,605,000. 
 
 122 
 
*^ =y1)^ ifjasor)ic Qeiv'irjqs J3ar)l5.= 
 
 =-^ 
 
 Jacob Krieger. Sr. 
 
 uiidi- 
 total, 
 
 SHE oldest savings institutiou in Louisville is the Masonic Savings 
 Bank, which was chartered in 1S64, the charter being a part of 
 that under which the Masonic Temple Company was organized. 
 The scheme then was to make the bank a savings institution for the 
 Masonic fraternity, and some of the officers of the Grand Lodge of the 
 State were made officers of the bank, e-V officio. But this scheme was 
 never developed, and the bank was not organized until October, 1865, 
 when it operated under a separate charter. At first, however, it was dis- 
 tinctly a Masonic institution, and its stockholders were all Masons. 
 This did not prove remunerative, the balance being generally on the 
 wrong side. A change of policy was resolved upon, and a cashier was 
 elected, wlio reorganized the institution and succeeded, even beyond the 
 expectations of those interested, in making the bank stock a paying in- 
 vestment. 
 
 The first officers of the bank were : A. G. Hodges, President ; Will- 
 iam Cromey, Henry Wehmhoff, Fred Webber, and F. W. Jlerz, Direct- 
 ors. Afterward, Mr. Wehmlioff was elected president. On June 16, 
 1S6S, the bank was reorganized, Mr. Jacob Krieger, Sr., being made 
 cashier. The following is a statement of the bank on that day : 
 
 Assets : Office furniture and improvements on banking house jty,- 
 
 314.54 ; profit and loss, $9,933.99 ; expense account, $531.62 ; notes and 
 
 bills discounted, $56, 453.37 ; cash and stamps, 19,208.07 ; due h\ banks, 
 
 16,189.00; total, 189,630.59. 
 
 LI.AIULITIES : Capital, 156,352.50; discount and interest, I775.2S; individual deposits, 128,256.32; .savings deposits, 
 
 $4,125.49; dividend, $121.00; total, $89,630.59. 
 
 The last statement, made June 30, 1887, shows what the bank has accomplished since Mr. Krieger went into it : 
 Resources: Office furniture, $1,000; bills discounted, $1,045,500.80; real estate, $40,917.50; bonds and stock, 
 $115,348.31; call loans, $77,885.45; cash, $69,976.64; due by bauks, $63,651.50 ; suspended debt, $14,615.21; total, 
 $1,428,895.41. 
 
 Liabilities: Capital stock, $250,000 ; deposits, $1,034,027.84 ; due to bauks, $42,867.35; surplus. $75,000 
 vided profits, $1,696.01 ; fund to pay losses, $14,615,21 ; dividend No. 38, $10,000; dividends unclaimed, $689 
 $1,428,895.41. 
 
 The Masonic Savings B.ank has ever since the reorganization paid dividends. It now pays four per cent, semi- 
 annually. Its capital stock is $250,000 ; its surplus is $75,000. The deposits average aljout $1,000,000. The bank pays 
 four per cent, on time deposits, and three per cent, on deposits of a full month. The deposits of children and women are 
 free from the control of husbands, fathers, and guardians, and the greater part of the bank's busiuess is in the savings 
 department, but it also does a large commercial business. Its officers now are : Jacob Krieger, Sr., President; Henry 
 Egelhoff, Cashier; Edwin G. Hall, Henry Peter, Nicholas Miller, W. H. McKnight, and Jacob Krieger, Sr., Directors. 
 Mr. Krieger, the President, is eminently a self-made man. He was born in Rhenish Bavaria, in 1S26. While still little 
 more than a lad he was imbued with the revolutionary ideas then agitating Germany and France, and in the revolution 
 of 1848-49, took such a part as made his further residence at home exceedingly uncomfortable, being liable to police sur- 
 veillance and frequent annoying arrests. Consequently he came to America. After a few months spent in New York, 
 he came out to Zanesville, Ohio, where he got employment at $6 a mouth and board. He was there but a few mouths, 
 when he came to Louisville, where he obtained a place at $9 a month. Then he went into a dry goods store on a salary 
 of $15 a month, which was shortly raised to $25. A man who offered to put up the money induced Mr. Krieger to go 
 into busiuess on his own account. This gentleman, however, did not put up the capital, and the firm failed. The cred- 
 itors insisted on Mr. Krieger taking entire charge of the busiuess, though they knew he had no money. Mr. Krieger 
 compromised with his creditors, but finally paid $2 for every $1 he owed. He afterwards took a clerkship in the 
 dry goods house of Anderson, McLaue & Co., and then with Leight & Barret, which place he left to keep books three years 
 for Thomas & Aiulersou. The war was coming on, and the business of this house began to grow slack. Mr. Krieger 
 foresaw the result of the war, and resigned a position worth $1,100, to take one in the Merchants' Bank at $25 a month. 
 He remained here four years, making his way rapidly. At the end of that time the Western Bank was organized, and 
 he was elected its first cashier. It was then called the Western Insurance Compan\'. In 186S, as above narrated, Mr. 
 Krieger reorganized the M.\S0Nic Savings Bank, of which he was elected president in 1871. 
 
 Mr. Krieger was mainly instrumental in effecting a coup which was one of the most successful pieces of fiuanceer- 
 ing ever known in this city. The L., C. & L. R. R. — the Cincinnati Short Line — failed in 1874, and the holders of 
 second mortgage bonds, of whom Krieger was one, were left with little chance of being able to recover their money ; he 
 and others formed a pool of second mortgage bondholders, and on October i, 1877, the managers of the pool bought the 
 road, taking stock in payment for their bonds, and issuing common stock for all debts that came iu. The bondholders 
 elected Directors and soim made Mr. Krieger Vice-President of the new compan\'. He was then elected President, and 
 in less than a year effected a sale of the road to the Loui.sville & Nashville railroad. All those who had gone into the 
 pool got $i.22j'\j for their stock, and, instead of losing money, made some. 123 
 
Wc LauW 
 
 )(zipica 
 
 Vj jl^laie Isrlass wop^s. 
 
 W. C. Dt Pauw 
 
 ,NE of the largest manufacturing enterprises in the Falls Cities is 
 De Pauw's American Plate Glass .Works, of New Albany, 
 Indiana, the greatest manufactory in that State and the largest 
 coni1)ined niauufactor\' of plate and window glass and glass jars in this 
 country, possibly in the world. Few of the mechanical industries have 
 presented the difficulties to the manufacturer that the making of plate 
 j.(lass has. The experiments in this line were for a long time disastrous 
 '" this country. After a number of failures had been made and many 
 iisauds of dollars expended, some Boston and New York capitalists 
 lertook to make plate glass at Lennox, Massachussetts. They in- 
 :ed considerably more than Jii, 000,000 and finally sold their works 
 |75,ooo, after having made plate glass for several years at a great 
 Many other similar enterprises met the same fate, among them 
 in Louisville, which was finally bought by Mr. W. C. De Pauw, 
 .3 was already interested in glass works in Indiana. 
 ,Some twenty years ago a citizen of New Albany, Indiana, decided to 
 make plate glass. The enterprise was not prosperous and the owners 
 could not pay for the requisite machinery, which had been ordered in 
 England, when two New Albany gentlemen induced W. C. De Pauw to go 
 into a company for the manufacture of plate glass. Mr. De Pauw loaned 
 the company ;f20o,ooo, besides taking an interest in it on his own account. 
 The company lost money steadily in manufacturing, as well as in bad 
 debts and in shrinkage. Then came a fire, aud the original plant was 
 abandoned. New ground was purchased and extensive new works were built ; but there was a repetition of the old 
 story, aud the company had to go into bankruptcy. But Mr. De Pauw was not the man to be credited with a failure, 
 and in 1S72 he personally took charge of the works. He at once set about increasiug his buildings, ovens, niachinerv, 
 etc., four-fold. After he had made his contracts for all this he discovered that the business was still likely to be a 
 money-losing venture. He was now involved to over half a million, however, and he went ahead, putting in more 
 money in the hope of recovering what he had spent. Gradually the losses were cut down and the manufactory finally 
 began to pa}-. In the few years last past it has proved a profitable investmeut. 
 
 The plant now represents an expenditure of |2, 000,000. Nearly- thirty acres of ground are covered with Iniildings 
 and valuable machinery, or are occupied as yards. Railroad tracks connect the yards with several roads direct, and by them 
 to all the roads. The capacity is 2,000,000 feet of plate glass, 150,000 boxes of window glass, and 30,000 gross of fruit jars 
 per annum. The works employ from 1,000 to 1,500 men, seventy-five per cent, of the cost of plate glass being in wages. 
 Of coal nearly 2,000,000 bushels are used annually ; 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 feet of lumber, 50,000 tons of grinding sand, 
 12,000 tons of mixing sand, 4,000 tons of soda ash, and as much quick lime. The sand is procured in Indiana, lime in 
 Indiana and Tennessee, soda ash in New York, emery in Turkey, beside arsenic, which they import, fire-brick and other 
 materials amounting to $200,000 a year. At these works are made cylinders of pure white double-thick window glass 
 eighty inches long and fifty-eight inches in circumference. Plates are here cast 135 .x 215 inches and the works are 
 about to make sheets of polished plate glass 150 x 220 inches in size. The New Albany works have a capacity of 132 
 pots ; the Louisville works, of thirtv-two pots, a total of 164 pots, when in full blast. In the same week the works have 
 shipped goods to New York, San Francisco, St. Paul, aud New Orleans, and the business is daily increasing. During 
 the current year prices have been low, but otherwise the concern has been eminently successful aiul next year it is 
 expected to do a business of over |2, 000,000. 
 
 Every appliance that can facilitate the work in hand is here utilized. Surface and elevated roads run in and about 
 the buildings. Steam elevators haul up coal, sand, lime, and other materials from the river. Water works on the 
 premises supply all the water needed and electric light aud gas plants furnish light at night ; for the fires never go out ; 
 the furnaces never cool ; the wheels never cease to turn, or the hands to labor in this great factory. The Louisville 
 works are used merely to make rough plate glass, which is taken to New Albany to be ground and finished. The char- 
 acter of the glass compares favorably with any made in Europe, even of the finest and heaviest glass for large mirrors. 
 Mr. W. C. De Pauw, the real founder of this vast enterprise, came to New Albanj- from Salem, Indiana, in 1S65, 
 being already a millionaire. He was a man of great strength, physical and mental, and greatly increased his wealth, 
 dying in May, 1.SS7, worth several millions. He was a most public-spirited man and during his life did a vast work 
 for the cause of education in Indiana, founding De Pauw College at New Albany and giving largely to Asbury — now 
 De Pauw University at Greencastle. To these institutions he left large bequests, especially so to the institutions of 
 the Methodist church. The glass works are now owned by N. T. De Pauw, the manager of the business ; C. W. De Pauw, 
 Miss Florence De Pauw, the children of their founder, and Mrs. W. C. De Pauw, his widow. It is expected that in Jan- 
 uary next the company will be incorporated. Mr. N. T. De Pauw is thoroughly familiar with all the details of the busi- 
 ness, having had entire charge of it for six years. He is a young man possessing many of the qualities that made his 
 father eminent. He is ably assisted by Mr. W. D. Keyes, Assistant Mau,ager, who has Ijeen counected with the business 
 from the beginning. Mr. George F. Penn, an old employe, is superintendent of the plate department, and Mr. L. L. 
 Pierce, superintendent of the window glass department. 124 
 
-^ 
 
 J©)cr)r)is JJo] 
 
 r)^ arid £orr,^ar)j. 
 
 ^8^ 
 
 D" 
 
 ^^'^^ 
 
 built up, since 
 
 EXXIS LOXG AND COMPAXY is a corporation which manufact- 
 ures cast iron pipe. The company was incorporated January 2, 
 1878, with the following officers : Dennis Long, President ; Samuel 
 A. Miller, Vice-President; Dennis M. Long, Superintendent; George J. 
 Long, Secretary and Treasurer. The offices are still filled bj- these gentle- 
 men. The business founded by Mr. Long had steadily increased until 
 the formation of this company and has continued to increase, from time- 
 to time requiring extensive enlargements of the company's works. It 
 has recently completed and is now operating a large pipe foundry near 
 the intersection of Preston and Fulton streets, constituting a part of what 
 are known as the "upper works." 
 
 Before making this last addition Dennis Long and Comp.\nv was 
 offered very considerable inducements — donations of laud and favorable 
 freight rates — if it would locate the new pipe foundry in some one of the 
 principal manufacturing cities of the South, among them notably Chat- 
 tanooga and Birmingham ; but the advantages offered by Louisville were 
 so manifest that the company decided to build here. The several foun- 
 dries owned by the company now have a capacity of 250 tons a day. The 
 works are devoted exclusively to the manufacture of cast iron pipe aud 
 special castings necessary therefor. The corporation nundjers on its pay- 
 roll over five hundred employes aud sends its product as far west as the 
 Pacific coast, all through the North-west, throughout the South and 
 South-west, and east into Pennsylvania. This business has been slowly 
 1S63, when Mr. Long ceased making steamboat machinery and began making cast iron pipe exclusively. 
 uav l.nrn in Loudonikrr\ , Irchnid, in iSiTi, and came tu this country with his parents in 1S20. They set- 
 tled in Erie, Pa., and then moved 
 to Pittsburgh, where Dennis Long 
 WIS apprenticed to the trade of 
 in o Icier ^fter some jears 
 work at his trade m Pittsbur£,h, 
 Ml Long moved to Louisville, 
 lud his hrst day's work in this 
 it\ \\ IS at a foundry on Ninth 
 street on a site where are locited 
 Di NMb Long and Comp\\\ s 
 ^cneral offices and what are called 
 the Xinth sticet woiks Some 
 %ears later Air Long formed a 
 partnershipwilh Mi Brvaii Roach 
 and the hrm ol Roitli 6^ Long en- 
 
 Dennis Long 
 
 gaged in business on this 
 Ninth street site where the\ de\oted them 
 sehes chicfl\ to the building of steamboit 
 nnchiiier\ The% made the machiner\ lor 
 main noted steamers 
 
 In 1S60 the water works of this CIt^ 
 were projected aud the contract for the im 
 niense Cornish pumping engines was award 
 ed to Roach & Long At that time the 
 making of such engines was 1 woik ol 
 greit nugnitnde and risk Mr Roach was 
 accidentall\ killed and all the responsibility 
 of the contract fell upon Jlr. Long. He built 
 the engines and to-day they are furnishing Louisville her entire water supply. About 1S63 Mr. Long began, on his own 
 account, the manufacture of cast iron pipe. His foundry then had a capacity of only ten or fifteen tons a daj'. 
 
 125 
 
♦^ =jJouisvillc ixjilifdry (a/icad 
 
 c 
 
 ^J- 
 
 -^ 
 
 Colonel Robert D. Allen. 
 
 SHE great need of a Military Academy adjacent to the city of Louis- 
 ville is now supplied in the fullest measure by the enterprise of 
 one of Kentucky's best military teachers, Colouel Robert D. 
 Allen, A. M., M. D., who was, for thirteen consecutive years, Superin- 
 tendent of the Kentucky Military Institute at Frankfort. His continued 
 success in that school, together with an experience of nearly thirty-five 
 years as an educator of boys, is a sufficient guarantee of the success of 
 the new enterprise, where the discipline and management of the pupils 
 are as near as possible that exercised by a wise father in the control of 
 his boys at home. Colouel Allen's long experience in the teaching and 
 management of boys has convinced him that "character, which is the 
 main essential to a proper education, is formed at an early age." 
 
 Character like the intellect can only be developed in ///c doing — head 
 and hand and heart must be educated together — hence, this Academ\- is a 
 manual training school in the better sense of the term. The working 
 of hand and heart with the intellect must be begun at an early age to 
 secure successful development. Boj'S entering under seventeen years of 
 age may remain until they have completed the extensive academic course 
 of the school which ends with the junior class of the best colleges. 
 
 The Louisville Military Academy is situated five miles from 
 the court house in Louisville, on the Bardstown turnpike, and two miles 
 from the nearest street car line to the citv. The magnificent buildings, 
 which have just been completed, are admirabl\' adapted to the purpose 
 for w'hich they have recentlv been thoroughl)- furnished, equal to the best city hotels, and make a charming home for 
 the pupils with the principal and his estimable family. These buildings would afford ample accommodations for a 
 " family " of seventy- persons, but to secure the better control and the more thorough instruction of the boys, the number 
 of pupils is limited to thirty-five. The study halls, class-rooms, famil\--rooms, play-rooms and all are furnished with 
 gas, water, fire and apparatuses essential to the development of the bodies and minds of the boys, while the comforts 
 and conveniences are all that wealth and station in life could desire. The main brick building is 93 x 103 feet, three 
 stories, with high ceilings, thoroughlv lighted and ventilated. Another two story building, fox 25 feet, is used for play 
 and working rooms for the pupils. The grounds embracing thirty acres are peculiarly suited to out-door sports and mil- 
 itary exercises. A more heathful location could not have been found in Kentucky. The cost of these buildings was 
 more than |5o,ooo, and, thus equipped, the school has been opened under the most favorable circumstances. The 
 Course of Study, methods of instruction and government are nearly those suggested by Johoniiot in his celebrated 
 " Principles and Practice of Teaching" for his ideal school, each pupil receiving such treatment and training, both of 
 hand and head, as his nature requires. 
 In this particular. Colonel Allen has 
 no superior, and he has frequently de- 
 veloped " capacity " in cases that were 
 considered almost hopeless. Professor 
 Oliver, the Associate-Principal, is a 
 teacher of experience and a graduate 
 of Cook County Normal, of Illinois. 
 Great advantage to the pupils has re- 
 sulted from the fact that the Principal 
 is a graduate of medicine, though in 
 all cases of illness regular practition- 
 ers of medicine have charge of the 
 patients. 
 
 Advantages : First, absolute ex- 
 emption from the temptations of a city 
 life; second, the good influences ni 
 family associations; third, the gool 
 influence of a military organization in 
 dress, time saved, ph3-sical develo]' 
 ment, habits of promptness, neatness, 
 persistence, self-dependence, obedi- 
 ence, order, regularity and principles 
 of honor, truthfulness and devotion to 
 duty ; fourth, expenses under control of the Principal ; fifth, peculiar adaptation of government and instruction to the 
 individual cadet ; sixth, teachers associate with the pupils day and night ; seventh, adaptation of the course of study 
 to the needs of each pupil ; eighth, manual training ; ninth, limited m number and age to receive personal attention. 
 Colonel .Allen's address is drawer 28, Louisville, Kentucky. 126 
 
 Louisville Military Academy. 
 
- m :!¥). H^uldoor) i) G©.; 
 
 
 M. MULDOON. 
 
 SHE firm of JI. Mui^DOON & Co., designers and importers of monu- 
 ments and cemetery art work, was established in Louisville in 
 July, 1S57, by Mr. Muldoon, who was born in Ireland, but who 
 came to this country when little more than a lad. He has had several 
 partners in the course of the thirty years of his business career, but the 
 firm name has remained unchanged, though Mr. Muldoon now conducts 
 the business alone. He is a man of the highest business qualities, ami 
 has established a trade that extends all over the United States. There 
 are fashions in monuments, as well as in everything el.se, and Mr. Mul- 
 doon is always prepared to supph- what is required in this respect. For 
 instance, at present nearly all the demand is for granite, the marbles of 
 Carrara, Italy, having fallen into disuse, although they can be set up as 
 monuments in ihis country as cheaply as can the granite quarried in 
 Vermont, the granite being much harder to work than the marble. But 
 it lasts longer than the marble does, and is more imposing in appear- 
 ance. Mr. Muldoon still owns an interest in a studio and workshop at 
 Carrara, however, and employs many workmen there. The hanilsome 
 chapel erected to the memory of the late General D. D. Colton, in the 
 cemetery at San Francisco, was maile entirely by Mr. Muldoon's em- 
 ployes at Carrara, and was shipped around the Horn aud put up by M. 
 Muldoon & Co., at a cost of f 46,000. It is one of the handsomest 
 pieces of cemetery work in the country. 
 
