^^ luwuiauajJB i IISTOIOr OF /lARYLAN PAS SANO (•H»Wi»awKA :.iJW3»KiS«u,iBai»i«*-WBfcnp^^^^ t GEORGE CALVERT. From a pastel />oriri THE ^1 A R Y L A N D C A Z E. T T E, ,^ CQtitmii'wg the fufJxj} Advtca Foreign and Dotnejiiu ; Fridai, May 14, 1745. oiMVfz <«oo 01 s&mr tsitetmm If E«l el Ch^erfeM «»I(K7«I, t mx-of the LqvAs d ifee !Wca i^mlily of tHt Swev (,»«aer»l i who (. «•* ^e>^ «« w ( « o tha: ba-i «T vimftsiKU on liKor 8en«Jf, ani »i tgB ibim as AroWCwiw Ettr.iwtlMwr)' a&i Pl^npotejtJitfy tfa>JCWofG*«t. Bn!»OT, wd tittt im Eleaotal Htsbneh ku. akm t^pon ium iIk ' *5. I'beTEarf of Ch*fterfe-id ©xtfer* frttjuestly wtti *aiat and Uctwnfj »f 'kc ^ishr , bat mil ooi ha c Ju» AucBieio: Hii til R«!Brn < I tic v-ourwr he S«i a^wcci fm^ .V.P H..* M-^im-fCm -o aatat Into all tt* Mfifurei ti* '^ o It I- V. ur ^T ,1 nr,- fjr tie fepfnrt of ftw taowHrn vlM fiml li. very dtffi -ak to « .Eg ' lie pm..ipal Mcabc-. 'rf' lie u CTtat i^Vusaa fo^j fty4t7 "^ -wafiilv tffpo-i^ H^T Ca.iiw« it* t!w Court of MiJrKi fat* 1 i; Ehitkv o) Tokaii) i ti>l tjar*. C v*im Gag; iw makiug t • •> <.2t nj Lejhofo TJttr lu« rn. t u U-a I" -i.]t-i fremia* l-Ky, anJ ihat he lUi tn, Jbitb^'' a» ("il ntn • m i; Uoc), open Truvbn. T\9 -tv Kittra atlJ tint rf? Kiw nri«.i„„ ,vi &i imtaumihr •or ;•»« f igbr;> J<^<.u— « o4 foot, ^bict , PsrL fjr Hot 4- Nr* uf tie D«iri> ol tV Ctajpator has fontad 3 gencrii v.aaon tii«rr ; *o ranee. At a Titir wHcn itiat Njcjr imie gum vaJ^)^^^ Tt fiatttr'ti itidA aa-wi-n 3 It^r TiingK fiat ill* Trix^ aS'fxM^xai hrt \,lr^ ^ouki, i«c &^t>^ tuvrr ex<*(Xkd litttfe of tfip Qa^3 of Hun^-ty a&d k^t A&n i», Sxo-- Man. Ttc)aiiicLr«x!«id,t)>ati:«*ttiu(M>4. mg the j^.ioil ^{fiik that a-aj pj- upm VJittan 10 I'otKr, di« i^mt ye-if aa» wttitfait fbaie Apprx^oifioiu of a ia^ctaie Acco- Htodatttw between Oreat Bntato and bjpaia /f«^iK» f»* g tlie Stalls li»v» c«fe)»wi to fi»J Otdeta t» 1 8 Samiioiw, tA ma/fSi f'Si'hiwti mto tie Nttherlalllti, fcr Ae ptot#ooaJ Seratoy «£^t. K-i^mn, trt tia tooiWd Atmjr Ota he aiU.mhhA and fe>i'rBcd thta* be- Tofen ligpma kmw^ b«x J^ Nigit firom B«(ftL R* 12 Tie other I!»5 t ha4 forae CoBferwicei *irb tite l>t^: dapaniiiet! C nierB 10 i3 gsltalofia ol rta.»ta3 T-«^ to a.; imaKdxtcij to hamar. Th »y, Moaj, ctajjao;-,^^* dcna/de» Matiite*. &R£t Sn^Ieh , aw! i^ tW la^ar t^utMd- d*t» to *a offacr fi«ja*ioti^, ai3^t>a4f o*n, B» awo tit teivKL ni Kcadioeift *" joatH maarfe»ife> fiamten,, tdDCdfooePemkiM i*^t«y . iKitn b> aa pJa? THE MARYLAND GAZETTE OF FRIDAY, MAY 24,1745. From the origifial paper in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. 52 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. There was still danger in the West from the Indians, and the Assembly at length voted ;^4o,ooo for defense ; but even in doing it they managed to put in something to the disad- vantage of Lord Baltimore. He, as the Proprietor of the colony, received from every one who owned land a small OLD FORT FREDERICK, IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. " quit-rent," as it was called, a small sum of money, and of course paid no rent to himself for lands which he still held as his own. When the Assembly voted the ;;^4o,ooo they laid a tax on land to raise part of the money and wished Lord Baltimore to pay the tax on all of his land that had not been granted to some one else. The amount he would have had to pay was not very large, but Frederick Calvert* * Frederick Calvert was succeeded as Proprietor of Maryland by his natural son, Henry Harford. There were thus six Lords Proprietary of Maryland: 1632, Cecilius Calvert; 1675, Charles Calvert; 1715, Bene- dict Leonard Calvert; 171 5, Charles Calvert; 1751, Frederick Calvert; 1 77 1, Henry Harford. The first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, was not a Proprietor, and the last Proprietor, Henry Harford, was not a Lord Baltimore. TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 53 thought only of getting out of his colony all the money he could. We may feel sure that if George or Cecilius had been the Proprietor at that time, he would have given of his own free will much more than the Assembly had to force from Frederick. Surely the Proprietor ought to have been willing to share in the expense of defending his colony ; but on the other hand, the Assembly was more in the wrong to run the risk of having innocent men, not to say women and children, killed and tortured, by refusing to pass a straight- forward Act to raise money for their defense. In the end Lord Baltimore, through Governor Sharpe, had to yield, and several matters concerning taxation that had made dissension between the Assembly and the Proprietor were decided in favor of the former. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Relations of Proprietor, Colonists and Crown. A. Proprietor and Colonists. 1. Catholic colonists, generally, favored the proprietary govern- ment. 2. Many of the Protestants desired a royal government. 3. How many of the settlers were Catholics ? How many Protestants ? 4. How were the higher offices filled .'' 5. Who represented the people ? 6. The Governor neglects to summon Delegates ; why was this wrong ? B. Colonists and Crown. 1. What was the Navigation Act ? 2. What was it intended to accomplish, and what did it actually do? 3. The reasons of its failure. 4. Bacon's rebellion and its influence on Maryland. C. Proprietor atid Crown. I, Customs taxes were paid to the Crown, all other taxes to the Proprietor. 54 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. I. Relations of PRorRiExoR, Colonists and Crown {coHtimied), 2. Friction in collecting the customs duties, 3. Tell about George Talbot. II. The Revolution of 16S9. 1. Did Lord Baltimore refuse to proclaim William and Mary.-* 2. There -was no Jacobite plot in Maryland. 3. So many of these plots elsewhere that the suspicion was natural. 4. Who was John Coode ? Name some of his associates. 5. Describe briefly the Revolution of 1689. in. ]\L\RYLAND A ROYAL CoLONY. 1 69 1 -I 7 I 5. A. Changes ?nade in the Gcn'erufnent. 1. The Proprietor no longer had any part in the go\ ernnient. 2. But still received all land rents and the tax on exported tobacco. 3. All other taxes paid to the Crown, 4. All otificers appointed by the Crown. 5. All laws submitted to the Crown for approval. B, Effect 071 the Condition of the Colonists. 1. The poll tax to support the Church of England. 2. Immigration of Catholics forbidden. 3. Catholics already in the colony not allowed to worship in public or in private, nor to have schools or to educate their children abroad. 4. Severity of the penalties against Catholics. 5. Compare this with the condition of the Protestants under the I'roprietary government. 6. The capital of the colony transferred to Annapolis. IV. The Proprietary' Government Restored. 1. The fourth Lord Baltimore becomes a Protestant, 2. The condition of the Catholics made easier. 3. Proprietary government continues until the American Revo- lution. 4. Name the six Lords Baltimore and the six Lords Proprietary. V. The French and Indian War. 1 . Served to unite the colonies and prepare them for independence. 2. Compare the population in 1756 with that in 1634. TO THE BEGINNING OE THE REVOLUTION. 55 V. The French and Indian War {continned). 3. How many were enrolled in the militia? How many armed and equipped ? 4. Was the number of soldiers, in proportion to the population, greater or less than in our days ? Is there any reason for the change ? 5. The lack of defenses. 6. In what part of Maryland did Indian raids occur? 7. Why not in all parts of the colony alike ? 8. Whose was the fault that the colony was not properly defended ? MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. When disagreements arise in these days as to the government, how are they settled ? Is there a poll tax in Maryland now ? Do you know of any State in which there is one ? Tell about the first free school in Maryland. Compare the population of Maryland in 1756 with that of 1900. Who were the Jacobites? What law is there concerning the eligibility of clergymen as Delegates to the General Assembly of Maryland? What led to its passage? Do you know of any forts in the State at present ? CHAPTER V. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD. Absence of Indian Wars. We have seen that the first colonists bought tiie site of St. Mary's from the Indians, who already had a village there. These Indians belonged to the Pascataway tribes and were always friendly to the whites. At the head of Chesapeake Bay lived a more war- like nation, the Susquehannoughs, and in the East the Nanticokes. With these, as well as with the peaceful Pas- cataways, there was very little serious trouble beyond the occasional murder of a poor settler living on the outskirts, or his wife and children. There were no long and bloody wars such as were fought in other colonies, and this was largely due to the fairness with which the Indians were always treated. One of the Governors and his high officers even took part in the election of an Indian " emperor," the successor of Uttapoingassinem ; and some twenty years before another emperor, his queen, and his little son had been baptized. Afterwards this emperor and empress were married according to the Christian rites. The Pascataways seem to have died out gradually, while the Susquehannoughs Avere so weakened by attacks of smallpox and wars with their fierce neighbors to the North, the Senecas and Cayu- gas, that they at last fled southward into Virginia. In their flight they were pursued by their enemies, the Senecas, who, while on the warpath did some damage to the plantations of the whites. The blame for this was laid on the Susque- hannoughs, and in punishment their chiefs were massacred 56 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 57 by the Virginia militia. The small remnant of the tribe re- turned to their old home on the Susquehanna River, and submitted to their Indian enemies. They lived on for about a hundred years, until, in 1763, the few remaining were massacred by the whites in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Scattered Settlements. The peacefulness of the Indians had much to do with the way in which Maryland was set- LAYING OUT OF BALTIMORE TOWN. tied. In New England, where the Indians might make an attack at almost any moment, the settlers naturally kept close together in towns and villages, where they could take refuge in a fort or block-house and defend themselves ; but in Maryland, where there was no need of this defense, they spread themselves out over the country, each family living on its own farm or plantation remote from the others. Even 58 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. St. Mary's, where the courts were held and pubUc business attended to, never had more than sixty houses, and these were scattered for five miles along the shore. Early Towns. For the first ninety years St. Mary's and Annapolis were the only real towns. Then came Joppa, on the Gunpowder River, which flourished after a fashion for fifty years, only to die away as its trade passed into the hands of the town of Baltimore. Before the present Balti- more was founded, two other towns of that name had ap- peared, or rather had been made on paper and staked out, one* on the Bush River in Baltimore County in 1683, and another in Dorchester County. In the year 1729, the Assembly passed a law giving the planters near the Patapsco permission to buy land on that river to make a port for their vessels. Baltimore Founded, 1730. The site of the town was first surveyed in 1730. Sixty acres of land were bought of Charles and Daniel Carroll for forty shillings an acre. The town at the end of twenty years had only about twenty houses and one hundred inhabitants, but by the end of the Revolution it had grown to be a beautiful town. Market street, lined with houses brightly colored in blue, white and blue, or yellow, was the longest, gayest, and most beautiful street of any city in the country. Annapolis the Chief Town. For many years Annapolis was the chief town. It was small, but was beautifully laid out, and although originally a Puritan settlement, it became, in course of time, a centre of gayety. Balls were given, race meets were held, and the homes of the wealthy planters, such as the Carrolls, the Pacas, and others, were noted for their hospitality. In this town was published the first news- * There is still a boat landing on the Bush River called " Old Balti- more." This landing seems to float up and down the river. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 69 •^ 60 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 61 paper in the colony, the Gazette, begun in 1727; and here was estabUshed also the earliest theatre, whose first play- bill appeared in the Gazette of July 2, 1752. The town was famous for its beautiful women, a fame which it has shared with the rest of the State. Chesapeake Bay the Great Highway. The friendliness of the Indians was not the only, nor perhaps the chief, reason i ' A ^k ^S i ^2 : ''"^=^^=^'==^r-m||^'^ % M ! 3 ii If If % \ ^ mpMn ^^^jl Itaft. "^^BBHP 9 . '^HH M STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS. for the lack of towns in Maryland. Chesapeake Bay, with its rivers, creeks, and inlets, had probably more to do with the slow growth of towns than any other cause. The planters and farmers in their canoes, or pungies, could travel about easily and quickly from place to place, and could thus talk business or pleasure at each other's homes instead of at the town. Almost every plantation lay along the water and 62 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. had its own " landing " or wharf. To these landings the tobacco and other things grown were taken, and there the vessels came from England or the other colonies to unload goods and take in cargo. Horses were plentiful, too ; every- body rode, and communication on land was easy by paths and bridle-tracks, but there were very few carriages and FIRST COURT HOUSE IN BALTIMORE. Fyoui an old pri)it in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. almost no roads. Rolling-roads w^ere a feature of both Maryland and Virginia. They w^ere narrow roads cut through the forest and leading to some river or the Bay shore. A hogshead of tobacco would be fitted wdth axle and shafts, the cart thus formed would be drawn down one of these roads, and the hogshead would be put aboard a ship bound to England or Holland. The first post route in the State was established in 1695. It ran from the Potomac, through Annapolis, to Philadelphia, and over it the mails were car- ried eight times a year. Most of the Colonists Farmers. Almost every colonist was THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 63 a farmer. There were a few who had manors of 2,000 to 20,000 acres; others with plantations of as much as 1,000 acres; and many more with homesteads of 50 to 100 acres each. Old Maryland Manors. You have all probably seen some old place in the country, which is called "the Manor " ; and these places are, for the most part, the remains of the old Maryland manors. When Lord Baltimore granted to any one a large estate of 2,000 acres or more, he made the estate a manor; that is, the estate became a sort of little state within the lar- ger State of Mary- um v\1 land ; and its owner, together with the freeman on it, passed by-laws and held law courts to punish thieves, poachers, and other evil-doers. " In the life upon these man- ors there was a kind of patriarchal com- pleteness ; each was a little world in itself. There was the great house with its generous dining-hall, its paneled wainscoat, and its family portraits ; there was the chapel, with the graves of the lord's family beneath its pavement and the graves of common folk out in the churchyard; there were the smoke-houses, and the cabins of negro slaves; and here and there one might come upon the dwellings of white freehold tenants, with ample land about them held on leases of one-and-twenty years. In estab- lishing these manors, Lord Baltimore hiid an eye to the TOBACCO HOGSHEAD, READV FOR ROLLING. From viodel ht the National I\fuscii}n at Washington. 64 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. military defense of his colony. It was enacted in 1641 that the grant of a manor should be the reward for every settler who should bring with him from England twenty able-bodied men, each armed with a musket, a sword and belt, a bandelier and flask, ten pounds of powder, and forty pounds of bullet and shot."* Any one of the first lot of THE RIDGELY HOMESTEAD, HAMPTON, BALTIMORE COUNTY. colonists who brought over five men, received two thousand acres of land for which he paid a rent of four hundred pounds of wheat per year; one who came between 1634 and 1635, and brought over ten men, received the same number of acres at a rent of six hundred pounds of wheat ; those who came later or brought fewer men, received proportionately smaller * Fiske, " Old Virginia and Her Neighbours," vol. ii, p. 147. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 65 lots of land. These manors continued for some time until the wealthy planters began to own large numbers of slaves, when they found they could make their estates pay better by working the whole of them with slaves than they could by renting separate farms to free white men. Thus, the manors gradually lost their meaning and are now left only in name. Universal Hospitality. Whether the farm were large or small, the life on it was much the same. The colonists visited and entertained each other ; and if a stranger came into the country, from England, let us say, he could hardly get away again, they were so glad to have him, to hear from him the news of what was happening in the Old World. Hospitality was so widespread that even an inn-keeper had to notify his guests if he intended to charge them for what he served ; otherwise he could not collect his bill. Here is the way a cer- tain Ebenezer Cook, a tobacco buyer, or as he calls himself a "sot-weed factor," describes his visit to Maryland in 1700 : " So after hearty Entertainment Of Drink and Victuals without payment ; For Planters' Tables, you must know, Are free for all that come and go. While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoarM- In Wooden Dishes grac'd the Board; With Ilomine and Syder-pap, (Which scarce a hungry dog would lap) Well stuff'd with Fat from Bacon fry\l, Or with Mollossus dulcify'd. Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch As greasy as the Leather Couch On which he sat, and straight begun To load with Weed his Indian Gun. His Pipe smoak'd out, with aweful Grace, 66 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The reverend Sire walks to a Chest ; From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum." Mr. Cook doesn't seem to have enjoyed his supper of corn-pone and hominy, but in the morning " I did to Planter's Booth repair, And there at Breakfast nobly Fare On rashier broil'd of infant Bear : I thought the Cub delicious Meat, Which ne'er did ought but Chesnuts eat." He had had very Httle rest the night before ; for, as he says, " Not yet from Plagues exempted quite, The Curst Muskitoes did me bite." He found the settlers more than a match for him in business dealings, and altogether had a great deal to com- plain of. The Houses and their Furniture. The houses were for the most part small and built of logs, but some belonging to the rich planters were built of brick. The log cabins were often fastened together with wooden pegs, as nails, like everything else made of iron, were costly. Sometimes a man, when he removed to a new neighborhood, would burn down his log house in order to gather up the iron nails from the ashes. Door hinges were made of leather. As the col- ony became more thickly settled and saw-mills more common, houses were made of boards ; until finally noble residences, such as Doughoregan Manor, the home of the Carrolls, and Wye Hall, the home of the Pacas, were built. Their furniture, what little they had, was mostly imported. Some of the richer folk had a small supply of silver tankards, salt-cellars, candle-sticks, and spoons, but rarely forks until THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 67 later. Forks were first brought to America in 1633. In that year Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts, received one. Pewter was much more common than silver, and the poor people used wooden trenchers (fiat bowls) and wooden spoons. China was not common, and glass was rare. The first lights used were pine-knots of the pitch-pine ; later, candles were made of tallow, wax, and the " candle- CARROLL MANSION, AT CARROLL PARK, BALTIMORE. berry " or bay-berry. Lamps of pewter and of glass, burn- ing whale oil, were sometimes used. As a matter of course, the fuel used was wood. Great logs burned in vast fire- places at first, .but as the forests were gradually cleared, the size of both log and fireplace was much reduced. In the kitchen a bar of wood or iron stretched across the fireplace, and from it hung chains and pot-hooks of various lengths 68 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. with big and little pots and kettles of iron or brass. Kettles, gridirons and skillets had long legs to keep them from sink- ing too deep in the hot coals ; while toasting-forks, waffle- irons, and such implements had very long handles so that one cooking might not be too near the blazing heat. Baking was done in bake-kettles, which stood in the hot ashes ; in WARWICK FORT MANOR HOUSE, SECRETARY CREEK, DORCHESTER COUNTY. Dutch ovens, which were metal boxes open on one side, and placed wath the opening toward the fire ; or, more com- monly, in the brick oven. This last was a sort of little fire- place built alongside of the great one. It was filled with wood which burned until the bricks were thoroughly heated ; then the ashes were raked out and the oven was ready for THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 69 In some houses were found libraries, and, on many es- tates, packs of hounds ; for fox-hunting was a favorite amuse- ment. The runs were often very long, and if a hunter found himself too far away from home at nightfall, he would go to the nearest planter's house, where everybody would dance, play cards, drink punch, and have a jolly time for the rest of the night. There were other sports : horse-races were held at five or six places, there were frequent bull-baitings, and cock-fighting went on very nearly all the time. DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, HOV>^ARD COUNTY. ONE OF THE CARROLL MANSIONS. Abundance of Game. There was game in plenty ; deer^ bears, wolves, wild turkeys weighing thirty or forty pounds, and ducks and other water-fowl by the thousand. It is re- lated that Captain John Smith and two companions, firing together, one shot apiece, killed one hundred and forty-eight ducks. Flocks of ducks a m ile wide and seven miles long floated on the waters of the Chesapeake. Curiouslv enough. 70 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. we do not read of the early settlers eating crabs and terrapin, but they learned before long to appreciate the latter. Once some of them complained that when their supply of corn was cut off they were compelled to eat oysters. Some of these oysters and crabs were twelve inches long, but large shell- fish were not confined to the waters of Maryland ; for it is reported that lobsters six feet long were caught at New York. TOBACCO FIELD IN ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. Fish abounded, and it is said that horses in crossing a stream would tread on them and kill them. Tobacco the Chief Product — Used as Money. On the farms they raised wheat, corn and various fruits and vegetables, but principally tobacco. Everyone grew tobacco, even to the neglect of other things and other occupations. One reason for this was that tobacco was used as money. A horse was worth, not so many dollars or pounds sterling, but THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 71 so many hundred pounds of tobacco ; wages, rents, taxes, everything was paid in tobacco. A man would say to him- self, " I will raise a big crop of tobacco and so shall be rich and able to buy many things that I want ; " but the trouble was that everyone else said and did the same, and tobacco would then be so plentiful that a thing which used to be worth one hundred pounds of tobacco would be worth two hun- dred or three hundred pounds. It is of no advantage to earn twice as much as we used to earn if all we buy costs three WhIS IftdentedBILL] of EIGHT DOLLARS, (hall entitle th.[ ^Bearer hereof to receive Bills of Ex otis. newspaper one penny. * See ante, p. 43. to THE TIME OF INDETENDENC] 81 as those laid by our own government in 1898 requiring a two-cent stamp on every bank cheque, a one-cent stamp on every telegram, and so on. But with this difference : we recognize the present stamp taxes to be laid on us by our own representatives for the expenses of our ow^n government ; while the colonists in 1765 looked upon their stamp taxes as THE PEGGY STEWART HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS. laid by others than themselves for the benefit of the British government, and not for their own good. It was " taxation without representation." No Stamped Paper Allowed to be Sold. Zachariah Hood, a Marylander, brought a lot of the stamped paper from Eng- land and was appointed the officer to sell it in the colony. When he arrived, however, the people w^ould not permit any of the paper to be sold, but shipped it back in another ves- sel. In Baltimore, Annapolis, and other towns, effigies of 82 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Hood were hauled in carts, a halter around the neck, were tarred and feathered, whipped and hanged. His house in Annapolis was torn down, and he had to make his escape to New York to put himself under the protection of General Gage. Even there he was compelled to resign his office and promise never again to try to sell the stamps. Sons of Liberty. All classes of the people joined in the opposition. Daniel Dulany, of Annapolis, who was then one of the foremost lawyers of America, published a book arguing that the Stamp Act was entirely illegal. Societies called Sons of Liberty were formed in the various colonies to oppose the Act, and in Maryland they compelled the courts to transact all business without stamped paper. The Maryland Gazette on Oct. lo was put into mourning, with a skull and cross-bones in the place where the stamp should have gone. The Assembly also acted, and appointed three delegates, Edward Tilghman, William Murdock and Thomas Ringgold, to the Congress held in New York, through which the colonies petitioned the King and Parliament to remove the stamp taxes. Non-Importation Societies Formed. So much opposition at length compelled Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, but almost immediately it laid a new tax on tea and many other articles of import. All the colonies opposed these new taxes as strongly as they did the Stamp Act ; and Maryland joined the others in the agreement not to use any tea, or any other articles on which taxes were laid, until the tax was removed. Gentlemen even wore home-spun clothes instead of the silks and fine stuffs they had been accustomed to. This agree- ment Maryland kept until the war began, although the other colonies had by that time abandoned it. The Act of Parliament taxing tea was passed in 1767, and from that date onto 1774 the intense feehng of opposition TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 83 to all taxes without the consent of the people had grown with such rapid strides all over the colony, and particularly in the section of upper and middle Howard and Montgomery Counties, that it was " Liberty or Death," instead of " No taxation without representation," that was discussed in the Whig Club of that section. Major Charles Alexander Warfield, of Bushy Park, was the president of that club and the first man to propose a separation from the mother country. His father, when warned by Mr. Car- roll that such rash words might bring him trouble, re- plied : " My son knows what he is saying,'and I agree with him." The Peggy Stewart and her Cargo of Tea, October 19, 1774. Nevertheless, some merchants in the colony attempted to evade the non-importation agreement. On October 15, 1774, the brig Peggy Stewart, with a cargo of tea for Williams & Co., entered the harbor of Annapolis, and the owner of the vessel, Mr. Anthony Stew^art, a member of the non-importation society, paid the duty. This so incensed the people of Anne Arundel County that some of the more violent among them proposed to tar and feather Mr. Stewart, although he had already iDublicly apologized and confessed that he had done wrong. He and Joseph and James Wil- liams, the owners of the tea, signed a paper acknowledging that they had insulted the people of the colony by their con- duct and promising not only never to repeat the offense but also to burn all the seventeen packages of tea. This, how- ever, was not enough to satisfy the people. Major Warfield called the members of his club around him and, mounting their horses, they rode to Annapolis. They wore these words on their hats, "Liberty or Death." They rode in broad daylight with no disguises, through the country from the uplands of what are now Howard and Montgomery 84 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Counties, down through the lowlands of Anne Arundel into Annapolis, and to the front of the residence of Mr. Stewart. Captain Hobbs, who was one of the party, has handed down the account of Major Warfield's actions and words. " Draw- ing them in line before the house he called on Mr. Stewart to accept one of two propositions : ' You must either go with me and apply the torch to your own vessel or hang before your own door.' " His manner of expression, though courteous, carried the conviction that it would be safer to accept the former alternative. Accordingly, on October 19, four days after her arrival, the Peggy Stewart was run aground on Wind- mill Point where Stewart himself set fire to her, and she with her cargo was burned to the water's edge. ]M a j o r War field stood beside Mr. Stewart when he applied the torch. The Colonies Begin to Unite. Almost a year be- fore this in Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston, cargoes of tea had been either destroyed or returned to England. King George III. and his ministers were enraged at these doings of the colonies, and looking upon Boston as a " hot-bed of rebellion," determined to make an example of that city. They thought the other colonies would not come to the aid of Massachusetts, and that she woul4 be afraid alone to offer CHARLES ALEXANDER WARFIELD. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 85 BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART. From a painting by Frank B. 3Iayer, in the State House at A)i7iapolis. 86 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. resistance. Early in tlie year 1774, therefore, Parliament passed an Act annulling the charter of Massachusetts and closing the port of Boston. The port of Boston was closed on June i, and on June 22 a convention of delegates from every county of Maryland was held at Annapolis. The convention passed resolutions denouncing the action of Parliament and express- ing sympathy for Bos- ton. Subscriptions were taken up throughout the colony, and ship- loads of corn, rye-bread, and other supplies were sent to relieve the poor of Boston. The people every- where had begun to collect arms and ammu- nition ; not only to fight for themselves, but to help Boston, too, if it should need help. The Marylanders tho ug h t that enough talking had already been done and that the time had come for fighting. As Charles Carroll of Carrollton wrote : " And do you think that our pens are to settle this mighty question ? The people know their rights — knowledge is resistance — and our only um- pire is the God of battles ! " These men were disinterested patriots. Charles Carroll was perhaps the wealthiest man in the colonies, and if the Revolution had failed, his property CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON. From a fainting- in the State House at A njiapoUs. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 87 most likely would all have been confiscated. Committees of Correspondence had been organized in the different colo- nies to keep them in touch with one another and to form plans for better resisting the tyranny of England, and in June, 1774, the Mary- land committee had written to that of Vir- ginia proposing that a general Congress be held in Philadelphia. The colonies agreed to this, and the Congress met on September 5, in Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia. The dele- gates sent by Maryland were Robert Golds- borough, William Paca, Samuel Chase, and Matthew Tilghman. Maryland's Conser- vatism. Our State, like the other colonies, had in the early part of this struggle no idea of becoming independent of Great Britain, and SAMUEL CHASE. From a painting in the State House at A 7inapolis. was striving and ready to fight only for what she consid- ered her rights under that government. Maryland was con- servative ; that is, she wanted to keep all she had that was good until she felt sure that what was to take its place was better. Moreover, the Proprietary government had been wise and good on the whole, and Robert Eden, who was then HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Governor, had the respect and affection of everyone. There was no British army invading her shores and occupying her towns as in Massachusetts, North Carolina and Virginia, so that her desire for independence arose more from sympathy with the other colonies than from her own needs. Thus she was rather slow in join- ing the other colonies in declaring their inde- pendence. Maryland Concurs in Declaring the Independ- ence of the Colonies, June 28, 1776. At length, early in the year 1776, Samuel Chase left Con- gress and came to Mary- land, where, aided by Charles Carroll of Car- rollton, he showed the people that the time had come when they should free themselves from the rule of the mother country. A new convention was elected which, on June 28, 1776, gave its delegates in Congress power "to concur with the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the said Colonies free and independent States." Maryland was the twelfth colony formally to concur in independence, and the Declaration of Independence was signed on the part of WILLIAM PACA. From apai7iting in the State House at Aiuiapolis. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 89 Maryland by Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton. This same State Con- vention, on July 6, before it had heard of the Declaration of Independence of Congress, proclaimed the independence of Maryland. First Constitutional Convention, August 14, 1776, When Maryland declared its independ- ence of Great Britain, the Proprietary govern- ment was by that very act destroyed. Mary- land the colony no longer existed, and Maryland the State had to proceed forthwith to organize a new govern- ment for itself. On the first of August, 1776, thomas stone. delegates were elected From apauiting in the state House at A imapolis. throughout the State to a convention for the purpose of drawing up a Constitution. The convention met at Annapolis on the fourteenth of Au- gust, and elected Matthew Tilghman president. The people of Prince George's County had permitted " every taxable freeman bearing arms " to vote at the election, but the law in Maryland allowed only those owning a certain amount of property * to vote. Differences of the same kind occurred * A freehold of fifty acres or a personal estate of forty pounds sterling. 90 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. ^ s s o c I .^ T r O N T-^- M^A"^ J/J^/ i^ ^yr «^ :,y ■ ASSOCIATION OF FREEMEN. J^ro/u the Original Paper in the State House at A nnapohs. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 91 in Kent and Frederick Counties. New elections were or- dered in those places, and the delegates then chosen took their seats in the convention. Constitution and Bill of Rights Adopted, November, 1776. Early in the following November the Constitution was adopted, after being thoroughly discussed by the convention and the people. By this Constitution the Legislature of the State, called the General Assembly of Maryland, was divided into two chambers, the Senate and the House of Delegates. The chief executive of the State, the Governor, had no voice in the making of laws and had no veto power. In order to have the right to vote a man must have been a resident of the State for at least one year, must be twenty-one years of age, and must own a freehold of fifty acres in the county of his residence, or property within the State to the value of thirty pounds. By this law freemen were allowed to vote whether they were colored or white. In 1802 the prop- erty qualification was abolished, but the fran- chise was given to white persons only. The required length of residence was changed in 18 10, and the law thus modified remains in force to the present day, ex- cept that the franchise is now exercised without regard THOMAS JOHNSON. From apaifiti'ig in the State House at A nnapohs. 92 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. to color.* The House of Delegates was composed of eighty members ; four from each of the nineteen coun- ties, and two each from Annapolis and Baltimore. The Senate consisted of fifteen members, nine of whom were to be residents of the Western Shore and six of the Eastern. To be eligible as a Delegate a person must own an estate of five hundred pounds ; as a Senator, must own property of more than one thousand pounds in value. The Delegates were elected directly by the people ; the Senators indirectly through an electoral college composed of two members from each county and one from each of the cities of Annapolis and Baltimore. The Governor was elected by the Legislature on joint ballot, and could not hold oflfice for more than three years in suc- cession. To be eligible for Governor a person must be not less than twenty- five years of age, and must own in the State property of over five thousand pounds in value, of which at least one thousand pounds must be a freehold estate. The Delegates and the Governor were elected for one year, the Senators for five years. The two houses of the Legis- lature together elected each year five men as a Council to the Governor ; the tw^o houses also elected members of Congress. t Provision was also made for courts of law and for the election or appointment of minor officers. Religious freedom was assured in the Declaration of Rights. First General Assembly of the State of Maryland, February 5, 1777. The first elections under the new Constitution were held in November and December, 1776, and the first meet- ing of the General Assembly took place in the following February. Thomas Johnson was elected Governor, and was inaugurated at Annapolis on March 21 with great pomp. After the ceremony there was a banquet at which thir- * See p. 204, following. t See p. 148, following. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 93 teen patriotic toasts were drunk, one for each State, and in the evening a ball and illumination were given. Effect of Independence on Ecclesiastical Affairs. One curious result of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain was that the Episcopal Church in America was left without organization. It had formerly been a part of the Church of England and was supported by government, but after the colonies became independent, it was disestablished. There were no bishops of the church in America, and con- sequently candidates for the priesthood could not be or- dained. In 1784, Mason Weems, a young man from Maryland who was a divinity student in Eng- land, applied to several English bishops for admis- sion to holy orders, but was refused. Finally the Arch- bishop of Canterbury told him that nothing could be done without an Act of Parliament, because all clergymen had to take the oath of Allegiance to the King of England. Such an Act of Parliament was THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT. From an old engraving. passed before long. When the diocese of Maryland was organized, Thomas John Claggett was elected its first bishop. He was consecrated at New York, in 1792. In the same year in which Weems was seeking to be ordained, John Wesley sent Thomas Coke from England to be superintendent of the Methodist societies in America, 94 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. and gave him authority to consecrate Francis Asbury to the same office. This ordination took place at a conference held at Baltimore in December, 1784. A few years later the American Conference altered the title of " superin- tendent " to " bishop," and the Methodist Church became independent of the Church of England, but without the approval of Wesley. In 1784 there were some twenty thousand Catholics in Maryland; in 1786 the Pope appointed John Car- roll, a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, as his apostolic vicar. He was afterward made Bishop of Baltimore and Archbishop of the United States. The other churches have indepen- dent organizations and no bishops, so that such diffi- culties did not arise in their case. Maryland's Attitude Towards Foreign Allies. Now that the Revolution was fairly begun, Mary- land took an active part in it, and kept up the fame of her old hospitality by giving banquets to nearly all the distinguished foreigners who came to help the colonies. She welcomed them in more serious ways, too, and Lafay- ette speaks very warmly of all that Maryland and Balti- more did for him. Count Pulaski raised a corps in Mary- land, for the most part in Baltimore, which fought valiantly FRANCIS ASBURY. From a painiins^ m the possession of the Methodist Historical Society , Baltimore. TO THE TIME OF IXDEPENDEXCE. 