 But for the most part monuments are now made of granite. Mr. Mul- 
 doon owns an interest in some quarries at Barre, Vermont, where is obtained a beautiful steel-colored gray granite, capa- 
 ble of a very high polish, and the most enduring stone known. He also uses a great deal of the red granite from the 
 Hill o'Fare, in the north of Scotland, a stone that has recently been brought into the market, and that is largely used 
 in relieving the gray of the Vermont stone, especially in making sarcophagi. The stone is all worked into shape at the 
 quarries, and the only work done at the warerooms and yards in Louisville is the polishing and lettering. For large 
 contracts the stone is never brought to Louisville at all. In the Louisville yards and warehouse, which are located at 
 Nos. 322 to 328 West Green street, from forty-five to fifty men are employed and are kept constantly busy in finishing 
 off the work. Mr. Muldoon's business amounts to from ^225, 000 to 1300,000 a year in monuments alone, and he does a 
 small business in fine art marbles besides. 
 
 Mr. Muldoon has been remarkably successful in obtaining contracts for important pieces of work over some of the 
 largest dealers of this country. He has just completed a very handsome monument to the late Harrison Phoebus, the 
 builder aud owner of the Hygeia Hotel at Old Point Comfort. The monument is erected in the old church j-ard at Ham- 
 ton, one of the oldest church yards in America. It is built of gray granite. The pedestal is of three large blocks, the 
 lowest being six by si.x feet. The base is surmounted by a die block, with columns at each corner, the capitals of which 
 are elaborately ornamented with foliage. The whole is surmounted by an elaborately-worked frieze. Above this is a 
 Grecian cap and plinth, and above this is a shaft eighteen feet high, surmounted b}' an urn five feet high. On the face 
 of the shaft is a medallion likeness of Mr. Phoebus, cast in bronze. The monument is thirty feet high. 
 
 A more important historical work is the monument to John C. Calhoun, in St. Michael's church j-ard, Charleston, 
 South Carolina. This is a sarcophagus of the most elaborate workmanship that was made by Mr. Muldoon. When 
 the earthquake visited Charleston a part of the old church fell on this monument, but, fortunately, did it no serious 
 injury. Mr. Muldoon also built the monument erected by the Odd Fellows to the memory of their late Grand Secre- 
 tary, Ridgely, in Harlem square, Baltimore. The structure is surmounted by a statue of Mr. Ridgely. It is forty feet 
 high, and cost |23,ooo, having been paid for by contrilnitious from Odd Fellows all over the world, five cents being the 
 largest amount received from any oue person. The design for this monument was selected from among twenty competi- 
 tors. Another handsome piece of work is the cemetery' chapel at Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania, erected to the son of 
 the philanthropist, Lick, of California. The cemetery at Louisville is filled with haudsome monuments put up by M. 
 Muldoon & Co. 
 
 M. Muldoon & Co. is represented in nearly every principal cemetery in the country. In New York's famous bury- 
 ing-ground. Greenwood, the firm has built several monuments. It put up the Reuben Springer monument in Cincin- 
 nati, and in the same cemetery has built nine other monuments. Its work is to be seen in several of the cemeteries in 
 Pennsylvania. lu Kentucky the firm has built monuments in nearly every town and city. The Confederate soldiers' 
 monument at Cynthiana, Kentucky-, was put up by Mr. Muldoon, and at Frankfort some of his handsomest work is to 
 be found. At Lexington there are the Breckinridge monuments, the monument to the Confederate soldiers, be.side 
 many others. In the Nashville cemetery Mr. Muldoon built the large Cheatham chapel, C. A. R. Thompson, J. K. 
 Morris, and other fine monuments. At Memphis he built the Confederate soldiers' monument, the Catholic clegymen's 
 monument, and others. He designed and executed the Confederate soldiers' mouuments in all of the following places : 
 Columbia, Tennessee ; Columbus, Georgia ; Macon, Georgia ; Sparta, Georgia, and Thomasville, Georgia. In Texas 
 Mr. Muldoon has done some work ; in St. Louis is a large sarcophagus built by him. In San Francisco are several mon- 
 uments of his bnildiug, and in all the Southern States Mr. Muldoon has put up most of the handsome mouuments. 
 
 127 
 

 ; ^ rruf^. 
 
 
 5 HERE is a proviuce in journalism which it is universally recognized 
 that the daily uewspaper does not reach and which in America is 
 covered bv the Sun, lay newspaper — an institution peculiar to 
 America, being something of a compromise between the English society 
 journals and the American daily newspaper. It is the business of the 
 weekly paper to say all the countless things that the daily paper leaves 
 unsaid, and to give even a new and unexpected twist to the countless 
 things that the daily paper has said. The Sunday newspaper is the Mrs. 
 Grundv of journali.sra, in one sense, the people's jester in another, and 
 the universal critic in the third. It naturally occupies an independent 
 position with regard to the world at large and should be deeply imbued 
 with the local color of the community in which it exists and of which it 
 should be felt to be an integral part. This is just what Truth, of 
 Louisville, is. 
 
 The first number of the paper was published on October ii, 18S5. 
 Since then it has attained a circulation of between 7,50a and 8,000. It is 
 published every Sunday morning and is an eight-page paper coutaining 
 forty-eight columns of reading matter. The paper was established by 
 Messrs. Young E. Allison, George W. Smith, and Benjamin H. Ridgely. 
 ^ _ Us success was instantaneous and demonstrated the fact that such a paper 
 
 i ' ^^i^l^f^' ''jaS^ifci^MMI"'Vll'#fll* was a need of this city. Messrs. Allison and Smith sold their interest in 
 
 Benjam)j h, Ridgely. the paper in September. 18S6. since which time Mr. Ridgely and Mr. 
 
 Isaac Dinkelspiel have been its proprietors and editors. During this 
 second year of its existence the advertising patronage of the paper increased to more than three times what it was in 
 the first year, and its owners, instead of having the typographical work done by contract, as they did the first year, were 
 enabled to buy a very handsome outfit. Truth is printed on book paper, in large and legible type. 
 
 Truth started in life on an aggressive, though good natured, line of policy and has continued in it. It is outspoken, 
 full of bright gossip of all kinds, calls things by their names, and is strongly marked by the persouality of its owners 
 and editors. It is remarkable that it has never lost a political iight, though it has been hotly engaged in every contest 
 that has come up within the two years of its existence. This, of itself, is enough to show not only its influence, but 
 that it reflects the sentiments of the community of which it is a part. It has no axes to grind and is consequently out- 
 spoken and honest. The paper makes an important feature of local politics and political gossip and is an important 
 factor in the political circles of Louisville. Its political cartoons have done much to give it prominence in this respect. 
 Next in importance after the political feature is the society feature of the paper, which is a good humored satire of the 
 social life of Louisville, as well as a record of the doings of people in society here. The other features of the paper 
 are base ball, which is made quite prominent, dramatic and local musical matters, a bright New York letter, and gossip 
 of every conceivable description, with occasional special articles on matters and things of local interest. Numerous 
 illustrations brighten up its columns and its personalities are of tlie keenest. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin H. Ridgely does most of the writing for the paper, Mr. Dinkelspiel being its manager. Mr. 
 Ridgely is a unique character in journalism. He is a young man of the most original wit, gi\'iug a humorous 
 turn to nearlv all he writes. His wit is as exhaustless as his good nature, 
 and his articles always have a characteristic flavor. Mr. Ridgely is a 
 thoroughlv trained journalist, having served in numerous positions on 
 the daily papers of this city. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 
 13, 1859, being the son of Frederick W. Ridgely. Early in life Mr. 
 Ridgely moved to Woodford county, Kentucky, whence he came to 
 Louisville in 1S79. He was a reporter on the Courier-Journal for four 
 years and made his mark there by his originality and cleverness. He 
 then became associated with Mr. Dinkelspiel on the Argus, a weekly 
 paper, and after working there for two years accepted the office of city 
 editor of the Louisville Commercial, which place he left to establish Truth. 
 Mr. Isaac Dinkelspiel has had an equally thorough training in jour- 
 nalism. He is a native of this city, is thirty -two years of age. Imme- 
 mediately after leaving school he became a reporter on the Courier-Jour- 
 nal, where he remained nearly five years. He left that paper to form a 
 combination with Messrs. Rothacker and Gardner on the Argus, when 
 those three gentlemen made that paper such a brilliant success. M"- 
 Dinkelspiel remained with the paper longer than did either of the othc 1 - 
 his connection with it as proprietor lasting five years. He left it I 
 become manager of the Louisville Commercial, where he remained t 
 years. Mr. Dinkelspiel is one of the best equipped newspaper mi n 
 of the city. I^^^,, Dinkelspiel. 
 
 12S 
 
•^ ^n\cH>(z.v>F(ZLr)j CiQallcposs (h v5 
 
 o.= 
 
 — cy^ 
 — oV* 
 
 50 attain perfection in any department of life is the surest means of success, and this is what has been accomplished 
 by the above styled firm in the manufacture of that homely but succulent article, the sugar-cured ham. The 
 first of the now famous brand of Magnolia haras was cured in 1863 by McFerran & Menefee, when only 7,500 
 pieces were cured. The brand was continued by Mitchell, Armstrong & Co.; then by McFerran, Armstrong & Co., and 
 then by the present firm, composed of John B. McFerran, S. H. Shallcross, R. J. Meuefee, and W. P. Clancy. Under 
 all of these various changes the Magnolia brand has steadily increased in favor until it may be described as a phenom- 
 enal success, the cure having reached 375,000 pieces in a single year, which is very much larger than that of anj- other 
 strictly winter-killed, sugar-cured, canvased hams ever made. It is the intention of the firm to extend their output 
 to 500,000 hams annually, a move from which they have only been deterred for want of space. 
 
 The effort has been to make each cure better than its predecessor, and from the favor with which the product has 
 been received, the members of the firm believe that they have succeeded in their design. The hams are cured under 
 what they believe to be the best formula known to the trade, and nothing but the purest and most expensive ingredients 
 enter into the cure. Every Magnolia ham is sold under an absolute guarantee to be perfect in cut, cure, and flavor ; 
 and under this guarantee the wholesale dealer, the retailer, and the consumer alike have perfect security for the goods 
 bought, or lor their equivalent in money. Even under the most rigid inspection, in such a large cure, a few hams every 
 year will escape the notice of llie most careful of men. 
 
 As an evidence of the favor with which these hams have been received, it may be stated that Magnolia hams are now sold 
 over the entire country, from Maine to California, and from the lakes to the Gulf Thus, for twenty-four years, this ham 
 
 has been fully 
 tested in all cli- 
 m ates and lias 
 been found tUi 
 perfection ol 
 sugar - cured 
 hams. 
 
 It is unneces- 
 sary to say that in 
 the summer time 
 the hog is soft 
 
 condition, whil i 
 in the winter 
 the meat is firm, 
 hard, and healthy, 
 and when prop- 
 erly cured, makes 
 a ham more 
 wholesome and of 
 
 and sappy an. 1 ^SrW.tn£- 'fi'-j^r , ^^-'^ 
 that his flesh is 'f??^--J^-V;y ly -^^-X MIJi^L. 
 
 u o t in t h e b e s t f.'. ^Tnffg^y'jr^l'^j^^^'fyiiW 
 
 higher flavor. By 
 those who are nice 
 as to the flavor of 
 the meats they 
 eat, it is not con- 
 tended that sum- 
 mer-cured meats 
 are at all equal 
 to those cured in 
 the winter. 
 
 The Magnolia 
 hams are cured 
 with the largest 
 percentage of 
 pure saccharine 
 matter put into 
 any ham . offered 
 to the trade, and 
 to this may be 
 attributed their 
 superior flavor. 
 It costs much 
 
 more to cure by this method than by the economical methods ordinarily adopted by ham curers. and the result is the 
 Magnolia hams cau not be offered in competition with the cheap brands called sugar-cured. Every barrel of syrup used 
 in curing this meat is bought under a strict analysis and the extent to which pure sugar enters into the cure will be 
 appreciated when it is stated that from Soo to 1,000 barrels of the purest syrup are used annually for this purpose. 
 
 The hams are pickled very carefully. They are packed into a cask and the pickling ingredients are then poured 
 over them. They stand a few days, when they are taken out and their positions changed, so as not to mash them out of 
 shape. They are put into another cask and the pickling fluid is again poured over them. By this process they are well 
 aired during the curing, which is regarded as an essential part of the operation. 
 
 Every ham is handled four or five times before it is ready to go to the smoke-house aud the pickle permeates every 
 pore. The utmost care is exercised in all of the work and neither pains nor expense is spared to maintain the high 
 position of the brand on the market. It is as widely known as any in the trade and is probably more favorably 
 known than any other. McFerr.a.n, Shallcross & Co. have agencies all over the country and do an especially large 
 business in the South. 
 
 Their facilities for curing are unsurpassed. Their extensive packing houses are located in the south-western part 
 of the city, on Maple street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets, where they have the railroads at their doors. 
 A switch runs around the front of their buildings, where there is space for seventeen cars, with doors by means of 
 which each car can be separately loaded and all loaded at once. In all other respects their equipment is also the best 
 possible, while their facilities for buying and selling are equally good. 
 
 Besides curing the Magnolia hams the firm cures sides, breakfast bacon, etc., making a specialty of breakfast bacon, 
 and in addition does a general provision business. 
 
 As is indicated in the foregoing account of their business, the gentlemen who compose this firm are all men of long 
 
 experience in this especial branch of trade. They are men whose names are synonymous with commercial integrity, 
 
 the firm being one of the strongest in I^ouisville. 
 
 129 
 
^ =Y1)c I^crjlucl^j ^S^iorjGil Ji)etr)^. ^= ^ 
 
 James M. Fetter. 
 
 SHE largest business done by any bank in Kentucky, probably the 
 largest south of the Ohio river, is that of the Kentucky Nation- 
 al Bank, which, though young in years, occupies a place second 
 to that of no other financial institution iu Louisville. The bank was or- 
 ganized in December, 1S71, the late Bland Ballard, Judge of the United 
 States District Court, being its first President, and Mr. Logan C. Murray 
 its first Cashier. The capital stock was originally $300,000, but a rapidly- 
 increasing business shortly demanded that the capital be raised, and it 
 was accordingly increased to 1500,000. This increase was made in 1874 
 and the capital stock has since remained at these figures. When the 
 bank was founded it at once mapped out a progressive policy, though its 
 business was conducted within the strictest rules of safe finance. Its 
 officers then and since have sought every legitimate opportunity to ac- 
 quire business through every proper channel, going somewhat out of the 
 beaten paths of less energetic banks located in the interior of this 
 country. 
 
 Judge Ballard remained the President of the bank until his death, 
 
 which occurred on July 29, 1879. Mr. Logan C. Murray succeeded him 
 
 and retained the Presidency until March, 18S1, when he resigned and 
 
 went to New York, where, with Mr. H. Victor Newcomb, he founded the 
 
 United States National Bank, of which he is now the President. Upon 
 
 Mr. Murray's election to the Presidency of the Kentucky N.a.tional 
 
 Bank Mr. James M. Fetter, who had been the Teller, was made Cashier, 
 
 and when Mr. Murray resigned the Presidency the management of the affairs of the institution fell entirely into the 
 
 hands of the Cashier, the post of President becoming little more than an honorary one, until Mr. Fetter was himself 
 
 elected President in 1SS5. 
 
 The bank makes special features of collections at home and abroad, the purchase and sale of government bonds and 
 sterling exchange, and issues letters of credit to all foreign countries. It is, iu fact, the headquarters in Louisville for 
 all foreign business. The immense purchases of tobacco made in this market by foreign buyers being the chief basis of this 
 branch of its business. The bank keeps its London account with the Union Bank of Loudon, Limited. It also does 
 the largest interior business south of the Ohio river, and its mail is said to be the largest received bj- any corporation in 
 Louisville except the newspapers. 
 
 The bank's statement iu October, 1872, shows a total footing of $737,612.56, with deposits of 1174,147.28. On Octo- 
 ber, 1S77, the business had increased so that the deposits amounted to $858,229.60, the statement on that date showing a 
 total footing of about $2,000,000. The last statement on August i, 1S87, is as follows: 
 
 Resources: Time loans, $1,771,857.27; United States bonds, $350,000 ; miscellaneous stocks and bonds, $24,587; 
 real estate, $20,000; merchandise, $10,321.92; furniture and fixtures, $7,000; overdrafts, $8,995.74; premiums on bonds, 
 $29,050; current expenses and taxes paid, $8,302.68; cash means, $925,784.54; total, $3,155,899.15. 
 
 Liabilities : Capital stock, $500,000 ; surplus profits, $200,000 ; undivided profits, $38,377.65 ; circulation, $45,000 ; 
 bills rediscounted, $90,912.86; deposits, $2,281,608.64 ; total, $3,155,899.15. 
 
 The bank is centrally located at Fifth and Main streets, and occupies handsome offices. It was the first of the 
 Louisville banks to fit up its establishment with elegance and taste, and it is worth}' of remark that nearly every bank in 
 the city has followed its example, though none of them have surpassed the Kentucky N.ation.4.l either in the appear- 
 ance of their interiors or the convenience of their arrangements and appliances. 
 
 The officers of the KENTUCKY National Bank are James M. Fetter, President ; A. M. Quarrier, Vice-President ; 
 H. C. Truman, Cashier. The Directors are Julius Winter, A. M. Quarrier, W. H. Thomas, A. C. Semple, W. H. Coen, 
 W. W. Hite, J. B. Owsley, J. S. Grimes, and James M. Fetter. It has been uuder Mr. Fetter's management that the 
 bank has reached its greatest prosperity. He is one of the foremost men in the commercial world of the South and 
 South-west, and is doing much for the development of Louisville and of Kentucky. Mr. Fetter is a native of Jefferson 
 county and is now only forty years of age. He was at college at Georgetown,-©. C, when he was appointed a cadet in 
 the military academy at West Point, where he remained until the breaking out of the war, when he, like other Southern 
 boys, returned to his home. After some mercantile experience he became a clerk in the Falls City Bank, but left this 
 position upon the organization of the Kentucky Nation.\l B.\nk. He rose step by step until he was made Cashier, hav- 
 ing won the confidence of the officers of the bank. Having for some time been the practical head of the institution, 
 on January i, 1881, he was elected its President, thus becoming also the nominal head. He is a Director in the Louis- 
 ville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad, and in some eight or ten other 
 important corporations. Mr. Fetter is a man of the most perfect polish of manner, of the soundest judgment, and the 
 quickest perceptions. When he acts boldly, he acts upon a conviction that amounts to a certainty. Mr. Truman, the 
 Cashier, is also a young man. He entered the bank as correspondent clerk in 1872, was made Assistant Cashier when 
 Mr. Fetter was elected Cashier, and was promoted to Cashier in 1885, and, having had experience in every department 
 in banking, is a thoroughly equipped officer. To his systematic care and progressive policy in the management of the 
 office work is due much of the growth and popularity of the bank. 
 
 130 
 
Yi)<2' KarTQeps arjca Wfqx/cfs T©Gtr)l^. 
 
 5 HE Farmers' and Drovers' 
 Bank, No. 333 West Market 
 street, was organized under 
 the laws of Kentuckj- in 1S69, and 
 began business in August of that 
 year, since which time it has had a 
 most prosperous career. The two 
 men who organized the institution 
 were farmers who were but little 
 known to the financial world, but 
 who very soon made themselves 
 felt in the commercial circles of 
 Louisville. These two gentlemen 
 were the late Bushrod O'Bannon 
 and R. S. Veech. The former was 
 the first president of the bank. 
 Mr. Veech was its first cashier, and 
 to his energy and high business 
 ability, more than to anything else, 
 was due the early prosperity of the 
 Farmers' and Drovers' Bank. 
 At first the capital stock was |ioo,- 
 000. Now it is 1300,000, and the 
 
 James G. Caldwell. 
 
 surplus and undivided profits are 
 
 f24,0OO. 
 
 Mr. O'Bannon died in Febru- 
 ary, 1870, when the late Dr. E. D. 
 Staudiford was elected president. 
 He was one of the most able finan- 
 ciers this city has ever known, and 
 he and Mr. Veech at once made 
 their young bank one of the most 
 important financial institutions of 
 the .South. Dr. Standiford resigned 
 the presidency in December, 1884, 
 when Mr. Veech was elected. He 
 only retained the office for a j'ear, 
 resigning on account of the de- 
 mands made upon his time b}- his 
 important interests in the county, 
 where he owns three trotting-stock 
 farms. When Mr. Veech resigned 
 he was succeeded by Mr. James G. 
 Caldwell, son-in-law of Dr. Standi- 
 ford. Mr. Caldwell is still the 
 president of the bank. He is the 
 
 youngest man holding a bank presidency in Louisville, having been but thirty-two years old when he was elected to 
 that responsible office in 1885. He is a native of Louis\nne, and belongs to one of the oldest and most highl}--respected 
 families of the State. 
 
 The cashier of the bank is J. W. Nichols, who came into the institution as book-keeper in June, 1870. In July, 
 1S74, he was made teller, and in May, 1880, he succeeded Mr. Veech as cashier. Mr. Nichols holds the reputation in 
 the commercial world of being one of the most capable bank officers in Louisville. He is a native of Danville, Ky., 
 and was educated in Boyle county. He came to Louisville from Kansas City, whither he went in 1867 and engaged in a 
 mercantile business, until he was asked to come to Louisville and accept the position of book-keeper in the Farmers' 
 AND Drovers' B.\nk. Much of its subsequeut success is due to his thorough knowledge of his business and his con- 
 servative policy. The directors of the bank are R. S. Veech, J. W. Davis, H. T. Hanford, L. M. Paine, S. L. Gaar, J. W. 
 Hays, W. H. Frederick, Wilson Thomas, B. K. Marshall, and James G. Caldwell. Several of these gentlemen are 
 prominent farmers of Jefferson county, others are merchants and professional men of Louisville. Henry Thiemann is 
 the teller, and is one of the best and most accommodating in the city. He entered the bank as book-keeper in 1871, 
 then but seventeen years of age, and has earned his advancement by his efficient services. 
 
 As has been already said, the capital stock of the bank is {300,000, with a large surplus and undivided profits fund. 
 The deposits vary from J6oo,ooo to $625,000. The bank is one of the strongest in the city, and possesses the confidence 
 of the public to an unlimited extent. Up to 1877 it paid ten per cent, dividends, and between its organization and that 
 
 year declared two extra dividends 
 that amounted to twelve per cent. 
 From 1S77 to 1880 the dividends 
 were eight per cent. Since then 
 they have been six per cent. A 
 large part of its business is with 
 the farmers, not only of Jefferson 
 county, but of a large section of 
 the State outside of that county, 
 though its business with the com- 
 mercial circles of Louisville is 
 equally important. The high char- 
 acter of the gentlemen who form 
 its board of directors gives the pub- 
 lic unlimited confidence in the in- 
 stitution — a confidence due equally 
 to its known conser\'atism and 
 the admirable business methods 
 and intelligence of its officers. In 
 this connection the greatest praise 
 is due to Mr. Veech and the late 
 Dr. Standiford, who really estab- 
 
 J. W. Nichols. 
 
 lished the credit and prosperity of 
 thebank. Mr. Veech was the prime 
 mover in its organization, and for 
 many years he and Dr. Standiford 
 were untiring in their work in its 
 interest. 
 
 The bank makes a specialty of 
 its savings department, pa^-ing four 
 per cent, interest on time deposits. 
 By a special provision of its char- 
 ter the money of married women 
 and children who deposit in this 
 department is free from the control 
 of hnsbaud, father, or guardian ; so 
 that such money is not liable for 
 debts that husbands may incur, 
 while the provision offers an in- 
 ducement to children to begin in 
 the Farmers' and Drovers' 
 Bank a nucleus for a fund that 
 may well prove serviceable in later 
 life. 
 
 131 
 
'm= 
 
 )fdr)d(2rrd (sJil (^orrjparjj. ^^e^ 
 
 "7^ HE accompanj'ing engraving represents the new building erected and occupied by the Standard Oil, Company. It 
 I "^ is located on the south side of Walnut street, between Fourth and Fifth avenues. It is one of the handsomest and 
 ^^ most eleo-ant office buildings in the city, having been built by the company for their own exclusive use. In the 
 construction of this building, which was done under the company's immediate supervision, the main idea kept in view 
 was the arrano-ement of the interior in such a manner as to secure the greatest convenience to the different departments 
 of the company's office force in their relationship to each other ; and, at the same time, the greatest amount of comfort 
 in and facilities for, the transaction of the business of each individual department. The building is in the modernized 
 Oueen Anne style, and is built of pressed brick trimmed with Corydon blue stone. The pressed brick is from the kilns 
 of the Ohio Valley Pressed Brick Company ; the stone from the quarries of the Corydon Stone Company. The founda- 
 tions of the house are of City Quarry stone, and the work was done by Messrs. Busch & Weisenstein, and is of the most 
 massive and solid character. Messrs. John Diebold & Son furnished and put up the Corydon stone trimmings, one of 
 the noteworthy pieces of their work being the imposing stone door-way, which, iu its cool blue-grey tints, makes a 
 pleasino- contrast with the bright red of the pressed-brick front. Messrs. N. Struck & Bro. did the carpenter's work. 
 The plumbing and steam-heating apparatus, all of which is of the latest and most approved character, was furnished 
 and put up by B. Rankin. Messrs. Matlack & Co. supplied the gas fixtures. 
 
 The interior of the building is even handsomer than the exterior, being finished in antique oak and cherry, richly 
 
 carved and molded in the chaste 
 Queen .\nne style. The mantels 
 are all of hard wood, massive 
 and dignified in character. The 
 staircase is perhaps one of the 
 finest pieces of work of this kind 
 in the city. All of the hard- 
 wood work was made and put up 
 by Messrs. J. V. Escott & Sons. 
 The office furniture is also of 
 antique oak, and in character 
 and style harmonizes with the 
 wood-work. Mr. F. W. Keisker 
 had the contract for this part of 
 the work. The lower floor of 
 marble tiling was furnished and 
 laid by Thomas Joyce. Thus thu 
 interior presents a most elegant 
 and pleasing appearance, beinj,' 
 an excellent illustration of the 
 fact that it is quite possible to 
 comliine in the arrangement of 
 a business office a certain digni- 
 ty and beauty with features of 
 utility and convenience, giving 
 it a character and grace peculiar- 
 ly its own, which has been here- 
 tofore supposed to belong ex- 
 clusively to perfectly-appointed 
 
 Standard Oil Company Building. 
 
 fact, and speaks very highly for 
 the artisans of Louisville, that 
 nearly all of the material enter- 
 ing into the construction of this 
 building was made in Louisville, 
 and the work iu every detail was 
 done by Louisville workmen, so 
 that it is strictly a home product. 
 The first floor front is occu- 
 pied by the Cashier's depart- 
 ment, bill clerks, and city ac- 
 countants. This departm eut is on 
 the right as you enter and is sep- 
 arated from the entrance-way by 
 a handsome antique oak parti- 
 tion, surmounted by brass grill 
 work in panels ; over each panel 
 is the monogram of the company 
 iu curious old wrought Ijrass 
 letters. The massive stairway, 
 which leads to the main offices 
 upstairs, is seen on the left as 
 vou enter. The Auditor's depart- 
 ment occupies the south half of 
 the first floor. The managing 
 departments and the offices of 
 the President, Secretary, and 
 Treasurer are on the second 
 floor ; as are also the rooms for 
 the stenographers, type-writers, 
 
 dwellings. It is a noteworthv 
 
 and telegraph operators. Some idea of the requirements of this company, in the way of office room, can be had from 
 
 the fact that their office force, including officers, numbers at present sixty persons. 
 
 The Standard Oil Company was chartered under the laws of Kentucky in September, iS86, and began business on 
 November i, i8S6. Its officers are W. H. Tilford, President; George H. Vilas, Vice-President; Leon T. Roseugarten, 
 Treasurer ; W. T. Jordan, Secretarv. On May 9, 18S7, the company moved into its present quarters. It is one of the 
 laro-est enterprises in the South or' West, operating in the territory south of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi, 
 Louisville being the headquarters of the company. The branch offices cover the entire Southern territory, being located 
 in Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Columbia, South Carolina; Cairo, 
 Illinois- Chariestou, South Carolina; Chariotte, North Carolina ; Columbus, Georgia; Jacksonville, Florida ; Lexington, 
 Kentucky; Mobile, Alabama; Nashville, Tennessee ; New Orleans, Louisiana ; Macon, Georgia ; Memphis, Tennessee ; 
 Meridian, Mississippi ; Paducah, Kentucky; Pensacola, Florida; Savannah, Georgia; Selnia. Alabama; Vicksburg, 
 Mississippi ; and Wilmington, North Carolina. 
 
 The business of the company is the supplying of the jobbing trade with all kinds of refined oils, including, of 
 course, all the kinds of coal oil, naphtha, lubricating oils, greases, turpentine, and resin ; the turpentine is gathered m 
 all the producing districts of the South, and is shipped to all Eastern, Northern, and Western markets, and is also ex- 
 ported in large quantities. The company is in no sense a producer, but buys the products it handles from first hands. 
 
 132 
 
•^^ 
 
 :JuliuS WirifcF, Jp., 
 
 
 Julius Winter, Jr. 
 
 SHE tailoring establishment of Julius Winter, Jr., was opened 
 iu a store iu the Courier-Journal building iu liSSo, and within 
 six months found its quarters too small for the large business 
 that at once grew up, its patronage having increased steadily during 
 that time. Mr. Winter then rented a store on Fourth street, near Main. 
 At the end of two years he again found that he required more room, aud 
 would have to enlarge his capacity for the business that was coming to 
 him. He tore down the building adjacent to his, and threw the two 
 lower floors into one large store, so that at present the firm of JULIUS 
 Winter, Jr., & Co. occupies what would ordinarih- cover the ground of 
 three stores, Nos. 224, 226, aud 22S Fourth street. The immense propor- 
 tions of this establishment are so unusual that they form the largest 
 tailoring house in America, and it is worthy of remark that the busiuess 
 done not only justifies, but demands, all of this space. 
 
 Of course, Mr. Winter's patronage came first from Louisville, and 
 enabled him to establish himself on so secure a footing, but the house 
 now does a larger business outside of the city alone than many Louis- 
 ville houses do altogether. It keeps five traveling men on the road iu 
 the spring and fall, wlio go throughout the South and South-west, solic- 
 iting orders from individuals, among whom are some of the most prom- 
 inent and best known people in the country, and iu nearly every South- 
 ern city may be found men of fashion whose clothing is made by this 
 firm. The firm does only a first-class tailoring business, making only 
 fine clothing and catering only to the best dressed, as well as to the best people, in each community. At the same time, 
 its facilities for doing work and for buying goods are so great that the prices charged by this house are very considerably 
 lower than those of smaller establishments making the same grade of clothing. Since January, 1SS6, Mr. Phil D. 
 Long was admitted to the firm. 
 
 The firm has branch houses at Memphis, Teuu., located at No. 3 Madison street ; Nashville, Tenn., opposite the 
 Maxwell House, aud at Dallas, Tex., No. 713 Maiu street, aud through these covers a great extent of territory iu addi- 
 tion to that reached by its commercial men. Mauv orders are received from all sections of the South and South-west, 
 which come unsolicited from parties who have never seen any of the firm's four establishmeuts, but who write for sam- 
 ples and rules of self-measurement, which are furnished upon application. Thus, gentlemen living in the country, or 
 in small towns where it is impossible to obtain fine tailoring, may appear as fashionably clad aud as well fitted as if 
 they made their daily promenade on Fifth avenue. New York. 
 
 The reasonableness of the charges of this firm is owing to its immense patronage, by means of which it is euaViled 
 to buy at first hands — direct from importers and manufacturers — thereby saving a large amount of money which smaller 
 houses are obliged to pay out by dealing with jobbers. In other words, the man who has his clothes made by Julius 
 Winter, Jr., & Co. saves one entire profit in the handling of the goods before they reach the tailor's hands. It is 
 scarcely necessary to say that a bouse doing such a biisiness as this is compelled to emploj' only the best cutters, as well 
 as many of them. Only the best talent is engaged in this department, and an ill-fitting suit of clothes is almost an 
 unknown thing iu the work done by this firm. 
 
 Being leaders in fashions, the house necessarily keeps thoroughly informed in all matters pertaining to the tailoring 
 business. Mr. Winter himself makes several trips to New York every season, in order to purchase goods aud to keep 
 posted in the stj'les as soon as they are produced. His head cutters are men of established reputation, who could read- 
 ily find employment in the most fashionable house in New York. His work is always in the latest and most elegant 
 mode, and is always finished with those touches which afford such satisfaction to a man accustomed to being well- 
 dressed, aud which the practiced eye so readily detects. It is one thing to follow a pattern and a fashion-plate ; but it is 
 quite another to do this in an artistic manner, giving to a pair of trousers their proper fall, and to a coat the set about 
 the shoulders and back that distinguishes a perfect from an imperfect job. 
 
 Mr. Julius Winter, Jr., is thirty-four years old. He is a native of this city, and was educated here and in Germany, 
 where he concluded his studies. It may be said that he was born to the business he chose to follow, his father owning 
 one of the large clothing houses of this city. Thus he is thoroughly informed in all the details of his business, to 
 which he gives his personal attention. He is personally popular, and in his mercantile house every courtesy is shown 
 to a customer. His successful career shows him to be a thorough business man. He is a very capable manager, and is 
 untiring in his euergy ; but this does not express those admirable qualities that have made him one of the prominent 
 young busiuess men of Louisville. 
 
 The fact of being well dressed is always a gratification to a man and to his friends. A man clad in good clothing is 
 apt to entertain a certain respect for himself Clothes no more make a fine man than fine feathers make a fine bird, 
 considered otherwise than as to the bird's feathers ; but no one will deny that a spruce cock is a very much more agree- 
 able object iu the landscape than is a worn and battered old drake. It is equally true that a well-dressed man is more 
 agreeable to look upon than one whose clothes do not fit him, or are shapeless. It is also true that the former is apt 
 to meet a kinder reception in the world than the latter. 
 
 133 
 
■*^S- 
 
 =Yb*^ Jjouisville WGtfep fej©ir)pe[r)y. — ^ e^ehs^ 
 
 ^\ PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY to a city upon the modern plau of a high pressure service, of sufficient magnitude to 
 •^ convey the water to all parts thereof, commanding every cubic inch of space in its streets, alleys, and buildings 
 f of all kinds, held in readiness for instantaneous flow in lightest spray such as can be called into plav and be con- 
 
 trolled by the strength of a child, or in sweeping streams whose volumes require the united strength of many stalwart 
 men to direct and apply in their agency of fire extinguishment or power development, maintained in perpetual readiness, 
 whether by day or night, independent of seasons and their mutations, perennial in the fullest sense, constitutes 
 an achievement in 
 modern applica- 
 tion of common 
 sense, money, and 
 science for the wel- 
 fare of the people, 
 than which there 
 is nothing grander 
 or greater. Rome, 
 with her many 
 aqueducts and gor- 
 geous baths, ap- 
 pears, when com- 
 pared to such a 
 modern system, 
 like a dromedary 
 on the desert, to a 
 modern race horse 
 on an American 
 track. 
 
 Such being the 
 province and re- 
 quirements of a 
 public water sup- 
 ply, it is not to be 
 wondered at that 
 the water supply 
 systerri of the city 
 of Louisville has 
 been the subject of 
 constant and deep 
 interest on the part 
 of the public, as 
 well as much study 
 and unwearied ef- 
 fort on the part of 
 the Water Com- 
 pany, by whom the 
 department has 
 been hitherto and 
 is now managed. 
 So much are the 
 people impressed 
 with the great 
 beauty, utility, im- 
 portance, and mag- 
 nitude of this 
 branch of the mu- 
 nicipal ser\'ice, that 
 the works, compris- 
 ing reservoirs, 
 
 pumping station, and machinery, are visited by larger numbers and with greater frequency than any institution or place 
 in or about the city, thereby attesting a public admiration, appreciation, and approval which pronounce the system a 
 great success. It furnishes the people with an indispensable requisite for sustaining health and life in their domestic and 
 household relations as also for public sanitary, municipal, and manufacturing purposes, and all at rates of cost which are 
 infinitely lower than any similarly valuable service, whether rendered by corporate or iudividual enterprise. The cost to 
 
 134 
 
 Pumping Station, Louisville Water Works. 
 
•^^ 
 
 C0PT30P0: 
 
 Lr)C0pp 
 
 fed 
 
 ^9 
 
 eS^ 
 
 supply a cottage of two rooms is less than a penny a day, while to the manufacturer and other large consumer for busi- 
 ness purposes, it is delivered at rates of less than four cents per ton, and the city for her municipal wants, including 
 the immense quantities needed for fire extinguishment, gets it absolutely free of cost. 
 
 The first decisive steps toward establishing a public water supply for Louisville were taken in the fall of 1S56, by 
 a committee from the then recently elected Board of Directors in the Louisville Water Company, who visited the prin- 
 cipal works then in operation in the cities of the Middle and Eastern States, as a means of adopting measures and plans 
 that would bring together for the erection of the contemplated works the best judgment and ripest experience that the 
 numerous important works in the country then exhibited. 
 
 During December of 1856 and January, February, and March, 1857, surveys were made, sites for pumping station and 
 reservoir selected, plans of the various branches of the works with estimates of cost were made ; all of which were duly 
 adopted, and contracts let for making pipe, building pumping station, reservoir, and pumping engines. Ground was broken 
 upon the reservoir site in a primeval beech forest in March, 1857, and upon the construction of the pumping station on 
 the banks of the Ohio river in the following September, and quite a large quantity of pipe was made during this season. 
 
 Owing to the financial panic of this year, however, very little was done in the way of actual construction ; the failure 
 of the Ohio Life and Trust Company of Cincinnati having precipitated a financial disturbance, which greatly embarrassed 
 all kinds of business enterprises for this and the greater part of the following season. 
 
 In March. 1S58, work was resumed and pushed euergetically until October. 1S60, when the works were so far completed 
 as to enable the water to be turned into the city distributing pipes. In the succeeding year the works were fully completed. 
 
 The result of this undertaking was a pumping station and machinery which have served the city for twenty -seven years, 
 a reservoir which sufficed for nineteen years, and a beginning of a system of supply and distributing pipes, which 
 
 aggregated twenty-six miles at that time. All was accom- 
 plished by the expenditure of 5837, 680.07 in cash, and a 
 stock liability of $775,100.00, up to January i, 1862. 
 