95 under him until he was killed at the siege of Savannah. It was this corps that carried the small banner of crimson silk made and embroidered for Pulaski by the Moravian Sisters at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Faded and worn the banner is now in the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society. Baron de Kalb commanded the Maryland Line until his death at the battle of Camden, and it is said that while dying he praised the braveiy of the Maryland regiment and its officers. The statesmen of Maryland saw the impor- tance to their cause of foreign allies, and Samuel Chase was the first man to move in Congress that ambassadors be sent to France. He and Charles Carroll were two of the three commissioners sent by Con- gress to Canada to persuade her to join the colonies in their struggle. Washington Firmly Sup- ported by Maryland. INIary- land welcomed foreign allies, but she was also true to her leaders at home. It was Thomas Johnson, first Gov- ernor of the State of Mary- land, who as a delegate to the Continental Congress when it met for the second time in May, 1775, formally nominated George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. Maryland stood by Washington throughout the war, in battle and in the plots that were formed against him ; she was faithful to him in success and in defeat, she furnished him with food and supplies, and no State sent more troops in proportion to its population to his army. JOHN CARROLL. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Causes of Union and Discontent of the Colonies. A. The Fi'ench and Indian War. B. The Navigatio7i Act. C. The S/amf Act. 1. What was the Stamp Act ? 2. Explain the meanhig of "taxation without representation." 3. How did the Marylanders receive the stamped paper? 4. Was opposition to the Stamp Act confined to any class or classes of the people ? ^. Who were the Sons of Liberty? 6. What did Parliament do about the opposition to the Stamp Act? 7. Give some examples of stamp taxes in later times. For ex- ample, the revenue stamps issued during the Civil War, the war with Spain, and those on packages of cigars, tobacco, etc. 8. Why are some taxes paid willingly and others unwillingly? D. Other Taxes — 071 tea, glass, etc. 1. The revenue from these was to be used in paying the salaries of governors, judges and Crown attorneys, thus making tliem independent of the colonies. 2. What were the Non-Importation Societies? 3. Tell about the Peggy Stewart. 4. Compare this incident with the Boston Tea Party. II. Preparations for War. 1. Maryland sends aid to Boston. 2. What was the attitude of Charles Carroll of Carrollton ? 3. Tell about the Committees of Correspondence. 4. The congress of the colonies at Philadelphia, q. Who were the Delegates sent from Maryland ? 6. Explain Maryland's conservatism on the question of indepen- dence. 7. When did Maryland concur in declaring the independence of the colonies ? 8. What Marylanders signed the Declaration of Independence ? TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 97 III. Maryland Becomes a State, 1. Why was it necessary to hold a Constitutional Convention ? 2. When and where did the first Constitutional Convention meet ? 3. When was the first State Constitution adopted ? 4. Provisions of the Constitution. (a) The General Assembly to consist of two chambers. {/>) The chief executive the Governor ; his powers. {c) Voters' qualifications. {d} Composition of the House of Delegates. {e) Of the Senate. (/) Qualifications of Delegates, Senators and Governor. (^) Delegates elected directly; Senators iridirectly by an elec- toral college ; Governor by the Legislature. (//) The Governor's Council. (/■) Religious freedom assured. 5. First General Assembly of the State of Maryland, February, 1777. 6. What effect did the independence of Maryland have on : (a) The Episcopal Church ? (d) The Methodist Church.? (c) Other Churches ? / CHAPTER VII. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Cresap's Riflemen. The first of the Maryland troops to join ^^'ashington's army was a company of riflemen, com- manded by Captain Michael Cresap, which left Frederick on July 1 8, and arrived at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on August 9, 1775. They were armed with tomahawks and rifles, and wore hunting shirts and moccasins. They were expert shots, and while stationed at Roxbury, to the south of Boston, would pick off at long range any British officers or men who exposed themselves. Cresap, who was born in Al- legany County, died in New York City, October 18, 1775, while on his return from the army at Boston, and was buried in Trinity churchyard. Four Hundred Mary landers at the Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776. Maryland's quota of troops was 3,405 men ; and a regiment of these, commanded by Colonel Wil- liam Smallwood, joined the army at New York, where they were attached to Lord Stirling's brigade. The Maryland troops were Washington's favorites, and deserved to be. He knew he could rely upon them, that they would stand firm and do their duty ; and for personal bravery they had no superiors in the army. At the battle of Long Island, Stirling chose a band of four hundred Marylanders, commanded by Major Mordecai Gist, and kept in check five times that number of the enemy until the remainder of his division, who were re- treating, succeeded in crossing the marshes behind them into safety. Muskets and cannon were firing on the four hun- dred from all sides, but as fast as some fell the others closed MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 99 up the ranks and still faced the enemy. Time and again those that were left flung themselves upon the enemy, until more than half their number were captured or dead. The rest of the army was saved, but at the cost- of two hundred and fifty of its bravest and best drilled soldiers. THE MARYLAND REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT, MOUNT ROYAL PLAZA, BALTIMORE. After the campaign around New York had ended so badly as it did for the Americans, General Howe offered to pardon all " rebels " who should lay down their arms. Great num- Laf 100 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. bers — about three thousand persons in the course of ten days — in New Jersey and Pennsylvania did so, but Mary- land on the contrary made extra efforts to aid Washington in his difficulty by raising for him more troops and supplies, and her soldiers did him good service in bis victories in New Jersey. The State Furnishes More than Her Quota of Troops. In the year 1777 Washington wrote to Governor Johnson asking for still more troops, and the State raised five more regiments of infantry, making in all seven regiments out of forty-three that formed his entire army fit for service. This was more than twice as many regiments as Maryland should have fur- nished if all the thirteen colonies had shared alike. Tories in Maryland. It must not be supposed, however, that all the people of Maryland were supporters of the new government. Many of them were, as they were called, Tories, and did all they could to aid Great Britain. Num- bers of these Tories had gone to England at the beginning of the war, but many of them had remained in the State, es- pecially in Worcester and Somerset Counties, where they were joined by Tories from other States. Several times they went so far as to break out openly against the American cause, but without success. Some of them supported the mother country because they thought she would be victorious in the end and that their property and position would be safer if they took this course ; but others, among them Dan- iel Dulany, remained loyal to her because they believed she had right on her side from the moment the colonies had declared themselves independent. About the time that Washington was asking and receiving more troops from Maryland, Sir William Howe embarked nearly his whole army at New York and put to sea. For some time it was not known where he had sailed, but at MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 101 PauluS >^^^d t% NA.AS.NK^^ OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, 177G- Froin Fiskc's " The American Revolution'' by permission of Houghton^ ISIijfflin ^ Co, 102 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. length his fleet passed by AnnapoHs on its way up the Chesa- peake. His plan was to overawe Maryland and capture Philadelphia. This plan had been all written out by Gen- eral Charles Lee, who had been taken prisoner by the Brit- ish, and who, to save his own neck, now plotted against the American cause. This was not known till many years after- wards, and we shall find him again in command of an Ameri- can army and betraying it. Lee declared, foolishly and falsely, that most of the people of Maryland and Pennsyl- vania were Tories, and would welcome the British army. The fleet made a pretense of attacking Baltimore and then sailed on to Elkton, within fifty-four miles of Philadelphia, the town in which Congress held its sessions. The people at once carried their stores and property out of reach, so that the enemy captured almost nothing. Howe marched toward Philadelphia, and took possession of that town after an en- gagement at the Brandywine, in which the Americans were worsted. In the meantime the fleet sailed to the Delaware River to aid the army. The Defense of Fort Mifilin. All along the river the American soldiers fled or refused to do duty, until Washing- ton sent some Maryland artillery, under Colonel Samuel Smith, of Baltimore, to hold Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island. The British commander was determined to get his fleet up the river, as he was having a hard time to find food for his soldiers in Philadelphia. Fort Mifflin was attacked from the river banks and from the ships until the fort was in ruins and many of the garrison killed or wounded. But Colonel Smith and his men held out until all of the works were beaten down and most of the company of artillery killed, when they set fire to the ruins of the fort and left the island. Maryland Troops Keep the Enemy in Check — Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. In 1778 Howe was succeeded MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 103 by Sir Henry Clinton, who evacuated Philadelphia to gather all his forces together in New York. Washington marched rapidly after him and sent an advance corps under Charles Lee, who had been exchanged and was again with the American army, to cut off Clinton's rear. Lee overtook Clinton near Monmouth Court House. Everything was in his favor, but instead of fighting he treacherously ordered a re- treat. This caused the army to fall into confusion, and within a few minutes the enemy would have been upon them. Lafayette, who commanded under Lee, at once sent a messenger to Washington, who was with the main army a few miles away. Washington hastened to the field, and as he rode up cried, "My God, General Lee, what are you about?" Then he hurried to the front and asked for some one to keep the British back. Nathaniel Ramsay, of Baltimore, at once offered himself. "If you can stop the British ten minutes till I form, you will save my army ! " said Wash- ington to him. Colonel Ramsay kept them back for half an hour, and again the army was saved by the Maryland soldiers. The Maryland Line Sent to South Carolina. W^e cannot tell the whole story of Maryland in the Revolutionary War, because that would almost be to tell the story of the war itself, NATHANIEL RAMSAY. From a painting tn the possession of ]\Iaryland Historical Society. 104 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. but must pass on to some of the later battles in which the Maryland troops won distinction. Sir Henry Clinton thought he had not a strong enough army to attack Washington's camp at West Point, and so after fortifying New York, he set sail for Charleston, in December, 1779. General Lincoln was in command of the American forces in Charles- ton, and Washing- ton at once sent all the Virginia and North Caro- lina troops to aid him in the de- fense of that city. A short time afterwards he sent also the Maryland Line, together with a Delaware DE KALB MONUMENT, STATE HOUSE GROUNDS, AT ANNAPOLIS. regiment, under the command of de Kalb and Otho H. Williams, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. They arrived too late to help Lincoln, who surrendered Charleston after a brave de- fense, but they remained in South Carolina under General MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 105 Gates, who succeeded Lincoln in the command. Sir Henry Chnton thought that as Charleston had fallen there was almost nothing left to be done, and therefore sailed back to New York, leaving part of his army, under Lord Cornwallis with orders to conquer all the country from Charleston to Chesapeake Bay. Starvation and Sickness. Baron de Kalb was compelled to halt his troops because he could get almost noth- ing for them to eat, but in spite of this General Gates, when he arrived, put the army on the march to Camden. Both de Kalb and Williams advised him against this, but he would not listen to them. The soldiers ate green peaches instead of bread, and it is said even thickened their soup with hair powder, so that in a few days two- thirds of them were ill of dysentery. They found a little cornmeal, however, and continued the march until they came wathin a few miles of Camden. The Battle of Camden, August i6, 1780. Gates and Corn- wallis each determined to surprise the other's camp, and they did surprise each other, indeed, when the two armies met half-way between the encampments in the middle of the night. There was a hot skirmish and then both armies waited for morning. Next day the battle was fought. In MORDECAI GIST. Froin a pai7itmg m the possession of the Maryland Historical Society . 106 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the American forces the Second Maryland Brigade, com- manded by General Gist, and the Delaware Battalion were on the right under de Kalb, with the First Maryland Brigade, under General Smallwood, a short distance behind them. General Gates had foolishly sent off four hundred of the best Maryland regulars on a long march to the south. The Vir- ginians were on the left, with the North Carolina troops in their rear. Colonel Williams began the battle by advancing with about fifty men. The British also advanced, firing and shouting, which so frightened the Virginia militia that most of them threw down their guns and fled without firing a shot. Almost immediately the North Carolina militia followed the Virginians, only a small part of them standing long enough to fire two or three rounds. This left only the Marylanders, about eight hundred men, and the Delaware Battalion to oppose three times as many of the enemy. The wisest plan would have been to retreat, but de Kalb waited in vain at his post for orders from General Gates, who was no longer there to give orders : either he had fled, or, as some say, had been carried away in the rush of the panic- stricken soldiers. The Maryland Line stood firm, and, cheered on by their officers, de Kalb, Howard and Gist, even began to drive the enemy back, but at last the First Brigade had to give way. They were rallied by Colonel Gunby, Major Anderson, Major Jones and other officers. Again they had to give way, and again they rallied. The Second Brigade was still fighting bravely. At length the enemy charged, cavalry and infantry together, and the day was won for the British. Death of de Kalb. Six hundred Marylanders were left on the field, and Baron de Kalb was taken prisoner after re- ceiving eleven wounds, from which he died on the third day following. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 107 Howard and the Maryland Line in the Battle of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781. The British in a short time had posses- sion of Georgia and South CaroHna, and were invading North CaroUna and Virginia. General Nathaniel Greene, whom Congress appointed to succeed General Gates, found that he would have a hard task to oppose the enemy with the small remnant of an army left to him, an army in rags, with- out tents or wagons, and almost without arms, ammunition and supplies. General Greene divided his army into two parts and sent them in opposite directions to places where they could get food. General Morgan com- manded one part, consisting of about six hundred men, and under him, among other officers, was John Eager Howard, of Maryland. Mor- gan was presently re-inforced by about four hundred of the Carolina troops. Corn- wallis also divided his men into two parts, with the pur- pose of getting Morgan's Maryland Historical Society. army between them. Morgan, learning of this plan from his scouts, took up his position at the Cowpens. He placed his inferior troops, Carolina and Georgia militia, in the front, and his best, including Colonel Howard's Marylanders, near a hill in the rear. The militia in the front lines stood and fired many volleys at close range, but at length re- treated behind the hill. The enemy then advanced upon Howard and his men, who soon brought them to a halt. WILLIAM SMALLWOOD. From a pahifiiig i)i the possession of the 108 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The British commander, Colonel Tarleton, ordered his re- serve to come forward, and at the same time the Ameri- cans who had retreated rallied and returned to support Howard on his right. By a mistake in orders, Howard's men began to retreat towards the hill, but in such per- fect order that he did not stop them at once, but allowed them to fall back until they were once more in a good posi- tion. Then he ordered them to face about and fire at the enemy, who were rushing on in great disorder, thinking they had already won the vic- tory. When the Ameri- cans fired at such close range the enemy stopped short, and before they could recover. Colonel Howard charged upon them furiously. Some threw down their arms and fled, but most of them surrendered. At one time during the en- gagement Colonel How- ard held the swords of seven officers who had surrendered to him. The Battle of Guilford, March 15, 1781. That portion of the British army which Cornwallis commanded in person had not come up in time to take any part in the action at the Cowpens, but he started out at once in pursuit of Gen- eral Morgan. At this General Greene again brought to- gether the two parts of his army at Guilford ; but deeming JOHN EAGER HOWARD. From a /xiiHting in the possessioji of the Maryland Historical Society. MARYLAND IN THE RF.VOLUTIONARY WAR. lOO VIRGINIA # ,A* ON.Qr^R T H V^ b:-' A^ « ^0 L I M A\ GREENE AND CORNWALLIS IN THE CAROLINAS, JANUARY-APRIL, 1781. From Fisk-e's " The American Revohdiov " l>y permission of Houghton, Mifflin &= Co. 110 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. his forces too weak to meet the enemy, he retreated into Virginia. Before long, receiving reinforcements, among them the second Maryland Regiment, he returned to Guilford to give battle. In the engagement that followed, the first line, composed of North Carolina iiiilitia, was driven back in disorder. The second line, made up of Virginia militia, stood firm until the enemy charged, when they were slowly driven back. This brought the British up to the third line, in which were the Virginia regulars and two Maryland regiments, com- manded by Colonel Gunby and Lieutenant-Colonel Ford, under Colonel Wil- liams. The First Mary- land Regiment fired and charged and drove the enemy back. The enemy rallied, however, and again advanced, whereupon the Second Maryland Regi- ment, which in the mean- while had been sent to the front, retreated. As the enemy came on, sure of victory. Colonel Gunby and his regi- ment met them bravely, but at the critical moment Colonel Gunby fell from his horse, which was shot under him. But Colonel Howard came to the rescue, and charging with the bayonet, as at the Cowpens, drove the enemy back in disorder. Williams at the Battle of Eutaw, September 8, 1781. Several other engagements between the two sides followed OTHO H. WILLIAMS. From a pahiting in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Ill this battle, with the result that in the end of summer the British retreated to Eutavv Springs, to which place General Greene followed. He succeeded in getting close to the enemy without their knowing it, and advanced to the attack in two lines, in the second of which were two hundred and fifty Marylanders, commanded by Colonel Williams, Colonel Howard and Major Hardman. For a time the first line, composed of militia, fought bravely, and then gave way, when the North Carolina regulars took their place. These, too, fell back after a stubborn fight, and the British ad- vanced so quickly that their ranks became disordered. Then it was that General Greene gave the command, " Let Williams advance and sweep the field with his bayonets 1 " Williams and his Marylanders advanced to within a very short distance of the enemy, then fired and charged. The British gave way all along the line. Again the Maryland troops fired and again they charged, and the British fled in all directions. The battle was w^on ; but after taking the enemy's camp the soldiers stopped to plunder, and everything was turned into confusion. Seeing this, the British returned and the Americans were forced to retire. However, the victory remained with them, for the British remained only during the night to destroy their stores and then retreated to Charleston. General Greene, in his report of this battle, says of Colonel Williams that his bravery in leading his soldiers to the charge exceeded any- thing he ever saw. By this campaign General Greene had recovered from the enemy the whole of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, except Wilmington, Charleston and Savannah, and decided now to rest his army and wait for reinforcements. The Shores of the Chesapeake Ravaged by the British. In the meanwhile the British had been plundering and burning 112 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. everything they could lay hands on in Virginia and Mary- land, along the Bay shore and rivers, and were anxious that the war should now be carried on in the Chesapeake. It was thought that if Maryland could be made to suffer severely, her zeal for the cause of independence w^ould be lessened; that if her fields were laid waste and her towns burned, she could no longer fur- nish supplies and money with so liberal a hand ; and that if her people saw their own homes made desolate, their hearts would lose their courage. But we may ask the question : If her soldiers fought so bravely in the defense of others, what would they not have done for the protection of their own ? Patriotism of the Bal- timore Women. When the enemy's plans became known Maryland at once made preparations for defense, and Washington sent Gen- eral Lafayette to the State with an army. It is related that while in Baltimore a ball was given in his honor, at which someone, noticing his sadness, asked the General the cause of it. He replied that it was because his poor soldiers were suffering for want of clothes. The ladies there assured him that he should have clothes for his men, and the next morn- LAFAYETTE. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 113 ing they were to be seen in the same ball-room busily cutting out and sewing clothing for Lafayette's army. Cornwallis Surrenders, October 19, 1781. Before the war could be carried into Maryland, Cornwallis had surrendered at Yorktown. This news was carried to Congress by Wash- ington's private secretary, Colonel Tench Tilghman. Bal- timore and Annapolis were illuminated, healths were drunk, OLD CONGRESS HALL, BALTIMORE. cannon were fired, and the news was spread through all the States, Peace and Independence, September 3, 1783. Sir Henry Clinton asked to be relieved of his command, and Sir Guy Carleton, who was appointed to take his place, arrived in New York in May, 1782. He at once informed Washington that he and Admiral Digby were empowered to make a treaty of peace. On hearing of this the Maryland Assembly passed 114 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. resolutions declaring that they wanted peace, but were wil- ling to accept it only on terms honorable to the colonies and to France, their ally, and that Maryland would do all in her power to continue the war until Great Britain should acknowledge the independence of the colonies. Such a peace was before long concluded, and the preliminary articles were signed in Paris on January 20, 1783. The war was over, and as a matter of course Maryland gave a banquet at Annapolis to celebrate the event. The Governor, the Council and a great many others were present. They drank thirteen patriotic toasts with thirteen cannon shots for each toast, and ended with an entertainment for the ladies. Ail the other large towns of the State celebrated just as joyfully. Five Hundred Survivors of the Maryland Line. Maryland had a right to rejoice. Throughout the struggle she had stood firm, and had sent to the army soldiers that ranked first in bravery, discipline and trustworthiness. Not only brave men, but liberal supplies of every kind had Maryland given to the cause of independence, and the end of the war found her without money and with a large debt. But at least her cause was won, and she was now ready and able to go on in her new path with the same brave front, the same energy as of old. Five hundred men, all that remained of the Maryland Line, now returned to their native State, wounded, tattered, and without money, but strong in the thought of their duty well done, and rich in the gratitude of their country and their State. The Navy in the Revolution. A word must be said about the naval affairs of the Revolution, in which Maryland played an honorable part. The first regular cruisers that went to sea from Maryland under the new government of the thirteen colonies were the Hornet and the Wasp, the MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 115 former with William Stone as captain and Joshua Barney as second officer, the hitter with Charles Alexander as captain. The one mounted ten guns, the other eight. British war- ships were watching the mouth of the Chesapeake, but the two little vessels managed to pass them without being seen, and joined the American fleet in the Delaware. This was in 1775. Two years later, when Commodore Hopkins had been dismissed from the service by Congress, Captain James Nicholson, of Chestertown, became the senior officer of the Navy and remained so to the end of the M-ar. His brother Samuel was Paul Jones' lieutenant in the famous fight between the Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis, and was made a captain. A third brother, John, also was a captain in the Continental Navy. Maryland fitted out several other vessels, which did good service, and she kept quite a fleet of smaller boats in Chesapeake Bay. In 1776 Congress passed resolutions permitting privateers to be fitted out, and Maryland was foremost among the States in doing so. In six years about two hundred and fifty of these vessels sailed out of Chesapeake Bay. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. The Beginning of the War. A. Cresafs Rijicmeu. 1. Were they regular troops? 2. Describe their arms and dress. 3. Who was Michael Cresap ? B. Maryland Troops. I. Why were the Maryland troops the favorites of Washington ? .2. How did Maryland compare with the other States in sending troops to the army ? In the niimber of troops sent ? 3. Tell about Gist and his Marylanders at the battle of Long Island, 116 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. I. The Beginning of the \Var {continued). 4. How many were in his band ? How many survived tlie action ? C. Tories. 1. Who were the Tories ? 2. What Marylander of prominence was a Tory ? 3. Were there many of them in the State ? 4. Why did Sir William Howe think there were many ? 5! Describe how the British army and fleet advanced to Thila- delphia. 6. Where was Fort Mifflin ? 7. Describe its defense. 8. Why was Washington unsuccessful in his attack on the British after they evacuated Philadelphia ? 9. Tell how Colonel Ramsay saved the army from being routed. ID. Where was this battle fought ? II. The War in the South. A. To the Battle of Camden. 1. After the surrender of Charleston, what was Clinton's plan? 2. In what condition were the Americans to oppose it ? 3. Describe the battle of Camden. 4. Name some commanders of the Maryland troops in this battle. 5* Tell of de Kalb's relations to the Maryland troops and of his death. 6. After the battle, did Clinton's plan promise to succeed ? 7. How did General Greene plan to oppose Cornwallis? B. To the Surrender of Cornwallis. 1. Tell about the battle of the Cowpens. 2. Describe Howard's and Williams' mode of fighting at the Cow- pens, Guilford and Eutaw. 3. What was the general result of the campaign in the South ? III. The British in the Chesapeake. 1. Why did the enemy wish to bring the war into Maryland ? 2. Lafayette sent to command the army in Maryland. 3. How did the Maryland women help him > IV. Peace. I. Describe how the country received the news of Cornwallis' surrender. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 117 IV. Peace {conthiucd). 2. How did the war affect the State's finances? 3. How many survivors of the Maryland Hne were there ? V. Tell about the Naval Aefairs of the Revolution and Name Some Maryland Commanders who Won Dls- tinction. CHAPTKR VIII. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The State Threatened with Bankruptcy. The end of the War of Independence found Maryland face to face with bankruptcy. The State had spent all its money in helping to carry on the war, and had issued large amounts of paper money. Congress, too, in the name of the thirteen States, had put out much paper, for her share of which Maryland was responsible. Now paper money is only 2.p07nise to pay, and if people think the promise cannot or will not be kept, they of course take as little of the paper money as possible, and it becomes of very little value. In the United States at the present day the Government keeps in the Treasury a large amount of gold which anyone who wants it can get in exchange for "greenbacks." But during the Revolution and after, Maryland had no gold to give in exchange. The gold had all been spent in providing for the war, and if the war had ended in victory for the British, then the State's paper money would have been worth just nothing at all. If, on the other hand, the colonies should win in the struggle, then they might be able to redeem their promises to pay. But a government has no money except that which it gets in taxes from its citizens, and the citizens of Maryland who were not fighting in the army had to give all they could earn to supply the needs of those who were, and of their families. Thus the State had become quite poor, and there was much doubt as to whether Maryland — and Congress, too — would ever be able to make good her promise to pay. Depreciated Paper Money. So it was that the paper money 118 FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 119 became worth less and less, until in 1781 a pair of boots was worth six hundred dollars, a handkerchief one hundred dollars, a skein of silk ten dollars, in paper money, and other things in proportion ; while these same articles, if one had gold to pay with, could be bought for about sixteen dollars, three dollars and thirty cents, respectively. This worthless Continental money gave rise to the expression, " not worth a continental," meaning absolutely of no value what- OLD CITY HALL, BALTIMORE. From a pa biting, ever. In spite of all this there was still, as late as 1786, a party in the State in favor of issuing more paper money. More than once a bill was passed by the Delegates to issue more of it but each time the Senate rejected the bill. Maryland Refuses to Join the Confederation, In the year 1 78 1 the Confederation of the American Colonies had been 120 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. formed, after much delay and argument. By 1779 all of the States except Maryland had agreed to the Articles of Confederation. The larger States, especially Virginia and New York, claimed vast tracts of land to the westward as having been granted to them by their charters. Now Mary- land contended that it was only just that these western lands should be given up to the Confederated States as common prop- erty for the benefit of all, seeing that the smaller States had done as much towards independence as the larger ones, if not more. As these latter refused to give up their claims to the western lands, Maryland refused to join the Confederation. Ratifies the Articles, March i, 1781. At length she yielded, for fear that her refusal might do harm to the American cause, and signed the articles in 1781. Her opposition, however, had opened the eyes of the other States, and within the next twenty years all the " western lands " had been ceded to the United States. In this w^ay was created a national domain, and the possession of such a common property made it much easier for the States to form the idea of a Federal Union and to carry that idea into execution. The great credit of this is due to Maryland, but at the time her course was looked at in so different a light that it was even threatened that she should be divided up between the neighboring States and her name wiped from the map. Within her own borders, lands that had formerly belonged to the Proprietor, lying in the western part of the State, Maryland used in part by dividing them up into farms with which she rewarded her soldiers w^ho had served in the war. Maryland Consents to Pay Federal Taxes. In order to pay off the large debts, including paper money issues, made to carry on the war, Congress now wanted to lay taxes in all .he States. At that time the Federal Government had much less power than it now has, and could lay no taxes < ^ ^ H in ^ < .5 Pi w s: > }^ w. < w ^ ffi "- < hJ sJ CJ '^ Q ^ ^< ^ ^ < ~i; hJ k :z; ^« pi ■^ (y: <: '^ S ^ •f? K ^ T <, -•? ^ ^ ^ J- S ^ ^ ^ '< FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 121 except by means of the separate State Governments. Mary- land agreed to raise her share of the taxes, because she saw how important it was that the credit of the new Federation should be good. But some of the States paid no attention to the matter, and New Jersey went so far as to refuse to pay her share of the public debt. The States were not really united. Even during the war there had been more or less jealousy among them, and this feeling had increased. The people of the different States could not know each other as well as they now do. Whereas now one can travel from Baltimore to Philadelphia in two or three hours, in those days the journey lasted four or five days. There were no railroads or telegraph lines to carry news of the doings in Boston to the people of Baltimore. Most people never trav- eled outside of their own State ; many never away from their own neighborhood. Thus the people of the different States, not knowing each other, could not understand each other; and not understanding each other, distrusted each other. It had been for only nine years that the thirteen States had worked together, and one of the greatest hindrances to Washington in the war had been this weakness of the cen- tral government which stood for the union of the States. Each State had its own laws for regulating trade and taxes, and the laws of no two States were alike. Most of the trade of the colonies had been carried on with England and her West Indian colonies, and for the most part in American-built ships, but in 1783 an order was issued by the King in council that '' all trade between the United States and the British West Indies must be carried on in British-built ships, owned and navigated by British sub- jects." This was a severe blow to American commerce, and the various States tried to retaliate by laying double or quadruple duties on goods brought to their ports in British 122 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. ships. No two States made the same Uiws, and Congress had no power to make regulations for the wliole country. In ten of the tliirteen States, among tliem Maryland, laws were passed in 1785 giving Congress the power to regulate commerce for thirteen years ; but these laws were so at vari- ance with each other that Congress could do nothing with them. Maryland Ratifies the Constitution, April 28, 1788. Matters at length got into such bad shape that the States agreed to hold a convention to see if they could not remedy the evils. The delegates elected to this Federal Convention from Maryland were James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John Francis Mercer and Luther Martin. The convention met in Philadelphia in 1787, choos- ing George Washington as its president, and after four months of discussion the Constitution of the United States was adopted. A little later it was ratified by the people of Maryland, April 28, 1788, although Luther Martin had op- posed the Constitution very strongly, and neither he nor John Francis Mercer signed it. There was always great difference of opinion as to whether the Constitution were good or bad, whether it said one thing or another ; and we shall see that seventy-five years after its adoption this differ- ence of opinion had much to do with causing the war be- tween the South and the North. Under the New Constitu- tion the first Senators sent from Maryland to Congress were John Henry, of the Eastern Shore, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, of the Western. Washington Resigns his Command, December 23, 1783. At the close of the war Washington had resigned his commis- sion and surrendered his sword to Congress in the Senate Chamber at Annapolis, where there still hangs a painting of the scene. He wished to retire to private life, but could FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 123 124 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. not yet be spared by his country. In 1789 he was elected the first President of the United States. It soon became clear that the Federal Government must have some fixed seat instead of moving about from one town to another ; and New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore each wished to be- come the new capital. The Baltimoreans subscribed about one hundred thousand dollars to help pay for government buildings if their city should be chosen. Finally, however, an Act of Congress was passed by authority of which Wash- ington selected a part of Maryland, the present District of Columbia, as a sice for the new city. The State of Virginia advanced one hundred and twenty thousand dollars to help pay for its public buildings, and INIaryland seventy-two thou- sand dollars, but these sums were soon spent, and it was found necessary to borrow more money to complete the work. Washington tried in Europe and America to borrow what was needed, but without success until he appealed to Mary- land. The State replied by lending the government a quar- ter of a million dollars. Growth of Trade. Maryland was no longer poor. The French Revolution and the war between France and Eng- land made a demand for the productions of the United States, and Maryland took a large share of the resulting trade. The exports of the State grew from about two and a quarter million dollars in 1791, to fourteen and a quarter millions in 1807, in which year the Government of the United States laid an embargo on all vessels in American ports. As a result of this, the commerce of Maryland was almost destroyed. Baltimore Incorporated, 1796. Baltimore had become the centre of the tobacco and grain trades, and had grown so that in 1796 it was incorporated and became a city. By 1807 it was the third commercial city in the United States. FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 125 The increase of wealth in the State is shown by the increase in the returns of property for direct taxation from thirty-two million dollars in 1799 to one hmidred and six millions in 1815. As trade grew the building of ships increased, and Balti- more shipbuilders learned to make the fastest vessels afloat. As the saying was, " They start before the wind has time to reach their sails, and never allow it to come up with them." They were called " Bal- timore Clippers," and were famous all the world over. The '' clip- per" carried so much sail that the seas were continually breaking over her. The sailors used to say, " She takes a header when she gets outside the harbor, and only comes up two or three times to blow be- fore she gets home." The city kept up its old practice, too, of JAMES CALHOUN, yiRST MAYOR OF BALTIMORE. From a painting in the City Hall, Baltimore. sending out privateers which sailed under the French flag and did great harm to British commerce. The War with Tripoli. The sailors of the State took part in more Avorthy deeds when the American Navy suppressed the Barbary pirates. These pirates had for years been cap- turing the vessels of all Christian nations, and either selling their crews and passengers into slavery, or holding them for ransom. War was declared against Tripoli in 1802, 126 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. and a fleet was sent to blockade that port. A 3^ear later a larger fleet was sent out, and while it was cruising off the coast, the American frigate Philadelphia ran aground on a rock off the coast of Tripoli, where she was captured by the Tripolitans and towed into port. Shortly afterwards Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, of Maryland, with a party of A BALTIMORE CLIPPER. From a print in the possession of the P. Dougherty Company, Baltimore. volunteers, went into the harbor, boarded and captured the frigate and destroyed her. This was in 1804. Causes of Enmity between England and the United States. In the early years of the present century, as we have said, when France was at war with Great Britain, the vessels of America carried a very large part of the commerce of the world, and American merchants grew rich from the trade. FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 127 But France and England were sorry that so much trade should pass into the hands of the Americans. They did all they could to harass our vessels, capturing and destroying them whenever they had a chance, in spite of the fact that the United States were neutral ; that is, were not the ally of either side. The merchants protested, and sent memorials to the President and Congress, asking them for protection. At length William Pinkney, a distinguished Maryland lawyer, was sent, in 1806, as Envoy Extraordinary to England to try to get redress. He did not succeed, however, in making Great Britain grant the claims of the United States, and after five years returned to America. The Affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard, June 22, 1807. Matters continued to grow worse until there was nothing left for the United States to do but fight either Great Britain or France, or both. England claimed the right, and put it into practice, to search any American vessel for deserters from the British Navy, and often took men thus who were not British subjects. It happened that five sailors of the British frigate Melampus, which was watching some French frigates blockaded at Annapolis, deserted. Three of them enlisted on the United States frigate Chesapeake. The British dem.anded that these men be given up ; but when the United States Government looked into the matter, it was found that the three men were all Americans, two of them natives of Maryland, who had been " pressed " on board the MelampuSo They had been forced to leave the ships in which they were sailing, and to serve on the British man-of- war. This being the case, the United States refused to give the men up and they were on board the Chesapeake when she sailed. Just outside of Capes Charles and Henry the Chesapeake was overtaken by the British frigate Leopard, whose captain sent a note to Commodore James Barron of 128 HISTORY OF MARYLANE). the Chesapeake, saying that he had orders to take the " Brit- ish deserters " by force, if necessary. Commodore Barron refused to permit them to search his vessel, and the Leopard opened fire. The Chesapeake was taken by surprise and had nothing ready for action. Her decks were Httered with all sorts of things : chicken-coops, boxes and barrels. Some of her guns were not on their carriages, and no rammer could be found. The American ship shot only one gun, and then surrendered. Four of her men were taken off. Embargo Laid on Vessels in American Ports, December 22, 1807. It was after this that Congress laid the embargo on American vessels of which we have spoken. The intention was to injure England and France by depriving them of our products, but its real result was to destroy the commerce of America. It might, possibly, have helped the American cause and injured its enemies if the American people had supported it. The New England States, however, Massachu- setts especially, cried out against the embargo, saying that it was a plot of the Southern States to ruin the Eastern, and saying that the New England States were the only ones especially interested in commerce and shipping. But the fact is that the Middle and Southern States together had be- tween three and four times as much export trade as New England ; and Maryland alone had more than Massachusetts. Maryland was patriotic, as she had always been, and obeyed the embargo at the cost of her commerce, until bitter opposi- tion caused the Act to be repealed. Rise of Home Manufactures in Maryland, 1808. One effect of the embargo was to strengthen the feeling that man- ufactures ought to be started in our own country ; that we ought to produce for ourselves all that is needed to supply our wants, instead of importing such articles from abroad. Nine days after the laying of the embargo a meeting of mer- FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 129 chants was called in Baltimore to form a company for the spinning of cotton and wool ; and early in the following year the Union Manufacturing Company of Maryland was organ- ized with a capital of half a million dollars. Even earlier than this, associations of workingmen had been formed and strikes to raise wages had been organized. The Society of Journeymen Tailors of Baltimore had conducted successful strikes in 1795 and 1805. In most trades the demand for skilled workmen was greater than the supply. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. PArER Money. 1. Redeemable and irredeemable paper; explain the difference. 2. Why had Maryland issued paper money ? 3. Was it redeemable or irredeemable ? 4. Where does the government get its money ? 5. "SX^as Maryland rich or poor at the end of the Revolution ? 6. Does war generally make a nation rich ? Did the Boer War enrich England ? 7. Describe the effect of paper money on prices. II. Confederation. 1. Why did Maryland refuse to join ? 2. What were the " Western Lands ? " 3. How did Maryland's action help the country ? 4. What are Federal taxes ? 5. Tell how the States acted in the matter of Federal taxation. 6. Why were the different States not really united? 7. The effect of British navigation laws on American commerce. 8. Congress could not make laws to regulate American com- merce. 9. The laws of the different States greatly at variance. 10. A closer union determined upon. 11. The Federal Convention; who were the Maryland Delegates? 12. The Constitution of the United States adopted. 13. The first United States Senators from Maryland : John Henry and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton 130 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. III. The Federal Capital. 1. The Federal government had no fixed seat. 2. Various cities compete for the honor. 3. The District of Columbia selected. 4. Maryland lends money to the Federal government. IV. Trade and Commerce. 1. Stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. 2. Maryland's exports increase sevenfold between 1791 and 1807. 3. The tobacco and grain trades and shipbuilding in Maryland. 4. Baltimore clippers. 5. France and, especially, England, interfere with American com- merce. 6. William Pinkney's mission to England. 7. The right of search ; what was it ? 8. Tell about the affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 9. 10. II. 12. 1^.. The embargo laid by Congress. Its intended and its real effect. Its failure partly due to lack of popular support. Its effect on home manufactures. Early workingmen's associations and strikes. V. The Barbary Pirates ; Tell of Decatur's Action. CHAPTER IX, THE WAR OF 1812. Annapolis Defies British Seamen. The affair of the Chesa- peake and the Leopard roused the whole country, and prep- arations for war were made at once. Maryland being called on for six thousand men, double that number volun- teered. The spirit of the Marylanders is shown by an inci- dent that occurred early in the year 1812. Three sailors escaped from a British vessel lying near Annapolis, but were seen and fired at before they reached the shore. An armed party was sent after the deserters, who, they declared, should be taken back by force if caught. The citizens of the town, however, surrounded the Englishmen, took away their arms, and sent them back to their ship, not only without the three deserters, but without a fourth man also w^ho refused to go on board again. The outrages of Great Britain at length became unbear- able. She had captured many of our merchant vessels, had insulted our Navy, and had impressed thousands of sailors from American vessels and compelled them to serve on the English warships, where they were treated with great cruelty. The United States could no longer submit to such treatment, and declared war on June 19, 18 12. Riots in Baltimore. Many persons in the United States, especially in the Northern cities, were opposed to the war, but in Maryland the people on the whole favored it. There were, however, a number of prominent men in the State who opposed the war openly. Among these were Jacob Wagner 131 182 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. and Alexander C. Hanson, editors of a newspaper, tlie Fedei-al Republican, published at Baltimore. This paper op- posed the war so fiercely that the people became enraged ; and on June 20, 18 12, a mob destroyed the type, presses and building belonging to the newspaper. The editors, however, continued to publish the paper, printing it at Georgetown. Trouble soon followed. On the twenty-seventh of July a score of men who supported the Fedei'al Republican and who had fortified themselves in Wagner's house at Baltimore, were attacked by a mob. The Mayor of the city succeeded in persuading the garrison to surrender, under promise that they should receive no hurt, and they were taken to the jail for safety. The following night the mob attacked the jail, captured nine of the prisoners, and cruelly beat and cut them. One of the nine, General James M. Lingan, died from his injuries ; and another, Henry Lee, a distinguished general of the Revolutionary War, was crippled for life. Eight of those who were in the jail made their escape. This attack was an outrage against that freedom of thought and speech so dear to all Americans, It had such an effect on the people of the State that in the elections which took place shortly afterwards, many of the counties elected Federalist delegates, so that the Federalist party, which w^as opposed to the war, had a majority in the Legislature. Nevertheless, Maryland continued to support the government in carrying on the war. The Invasion of Canada. The Americans proposed to in- vade Canada ; and while preparations were being made to this end, two Marylanders, Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott and Captain Nathan Towson, captured two British armed brigs near Buffalo. With a small force they rowed out to the brigs in two small boats, captured them, and sailed down the Lake. Both vessels ran aground in the Niagara THE WAR OF 1812. 133 River within gunshot of the Canadian shore, and the British fired on them. The Americans, however, got away with their prisoners and the cargoes of the vessels, but had to destroy one of these, the Detroit. The other, the Caledonia, was saved by the efforts of Captain Towson and after- ward made one of Perry's fleet. Many Privateers Sent Out. The attempted in- vasion of Canada was a failure, and the result of the war thus far was favorable to the British, except at sea, where the United States were quite the equal of the enemy. Maryland alone sent out, within four months after the war was declared, forty-two armed vessels. These with other privateers, swarmed over all the ocean, capturing P^ritish vessels and even attacking the enemy's men-of-war. More privateers sailed from Baltimore than from any other city in the United States, and a larger number of officers in the Navy came from Maryland than from any other State ; forty -six out of a total of two hundred and forty. It will give some idea of the hurt done by American vessels to English commerce to know that Com- modore Barney, in one short cruise in his schooner Rossie, captured ships and cargo to the value of a million and a half dollars, and took two hundred and seventeen prisoners. NATHAN TOWSON. From a painting in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. 134 HISTORY OF MARYLAND^ Five hundred British merchant ships were captured in seven months. Chesapeake Bay Blockaded, 1812. At the end of the year 18 1 2 Great Britain declared Chesapeake and Delaware Bays to be in a state of blockade; and by the spring of 18 13 the blockade was extended to the whole Atlantic coast except Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The effect of the blockade was disastrous to Maryland commerce. In 181 2 the net revenue collected in the State, in customs, was $1,780,000 ; in 1813 this fell to $182,000; and in 1814 the expenditures exceeded the receipts. A British fleet, under Admiral Cockburn, sailed into Chesapeake Bay and harassed the shores, plundering and burning the towns, and capturing and destroying all the small vessels they could find. The fleet sailed up the Bay and lay off the City of Baltimore. No attack was made on the city, but a number of towns at the head of the Bay were pillaged and burned. The only defenders at these places were small bands of militia, as the Federal Government refused to send aid to the State, The militia did its best, and sometimes succeeded in driving off the attacking parties ; but they were usually too few to stand against the larger forces of British soldiers. When there were no more vessels, militia and stores of war material left in the upper waters of the Chesapeake, Cock- burn returned to the lower part of the Bay. In spite of all this, the feeling in support of the war gained in strength throughout the State. Battle of Caulk' s Field. By the year 181 4 the overthrow of Napoleon left England free to give more attention to the war with the United States. More ships and a land force were sent over. Several of these ships, commanded by Sir Peter Parker, sailed up the Chesapeake, burning and pillaging the farms on the shore. On the night of August 30, Sir THE WAR OF 1812. 135 Peter landed with two hundred and fifty men at a point about nine miles from Chestertown, and by a circuitous march tried to cut off the camp occupied by one hundred and seventy Maryland soldiers under Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Reed. The two little armies met on Caulk's Field, and after an hour's fight the British retreated just as the ammunition of the Americans became exhausted. In the engagement Sir Peter Parker was killed. Battle of Bladensburg, August 24, 1814. In the meantime the remainder of the fleet had landed the British army at Benedict, whence they began to march towards Washington. Nothing whatever had been done in the way of building de- fenses for the capital. The British soldiers, suffering severely from the heat, at first advanced very slowly. Pretending to march directly on Washington, they turned and went rapidly on to Bladensburg. They numbered about four thousand five hundred men, while the American army, under the com- mand of General William H. Winder, of Baltimore, numbered about seven thousand. The two armies met on August 24, the Americans in a strong position on a hill, and separated from the British by a stream over which was a single narrow bridge. This the enemy succeeded in crossing, and after some fighting drove the Americans from the field and captured half of their artillery. The only troops on the American side who fought with any bravery were a party of four hundred sailors under Joshua Barney, of Baltimore. These manned a battery of five guns and stood by their guns bravely, even when attacked on the flanks and in the rear, until Barney was wounded and taken prisoner. Then they fell back, abandoning their guns. Commodore Barney had been in command of the Chesapeake Bay fleet of gunboats, but had been compelled to destroy his vessels to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. It was thought 136 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. useless to try to defend Washington with the army scattered in all directions, and therefore General Winder marched towards Baltimore with the few troops he could collect. The British marched on to Washington. The Capitol, the President's house, the Treasury Building, the Navy Yard, the State and War Departments, were burned and destroyed. Public property to the value of more than two million dollars, besides private property, perished. Baltimore Threatened. The destruction of the Arsenal and naval storehouses at Washington had been one of the chief aims of the British. Having accomplished it, they now turned to the other, the destruction of Baltimore, which city they called a " nest of privateers." Warned by the threats of England, Baltimore had begun to make prepara- tions to defend itself against the expected attack. For this purpose five hundred thousand dollars had already been spent, and now everyone in the city, even the old men and boys, went to work with pick and shovel to throw up fortifi- cations. After a few days the enemy sailed up the Bay, and on September ii, seventy of their ships lay at anchor off North Point. Early next morning they landed their troops, an army of five thousand men, commanded by General Robert Ross, while a number of small vessels under Admiral Cock- burn formed in line to bombard the city. But the new^s of their coming had been sent up the Bay shore by beacon-fires and mounted messengers, so that the city was prepared. Commodore John Rodgers, with twelve hundred man-of-war's men, had charge of the batteries ; Colonel George Armi- stead, of Virginia, commanded Fort McHenry ; while the forces of the city were in command of General Samuel Smith, of Baltimore. The Battle of North Point, September 12, 1814. General John Strieker, with about three thousand raw militia, marched THE WAR OF 1812. 137 out some seven miles along the Philadelphia road to recon- noitre the enemy. When he learned, on the morning of Sep- tember 12, that the enemy had landed, he sent back his baggage and formed his troops in line of battle. The British advance guard, having marched to within two miles of Gen- eral Strieker's pickets, were met by a small body of Ameri- cans who had been sent forward to surprise them, but who BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. soon returned. A larger detachment, under Major Richard K. Heath, was then sent forward. After firing several volleys this detachment was slowly falling back when a musket shot killed General Ross, who had ridden to the front to see how matters were going. Colonel Brooke, who was now in com- mand of the British, moved up cautiously until he came 138 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. within a very short distance of the American lines. His troops were met by volley after volley of musketry, returned so briskly that the two armies were soon hid from each other by the smoke. On the American left the Fifty-first Regiment now broke and fled, and was followed by a part of the Thirty-ninth. Colonel Brooke tried to take advantage of this by advancing rapidly, but was received by the American ar- tillery, whose guns had been loaded with " grape and canister, shot, old locks and pieces of broken muskets." At the same time, all along the line volleys of muskets and rifles followed each other incessantly. The British, however, continued to advance. At length General Strieker ordered his small remaining force to retreat, which they did in good order and without being pursued by the enemy. It must be remem- bered that the Americans engaged in this action were raw militia, while the British troops were all regulars, many of whom had fought in the wars against Napoleon ; and that General Strieker had gone out only to skirmish, and not to attempt to defeat the whole British army. On the next day the enemy resumed their march on Baltimore, and in the evening came in sight of the Ameri- can army of about twelve thousand men strongly entrenched on a ridge of hills. Colonel Brooke was afraid to attack this strong position with his own army exposed. He there- fore decided to wait for darkness to give battle, hoping the English vessels would by that time be ready to help him. But no news came from the fleet until at midnight it was heard to begin the bombardment. After two or three hours' waiting. Colonel Brooke received word that the fleet could not come up as the channel was too shallow for any but the smallest vessels, and besides was blocked by sunken ships. He therefore ordered a retreat, and the attack on Baltimore was abandoned. THE WAR OF 1812. 139 Bombardment of Fort McHenry. The fleet turned back, and stopping at a distance of two miles from Fort Mclienry, for twenty-four hours threw showers of bombs into the fort, which could make no reply with its guns at that long range. But their flag was kept flying, and it was the sight of this flag which inspired Francis Scott Key to write his patriotic |45t::F^ %. BOMBARDMENT OF FORT McHENRY. From an old priiit in the possession of the Maryland Historical .Society. song, '* The Star Spangled Banner." Key had gone to the British fleet on business connected with prisoners. He was kindly treated there, but was told he could not leave the fleet until after the attack on Baltimore. From the deck of the ship where he was detained he watched all night the bombardment of the fort, with no means of knowing whether 140 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. it had surrendered or not; but with the first ghmpse of dawm he saw that the Stars and Stripes were still flying. To the riglit of Fort McHenry redoubts had been built to prevent attacks in the rear on the fort and Baltimore City. At one of these, Fort Covington, a sharp engage- ment took place on September 13. Twelve hundred of the enemy, heavily armed with muskets and small cannon, and provided with scaling ladders, attempted to land in the darkness. Sailing- master John A. Webster, whose duty it was to pa- trol the shore that night, heard the noise of the approaching boats, and immediately gave the alarm. At the same time a rocket fired from the foremost boat showed plainly the enemy near the shore. The guns of the battery were all loaded, and in a few moments a firing began which lasted incessantly for two hours. The attacking party had expected no resistance, and after the foremost boats had been disabled the remainder put back to the fleet. The American force numbered less than one hundred and fifty, of whom thirteen were wounded in the engagement. None were killed. Had the British succeeded in landing, they would have attacked Fort McHenry in the rear, and might have captured not only the fort but Baltimore as well. FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. THE WAR OF 1812. 141 ' J«^ e3ie.i^ /iO:<^ i^ ^ z^i ^.., L-tt-<£u_ . "THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER." From the original manuscript in possession of Airs. Rebecca Lloyd Shippen. 142 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. There was joy throughout the whole country when it was known that the British had retreated from Baltimore, and in that city itself the joy was unbounded. Battle Monument was built a year later to commemorate the event ; the twelfth of September was made a holiday ; and year after year on that day the " old defenders " were publicly honored by the city, until the last of their number died in 1898. The war lasted only a short time longer, a treaty of peace being signed at Ghent on December 24, 181 4. Curiously enough this treaty said nothing in re- gard to the right of search on American vessels, which had been the chief cause of the war. But Great Britain tacitly gave up the right of search, and no trouble has ever arisen since on the ques- tion. Beginning of the State Debt, and of the City Debt in Baltimore. During the war Maryland had appropriated nearly half a million dollars to aid the Federal Govern- ment, while Baltimore alone had appropriated a million dol- lars for defense. President Madison recognized the justice of the claims of the State to repayment by the United States ; but the people of other parts of the country cried out against it, and in the end Maryland received only a little over three hundred thousand dollars. Before the war the- revenue from a fund of a million and a half dollars which JOSEPH HOPPER NICHOLSON, Composer of the music to " The Star Spangled Ba9i9ier.^' THE WAR OF 1812. 148 the State possessed was enough to pay the ordinary expenses of the government, and in Baltimore the revenues sufficed for all current expenses ; but so much money was paid out during the war that both the State and the city had to bor- row, and this was the beginning of the present State and city debts. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Ill-Feeling Toward England, 1. Latent ill-feeling surviving from the struggle for independence. 2. Caused by the capture of merchant ships. 3. Caused by impressment. What is meant by impressment ? 4. Leads to the declaration of war, June 19, 1812. IL Opposition to the War. 1. Chiefly in the Northern cities. 2. What was Maryland's attitude? 3. Tell about the Federal Republican riots. 4. Opposition to the acts of the government does not imply a lack of patriotism. 5. In general, our government is best when there is a strong op- position. 6. In any case every citizen has a right to criticise the government; freedom of thought and speech. 7. Compare the attitude of the anti-imperialists now with that of the Federalists in 181 2. TIL Progress of the War. 1. What two Marylanders distinguished themselves in the invasion of Canada.? 2. Tell what they did. 3. Give some account of the injury done by privateers to British commerce. 4. Great Britain proclaimed the blockade of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays ; what does that mean ? 5. Describe the effect of the blockade on Maryland's commerce. 6. Napoleon's overthrow; how did it affect the war in America.'' 144 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. IV. The War in Maryland. 1. Pillage and burning on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. 2. Tell about the battle of Caulk's Field. 3. The Battle of Bladensburg. 4. Bravery of Barney and his sailors. 5. The destruction of Washington. 6. What caused England's ill-will toward Baltimore ? 7. Describe the battle of North Point, September 12, 1S14, 8. Why was the attack on Baltimore abandoned ? 9. Tell about the bombardment of Fort Mclienry. 10. Describe how Key wrote the " Star-Spangled Banner." 11. Tell about the attack on Fort Covington. 12. Treaty of peace signed December 24, 1814. 13. How w'as the question as to the right of search settled ? V. Causes of the Beginning of the State Debt and of Bal- timore City Debt„ CHAPTER X. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND: POLITICAL HISTORY; IN- TERNAL IMPROVEMENTS; SOCIETY AND MANNERS. Federalists and Republicans. It will be remembered that there were two political parties in the United States during the War of 1812 : one, the Federalist, was in general op- posed to the war ; the other, the Republican, w^as in favor of it. This latter is not the same as the present Republican party, but is really the beginning of the party called Demo- cratic. The question of the war was not the only one on which the parties differed : the Federalists leaned to the side of England in the wars following the French Revolution, while the Republicans sympathized with France ; the Fed- eralists favored a strong central government in the United States, while the Republicans thought the separate States should be stronger and more independent. The Southern States were Republican, and the New England States, especially Massachusetts and Connecticut, were Federal- ist ; though there were many of the latter party in the South, and some of the former in New England. In Maryland, in the elections of 18 14, the Federalists made considerable gains; but in those of 18 15 the Re- publicans made such gains that the Federalists had a ma- jority of only one vote in the General Assembly. The latter party gradually lost power in all the States, chiefly because of its opposition to the war, until in 18 16 Monroe, the Re- publican candidate for President, received the electoral votes of all the States except Massachusetts, Connecticut and 145 146 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Delaware. In 1820 he received all the votes except one,"* and the Federalist party fell to pieces completely. In this same year the Republicans gained complete control of the State Government of Maryland. Minority Rule in the State. It was in these years that much discussion arose in Maryland about the election of representatives to the Assembly. Annapolis and Baltimore each elected one elector of the Senate, the counties each elected two. Of the House of Delegates Baltimore City and county elected six members, but in proportion to their popu- lation and the taxes they paid they were entitled to twenty. t In addition to this the Governor was elected, not by the people directly, as is now the case, but by the Legislature ; nor were Senators elected directly, but by a college of elect- ors as is the case in electing the President of the United States. By this arrangement the portion of the State w^iich had most population and paid most taxes had less voice in the government than the other part ; or, as we say, a minor- ity of the people was governing the majority. In 18 18 an effort was made to alter the Constitution of the State in order to correct this evil, but the opposition in the counties was so strong that the bill could not be passed. Enfranchisement of the Jews, 1825. Another matter of discussion in these years was the enfranchisement of the Jews. They were allowed to worship according to their belief, but were not allowed to hold any office under the State Government until, in 1825, a bill was passed giving them the same rights that every one else had. Reforms in the State Government. The Federalist party was succeeded in time by the Whigs, and as we shall before * This vote was cast against him because it was thought that Wash- ington should be the only President elected unanimously, t See ante, p. 91. and following. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 147 148 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. long have to speak of their successors, the present Republi- cans, let us call the old Repubhcan party by the name it now bears, Democratic. In 1828 the Democratic party had elected Jackson to the presidency, and during the end of his second term the old question of minority rule came up again in Maryland. In 1836 members of both political parties held a reform convention in Baltimore, and agreed to nomi- nate Delegates who would pledge themselves to carry out the needed reforms. But it was the year of a presidential election, and party feeling was so strong that men of differ- ent parties, although they held the same views on this question, would not unite for the election of Delegates. Nevertheless, public opinion was so strongly in favor of these reforms that the newly-elected Assembly passed a law, which, among other changes, gave the people the power to elect directly the Governor and Senators, one from each county and one from Baltimore City. The number of Dele- gates from each county was to be proportional to the popula- tion of that county, and the city of Baltimore was to send as many Delegates as the county having the largest population. The State Encourages the Building of Canals and Railroads. The importance of opening up the Western country to trade and settlement was early recognized, and during the first half of the nineteenth century many schemes for building roads and canals were started, some of which were carried through. Even as early as 1784 the Legislature of Mary- land, in conjunction with that of Virginia, had considered the project of opening up a trade route to the West by way of the Potomac River. The Potomac Company was organ- ized, but came to nothing, and finally surrendered its charter to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company in 1825. This latter company was to connect the Potomac River at Georgetown with the Ohio River, and the canal was actually AFTER THE WAR WITFI ENGLAND. 149 completed as far as Cumberland. The merchants of Balti- more feared that much of their Western trade would be turned aside to Georgetown, and therefore planned another canal to connect their city with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. However, before this project could take form, the idea of building railroads entered into men's minds. Railroads had been in use in England for some years, and in one or two places in America, when, on July 4, 1828, the corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was laid in Baltimore by Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The road ran from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, and the cars were drawn by horses. Two years later a locomotive, built by Peter Cooper, was run over the road, and made about fifteen miles an hour. The road grew, and in 1835, the State subscribed three million dollars to the stock of the company. This same Act subscribed five millions to other railroads and canal com- panies, a total of eight million dollars on which interest had to be paid, and the principal of which would have to be paid in course of time. It was thought that the profits of the companies would be so large that the interest the State would receive on its stock would be not only enough to cover the interest on the bonds it issued, but enough to leave large sums over, which might be used for the expenses of the government. The interest on the debt of the State amounted to six hundred thousand dollars a year, and this had to be raised by taxation. As long as it w^as possible the Legis- lature avoided laying taxes, but in 1841 it could no longer be put off. In a number of counties the tax laws were not enforced, and the people generally tried to shirk payment. Suspension of Interest Payments, 1842. As a result of this, as early as January, 1842, the State could no longer pay the interest on its debts. The amount of interest 150 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. steadily increased until in 1844 it reached the sum of nearly a million and a half dollars. Interest Payments Resumed, 1848. Soon, however, the companies to whose stock the State had subscribed began to earn enough to pay interest on it, and the amount raised by taxes gradually grew larger, so that in 1848 the State began to pay interest again. OLDEST RAILROAD STATION IN AMERICA, AT FREDERICK. Nothing is more important for a government than the prompt payment of its debts ; for if it does not pay promptly no one will be willing to lend it money again. The State of Maryland, like other governments, can get money in two ways : by taxing the people, or by issuing bonds. If it adopt the latter plan, interest must be paid on the bonds, and, besides, the money borrowed on them has to be paid back in time to those who advanced it. For instance, Maryland may want to borrow money, by issuing bonds, to build new school houses, but if she has already refused to pay the money she borrowed to build bridges, say, men throughout the country who have money will refuse to lend AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 151 FIRST LOCOMOTIVE, BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD. it to her. In which case, possibly, the scliool houses could not be built. Maryland should be grateful to two men, Governor Thomas G. Pratt and George Peabody, for the services they rendered the State when it was in such diffi- culties. It was largely owing to their efforts that interest payment was resumed and the credit of the State maintained. Governor Pratt kept constantly before the Legislature and the people the ne- cessity of laying taxes for the payment of the debt of the State and the interest thereon, and George Peabody used all his personal ability and influence in London to sell the bonds and maintain the credit of Mary- land among English financiers. He w^as entitled to compen- sation for his services, being one of three commissioners appointed by the State, but he refused all pay, saying that he was '' sufficiently remunerated for his services by the restored credit of his State." Maryland has never repu- diated; that is, refused to pay its debts, and the suspen- sion of interest payment lasted only a few years. The First Electric Telegraph Line in the United States. Fourteen years after the first use of a steam locomotive on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was seen the completion of the first electric telegraph line in America. In 1843 Con- gress had appropriated thirty thousand dollars to be used by the inventor, S. F. B. Morse, in erecting an experimental line between Baltimore and Washington. The line was com- pleted by May, 1844, and proved to be successful. Shortly 152 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. afterwards the news of the nomination of Polk and Dallas by the National Democratic Convention held in Baltimore was telegraphed to Washington, and caused a great sensa- tion. At an earlier date than this, in 1816, was organized in Baltimore the first company in the United States for the manufacture of gas for street lighting and general use, and a little later, in 1859, the first passenger street cars were run in Baltimore. The War with Mexico. In the year 1845 war broke out be- tween Mexico and the United States because of the annexation of Texas by the lat- ter. The State of Texas was originally a part of Mexico, but rebelled to form a n independent republic, which afterwards asked to be made a part of the United States. The United States army won a number of victories at Palo Alto, Monterey, Buena Vista, and other places. Another division of the army, after a series of victories, took possession of the City of Mexico. At Palo Alto the skilful handling of the artillery MEXICAN WAR MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 153 by Major Samuel Ringgold, of Maryland, probably won the battle. Major Ringgold died from wounds received in this engagement, and was succeeded in the command of the Light Artillery by Randolph Ridgely, another Marylander. Volunteers for the war offered themselves so eagerly in Baltimore that recruiting was discontinued. Of those who enlisted, a battalion of six companies was formed, called the Battalion of Baltimore and Washington Volun- teers, and was placed under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel William H. Watson, of Baltimore. This battalion distinguished itself at the battle of Monterey, where Colonel Watson was killed, and throughout its term of service in the war. Many other Marylanders served with personal dis- tinction and not a few of them met their death in the war with Mexico, which ended February 2, 1848. Society and Manners. Social life in the United States during the early part of the nineteenth century was in many ways very curious, and if we are to believe the accounts given by some of the visitors from Europe, our manners were as bad as they could possibly be. While the States were yet colonies of Great Britain there were, as we have seen, marked distinctions between the different classes of people ; distinctions very much like those in England. There were a number of Englishmen of rank and title in the colonies, and very many of the planters belonged to aristo- cratic and noble families of the mother country. Disappearance of Class Distinctions » But with independ- ence and the establishment of the Republic all titles of nobility were done away with, and the distinctions of class began rapidly to disappear. " Republican simplicity," as it was called, began to replace aristocratic state. Much of this so-called simplicity was assumed as a political means to " catch the votes " and support of the mass of the people, 154 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 155 but more of it was truly felt by those who believed in the equaUty of all men and wanted to put their beliefs into practice. A new country is necessarily rougher and simpler in its life and habits than an old one, and vast regions of the United States were at that time little more than a wilderness. But even in the older States along the Atlantic the people had much the same faults as in the newer West. Improvement soon came, however, and we of the present can hardly believe what we read of the manners of these earlier days. Description of an Evening Party. Let us look at some of these pictures of what we were. One visitor to this country says, that when people met together at an evening party, the " women herded together in one part of the room, and the men at the other. The gentlemen spit, talk of elections and the price of produce, and spit again. The ladies look at each other's dresses till they know every pin by heart . . . and talk of new pills for dyspepsia till 'tea ' is announced," when they take " more tea, coffee, hot cake and custard, hoe cake, johnny cake, waffle cake and dodger cake, pickled peaches, and preserved cucumbers, ham, turkey, hung beef, apple sauce, and pickled oysters than ever were prepared in any other country of the known world."* At the Theatre. At the theatres, this visitor says, the men wore their hats, and many of them sat in their shirt sleeves wdth their heels higher than their heads. She cannot praise even such actors as Edwin Forrest and the elder Booth. Doubtless Mrs. Trollope was prejudiced, but such an ugly pic- ture could not be painted if there were not some truth in it. Maryland was not so bad as other parts of the country. Mrs. Trollope, after a great deal of fault-finding with the * Mrs. TroUope, in " Domestic Manners of the Americans." 