 In 1874, surveys were commenced for a new reservoir of larger capacity and greater elevation above the level of the 
 city. A site was selected, plans made and adopted, and the work contracted for in the fall of 1S76, all for a reservoir of 
 100,000,000 gallons capacity, with its top water level 179 feet above low water in the river, being thirty-three feet higher 
 than that in the reservoir completed in 1S60. In April, 1877, active work was commenced upon the construction of this 
 reservoir and continuously and energetically prosecuted until December 15, 1879, when it was nearly completed, water 
 first pumped iuto it, and the city thenceforward supplied with water therefrom. The patronage of the company is rep- 
 resented by a system of main and distributing pipes of over 134 miles in extent, and varying in size from three to forty- 
 eight inches in diameter, by 10,600 service attachments, from one-half to eight inches in diameter ; and an annual gross 
 revenue of $250,000 from water rents. 
 
 The present most urgent requirements from the company are the building of a new pumping station, pumping 
 engine, and the la3ing of main and distributing pipes to meet the rapidly growing wants of the city. Work is now in 
 progress upon these additions, which will be completed as speedily as practicable. The pumping station and machinery' 
 will be on a scale of about double the capacity of that completed in 1S60. 
 
 The history of the works, from their inception, and extending through their construction and practical operation, 
 covers a period of about thirty-one years, and their construction cost, repairs, and operating expenses combined will 
 aggregate, by December 31, 1887, the sum of $5,000,000, with a bond indebtedness of $900,000, and a stock liability of 
 |i, 275,100. 
 
 The directors and principal officers by whom the works are at present managed are as follows, \-iz : Charles R. Long, 
 President ; John W. Story, T. L. Burnett, W. W. Smith, Charles R. Long, J. C. Gilbert, L. S. Reed, Directors ; W. P. 
 McDowell, Treasurer ; J. B. Collins, Secretary ; Charles Hermauy, Chief Engineer and Superintendent. 
 
 135 
 
^i^c ifeca:lls Lily iiifljQqpaprjiriq c-orr)par)y. 
 
 Charles W German 
 
 SHE Falls Citv Lithographing and Job Printing Company, 
 Xo. 233 West Main street, is the largest and most important estab- 
 lishment of its kind in this city — probabh' in the Sonth. In 1S59, 
 German & Brother started a lithographing business here, having learned 
 the trade in this city from a lithographer who never succeeded in estali- 
 lishiug himself. Consequently, the Germans were the first to give the 
 business any importance in Louisville. They conducted their enterprise 
 for several j-ears and Mr. Charles W. German continued in it. In iSSo, 
 the Falls City Lithogr.\phing Company was chartered. It was the 
 outgrowth of the old firm of German & Brother. The first offices of this 
 company were located on Third street, where, from a comparatively small 
 beginning, by dint of excellence of work and persistent effort, the business 
 increased until it was necessary to have larger quarters. The adjoining 
 building was then taken in ; but in time even these enlarged accommoda- 
 tions became too small, and the continued growth of the company's 
 business caused it to move to its present commodious quarters. The 
 building it now occupies is five stories high and has a depth of 200 feet. 
 It is admirably lighted and is thoroughly equipped, making it a model 
 establishment in all that appertains to lithographing. Every improve- 
 ment iu machinery is to be found here. 
 
 On the first floor are located the offices and reception rooms, the 
 sales counters and show cases containing stocks of cards, labels, etc., 
 used in the business. Back of these is the press room, filled with large 
 presses for the job printing department. The composing room is back of this. The second floor is occupied by the 
 heavy stock and the transfer hands are engaged here. In racks along the w-alls, the stones are stored. Each stone is 
 numbered and marked, so that it may be quickly discovered when wanted. On the third floor are the engraving rooms. 
 The binderv is on the floor above this. Elevators are used in transferring stones and stock from floor to floor. Thus 
 the buildiug is admirably adapted to the uses of the company and the work can always be done with perfect conven- 
 ience to the hands emplo3'ed. 
 
 In the lithographing department there is every facility for the workmen, all of the mechanical appliances being of 
 the best. Only the most expert engravers are engaged, and the character of the work will compare favorably with an}- 
 done iu the East. The company makes a specialty of bank and commercial work, in which it has a large trade, and for 
 clearness, neatness, and taste in execution has become celebrated. It numbers among its patrons the banks in many- 
 Southern cities, and its business with them is growing daily. The mo.st business houses in Louisville obtain their 
 engraved paper from this establishment. The company carries an unusually large and complete stock for doing com- 
 mercial work of everv description iu an artistic manner and to suit any taste. While this is its specialty, however, it by 
 no means neglects the other branches of the lithographing business, and has built up a good business in the job printing 
 department. The company is prepared to do color work, both in lithographing and printing, and makes all kinds of 
 show cards and artistic advertisements, for all of which a large supply of materials is kept on hand. In fine commer- 
 cial work, no process has ever been found that would compare favorably with a well-executed lithograph, and the Falls 
 City Lithogr.^phing Comp.\ny has its full share of this class of business. 
 
 The company is fortunate in being well officered. The President is Mr. E. C. Bohne, Cashier of the Third National 
 Bank. Mr. Bohne's wide connection with banks and bankers has gained for the lithographing company a patronage 
 that it would have taken years to gain without some such personal consideration, and the work is always so satisfactory 
 that a customer is safely counted on to continue his patronage. Mr. Bohne's known ability and high standing in com- 
 mercial circles are a guarantee of the stability of the company. 
 
 The Secretary is Mr. Charles E. McBride, a widely known and popular business man of great energy. But the 
 growth of the business and its increasing success are due mainlj- to Mr. Charles W. German, the manager of the com- 
 pany and, in fact, the founder of the business. He is a practical lithographer who learned his trade before he was fifteen 
 years old and has kept pace with its growth ever since, and he is now over fifty years of age, though still as full of 
 energy as possible. He is thoroughly informed in every detail necessary for the successful carrying on of the aff'airs of 
 the company. He is enthusiastic in his work and is constantly improving its character. He has seen lithography grow 
 up iu this section of the country from a mere starving trade to a highly important branch of commerce. He has seen 
 the introduction of steam presses and a vast improvement iu all tools, as well as a great reduction iu the cost of the 
 work. In coloring lithographs great progress has been made in his day, and step b)- step Mr. German has kept pace 
 with all these changes. He has drawn to him and trained up artists in every branch of lithography who are now as 
 expert as any men employed in similar concerns an3-where in the United States. Personalh' he is a verj- popular man, 
 and much of the business of the company is due to his extensive acquaintance. He is a man of great energy and con- 
 scientious attention to business. It is through his constant care of all details that the work of the Falls City LiTho- 
 GR.\PHING AND JOB PRINTING COMPANY has reached the perfection it has attained. The patrons of this company are 
 assured that whatever may be the class of work ordered, they will receive the most careful attention and that the work 
 will be executed with all the skill of which the company is capable. 
 
 136 
 
Y^)^ l?c0plG s iTJufual /issupar)cc Kur)d. 
 
 /!■ 
 
 Judge William L.Jackson 
 
 I SSOCIATIONS for the assurance of lives are to be ranked among 
 the very noblest institutions of civilized society, and their useful- 
 ness can be attested by thousands of happy and independent 
 families rescued by this means from the bitterness of poverty and the 
 degradation of charity. The PEOPLE'S MUTUAL AssuRAXCE Fund is an 
 association chartered under the laws of the State of Kentucky, with its 
 principal office in the city of Louisville and subject to the supervision of 
 the Insurance Commissioner. The plan of the company is based on the 
 American Experience Table of Mortality, with twenty-five per cent, 
 added for reserve. All losses are paid from the mortuary fund, which is 
 seventy-five per cent, of the net receipts on premiums. The reserve fund 
 consisting of twent\'-five per cent, of the receipts from each premium is 
 held at compound interest for the exclusive benefit of the members, and 
 placed in the hands of the Louisville Banking Company as Trustee. 
 The reserve fund provides for the payment of losses in excess of the 
 American Experience Table of Mortality and the reduction of premiums 
 ifter fifteen years. At the expiration of each period of five years during 
 I lie continuance of a certificate, a bond is issued for an equitable proportion 
 I )f the reserve fund, and at the expiration of ten years from its date the 
 principal of such bond becomes available in payment of future pre- 
 miums, thus giving all the benefits of paid-up insurance. When mem- 
 bership ceases from any cause, the bonds are void and the entire amount of 
 such bonds will be applied to increase those of continuing policy-holders. 
 The company commenced operations on the above system about January, 1SS7, and the best endorsement they could 
 receive is the immense amount of business placed on the books up to the present time. Over one thousand business 
 men of all occupations and classes have demonstrated their coufidence in the association by taking policies, and the 
 amount represented by such policies exceeds one million and a half dollars. The death losses sustained by the com- 
 pany have been promptly paid on the day proof of death was filed in the office, which is somewhat unusual as in nearly 
 all cases insurance companies require from sixty to ninety days to adjust losses. The books of the corporation make a 
 splendid financial showing which is fully borne out by the Louisville Banking Company as Trustee. 
 
 The company requires a remarkably strict medical examination, and that department being under the able manage- 
 ment of Dr. Frank C. Wilson, the result has been a very low death rate and an exceptionally healthy list of policy-holders. 
 The premiums may be paid at the option of policy-holders annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or bi-monthh', aud 
 receipts given shall be in full of all requirements for the period fixed, but if the amount so paid is in excess of the sum 
 necessary to meet liabilities the over payments shall be applied to cover subsequent time. The plan combines all the 
 best features of so-called old line and mutual life insurance companies, giving on the one hand a guaranteed limit to the 
 cost per annum, and on the other providing an equitable system, whereby the policy-holder shall receive full return 
 should the guaranteed rate exceed the actual cost of insurance furnished. The system is highly recommended by the 
 Insurance Commissioner and is cordially endorsed by the most eminent insurance actuaries of the couutrj'. With the 
 admirable management that has characterized the corporation and the intrinsic value of the plan the directors have 
 perfected, it should be the most attractive and equitable for field work 
 and should readily command the attention of all business men desiring 
 safe protection for their families at a reasonable cost. 
 
 The officers of the company are Judge William L.Jackson, President ; 
 Honorable AsherG. Caruth, Vice-President ; Honorable Charles Godshaw, 
 Treasurer; and Ed N. Caldwell, Secretary. These gentlemen have for 
 years been proininently connected with the business interests of Louis- 
 ville and their names are a guarantee of able and equitable management. 
 Judge Jackson is a native of Virginia, where he served twice in the 
 house of Delegates, twice as second Auditor, and as Lieutenant-Governor. 
 In i86ohe was elected judge of the nineteenth judicial district of Virginia. 
 He entered the Confederate army in 1S61 and served with distinction and 
 gallantry, for which he was made a brigadier-general. Coming to Louis- 
 ville at the close of the war he began the practice of law, was the first 
 president elected by the Southern Mutual Life Insurance Company, but 
 declined to accept because of his legal business. In 1S72 he became 
 judge of the Jefferson County Circuit Court, which position he ably fil'" 
 
 Honorable Asher G. Caruth is a graduate of the law department ( 
 the University of Louisville. After residing in Hopkinsville, where 1 
 practiced law aud edited the Nczv Era, he returned to Louisville. In iS 
 he vvas elected Commonwealth's Attorney and served in that capaci._, 
 until 1886, when he was elected to Congress from this district. 
 
 Ed N Caldwell. 
 
 137 
 
^ = Ki-^e jarof^^eps Y®'3'2tcc0 wopi^s.^ 
 
 
 John Finzer. 
 
 SHE Five Brothers Tobacco Works, John Finzer & Bros., pro- 
 prietors, is by far the largest tobacco factory in Louisville, and 
 ranks fifth in importance in the United States. The business was 
 started in i865 by the five Finzer brothers, whose names were John, Ben- 
 jamin, Frederick, Rudolph, and Nicholas. They were all born in the 
 Canton Berne, Switzerland, and came to this country as mere lads. They 
 were all marked with the best traits of the sterling Swiss character, being 
 men of high integrity, great energy, determination, and intelligence. As 
 boys they learned the trade of manufacturing plu.g tobacco and worked in 
 nearly all the factories operated here. Their admirable qualities soon 
 gained them the friendship of many of the business men of the city and 
 started them upon the career of prosperity that they have followed through 
 life. One of the brothers, Benjamin, died in 1875; Frederick died in 
 1883. Rudolph Finzer withdrew from the firm in 1SS2, so that of the five 
 brothers John and Nicholas are the only two left in the company. 
 
 The factory was started on a small scale, l)Ul the superior quality of 
 the goods offered by the firm soon attracted general attention and the 
 works had to be enlarged in order to supply the demand. In four years 
 the Finzers had built u]) a trade that gave them the leading position 
 among the tobacco manufacturers of this city, which position they have 
 maintained ever since. In fact, since 1870, they have made a third of all 
 the plug tobacco manufactured in this market. For the month of August, 
 1887, the tax on tobacco paid by all the Louisville manufacturers was 
 196,931.90. Of this amount I'Mnzei brothers paid |39,42i, or considerably more than one-third. 
 
 In 1882 the company was incorporated. Its officers now are John Finzer, President ; Nicholas Finzer, Secretary and 
 Treasurer; M. Leopold, Vice-President; D. A. Keller, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer. The capital stock of the 
 conip.any is |200,ooo. The company manufactures 4,000,000 pounds of plug tobacco annually, and about 1,000,000 
 pounds of smoking tobacco. Its trade in the Eastern States is larger than that of any other tobacco factory in the 
 West. It has a capacity of 20,000 pounds of plug and 5,000 pounds of smoking tobacco a day. The company employs 
 from eight to a dozen traveling men, and covers the entire territory north of the Ohio river and as far west as Colorado. 
 Its pay-roll averages 400 hands the year around. The capacity is increased every year. 
 
 The factory was destroyed by fire in 1880, the loss being $200,000, only partially covered by insurance. This disaster 
 would have proved fatal to men of less energy ; but was only a spur to these gentlemen to make greater efforts. They 
 rente<l a factory in the lower part of the city and had their hands at work within thirty days after the fire. They rebuilt 
 the factory on the old site, and on September 10, 1S82, two years to the day from the date of the fire, they raised steam 
 in the new work.s. The buildings were more perfect than the old could have been made. They are situated on the 
 south-w^est corner of Jacob .-md Jackson streets and run back to Laurel street, having a frontage of 175 feet on the south 
 side of Jacob street. Here are the main buildings, the plug factory, the smoking tobacco factory, the packing house, 
 and the offices. On the north side of Jacob street the company owns 185 feet running back to an alley. On this ground 
 are a new warehouse, redrying rooms, chunk shops, etc. There is a boiler on each side of the street, and the steam 
 may be conducted from either boiler into any of the buildings. 
 
 The company has the advantage that every factory located in Louis- 
 ville has — the opportunity to buy tobacco in the home market, which is 
 the largest tobacco market in the w^orld. Almost the entire out-put of 
 the factory is made from the Burlcy leaf The leading brand made by 
 this company is "Old Honesty," a standard, sixteen-ounce plug of navy 
 tobacco. It has been on the market nine years, and is the brand on 
 which the firm made its greatest reputation. It has never varied in qual- 
 ity, being as good to-day as it was when it first appeared upon the market. 
 The other leading brands are "Jolly Tar," which gained its popularity 
 because of its being the largest plug of tobacco ever offered for the 
 money, quality considered; the " Five Brothers," an extra fancy brand, 
 anil the " Pastime," which is the same. The last two are the only brands 
 issued to the trade in tin packages, and have made a great success on that 
 account. They are guaranteed to be the best tobacco that can be manu- 
 factured at any price. The leading brands of smoking tobacco are the 
 " Five Brothers Pipe Smoking," and a mixed plug smoking tobacco. The 
 former is largely consumed by the miners in Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 
 The company publishes an excellent trade paper. The Tobacconist, 
 which has a guaranteed monthly circulation of 32,000 copies. It con- 
 tains good selections of reading matter, and valuable information for the 
 retail dealer, Nicholas Finzer. 
 
 138 
 
°*rr)c cj0upi<z.p= Joupr)®:! Jeia |^Pir)fir)a o©rr)par)y. 
 
 FEW people in Louisville know what an immense institution and complete establishment has grown up in their 
 midst in the last few years in the line of the "art preservative," and not many cities in the Union can boast of a 
 printing house as thoroughly equipped, and possessing such facilities as the Courier-Journal Job Printing 
 Company. Imagine yourself a visitor and take a look through the rooms occupied by this company in the magnificent 
 Courier-Jouynal building. Commencing on the fifth floor is the electrotype and stereotype foundry. This branch of the 
 business is in most cities a separate industry, but the trade of this company is enough to justifv its operating a foundry 
 
 for itsown work almost exclusively. 
 
 Below this room, on the fourth 
 floor, is the composing room in 
 which the various newspapers 
 printed under contract are set tip. 
 En suite are the poster room, in 
 which there is 1 10,000 worth of 
 wood type for poster work ; the cut 
 stock-room where is stored an al- 
 most endless variety of wood en- 
 gravings and electrotypes, the prop- 
 erty both of the company and their 
 customers, color plates, e.xtra type, 
 and printer's materials w'hich is 
 also sold to the trade throughout 
 the State and this section. 
 
 Next are the art rooms, where 
 Mr. W. F. Clarke presides with the 
 skill of the true artist, and, adjoin- 
 ing, the metal and wood engraving 
 departments. The sample cases of 
 the company show wood engravings 
 second to none in America. No 
 process or chalk work is done, as 
 the aim of the managers is to pro- 
 duce only the class of engraving 
 that is susceptible of fine printing, 
 and nothing has yet been discov- 
 ered that will begin to accomplish 
 this as well as work engraved on 
 wood. The engravings in this vol- 
 ume are specimens of the high 
 standard of this branch of the 
 company's business. 
 
 Adjoining is the office of the 
 President, Mr. Louis T. Davidson ; 
 and Vice-President, Mr. August 
 Straus. These gentlemen give their 
 undivided attention and energy to 
 this business and are always to be 
 found within call. Opening out of 
 the office is the proof-reading 
 room ; no branch of the work is 
 more important than this, and 
 great stress is laid on the intelli- 
 gent reading of all proofs. 
 
 Louis T. Davidson 
 
 August Straus. 
 
 Axi arched door-way leads into 
 the main composing room or job 
 room as it is called. Here all the 
 job-work is done, that is as far as 
 the type-setting is concerned. The 
 forms are here made up for orders 
 for cards, envelopes, and all print- 
 ed stationery, book headings, pam- 
 phlets, railroad time cards, books, 
 blanks, catalogues — in fact, all the 
 composition outside of the poster 
 department. This room is regard- 
 ed by printers as the finest of its 
 kinil in .\nierica. Unobstructed 
 light from both sides, large, roomy 
 windows, high ceiling, and fine 
 ventilation. 
 
 Next is the Ijinderv, with its 
 wealth of improved machinery, its 
 bevy of industrious girls, foliling 
 and making up the lighter grades 
 of work, and its corps of forward- 
 ers, finishers, rulers, etc. Adjoin- 
 ing and connected is the last room 
 on the floor, used as a stock-room 
 for bindery goods. All this com- 
 prises the entire fourth and part of 
 fifth floor. On the first floor are 
 the stock-room and counting-room. 
 
 The greatest feature of all is 
 probal)ly the press-room. When 
 the building was first occupied the 
 number of presses could be count- 
 ed on the fingers of one hand, now 
 they number over tw'enty, repre- 
 senting an outlay of nearly ;f4o,ooo. 
 The entire room is filled with them 
 and other necessary appliances. 
 
 To go further into detail would 
 be to write a book, but this can not 
 be done here ; but, to impress on 
 the mind of the reader how big it 
 really is, it is only necessary to say 
 that, when trade is at all good, the 
 pay-roll to hands alone is nearly 
 f 1,600 a week. 
 
 The company is composed of W. N. Haldeman, L. T. Davidson, August Straus, and John .\. Haldeman, and is the 
 outgrowth of the old firm of R. W. Meredith & Co., whose business was purchased in 1S83 by the gentlemen named 
 above, and by them earned on successfully until it has reached its present prominent position. This company executes 
 a class of work superior to many other establishments, aiming always at securing the best possible assistance in the 
 heads of all departments. It confines its facilities to no special features but does printing in plain type and colors, en- 
 graved work of all descriptions, publishes books and pamphlets, manufactures blank and record books, does railroad 
 work for all departments of the service, and, in fact, everything in the printing line. No order for any class of printing, 
 binding, blank blooks, engraving, or electrotyping should ever go out of Louisville because it can not be done at home 
 — for here is cveiylliing. The trade of the company is drawn from all parts of the country ; orders being received from 
 the far West and North, as well as the trade directly tributary to Loui-sville. 
 
 139 
 
-m^ 
 
 Bufoi)! 
 
 0. S 
 
 Jfcrpep ^ill 
 
 s.= 
 
 ^9^ 
 
 View of the Paper Mills. 
 
 'HE paper mills of DuPONT & Co., located on Tenth street near the river, are among the 
 I largest mills in this country that manufacture paper for the newspaper presses. The paper 
 mills at this location were started many years ago. Prentice & Kellogg being the proprie- 
 tors. At first the manufacture was confined to wrapping paper. So it was, 
 also, when Mr. Isaac Cromie bought out the establishment. There is ou 
 the site of the mill an artesian well that affords a bountiful supply of sul- 
 phur water, and in the old days this was used for drink- 
 ing and bathing purposes. Two large buildings were 
 filled with bath rooms, and the well had great repute. 
 But the bath-houses were abandoned and the 
 buildings were converted into a paper mill, 
 the artesian well water being used in the 
 manufacture. Now, however, very 
 ' little of the water is used for this 
 
 purpose, only the first washing 
 of the rags being done in it. 
 ^ Mr. Cromie sold the mills 
 
 to C. I. and A. V. DuPout. 
 C. I. DuPont in turn sold his 
 interest, and the firm became 
 A. V. DuPout & Co. This 
 firm sold out in 1S73 to Uu- 
 PoNT & Co., and the part- 
 ners now are E. Hounsfield, 
 F. Lammot, and V. DuPont, 
 Jr. When these gentlemen 
 took possession of the estab- 
 lishment, in 1S73, the mills 
 had a capacity of two tons 
 a day ; now they have a ca- 
 pacity of twelve tons. The buildings have been added to from time to time and now cover an area of half a large block. 
 New machinery has been added and now the firm has every late improvement for the manufacture of the paper it 
 makes. Some idea of the enormous proportions of the enterprise maybe had when it is said that DcPoxT & Co. 'S 
 Mii,i,s annually consume nine millions of pounds of material that goes into paper. This consists of cotton waste, rags, 
 paper, "hard stock," or gunny bagging, and wood. The supplies come from Louisville and the South, rags and cotton 
 waste being shipped here from many Southern cities. The .specialty of the firm is roll paper for newspapers. 
 
 In order to make the dirty rags into paper a great deal of cleaning has to be done, but the process is a much more 
 simple one than one would imagine. The rags are first boiled in immense iron boilers. These are made to stand a pres- 
 sure of ninety pounds of steam, and the method of boiling is to force the steam into the rags. In this process, also, all 
 the wool in the rags is eaten up Ijy soda ash and lime, it being impossible to make paper except out of vegetable matter. 
 After the rags have been thoroughly boiled and reduced to a sort of uniform mass they are taken to the washers. These 
 are great tubs full of water and bleaching materials. The water is kept moving around the tub in a strong current, 
 carrying with it the rags that are run over and over again through washing boards that pull them to pieces and begin 
 the operation of cutting up the fiber. From the washer they go to the drainer, w-here the bleaching matter and water 
 are drained off. Next they come to the beater. This again is a big tub full of water in which the materials for making 
 the paper are thoroughly mixed. The fiber of the rags is here separated by beating up very fine. The gunny bagging 
 and ground wood are put in to give the paper strength. The rosin, or "sizing," is also put into the beater. This gives 
 the paper smoothness of surface. Blueing or other coloring matter is here introduced. 
 
 The above described operations, except the boiling, take place on the upper floors. From the beaters the pulp is run, 
 through troughs, to the paper machines on the lower floors. More water is poured into it and it looks like a milky liquid 
 by the time it reaches the first stage of getting the pulp into the clean, white paper. First this liquid like substance is 
 strained, so as to remove any bits of foreign matter. Bits of wood and any rags not thoroughly ground up are thus 
 removed. From the strainer the pulp is run onto a closely woven wire netting, a broad endless band that moves over 
 two drum-wheels, some eight or ten feet apart. This band not only has a forward motion, but also an oscillatory side 
 motion. As the pulp falls upon it the water drains through the finer meshes of the wire, while the pulp remains above 
 it in a sheet. The oscillatory motion causes the fibers to become interlaced as the water runs off. so that by the time they 
 leave the wire they have something of the appearance of a sheet of paper. If one will hold a sheet of common printing 
 paper before a strong light, he can see how the little threads have become woven into a regular network. As it leaves the 
 wire it is led over a band of cloth that carries it between two rollers that gently press the young and tender paper, reliev- 
 ing it somewhat of its load of water. This process is continued through several sets of rollers,' the water being gradu- 
 ally pressed out and the fiber being dried by heat, until the paper becomes sufficiently strong to be led over the rollers 
 unsupported. It is finally w-ound over the iron bobbins into a great roll of paper. 
 
 140 
 
♦ ^ =Yb^ Ijouis^ille ©>T.r)zeiqep. 
 
 -ty-. 
 
 A\ MONG the oldest and most promiuent German newspapers of tbe country is the Anzeiger, a journal founded in 
 W 1S49 by George P. Doern and Otto Scheefer. Mr. Scheefer retired in 1852, but Mr. Doern continued to conduct 
 / the paper until his death. The Anzeiger is the only daily German newspaper south of the Ohio river, except at 
 
 New Orleans. It publishes daily, semi-weekly, and weekly editions, and has a large circulation in Louisville, in the 
 larger Kentucky towns, and in vSouthern Indiana. The paper has always been Democratic in politics, and makes itself 
 strongly felt in the politics of this city and State. When the paper was established it was a small sheet, twenty-eight 
 by thirty-two inches. Now it is a four-page paper, nine columns to the page. The regular Sunday edition has twelve 
 pages ; but it frequently has to be enlarged, and has reached sixteen, twenty-four, and even thirty pages. The AnzeiGER 
 has the Associated Press franchise, and prints the news very fully. It makes a specialty of correspondence from abroad, 
 and has its regular correspondents in Washington and New York. It also covers the field of local news. Its editorial 
 staff is composed as follows: Wolfgang Schoenle, editor-in-chief; Louis Stierlin, Leo Szynianski, Louis Stein, George 
 
 Charles Neumeyer. The Anzeiger is one of the papers elected to do the city and county 
 
 Kuenzel, and 
 printin 
 
 The paper enjoys the support of all the German citizens of Louisville and of most 
 of those throughout the State. It has the advertising patronage of the best 
 business houses in Louisville, and is a valuable property. It has a well- 
 equipped job printing department, where job work is done in English and 
 German This is an important source of revenue to the company. 
 In I b-y the Louisville Anzeiger Comp.\nv was incorporated, its 
 ( officers being George P. Doern, President; M. Borntraeger, 
 
 Treasurer; G. S. Schuhmanu, Secretary. Mr. Doern died 
 the following year, and Mr. Borntraeger 
 succeeded to the Presidency. Mr. Schuh- 
 manu was elected Treasurer, and Sir. 
 Henry S. Cohn, Secretary. The 
 Directors of the compan\- are the 
 ^ President and Treasurer and 
 
 Messrs. J. J. Fischer, Joseph 
 Haxthauseu, and David 
 Frantz, Sr. 
 
 Mr. Born- 
 traeger, the Presi- 
 dent, was born in Rued- ' 
 igheim, near Marburg, May 22, 
 1S28. His parents brought their 
 children to this country, lauding in 
 Baltimore in July, 1843. After 
 stop])ing in Wheeling and Cincin- 
 nati, they came to Louisville, reaching 
 herein November, 1844. Mr. Borntraeger 
 was apprenticed to the printer's trade, and 
 
 after serving his apprenticeship, worked in several offices, being three 
 years in the old Journal office. In 1854 he left the case and took a posi- 
 tion in the Anzeiger office as book-keeper and business manager. He was 
 so useful in this capacity that when the company was incorporated he was made 
 one of its officers, and was elected to the Presidency of the company in 1S78. 
 
 Mr. Schuhmann was born in Bavaria in 1837 and emigrated to the United States in 1S53, in which year he came to 
 Louisville, entering the job department of the Anzeiger as an apprentice. He remained there nine vears aud then, 
 with Edmund Rapp, founded the Volksblatt in 1862. This paper underwent numerous changes and Mr. Schuhmann 
 returned to the Anzeiger, now being its Treasurer. He has charge there of the job printing department. 
 
 Heury S. Cohn, one of the most widely known newspaper men in Louisville, was born in Hamburg, May 4, 1844. 
 He came to America in 1859. At first he sold goods in New York, St. Louis, and Cincinnati; but on April i, i860, he 
 entered a German newspaper office in Cincinnati as a "printer's devil." At the breaking out of the civil war, Mr. Cohn 
 volunteered as drummer boy. He became drum-major, orderly sergeant, aud then lieutenant of the io6th Ohio lufautrv 
 and was wounded and captured at Hartsville, Tennessee, December 7, 1862. ^X the close of the w^ar he came to Louis- 
 ville and got work as a compositor on the Anzeiger. In 1S71 he entered the business department of the paper. 
 
 The Anzeiger's prosperity has been due very largely to the euergies of the three gentlemen above mentioned. 
 Mr. Cohn is one of the best solicitors in the city, and Mr. Borntraeger is a far-seeing business man. The paper is 
 not only ably officered, but its editors are all men of distinction in German-American journalism. 
 
 141 
 
 Henry S. Cohn. 
 
°* upneFj yety (^ CQoolWopf^ [Tjar)uT(2iciupir)a vf^orr)par)y. 
 
 5 HE largest manufactory of handles from hickory wood in the United States is at Nos. iSiS and 1820 Seventh street, 
 this city. It is the establishment of Turner, Day & WoolworTh Manufacturing Company, makers of all 
 kinds of axe, adze, pick, sledge, hatchet, hammer, and mining tool handles. Their business was founded over 
 thirty years ago at Norwich, Connecticut. Ten years ago this fall they moved from Baltimore to this city. The chief 
 stockholders in the conipanj- to-day are Sidney Turner and Norman Day, both of Norwich, Connecticut; Albert Da}', 
 of Louisville ; James Woolworth, of Sandusky, Ohio ; and L. G. Wells, of Louisville. The company was incorporated 
 in iSSo. Previous to that time it had been a partnership. About 1S76 the attention of the gentlemen in charge of the 
 business was attracted by the great supply of hickory timber in Kentucky and Tennessee. They found that fuel, labor, 
 etc., were fully as cheap here as at the older manufacturing centers, and saw that under these conditions, together with 
 the decreased suppl}' of timber east of the Alleghany mountains, they could in Louisville carry on their manufacture 
 to good advantage. 
 
 Accordingly they made preparations to move their plant. Early in 1S77 they purchased the propertj-, buildings, 
 etc., at Seventh and Duniesnil, formerly occupied Iiy the Louisville Edge Tool Manufacturing Company, and soon after 
 moved into the building the more valuable and important portions of their machinery from Baltimore. They have 
 added ground and building, as their business increased, till now they occupy a lot 156 x 361 feet on the west side 
 of Seventh, and another 100 x 200 feet on the east side. Their buildings include a substantial two-stor}- brick, 50 x 275 
 feet, fronting on Seventh, near Oak. This is devoted to machinery and the operations of manufacture. Added to this 
 is a one-story manufacturing department, 30 x 125 feet, a one-story warehouse, 40 x 125 feet, dry houses, boiler and engine 
 rooms, and extensive sheds and stables. All these buildings are on the lot on west side of Seventh ; on the lot across 
 the street are the offices in a neat frame structure, one and a half stories, 25 x 50 feet. 
 
 Here all the operations of manufacturing handles are carried on, from the log as cut by the lumberman in the woods 
 to the finely-polished and skillfully-shaped handle ready for the tool. But most of the work done at this factory is in 
 
 BlRDSEYE View OF THE TURNER, DAY & WOOLWORTH MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S PLANT. 
 
 finishing the handles from the timber sawed proper lengths for handles and turned in the rough at their various country 
 mills. Very much of the first work is done at a branch establishment, nearly half as large, located at Bowling Green, 
 and a part is also done at the saw-mills of the company in operation at various points in Kentuck}' and Tennessee. 
 These mills are twelve in number and cut nearly all the timber used by the compau}-. 
 
 When running full force 200 men are employed here, 100 at Bowling Green, and 150 to 175 at the saw-mills. This 
 gives a total working force of 450 to 500. As these are nearly all men with families, the total number supported bv the 
 enterprise is probably over 1,500. They run sixty-four lathes and other machinery, and in the bus}- season turn out 
 daily 2,000 dozen long handles, and of other handles, hatchet, hammer, and the like, the daih- production is, of course, a 
 much larger quantity. The production of the company embraces all styles of handles ever made from hickorj- — hatchet, 
 hammer, axe, adze, broad-axe, sledge, pick, and mining tool handles. These include man}- patterns of each kind. For 
 instance, of axe handles alone, there are from fifty to one hundred different patterns adapted, some to the trade of one 
 section, some to that of another. The establishment does a large export business, and the axe handle sent to South 
 America is quite different from that sent to Australia and New Zealand. Other countries to which they ship are 
 England, Germany, and the colonies of South Africa; yet the bulk of their trade is, of course, with the jobbers, the 
 manufacturers of edge tools, and the railroad companies of the United States and Canada. There is hardly a State or 
 Territory in which their goods are not sold, and when business is brisk, will average four or five car-loads a week to New 
 York alone. 
 
 142 
 
^^]r)c T©PGrr)a^cp=lTyG 
 
 
 »iT)par)y. 
 
 0' 
 
 Charles Bremaker. 
 
 , NE of the most important iudustries of Louisville is the manufact- 
 ure of paper, and in this particular branch she leads all other 
 Western and Southern cities, not only in the quantity but also in 
 tile quality of paper manufactured. The Bremaker-Moore Paper 
 Company's Mills, located here at the corner of First and Washington 
 streets, produce exclusively a fine quality of book printing paper, and for 
 the last twenty-four years have had a large and steadily-increasing trade in 
 this especial grade of paper. Within the past two years new- and valu- 
 able improvements have been introduced into these mills with the object 
 of not onlv increasing the out-put but of improving the quality of their 
 product also. In this latter respect the Bre.maker-Moore Paper Com- 
 pany has been peculiarly successful, and, in consequence, been rewarded 
 for its enterprise and foresight by an extensive trade in the East — a 
 territory where hitherto the Eastern paper makers had enjoyed almost ex- 
 clusive control. 
 
 The water supply is an important factor in the manufacture of paper. 
 Bv means of pipe wells, water has been reached on the premises here not 
 surpassed in purity by that of the celebrated Berkshire Hills of Massa- 
 chusetts, among which are situated many famous paper mills, and this, 
 translucent and sparkling from the bosom of mother earth, is used in the 
 various processes of manutacture. This water of itself gives to the paper 
 made by the Eremaker-MoorE P.\pER Comp.\ny a peculiarly brilliant 
 color that can be readily recognized even by those not experts in the busi- 
 ness, and is fast making for its mills a reputation second to that of no other mills in the country. 
 
 This corporation is an outgrowth of the old and well-known wholesale grocery firm of Moore, Bremaker & Co., 
 which was established nearly thirty years ago by John T. Moore, Charles Bremaker, and Delaney E. Stark. These 
 gentlemen are now the principal stockholders of the paper company. Its extensive mills were built under the personal 
 supervision of Mr. Charles Bremaker, who retired from active membership in the grocery firm, but retained his interest 
 therein, and was elected President of the company, and has continued as' such to this date. Although not at that time a 
 practical paper maker, in addition to fine natural business qualifications Mr. Bremaker was an experienced machinist, and 
 soon became recognized as one of the leading paper mill men of the country. He is now not only a practical paper 
 maker, with a thorough knowledge of all branches of the business, but a recognized authority on paper mill matters, 
 and has patented quite a number of his own inventions, covering principally improvements in paper mill machinery. 
 Mr. J. J. Hayes, who for fifteen years had been the financial manager of the grocery firm and a partner in that business, 
 was in June, 1885, while still retaining his interest there, elected Secretary and Treasurer of the paper company, and 
 has since been associated with Mr. Bremaker in the active management of the mills. He is an Eastern man, although 
 his entire business life has been spent in the west. 
 
 The Directors of the company are Charles Bremaker, John T. Moore, Delaney E. Stark, and J. J. Hayes. Mr. 
 John T. Moore is one of the leading aud most influential citizens of Loiusville, being President of the Falls City Bank, 
 and of the Falls City Insurance Company, and a Director in several otherstrong financial institutions. Mr. Delaney E. Stark 
 is the Vice-President of the paper compan}', aud, while taking no active 
 part in its affairs, devotes his entire time in conjunction with Mr. Buck- 
 ner M. Creel to the management of the extensive grocery business, from 
 which these justly-celebrated mills have sprung. Mr. Robert B. Moore 
 is the paper company's Cashier, and Mr. Thomas H. Stark is in im- 
 mediate charge of their product. 
 
 The company was organized with a cash capital of feoo.ooo, and dis- 
 burses weekly over $1,500 in wages among its numerous employes, about 
 125 in number, thus furnishing a livelihood to probably 500 pers 
 through those directly employed on their premises, aud indirectly i 1 
 measure to probably as many more engaged in furnishing the raw m 
 rial out of which the finished product is made. 
 
 Their paper is shipped to all parts of the United States ; to San Fi 
 cisco, California, and Portland, Oregon, in the West, and as far South as 
 the interior of Florida. Large quantities are sent to New Orleans, and 
 almost all of the principal cities south of the Ohio receive a share, 
 while the inhabitants of the cities bordering on the great lakes enjoy 
 their weekly papers printed on the out-put of these famous mills. In 
 this connection, it is a singular fact that the rags that to-day cover the 
 back of the beggar may to-morrow lie on the breakfast table of the mill- 
 ionair, thus verifying the old adage that it is "but a step from poverty 
 to wealth." j. j. hayl^. 
 
 143 
 
Y-9® lTj<z,por)(3ir)ls iya:fior)2il j(^ar)i5 of Jjouisvill 
 
 c. 
 
 J. H. LiNDENBERGER. 
 
 SHE Merchants' National Bank of Louisville was organized 
 as a iiatioual bank ou July 5, 1S74, succeeding the Merchants' 
 Bank of Kentuck}-, which had been operated by a charter from the 
 State since September I, 1S60. This State bank was organized by Mr. 
 H. C. Caruth, an old merchant of this city who had previouslj' been en- 
 gaged in the hardware jobbing trade. The list of stockholders obtained 
 by him embraced about 200 names, largely composed of the most active 
 and prominent firms and individuals then engaged in business in Louis- 
 ville. This from the outset gave the institution a distinctive character as 
 a commercial bank, devoted to the interests of trade and manufactures. 
 The impress thus made is still recognizable in the management. 
 