156 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. inns and people she met on her journey from New Orleans to Cincinnati, says, on reaching Maryland : " Luckily for us, the inn at Hagerstown was one of the most comfortable I ever entered. . . . Instead of being scolded, as we were in Cincin- nati, for asking for a private sitting-room, we here had two, without asking at all. The waiter summoned us to breakfast, dinner, and tea, which we found prepared with abundance, and even elegance. The master of the house met us at the door of the eating-room, and after asking if we washed for anything not on the table, retired." Continuing her journey through the State, she says : " As we advanced towards Balti- more, the look of cultivation increased, the fences wore an air of greater neatness, the houses began to look like the abodes of competence and comfort." She calls Baltimore a beautiful city, and speaks of her pleasant visit of a fortnight there. She went to mass in the Cathedral, where she was '' perfectly astonished at the beauty and splendid appearance of the ladies who filled it. Excepting on a very brilliant Sunday at the Tuileries, I never saw so showy a display of morning costumes, and I think I never saw anywhere so many beautiful women at one glance." Both Mrs. Trollope, who visited Baltimore in 1830, and another English woman "* who visited the city ten years earlier, speak of the clean, broad streets, the fountains, and the neat red brick houses with their shining knockers and white marble trimmings. Still another visitor t who came to Balti- more in 1834, speaks with especial delight of the children she met there. And so, if American manners were bad in those days, we have at least some satisfaction in knowing that those who came here from Europe found Maryland * Frances Wright, "Views of Society and Manners in America." t Harriet Martineau, " Society in America." AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 157 better than many other parts of the country. But not in every respect. A Journey from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Another Eng- lish traveler *, in describing his journey from Philadelphia to Baltimore, says that he was there " brought in close contact with tobacco-chewing, to an extent that is positively disgust- ing." He adds, thus contradicting Mrs. Trollope, that it is only in public places that this spitting prevails, and that " it has not been permitted to invade the sanctuary of private society," and that he "never yet saw anyone, in the presence of ladies, violate with the practice the decorum of a drawing- room." In his journey, Mr. Mackay at length reached the Susque- hanna River, over which the passengers were ferried from one railroad to the other in a steamboat, and where he was struck with the beauty of the scenery. The train sped on and he arrived at Canton, which he describes as a suburb of Baltimore, and a " melancholy instance of misguided enter- prise " where "the streets are all nicely laid out, paved, and macadamized ; and where you have everything to make a fine town but the houses." As the train rolled into the sta- tion at Baltimore " it was like Pandemonium let loose," on account of the colored men touting for the hotels to which they belonged. " Barnum's, gen'lemen — Barnum's — now for Barnum's — only house in town — rest all sham — skin but no 'possum — yhaw, yhaw — Barnum's, Barnum's!" '"Cause Eagle eaten all de 'pcssum up, and left nuffin but de skin — de Ragle's de house, gen'lemen — hurra for de Eagle ! " It is no wonder that the poor English travelers thought this a strange country. * Alexander Mackay, " The Western World ; or, Travels in the United States in 1S46-47." 158 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, Mr. Mackay went to " Barnum^s " and " found the hotel , , , one of the most admirably managed establishments of the kind on the continent." He speaks of the line har- bor of the city, " crowded with shipping," of the Baltimore Clippers, and of the city's large foreign and Western trade. Baltimore Street was, he says, " one of the finest streets in the Union," and the Baltimore women were finer still. He had never seen " in so large a population . . . so small a proportion of un- attractive faces," and " this characteristic ex- tends more or less to the whole State of Mary- land." Mr. Mackay left Bal- timore for Washington on the "late night-train," and when about ten miles from Washington discov- ered for the first time what a " cow-ketcher " was. The train was brought to a stop by running into a cow on the track, and our inquiring English- man walked to the front of the engine where he 'made his discovery. Country Life. In Maryland during the first half of the nineteenth century social life in one respect resembled that of earlier days : it was not entirely a society of towns and cities as in the more northern States. While much of the EDGAR ALLAN POE. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 159 social life was centered in Baltimore and Annapolis, on the other hand quite as much of it was in the country between the families of those who owned large plantations, and was, with greater freedom and more open hospitality, not unlike country life in England. Edgar Allan Poe. One Maryland name of eminence be- longs to this period. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston in 1809, and died at Baltimore in 1849. His father was a Baltimorean of an old and prominent family, and he himself was one of the most gifted writers America has produced. His life and character were somewhat erratic, but his tales, and even more his poetry, stamp him as a man of genius. In 1875 a monument was erected to him in Baltimore by the teachers and pupils of the public schools. One of the chief faults of Americans in those years, if we are to believe what foreign visitors wrote about them, was their boastfulness about their country, its resources, and its institutions. But its material resources were in fact almost greater than any boast; and when we consider that the Americans were just beginning to see the success of what was, perhaps, the greatest experiment in government that the world had ever seen, it is not strange that their pride in this success led to frank and open talk about it. This peculi- arity is not so noticeable in the Marylander as in the New Englander or the Western man : he is more apt to boast of his State than of his country. Many duels were fought in America in these years, and a Marylander of renown lost his life in one. Commodore Stephen Decatur was killed in 1820, near Bladensburg, by Commodore James Barron, in a duel which grew out of the affair between the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 160 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Political Parties. 1. Name the chief points of difference between the Federalist and the RepubUcan parties. 2. Does the latter mean the present Republican party ? 3. How were the two parties distributed geographically ? 4. What became of the Federalist party ? H. Reforms in the State Government. 1. What is meant by " minority rule" ? 2. The growth of population and wealth made the old allotment of representatives unfair. 3. Baltimore City and county, and Annapolis entitled to more representatives. 4. The Governor and Senators not elected directly by the people. 5. Failure in 181 8 of efforts to correct the evils ; why ? 6. Failure again in 1836 ; why ? The effect of Presidential on State elections. 7. Compare the minority rule in Connecticut to-day on account of township representation. 8. Public opinion brings about the reforms. 9. The refoiTus were : {a) Direct election of the Governor and of Senators, one from each county and one from Baltimore City. {/)) The number of delegates from each county proportional to its population. (t) The number of delegates from Baltimore City equal to the number from the county of largest population. 10. The enfranchisement of the Jews, 1S25. III. Public Improvements and the Indebtedness of the State. 1. Large amounts subscribed by the State to canals and railroads. 2. Explain that the State could get money for this purpose only by taxation of the citizens or by borrowing. In fact, 3. The State borrowed the money and issued bonds. 4. These subscriptions were thought to be a good business invest- ment, because it was thought the dividends received from the companies would be large as compared with the interest the State would have to pay on its bonds. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. IGl HI. PuRLic Improvements and the Indebtedness of the . State {continued). 5. What was the amount of interest on these bonds, and how was it to be raised ? 6. Were the taxes paid willingly ? 7. Suspension of interest payments, 1842. 8. Resumption of interest payments, 1848. 9. Thomas G. Pratt and George Peabody ; what valuable service did they render to the State ? 10. Tell what you know about the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. IV. First Railroad in Maryland. 1. Tell about the construction of the first railroad in Maryland. 2. What was the motive power at first? When was steam first used ? 3. Tell about the first electric telegraph line in the United States. V. Manners and Customs. 1. What causes led to the disappearance of class distinctions? 2. A new country necessarily rougher and simpler in habits and manners than one long settled. 3. How does Mrs. Trollope describe American manners in 1830? 4. What was the appearance of Baltimore City at that date? 5. Country life in Maryland. 6. What excuse or reason had Americans for their boastf ulness ? 7. Duels; the death of Decatur. (See the State Constitution, Art, III, Sec. 41.) 8. Tell what you know about Edgar Allan Poe. VI. The War with Mexico. 1. Caused by what ? 2. Name some battles won by the United States. 3. Name some Marylanders who won distinction in this war. CHAPTER XI. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES— THE SLAVERY QUESTION. New Political Parties — The Know-nothings. The period after the war with Mexico was marked by the rise of several new political parties. Not that they came into being all at once ; in fact, they had been gradually forming ; but at about this time they became more or less prominent. Of these the Free-soil, or Anti-slavery party, was by far the most important, and we shall have more to say of it later. Another was the American, or as it is oftener called, the Know-nothing party. This was a secret political society which for a few years had considerable influence on politics in Baltimore as well as in other parts of the State, and in the whole country. The main object of this party was to exclude all foreign-born citizens, and more especially all Catho- lics, from any office under the National, State or city govern- ments. Its second aim was to change the naturalization laws so that the immigrant could not have the rights of citizenship until after a long residence of fifteen or twenty years in the country. Riots between the Know-nothings and the Irish Catholics occurred in many places, both during elections and at other times. Such riots occurred in Baltimore at the elections which were held in October and November, 1856. Muskets even were used, and a number of persons were killed. Thomas Swann, the Know-nothing candidate, Avas elected Mayor of Baltimore, and the presidential electors of this party received a majority of the votes cast. Thus the eight electoral votes of Maryland were cast for Millard Fill- 102 NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 1G3 more, the Know-nothing candidate for President. He re- ceived no others, however. Scenes of violence and fraud at the elections continued for several years, until at length, in i860, the Know-nothing party was defeated by the election of all the opposition candidates, headed by George William Brown for Mayor, in an election that was quiet and without disorder. Free-soilers and Abolitionists. A far more important party, and one whose doctrines had much more far-reaching effects, was the Anti-slavery, or Free-soil party ; of even more prominence and importance were the Abolitionists. These were not large parties like the Democratic and the Re- publican, but they made up in energy what they lacked in numbers. They were opposed to the holding of slaves in general, and in particular they believed that slavery should not be permitted in the new parts of the country that were being made into States. For the most part the slaves were owned in the South ; although there were some in almost all the States, and at first a few even in New England. Their number was so much greater in the Southern States because in that portion of the country the soil was rich and fertile, and adapted to the raising of crops, such as rice, sugar, and cotton, to which slave labor is suited ; while in New England the soil is more sterile. Then, too, in the South large plan- tations were owned by a single man ; while in the North each farm was so small that a man and his sons, with per- haps the help of a '' hired man " or two, could do all the work upon it. Maryland Classed with the Southern States. In the divi- sion of the country Maryland is usually placed among the Southern States, with those south of Mason and Dixon's line, and on the whole her interests and sympathies were probably more with the South than with the North. 164 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Her People Divided on the Question of Slavery. There were many slaves and slave-owners in the State, but on the other hand there was a large Puritan element in the popula- tion whose sympathies were more or less with the North. Moreover, there were many later settlers in the northern and western counties, many of them industrious and thrifty Ger- mans, holding smaller farms, and accustomed, man, woman, and child, to do their own work. These also were anti-slav- ery in feeling. Thus the State which lies on the border be- tween North and South was divided in feeling, sympathy and interests on the matters of difference between the two sections. Negro Slaves in Maryland. The first negroes were brought to Maryland shortly after the settlement of the colony. Their number was small until the early years of the eighteenth century, when the importation of them increased rapidly, so that by 17 12, when the white population numbered about thirty-eight thousand, there were more than eight thousand negroes. These slaves came for the most part from Africa, and at first were brought in British vessels. Later the trade was carried on largely by New England merchants. A ves- sel would bring molasses from Jamaica to one of the Northern towns; the molasses would there be made into rum, which in turn would go to Africa to buy slaves ; and the slaves thus bought would be carried to Jamaica or to the ports of the Southern States. As early as the year 1695 the Assembly laid a tax of ten shillings on every negro brought into the colony ; and this tax was afterwards increased until, in 17 16, it amounted to forty shillings a head. These taxes were laid for revenue rather than for the purpose of discour- aging the importation of slaves. In 1780, however, the tax was raised to five hundred pounds, which was so high as virtually to prohibit the trade. This was done because the NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 165- people had begun to think that there were already more than enough slaves in the State, and because the feeling that slavery was wrong was beginning to gain ground. The Importation of Slaves Forbidden, 1783. Three years later an Act was passed forbidding altogether the further introduction of slaves. When the convention to form a new Constitution for the United States met in 1787, Luther Martin, a delegate from Maryland, proposed, but without success, that it be made a part of the Constitution that no more slaves should be brought into the country. It was finally agreed as a com- promise that the importation of slaves should not be pro- hibited by the Federal Government until the year 1808, and that meanwhile each State should regulate slavery as it saw fit. Slaves in Maryland were as a rule treated with kindness, and their ill-treatment was punished. It was not forbidden by law to teach them to read and write, as it was in some other States, but not very many of them were so taught. Frederick Douglass when a boy was taught to read by his mistress, a Baltimore lady. As early as the year 1789 a society was formed in Maryland having for its object the abolition of slavery ; and such men as Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Roger Brooke Taney, among others of promi- nence, agreed in their opinions as to the evils of slavery and the desire for its abolition. The Friends or Quakers were active in their efforts to have slavery abolished. The South- ern Abolitionists thought that the slaves were not fit to be set free without preparation. The slaves had always de- pended upon their masters for support, were, for the most part, ignorant and helpless, and if they were suddenly freed would be unable to provide for themselves. Moreover, their masters had paid large sums for them — in the year 166 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 1859 as much as two thousand dollars was asked for a slave — had bought them in good faith expecting to keep them, and would be made bankrupt or reduced to poverty if the slaves were suddenly set free without recom- pense to their owners. The Northern anti-slavery societies, on the other hand, wanted the slaves to be freed at once and in any way, without regard to the master's rights. Fugitive Slaves. It was the law that if a slave es- caped into a " free State " he could be captured and returned to his master, but it very often happened that the people there helped him to get away instead of returning him to his owner. This was especially the case with slaves owned in Maryland, who had only to cross the line into Pennsyl- vania to find numbers of persons ready to help them to get away. In 185 1, Edward Gorsuch, of Baltimore County, his son, and several friends, all armed and having a war- rant got in Philadelphia, went to Lancaster County, Penn- sylvania, in search of two slaves who had escaped three years before. The searchers broke into the house where the fugitives were hidden, but did not succeed in taking them, as a mob of about a hundred men, armed with guns, axes, and clubs, had been called together by the sounding of a horn as a signal. After some parley shots were fired, and ROGER BROOKE TANEY. From an engraving in the possession o/ the 3Iaryland Historical Society. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 167 in the fight which followed, Gorsuch was killed and his son wounded. By order of the President search was made for the fugitive slaves, but they had escaped. Several persons were arrested and tried for taking part in the riot, but all were acquitted. Public opinion in the free States was so strong against the fugitive slave law that it could not be enforced, and such occurrences as this made very bitter feel- ing in the South, Free Negroes. Many efforts were made to reduce the number of free negroes in Maryland. Beginning with the year 183 1, the State appropriated large sums to send them to the colony of Liberia. The movement met with little success, however, as the negroes did not wish to go. In the twenty years to 185 1, only one thousand and eleven were colonized in Africa, and this at a cost of two hundred and ninety-eight thousand dollars. Many slaves had been man- umitted by their masters, so that the number of slaves in the State had greatly diminished, while the number of free negroes had greatly increased. In i860, there were almost as many free negroes as there were slaves.* This decrease in the number of slaves was partly due to the fact that many of them were sold into the more southern States. In 18 10, when the number of slaves was greatest, there were about ten slaves to every twenty-four free persons; while in i860 there were only ten slaves to about sixty-nine free persons. The Abolitionist Merged in the Republican Party. At first the Abolitionists did not form any political party, but in 1840 they organized as the Liberty party. From that time on their efforts were directed to uniting all the people of the North into a political party pledged to destroy slavery in all the States. Before long they were merged into the Repub- * See Appendix B, p. 302, following. 168 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. lican party which took up their watchword of "no slavery." The election of Lincoln to the presidency by the Republican party in i860, caused great excitement, and some of the Southern States at once began to prepare for secession. In Maryland Lincoln had received only 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,441, and the electoral vote of the State was cast against him. Nevertheless, although Maryland sympathized with the South, she was strongly opposed to all violence, had always been for moderation in the dissensions between the two sections, and believed that the Union should be pre- served. Maryland Does not Secede. When, at the end of the year i860. South Carolina seceded, and was followed in the course of some months by ten other Southern States, Maryland, though asked to do so, would not join with them. Many persons in the State favored, many were opposed to, seces- sion. The Governor, Thomas H. Hicks, was a loyal Union man, and as he said in his message at this time, believed " that the only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South." The Legislature passed no ordinance of secession, and did not call a convention of the voters to decide the question, and thus the State remained in the Union. It is fortunate for Maryland that she did not secede. If she had, it is probable that, being a border State, much of the fight- ing during the war which followed secession would have been within her borders; and she would have been desolated, impoverished and laid waste, as Virginia actually was. Immigration and Mechanical Inventions. While the slavery question was uppermost in men's minds during the decades before the war of secession, we must not get the idea that it constitutes the whole history of the period. Even in the most exciting times the ordinary affairs of life must go on ; NEW FOLITICAL PARTIES. 169 men must labor, business must be conducted, and the routine of life's work and pleasure continue. Two of the most striking features of this period were the enormous growth in population due to immigration, and the equally large increase in material welfare. It was a time of mechanical inventions : the harvesting machine, the breech-loading firearm, the sew- ing machine, the steam fire-engine, the Atlantic cable, all belong to this period; and the growth of material welfare was largely due to inventions of this kind. But it was more especially due to the use of steam in manufactures and rail- roads. While this quiet progress is often overshadowed by more stirring events, it is of lasting importance and must not be forgotten. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. - I. Political Parties. 1. The American or Know-nothing party. {a) Was a secret society. (d) What were its tw^o chief objects ? (t) Riots caused by, in Bahimore. {(/) Overthrow in i860. 2. Abolitionists. (a) Opposed to slavery in general. {l>) Opposed to the extension of slavery into new States and Territories. {c) Not a political party at first. (a/gai„a\.,L.„ri:d:7of:.t:et:it'""'^" "-' "- -■'" TMf CAuViRT COAT ©f M^J CHAPTER XV. INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. Many Institutions Founded in the Second Half of the Nine- teenth Century. The years following the Civil War were marked by the foundation of a number of institutions in Maryland. The corner-stone of the Peabody Institute in Baltimore was laid as early as April i6, 1859, but the building was not finally com- pleted until 1879. George Peabody, the founder, was born in Massachusetts, but lived for some time in Balti- more. The Institute was endowed by him with the sum of $1,400,000, and con- tains, in addition to a very valuable library, an art mu- seum, a conservatory of mu- sic, and lecture halls where courses of free public lect- ures are given. Another foundation is the McDonogh Institute, which was es- t;\blished by John McDonogh, a Baltimorean by birth, who on his death in 1850 left a large part of his fortune, about ^750,000, to found a school in Maryland. Owing to law- suits over the property, however, the school was not opened 209 GEORGE PEABODY. From a /laiitti'ig in the Peabody Institute. 210 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. until 1873. It is situated on an estate of eight hundred acres within a few miles of Baltimore, and on this estate the boys learn practical and scientific farming in addition to the subjects usually taught in schools. The endowment has increased in value, until now it is worth more than a million dollars. Another school founded by the liberality of an THE PEABODY INSTITUTE, BALTIMORE. individual is the Tome Institute at Port Deposit, which was opened in 1894. This school was endowed by the Hon. Jacob Tome, originally, with $957,750, but the endowment has since increased to $3,000,000. It is intended to embrace all grades of schools, beginning with the kindergarten. A sanitarium where sick children, especially young babies, of INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 211 the poor can be taken out of the hot city in the summer and receive careful treatment and nursing, was founded by Thomas Wilson in 1882. He bequeathed half a million THE ENOCH PRATT FREE LIBRARY, BALTIMORE. dollars for the purpose, and the sanitarium was built on a farm of one hundred and seventy acres within a short dis- tance of Baltimore. On January 21, 1882, Enoch Pratt, of Baltimore, offered that city the sum of $833,333.33, i" addi- 212 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. tion to buildings to cost $225,000 to found a free public library, on condition that the city appropriate a perpetual fund of $50,000 a year for the support of the library. The gift was promptly accepted, and the library, known as the Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore, was formally opened January 4, 1886. Enoch Pratt, like George Peabody, was born in Massachusetts, but removed to Baltimore while still a young man. On February 22, 1876, the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity was formally opened in Baltimore. The founder, Johns Hopkins, was born in Anne Arundel County. As a merchant and banker in Baltimore he grew very wealthy, and with his wealth he determined to found a university and a hospital. On his death he left to the University his country place, " Clifton," of over three hundred acres, and a fund of three million dollars. To the Hospital he gave thir- teen acres of land in Baltimore City as a site, and in addition about two million dollars. Since the year 1893 the Johns Hopkins Hospital has formed a part of the Medical School of the University which was opened in that year. Miss Mary Garrett, of Baltimore, contributed liberally to the fund for founding the Medical School, on the condition that women should be admitted to its courses of study on the same terms as men. Dr. Daniel C. Oilman was selected by the trustees JOHNS HOPKINS. From a Paititifig- in the President's Office at the University. INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 213 as president of the University, a position which he occupied until the year 190 1, when he resigned and was succeeded by Professor Ira Remsen. To Dr. Gihnan's efforts and abiHty were largely due the successful organization of the Univer- sity and its successful management. The fund left to the University by its founder consisted for the most part of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock, and when, about the year 1890, the railroad ceased to pay dividends on its stock, the income of the University was cut off. Twice the citizens BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. of Baltimore raised liberal sums to pay the expenses of the University ; but this was only temporary relief, and at length, in 1898, the Legislature voted to give the University the sum of fifty thousand dollars a year for two years. Thus Maryland followed the example of so many of her sister States in giving aid to the great University within her bord- ers. In the year 1901 William Keyser, William Wyman, and other public-spirited citizens made a gift to the Univer- sity of a tract of land valued at one million dollars, on con- dition that the University raise another million for the erection and maintenance of buildings. Afterwards, when 214 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. it was thought that this condition could not be comphed with, it was removed. By 1902, however, the additional million dollars was raised. Older Institutions. A much older institution is St. John's College, at Annapolis, which was chartered in 1785 and be- gan its work in 1789. The older King William's School was merged in it at the time of its foundation. Three years earlier, in 1782, near Chestertown, on the Eastern Shore, was founded Washington College, and these two colleges to- JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL, BALTIMORE. gether were to constitute the University of Maryland. This University existed in name until 1805, when the State dis- continued its regular grants to the two colleges. The old charter was never repealed, but the University simply died out. The two separate colleges still flourished, however, and have since received aid from the State. There is also at present the University of Maryland, chartered by the State Legislature in 1807, and consisting of schools of law and medicine, in which many of the foremost lawyers and INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 215 physicians of the State have received their professional education. The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, dating from 1825, owes its foundation to John H. B. Latrobe, who first suggested the idea of forming a mechanics' institute in Baltimore. The Institute was incorporated in ST. MARY'S FEMALE SEMINARY. 1850, and work on the building was begun in 185 1. Be- sides its use for exhibitions and lectures, the building has been the scene of some notable events. Receptions were given there to Kossuth in 185 1, and to George Peabody in 1857 ; the body of Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, lay there in state : and the first embassy from Japan to this country was received there in i860. The hall has been several times used for national conventions of different political parties. 216 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. An important part of the work of the Maryland Institute is its art school, iii which are taught drawing, painting, model- ing, and sculpture. The number of pupils attending the school is nearly a thousand. This was one of the historic buildings of Baltimore destroyed in the great fire of 1904. The Maryland Historical Society, founded in the year 1844, has its headquarters in Baltimore, where it has collected a valuable library and many historic relics, manuscripts, and pictures of the greatest interest and importance in the his- tory of Maryland. Since 1884 it has been, by Act of the Legislature, the custodian of the archives of the Province of Maryland, twenty-two volumes of which have been published under the editorship of Dr. William Hand Browne. The Society has published many other valuable historical docu- ments from the income of a fund bequeathed for that pur- pose by George Peabody. Other Schools and Colleges in the State. Maryland has the honor of having founded the second agricultural college in America. In 1856 the Legislature passed an Act estab- lishing the Maryland Agricultural College, where practical farming is taught and agricultural experiments are made. The college is situated on a farm of over four hundred acres in Prince George's County. There are also in the State Mount St. Mary's College, at Emmitsburg, founded in 1808; St. Charles' College, in Howard County, founded in 1830 by Charles Carroll of Carrollton ; Frederick College, at Frederick, chartered in 1830; New Windsor College, in Carroll County, established in 1843 '•> Loyola College, at Baltimore, founded in 1852 ; Rock Hill College, near Elli- cott City, chartered in 1865 ; Western Maryland College, at Westminster, organized in 1867 ; The Woman's College of Baltimore, chartered in 1885 ; Morgan College, at Balti- more, first organized in 1866, and chartered in 1890; and INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 217 also a number of theological seminaries and professional schools.* The Public School System — Its History. Throughout the State are many other schools of high standing ; but espe- cially to be mentioned is the excellent system of public schools, ranging from the primary and grammar schools to the Baltimore City College and the State Normal Schools. The first permanent fund for the support of free schools in the State was appropriated in the year 1812, and four years later nine School Commissioners were appointed for each county to distribute this fund and supervise the schools. But the present public school system dates from 1825, in which year the " Primary School Bill " was passed. In the same year the Legislature passed an Act giving the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore authority to establish pubhc schools in that city, and in 1828 a Board of Commissioners of Public Schools was appointed. On September 21, 1829, the first public school in Baltimore was opened in the basement of the Presbyterian Church, on Eutaw between Saratoga and Mulberry Streets. It was in charge of William H. Coffin, who was the first public school teacher in Baltimore. One week later two more schools were opened, one for boys and one for girls, on Bond Street, near Canton Avenue. For twenty years the boys' schools were taught only by men, but since then women also have been employed, and now the greater part of the public school teachers are women. Dur- ing the first year there were 269 pupils and three teachers. The number of each has increased until, in the year 1902- 1903, there were in the schools of the State 224,004 pupils and 5,036 teachers. In the city of Baltimore there were * See the "History of Education in Maryland," by Bernard C. Steiner. 218 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 66,399 pupils and 1,823 teachers. The school expenditures in the State amounted to $2,687,797, and in Baltimore to $1,350,000. On October 20, 1839, the Male High School — a name changed to the Baltimore City College in 1866 — was opened. It has proved a school of high standing where boys are excellently trained to enter upon business or pro- McDOWELL HALL, ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, ANNAPOLIS. fessional life. In 1844 the Eastern and Western Female High Schools were established ; they were the first high schools for girls only belonging to any public school system. A State Normal School was founded by the Legislature in 1865, for the purpose of educating and training teachers, and a second, at Frostburg, was established in 1902. In 1884 a school of manual training, afterwards known as the Polytech- nic Institute, was added to the public school system of Balti- more. In 1867 schools for colored children were added to INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 219 the system, and these now have primary and grammar schools and a high school. The Public School System. — Its Organization, ^s organ- ized under the Public School Law, as amended to the year 1904, the public school system of the state is under the general supervision of the State Board of Education. This board is appointed by the Governor for a term of six years, ^ THE WOMAN'S COLLEGE, BALTIMORE. and at least two of its members must be from the political party which at the preceding election for Governor received next to the highest number of votes. Members of this Board serve without salary. The Governor and the State Superintendent of Public Education are ex-officio members of the Board. Principals of the State Normal Schools and of * Except the first Board, appointed under the law of 1904, two of whose members were appointed for two years, two for four years, and two for six years. 220 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the normal departments of some other schools are ex-officio honorary members of this Board, but with no vote. Educa- tional matters in each county are under the control of a Board of County School Commissioners, appointed by the BALTIMORE CITY COLLEGE. Governor for six years* and consisting, in some counties of six members, in other counties of three. The same provision is made for minority representation on these Boards as on the State Board of Education. The counties are subdivided into school districts, each of which is supervised by a Board * Except the first Board, appointed under the law of 1904. INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. ^21 of District School Trustees composed of three persons appointed by the County School Commissioners. The Boards of County School Commissioners have the general supervision and control of all schools in their respective counties ; they build and repair schoolhouses, purchase text-books and appoint all assistant teachers. They elect a County Superintendent of Public Education, who serves as Secretary and Treasurer of the Board. They make an annual report to the State Board of Education. The Dis- trict School Trustees appoint a principal teacher, subject to confirmation by the Board of County School Commissioners, and niust supervise and visit the schools in their district. The General Assembly provides the money to furnish free tuition and free text-books in all the public schools, and to aid in the formation of district and traveling libraries.* The public school system of Baltimore City is under the control of a body of nine Commissioners appointed by the Mayor, and is independent of the State system. In the city there is a Superintendent of Public Instruction, with two assistants. An Early Kindergarten. It is interesting to know that, before the days of kindergartens, a school of much the same kind was started in Baltimore by a certain Mr. Ibbertson. The following account of his school is given by Mrs. Trol- lope : "■ We visited the infant school, instituted in this city by Mr. Ibbertson, an amiable and intelligent Englishman. . . . The children, of whom we saw about a hundred, boys and girls, were between eighteen months and six years. The apartment was filled with all sorts of instructive and amus- ing objects ; a set of Dutch toys, arranged as a cabinet of natural history, was excellent ; a numerous collection of large * See ante, p. 206, for two laws affecting the public schools, passed in 1902. 222 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. wooden bricks filled one corner of the room, the walls were hung with gay papers of different patterns, each representing some pretty group of figures ; large and excellent coloured engravings of birds and beasts were exhibited in succession as the theme of a little lesson ; and the sweet flute of Mr, Ibbertson gave tune and time to the prettiest little concert of chirping birds that I ever listened to."* Mrs. Trollope speaks in the same place of the neatness in dress of the boys and girls, and of their bright and well-bred manners; so dif- ferent, she says, from the manners of other American children. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Give an Account of Some of the Principal Institutions P\)UNDED in Maryland. II. Give an Account of the Public School System. 1. Its history. 2. Its present organization. III. Tell Something About Mr. Ibbertson's School. * " Domestic Manners of the Americans." ^ CHAPTER XVI. MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. Baltimore Loses Much of its Trade during the War. It is a fact which people do not fully realize that war costs money as well as human lives. The Civil War left the United States with a debt of about three thousand million dollars, but the VIEW OF BALTIMORE HARBOR. war had cost the country many times that amount. Through- out the South, towms, railroads and factories had been de- stroyed ; farms and plantations had been laid waste ; and all business and industries were dead. During the %var the regu- lar trade of Baltimore had been much interfered with ; but, on the other hand, the Confederates having blocked the Po- tomac River, a very large amount of freight w^as carried to Washington over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. This helped to take the place of the trade which was lost. The 223 224 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Federal Government bought supplies in Baltimore, and sent vessels there, and to Annapolis, to be repaired and fitted out ; so that new trades began to replace the old ones. But the condition of business for ten years after the war was bad. Trade was depressed, merchants had trouble in borrowing money to carry on their business, and one great market for the country, the Southern States, was so devastated and im- poverished that the people who were left there had very little money to spend. They were glad if they could earn a bare living. All classes of the people suffered from the bad times ; OLD FORT CARROLL, ENTRANCE TO BALTIMORE HARBOR. but the suffering fell, as it always does, heaviest on the labor- ing classes. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Strike of 1877. Of course, when trade is dull the railroads must suffer. They carry less freight and earn less money ; and if their income is much reduced, they are compelled to pay their employees lower wages. In July, 1877, the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road made a reduction of ten per cent, in the wages of all its employees, following in this the example of the other great railroads of the country. When they learned this the MARYLAND'S TROGRESS. 