 The originally subscribed capital stock was ^500,000 ; but before the 
 subscription was fully paid, it was deemed advisaljle to reduce the capital, 
 in view of the disturbed condition growing out of the War of the Rebell- 
 '; ion. This was accordingly done by legislative authority. As might be 
 supposed from the character of the stockholders, who became to a con- 
 siderable e.Ktent its patrons, the bank entered upon a successful career, 
 and for many years was enabled to pay semi-annual dividends of six per 
 cent., while accumulating a comfortable surplus, .\fter the close of the 
 war it was found necessary to increase the capital, the extent of the busi- 
 ness requiring it. At the time of the bank's reorganization as a national 
 bank the capital .stock was increased to the original amount of $500,000, 
 at which it now stands. 
 Soon after this step was taken, the policy was adopted of organizing a complete system of correspondence with in- 
 terior bauks in this and contiguous States, with a view to identifying more thoroughly this city with the territory tribu- 
 tary to it in business. The list of correspondents has grown in numbers and importance, and has added much to the 
 business of the bank, as well as aided in bringing Louisville into closer contact with the territory from which the city 
 was seeking business. In connection with this, and grow-ing out of the facilities which a large interior correspondence 
 afforded, a collection department was organized for the collection of business paper throughout the United States, and 
 to this department special attention has been paid, and a large patronage attracted. 
 
 The bank has constantly kept up with all the activities of progress, but has retained its original character in adher- 
 auce to a commercial business, avoiding speculative accounts and maintaining a sound and conservative management, 
 promotive of the different branches of the commercial and industrial interests of Louisville. Besides the capital of the 
 bank its resources have been increased by a surplus of 1150,000, aud other undivided profits of $15,000 or $20,000, which 
 enable it to carry a line of loans and discounts of about $1,500,000 upon an average deposit of a similar amount. The 
 bank occupies a favorable location as to the business centers of Louisville, at No. 506 West Main street. 
 
 The first President of the original organization was Mr. H. C. Caruth. Its first Cashier was Mr. J. H. Lindenberger. 
 These gentlemen continued in office until July I, 1881, when Mr. Caruth resigned and Mr. Lindenberger was elected to 
 succeed him. .\t this time Mr. Wm. R. Johnson, who had filled the position of -Assistant Cashier, was elected Cashier. 
 These oflScers remain uuchanged. Mr. F. H. Johnson is now the .\ssislant Cashier. In the policy of the bank as to its 
 interior management the rule of promotion has uniformly prevailed, and from the Cashier down through the corps of 
 clerks, each official began service in the bank as messenger and collection clerk. This has constantly given the bank 
 a corps of well-trained employes. The Directors are J. H. Lindenberger, President; W. George Anderson, Vice-Pres- 
 ident; John M. Robinson, P. H. Tapp, George W. Wicks, John J. Harbison, John C. Russell, aud H. C. Caruth. 
 
 Mr. Lindenberger, the President, is considered one of the safest and wisest financiers of this city. He was born 
 in Baltimore, Maryland, November 13, 1824. He came to Kentucky in 1839, aud a year thereafter took service as a 
 clerk in a wholesale drug business, to which he was admitted as a partner in 1846, being the junior partner m the firm of 
 Rupert, Lindenberger & Co. to 1853, then Lindenberger & Co. to 1S61, when he retired from mercantile business to become 
 Cashier of the Merchants' Bank of Keutucky. Mr. Lindenberger brought to his new employment the reputation of hav- 
 ing been successful in mercantile affairs, besides a valuable experience and a practical and methodical system of man- 
 agement, a most desirable quality in a bank officer, and one not to be acquired outside of a successful mercantile 
 career. One of the chief reasons for Mr. Lindenberger's early and continued success as Cashier and President of this 
 bank is to be found in his rapid insight into and quick decision upon all matters brought before liim. His mind 
 is commercial, financial, and legal. In short, it is a high order of the trained analytical mind. Mr. Lindenberger 
 has filled many offices of trust, requiring the greatest sagacity. Under two administrations he vs'as a member of the 
 Directory of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. He was one of the organizers of the Board of Trade ; was a Director 
 and Vice-President of the Southern Mutual (now the Mutual) Life Insurance Company; helped organize the Fidelity 
 Trust and Safety Vault Company, of which he was Vice-President ; was President of the Louisville Clearing House ; 
 helped organize the great Southern Exposition of 18.S3, to which he rendered valuable service; and is now Treasurer of 
 the John N. Norton Memorial Infirmary. Of late years the growth of the business of his bank and his congeniality 
 with its work have prompted him to concentrate his time more upon the bank's interests. He has consequentlj- with- 
 drawn himself, so far as he consistently could, from service in other engagements. 
 
 144 
 
westcpr) ]c)ar)k eirjd wcsfc£pr) ir)suP(2ir)CG oorgpctiTy. 
 
 A. F. COLOEWEY. 
 
 SHE Western Bank is an institution that has had a successful 
 career for more than twenty years. It was incorporated under the 
 laws of Kentucky in 1S65, its name then being the Western Insur- 
 ance and Banking Company, with a capital stock of $250,000. In May, 
 1S72, a new insurance law having been enacted, the banking business 
 had to be separated from that of the insurance, and the bank became the 
 Western B.\nk, with a capital of $250,000, at which amount its stock is 
 still capitalized, while the insurance business was still carried on, but 
 with a capital distinct from that of the bank. The first President of the 
 company was Mr. C. Henry Fink, a prominent German citizen. The 
 pressure of other business required his resignation, and in 1868 he was 
 succeeded by Mr. A. F. Coldewey, who still holds the office. 
 
 The officers of the bank have always pursued a conservative policy, 
 and have built up a large and eminently a safe business, confining the 
 operations of the companvto legitimate banking. Much of its business 
 comes from the large German population of the city, the location of the 
 institution being favorable to this strong element in the commerce of 
 Louisville. The bank receives deposits, makes collections here and 
 elsewhere, having a large correspondence throughout the South-west, 
 solicits business from merchants and manufacturers in Louisville, and 
 deals largely in foreign and domestic exchange. The bank has regularly 
 paid large dividends, in one year, when the Louisville banks charged a 
 high rate of interest, having paid sixteen per cent. It now pa^'S a semi- 
 annual dividend of four per cent. The success of the house is demonstrated by the extent of its deposits, which average 
 about 1750,000, and its surplus and undivided profits of 155,958.30, a large accumulation on its capital stock. The last 
 statement of the bank, made June 30, 18S7, is as follows : 
 
 .\SSETS : Loans and discounts, $666,236.55 ; fixtures and furniture, $3,750; real estate, $4,000 ; cash on hand, $102,- 
 664.49; due from banks, $80,115.61 ; bonds and stocks, $189,394.09; total, $1,046,160.74. 
 
 Li.\Bii.iTiES : Capital, $250,000; surplus and profits, $55,958.30; unpaid dividends, $468; deposits, $735,722.13; 
 due to banks, $4,012.31 ; total, $1,046,160.74. 
 
 The Directors of the bank are A. F. Coldewey, W. Krippenstapel, J. Dolfinger, Wni. Springer, C. Stege, H. Dune- 
 kake, C. J. Raible, C. Jenne, and Fred W. Keisker. The first Cashier of the bank was Mr. Jacob Krieger. Mr. B. 
 Frese now fills that office. He has been in the bank sixteen years ; was Teller eleven j'ears, and was elected Cashier 
 January I, 18S7, succeeding Mr. Henry Hurler, who died in the foregoing month and who was one of the most popular 
 men in this cit)-. Mr. Frese is well-known as one of the progressive young business men of Louisville, and is courte- 
 ous and engaging in manner, as well as enterprising in business. 
 
 The Western Insur.^nce Comp.\ny has a capital stock of $100,000 and a surplus of $60,000. A great deal of 
 the fire insurance business of Louisville is done by local companies, which, though they have not the great capital of the 
 Eastern and foreign companies, are equally as safe as they, since the}- do business only in a limited territory, in which 
 they can make a personal inspection of the risks offered, and are not liable to write policies on buildings or goods that 
 are unsafe, either from natural causes or because of the questionable character of their owner. The WESTERN INSUR- 
 ANCE CoMP.\NY does a business of this safe character, accepting insurance in only small amounts. The advantages of 
 the system are apparent in the statements of the company, which moves along easily and prosperously while larger 
 companies are crying out at the great losses they sustain, making it a serious question whether they can continue to 
 operate on their present plan. The Western does a purely local business, but last year wrote risks to the amount of 
 $2,500,000, and its business is constantly increasing. It takes so few hazardous risks that in 1886 its losses were only 
 $2,000. The company pays a semi-annual dividend of five per cent. Its officers and board of directors are the same 
 as those who manage the affairs of the bank, with the exception of Mr. H. Miller, who is the solicitor for the insurance 
 company. The company is also local agent for the Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company of Springfield, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The offices of the bank are located in its own building, at No. 309 West Market street, where it established itself in 
 1S68, having before that done business on Main street. 
 
 The President of the bank, Mr. A. F. Coldewey, is one of the most prominent German citizens of Louisville. He 
 was born in Oldenburg, Germany, in 1829 and came to America in 1S49, ^^ once locating in Louisville and engaging in 
 the furniture business until 1865, by which time he had acquired a fortune sufficiently large to enable him to retire from 
 business. But in 1868 he accepted the Presidency of this bank which he has so ably managed. The constant growth of 
 the business of the institution is illustrated by the fact that since December, 1885, the deposits have increased about 
 $200,000. This prosperity is due to the wise and conservative management of Mr. Coldewey, who is recognized as one 
 of the safest as well as one of the most far-sighted business men in Louisville, and whose long career as the President 
 and active manager of the bank has given him a commercial following that is of the first importance. The clerical force 
 of the bank and insurance company is composed as follows; Julius Hinzen, Jr., Teller ; John Henseler, Individual Book- 
 keeper ; Harry Dunekake, Jr. , General Ledger Book-keeper ; Oscar D. Coldewey, Insurance Book-keeper ; Carl Stege, Clerk. 
 
 I4.'i 
 
^rn(Z itiPao l^JpcJ^ccpd Cippii^qs l^0rr)pcariy. 
 
 5 HE most popular summer resort in the South is Crab Orchard Springs, beautifully located amoug the foothills, 
 which, further away iuthe shadowy distance, rise into the picturesque Cumberland mountains. The springs are 
 on the Kuoxville Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 115 miles from Louisville, and one-quarter mile 
 from the little village of Crab Orchard. The property of the company embraces seventy-seven acres, beautifully laid off 
 with shady, romantic walks, charming woodland nooks, where overhanging rocks and rippling springs form grateful re- 
 treats for those who have escaped from bakiug cities and driving care. The hotel is commodious and handsome, affording 
 to the visitors every accommodation that can be had in the best-equipped establishment in any city. The .springs are 
 famous for the curative qualities of their waters, which, for certain ailments, are unequaled in the wide world. 
 
 For many years hundreds of people have annually sought pleasure, and rest, and health at Crab Orch.\rd Springs ; 
 but, until the springs passed into the hands of the present management, the visitors had to put up with more or less 
 inconvenience. In 1882, however, the establishment passed into the hands of a company w-hich completely reformed all 
 this, making such changes as justify those acquainted with the resort in calling it the " Saratoga of the South." This 
 company is organized as follows : W. T. Grant, President ; W. N. Haldeman and Bennett H. Young, Directors. The 
 natural advantages of Ihu pliu-c- and llic li.indsonK- buildings ni.idr il i:i^\ Inr llusc i^rnUenu-n I" make Ckar Orchard 
 
 Views of the Hotel, Amusement Hall, and Springs. 
 
 vSprings one of the most attractive places in America. Good fare, numerous amusements in and out of doors, a fine 
 orchestra, and courteous attention have increased the reputation of the springs and attracted to them the fashion of the 
 South and South-west. 
 
 But charming as is Crab Orchard in its social aspects, it is as a health-giving resort that it makes the greatest 
 claims on the public. Crab Orch.\rd water from the American Epsom spring has no counterpart in this country. 
 For all troubles of the liver, its virtue is unsurpassed. It is almost a certain cure for indigestion, and is remedial in 
 cases of Bright's disease, affections of the bladder, skin, bowels, neuralgia, convalescence from febrile diseases, 
 and in cases of general debility. The analysis of the most famous of the five springs is as follows : Carbonate of lime, 
 .506; carbonate of magnesia, .375 ; carbonate of iron, a trace; sulphate of magnesia, 2.989 ; sulphate of lime, 1.566; 
 sulphate of potash, .298; sulphate of soda, .398; sulphate of sodium, i.ooo; silica, .021 ; bromine, a trace; total, 7.153 
 grains. The carbonates are held in solution by carbonic acid. There are four other springs, of various strength, chaly- 
 beate and sulphur. 
 
 These waters and the wholesome mountain air make Crab Orchard Springs a boon to invalids. Many people, 
 those in health and those who are not, have such faith in the healing properties of the place that they return there 
 year after year, while the j'oung and the gay make the social attractions of Crab Orchard second to those of no 
 watering place in this country. 
 
 146 
 
■^ ^^^iTJasor) iTJiaupy — /i]?cr)if<£cf.^ 
 
 s9^ 
 
 TT'HE vast improvement in architecture in Louisville, which is partic- 
 le ularly noticeable in the residence portion of the city, is due in a 
 large measure to the enterprise and aggressiveness of Mr. Mason 
 Maury, who, within the past few years, has taken a leading position 
 among the architects of this city. Up to the time when Mr. Maury 
 started in business here, the style of architecture was very plain and 
 commonplace. He had spent two years in the East, had traveled ex- 
 tensively, and had been a close reader of publicatious devoted to his 
 profession, and, believing that Louisville people were as appreciative of 
 the beautiful and picturesque as au}- other people in the world, he deter- 
 mined to introduce some new ideas with the hope that a general improve- 
 ment might follow. The result is seen in the beauty and attractiveness 
 of hundreds of modern-built houses which have been erected in the 
 southern portion of the city within the past five years. 
 
 The first house of this modern style built by Mr. Maury was for Mr. 
 Charles E. Wood, on the Highlands, in which he introduced the colo- 
 nial style of architecture. This was finished throughout in hardwood 
 cabinet work, and, at the time of its completion, was considered the most 
 beautiful residence, both from an outside and inside view, in the city. 
 This house established Mr. Maury's reputation as an architect. The 
 next house designed and erected by him was that of W. F. Rubel, also 
 
 beautiful residence on 
 now owned by Major J. 
 street ; Mrs. C. M. Short, 
 
 Mason Maurv. on the Highlands. Then followed a 
 
 Third street for the late O. T. Sutfield, 
 W. Stine. He then designed and built the handsome residences of J. F. Smith, Second 
 Fourth avenue ; W. S. Matthews, Fourth avenue ; K. W. Smith, Third street ; 
 Judge Russell Houston, Weissinger avenue, and many others of wonderful _ 
 beauty and completeness. The last two houses mentioned are undoubtedly the "' 
 most beautiful residences in Louisville. The whole number of modern res- ^ 
 
 ideuces as built under Mr. Maury's supervision, since his first >, 
 
 innovation, can not be given, but, while other architects 
 have contributed to the vast improvement iu architecture, he 
 has done his share in the erection of hundreds of fine resi- 
 dences which have sprung up as if by magic under the mod- 
 ern idea; Until recently Mr. Maury gave his attention so 
 exclusively to residences that he was not in demand for 
 business structures. His opportunity came, however, 
 when the erection of the Kenyon building was con- 
 templated, and, having remodeled the Louisville 
 Hotel two years ago, Mr. Henning, who is largely 
 interested in the hotel, asked him for plans which 
 resulted in the finest building iu the city, a view 
 of which is given on this page. This elegant 
 structure has stimulated a demand for modern 
 business houses, and has already demonstrated the 
 fact that money invested iu business houses in 
 Louisville will pay a large profit. 
 
 The Kenyon building was the creation of the 
 young architect who was supposed to know very 
 well how-to put up a handsome residence, but «. 
 who paid no attention to the erection of business 
 houses. The prominence of the Kenyon build- 
 ing, iu the heart of the business portion of the 
 city-, brought Mr. Maury into notice and contrib- 
 uted more to his fame than his fifty or sixty resi- 
 dences. 
 
 Mr. Maury is a yoimg man, a native of Louis- 
 ville, and a graduate of the High School, and his 
 success iu his own home is a matter of pride to 
 his numerous friends. His interests are identified 
 with this city where he has acquired considerable 
 property, besides some interests in important 
 manufacturing enterprises. 
 
 Kenyon Building, Mason Maury, Architect. 
 
 '47 
 
*'vVj— 
 
 - rr)(2. JJouisville iiUets (f^or^peri^y. 
 
 
 SHE Louisville Gas Company was chartered in 1836, and a year or two later began to distribute gas to the citizens 
 of Louisville. The original charter granted the exclusive privilege of making gas in the city of Louisville for 
 thirty years. In 1869 the charter was renewed with the exclusive privilege for twenty years. This privilege was 
 granted in view of the fact that the cit}- owned about one-third of the stock and got its streets lighted at actual cost. The 
 company has been in active operation for iifty years, and during that time has made gas continuously except for two 
 nights in February, 1883, when the flood put out the fires and the city was left in total darkness. In the following year 
 the water rose higher by several inches, but precautions had been taken and the company did not have to stop work. 
 
 The capital stock of the company is now |2, 500,000, of which the city owns 1:900,000. The city elects four of the 
 nine Directors. The officers are George W. Morris, President ; Thomas L. Barret, Vice-President ; A. H. Barret, Engin- 
 eer ; W. P. Lee, Treasurer ; E. S. Porter, Secretary ; John S. Morris, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer. The Directors 
 are George W. Morris, John M. Atherton, Thomas L. Barret, A. H. Barret, J. L. Smyser, and the following gentlemen 
 on the part of the city : James A. Leach, Harry Bishop, E. W. McDonald, and John M. Robinson. 
 
 Mr. Morris succeeded the late John G. Baxter to the Presidency of the companvin April, 1885, having been a Direc- 
 tor active in its affairs for ten years previous to that time. Since Mr. Morris has come into the office, the policj- of the 
 company has been broadened and efforts have been made to satisfy the demands of the public in every possible way. 
 The quality of the gas has been greatly improved and the service been in many ways rendered more efficient. The 
 capacity of the works has been continuously increased, and, within the last two years, the company has spent |iso,ooo 
 in introducing modern machinery and improvements. The manufacture of gas by means of these improvements is too 
 intricate to be gone into here. It is only necessary to say the company keeps apace with the times and furnishes the 
 citizens of Louisville with as fine an illuminating gas as is made anywhere in the countrv, and that the service is as 
 nearly perfect as it can be made. Mr. Barret, the engineer in charge of the works, has had long experience in gas man- 
 ufacture and is thoroughly skilled in his science. 
 
 Louisville is not as large a consumer of gas as its population would lead one to suppose, the wide spread of the city 
 
 The Louisville Gas Company's Works 
 
 making it at present impracticable to lay mains to some of the out-lying districts. These are illuminated by means of 
 oil lamps in the streets. But as fast as a district becomes sufficiently settled, the gas company lays its pipes. The annual 
 product is 375,000,000 cubic feet, to make which there is a consumption of over a million bushels of coal, the coal used 
 being Pittsburgh with some Cannel mixed with it to give the gas a greater illuminating power. The productive capacity 
 of the works is two million feet of gas per day, the maxinmm consumption being 1,600,000 feet. This capacitv is to be 
 greatly increased within the next year or two. 
 
 The company employs 150 men, exclusive of those engaged in laying pipes in the streets. There are 125 miles of 
 street mains, and new ones are constantly put down in localities to which they have not hitherto been extended. There 
 are 3,000 street lamps in the city, for lighting which the city pays no tax whatever. Throughout the city there are 
 7,500 consumers, and there are about 10,000 service pipe connections, going from the mains to the houses. At the gas 
 works are two enormous holders, and another is located in Portland. A fourth one will be built within the near future. 
 These great tanks cost something like $100,000 each, and on account of this expense in building them it would be poor 
 financiering to store gas for future consumption, it being much cheaper to make the necessary supply from day to day. 
 
 Of course, the Louisville G.\S Comp.4.ny, like every similar institution, has come in for its share of aljuse from the 
 public. Where is the gas company that has not? But within the last few years the complaints have grown less and 
 less frequent as the service has been improved by means of modern machinery and through the efforts of the officers 
 and directors, who have studiously endeavored to avoid all cause of grievance. There is no more capable business man 
 in this community than Mr. George W. Morris, and no man has the confidence of the public to a greater degree. 
 
 148 
 
^e= 
 
 M^ucr) 
 
 einet 
 
 r)(2tr) 
 
 j^p0.= 
 
 
 James Buchanan. 
 
 SHE real estate firm of 
 Buchanan & Bro. is the 
 leading firm of that Hue 
 of business in this city. Both 
 members, whose pictures are 
 here shown, are native Ken- 
 luckians, and have lived in 
 Louisville since early boyhood. 
 The business was started by 
 Mr. James Buchanan in 1S72 
 and in 1S79 he was joined by 
 his brother, Mr. John W. Buch- 
 anan, at which time the firm 
 name of Buchanan & Bro. 
 was adopted, and it so contin- 
 ues to-day. Their office is 
 where it was fifteen years ago. 
 No. 404 West Main street, two 
 doors below Fourth, in the 
 business center of the city. No 
 two gentlemen are better 
 known in Louisville than are 
 James and John Buchanan. 
 They are men of education. 
 
 John W Buchanan 
 
 and occupy high positions in all the relations of life. Cautious, but at the same time farsighted and progressive, and 
 realizing that the value of real estate depends on the prosperity of the city, they are always interested in matters of 
 public concern, and are prompt in assisting any enterprise the purpose of which is to bring Louisville to the front. 
 
 Their long residence in Louisville and the immense business they have done in real estate have familiarized them 
 thoroughly with the growth and development of the city, and with values of all classes of property, both improved and 
 unimproved. Their perfect knowledge of values and their known integrity give them the confidence of both buyer 
 and seller and enable them to market property when other agents fail. While these gentlemen have in their offices the 
 most complete maps of all the property in the city and count)-, they scarcely find it necessary to consult them, .^io inti- 
 mate is their knowledge of locations and values. 
 
 A marked feature in the business of the firm is the handling of investment and trust funds ; more large and impor- 
 tant trusts are confided to their management than to anj' other firm in the city. Such isthe confidence reposed in their 
 integrity and ability by the leading lawyers and by the judges of our courts that their opinion is authority on all matters 
 pertaining to real estate, and they are appointed by tlie higher courts to appraise and divide large estates of decedents. 
 
 Their knowledge both of the value of real estate and of the credit aud solvency of borrowers has given them the 
 leading position in the city as lenders of money on real estate security. It is a fact, perhaps without a precedent in 
 such a business, that of the many thousands of dollars lent on mortgages by this firm in the past fifteen years but two 
 or three of the mortgages have ever been foreclosed, aud on these the mortgage creditors realized from the sales their 
 debts with interest and costs in full. 
 
 When it is remembered that within the period of this firm's existence the legal rate of interest in Kentucky was 
 at one time as high as ten per cent, per annum, presenting to lenders of money a strong temptation to run great risks bv 
 taking inadequate security, it is apparent that remarkably cool judgment was displayed by these gentlemen in their 
 selectiou of only the best of loans, both in respect to the character and standing of the borrower aud the value of the 
 property sought to be mortgaged as securit}-. 
 
 The opinion of these gentlemen is sought by large operators in real estate, it being well known that they do not buy 
 and sell on their own accouut, hence their advice is untrammeled by personal interest. Strangers and others wishing to 
 make inquiries in regard to real estate are made welcome at the office of this firm, and always receive prompt and reli- 
 able information. They perhaps have for sale more property than any other agency in the city; nearly every dwelling 
 for sale in Louisville is in their hands. Their acquaintance is such that they are eminently successful in selling such 
 property. Their list of unimproved lots suitable for residences, business, or factory purposes is larger than that of any 
 other agency ; anything in the line of improved revenue-paying propert}' can also be found at their office. They do a 
 large business in the sale of suburban residences — most of the changes in ownership of couutry seats which have occurred 
 in the last decade have been brought about through them. They do a large business in the sale of farm lands, not only 
 in this (Jefferson) county but in the Bluegrass counties of Kentucky ; their facilities, in connection with local corre- 
 spondents, for the handling of this class of property, are not surpassed by any individual or firm. 
 
 In short, the firm of Buchanan & Bro., as we have said at the outset, is the leading real estate firm in Louisville, 
 and their success has been attained by the possession of those qualities that always command success in all departments 
 of life — -industry, energy, intelligence, and integrity. 
 
 149 
 

 ^J. plci^FJ D 
 
 OCPP. ^ 
 
 -w^* 
 
 in' 
 
 J. Henry Doerr. 
 
 R. J. HENRY DOERR is a photographer of the highest reputa- 
 tion, and his work is widely known in the West, South, and 
 South-west, many people preferring it to that of the famous 
 photographers of New York and Chicago. He has one of the finest pho- 
 tographic studios in the country, his building having been erected by him 
 for this express use and being equipped with every device that could facil- 
 itate his art. It is located at Twelfth and Market streets, is three stories 
 high, 'and has a frontage of forty-two, with a depth of 104 feet. The en- 
 tire third floor is used as a studio, and is arranged for the comfort of Mr. 
 Doerr's patrons, as well as to obtain the best results in photography. 
 The reception rooms occupy the width of the building, and are deep 
 enough to make very handsome parlors. They are decorated with some 
 of the finest specimens o'f Mr. Doerr's work, and are elegantly furnished. 
 Leading from these are the toilet rooms for ladies and gentlemen, those 
 for ladies affording ever}' facility for making the most elaborate toilet 
 with comfort and elegance. 
 
 The operating room is the chief feature of the studio. Its dimen- 
 sions are nineteen by thirty feet, and its lights are admirably arranged, 
 the sky-lights and side-lights Ijeing so constructed that the best effects 
 may always be obtained. This room is never littered up with the para- 
 phernalia of the ordinary photograph gallery, all of the backgrounds and 
 accessories being kept in a convenient store-room, whence they may be 
 slid out just as they are required. Mr. Doerr is peculiarly expert in ar- 
 ranging these articles so as to produce the best effects of light and shade, and the most artistic results. He keeps a 
 great variety of the accessories for posing and producing picturesque surroundings for his subjects. 
 
 Adjoining the gallery are the dark-room and the re-touching room. The latter is a model of what a re-touching room 
 should be, care being again taken to have good lights. The printing-room is unusualh- complete. It is not generally 
 understood that the temperature of the water used in washing off the pictures has much to do with their tone, very cold 
 water making a picture harsh and uneven ; therefore, Mr. Doerr's establishment is provided with hot and cold water, so 
 that when a picture is put into the bath, the water is first tempered to the requirements of the work. The exposures for 
 printing are also admirably arranged, having a southern exposure, and being equipped with both ground and clear glass, 
 thus giving the artist just the amount of sunlight that he needs. 
 
 E\'erything pertaining to the art is to be found in the studio, and every variety of photograph is here produced, from 
 the smallest to the largest picture. Mr. Doerr employs only first-class artists in his establishment. Just as he spared no 
 expense in putting up a building suited to his purposes, so does he spare none in any detail of his business. In his oper- 
 ating room he uses onlj- the most perfect camera, and the instruments in every department are equally fine and true. 
 Mr. Doerr has been in the photographic business .sines iS5i, and has had a wide experience in ever\- branch of the 
 ai-t. There is no part of the work which he can not himself perform, and perform well. After having had a very grat- 
 ifying success in a smaller studio, he put up the building he now occupies, and moved into it in the fall of 1875. It was 
 then considered somewhat out of the way, being further down town than most of the large business houses were, and. 
 the neighborhood was not settled by a class of people from whom Mr. Doerr could expect paying patronage. Never- 
 theless, the venture proved wise and profitable. It is an evidence of the excellence of the work, that the most fashion- 
 able people of the cit}- leave the fashionable thoroughfares and make a little excursion to Twelfth and Market streets to 
 have their pictures taken. In Mr. Doerr's studio are photographs and crayon drawings of the most prominent men in 
 Louisville, while on his walls also hang the portraits of some of the most famous beauties that Louisville has ever 
 known. Such people as these have become his regular patrons. His work is also exceedingly popular with the ladies. 
 While all branches of the art fall within Mr. Doerr's scope, he makes a specialty of fine porcelain work. His colored 
 photographs on porcelain have all the freshness of color and delicacy of treatment that can be given to the most care- 
 fully painted miniature on ivory, while they have also the merit of photographic likeness. These charming porcelain 
 pictures of Mr. Doerr's are so much admired that it is not uncommon for ladies to come to him from Cincinnati, St. 
 Louis, Nashville, and even more distant places, for the purpose of having their features so portrayed by him. In water 
 colors, Mr. Doerr has also had great success, and in photographs touched up in crayons he has done and now exhibits 
 some admirable work. 
 
 In 'large groups and in pictures of intricately furnished interiors, Mr. Doerr has obtained remarkably fine results. 
 vSome of his photographs of interior sections of the ,Southern Exposition are wonderfully correct in minute det''il, while 
 embracing a large area. He exhibits on his walls some noteworthy groups, especially several of large families on which 
 he justly prides himself not a little. One of these contains more than twenty figures closely grouped, and from the 
 baby to the great-grandfather every feature is perfect. Mr. Doerr is also prepared to do all kinds of landscape photog- 
 raphy, his out-of-door views being numerous and well taken. He also does a large business in commercial photography, 
 the selling of goods by photographic samples having become an important branch of trade. Mr. Doerr took the highest 
 awards in photography at the Southern Exposition in the years 1S83, 1S84, 1885, and 1886, several eminent photogra- 
 phers having competed. 
 
 150 
 
^rr)c iJouisville- |^ublic \A7aPGr)Ousc (5orr)par)y. 
 
 5 HE Louisville Public 
 Warehouse Company was 
 incorporated under the laws 
 of Kentucky in December, 1884. 
 Its officers are Udolpho Snead, 
 President ; John G. Barret, Vice- 
 President; Win. G. Coldewey, Sec- 
 retary, Treasurer, and Manager. 
 The office of the company is at No. 
 208 West Main street, Louisville, 
 and its warehouses are located 
 here and at Achertonville, Larue 
 county, Kentucky. The company 
 was organized for the storage of 
 whisky and tobacco chiefly, but 
 also for the storage of general mer- 
 chandise. The increase from year 
 to year in the production of whisky 
 created the demand for this insti- 
 tution, which is an independent 
 and secure depository for whiskj' 
 as forced out of bond, and which 
 is eminently satisfactory to the 
 the latest improved elevators, gas engines, rack system, etc 
 
 William G. Coldewey. 
 
 banks on which the whisky trade 
 so largely depends for its commer- 
 cial prosperity, as well as to the 
 trade itself. To the banks of Louis- 
 ville it is eminently desirable to 
 have warehouse receipts for whisk \- 
 and tobacco which shall be out of 
 the range of fraud, and shall be 
 drawn by a company that is moral- 
 ly and financially responsible be- 
 yond question. 
 
 The company accordingly 
 bought the new warehouses built 
 by the Newcomli-Buchanan Com- 
 pany at a cost of |20o,ooo, having 
 a capacity for 160,000 barrels, and 
 being the largest, best constructed 
 and equipped warehouses in the 
 State. The immense building is 
 divided into three completely dis- 
 connected warehouses by double 
 strength fire walls laid in cement. 
 Each warehouse is equijjped with 
 All openings are' protected b\' iron bars and shutters, and 
 
 the buildings are practically fire-proof. Sewers tap each house for the drawing off of whisky from bursting barrels in 
 case of fire, thus protecting the buildings from the overflow of the burning liquor. The company when it bought these 
 buildings made extensive repairs and secured a complete railroad connection by building a switch, at a cost of $7,000. 
 
 The main warehouses of the company are located in the eastern part of the city and are numbered i, 2, and 3. 
 Warehouse No. i is the largest of the three and is used for general merchandise, with cellars for storage of wines, meats, 
 etc. Warehouse No. 2 is for the storage of returned exported whiskies, and other merchandise in bond, and is under the 
 control of the United States Customs Department. Warehouse No. 3 is devoted exclusively to the storage of free or 
 tax-paid whisky. A fourth warehouse has recently been built by the company, in the rear of its offices, in the central 
 part of the city expressly for the proper storage of all kinds of household effects, valuable merchandise, etc. This 
 
 The COMPANY'S Main Louisville Warehouse. 
 
 warehouse is known as No. 4, and in its construction every precaution was taken to provide a dry and dust-proof build- 
 ing for the proper care of fine furniture, etc. Two other warehouses of the company are located at Athertonville, Ken- 
 tucky, expressly for the storage of the free whisky on the premises of the J. M. Atherton Company. 
 
 Liberal advances are negotiated, or made by the company, on its warehouse receipts, and financial arrangements are 
 perfected with local and New York banks. The company also represents Messrs. Dulany , Meyer & Co. , of Baltimore, and 
 Messrs. C. A. Caesar & Co., of Bremen, Germany, for the exportation and storage of whisky abroad. 
 
 The company is doing a large and successful business, and is prepared to increase its facilities as the business may 
 demand. Under its charter the company is permitted to lease and assume control of other warehouses or storage yards, 
 and to issue receipts therefor. Inspection of the company's warehouses and arrangements is invited. 
 
 151 
 
Jjouisviile-j Oi/gijqsviIIg (^ ^i. iJouis i^Gnlroad. 
 
 George F. Evans. 
 
 SHE completion in Augnst, 18S2, of the Louisville, Evansville & 
 St. Louis Railro.\d — better known in Louisville and Kentucky 
 as the " Louisville & St. Louis Air Line " — was an event of much 
 importance to the commercial interests of the Falls City, opening up to 
 its merchants a territory fully one hundred miles in length and fifty 
 miles in breadth ; a region heretofore destitute of railway facilities, and 
 giving to them not only a competing line but the shortest line to Rock- 
 port and Evansville, Indiana, and Owensboro and Henderson, Kentucky ; 
 ^Ab ^y^ ""' '■HI to Viucennes and Terre Haute, Indiana, by way of the Evansville & 
 
 ^Hl ^~ liliii Terre Haute Railroad, which it crosses at Princeton, Indiana ; to Cairo and 
 
 j^Hl ^^p" Mill iTiii po'"ts in Southern Illinois via Mt. Carniel, where it intersects the Cairo, 
 
 P^Rl ^ _ _,J f liillitiill I .iflH Viucennes & Chica.i;o Line ; and by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad 
 
 from Mt. Vernon, Illinois, to St. Louis and all points West and South- 
 west. At Brown's Crossing the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway 
 gives a valuable and direct line to Peoria, Decatur, and Mattoon, Illinois. 
 The Main Line of the road is 182 miles in length ; tlie Evansville Di- 
 vision, fifty-five miles ; the Rockport Branch, seventeen miles; and the 
 Canuelton Branch, twenty-three miles, making a total of 277 miles. The 
 'section of country through which the line passes is as fertile and product- 
 i\e as any portions of the rich States of Indiana and Illinois. It is in -a 
 high state of cultivation, its crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, tobacco, etc., 
 finding a ready market in Louisville; is already thickly populated, and is 
 enjoying an era of progress and development that is as remarkable as it 
 is gratifying to those who have its welfare at heart. 
 
 Beginning at a point thirty miles from Louisville the road traverses for sixty miles an extensive belt of the finest 
 and most valuable timber in Indiana, and, about fifty-five miles from Louisville reaches the Indiana coal field, forty 
 miles or more in length and several miles in width. Within this area is an inexhaustible supply of good coal, which, 
 owing to its superior quality and low cost of mining, has revolutionized the coal business of New Albany b}- reducing 
 the price of other coals, and has saved that city more than once from a coal famine during low stages of the Ohio river. 
 During the past j-ear the line has been equipped with a full complement of new^ passenger coaches and passenger 
 and freight locomotives. The new passenger coaches are patterned after those now in service in the " fast trains" be- 
 tween New York and Boston, and are models of comfort, convenience, and elegance. 
 
 The "Air Line" is the only line running double daily solid trains between Louisville and St. Louis with Pullman 
 Palace Sleeping Cars of the latest improved pattern on all night trains, and Monarch Parlor BuflFet Cars on day trains. 
 With its steel track, solid stone ballasted road-bed, the principal bridges of steel and iron, and its short line, it has grown 
 to be the popular route from the city by the Falls to the Mound City just west of the big bridge. As an e\ndence of this 
 we have only to quote the following echo from the National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic at St. 
 Louis in October, 1887 : "At a regular meeting of George H. Thomas Post No. 6, G. A. R. , held last Thursday evening, 
 October 6th, it was unanimously resolved that a vote of thanks be extended to the officials of the St. Louis Air Line Rail- 
 road for the extraordinary facilities and courtesies extended the Post and their friends on their recent trip via that line 
 to the Grand National Encampment at St. Louis, Missouri, and for the promptness with which they were landed and 
 returned to Louisville on schedule time. By order, E. A. Richards, P. C. ; John Hensler, Adjutant." 
 
 There are many places of interest w^ithin easy reach of the people of Louisville and vicinity. Corydon, the ancient 
 capital- of Indiana with the capital building still standing, thirty-one miles ; Milltown, with its picnic park and Blue 
 river, famous for its bass and pike, where is also located the lime kiln of J. B. Speed & Co., of Louisville, said to be the 
 largest in the world, is thirty-four miles from Louis\'ille. The world-renowned Wyandotte Cave, as large as the Mam- 
 moth Cave of Kentucky, is only eight miles from Milltown bv stage. At Marengo, only thirty-nine miles from Louis- 
 ville, is located the famous Marengo Cave, ranking next to Wvandotte Cave, which is about a half mile from the station, 
 and at English, only fifty-two miles from Louisville, is the "Hazelwood Sulphur Springs," the summer resort of South- 
 ern Indiana. By Januarj- i, iSSS, the branch now under construction from Lincoln to Cannelton, Indiana, will be in op- 
 eration and will place within easy rail communication with Louisville, Troy, with its 800 inhabitants ; Tell City, with 3,aio; 
 and Cannelton, with 2,500. A new iron bridge has just been completed over the Wabash river at Mt. Carmel, Illinois. 
 
 Wm. T. Hart is President and Otis Kimball, Secretary and Treasurer, with oflSce at Boston, Massachusetts. The main 
 offices in Louisville are in the Board of Trade building, corner Main and Third streets. The officers are Geo. F. Evans, 
 General Manager ; Judge Alex P. Humphrey, General Counsel ; John J. Collier, Auditor ; J. S. Odiorne, Cashier and 
 Paymaster ; W. H. Folsoni, Purchasing .\gent ; L. S. Parsons, General Freight -Agent ; G. W. Curtis, General Passenger 
 Agent ; Bland Ballard. Assistant Attorney ; W. S. Martin, Master of Transportation ; T. L. Dunn, Chief Engineer ; and 
 W. A. Stone, Master Mechanic. 
 