226 brakemen and firemen of the freight trains refused to work, and before long the strike had spread to the other employees and to other roads. In Baltimore no freight trains either went or came. Rioting and Bloodshed. There was rioting all along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio, and Governor Carroll was at length compelled to order the Fifth Maryland Regiment THE NARROWS, AT CUMBERLAND. to Cumberland, where the riots and disorder were greatest. As the Plfth Regiment marched from its armory to Camden Station it was met by a mob, which, by the time that the corner of Lombard and Eutaw Streets was reached, was no longer content to howl and jeer, but attacked the soldiers with bricks and stones. At Camden and Eutaw Streets the crowd was so thick and resolute that the soldiers could not 226 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. go farther, until, with fixed bayonets, they charged through the mob into Camden Station. In the meantime three companies of the Sixth Regiment, which were also ordered out, were trying to make their way to Camden Station. The Sixth Regiment Armory was surrounded by a mob of two or three thousand men and boys, who attacked the POSTOFFICE, BALTIMORE. building with bricks and stones. When the three companies detailed for duty tried to come out, they were several times driven back. At length they fired on the mob, w^hich then made way for them. All along the march to Camden Station the fighting continued between the mob and the soldiers. The disorder was so great that the Governor MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 227 ordered the Fifth Regiment to remain in BaUimore. By this time the crowd had increased to ten thousand persons. The rioters had destroyed several locomotives and cars, and at length set fire to Camden Station. Some of the fire engines which answered the alarm were driven back by the mob, others had their hose cut, but the police succeeded in driving the rioters back and the fire was put out. Governor THE COURT HOUSE, BALTIMORE. Carroll called on the Federal Government for troops, but before they could arrive, the mob had been broken up by the police. Nevertheless, the President sent some two thousand soldiers to Baltimore to act in case of further disturbance. The rioters made other attempts on Camden Station, but after about two hundred of the worst of them had been arrested, the remainder quieted down. The strike 228 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. lasted only about a week in Maryland, but during that time it had cost the State eighty-five thousand dollars. The worst excesses were committed, not by the striking rail- road employees, but by tramps, thieves and loafers who made the strike an excuse for their own disorder ; and the THE CITY HALL, BALTIMORE. people, for the most part, were in sympathy with the true strikers. Since that time the trade, commerce and manufactures of Maryland have flourished,* although the State has suf- fered with the rest of the country from those periods of * See Appendix B, p. 304, following. MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 229 business depression, those " hard times " that come at intervals to the modern world. Baltimore Celebrates its Sesqui-Centennial, 1880. In the year 1880, in honor of its being the one hundred and fiftieth year since its foundation, Baltimore celebrated its sesqui-centennial. From the tenth to the fifteenth of Octo- ber the city was in holiday dress ; flags were flying, the houses and public buildings were decorated with bright colored bunting — gold and black, the Maryland colors, predominating — and the streets were thronged with a gay crowd of visitors, sightseers and masquers. Thousands of ENTRANCE TO DRUID HILL PARK, BALTIMORE. merchants with their families came to the city, and the people of Baltimore did all in their power to welcome their visitors and show them the advantages of Baltimore as a place in which to buy. On Sunday, October 10, there were religious celebrations in the churches ; on Monday there was a procession, ten miles long, made up largely of floats repre- senting the various trades and indur.tries of the city ; on 230 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Tuesday, a parade of the Masonic Order and school chil- dren ; on Wednesday, a miUtary display ; on Thursday, another parade of national societies and benevolent associa- tions. Monday's procession was so long that it occupied five hours in passing a given point. At night there were brilliant displays of fireworks. In fact, we may say that, in a modern way, the old-time hospitality, the old-time pleasure- MOUNT VERNON PLACE AND WASHINGTON MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. loving and pleasure-giving spirit of the Marylanders shone forth. Maryland and her towns have kept pace with the rest of the country in all modern developments. In Baltimore, especially, electric and cable lines have replaced the old horse-cars ; large and handsome public buildings have been built ; parks and " squares " have been laid out and MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 231 made beautiful with flowers, shrubbery, fountains and statues. Disastrous Floods. Handsome new bridges have been built over Jones' falls, and an embankment has been built along the stream, so that there is no longer any danger from floods such as those which did so much damage to the city in early years. Periodically floods have fallen RAILROAD PIERS IN BALTIMORE HARBOR. upon Baltimore, causing loss of life and great loss of property. That of 1786 caused a loss of about half a miUion dollars, but the two most disastrous ones occurred in 1837 and 1868. In the former some twenty persons were drowned, and the destruction of property amounted to two million dollars. This was exceeded by the damage done in 1868, however, when property to the value of three millions was destroyed. Jones' Falls overflowed its 232 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. banks, washed away bridges, and even carried away houses in the flood of waters. A street car full of pas- sengers was hfted from the tracks and swept down the street. In the region along the lower banks of the stream the water rose in the streets and houses to a height of ten feet. The high stone embankment which now borders the Falls confines the water even in time of flood to the bed VIEW, LOOKING EAST, IN BALTIMORE AFTER THE GREAT FIRE. of the stream, and thus saves many lives and millions of dollars' worth of property. There was another flood in Maryland in the early summer of 1889. The Potomac, Patapsco and Susquehanna Rivers all overflowed their banks. Baltimore was protected, but on the upper Poto- mac fifty lives were lost, several hundred families were left homeless, and more than two million dollars worth MARYLAND'S TROGRESS. 233 of property was destroyed. The upper waters of the Chesapeake were covered with logs and debris brought down on the Susquehanna flood. The Baltimore Fire of 1904. — But a greater calamity than any of these, in the amount of property destroyed, was the great conflagration which swept over the city of Baltimore GENERAL VIEW OF THE RUINS OF BALTIMORE AFTER THE GREAT FIRE. in the year 1904. The fire started in the wholesale dry goods house of John E. Hurst & Co., German Street and Hopkins Place, on the morning of Sunday, February 6, and raged for thirty hours, destroying almost entirely the business section of the city and causing a loss of not far from a hun- dred million dollars, a loss unparalleled except by the great Chicago fire of 187 1. 234 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Before the alarm could reach the engine houses the whole Hurst building was in flames, and ten minutes later an explosion caused it to collapse and spread the fire to the adjacent buildings in all directions. A fierce wind blow- ing at the time spread the flames so rapidly that they got beyond the control of the fire department. After a stubborn fight the brave firemen had to confess that they were exhausted VIEW OF RUINS AT THE CORNER OF BALTIMORE AND CHARLES STREETS AFTER THE FIRE. by the strain, and aid from other cities was asked and was cheerfully given. Engines and men came from Washington, Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York and other cities. Even then, with seventy engines, the flames could not be checked, but burnt their way fiercely to the water front and to Jones Falls. When it was found that the engines were powerless, dyna- mite was used, and many buildings were blown up in the hope MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 235 that the flames could not leap across the vacant spaces left. Too often this hope proved illusory, and before the fire was checked twenty-two banks, eleven trust companies, the cham- ber of commerce, the stock exchange, and all but one of the newspaper offices had been wholly or partially destroyed. Railroad offices and business buildings of every kind, whole- sale and retail, and including many of the handsomest and newest, were burned. Nor were historic buildings spared ; among others the Maryland Institute and the Church of the Messiah perished. Fortunately the fire started on a Sunday, otherwise the loss of life in the crowded business portion of the city would doubt- less have been appalling. As it was, there were almost no lives lost. Martial law was declared for ten days. The Fourth and Fifth Maryland regiments, the Naval brigade and a company of United States troops patrolled the streets and mounted guard in the ruined district, in order to protect the buried vaults, safes and valuables from thieves, many of whom, it is said, flocked to Baltimore from other cities only to be arrested by the vigilant police and sent away again. Governor Warfield issued a proclamation declaring a legal holiday from February 8 to February 15. This was necessary, as the banks and trust companies could not reach their vaults, buried in the debris, for days, because of the intense heat. Many a mer- chant opened his buried safe at the end of a week only to find the valuable contents within burned to ashes. More than two thousand buildings were burned, and fifty thousand persons were thrown out of employment, but the citizens of Baltimore, without accepting the aid so kindly proffered by other cities, although glad of their sympathy, faced the calamity bravely, determined that their city should emerjre from its ashes fairer than ever before. 236 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. State and City Debt. In the State are schools for the bUnd and for deaf mutes, and asykims for the helpless and the insane. Thus the poor and the helpless are provided for. All these things, of course, cost a great deal. To pay for them both State and City have had to borrow money ; so that by the year 1904 the State had a debt of about seven million dollars, while that of Baltimore City was nearly forty millions.* The War with Spain. Thus the history of our State is, for the most part, a record of quiet progress. There have been some stirring events, some wrangling with the rest of the country, and some discord among ourselves. Of some of the acts of her sons the State cannot feel proud ; but the deeds of many, of most of them, must fill her with an honest and noble pride. Maryland has taken her stand firmly as a part of the Union, ready at all times to give money and life for love of the country. In the war with Spain, de- clared in 1898, her young men were ready, and although not many of them were sent into the thick of the fight as they wished, yet they bore with sickness and with privation. When the Pacific Squadron, under Admiral George Dewey, destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, the cruiser Bal- timore led the line of battle in the second attack. Lieu- tenant-Commander John D. Ford, of Baltimore, was chief engineer of the Baltimore at the time. After the battle he became fleet engineer, and later Rear Admiral. The Mary- land Naval Militia, in the auxiliary cruiser Dixie, was in active service in the West Indies and received the surrender of Port Ponce, Porto Rico. The engagement of the war of most interest from the point * Funded debt of the vState of Maryland on September 30, 1903, $7,101,926.13; net debt, $2,616,704.23. Funded debt of the City of Baltimore on January i, 1904, $39,935,182.95 ; net debt, $8,935,182.95. MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 287 of view of Maryland, however, was the battle of Santiago. The Spanish fleet was blockaded in the harbor of Santi- ago by a fleet under the command of Admiral W. T. Samp- son, the officer second in command being Commodore Winfield Scott Schley, of Maryland. Admiral Sampson had left the blockading fleet for a conference and during his absence, a short distance away, the Spaniards were captured. Much bitter and unwarranted controversy arose concerning the question who had been in command at the battle and to whom the credit of the vic- tory was due. Finally, at Admiral Schley's request, a court of inquiry was held to investigate the matter and pro- nounce judgment. The court, composed of Admiral Dewey and Rear-Admirals Ramsay and Benham, with Captain Samuel C. Lemly as judge- advocate, condemned Admiral Schley, except on the charge of cowardice, wdth Admiral _ ,. . A 1 WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY. Dewey dissenting. Appeal was taken to President Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy with a result unfavorable to Admiral Schley. In the eyes of the people Admiral Schley was, without doubt, the " hero of Santiago," and the whole matter can be safely left as a question of history to the judgment of posterity. A Final Word. In reviewing the history of our State, let us then remember always the bravery, the steadfastness, the honor, the hospitality, and the cordial courtesy of our fore- fathers, and let us try to imitate them in these qualities. If 238 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. we remember their faults, let it be only to guard ourselves against them. Let us remember that a good State is made by good citizens. Above all, let us be ever ready, in war and in peace, in sickness and in health, in poverty and in prosperity, and for very love of her, to do all that we can for the honor and well-being of our native State. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Trade and Commerce. 1. What effect had the Civil War on the trade of Maryland? 2. What led to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike? 3. Note that strikes occurred on many other railroads and in other States at the time. II. Give an Account of Some of the Floods that Have Y I SITED THE State, and of Means Taken to Lessen the Evils Resulting from Them. III. Explain why it is that the State and City of Balti- more Have Contracted Debts. IV. The Spanish War. 1. The battle of Manila. 2. Tell what you know of the engagement at Santiago, 3. Name some Maiylanders who won distinction in the war. V. Let P2ach Student Tell what he Thinks is the Most In- teresting Event in Maryland History; the Most Impor- tant ; Why he is Proud of Being a Marylander ; Why HE Loves his Native State. VI. Let the Teacher Point out how the Events Happening from Day to Day are Making History to be Written about in the Future, and not Merely such Events as Wars and the Passing of Laws, but the Daily Life, the Habits and Customs of the People. HISTORIES OF THE COUNTIESo^MARYLAND FROM THE TEACHERS' MANUAL. BY M. BATES STEPHENS, STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION. COURT HOUSE AT LEONARDTQWN. ST. MARY^S. This "mother county" dates back to 1634, and has an area of 360 square miles. It was named in honor of the saint whom the devout colonists took as their patron. It forms the extremity of the southern Maryland penmsula, lying between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers, its lower eastern side bordering on the Chesapeake. Historic Point Lookout is at the wide mouth of the Potomac. St. Mary s touches no other county except Charles, the Patuxent making in between it and Calvert. There are highlands along the waterfront and lowlands in the interior. Some of the soil is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive loam is found in parts of the county. Half the cultivated land is occupied by tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red oak, poplar, sycamore, pine and chestnut. Farms fronting 241 242 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. on the Bay and rivers are generally large, and vestiges of the old manorial life are numerous. Tobacco-growing chiefly engages the attention of the farmers, and corn, wheat and potatoes are also grown ; much live stock of an excellent grade is raised. The construction of a railroad to Point Lookout, traversing the county, is often urged. St. Mary's only railroad, the Washington City and Potomac, runs from Brandywine, on the Pope's Creek Line, in Lower Prince George's, through eastern Charles and into St. Mary's as far as Mechanicsville, twelve miles from Leonardtown, the county seat, located about midway of the county. Steam- boats from Washington and Baltimore touch at Points on the Potomac, and the Weems Line vessels from Baltimore ply the Patuxent. Leonardtown, named after the first Governor Calvert, is one of the most interesting ancient colonial towns of Maryland. Its population is 463. The site of St. Mary's City is fourteen miles southeast of the county seat, on St. Mary's River. A seminary for girls is established there, and at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a monument has been erected. Charlotte Hall Academy, above Mechanicsville, was estab- lished by legislative enactment in 1774, and its aliimni in- clude many famous Mary landers. COURT HOUSE AT CHESTERTOWN. KENT. Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, was named after the Enghsh shire from whence came many of its early settlers, who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the fairest county of England. Kent claims the distinction of being the oldest county on the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the present limits of Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 by Protestants from Virginia under the leadership of William Claiborne. Calvert claimed the island as part of his grant, and the contention was not ended until 1647, when Claiborne was dispossessed. The Mary- land Proprietary, having established his authority over the island, in 1650 organized Kent County, it then embracmg the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is a peninsular, lying be- tween the Sassafras and Chester Rivers, its eastern border being the Delaware line and its western boundary the Chesa- 243 244 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. peake Bay. With its standing timber, fertile soil, game, fish and many natural advantages, mider the liberal policy of the Proprietary, Kent soon became a flourishing colony, with a' population consisting of Protestants, Catholics and Quakers, And presently negro slaves were brought into the county. In 1864 about one-fourth of the population were colored people. The soil of Kent yields a great variety of crops, and agriculture is the leading occupation of the people ; although the fishery interests are extensive. A paper mill, basket factory, phosphate factory and other manufacturing plants are located at Chestertown, the county seat (popula- tion, 3,008). Canneries, mills, and other plants are numerous in the county. The people, though conservative, are pro- gressive. They have promoted railroad and steamboat com- munication with Baltimore and Philadelphia. During the ante-Revolutionary period Kent was active in opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament. It is not commonly known that Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a " tea party " of her own, a small cargo on the Geddess brought into the Chester for the neighboring counties, being seized and thrown overboard by the indignant citizens. In the War of 181 2 the British under Sir Peter Parker landed a force in Kent for an important military operation. The enemy was met by a body of local militia under Col. Philip Reed (a Revolutionary officer and United States Senator 1806-13) and driven back to their ships with heavy loss, Parker being among the killed. Washington College (founded, 1782), which has a normal department, is at Chestertown. Rock Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville, Galena, Still Pond, Kennedyville, and other thriving towns are in Kent. COURT HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS. ANNE ARUNDEL. Anne Arundel County was erected in 1650 and has an area of 400 square miles. It was named after the Lady Anne Arundel, whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts eastward on the Chesapeake, and within its territory five rivers are contained — the Severn, most beautiful sheet of water of its size in the United States ; Magothy, South, Rhode, and West. On the north and northeast is the Pa- tapsco, and Howard County lies northwest of Anne Arundel. The Patuxent separates it from Prince George's on the west, and Calvert is on the south. Annapolis, the State capital, is also the county seat. In 1694 it supplanted St. Mary's City as the seat of government in the colony, and grew to be the " Paris of America," the abode of wealth, elegance and 245 246 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. fashion. In the Senate chamber of the historic old State House Washington resigned his commission as commander- in-chief, to the Continental Congress, at the close of the Revolution ; on State House Hill, where Revolutionary- troops encamped, is a historic statue of Baron de Kalb, commander of the Maryland Line on the gory field of Cam- den. Near the State House is the Executive Mansion, and in the vicinity are numerous specimens of eighteenth century architecture. The city and county are rich in historical as- sociations. Eden, the last of the colonial governors, died in Annapolis, and his grave is on the Severn. Tombs of the early settlers, bearing still familiar names, and other traces of the past preserve county history. The Marylajid Gazette^ first printed in 1745, is one of the Annapolis newspapers. The United States Naval Academy is a government reserva- tion adjoining the city. The population of Annapolis is 8,525. It was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and horticulture are leading industries of the county, and its manufacturing interests are numerous, and some of them of great importance. South Baltimore, in the northern part of the county, is a manufacturing center, with car works and other large plants ; Brooklyn has various industries ; An- napolis, a port of entry, is a leading center of the oyster industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables and fruits are grown, and woodland areas have heavy growths of oak, pine and other trees. The railroads are the Baltimore and Po- tomac ; Baltimore and Ohio ; Annapolis, Baltimore and Washington ; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. St. John's College, the alma mater of many distinguished Marylanders, is at Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions have been notable in the educational annals of Maryland. COURT HOUSE AT PRINCE FREDERICKTOWN. CALVERT. Calvert County has 222 square miles of territory, and is the smallest in the State. It dates back to 1654 and pre- serves the family name of the Proprietary. The Patuxent curves around the southern and western sides of the county, and its eastern line is washed by the Chesapeake. The bayside is marked by highlands, and the " Cliffs of Calvert " attract much attention among students of geology and physi- ography. The soil is productive and divided between sandy and clay loams. Tobacco and cereals are the chief crops, and a considerable number of the people are interested in fisheries. The oyster grounds of Calvert are among the best in the State. Timber is plentiful, and iron ores and silica are found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at the 247 248 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the United States, and in time may become the location of a vast Federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and vegetables mature early on the sheltered lands, with south- ern exposure, along the waterways. The county seat is Prince Fredericktown, which is centrally located, and, like other Calvert towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in the southern part of the county, 26 miles from Prince Fred- ericktown, has a marine railway and shipyards, and Sollers', on St. Leonard's Creek, St, Leonard's, Chaneyville, Lower Marlboro, Drum Point, Huntingtown, Plum Point are among the villages of the county. In the colonial and early State history of Maryland Calvert was conspicuous. The first railroad to enter the county is the Chesapeake Beach, which was built from Hyattsville, near Washington, to the Bay a few years ago, and runs for a short distance through the upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the population is colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were Gen- eral James Wilkinson and Rev. Mason Weems (" Parson Weems "), the once popular biographer, who pointed a moral with his celebrated myth of little George Washington, his hatchet, and his father's cherry tree. COURT HOUSE AT LA PLATA. CHARLES. Charles County lies on the Potomac River, its southern and western boundary, with Prince George's on the north and St, Mary's on the east. Between the two counties a tongue of Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on this, at Benedict, that Ross' army disembarked for the march to Washington in 1814. The county was organized in 1658 and given the christian name of the second Lord Proprietary. Its area is 460 square miles, and its great reach of water front on the Potomac, in a huge bend of which it is situated, gives it important resources in riparian products — oysters, fish, water fowl. The Wicomico River, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco and Mattawoman Creeks are tribu- taries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the 249 250 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. principal crop, the average yield being five hundred pounds to the acre, and corn and wheat are grown in considerable quantities. The Pope's Creek line of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad terminates at Pope's Creek, on the Potomac. In the middle section of the county the land is level, and in other parts its rolling surface is locally desig- nated as " valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial times the county seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata, on the railroad. The entire village population of the county is very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a government reservation at Indian Head, in northwestern Charles, is where guns and projectiles for the Navy are tested. Marshall Hall, nearly opposite Mount Vernon, is closely connected with the memory of Washington, and is now an excursion resort. General William Smallwood was from Charles, and for a century his grave on the ancestral estate, near the old brick dwelling in which he and General Washington held Masonic meetings, was marked only by a walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a massive monu- ment on the spot. This county was also the home of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; of Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Con- gress, who voted to place the seat of Federal Government on the Potomac ; of Governor John Hoskins Stone, dis- tinguished at Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, German- town ; of Robert Hanson Harrison, Washington's military secretary, and a long list of able and brilliant men. COURT HOUSE AT TOWSON. BALTIMORE. Baltimore stands at the head of Maryland counties in population, wealth and resources, and its area of 622 square miles is exceeded only by Garrett and Frederick. When the " Belt" was annexed to Baltimore City in 1888 the county lost considerable territory, 36,000 inhabitants and the towns of Waverly, Oxford, Woodberry, Hampden, Calverton. The eastern neighbor of Baltimore County is Harford ; its western, Carroll; and it is bounded on the south by the Bay, the city, and the Patapsco River, separating it from Anne Arundel and Howard. The Pennsylvania State line is the northern boundary. The topography of the county is diversified and attractive, elevated and rolling, watered by numerous picturesque streams and well timbered. The soil is strong and fertile, and a great variety of crops is grown. 251 252 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. In mineral resources Baltimore is particularly fortunate. From the early days of the colony its iron ores attracted capital, and from time to time numerous iron manufacturing establishments have been in operation. Copper mines were formerly worked in the county, and from this industry grew the present large copper works at Canton, which now use copper from Montana, the mining of the county deposits being very expensive. The first discovery of chrome ore in America was made a few miles north of Baltimore City, and a flourishing industry in the manufacture of products from this ore, of wdde applicability in the arts, was established. The building stones of the county have given it high rank in the industrial world. The famous Woodstock granite is found in the southwestern corner, and has been quarried since the thirties. It has been used in many of the chief buildings in Baltimore City and in the Congressional Library and Washington Postoffice. The most valuable of Mary- land's limestone deposits, it is said, are the highly crystalline marbles of Baltimore County. The Beaver Dam marbles have been used in the construction of the Washington Monuments in Baltimore and Washington, and Federal, State and municipal buildings throughout the East. Gneiss and gabbro rocks are also used in building. The county is noted for its mineral waters — Chattolanee, Roland, Strontia, Lystra, etc. There are valuable deposits of serpentine and porcelain clays. Along the Patapsco and the Bay are numerous pleasure resorts and fishing and gunning shores. The Baltimore and Ohio ; Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore * and the Baltimore and Potomac run through its southern portion ; the Northern Central extends northward through the county into Pennsylvania : the Western Mary- * The name of this railroad has been changed to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. COUNTY HISTORIES. 253 land runs northwesterly from Baltimore City, and there are several short lines and electric roads. The county seat is Towson, named after General Nathan Towson, seven miles from Baltimore, on the Maryland and Pennsylvania Rail- road. It is a terminus of a city electric car line, and is situated in the midst of a superbly developed agricultural country. It has a population of 2,500. Canton and High- landtown, small cities in themselves, largely given over to manufacturing, adjoin the eastern limits of Baltimore City. Cockeysville has a large stone quarry ; at J^utherville is a female seminary ; Emory Grove and Glyndon are noted camp grounds ; Catonsville and Mount Washington, with Roland Park and other towns, are known for their fine residences and picturesque locations. Hundreds of indus- trial establishments, large and small, are located in the county, and Steelton (Sparrow's Point) is the seat of the mammoth plant of the Maryland Steel Company. The county has many fine estates and country seats, and from its formation, in 1659, has been the home of a great number of the foremost men of colony and State. The battle of North Point was fought on its soil. For years it had a Congress- man of its own. Baltimore was the name of the Irish estates of the Calverts. The private and sectarian educational institutions of the county are numerous, and some of them of widespread fame. COURT HOUSE AT EASTON. TALBOT. " Talbot County was formed in 1 660-61. The order by which it was created has not been found, but the Assembly proceedings first show its existence in this year. Tlie exist- ing records of the province have not discovered to us what were its exact Hmits anterior to the year 1706. In that year they were definitely settled by the existing Act of 1706, Chapter 3, which enacts that ' the bounds of Talbot County shall contain Sharp's Island, Choptank Island, and all the land on the north side of the Great Choptank River ; and extend itself up the said river to Tuckahoe Bridge ; and from thence with a straight line to the mill commonly called and known by the name of Swetnam's Mill, and thence down 254 COUNTY HISTORIES. 265 the south side of Wye River to its mouth, and thence down the Bay to the place of beginning, inckiding Poplar Island and Bruff's Island.'" — McMaho7i : History of Maryla?id. The second public school in Maryland was established in Talbot under the Act of 1723. That this school was some- thing more than a mere elementary school is clear from the curriculum laid down in the Act, namely, " Grammar, Good Writing and Mathematics." There is sufficient evidence for believing that the Talbot Free School was better supplied with good teachers than the private subscription schools, which were often filled by indentured servants. Bampfylde Moore Carew, the " King of the Beggars," came to Talbot as an unwilling emigrant, and the captain of the ship that brought him over recommended him to a planter of Bayside as a "great scholar and an excellent schoolmaster." The school seems to have prospered for a long series of years and was " looked upon as the most frequented in the prov- ince." But after the year 1764 no record of it has been found. How long it flourished and when it ceased to exist is unknown. It is believed, upon tradition merely, that it continued in successful operation up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Talbot people have long cherished their public schools as their most valued privilege and right. The county has an area of 285 square miles, and derives its name from Lord Talbot. It is cut up into peninsulas by the Chesapeake and its tributaries, and is famous for its landscapes and waterscapes. Agriculture, canning and oyster-catching are its industries. It has furnished Govern- ors, United States Senators, a Secretary of the Treasury and numerous State and national officials and men of mark. Maryland's first historian came from Talbot, and it was the home of Robert Morris' father and the birthplace of John Dickinson. The Delaware and Chesapeake, and Baltimore, 256 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Chesapeake and Atlantic are its transportation lines. Easton,* the county seat, was the former " capital " and seat of gov- ernment on the Eastern Shore, and the first newspaper on this side of the Bay was established there more than a cen- tury ago. Oxford and St. Michael's are also historic. * Population, 3,074. COURT HOUSE AT PRINCESS ANNE. SOMERSET. Somerset County was erected August 22, 1666, by an order of the Provincial Council, and embraced, " all that Tract of land within this our province of Maryland bounded on the South with a line drawn from Wattkin's point (being the North point of th't bay into wch the river Wighco formerly called Wighcocomoco afterwards Pocomoke & now Wighcocomoco againe doth fall exclusively) to the Ocean on the East, Nantecoke river on the North & the Sound of Chesipiake bay on the West ; " which was erected in the name and as the act of the Lord Proprietary " into a county by the name of Sommersett county in honor to our Deare Sister the lady Mary Somersett." The commission- ers, Stephen Horsey, William Stevens, William Thorne, 257 258 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. James Jones, John Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson and John White were empowered " to enquire by the Oath of good «& lawfull men of all manner of fellonies Whitch- crafts inchantmts Sorceryes Magick Arts Trespasses forestal- lings ingrossing & extorcons " and " all & singler other Mis- deeds and offences." The order appointed " Edmond Beach- champe Clark and Keeper of the Records," and the Council issued the same day a commission to Stephen Horsey to be " Sherriffe of Somersett." The first effort to settle the long- standing boundary dispute with Virginia resulted in Scarbor- ough's line depriving Somerset of 23 square miles of territory. Like Dorset, Somerset has jurisdiction over several islands, one of which, Deal's Island, was celebrated early in the last century for its Methodist " Parson " Thomas, who, tradition says, foretold the death of Ross in the attack on Baltimore and preached to the British on his island. The southeastern corner of Somerset is separated from Accomac, in Virginia, by the Pocomoke River, and the division line continues through Pocomoke Sound. The Western Shore is washed by Tangier Sound and the Bay. The area of Somerset is 362 square miles, and it heads the list of oyster counties, half its population being engaged in that industry. The value of the annual oyster yield from Somerset waters is $2,000,000, and the packing houses along the southern and western shores utilize from one to one and a half million bushels yearly. In summer oystermen find employment in the crab- bing industry, and these shellfish are shipped in enormous quantities to city markets — 250,000 dozen going from Cris- field alone in a single season. Terrapin are more plentiful in Somerset than in other counties, and " diamond-back farming " is successful. Agriculture is profitable in the in- terior, and truck farming is carried on along the lines of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. Crisfield, COUNTY HISTORIES. 269 near the mouth of the Httle Annamessex River, with a popu- lation of 3,165, is a port of entry for hundreds of vessels, and has extensive industrial and commercial interests. The county seat, Princess Anne, was founded in 1733. Other towns are Fairmount, Oriole, Mt. Vernon, Dame's Quarter, Kingston, Costen, Hopewell, Marion, Westover. COURT HOUSE AT CAMBRIDGE. DORCHESTER. Dorchester County is the largest on the Eastern shore, having an area of 610 square miles, and ranks fourth in point of size in the State. The Great Choptank River and Caroline form its northern boundary, and it has a few miles of eastern border on the Delaware hne. The Nanti- coke flows along the southeastern border, and on the south and west arms of the Chesapeake and the Bay itself en- close the county. Dorchester was formed in 1669-70, and its name is traced to the Earl of Dorset or to Dorset- shire. Various islands are included in its territory, and the Little Choptank, the northwest fork of the Nanticoke, 260 COUNTY HISTORIES. 261 Honga, Fishing, Blackwater, Transquaking, Chickacomico, are rivers and creeks of Dorchester. Fishing Bay, Tar Bay, Trippe Bay, Hooper's Straits and other bodies of water add to the geographical nomenclature of the county. There is a great extent of marsh land, frequented by myriads of wild ducks, and oysters, crabs and terrapin abound in the county waters. Sand, clay and marl make a diversified soil, and corn, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes and fruits are grown. Great quantites of oysters, tomatoes and corn are used by the packing-houses. The annual income from the oyster catch is $1,000,000 or more, and Dorchester ranks next to Somerset in this industry. Cambridge is the home port of a vast fleet of dredging and tonging vessels, the seat of large packing establish- ments, of shipyards and other manufactures. The Cam- bridge and Seaford and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railroads traverse northeastern Dorchester, and steam and sailing vessels reach all parts of the county lying on water. Cambridge, the county seat, with a popu- lation of 5,747, has a fine salt-water situation on the Great Choptank, 18 miles from its mouth. The river here, be- tween the Dorchester and Talbot shores, is several miles in width, and the town is built on level ground, extending to the water's edge. The streets are well shaded, and brick and stone structures predominate in the business section. East New Market is in the midst of a thriving agricultural section, has a population of 1,267, and Secre- tary (on Secretary Sewell's Creek), Hurlock, Williams- burg, Salem, Taylor's Island, Bucktown, Linkwood, Dailsville, are some Dorchester villages. Vienna, on the Nanticoke, was long noted for its shipyards, and many swift and shapely ocean-going vessels were built there before steam and iron supplanted wood, and when the 262 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. white oak forests of Dorset still afforded the best material known in former naval construction. Dorchester was harried by the British during the War of 1812. Governor John Henry, first United States Senator from the Eastern Shore, and William Vans Murray were from this county. COURT HOUSE AT ELKTON. CECIL. Cecil County, named in honor of the second Lord Baron of Baltimore, was erected in 1674, the tenth county in order of formation, and it is situated in the northeast corner of Maryland, on the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and cut off from the remainder of the State by the Sassafras River on the South and the Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River on the West. It is one of the smaller counties in area — 350 square miles — much of which is, however, under water, as it is intersected by several rivers, notably the North East, the Elk and the Bohemia. The surface throughout is rolling, the north- 203 264 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. ern portion being hilly ; this gives considerable water power, which is utilized by a number of large paper, iron, cotton, flour, phosphate, kaolin and fluor-spar mills. The third largest pulp and paper mill in the United States is located at Elkton, the county seat. In the eighteenth century the output of pig and bar iron at the Principio Company's furnaces was the largest in America. The soil generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay in the south to a disintegrated rock in the north, producing fruits, grain and hay in abundance. So noted has its hay crop become that the highest grade on the Baltimore market is known as " Cecil County hay." Along the Sus- quehanna River are several large granite quarries, afford- ing the best building material, a stone which, when pol- ished, as is done at Port Deposit, is excelled in beauty by no other. Kaolin is largely worked for use in the manu- facture of paper and in porcelain factories, and chrome has been extensively mined. Although possessing such excellent water facilities, marsh land is almost unknown. The banks of the Susquehanna River rise abruptly to a height of from 80 to nearly 600 feet. At Port Deposit the granite banks rise almost perpendicularly 200 to 300 feet. The fisheries, as might be expected, are of much importance. Elkton, the largest town, has 2,542 inhabitants, followed by Port Deposit, Perryville, Rising Sun, North East, Chesapeake City and Cecilton. The scenery in places is picturesque in the extreme. That along the Sus- quehanna, near Conowingo, and on the Octoraro, near Porter's Bridge, attracts artists from a distance, and com- pares most favorably with the Wissahickon and other rugged streams so often delineated by the painter's brush. The county is about equi-distant from Philadelphia and Balti- more, is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and COUNTY HISTORIES. 265 Baltimore,* the Philadelphia division of the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Baltimore Central Railroads ; also by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Cecil Comity was one of the first to engage in school work. In 1723 the Colonial Legislature appointed a committee consisting of John Ward, John Dowell, Benjamin Pearce and others to open free schools, and they opened one. St. Stephen's Church, organized in 1692, opened a public school about 1734. The Friends' Meeting House at Calvert was organized by William Penn in 1702, and soon after opened a school. The Church of St. Francis Xavier was organized in 1704, and afterward opened a school. The county in 1859 organized a system of free public schools, thus antedating that of the State six years. Among the more prominent private schools are the West Nottingham Academy, opened about 1 741 by Rev. Samuel Finley, who afterward became the President of Princeton University. It is situated near Colora. The Tome Institute, most beautifully situated on the bluff at Port Deposit, presided over by Dr. A. W. Harris, with a corps of 6;^ teachers, and over 500 pupils, was en- dowed by the late Jacob Tome with several millions of dollars. * Now Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. COURT HOUSE AT UPPER MARLBORO. PRINCE GEORGE'S. Prince George's County, named in honor of Prince George of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, was formed in 1695, having been originally a part of 64iarles. The seat of local government was first established at Mount Calvert, on the Patuxent River, but it was soon removed to Upper Marlboro (named for the Duke of Marlborough in 1706). The number of white children of school age is 6,175, and the number of colored children, 5,179. Prince George's is one of the jnost progressive and prosperous counties of the State. Its growth is promoted largely by its proximity to the national capital. The resources of the county are mainly agricultural. In the upper section, bordering upon the District of Columbia, 2G0 COUNTY HISTORIES. 267 trucking is followed to a large extent. In the middle and southern sections corn, wheat and tobacco are cultivated — the last named on an extensive scale, forming the staple prod- uct. The annual output of the county is larger than that of any other of the tobacco-growing counties. The principal towns are Upper Marlboro, Laurel, Hyattsville, Bladen sburg, Forestville and Woodville. At Laurel there are cotton duck mills, and a cereal mill has recently been established at Hyattsville. Bladensburg has the distinction of having been the scene of one of the most significant battles of the \\'ar of 1812, and of many noted duels. The academy at Upper Marlboro, established in 1835, is managed by a board of seven trustees, and has always had for its principal a capable teacher of the classics. Many persons who attained eminence in public and professional life were educated at this school. Even in colonial time, Prince George's County was conspicuous for being the home of cultured and educated people; and as early as 1745 Rev. Dr. Eversfield, Rector of St. Paul's parish, established a private school near his resi- dence, which he continued until his death, in 1780. He taught Greek and Latin and furnished pupils with board at ^53 P^^ annum. The Maryland Agricultural College is in this county. The area of Prince George's is 480 square miles, and its railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio, Baltimore and Potomac, Pope's Creek, and Chesapeake Beach lines. Back in the thirties the " Patuxent Manufacturing Company " was incorporated and established the present cotton mill at Laurel, the old name of the town being " Laurel Factory." The iron industry in Prince George's dates back over a century. The Snowdens, among the original settlers of the county, established furnaces at various points in southern Maryland. The Patuxent Furnace and Forge was long a notable industry. The only iron works now^ in operation in 268 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the county, or in rural Maryland, is the Muirkirk Furnace, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Muirkirk. It was erected in 1847 by Andrew and Elias Ellicott and modeled after a furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland. The population of Laurel is 2,079, ^^^^ of Hyattsville, 1,222. COURT HOUSE AT CENTREVILLE. QUEEN ANNE^S. Queen Anne's County was erected in 1706, and the bounds of the four counties above the Great Choptank were de- scribed and fixed by the Assembly of that year with definiteness. Queen Anne's takes in the territory between the Delaware line and the Bay (including Kent Island) south of the Chester and north of the Wye and Tuckahoe Rivers. Kent is its northern and Talbot and Caroline its southern neighbors. Agriculturally, the county is highly favored, the soil being very fertile and the surface rolling. The area of the county is 376 square miles. Kent Island is opposite Anne Arundel, and its wooded shores are visible from the State House at Annapolis. Although under cultivation for two and a half centuries, the island is the delight of agriculturists, its rich soil producing in profusion all the staple Maryland crops. 269 270 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Oysters, crabs, fish and water fowl are plentiful in Queen Anne's waters. Practically all the arable land of the county is under cultivation. The industrial establishments are chieliy Hour mills and canneries. The Queen Anne's Rail- road runs from Love Point, on Kent Island, through the southern part of the county to Lewes, Delaware, and the Queen Anne's and Kent Railroad, of the Pennsylvania system, terminates at Centreville, the county seat (population, 1,231), to which point a spur of the Queen Anne's has been extended. Steamboats bring the watersides of the county within a few hours' trip of Baltimore City. Queenstown, on the eastern waterfront, was the colonial county seat, and has an interesting history. A school here attained some reputation before the revolution. In provincial times Queen Anne's and Talbot were favorite places of summer residence for leading men of Maryland, who cultivated broad estates in these counties in the intervals between their official duties at Annapolis or participation in its social gayeties. Queen Anne's rivals St. Mary's as the favorite field of writers of historical romances. COURT HOUSE AT SNOW HILL. WORCESTER. Worcester County was formed in 1742 and originally in- cluded, with the shadowy county of Durham, all the Mary- land territory lying on the Delaware from the fortieth parallel to the ocean. The centre of settlement in that Worcester was "the Horekeele " — the present Lewes. Mason and Dixon's Line gave Worcester its now northern boundary. Chincoteague, Sinepuxent, Isle of Wight and Assateague Bays take up a considerable part of the county's area of 487 square miles. Its name recalls the loyalty of the Pro- prietaries to the royal house of Stuart. Snow Hill, the county seat, was one of the " townes and ports of trade " erected in 1686. It is at the head of navigation on the Pocomoke River, and on the Delaware, Maryland and Vir- ginia Railroad, and its manufactures are locally important. At Pocomoke City millions of baskets and crates for the 271 272 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. fruit and vegetable trade are made annually, and the build- ing of oyster boats and other craft is an important industry. The population of the town is 2,124; that of Snow Hill, 1,596, and of Berlin, 1,246. Smaller towns are Ironshire, Girdletree, Whaleyville, Bishopville, Newark, Box Iron, Stockton, Klej Grange. Worcester is the only county in the State which borders on the Atlantic Ocean, and it has in Ocean City a thriving and prosperous seaside resort, which has been of great advantage to truckers on the main- land near there, and which has added materially to the taxable basis. The principal industries are agriculture, manufacturing of lumber, and the oyster and other fisheries. The people are chiefly of English descent. The soil varies from a light sand to a heavy clay, the majority of it being a good loam, with some clay. The principal products are cereals, fruits, truck and timber. The lower part of the Sinepuxent Bay in Worcester is one of the most fertile oyster fields to be found. During the season there are shipped from the railroad station at Girdletree about 30,000 barrels, and from Hursley about the same number, beside those that are consumed locally or are shipped by vessels. At Ocean City a fish company has been formed and annually ships thousands of barrels of the finest fish to Northern markets. COURT HOUSE AT FREDERICK. FREDERICK. Frederick County was organized in 1748, named after the Prince of Wales, and has an area of 633 square miles, being the second largest Maryland county. Its topography is agreeably diversified by valley, plain, rolling land and moun- tain. Many of the early settlers were Germans. The county has always furnished its full quota of soldiers and sailors in war time, from colonial days to the war with Spain. The author of '' The Star-Spangled Banner " was born here, and his remains rest in Mt. Olivet Cemetery, in the city of 273 274 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Frederick, beneath the monuirxent erected by the Key Monument Association, and unveiled August 9, 1899. On November 23, 1765, the judges of the Frederick County Court repudiated the Stamp Act passed by the British Par- ham ent, and Repudiation Day was made a county hoUday in 1894. Agriculture is the leading industry, the soil being fertile and producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats and potatoes. The mountain districts still supply a good quality of oak, chestnut, walnut, hickory and other timber. The railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and an electric road runs from Frederick to Myersville. Iron ore and copper are found in different parts of the county, the most extensive deposits of the former being in the northern section, near Thurmont, where a large smelting plant is located — the Catoctin Fur- nace, first put in operation in 1774. Near Libertytown copper mines are worked on an extensive scale. Frederick City, sixty-one miles from Baltimore, has a population of 9,296, and is the county seat. A female seminary, Frederick College, and other important private educational institutions are located there, as is also the Maryland School for the Deaf. Manufactured products of the county include lumber, flour, fibre brushes, fertilizer, furniture, harness, hosiery, crockery-ware, lime, proprietary articles, etc. Frederick towns include Brunswick, Emmitsburg (near which is Mt. St. Mary's College), Thurmont, Walkersville, Middletown, Buckeystown, Adamstown, Point of Rocks, Creagerstown, Wolfsville, Urbana, Libertytown, New Market, Ijamsville, Sabillasville, Woodsboro, Knoxville, Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson, Graceham, Myersville, Harmony, Johnsville, Ladiesburg, Unionville, Tewistown, Attica Mills, Burkittsville. COURT HOUSE AT BEL AIR. HARFORD. Harford County was formerly part of Baltimore County. After the removal of the county seat of the latter from Joppa (which is within the present limits of Harford) to Baltimore Town on the Patapsco, a petition for the forma- tion of a new county was granted by the Legislature of 1773. The Proprietary of the Province of Maryland at this time was Henry Harford, and from him the county took its name. The first county seat was Harford Town, or Bush, but as the settlements gradually extended farther and farther from the river and Bay section, the people desired a more con- venient location. As the result of an election in 1782, the county seat was removed to Bel Air, where it has remained. The physical features of the county being so varied, the in- dustries are of many kinds. From the tidewater region in the southeastern part there is a gradual elevation, the high- est point being 750 feet nbove the sea. In the spring much 276 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. fishing is done along the Susquehanna and upper part of the Chesapeake. Sportsmen come from afar to take advantage of the duck-shooting here afforded. In the upper part of the county are found quarries of slate and limestone. Roll- ing fields of unsurpassed fertility give the tiller of the soil first place in the industries of the county. The pasture land in the valley of the streams makes dairying profitable, and the canned goods industry has been encouraged to such an extent by the packers and brokers that Harford ranks among the first of all the southern counties in this respect. The facilities for shipping are good, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore * Railroads traversing the entire southern part of the county, the Mary- land and Pennsylvania running through a great portion of the central part in a north-and-south direction, while just across the river, along the eastern border, is the Columbia and Port Deposit Road. The citizens of Harford have always taken an active part in both State and national his- tory. As the first county seat lay on the main highway between Virginia and the Northern colonies, the ideas of Washington and Jefferson and Patrick Henry were easily disseminated. More than a year before Jefferson's famous instrument was adopted, thirty-four of Harford's representa- tive sons, duly elected by the people of the county, signed a resolution in which they heartily approved of the " Resolves and Associations of the Continental Congress and the Re- solves of the Provincial Convention," and solemnly pledged themselves to each other and the country to perform the same at the risk of their lives and their fortunes. This is known as the famous Bush Declaration of March 22, 1775. In the Court House at Bel Air are portraits of many of the distinguished citizens of the county who have left their im- * Now Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. COUNTY HISTORIES. 277 press upon the State and nation. Among them are found William Paca, signer of the Declaration of Independence and twice Governor of the State ; Dr. John Archer, a member of the first Constitutional Convention of the State, and Edwin Booth, one of the greatest of the world's actors. Abingdon, aptly termed the " Mecca of the Methodists," is noted as being the seat of the first Methodist college (Cokesbury) founded for higher education. Havre de Grace, named by Lafayette because of the resemblance of its location to that of the French Havre, is the largest town in the county, its population being 3,423. It figured in the War of 18 12. Bel Air has a population of 961, and Aberdeen and other towns have from 100 to 800 inhabitants. t ^ \ COURT HOUSE AT DENTON. CAROLINE. Caroline is one of the smaller Maryland counties and is the most inland of those on the Eastern Shore. Wicomico alone excepted, it is the only one in that section not having an extensive bayside border. The Delaware line bounds it on the east, Dorset on the south. Great Choptank and Tuck- ahoe Rivers on the west, and Queen Anne's on the north. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and it was named in honor of Lady Eden, and its county seat was first called 278 COUNTY HISTORIES. 279 Eden-Town, after Governor Eden. It was erected in 1773. The soil is of sand and clay, adapted to a variety of crops, from wheat to berries. Fruit-growing is a prominent in- dustry, and canneries are operated in every section of the county. A local industry is charcoal-burning. The Queen Anne's Railroad has done much to develop the central sec- tion of the county and to quicken village growth. The Delaware and Chesapeake Railway runs through the north- western part, and the Cambridge and Seaford line through the extreme southeast. On the Choptank, steamboats ply daily to Denton. The population of Denton is 900. Ridgely (population, 713) and Greensborough are important fruit shipping stations, and the next largest towns. Federals- burg (population, 539), on the northwest fork of the Nanti- coke, has several local industries, and Preston, on the Bahimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway, which curves through southwestern Caroline ; Hillsborough, Burrsville, Choptank are progressive towns. Hillsborough Academy was noted among the classical public schools of the post- Revolutionary period. One of the first acts of the people of this county was the promulgation of the *' Caroline Resolu- tions of 1774," pledging resistance to the arbitrary measures of Parliament. The county was distinguished in the Revo- lution. At Ridgely is an extensive basket and berry-cup manufactory. COURT HOUSE AT HAGERSTOWN. WASHINGTON. Washington County was established on the same day as Montgomery and was taken from Frederick, originally in- cluding Allegany and Garrett. It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the east by South Mountain, which sep- arates it from Frederick ; on the south and southwest by the Potomac River, dividing it from Virginia, and on the west by Sideling Hill Creek, which separates it from Allegany. It is nearly triangular in shape. The county is abundantly watered by the Antietam, Beaver, Conococheague, Israel, and other creeks tributary to the Potomac. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, rye, potatoes, wool, live stock, butter and honey. The county seat is Hagerstown, 280 COUNTY HISTORIES. 281 with a population of 13,591, and an admirable location as a railroad centre. It lies on Antietam Creek, 86 miles from Baltimore, and a seminary of high order and other private institutions are among its educational facilities. The Balti- more and Ohio, Western Maryland, Norfolk and Western, and Cumberland Valley Railroads traverse the county, and all pass through Hagerstown. The manufacturing establish- ments of the city are numerous, and some of their products are bicycles, gloves, organs, building materials, agricultural implements, cigars, flour, carriages, etc. Williamsport has a population of 1,472, and is a commercial and industrial centre. Sharpsburg, Hancock, Clearspring, Boonsboro, Smithsburg, Leitersburg, Funkstown, Keedysville, and others, are thriving villages. The county ranks high among wheat- producing counties of the United States, and is noted for its mountain-side peach orchards. The population is remarkable for intelligence, industry and thrift. Its area is 525 square miles. ^Germans , English, Scotch, ^ Swiss and French from the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were among the original settlers. A number of families were established in the county as early as 1735, and from 1740 onward the numbers rapidly increased. Washington has been the mother of a long line of distinguished men in every walk of life, who have left their impress not only upon Maryland, but upon other States and the nation. The county may lay claim to no inconsiderable share in the construction of the first steamboat built in the United States (1785-86). General Washington and Governor Thomas Johnson were patrons of the experiment of James Rumsey, and parts of his steam- boat were made at the Antietam Iron Works on March 14, 1786. Sharpsburg and vicinity was the scene of the most terrible and bloody battle of the Civil War, and in the Antie- tam National Cemetery here lie buried 4,667 Union dead. 282 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The Delaware and Catawba battle-ground, at the mouth of Antietam Creek, the limestone or subterranean curiosity from which Cavetown derives its name, and old Fort Frederick, near Clearspring — the last remaining visible vestige of the French and Indian War — and Maryland Heights, rendered conspicuous in 1861-65, together with Antietam battlefield, dotted wdth monuments and tablets, make the county forever memorable in song and story. COURT HOUSE AT R(KKVILLE. MONTGOMERY. On September 6, 1776, the county of Montgomery was formed out of the " Lower District of Frederick," and named in honor of that ilUistrious hero, General Richard Montgom- ery, kiUed at Quebec in the previous year. The county furnished a conspicuous part of the Maryland Line during the Revolution, also troops in every subsequent war in which the country has been engaged. Montgomery has given the State at least nine members of the national House of Repre- sentatives, one United States Senator, one Chief Judge of 283 284 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the Maryland Court of Appeals, three Presidents of the State Senate, and has had one Cabmet officer. The late United States Senators Edwards, of Illinois, Davis, of Ken- tucky, and the brilliant commoner, Proctor Knott, of the same State, were natives of this county ; and the ancestors of the southern Lamars and of Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, were from Montgomery. The first school of any reputation in the county was a seminary for young men, established toward the close of the Revolution, and memo- rable as the alma mater of William Wirt. The Rockville Academy (1809) and Brooke ville Academy (18 14) were next chartered and liberally endowed, and have been in operation ever since their foundation. Many private institutions of learning have since been established, and those now existing are at Rockville, Sandy Spring, Darnestown, Poolesville and Forest Glen. The Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs diagonally through the county, available to nearly every section, and several electric roads enter the southeastern part, reaching various towns. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal borders on southern Montgom- ery, from the District line to Monocacy. There are numerous circulating libraries, and the proximity of the county to the national capital offers the best facilities to students and information seekers. Braddock's army encamped for a night within the present limits of Rockville. In the early history of the county corn and tobacco were the staple products of the soil, until it became so exhausted that Montgomery lost by emigration to the new country beyond the Ohio large numbers of her population. In 1790 this was over 18,000, and fifty years later, 15,456. By the introduction of guano in 1845 by the Society of Friends, a wonderful advance was made in the growing of cereals and grass, and the value of land and farm products materially enhanced. In the last COUNTY HISTORIES. 285 twenty-five years the fertility of the soil has been greatly in- creased by the use of lime and phosphates. The Great Falls of the Potomac is said to be the largest available water power, perhaps, in the world, and the county has many natural advantages. Gold has been found in Montgomery in small quantities, and there are extensive deposits of gran- ite. Rockville, the county seat, has a population of i,iio, Kensington of 477, Takoma of 756, Gaithersburg of 547. The area of the county is 508 square miles. COURT HOUSE AT UUMr.KRLAND. ALLEGANY. Allegany County derives its name from an Indian word — Alligewi, a tribe name, or Oolik-hanna, meaning '' fairest stream." Its area is 442 square miles, and it lies between Garrett and Washington, with the Potomac River separating it from West Virginia on the south. Its northern line is the Pennsylvania boundary. In this county is found the nar- 286 COUNTY HISTORIES. 287 rowest part of the State, and it is conspicuous by reason of the fact that coal mining and manufactures give occupation and support to the great majority of its people, whose number places Allegany next to Baltimore County in popu- lation. The coal fields cover 64,000 acres in what is known as the George's Creek (named after Washington) Coal Basin, west of Cumberland, between Dan's Mountain and Savage Mountain. The county is rich in other mineral deposits also — fire clay, cement, iron ore, Medina sand- stone, etc. The George's Creek Coal Basin is a part of that greatest of all coal deposits, the Allegheny field, which extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Maryland the deposit is of a semibituminous variety, highly prized for its peculiar qualities and unrivaled steam-making power. The limestone and clay lands and the Potomac "bottoms," in parts of Allegany, are exceeding fertile and produce potatoes, wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats and grass in large crops. Fruits, especially apples, flourish on the mountain sides. The county is very progressive and the standard of educa- tion, particularly among the miners, is high. Vast sums of capital are invested in Allegany industries, and some of these are among the most extensive of their kind in the United States. Tin-plate, leather, cement, lumber, ma- chinery, flour, glass, and many other products of the county are shipped far and near. Next to Baltimore, Cumber- land, with a population of 17,128, is the largest city in the State, and is constantly growing in material resources and size. It is the business centre of a territory which extends into Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It is 178 miles from Baltimore and 149 from Pittsburg, and is reached by the Baldmore and Ohio, West Virginia Central (of which it is the eastern terminus) and Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroads, the latter a part of the Pennsylvania system. 268 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Cumberland to Georgetown, D.C. Fort Cumberland, where Braddock camped, was the starting point of the present city. Incident and legend, dealing with Indian, British, French and Civil Wars, cluster about Cumberland, and the topography and nomenclature of this region are suggestive. Frostburg, 17 miles westward of Cumberland, is a city of 5,274 popula- tion, on a plateau at an elevation of 1,700 feet above sea level. The second State Normal School is at Frostburg. Lonaconing, a mining town of 2,181 population, is in south- western Allegany ; Westernport, Midland, Barton, Mount Savage, Ocean, Flintstone, Orleans, Pekin are other towns. COURT HOUSE AT WESTMINSTER. CARROLL. Carroll County was formed in 1836 from the counties of Baltimore and Frederick, between which it lies, with Howard on the south and Pennsylvania on the north. The county has an area of 437 square miles and was named in memory of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who died in 1832, the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The surface is diversified, being level, undulating or broken, watered by fine streams issuing from innumerable springs which make up the tributaries of the Potomac, the Monocacy and the Patapsco. These streams furnish motive power for cotton and woolen factories, and many flourishing mills. The soils being limestone, slate and iron, are fertile and easily improved. These lands 289 290 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. respond bountifully to the efforts of the agriculturist, whose products are corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hay and potatoes. In many sections grazing is fine, and dairy farm- ing is profitable. Limestone is quarried in large quantities for lime-making; and granite, marble and brownstone fur- nish excellent building material. Iron, copper, soapstone and flint are found in quantities sufficient to be worked with profit. Ample facilities for speedy and satisfactory transac- tion of business are furnished by fourteen banks, in which the deposits amount to between two and three million dollars. Westminster, with a population of 3,199 is the county seat. Other towns ranging in population from 1,200 to 500 are Union Bridge, Taneytown, Manchester, Hampstead, Sykesville, New Windsor and Mt. Airy. Carroll was the first county in the United States to establish rural free delivery of mail. In 1899 the system went into opera- tion, and at present four wagons and forty-six carriers dis- tribute mail in all parts of the county. The Western Maryland, Baltimore and Ohio and Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania are the Carroll railroads. The Western Maryland College and the Westminster Theological Semi- nary of the Methodist Protestant Church are at Westminster, and New Windsor College, at New Windsor. COURT HOUSE AT ELLICOTT CITY. HOWARD. Howard County, organized in 185 1, bears the name of John Eager Howard, one of the most ilkistrious soldiers of the Revolution, and afterward Governor of Maryland and United States Senator. It is triangular in shape, lying be- tween Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince George's and Anne Arundel Counties, in the heart of the 291 2d^ HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Western Shore. The Patapsco forms its northern border, and two small branches of the Patuxent extend into Howard from the Anne Arundel line. Another branch of the same river separates it from Montgomery. The main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the section of which from Balti- more to EUicott's Mills was the first passenger railroad built in this country, runs along Howard's northern border, and the Washington Branch of the same road along its southern. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid July 4, 1828, by Charles Carroll, then upwards of ninety years old, and he said of this act that he considered it second only to his signing the Declaration, if *' even it be second to that." The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topog- raphy is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile hillsides and valleys, the arable land being especially adapted to wheat, corn, and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore de- posits of Howard led to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and Howard ore is now the only Maryland product of the kind being smelted. In granite, marble, and building stones Howard is especially rich. Guilford and Woodstock granites are known throughout the United States. Ellicott City, the county seat, on the Patapsco River, fifteen miles from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an electric road. EUicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until the latter years of the past century, is noted in Maryland history. The manufacture of flour was begun here by the EUicotts in that year, and this industry is an important one in this section of the State. The town has a population of 1,331. Rock Hill College, a widely known educational institution, is located here. Woodstock and St. Charles Colleges and the Ilchester Redemptorist institution in Howard have made the county known wherever the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At Alberton and Savage are large cotton mills operated by COUNTY HISTORIES. 293 water power. Howard has been the birthplace or the home of many Marylanders noted in poUtical Hfe, on the bench and in the arts and sciences, and on her territory was first heard in Maryland the demand for separation from the mother country. COURT HOUSE AT SALISBURY. WICOMICO. Wicomico County lies southeast 'of Dorset, the division line between the two being the Nanticoke River. Delaware on the north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and Somerset on the south form the land boundaries of Wicomico, and the Nanticoke River extends along its western side, emptying into Tangier Sound. The area of the county is 365 square miles, and its name is taken from the river which flows through its central section into Monie Bay. Salisbury, the county seat (1732), is one of the most thriving commer- cial towns on the Eastern Shore, and has a population of 4,277. It is incorporated as a city, and has numerous man- 294 COUNTY HISTORIES. 295 ufactures, mostly associated with the extensive lumber inter- ests of the county. Salisbury is noted for the beauty of its situation and its substantial business buildings and modern homes. Delmar, partly in Wicomico and partly in Delaware, is a goodly sized town, and Tyaskin, Nanticoke, Powellsville, Quantico, Pittsville, Parsonburg, Wango, Fruitland and other villages are the centres of thriving communities. Agri- culture is the occupation of many of the people, and fruit- growing is largely and successfully engaged in, as is also trucking. The melon crop is an important one. With its fine transpprtation facilities, Wicomico, like Somerset, al- though, perhaps, in a greater degree, is in competition with the truck farmers of Virginia in the Northern markets. Light, sandy soils, overlying stiff clays, are found in Wico- mico, and there are areas of gum swamp land and of loams, the " black loam " along the edge of Delaware being very fertile. Mardela Springs, a village of several hundred in- habitants, is well-known in history as the local location of " Barren Creek Springs," the fame of whose medicinal waters covers over a century. In the early days of the State, these mineral springs were a favorite resort of persons from the middle Atlantic coast territory. Francis Makemie established a Presbyterian church in Wicomico (then Somerset) County before the formation, in 1706, of the American Presbytery in Philadelphia, and is called the founder of the Presbyterian Church in America. The Baltimore, Chesapeake and At- lantic Railway, and in New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad, run through Wicomico. COURT HOUSE AT OAKLAND. GARRETT. Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was carved out of territory belonging to Allegany County, in 1872. Its first election for county officers was held Janu- ary 7, 1873. John W. Garrett, then president of the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad, for whom the county was named, was instrumental in its establishment. In area Garrett is the largest county in the State — 660 square miles. It is largely mountainous, lying in the great plateau of the Alle- ghanies, and contains much uncleared land. It has rich deposits of iron ore, fire clay, and other minerals, especially coal ; but the chief industries are farming, stock raising, and lumbering. Oakland, its county seat, is 2,800 feet above sea level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain Lake Park, widely known for its Chautauqua and camp-meeting, 2U0 COUNTY HISTORIES. 297 and Deer Park are also in Garrett. The people of the county are purely American, there being few residents of foreign birth, and only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers and streams of the county abound in game fish — bass and trout — and deer, pheasants, wild turkeys, etc., make it the same sportsmen's paradise it was in the days of Meshach Browning, hunter and author. Occasionally, in the moun- tain fastnesses, a bear is seen. Its deer shooting has long attracted hunters from all over the country, and the glades and uplands are yearly alive with pheasants and wild turkeys. Wheat, potatoes, corn, buckwheat, and hay, are leading Garrett crops. The maple forests of the county yield annu- ally about a quarter of a million pounds of maple sugar. Wild honey is abundant. The Baltimore and Ohio, W^est Virginia Central, and Oakland and State Line are Garrett railroads. The lumber industry in Garrett has long been its chief manufacturing interest. The first saw mill — fore- runner of the many that have leveled the primeval forests of the county — was owned by Philip Hare, and placed in operation near Grantsville about 1790. Valuable and pro- ductive farms have been made of the fertile limestone lands. Oakland* is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from Chicago. Selbysport, Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friendship, Keyser, Mineral Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are among the Garrett towns, and it is notable in physical geog- raphy as the only Maryland county having rivers flowing westward as well as eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in Garrett and is a tributary of the Ohio. * Population, 1,170. APPENDIX. A. A LIST OF THE GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND. PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 1633. Leonard Calvert. 1647. Thomas Greene. 1649. William Stone. 1652. Commissioners of Parliament; Richard Bennett and others. 1654. Commissioners; William Fuller and others. 1656. Josias Fendall. 1660. Philip Calvert. 1661. Charles Calvert. 1676. Cecilius Calvert, a minor; Jesse Wharton and Thomas Notley, Deputy Governors in succession. 1676. Thomas Notley. 1679. Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1684. Benedict Leonard Calvert, a minor ; the Council carried on the government. 1688. William Joseph, President of the Council, Acting Gov- ernor. 1689. Convention of Protestant Associations. ROYAL GOVERNORS. 1692. Sir Lionel Copley. 1693. Sir Edmund Andros. 1694. Sir Thomas Lawrence, President of the Council. 1694. Francis Nicholson. 1699. Nathaniel Blackiston. 1702. Thomas Tench, President of the Council 1704. John Seymour. 1709. Edward Lloyd, President of the Council. 1714. John Hart. 299 300 APPENDIX. PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. I715 1720 1720 1727 1732 1733 1742 1747 1752 1753 John Hart. Thomas Brooke, President of the Council Charles Calvert. Benedict Leonard Calvert. Samuel Ogle. Charles, Lord Baltimore. Samuel Ogle. Thomas Bladen. Samuel Ogle. Benjamin Tasker, President of the Council. Horatio Sharpe- 1769 to 1776. Robert Eden. THE REVOLUTION. 1774 to 1777. Convention and Council of Safety. STATE GOVERNORS. 1777- Thomas Johnson. 1779. Thomas Sim Lee. 1782. William Paca. 1785. William Small wood. 1788. John Eager Howard. 1791. George Plater. 1792. James Brice. 1792. Thomas Sim Lee. 1794- John Hoskins Stone. 1797. John Henry. 1798. Benjamin Ogle. 1801. John Francis Mercer. 1803. Robert Bowie. 1806. Robert Wright. 1809. James Butcher. 1809. Edward Lloyd. 1811. Robert Bowie. 1812. Levin Winder. 1816. Charles Ridgely of Hampton 1819. Charles Goldsborough. 1819. Samuel Sprigg. APPENDIX, SOI 1822. Samuel Stevens, Jr. 1826. Joseph Kent. 1829. Daniel Martin, 1830. Thomas King Carroll. 1831. Daniel Martin. 1831. George Howard. 1833. James Thomas. 1836. Thomas Ward Veazey. 1839. Wilham Grason. 1842. Francis Thomas. 1845. Thomas G. Pratt. 1848. Philip Francis Thomas. 1 85 1. Enoch Louis Lowe. 1854. Thomas Watkins Ligon. 1858. Thomas Holliday Hicks. 1862. Augustus Williamson Bradford, 1865. Thomas Swann. 1868. Oden Bowie. 1872. WiUiam Pinkney Whyte. 1874. James Black Groome. 1876. John Lee Carroll. 1880. WiUiam T. Hamilton. 1884. Robert Milligan McLane, 1885. Henry Lloyd. 1888. Elihu Emory Jackson. 1892. Frank Brown. 1896. Lloyd Lowndes. 1900. John Walter Smith. 1904. Edwin Warfield. 302 APPENDIX. B. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC POPULATION OF MARYLAND. Year. Whites. Negro Slaves. Fre e Blacl cs. TotaL 1634 about 200 1638 . . . . 700 1660 . • 12,000 1665 . . . 16,000 1671 . . 20,000 1701 30,000 1712 ?>7^7A3 " 8,330 46,073 1715 40,700 9,500 50,200 1748 94,000 36,000 130,000 1756 107,963 46,225 154,188 1775 about 200,000 1782 170,688 83,362 : 254,050 1790 208,649 103,036 8,043 319,728 1800 216,326 105,635 19,587 341,548 181O 235,117 111,502 53,927 380,546 1820 260,222 107,398 : 39,730 407,350 1830 291,108 102,994 52,938 447,040 1840 318,204 89,737 ( 32,078 470,019 1850 418,590 90,368 ) 74,077 583,035 i860 515 918 87,189 i 53,942 687,049 1870 605.497 ... 1^ '5,391 780,894 1880 724,693 ... 2 0,230 934,943 1890 826,493 ... 2 5,657 1,042,390 1900 952,424 2' 55,064 1,188,044 POPULATION OF BALTIMORE. Year. Population. Year. Population. Year. Population. 1790 1800 1810 1820 13,503 26,514 46,555 62,738 1830 1840 1850 i860 80,620 102,313 169,054 212,418 1870 1880 1S90 1900 267,354 332,313 434439 508,957 APPENDIX. 803 CENSUS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES AND THEIR ALLOTMENT TO THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES UNDER STATE CENSUS, 1901. Population, Delegates. Baltimore City . . . Allegany County . .. Anne Arundel County Baltimore County . . Calvert County . . . Caroline County . . . Carroll County . . . Cecil County .... Charles County . . . Dorchester County . . Frederick County . . Garrett County . . . Harford County . . . Howard County . . . Kent County .... Montgomery County . Prince George's County Queen Anne's County . Somerset County . . St. Mary's County . . Talbot County . . . Washington County . Wicomico County . . Worcester County . . 