 Geo. F. Evans, the General Manager, has been connected with the company since its organization early in iSSi 
 when he entered its service as Secretary and Treasurer. In March, 1S84, he was appointed Assistant to the President in 
 connection with his other duties ; on December 31, 1884, he was made Receiver by Judge Gresham of the United States 
 Circuit Court ; and, upon the reorganization of the road in October, 1886, was elected General Manager. 
 
 152 
 
*^^S3~ 
 
 B- Sid f laff. 
 
 =3^ 
 
 5 HE manufacture of custom-made shirts was in its infancy twenty-five 
 \ears ago, not only in Louisville but in the whole country. The 
 pioneer in this branch of business, which has become such an in- 
 dustry in our city, was Mr. N. Sid Pl.\tt. He was the first man south 
 of the Ohio river to cut a shirt to order from measurement. By careful 
 study of proportions of men, and by long and tiresome experiments, he 
 originated and perfected a system of cutting and making shirts to order, 
 by which a gentleman can be fitted with a shirt made to his special size 
 and shape with the same facility with which a merchant tailor measures 
 and fits his customers with accuracy. 
 
 Having accomplished this result, his custom-shirt business has 
 grown until his customers are found in every State in the Union. Mr. 
 Piatt's first business experience was in the dry goods line, where he 
 readily took up the study of textile fabrics, educating himself as to 
 quality and cost of manufacture, which has proved to be of inestimable 
 value to him in the production of high grades of goods, and in securing 
 beauty and durability of material, and elegance and comfort of pro- 
 portions. The acme of perfection in these particulars is the "Apollo 
 Yoke " shirt, the name of which has become a household word through- 
 out the South. 
 
 In connection with his shirt manufactory he has combined a large 
 
 and successful department of Men's Furnishings, and, in this department 
 
 also, he has strictly adhered to the principle that good articles find a 
 
 ready market, and he has never stooped to make or vend spurious or worthless trash. He employs a large number 
 
 of hands to whom he gives employment throughout the year. 
 
 His business is a pleasure to him as well as a profit, which proves the fact that, if a man combines with ability a love 
 for his calling, his success is assured, be he physiciau, preacher, merchant, or manufacturer. 
 
 N. Sio Platt. 
 
 =f 1)G I5^r)fu% f uLUc Blc^af 
 
 ai0r'.= 
 
 Eg^ 
 
 THE Kentucky Public Elevator Building. 
 
 HE grain trade of Louisville has grown in proportion 
 to other interests during the past five years. This 
 fact is established by the increasing business of the 
 Kentucky Public Elevator, which was built in iSSi at a cost of a 
 qmrter of a million dollars, and with a capacity of receiving and 
 storing half a million bushels of grain. The capacity exceeded 
 the demand at the time it was built, and it seemed that the pub- 
 lic spirited capitalists who projected the enterprise had made 
 a mistake in building too great for the accom- 
 modation of a trade that was inclined to go 
 elsewhere. But the Public Elevator has 
 afforded such facilities for handling and stor- 
 ing grain that much of the grain which prop- 
 belongs to Louisville, but which formerly 
 through and around the city for want of 
 and transferring facilities, has been attract- 
 ed to Louisville b}- the finest elevator in the 
 South or West, and this magnificent en- 
 terprise, as managed bj' the President of 
 the company, Mr. Bennet D. Mattingly, 
 is realizing a fair profit for the owners. 
 The elevator is situated at the corner 
 of Fourteenth and Kentucky streets, and 
 is connected with all of the railroads en- 
 ^— _j. tering the city, thus affording the most 
 /"' r complete facilities for shipping and re- 
 ceiving grain to and from all parts of the 
 country. Office at No. 205 \V. Main street. 
 
 '53 
 
-m^ 
 
 
 Jawve^P. 
 
 'J' 
 
 -.m- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 R. J. W. SAWYER maybe stj-led a self-made mau. He entered a 
 
 grocery store iu iS68 as salesman and there acquired a business 
 
 knowledge and experience that qualified him to conduct business 
 
 ccessfully for himself. In 1S7S, he commenced the grocery business 
 
 this city with a capital of $26j.5o, aud during that year the sales 
 
 iiounted to $32,000.00. During the past seven years his sales have 
 
 en, on an average, 170,000 a year. His success is the more wonderful 
 
 am the fact that for five years of the time referred to above, he suffered 
 
 til an inflamed knee-joint and had to use crutches. His thorough busi- 
 
 :ss system of checks, combined with sound business maxims, carried 
 
 m through successfully, notwithstanding this great drawback. 
 
 Mr. S.\wyer's stores are located at Nos. 354 and 356 East Market 
 street, and are filled with staple and fancy groceries of every description 
 of the best grades, all of which are sold at the very lowest market rates, 
 aud satisfaction always guarauteed. He does a large retail business iu 
 the city, and his country customers are to be found all through the Ohio 
 and Mississippi valleys from West Virginia to Texas. The specialties 
 of the house are " Diamond " flour, which has no superior for domestic 
 or bakers' use, "Diamond" coffee, and "Combination" mixed tea. 
 
 Mr. S.wvver, besides being a first-class grocer, is also a student 
 spending man}' of his leisure hours in the acquisition of knowledge. He 
 has mastered prett}' thoroughly several languages without the aid of a 
 teacher. He is an independent and vigorous thinker. His ideas iu regard to paupers are peculiar. He does not believe 
 in taxing the public to support charitable institutions that are filled with paupers caused by strong drink, but holds to 
 the opinion that the makers and sellers of intoxicating beverages should bear the burden of supporting that particular 
 class, as they alone receive the profits. Mr. Sawyer is much opposed to grocers selling liquor of any kind, and it is 
 his purpose, at an early day, to publish a book showing how to sell groceries aud not sell liquors and ^-et make monev. 
 The secret of success, Mr. S.\wver says, is the study of three words, "How," " When," and "Where " to buy goods 
 to best please the trade. Politeness and strict integrity characterize all his transactions. 
 
 J w. Sawyer. 
 
 ♦^= 
 
 ~L\. \S. viioffcP. 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 III R. R. B. COTTER, the most extensive Manufacturer and Wholesale Lumber Dealer in Louisville, is a native of 
 I I I this State, having been born in Bardstown in the year 1856. Early iu life he moved to this city, where he was 
 f I educated and for some time was interested in the iron business, but during the past seven years has been 
 engaged exclusively iu the lumber trade. 
 
 The office and lumber yard of Mr. Cotter are located on the corner of 
 Eighth and Zane streets. The yard covers an area of about three and one- 
 quarter acres and, beiug near the main stem of the Louisville & Nashville 
 Railroad, has side-tracks running into it, which greath- facilitates the receiv- 
 ing and shipping of goods. He carries a very large stock of pine and 
 hardwood lumber — mostly hardwood — making a specialtv of poplar or 
 whitevvood, selling at wholesale only and in carload lots. His trade here is 
 quite large aud extends East, West, North, aiul South — also through Can- 
 ada and Europe. Last year the sales of lumber amounted to eighteen 
 million feet. The well-equipped planing mill in the yard is kept con- 
 stantly running, dressing and working lumber into various shapes. A large 
 number of hands is employed in various capacities, the pay-roll amount- 
 ing to $1,000 per week. This is the kind of industry that builds up a city 
 aud adds to its wealth and prosperity. 
 
 Mr. Cotter owns several thousand acres of the best timber lands in 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, aud Indiana, and his resouixes for procuring the verv 
 best quality of hanlwood lumber to meet the growing demands of his trade 
 are almost inexhaustible. He owns and operates a sawmill in Eastern 
 Kentucky, one in Tennessee, and another in Indiana, besides a floating mill, 
 "Old Hickory," operating on the Ohio river and its tributaries. This float- 
 ing sawmill draws less than two feet of water and can naxagate the smaller 
 streams, where a force of then is constantly engaged sawing timber and 
 
 loading it on barges for transportation to Louisville. His growing trade renders it necessary for him to buy the cuts 
 of several other mills. The secret of the success of this enterprising voung merchant is found in a thorough knowledge 
 of the business he is eugaged in and reliability in filling orders according to contract. 154. 
 
 R U C'TTER. 
 
1288. Harp^r'5-:-/r\a6azi9^. issa. 
 
 HARPER'S MAGAZINE, representing the best current literature and art, and beingin the most effective way an 
 exposition of the world's progress in every department of activity, is indispensable to all intelligent readers. 
 The co-operation with the most eminent American and European writers of such artists as Abbey, ReinharT, 
 Parsons, Boughtox, Frost, Pyle, Du Maurier, Millet, Dielman, Church, Gibson, Thulstrup, Pennell, 
 ZoGBAUM, Rogers, Snyder, Graham, Macbeth, Barnard, Dukz, Merson, Raffaeli, and Kaufmann produces 
 a magazine as beautiful, brilliant, and varied as the literary and artistic resources of the time render possible. 
 
 The publishers of the IMagazine respectfully invite public attention to a few of its principal attractions for the 
 coming year. ^ 
 
 In descriptive articles American subjects will, as heretofore, be especially pi omiuent ; and in this field particular 
 attention will be given to 
 
 KENTUCKY, AND THC GREAT CENTRAL STATES OP THE WEST 
 
 In contriliutions from our most brilliant writers, effectively illustrated, treating of Western Humor, Social Life, Educa- 
 tioual Institutions, Journalistic Enterprise, Industry, and Commerce. As a part of this scheme, articles upon individ- 
 ual States will be prepared by distinguished Western writers, and illustrated by portraits of the most eminent men 
 associated with the progress and fortunes of these commonwealths. 
 Descriptive papers, superbly illustrated, on 
 
 NORWAY, SWITZERLAND, ALGIERS, AND THE WEST INDIES, 
 
 Will be contributed by BjornstjErnE Bjornson, W. D. HowELLS, F. A. Bridgman, and Lafcadio Hearn. In 
 addition to these there will be papers on Scotland, picturesquely illustrated by Joseph Pennell ; "A Gypsy Fair in 
 Surrey," by Anstey Guthrie, illustrated by F. Barnard ; "A Ramble in Kent," by Dr. Benjamin E. Martin, 
 illustrated ; "London as a Literary Center," by R. R. BowkER, illustrated by portraits ; "Socialism in London," by M. 
 RoSNEY, illustrated by F. Barnard; "St. Andrews," by Andrew Lang, illustrated ; important papers by Theodore 
 Child, on characteristic phases of Parisian Life and Art, fully illustrated ; a brilliant paper by M. Coouelin on "French 
 Dramatic Writers and How to Act them," illustrated ; and other interesting contributions. 
 
 Another special feature of the Magazine will be the appearance from time to time of important papers on the 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION OP INDUSTRY 
 
 In America and in the various countries of Europe. The series of illustrated papers on "Great .\merican Industries" 
 will be continued. 
 
 NEW NOVELS. 
 
 In the January Number will be begun a new novel, entitled "In Far Lochaber," by William Black, and in an 
 early Number a new novel by William Dean Howells. The January Number will contain a novelette entitled 
 "Virginia of Virginia," by Amelie Rives, and in the course of the year will appear a novelette by Lafcadio Hearn, 
 entitled "Chita," a Legend of Lost Island ; also short stories by Miss WooLSON (with an Italian background) and 
 Henry J.\MES. 
 
 PAPERS ON ART SUBJECTS 
 
 Will be given, each Number of the Magazine containing a special contribution of this kind, effectively illustrated. 
 
 THE EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 The Easy Chair, contributed by George William Curtis, and Mr. Howells' Sludy. furnish a monthly com- 
 ment on Society and Literature which has no counterpart in any other publication. The Drawer \s conducted by Mr. 
 Charles Dudley Warner, and Mr. Laurf.nce Hutton will continue his Literary Notes. 
 
 Many of the illustrations in this book are from the pages of Harper's Magazine. 
 
**v\»~ 
 
 I N D EX - — -s^ 
 
 To Prominent Commercial and Manufacturing Interests in Louisville. 
 
 ^,„,, ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. 
 
 FIRM. 
 
 An^'lo-Nevada Assurance Corporation Julius \V. Beilstein 102 
 
 XstoHa Veneer Mills and Luniber Company \V H. WUhams and v.ew ol the mills 1.7 
 
 Avery B F. & Sons, Plow Manufacturers b. L. Averv and W . H Loen 84-85 
 
 timbirger.Bloom & Co Jnlms Bamberger and Levi Bloom 92 
 
 ■,,■ I ] r n <!■ Cn C. C. Bickel 7/ 
 
 n"^ n V ri'iwtr'nmnfl.iv' ' Janies C. Gilbert 112 
 
 Bradley & Gilbert Company J t,- tt i,,;„„ ,„a 
 
 T, 1 1 fr. i»„,„,„o.-,.ial ^.rpiirv Charles I-. Huuhne lob 
 
 ^r:SMor^^:r'cSa"y: ?"^'^^ 'iTt^l^hina^^^ Ill 
 
 Buchanan & Brother James and John \\ Buchanan 149 
 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Route ^^eneral John Echols 97 
 
 Cornwall & Brother ^^ '"' ^T ' t=^ 
 
 7^ Tj D R. B. Cotter 154 
 
 t^^otter, K.. c. . . ■ . . • . W. N. Haldeman, Henrv Watterson, and building . iio-i 1 1 
 
 Couner-Tournal Company t ■ t> tn • 1 1 ; .- e* 
 
 Courier-Journal Jol) Printing Company Louis T Davidson and August Mraus 139 
 
 Crab Orchard Springs Complmy ^'!ews of hotels and surroundings 146 
 
 De Pauw's American Plate Glass Works \V. C. DePauw 24 
 
 Dietz, Geo. H. & Co George H Diet.. 21 
 
 Doer^, J. Henry T H^'JO' ^»^'^' ^5° 
 
 Duncan's Monthly Magazine John Duncan • • • • "5 
 
 n„p^„t i^' rn 'q P-mer Mills View of the paper mills 140 
 
 2n '. tT t '^ . . . John T. Moore, Mai. \Vm. Tillman, and bank interior. . 89 
 
 Falls Citv Bank J ,,, ,^ ,,2 
 
 Falls City Lithographing Company Charles \V. German .. . 36 
 
 Farmers'-and Drovers' Bank James G Caldwell and J. \\ . Nichols 131 
 
 Five Brothers Tobacco Works John and Nicholas Pmzer 38 
 
 Fireworks Amphitheater Janies 1. Camp and view oi seats 120 
 
 German Insurance Bank F. R.edhar and J. J. Fischer • • • • ■ 73 
 
 German Security Bank, and Insurance Company John II. Detchen and James S. Barret 116 
 
 Glenview Stock Farm Company J°'^" fr S"'^"' ,"t 
 
 Graham, S. P | ?. ^"-'^l''"" 'f^ 
 
 Hess, Mayer & Co f„ ^.f^^,,.; 93 
 
 Kite, W.W. &Co p -w'T ,; f, 
 
 Home & Farm Publishing Company ^ ,7u ^. " " ' ' ,\v VV " f' ,,i 
 
 Kentucky & Indiana Bridge Bennett H. \ounga.Hn\ . T. Grant . • ■ ■ • ■ • ' ■ ''^^ 
 
 Kentucky Malting Company E. \\ . Herinann J. H. Pank, and view of budding . . 74 
 
 Kentucky Mutual Security Fund Company Judge \\ B. Hoke 96 
 
 Kentucky National Bank Jf'"^s M- I'etter 30 
 
 Kentucky Public Elevator Company '' " " w ij,' 'i 1' ', I?^ 
 
 Land and Building Companies "^'f , i « n ' V ^^T,^ k^r^^^ ' ,?, 
 
 T nM,<;ville ^nzeitrer "^^ '^^ Schuhnianii, M. Boriitraeger, and H. S. Cohn . . 141 
 
 i.ouis\i e t^"'-^'p<^^ r;„;„o,^ Theodore Harris, John H. Leathers, and Bull Block . . 122 
 
 Louisville Banking Company o» t 1 t^ 1 1 u u t ■*. n 
 
 r 11 n:t D.,;i„.o,. n^iTinoTi,- St. John Boyle and H. H. Littell 104 
 
 Louisville City Railway Compau\ ^1 tt ^-i n- 11- r ■ 1 itr i-. r>i 1 «o 
 
 T ■1, n • 1 Chas. H. Gibson, \\ alter Irwm, and W. F. Black . ... 78 
 
 Louisville Bridge ":; „ _ ' ,' 
 
 Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad George F. Evans 152 
 
 Louisville Fair Company Interior view ..... 75 
 
 r^^^;ll:^i^y'^^;/' • • ■ • : ic^:;.: ^le^^all^ ::::::::::: :;t 
 
 ^ouS^vulllwl^S'AcLlem; ! ! ! ! ' ! ! ! ! ! : 1 • • .Ocd.nelR..,^rtD. Allen and the academy 126 
 
 Louisville Public Warehonse Company ^^ illiani G. Coldew-ey and bin ding 151 
 
 Louisville Safety Vault and Trust Company H. \ . Loving and Robert Cochran 79 
 
 Louisville Southern Railroad Major J. W Sti.ie . ••;■•■■ ;>9 
 
 I ouisville Times Emmet G. Logan and John A, Haldeman 103 
 
 LorisviUe Water Coiimanv Viexvs of the pumping station and reservoirs . . . 134-135 
 
 Long .i. Brother Manufacturing Company Charles R. Long and cut of chairs^ ..... . loo-joi 
 
 Lon|, Dennis & Company '. Dennis Long and birdseye view of the foundry .... 125 
 
 Masonic Sayings Bank Jacob Kreiger, Sr .. . ■ ■ 123 
 
 Maurv, Mason— Architect Mason Maury and Keiiyon building 147 
 
 McFerran, Shallcross & Co The building • • • • • • • • • ; '=9 
 
 Meddis Sonthwick & Cn S. S. Meddis and Charles Southwick 9° 
 
 Merchants' National Baiik of Louisville J- H. Lindenberger I44 
 
 Muldoon, M. & Co M. Muldoon 1,2/ 
 
 Murrell, Cabell & Co H. C. Murrell 88 
 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company of Kentucky Charles D. Jacob 00 
 
 National Collecting Company . ■ Guy C. Sibley . . . . . ... ^ • • ■ • 94 
 
 Ohio Valley Telephone Company J. B. Speed, Jas. Clark, and H NGifford . ...... 72 
 
 People's Mutual .\ssurance Fund Judge William L. Jackson and Ed N. Caldwell .... 137 
 
 Piatt, N. Sid N. Sid Piatt '53 
 
 Presbyterian Mutual Assurance Fund W'. J. Wilson ,' ' ' • '0'°^ 
 
 Quartermaster's Department, U. S. A., Jeffersonville, Ind. . . Rufus Saxton, Addison Barrett, and two views . . . 98-99 
 
 Southern Exposition Major J. M. Wright and the building 87 
 
 Sawyer, J. W J. W. Sawyer i54 
 
 Shuihafer, Simon Simon Shulhafer /O 
 
 • Sherlev, T. H. & Co T. H. Sherley f'S 
 
 Stratton, Johu A. & Co -John A. Stratton and N. L. Varble 91 
 
 Standard Oil Company The office building . . 132 
 
 Truth . '. Benjamin H. Ridgely and Isaac Dmkelspiel 128 
 
 Turner, Day & Woolwortli Jlanufacturing Companv .... View of the buildings 142 
 
 Weissinger's Tobacco Factory ....'.....' Harry Weissinger 107 
 
 Western Bank and Western insurance Company A. F. Coldewey MS 
 
 Western Cement Association R- A. RoVjinson 95 
 
 Winter, J., Jr., & Co Julius Winter, Jr 133 
 

 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 571 987 2 :- •] 
 
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