517,035 53,304 34,791 88,028 9,963 16,792 33,651 24,450 16,602 28,293 51,639 17,386 28,307 16,276 17,788 29,155 28,325 18,568 25,628 16,890 20,314 44,491 22,908 20,805 304 APPENDIX. TOWNS OF MARYLAND HAVING AT LEAST 2,500 INHABITANTS. Baltimore City ....,0.00....... 508,957 Cumberland o ....„..,..,.... . 17,128 Hagerstown ..... ..^ ... ..o,. „ 13,591 Frederick 9,296 Annapolis . 8,525 Cambridge 5,747 Frostburg 5,274 Salisbury 4,277 Havre de Grace 3423 Westminster 3, 199 Crisfield 3,165 Easton , 3,074 Chestertown 3,008 Elkton 2,542 THE VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE STATE FOR THE YEAR 1 899- Products of manufactories ^242,552,990 Farm Products 29,046,607 Products of manufactories, by towns: Baltimore City . 161,249,240 Cumberland 3,526,422 Hagerstown 2,465,507 Frederick 1,727,094 Havre de Grace 1,372,420 Commerce: Customs receipts from imports, 1902 . 4,699,116 Value of exports, 1902 . . , . 74,097,708 Appendix. 305 THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND, Nji'lTH THE DATE OF THEIR FORMATION. DATE OF COUNTY. ORIGIN OF NAME. FORMATION. St. Mary's — In honor of the Virgin Mary. 1637 Kent — After the County of Kent in England. 1642 Anne Arundel — After Lady Anne Arundel, wife of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore. 1650 Calvert — The family name of the Proprietors. 1654 (^"l-iaj-les— After Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1658 Baltimore — From the Proprietor's Irish barony; the Celtic name meaning "large town." 1659 Talbot— After Lord Talbot, uncle of Lady Baltimore. 1661 Somerset — After Lady Mary Somerset, sister of Lord Bal- timore. 1666 Dorchester — In honor of the Earl of Dorset. 1668 Cecil — In honor of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore. 1674 Prince George's — After Prince George of Denmark. 1695 Queen Anne's— In honor of Queen Anne of England. 1706 Worcester— After the Earl of Worcester. 1742 Frederick— In honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales. 1748 CaroHne — After Lady Caroline Calvert, sister to Frederick, Lord Baltimore. ^773 Harford— After Henry Harford, the last Proprietor. 1773 Washington — In honor oi George Washington. 1776 Montgomery — After General Montgomery. 1776 Allegany — After an Indian tribe, the Alligewi. 1789 Carroll — After Charles Carroll of CarroUton. 1836 Howard — After John Eager Howard. 185 1 Wicomico — After the river of that name. 1867 Garrett — After John W. Garrett. 1872 306 APPENDIX. C. ARTICLES FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF 1864. Article V. — The Constitution of the United States and the laws made in pursuance thereof, being the Supreme law of the land, every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and Government of the United States, and is not bound by any law or ordinance of this State in contravention or subversion thereof. Article XXIV. — That hereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared free. THE "IRON-CLAD" OATH. I do swear (or affirm) that I am a citizen of the United States, that I have never given any aid, countenance or support to those in armed hostility to the United States; that I have never ex- pressed a desire for the triumph of said enemies over the arms of the United States, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States, and support the Constitution and laws thereof as the supreme law of the land, any law or ordinance of any State to the contrary notwithstanding; that I will in all respects demean myself as a loyal citizen of the United States, and I make this oath (or affirmation) without any reservation or evasion, and believe it to be binding on me. APPENDIX. 307 D. A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL DATES IN THE HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 579. George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, born. 606. Cecilius Calvert born. 632. April 15. George Calvert died. 632. June 20. Cecilius Calvert receives the charter of Maryland. 633. November 22. The Ark and the Dove sail from England. 634. March 25. The first settlers arrive in Maryland. 635. The first General Assembly. 635. Seizure of Claiborne's ships. 63e in existence on the first day of June, 1867, providing for the creation of corporations, and for other purposes; and such drafts of laws shall by said commissioners, be submitted to the General Assembly, at its first meeting, for its action thereon; and each of said commissioners shall receive a com- pensation of $500 for his services, as such commissioner. All charters granted, or adopted, in pursuance of this section, and all charters heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or modification, may be altered, from time to time, or be repealed; provided, nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to banks, or the incorporation thereof. SEC. 49. The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law, not inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate to the judges of election, time, place and manner of holding elections in this State, and of making returns thereof. SEC. 50. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at its first ses- sion, held after the adoption of this Constitution, to provide by law for the punishment, by fine, or imprisonment in the peniteniary, or both, in the discretion of the court, of any person, who shall bribe, or attempt to bribe, any executive or judicial officer of the State of Maryland, or any member, or officer of the General Assembly of the State of Maryland, or of any municipal corporation in the State of Maryland, or any executive officer of such corporation, in order to influence him in the performance of any of his official duties; and, also, to provide by law for the punishment, by fine, or imprisonment in the penitentiary, or both, in the discretion of the court, of any of said officers, or members, who shall demand, or receive any bribe, fee, reward, or testimonial, for the performance of his official duties, or for neglecting, or failing to perform the same; and also, to provide by law for compelling any person, so bribing, or attempting to bribe, or so demanding, or receiving a bribe, fee, reward, or testimonial, to testify against any per- son, or persons, who may have committed any of said offences; provided, that any person, so compelled to testify, shall be exempted from trial and punishment for the offence, of which he may have been guilty; and any person, convicted of such offence, shall, as part of the punishment thereof, be forever disfranchised and disqualified from holding any office of trust, or profit, in this State. SEC. 51. The personal property of residents of this State, shall be sub- ject to taxation in the county, or city, where the resident bona Me resides for the greater part of the year, for which the tax may, or shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels permanently located, which shall be taxed in the city, or county where they are so located. SEC. 52. The General Assembly shall appropriate no money out of the Treasury for payment of any private claim against the State exceeding $300, unless said claim shall have been first presented to the Comptroller of the Treasury, together with the proofs upon which the same is founded, and reported upon by him. 336 CONSTITUTION OF THE SEC. 53. No person shall be incompetent, as a witness, on account of race or color, unless hereafter so declared by Act of the General Assembly. SEC. 54. No county of this State shall contract any debt, or obligation, in the construction of any railroad, canal, or other work of internal improve- ment, nor give, or loan its credit to, or in aid of any association, or cor- poration, unless authorized by an Act of the General Assembly, which shall be published for two months before the next election for members of the House of Delegates in the newspapers published in such county, and shall also be approved by a majority of all the members elected to each House of the General Assembly at its next session after said election. SEC. 55. The General Assembly shall pass no law suspending the privi- lege of the writ of habeas corpus. SEC. 56. The General Assembly shall have power to pass all such laws as may be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers vested, by this Constitution, in any department, or office of the Government, and the duties imposed upon them thereby. SEC. 57. The legal rate of interest shall be six per cent, per annum; un- less otherwise provided by the General Assembly. SEC. 58. The Legislature at its first session after the ratification of this Constitution shall provide by law for State and municipal taxation upon the revenues accruing from business done in the State by all foreign corpora- tions. SEC. 59. The ofifice of "State Pension Commissioner" is hereby abol- ished; and the Legislature shall pass no law creating such office, or estab- lishing any general pension system within this State. ARTICLE IV. JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT. Part I.— General Provisions. SECTION 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in a Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, such courts for the city of Baltimore as are hereinafter provided for, and Justices of the Peace; all said courts shall be courts of record, and each shall have a seal to be used in the authentication of all process issuing therefrom. The process and official character of Justices of the Peace shall be authenticated as hath heretofore been practiced in this State, or may hereafter be prescribed by law. SEC. 2. The Judges of all the said courts shall be citizens of the State of Maryland, and qualified voters under this Constitution, and shall have resided therein not less than five years, and not less than six months next preceding their election, or appointment, in the judicial circuit, as the case may be, for which they may be, respectively, elected or appointed. They sb and the same right of appeal to the Court of Appeals shall be allowed from the determination of the said court on such matters, as would have been the right of the parties if said matters had been decided by the court in which said cases were tried. The Judge before whom any case may hereafter be tried, in either the Baltimore City Court, the Superior Court of Baltimore City or in the Court of Common Pleas, shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine; and the said Judge shall hear and determine all motions for a new trial when such motions arise, either on questions of fact or for misdirection upon any matters of law; and all motions in arrest of judgment or upon any matters of law deter- mined by the said Judge and all such motions shall be heard and de- termined within thirty days after they are heard. SEC. 34. No appeal shall lie to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City from the decision of the Judge, or the Judges, holding the Baltimore City Court, in case of appeal from a Justice of the Peace; but the decision by said Judge, or Judges, shall be final; and all writs and other process issued out of either of said courts, requiring attestation, shall be attested in the name of the Chief Judge of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. SEC. 35. Three of the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, shall constitute a quorum of said court. SEC. 36. All causes depending, at the adoption of this Constitution, in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common Pleas, the Criminal Court of Baltimore, and the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, shall be proceeded in, and prosecuted to final judgment, or decree, in the courts, respectively, of the same name established by this Constitu- tion, except cases belonsing to that class, jurisdiction over which is by this Constitution transferred to the Baltimore City Court, all of which shall, together with all cases now pending in the City Court of Balti- STATE OF MARYLAND 345 more, be proceeded in, and prosecuted to final judgment in said Baltimore City Court. SEC. 37. There shall be a clerk of each of the said courts of Baltimore City, except the Supreme Bench, who shall be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said city, at the election to be held in said city on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year 1867, and shall hold his office for six years from the time of his election, and until his successor is elected and qualified and be re-eligible thereto, subject to be removed for wilful neglect of duty, or other misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a court of law. The salary of each of the said clerks shall be $3,500 a year, payable only out of the fees and receipts collected by the clerks of said city, and they shall be entitled to no other per- quisites or compensation. In case of a vacancy in the office of clerk of any of said courts, the Judges of said ^'^preme Bench of Baltimore City shall have power to fill such vacancy until the general election of Dele- gates to the General Assembly, to be held next thereafter, when a clerk of said court shall be elected to serve for six years thereafter; and the provisions of this Article, in relation to the appointment of deputies by the clerks of the circuit courts in the counties, shall apply to the clerks of the courts in Baltimore City. SEC, 38. The clerk of the Court of Common Pleas shall have authority to issue within said city, all marriage and other licenses required by law, subject to such provisions as are now or may be prescribed by law. The clerk of the Superior Court of said city shall receive and record all deeds, conveyances and other papers, which are or may be required by law to be recorded in said city. He shall also have custody of all papers con- nected with the proceedings on the law or equity side of Baltimore County Court, and of the dockets thereof, so far as the same have relation to the city of Baltimore, and shall also discharge the duties of clerk to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, unless otherwise provided by law. SEC. 39. The General Assembly shall, whenever it may think the same p-oper and expedient, provide, by law, another court for the city of Balti- more, and prescribe its jurisdiction and powers; in which case there shall be elected by the voters of said city, qualified under this Constitution, another Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, who shall be subject to the same constitutional provisions, hold his office for the same term of years, receive the same compensation, and have the same powers, as are herein provided for the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Balti- more City; and all the provisions of this Constitution relating to the assignment of Judges to the courts, now existing in said city, and for the dispatch of business therein, shall apply to the court, for whose creation provision is made by this section. And the General Assembly may reap- portion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction of the several courts in Baltimore City. "Until otherwise provided by law, the clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, of the Court of Common Pleas, of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, of the Baltimore City Court, and of the Criminal Court of Baltimore, shall each give bond in such penalty as is now prescribed 346 CONSTITUTION OF THE by law to be given by the clerks of the courts, bearing the same names, under the present Constitution. Part V. — Orphans' Court. SEC. 40. The qualified voters of the city of Baltimore, and of the several counties, shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in No- vember next, and on the same day in every fourth year thereafter, elect three men to be Judges of the orphans' courts of said city and counties, respectively, who shall be citizens of the State, and residents for the twelve months preceding, in the city, or county, for which they may be elected. They shall have all the powers now vested in the orphans' courts of the State, subject to such changes as the Legislature may prescribe. Each of said Judges shall be paid a per diem for the timt they are actually in session, to be regulated by law, and to be paid by the said city, or counties, respectively. In case of a vacancy in the office of Judge of the Orphans' Court, the Governor shall appoint, subject to confirmation, or rejection by the Senate, some suitable person to fill the same for the residue of the term. SEC. 41. There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State, and the city of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said counties and city, respectively, who shall hold his office for six years from the time of his election, and until his successor is elected and qualified; he shall be re-eligible and subject at all times to removal for wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in olifice in the same manner that the clerks of courts are removable. In the event of any vacancy in the office of the Register of Wills, said vacancy shall be filled by the Judges of the Orphans' Court, in which such vacancy occurs, until the next general election for Delegates to the General Assembly, when a Register shall be elected to serve for six years thereafter. Part VI. — Justices of the Peace. SEC. 42. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint such number of Justices of the Peace, and the County Commissioners of the several counties, and the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, respectively, shall appoint such number of Con- stables, for the several election districts of the counties, and wards of the city of Baltimore, as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law; and Justices of the Peace and Constables, so appointed, shall be subject to removal by the Judge, or Judges, having criminal jurisdiction in the county, or city, for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a court of law. The Justices of the Peace and Constables, so appointed, and commissioned, shall be conservators of the peace, shall hold their office for two years, and shall have jurisdiction, duties and compensation, subject to such right of appeal, in all cases, from STATE OF MARYLAND 347 the judgment of Justices of the Peace, as hath been heretofore exercised, or shall be hereafter prescribed by law. SEC. 43. In the event of a vacancy in the office of a Justice of the Peace the Governor shall appoint a person to serve as a Justice of the Peace for the residue of the term; and in case of a vacancy in the office of Constable the County Commissioners of the county in which the vacancy occurs, or the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, as the case may be, shall appoint a person to serve as Constable for the residue of the term. Part VII.— Sheriffs. SEC. 44. There shall be elected in each county, and in the city of Baltimore, in every second year, one person, resident in said county or city, above the age of twenty-five years, and at least five years preceding his election, a citizen of this State, to the office of Sheriff. He shall hold his office fo-r two years, and until his successor is duly elected and quali- fied; shall be ineligible for two years thereafter; shall give such bond, exercise such powers and perform such duties as now are or may hereafter be fixed by law. In case of a vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to servei or neglect to qualify, or give bond, or by disqualification, or removal from the county or city, the Governor shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. SEC. 45. Coroners, Elisors and Notaries Public may be appointed for each county and the city of Baltimore in the manner, for the purpose, and with the powers now fixed or which may hereafter be prescribed by law. ARTICLE V. ATTORNEY GENERAL AND STATE'S ATTORNEYS. Attorney General. SECTION 1. There shall be an Attorney General elected by the quali- fied voters of the State, on general ticket, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, 1867, and on the same day, in every fourth year thereafter, who shall hold his office for four years from the time of his election and qualification, and until his successor is elected and qualified, and shall be re-eligible thereto, and shall be subject to re- moval for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a court of law. SEC. 2. All elections for Attorney General shall be certified to, and returns made thereof by the clerks of the circuit courts for the several counties, and the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, to the Governor of the State, whose duty it shall be to decide on the election 348 CONSTITUTION OF THE and qualification of the person returned; and in case of a tie between two or more persons, to designate which of said persons shall qualify as At- torney General, and to administer the oath of office to the person elected. SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to prosecute and defend on the part of the State, all cases, which at the time of his ap- pointment and qualification and which thereafter may be depending in the Court of Appeals, or in the Supreme Court of the United States, by or against the State, or wherein the State may be interested; and he shall give his opinion in writing whenever required by the General Assembly, or either branch thereof, the Governor, the Comptroller, the Treasurer, or any State's Attorney, on any legal matter, or subject depending before them, or either of them; and when required by the Governor, or the General Assembly, he shall aid any State's Attorney in prosecuting any suit or action brought by the State in any court of this State; and he shall commence and prosecute, or defend, any suit or action in any of said courts, on the part of the State, which the General Assembly, or the Governor, acting according to law, shall direct to be commenced, prose- cuted or defended; and he shall receive for his services an annual salary of $3,000, but he shall not be entitled to receive any fees, perquisites, or rewards, whatever, in addition to the salary aforesaid, for the performance of any official duty; nor have power to appoint any agent, representative, or deputy, under any circumstances, whatever; nor shall the Governor employ any additional counsel in any case, whatever, unless authorized by the General Assembly. SEC. 4, No person shall be eligible to the office of Attorney General, who is not a citizen of this i'tate, and a qualified voter therein, and has not resided and practised law in this State for at least ten years. SEC. 5. In case of vacancy in the office of Attorney General, occa- sioned by death, resignation, removal from the State, or from office, or other disqualification, the said vacancy shall be filled by the Governor, for the residue of the term thus made vacant. SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals and of the Commissioner of the Land Office, respectively, whenever a case shall be brought into said court, or office, in which the State is a party, or has interest, immediately to notify the Attorney General thereof. The State's Attorneys. SEC. 7. There shall be an attorney for the State in each county, and the city of Baltimore, to be styled "The State's Attorney," who shall be elected by the voters thereof, respectively, on the Tuesday next after the first Mon- day in November in the year 1867, and on the same day every fourth year thereafter; and shall hold his office for four years from the first Mon- day in January next ensuing his election, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified; and shall be re-eligible thereto, and be subject to removal therefrom, for incompetency, wilful neglect of duty, or misde- STATE OF MARYLAND MO meaner in office, on conviction in a court of law, or by a vote of two-thirds of the Senate, on the recommendation of the Attorney General. SEC. 8. All elections for the State's Attorney shall be certified to, and returns made thereof, by the clerks of the said counties and city, to the Judges thereof having criminal jurisdiction, respectively, whose duty it shall be to decide upon the elections and qualifications of the persons returned; and in case of a tie between two or more persons, to designate which of said persons shall qualify as State's Attorney, and to administer the oaths of office to the person elected. SEC. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive such fees and commissions as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law, and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or reward, than such as is, or may be allowed by law, he shall, on conviction thereof, be removed from office; provided, that the State's Attorney for Baltimore City shall have power to appoint one deputy, at a salary of not more than $1,500 per annum, to be paid by the State's Attorney out of the fees of his office, as has heretofore been practised, SEC. 10. No person shall be eligible to the office of State's Attorney, who has not been admitted to practice law in this State, and who has not resided for at least two years in the county or city in which he may be elected. SEC. 11. In case of vacancy in the office of State's Attorney, or of his removal from the county or city in which he shall have been elected, or on his conviction, as herein specified, the said vacancy shall be filled by the Judge of the county or city, respectively, having criminal jurisdiction, in which said vacancy shall occur, for the residue of the term thus made vacant. SEC. 12. The State's Attorney, in each county, and the city of Balti- more, shall have authority to collect, and give receipt, in the name of the State, for such sums of money as may be collected by him, and forth- with make return of, and pay over the same, to the proper accountant officer. And the State's Attorney of each county, and the city of Baltimore, before he shall enter on the discharge of his duties, shall execute a bond to the State of Maryland, for the faithful performance of his duties, in the penalty of $10,000, with two or more sureties, to be approved by the Judge of the court, having criminal jurisdiction, in said counties or city. ARTICLE VL TREASURY DEPARTMENT. SECTION 1. There shall be a Treasury Department consisting of a Comptroller, chosen by the qualified electors of the State, at each regular election of members of the House of Delegates, who shall receive an annual salary of $2,500; and a Treasurer to be appointed by the two houses of the 350 CONSTITUTION OF THE Legislature, at each regular session thereof, on joint ballot, who shall re- ceive an annual salary of $2,500; and the terms of office of the said Comp- troller and Treasurer shall be for two years, and until their successors shall qualify; and neither of the said officers shall be allowed, or receive any fees, commissions or perquisites of any kind, in addition to his salary, for the performance of any duty or services whatsoever. In case of a vacancy in either of the offices, by death, or otherwise, the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall fill such vacancy, by appointment to continue until another election, or a choice by the Legis- lature, as the case may be, and until the qualification of the successor. The Comptroller and the Treasurer shall keep their offices at the seat of Gov- ernment, and shall take such oath, and enter into such bonds for the faithful discharge of their duties as are now, or may hereafter be, prescribed by law. SEC. 2. The Comptroller shall have the general superintendence of the fiscal affairs of the State; he shall digest and prepare plans for the improvement and management of the revenue, and for the support of the public credit; prepare and report estimates of the revenue and expenditures of the State; superintend and enforce the prompt collection of all taxes and revenue; adjust and settle, on terms, prescribed by law, with delin- quent collectors and receivers of taxes and State revenue; preserve all public accounts; decide on the forms of keeping and stating accounts; grant, under regulations, prescribed by law, all warrants for money to be paid out of the treasury, in pursuance of appropriations by law; and countersign all checks drawn by the Treasurer upon any bank or banks, in which the moneys of the State may, from time to time, be deposited; prescribe the formalities of the transfer of stock, or other evidence of the State debt, and countersign the same, without which, such evidence shall not be valid; he shall make to the General Assembly full reports of all his proceedings, and of the state of the Treasury Department, within ten days after the commencement of each session; and perform such other duties as shall be prescribed by law. SEC. 3. The Treasurer shall receive the moneys of the State, and, until otherwise prescribed by law, deposit them, as soon as received, to the credit of the State, in such bank, or banks, as he may, from time to time, with the approval of the Governor, select (the said bank or banks giving security, satisfactory to the Governor, for the safe keeping and forthcom- ing, when required, of said deposits), and shall disburse the same for the purposes of the State, according to law, upon warrants drawn by the Comptroller, and on checks, countersigned by him, and not otherwise; he shall take receipts for all moneys paid by him; and receipts for moneys re- ceived by him shall be endorsed upon warrants, signed by the Comptroller; without which warrants, so signed, no acknowledgment of money received into the treasury shall be valid; and upon warrants, issued by the Comp- troller, he shall make arrangements for the payment of the interest of the public debt, and for the purchase thereof on account of the sinking fund. Every bond, certificate, or other evidence of the debt of the State, shall be STATE OF MARYLAND -%! signed by the Treasurer, and countersigned by the Comptroller, and no new certificate, or other evidence intended to replace another, shall be issued until the old one shall be delivered to the Treasurer, and authority executed in due form for the transfer of the same filed in his office, and the transfer accordingly made on the books thereof, and the certificate or other evi- dence cancelled; but the Legislature may make provisions for the loss of certificates, or other evidences of the debt; and may prescribe by law, the manner in which the Treasurer shall receive and keep the moneys of the State. SEC. 4. The Treasurer shall render his accounts quarterly to the Comp- troller, and shall publish monthly in such newspapers as the Governor may direct an abstract thereof, showing the amount of cash on hand, and the place or places of deposit thereof; and on the third day of each regular session of the Legislature he shall submit to the Senate and House of Delegates fair and accurate copies of all accounts by him, from time to time, rendered and settled with the Comptroller. He shall at all times submit to the Comptroller the inspection of the money in his hands, and perform all other duties that shall be prescribed by law. SEC. 5. The Comptroller shall qualify and enter on the duties of his office on the third Monday of January next succeeding the time of his election, or as soon thereafter as practicable. And the Treasurer shall qualify within one month after his appointment by the Legislature. SEC. 6. Whenever during the recess of the Legislature charges shall be preferred to the Governor against the Comptroller or Treasurer for in- competency, malfeasance in office, wilful neglect of duty, or misappropria- tion of the funds of the State, it shall be the duty of the Governor forth- with to notify the party so charged and fix a day for a hearing of said charges; and if from the evidence taken, under oath, on said hearing be- fore the Governor, the said allegations shall be sustained, it shall be the duty of the Governor to remove said offending officer and appoint another in his place, who shall hold the office for the unexpired term of the officer so removed. ARTICLE VIL SUNDRY OFFICERS. County Commissioners— Surveyor — State Librarian— Commissioner of THE Land Office^Wreck jMaster. SECTION 1. County Commissioners shall be elected on general ticket of each county by the qualified voters of the several counties of this State, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, 1867, and on the same day in every second year thereafter. Their nvmi- ber in each county, their compensation, powers and duties, shall be such as are now, or may be hereafter prescribed by law. S52 CONSTITUTION OF THE SEC. 2. The qualified voters of each county and of the city of Baltimore shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of Novem- ber, in the year 1867, and on the same day in every second year there- after, elect a surveyor for each county and the city of Baltimore, respec- tively, whose term of office shall commence on the first Monday of Janu- ary next ensuing their election; and whose duties and compensation shall be the same as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law. And any vacancy in the office of Surveyor shall be filled by the Commissioners of the counties, or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, respectively, for the residue of the term. SEC. 3. The State Librarian shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold his office during the term of the Governor, by whom he shall have been appointed and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. His salary shall be $1,500 a year; and he shall perform such duties as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law; and no appropriation shall be made by law, to pay for any clerk, or assistant to the Librarian. And it shall be the duty of the Legislature, at its first session after the adoption of this Con- stitution, to pass a law regulating the mode and manner in which the books in the Library shall be kept and accounted for by the Librarian, and re- quiring the Librarian to give a bond, in such penalty as the Legislature may prescribe, for the proper discharge of his duties. SEC. 4. There shall be a Commissioner of the Land Office, who shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall hold his office during the term of the Governor, by whom he shall have been appointed, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. He shall perform such duties as are now required of the Commissioner of the Land Office, or such as may hereafter be prescribed by law, and shall also be the keeper of the Chancery Records. He shall receive a salary of .$1,500 per annum, to be paid out of the treasury, and shall charge such fees as are now, or may be hereafter fixed by law. He shall make a semi-annual report of all the fees of his office, both as Com- missioner of the Land Office, and as keeper of the Chancery Records, to the Comptroller of the Treasury, and shall pay the same semi-annually into the treasury. SEC. 5. The Commissioner of the Land Office shall also, without addi- tional compensation, collect, arrange, classify, have charge of, and safely keep all papers, records, lelics, and other memorials connected with the Early History of Maryland, not belonging to any other office. SEC. 6. The qualified voters of Worcester County shall, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year 1S67, and every two years thereafter, elect a Wreck Master for said county, whose duties and compensation shall be the same as are now or may bt hereafter prescribed by law; the term of office of said Wreck Master shall commence on the first Monday of January next succeeding his election, and a vacancy in said office shall be filled by the County Commissioners of said county for the residue of the term. STATE OF MARYLAND ^^^ ARTICLE VIIL EDUCATION. SECTION 1. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adop- tion of this Constitution, shall by law establish throughout the Sta e a thorough and efficient system of free public schools; and shall provide by taxation or otherwise, for their maintenance. ^ i, ,, _,•„ QFC 2 The system of public schools, as now constituted, shall remain in fotie unm the end of the said first session of the General Assemby Ind shall then expire; except so far as adopted or continued by the General ""SE^S." The School Fund of the State shall be kept inviolate, and ap- propriated only to the purposes of education. ARTICLE IX, MILITIA AND MILITARY AFFAIRS. SECTION 1. The General Assembly shall make, from time to time ernor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He shall hod h "office ::' The appointment and qualification ot "s successor or un 1 , . „ ^f tVip sentence of a court martial. We snaii per = -"=3; r rrarzcc — d^:^ o^ «: :rce°ItThe s a. o government: unless absent, under orders, on duty; "afd^o'otheVotcer o1 the genera, staff o. the mih.ia shall rece.ve salary «r nav except when on service and mustered in with troops. SEC 3 The existing militia law of the State shall expire at the end of the next selsion of the General Assembly, except so far as .. may be re- enacted, subject to the provisions of this article. ARTICLE X. (Discontinued.) ARTICLE XI. CITY OF BALTIMORE. SECTION 1. The inhabitants of the city of Baltimore, qualified by law to fo^^in lid city for members of the House of Delegates, shall on the 354 CONSTITUTION OF THE Tuesday after the first Monday of November, 1889, and on the same day in every second year thereafter, elect a person to be Mayor of the city oi Baltimore, who shall have such qualifications, receive such compensation, discharge such duties and have such powers as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law; and the term of whose office shall commence on the first Monday of November succeeding his election, and shall continue for two years, and until his successor shall have qualified. SEC. 2. The City Council of Baltimore shall consist of two branches, one of which shall be called the First Branch, and the other the Second Branch, and each shall consist of such number of members, having such qualification, receiving such compensation, performing such duties, pos- sessing such powers, holding such terms of office, and elected in such manner, as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law. SEC. 3. An election for members of the First Branch of the City Council of Baltimore shall be held in the city of Baltimore on the Tues- day after the first Monday of November in every year; and- for members ot the Second Branch on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, 1889, and on the same day in every second year thereafter; and the quali- fication for electors of the members of the City Council shall be the same as those prescribed for the electors of Mayor. SEC. 4. The regular sessions of the City Council of Baltimore (which shall be annual), shall commence on the third Monday of January of each year, and shall not continue more than ninety days, exclusive of Sundays; but the Mayor may convene the City Council in extra session whenever, and as often as it may appear to him that the public good may require; but no called, or extra session shall last longer than twenty days, exclusive of Sundays. SEC. 5. No person elected and qualified as Mayor, or as a member of the City Council, shall, during the term for which he was elected, hold any other office of profit or trust, created, or to be created, by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, or by any law relating to the corporation of Baltimore, or hold any employment or position, the compensation of which shall be paid, directly or indirectly, out of the city treasury; nor shall any such person be interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract, to which the city is a party; nor shall it be lawful for any person holding any office under the city, to be interested, while holding such office, in any contract, to which the city is a party. SEC. 6. The Mayor shall, on conviction in a court of law, of wilful neglect of duty, or misbehavior in office, be removed from office by the Governor of the State, and a successor shall thereafter be elected, as in a case of vacancy. SEC. 7. From and after the adoption of this Constitution, no debt (except as hereinafter excepted) shall be created by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore; nor shall the credit of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore be given or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, association, or corporation; nor shall the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore have the power to involve the city of Baltimore in the construction of works of STATE OF MARYLAND 355 internal improvement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which shall in- volve the faith and credit of the city, nor make any appropriation there- for, unless such debt or credit be authorized by an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, and by an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, submitted to the legal voters of the city of Baltimore at such time and place as may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved by a majority of the votes cast at such time and place; but the Mayor and City Council may, temporarily, borrow any amount of money to meet any de- ficiency in the city treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising from the necessity of maintaining the police, or preserving the safety and sani- tary condition of the city, and may make due and proper arrangements and agreements for the removal and extension, in whole or in part, of any and all debts and obligations, created according to law before the adoption of this Constitution. SEC. 8. All laws and ordinances, now in force, applicable to the city of Baltimore, not inconsistent with this article, shall be, and they are hereby continued until changed in due course of law. SEC. 9. The General Assembly may make such changes in this article, except in Section 7 thereof, as it may deem best; and this article shall not be so construed, or taken as to make the political corporation of Bal- timore independent of, or free from the control which the General Assembly of Maryland has over all such corporations in this State. ARTICLE XIL PUBLIC WORKS. SECTION 1. The Governor, Comptroller of the Treasury, and the Treasurer, shall constitute the Board of Public Works in this State. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, and shall hold regular sessions in the city of Annapolis, on the first Wednesday in January, April, July and October, in each year, and oftpner, if necessary; at which sessions they shall hear and determine such matters as affect the public works of the State, and as the General Assembly may confer upon them the power to decide. SEC. 2. They shall exercise a diligent and faithful supervision of all public works in which the State may be interested as stockholder or cred- itor, and shall represent and vote the stock of the State of Maryland in all meetings of the stockholders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal; and shall appoint the directors in every railroad and canal company in which the State has the legal power to appoint directors, which said directors shall represent the State in all meetings of the stockholders of the respective companies for which they are appointed or elected. And the president and directors of the said Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company shall so regu- late the tolls of said company, from time to time, as to produce the largest amount of revenue, and to avoid the injurious effects to said company of 356 CONSTITUTION OF THE rival competition by other internal improvement companies. They shall require the directors of all said public works to guard the public interest and prevent the establishment of tolls which shall discriminate against the interest of the citizens or products of this State, and from time to time, and as often as there shall be any change in the rates of toll on any of the said works, to furnish the said Board of Public Works a schedule of such modified rates of toll, and so adjust them as to promote the agricultural interests of the State; they shall report to the General Assembly at each regular session and recommend such legislation as they may deem neces- sary and requisite to promote or protect the interests of the State in the said public works; they shall perform such other duties as may be hereafter prescribed by law; and a majority of them shall be competent to act. The Governor, Comptroller and Treasurer shall receive no additional salary for services rendered by them as members of the Board of Public Works. The provisions of the Act of the General Assembly of Maryland of the year 1867, Chapter 359, are hereby declared null and void. SEC. 3. The Board of Public Works is hereby authorized to exchange the State's interest as stockholder and creditor in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company for an equal amount of the bonds or registered debt now owing by the State, to the extent only of all the preferred stock of the State on which the State is entitled to only six per cent, interest, pro- vided such exchange shall not be made at less than par, nor less than the market value of said stock; and the said board is authorized, subject to such regulations and conditions as the General Assembly may from time to time prescribe, to sell the State's interests in the other works of internal improvement, whether as a stockholder or a creditor, and also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiving in payment the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal in amount to the price ob- tained for the State's said interest; provided, that the interest of the State in the Washington Branch of the Balimore and Ohio Railroad be reserved and excepted from sale; and provided further, that no sale or contract of sale of the State's interest in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Chesa- peake and Delaware Canal, and the Susquehanna and Tide-water Canal Companies shall go into effect until the same shall be ratified by the ensu- ing General Assembly. ARTICLE Xni. NEW COUNTIES. SECTION 1. The General Assembly may provide by law, for organizing new counties, locating and removing county seats, and changing county lines; but no new county shall be organized without the consent of the majority of the legal voters residing within the limits proposed to be formed into said new county; and whenever a new county shall be proposed to be formed out of portions of two or more counties, the consent of a majority STATE OF MARYLAND 357 of the legal voters of such part of each of said counties, respectively, shall be required; nor shall the lines of any county be changed without the con- sent of a majority of the legal voters, residing within the district, which, under said proposed change, would form a part of a county different from that to which it belonged prior to said change; and no new county shall contain less than four hundred sqviare miles, nor less than ten thousand white inhabitants; nor shall any change be made in the limits of any county, whereby the population of said county would be reduced to less than ten thousand white inhabitants, or its territory reduced to less than four hundred square miles. SEC. 2. At the election to be held for the adoption, or rejection of this Constitution, in each election district, in those parts of Worcester and Somerset counties, comprised within the following limits, viz: Beginning at the point, where Mason and Dixon's line crosses the channel of Pocomoke River, thence following said line to the channel of the Nanticoke River, thence with the channel of said river to Tangier Sound, or' the intersection of Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers, thence up the channel of the Wicomico River to the mouth of Wicomico Creek, thence with the channel of said creek and Passerdyke Creek to Dashield's, or Disharoon's Mills, thence with the mill-pond of said mills and branch following the middle prong of said branch, to Meadow Bridge, on the road, dividing the counties of Somerset and Worcester, near the southwest corner of the farm of Wil- liam P. Morris, thence due east to the Pocomoke River, thence with the channel of said river to the beginning, the judges of election, in each of said districts, shall receive the ballots of each elector, voting at said elec- tion, who has resided for six months, preceding said election within said limits, for or against a new county; and the return judges of said election districts shall certify the result of such voting, in the manner, now pre- scribed by law, to the Governor, who shall by proclamation make known the same; and if a majority of the legal votes, cast within that part of Worcester County, contained within said lines, and also a majority of the legal votes cast within that part of Somerset County, contained within said lines, shall be in favor of a new county, then said parts of Worcester and Somerset Counties shall become and constitute a new county, to be called Wicomico County; and Salisbury shall be the county seat. And the inhabitants thereof shall thenceforth have and enjoy all such rights and privileges as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of the other counties of this State. SEC. 3. When said new county shall have been so created, the inhabit- ants thereof shall cease to have any claim to, or interest in the county buildings, and other public property of every description, belonging to said counties of Somerset and Worcester, respectively, and shall be liable for their proportionate shares of the then existing debts and obligations of the said counties, according to the last assessment in said counties, to be ascertained and apportioned by the Circuit Court for Somerset County, as to the debts and obligations of said county, and by the Circuit Court for Worcester County, on the debts and obligations of Worcester County. 358 CONSTITUTION OF THE on the petition of the County Commissioners of the said counties, respec- tively; and the property in each part of the said counties, included in said new county, shall be bound only for the share of the debts and obligations of the county from which it shall be separated; and the inhabitants of said new county shall also pay the county taxes, levied upon them at the time of the creation of such new county, as if such new county had not been created; and on the application of twelve citizens of the proposed county of VN'icomico, the Surveyor of Worcester County shall run and locate the line from Meadow liridge to the Pocomoke River, previous to the adoption, or rejection of this Constitution, and at the expense of said petitioners. SEC. 4. At the first general election, held under this Constitution, the qualified voters of said new county shall be entitled to elect a Senator, and two Delegates to the General Assembly, and all such county, or other officers as this Constitution may authorize, or require to be elected by other counties of the State; a notice of such election shall be given by the Sheriffs of Worcester and Somerset Counties in the manner now pre- scribed by law; and in case said new county shall be established, as afore- said, then the counties of Somerset and Worcester shall be entitled to elect but two Delegates each to the General Assembly. SEC. 5. The county of Wicomico, if formed according to the provisions of this Constitution, shall be embraced in the First Judicial Circuit; and the times for holding the courts therein shall be fixed and determined by the General Assembly. SEC. 6. The General Assembly shall pass all such laws as may be neces- sary more fully to carry into effect the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XIV. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. SECTION 1. The General Assembly may propose amendments to this Constitution; provided, that each amendment shall be embraced in a sepa- rate bill, embodying the article or section, as the same will stand when amended and passed by three-fifths of all the members elected to each of the two houses, by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journals with the proposed amendment. The bill, or bills, proposing amendment, or amend- ments, shall be published by order of the Governor, in at least two news- papers in each county, where so many m.ay be published, and where not more than one may be published, then in that newspaper, and in three newspapers published in the city of Baltimore, one of which shall be in the German language, once a week, for at least three months preceding the next ensuing general election, at which the said proposed amendment, or amendments, shall be submitted, in a form to be prescribed by the General Assembly, to the qualified voters of the State for adoption or rejection. The votes cast for and against said proposed amendment, or STATE OF MARYLAND 359 amendments, severally, shall be returned to the Governor, in the manner prescribed in other cases, and if it shall appear to the Governor that a ma- jority of the votes cast at said election on said amendment, or amendments, severally, were cast in favor thereof, the Governor shall, by his proclama- tion, declare the said amendment, or amendments, having received said majority of votes, to have been adopted by the people of Maryland as part of the Constitution thereof, and thenceforth said amendment, or amend- ments, shall be part of the said Constitution. When two or more amend- ments shall be submitted, in manner aforesaid, to the voters of this State at the same election, they shall be so submitted as that each amendment shall be voted on separately. SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law for taking, at the general election to be held in the year 1887, and every twenty years thereafter, the sense of the people in regard to calling a con- vention for altering this Constitution, and if a majority of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by law for the assembling of such convention, and for the election of delegates thereto. Each county, and legislative district of the city of Baltimore, shall have in such convention a number of delegates equal to its representation in both houses at the time at which the convention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or amendment, of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such convention, shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect unless the same shall have been adopted by a majority of the voters voting thereon. ARTICLE XV. MISCELLANEOUS. SECTION 1. Every person holding any office created by, or existing under the Constitution, or laws of the State (except Justices of the Peace, Constables and Coroners), or holding any appointment under any court of this State, whose pay or compensation is derived from fees, or moneys coming into his hands for the discharge of his official duties, or, in any way, growing out of, or connected with his office, shall keep a book in which shall be entered every sum or sums of money received by him, or on his account, as a payment or compensation for his performance of official duties, a copy of which entries in said book, verified by the oath of the officer, by whom it is directed to be kept, shall be returned yearly to the Comptroller of the State for his inspection, and that of the General As- sembly of the State, to which the Comptroller shall, at each regular session thereof, make a report showing what officers have complied with this sec- tion; and each of the said officers, when the amount received by him for the year shall exceed the sum which he is by law entitled to retain, as his salary, or compensation for the discharge of his duties, and for the 360 CONSTITUTION OF THE expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the Treasurer of the State the amount of such excess, subject to such disposition thereof as the General Assembly may direct; if any of such officers shall fail to comply with the requisitions of this section for the period of thirty days after the expiration of each and every year of his office, such officer shall be deemed to have vacated his office, and the Governor shall declare the same vacant, and the vacancy therein shall be filled as in case of vacancy for any other cause, and such officer shall be subject to suit by the State for the amount that ought to be paid into the treasury; and no person holding any office created by, or existing under this Constitution, or laws of the State, or holding any appointment under any court in this State, shall receive more than $3,000 a year as a compensation for the discharge oi his official duties, except in cases specially provided in this Constitution. SEC. 2. The several courts existing in this State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall, until superseded under its provisions, continue with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the exercise thereof, both at law and in equity, in all respects, as if this Constitution had not been adopted; and when said courts shall be so superseded, all causes then depending in said courts, shall pass into the jurisdiction of the several courts, by which they may be respectively superseded. SEC. 3. The Governor, and all officers, civil and military, now holding office under this State, whether by election or appointment, shall con- tinue to hold, exercise and discharge the duties of their offices (unless inconsistent with, or otherwise provided in this Constitution) until they shall be superseded, under its provisions, and until their successors shall be duly qualified. SEC. 4. If at any election directed by this Constitution, any two or more candidates shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, a new election shall be ordered by the Governor, except in cases specially pro- vided for by this Constitution. SEC. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the jury shall be the judges of law, as well as of fact. SEC. 6. The right of trial by jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings in the several courts of law in this State, where the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of $5, shall be inviolably preserved. SEC. 7. All general elections in this State shall be held on the Tues- day next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year in which they shall occur; and the first election of all officers, who, under this Constitution, are required to be elected by the people, shall, except in cases herein specially provided for, be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year 1867. SEC. 8. The Sheriffs of the several counties of this State, and of the city of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections authorized by this Constitution, in the manner prescribed by existing laws for elections to be held in this State, until said laws shall be changed. SEC. 9. The term of office of all Judges and other officers, for whose election provision is made by this Corstitution, shall except in cases other- STATE OF MARYLAND 361 wise expressly provided herein, commence from the time of their election; and all such other officers shall qualify as soon after their election as prac- ticable, and shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices imme- diately upon their qualification; and the term of office of the State Librarian and ot the Commissioner of the Land Office shall commence from the time of their appointment. SEC. 10. Any officer elected or appointed in pursuance of the provisions of this Constitution, may qualify, either according to the existing pro- visions of law, in relation to officers under the present Constitution, or before the Governor of the State, or before any clerk of any court of record in any part of the State; but in case an officer shall qualify out of the county in which he resides, an official copy of his oath shall be filed and recorded in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court for the county in which he may reside, or in the clerk's office of the Superior Court of the city of Baltimore, if he shall reside therein. Vote on the Constitution. For the purpose of ascertaining the sense of the people of this State in regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, the Governor shall issue his proclamation within five days after the adjournment of this con- vention, directed to the Sheriffs of the city of Baltimore and of the several counties of this State, commanding them to give notice, in the manner now prescribed by law in reference to the election of members of the House of Delegates, that an election for the adoption or rejection of this Constitution will be held in the city of Baltimore and in the several counties of this State, on Wednesday, the eighteenth day of September, in the year 1867, at the usual places of holding elections for members of the House of Delegates in said city and counties. At the said election the vote shall be by ballot, and upon each ballot there shall be written ar printed the words, "For the Constitution," or "Against the Constitution," as the voter may elect; and the provisions of the laws of this Slate, re- lating to the holding of general elections for members of the House of Delegates, shall, in all respects, apply to and regulate the holding of the said election. It shall be the duty of the judges of election in said city and in the several counties of the State to receive, accurately count and duly return the number of ballots so cast for or against the adoption of this Constitution, as well as any blank ballots, which may be cast, to the several clerks of the circuit courts of this State, and to the clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, in the manner now prescribed by law, in reference to the election of members of the House of Delegates, and duplicates thereof directly to the Governor; and the several clerks afore- said shall return to the Governor, within ten days after said election, the number of ballots cast for or against the Constitution, and the number of blank ballots; and the Governor, upon receiving the returns from the judges of election or the clerks as aforesaid, and ascertaining the aggregate vote throughout the State, shall, by his proclamation, make known the 362 CONSTITUTION OF THE same; and if a majority of the votes cast shall be for the adoption of this Constitution, it shall go into effect on Saturday, the fifth day of October, 1867. Don« in convention, the seventeenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and of the Inde- pendence of the United States the ninety-second. RICHARD B. CARMICHAEL, President of the Convention. Attest: Milton Y. Kidd, Secretary. AMENDMENTS. At the January session of the General Assembly in 1890, the following amendments were proposed, and, having received a majority of the votes cast on the amendments at the general election in 1891, were proclaimed by the Governor to be a part of the Constitution. SECTION 17, ARTICLE IL— "To guard against hasty or partial legisla- tion, and encroachments of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate Executive and Judicial Departments, every bill which shall have passed the House of Delegates and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be pre- sented to the Governor of the State; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it origi- nated, which House shall enter the objections at large on its Journal and proceed to reconsider the bill; if, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members elected to that House shall pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be recon- sidered, and if passed by three-fifths of the members elected to that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within six days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he signed it; unless the General Assembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law; the Governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appro- priations disapproved shall be void, unless re-passed according to the rules or limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills over the executive veto*" STATE OF MARYLAND 363 SECTION 48, ARTICLE III.— "Corporations may be formed under gen- eral laws; but shall not be created by special Act, except for municipal purposes, and except in cases where no general laws exist providing for the creation of corporations of the same general character as the corporation proposed to be created; and any Act of incorporation passed in violation of this section shall be void; all charters granted or adopted in pursuance of this section, and all charters heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or modification, may be altered from time to time, or be repealed; provided nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to banks, or the incorporation thereof; the General Assembly shall not alter or amend the charter of any corporation existing at the time of the adoption of this Article, or pass any other general or special law for the benefit of such corporation, except upon the condition that such corporation shall surren- der all claim to exemption from taxation or from the repeal or modification of its charter, and that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution; and any corporation char- tered by this State which shall accept, use, enjoy or in any wise avail itself of any rights, privileges or advantages that may hereafter be granted or conferred by any general or special Act, shall be conclusively presumed to have thereby surrendered any exemption to which it may be entitled under its charter, and shall be thereafter subject to taxation as if no such exemp- tion had been granted by its charter." SECTION 1, ARTICLE VII.— "County Commissioners shall be elected on general ticket of each county by the qualified voters of the sev- eral counties of the State on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, commencing in the year 1891; their number in each county, their compensation, powers and duties, shall be such as are now or may be hereafter prescribed by law; they shall be elected at such times, in such numbers, and for such periods not exceeding six years as may be prescribed by law. SECTION 3, ARTICLE XII.— "The board of public works is hereby authorized, subject to such regulations and conditions as the General As- sembly may from time to time prescribe, to sell the State's interest in all works of internal improvement, whether as a stockholder or creditor, and also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiving in paym.ent the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal in amount to the price obtained for the State's said interest." SECTION 51, ARTICLE III.— "The personal property of residents of this State shall be subject to taxation in the county or city where the resi- dent bona Jide resides for the greater part of the year for which the tax may or shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels permanently located ; but the General Assembly may by law provide for the taxation of mortgages upon property in this State and the debts secured thereby in the county or city where such property is situated." 364 CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND AMENDMENT ADOPTED AT THE GENERAL ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER, 1893. SECTION 39, ARTICLE IV.— The General Assembly shall, as often as it may think the same proper and expedient, provide by law for the election of an additional Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and when- ever provision is so made by the General Assembly, there shall be elected by the voters of said city another Judge of the Supreme Bench of Balti- more City, who shall be subject to the same constitutional provisions, hold his office for the same term of years, receive the same compensation and have the same powers as are or shall be provided by the Constitution or laws of this State, for the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and the General Assembly may provide by laws, or the Supreme Bench by its rules, for requiring causes in any of the Courts of Baltimore City to be tried before the court without a jury, unless the litigants or some one of them shall within such reasonable time or times as may be prescribed, elect to have their causes tried before a jury. And the General Assembly may reapportion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction of the several courts in said city. NOTE TO SECTION 24, ARTICLE IV.— General Assembly Act of 1892, Chapter 388, increased the salary of Chief Judges and Associate Judges of the Circuit Courts from $3500 and $2800, respectively, to $4500 and $3600, respectively; and increased the salary of Judges of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City to $4500. INDEX Abolition, Maryland opposed to, 176. Abolitionists, 163, 167. Absent soldiers' vote, 180. Act, habeas corpus : see Habeas Corpus Act. Toleration : see Toleration Act. Alexander, Charles, 115. Alexander, Thomas S., 180. Alsop, George, letter of, 73. America, discovery of, 11, parts of , possessed by European nations, 12. American party, 162. Annapolis, founded, 32. becomes the capital of the State, 47. the chief town, 58. Antietam, battle of, 189. Anti-slavery party, 163. Anti-slavery feeling, growth of, 178. Arbitrary use of power, 177. Ark and Dove, sailing of, 20. Arrests, arbitrary, 173, 175. Asbury, Francis, 94. Assembly, General, first, 21. second, 31. at first a primary assembly, 20. of 1638, laws passed by, 31. Australian ballot system introduced, 205. Avalon, settlement of, 17. d'Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez, 21. Backwoodsmen, 76. Bacon's rebellion, 44. Bahamas, Columbus lands at, 11. Ballot reforms, 205, 206. Baltimore, Lord : see Calvert. Lords, list of, 52. Baltimore, founded, 58. incorporated, 124. riots ui, 131, 162, 171, 225. threatened by British, 136. debt, beginning of, 142. debt in 1904, 236. Federal troops stationed at, 172, trade of, 124, 223. sesqui-centennial of, 229. floods in, 23 (. great fire in, 233. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, laying of corner stone of, 149. strike, 224. Baltimore City College, 218. Baltimore Clippers, 125. Baltimore, the cruiser, 236. Bankruptcy, State threatened with, 11 Banks, N. P., 174. Barbary pirates : see Pirates. Barney, Joshua, 115, 133, 135. Barron, James, 127, 159. Bennett, Richard, 33. Blackiston, Nehemiah, 46. Blackiston's Island, landing on, 21. Bladensburg, battle of, 135. Bohemia Manor, 36. Booth, John Wilkes, 195. Boston, port of, closed, 86. supplies sent to, 86. Boteler, John, 26. Boundaries of province, original, 36, Braddock, General, 50. Bradford, Augustus W., 176, 179. Brent, Margaret, 29. Brent, Mary, 29. Brown, George William, 163. Browne, Wm. Hand, 216. Burgesses, House of, 41. Butler, B. F., 172. Calvert, Benedict Leonard, 44, 48. Calvert, Cecilius, Lord Baltimore. founder of Maryland, 15. receives charter of Maryland, 19. death of, 43. and the Jesuits, 48. Calvert, Charles, 35. befriended by King Charles II., 43. Calvert, Frederick, 48, 52. Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore. birth of, 15. knighted, 15. Secretary of State, 15. professes the Catholic faith, 17. founder of Maryland, 15. created Baron Baltimore, 17. receives grant of Avalon, 17. sails from Avalon, 17. character of, i8. death of, 17. Calvert, Leonard, first Governor, 20. death of, 29. Calvert, Philip, 34. Camden, battle of, 105. Canada, invasion of, 132. Canals, building of, 148. 365 INDEX Capital, State, removed to Annapolis, 47. Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 86, 88, 89, 95, 122, 149, 165. Carroll, Daniel, 122. Carroll, John Lee, 94- Catholics, hatred of, 17, 18, 23. number of, in the colony, 41. supposed plot of, 46. persecuted, 47. Caulk's Field, battle of, 134. Charles I., 17, 30. Charles II., 32, 34, 43. Charleston surrendered to British, 104, Chase, Samuel, 87, 8S, 89, 95. Chesapeake Bay first entered by a Euro- pean, 21. lack of towns due to, 61. the great highway, bi. shores of, plundered by British, iii, 134. blockaded, 134. Chesapeake and Leopard, 127. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 148. Cheseldyn, Kenelm, 46. Church, Catholic, in America, 94. Episcopal, 93. Methodist, 93. Civil War, begins, 171. ends, 192. cost of, 223. Claggett, Thomas John, 93. Claiborne, William, settles on Kent Island, 23. enemy of Lord Baltimore, 23, 33. his ships captured, 25. invades Maryland, 26. Clergy ineligible to the General Assembly, 47- Climate, 72. Clinton, Sir Henry, 103. Clipper ships, 125. Cockatrice captured, 25. Coke, Thomas, 93. Colleges in the State, list of, 216. Colonists, classes of, 72. the first, sail, 20. Colored persons : see Negroes. Columbus, II. Commerce of Maryland, destroyed by block- ade, 134. of Baltimore, 223. Committees of correspondence, 87. Confederation of colonies, Maryland refuses to join, 119. joins, 120. Confederate soldiers in Maryland, status of, 195. Congress of Colonies, delegates to, 87. Constitution, State, the first, adopted, gi. changes in, 179. of 1864, 179, 180. of 1867, 201. Constitution of United States adopted, 122. Convention, Federal, delegates to, 122. Convention, Constitutiopal, first, 89. of 1864, 178. of 1867, 201. Convicts, 73. Coode, John, 46, 47. Cooke, Ebenezer, letter of, 65. Cooper, Peter, his locomotive, 149. Copley, Sir Lionel, 46. Cornwaleys, Thomas, 20. Cornwallis, surrender of, 113, Council of Maryland, 20, 41. captured by Coode, 46. Covington, Fort, battle at, Cowpens, battle of, 107. Cresap, Michael, 98. Cromwell, Oliver, 34. Cumberland, labor riots in. Customs : see Manners. [40. 225. Debt, Baltimore City, beginning of, 142. in 1904, 236. Debt, State, beginning of, 142. in 1904, 236. Decatur, Stephen, 126, 159. Defenders, the Old, 142. Delegates, House of, 41. Democratic Conservative party, 200. Democratic party, 145, 200, 204. Dewey, George, 236, 237. Discontent of colonies, causes of, 80. Disfranchisement of citizens, 179, 196, 197. removed, 198. District of Columbia, chosen as seat of Federal Government, 124. Dixie, the cruiser, 236. Doughoregan Manor, 66. Douglass, Frederick, 165. Dove : see Ark and Dove. Duels, 159. Dulany, Daniel, S2, 100. Dutch, possessions of, in America, 12. settlement of, 36. trade of, with colonies, 43. Eden, Sir Robert, 48, 87. Education, higher, State aid to, 213. Elections, Federal interference in, 175. frauds in, 178, 198. results of, 204. Ellicott City, 149. Elliott, Jesse D., 132. Elzey, Arnold, 185. Emancipation Proclamation, 178. Embargo on vessels in American ports, 128. England, Church of, 41, 47. England, possessions of in America, 12. war with, causes of, 126. declared, 131. Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore, 21 1. Episcopal church : see Church. Ericsson, Leif, 11. Eutaw, battle of, no. Factional feeling in Maryland, 171, 195. Farm products, 70. Federalists, 132, 145. Federal Republican, riots caused by, 131. Fendall, Josias, 34. Fendall's Rebellion, 34. INDEX 367 Fillmore, Millard, 162. Fire of 1904 : see Baltimore. first Maryland regiment, 184, 185. Fleete, Henry, 25. Floods, 231. Ford, John D., 236. Fort Mifflin, 102. Fox-hunting, 69. France, ally of the colonies, 95, 114. possessions of, in America, 12. Frauds in elections : see Elections. Frederick, founded, 76. ransomed by Confederates, 190. Freemen, 72. Free negroes : see Negroes. Free school, first in the colony, 47. Free schools : see Public Schools. Free-soil party, 163. French and Indian War, 49. Friends : see Quakers. Frietchie, Barbara, 188. Fugitive slaves : see Slaves. Fuller, William, 33, 34. Furniture, colonial,. 66. Game, abundance of, 69. Garrett, Mary, 212. Gates, General, 105. Gazette, Rlarylaiid, 61, 82. George I., 48. GeoYge III., 84. Germans in Maryland, 76, 164. Gettysburg, battle of, 190. Gilman, Daniel C., 212. Gilnior, Harry, 192. Gist, Mordecai, 98, 106. Goldsborough, Robert, 87. Gorsuch, Edward, case of, 166. Government, State : see State Government. Greene, Nathaniel, 107. Guilford, battle of, 108. Gunby, Colonel, 106, no. Habeas Corpus Act, suspended, 174. Hagar, Jonathan, 77. Hagerstown, founded, 77. mentioned by Mrs. Trollope, 156. ransomed by Confederates, 190. Hanson, Alexander C, 132. Hardman, Major, in. Havvley, Jerome, 20. Hearne, Thomas, n:, 43. Heathe, Richard K., 137. Henry, John, 122. Herman, Augustine, 36. Hicks, Thomas H., 168. Home manufacturers, rise of, 128. Hood, Zachariah, 81. Hopkins, Johns, 212. Hornet, the cruiser, 114. Hospitality, 65. Household furniture : see Furniture. Houses, how built, 66. Howard, John Eager, 106, 107,108, no, in. Flowe, Sir William, 100. Hundreds, the, 30. Ibbertson's schoolf 221, Immigration, 168. Independence, not desired at first, 87. Maryland concurs in, 88. Declaration of, 88. Indians, friendliness of, 21, 56. raids of, 49. tribes of, 56. Ingle, Richard, invasion of , 26. Initiative in legislation, 31. Instructions, letter of, to Leonard Calvert, 23- Interest payments suspended, 149. resumed, 150. Invasions of Maryland by Confederate army, 187, 190. Inventions, mechanical, 168. Iron-clad oath, 179. Jackson, Stonewall, 185, 188. James I., 15. James II., 45. Jamestown, 13, 17. Jenifer, Daniel, of St. Thomas, 122. Jesuits, 48. Jews, enfranchisement of, 146. Johns Hopkins Hospital, 212. Johns Hopkins University, 212. Johnson, Bradley T., 185, 186. Johnson, Mrs. Bradley T., 185. Johnson, Reverdy, 180. Johnson, Thomas, 92, 95. Joppa, 58. Jowles, Henry, 46. de Kalb, 95, 104, 105, io6. Kane, George P., 174. Kenly, John R., 174, 184, 186, 187. Kent Island, Claiborne's settlemtnt on, 23. claimed by Virginia, 25. captured by Leonard Calvert, 26. Key, Francis Scott, 139. Keyser, William, 2r3. Kindergarten, first, in Maryland, 221. King William School, 47, 214. Know-nothing party, 162. Lafayette, 94, 112. Lafayette, Fort, 175. Latrobe, John H. B., 215. Laws of the colony, first passed, 21. disputes as to, 31. revised, 48. Lee, Charles, 102, 103. Lee, Henry, 132. Lee, Robert E., 187, 189, 190, 192. Letter of instructions : see Instructions. Lewger, John, 31, 32. Liberia, colony of, 167. Liberty party, 167. Lights used by early settlers, 67, Lincoln, Abraham, 168, 173, 177. inaugural address of, 193. assassinated, 195. Lingan, James M., 132. Long Island, battle of, 98. .^68 INDEX McCausland, John, 190. McDonogh Institute, 209. McDonogh, Jolin, 209. Mc Henry, James, 122. McHenry, Fort, 173, 174. bombarded, 139. Manners, in colonial times, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65,66, 75, 77. in early nineteenth century, 153-158. Manors, old Maryland, 63. Maps, of America, 12. Map, Herman's, of Maryland, 36. Martin, Luther, 122, 165. Maryland, charter of, received by Lord Bal- timore, 19. named, 17. a palatinate, 19. compared with other English >:olonies, 13. purpose of its founding, 14, 18. boundaries of, 36, 37, 38. becomes a royal colony, 46. conservatism of, 87. concurs in independence, 88. troops furnished by, in Revolution, 98, 100. refuses to join the Confederation, 119. joins the Confederation, 120 advances funds for Federal Capital, 124. opposed to secession, 168, 176. not opposed to slavery, 176. troops in Civil War, 184, 186. Maryland Agricultural College, 216. Maryland Brigade in Civil VVar, 186. in Mexican War, 153. Maryland Day, 21. Maryland Historical Society, 216. Maryland Institute, 215, 235 Maryland Line, in Revolution, 103. survivors of, 114. Mason and Dixon's Line, 37. Massachusetts, charter of, annulled, 86. troops attacked in Baltimore, 171. opposes the embargo, 128. Mercer, John Francis, 122. Merryman, John, case of 173. Messiah, Church of, destroyed, 235. Methodist Church : see Church. Mexico, war with, 152. Mififlin, Fort, defense of, 102. Military occupation of the State, 172, 175, 195, 196. Minority rule, 146, 197. Missionary stations broken up, 29. Money, paper : see Paper Money. Monmouth, battle of, 102. Moravian sisters, banner of, 95. Murdock, William, 82. Mynne, Anne, 15. Nanticoke Indians, 56. Naturalization, first, in Maryland, 36. Naval Academy, proposed removal of, 201. Navigation Act, 43. Negroes, free, 167. political status of, 197. vote for first time, 204. schools for, 218. Negro slaves, 74, 164, 165, 166. Nicholson, Francis, 47. Nicholson, James, 115. Nicholson, John, 115. Nicholson, Samuel, 115. Non-importation societies, 82. Normal School, State, 218. North Point, battle of, 136. Northmen : see Vikings. Gates, Titus, Lord Baltimore warned of his plot, 43. Oath, iron-clad, 179. [tion. Occupation, military : see Military Occupa- Old Defenders : see Defenders. Oysters, 70. Paca, William, 87, 8g. Palatinate, Maryland a : see Mar^dand. Palmer's Island, 26. Paper money, 118. Papists : see Catholics. Parker, Sir Peter, 134. Pascatavvay Indians, 56. Peabody, George, 151, 209, 216. Peabody Institute, 209. Peggy Stewart, burning of the, 83. Penn, William, 37. Philadelphia, Congress meets at, 87. taken by British, 102. evacuated, 103. Pinkney, William, 127. Pirates, Barbary, suppressed, 125. Planters, 72. Plundering time, 26. Poe, Edgar Allan, 159. Political parties, 145 : see Democratic, etc. new, 162. Population of the twelve colonies, 49. Portugal, possessions of, in America, 12. Post route, first, established, 62. Potomac Company, 148. Potomac river : see Boundaries of Province. Pratt, Enoch, 211. Pratt, Thomas G., 151. Privateers, 115, 133. Products, agricultural, 70. Proprietary government overthrown, 46. restored, 48. Proprietor, Lord, 19. disputes of, with colonists, 41. with the King, 44. is deposed, 46. list of, 52. Protestants, hatred of, for Catholics, 18, 23, 32, 33, 47- number in colony, 41. Providence, settlement of: see Annapolis. Proxies, 30. Public school system, 217-221. Pulaski, 94. Puritans, driven from Virginia, 32. take refuge in Maryland, 32. get control of government, 33. intolerance of, 33. number of in colony, 41. INDEX 369 Quakers, settle in Maryland, 35. refuse allegiance, 35. opposed to slavery, 165. Railroad, first, in Maryland, 149. Ramsay, Nathaniel, 103. Rangers, 76. Redemptioners, 72. Reed, Philip, 135. Reforms in the State government, 146, 198. Registration Act of 1865, 196. repealed, 200. Remsen, Ira, 213. Republican party, 145, 167, 200, 204. Ridgely, Randolph, 153. Ringgold, Samuel, 152. Ringgold, Thomas, 82. Riots in Baltimore : see Baltimore. Roads, building of, 148. rolling, 62. Rodgers, John, 136. Rousby, Christopher, 45. St. John's College, 214. St. Mary's, settlement of, 21. growth of, 58. capital removed from, 47. Sampson, W. T., 237. Santiago, battle of, 237. Schley, John Thomas, 76. Schley, William, 180. Schley, Winfield Scott, 76, 237. Schools in the State, list of, 216. Schools, public : see Public Schools. Seal, great, of Maryland, 27. [142. Search, right of, on American vessels, 127, Secession, Maryland opposed to, 168. in Maryland, feared by Federal govern- ment, 175. the question of, 175, 176. Secret ballot introduced, 205. Sectional feeling, 195. Sesqui-centennial : see Baltimore. Settlements, scattered, reasons for, 57. Settlers : see Colonists. Severn, the battle of tlie, 33. Seward, Secretary, 177. Slaves, negro, in Maryland, 74, 164. importation of, forbidden, 165. fugitive, 166. number set free in Maryland, 180. Slavery, Maryland divided on question of, 163, 164. abolished in District of Columbia, 176. in the Territories, 178. in Maryland, 179. Smallwood, William, 98, 106. Smitli, John Walter, 205. Smith, Samuel, 102, 136. Smith, Thomas, 26. Soil, 72. Sons of Liberty, 82. Southern States, Maryland classed with, 163. South Mountain, battle of, 189. Spain, possessions of in America, 12. war with, 236. Sports in colony, 69. Stamp Act, 49, 80. repealed, 82. Stamps not allowed to be sold, 81. Star Spangled Banner, writing of, 139. State invests in securities, 149. military occupation of : see Military Occu- pation. Constitution : see Constitution. State Government organized, 89, 91. reform in, 146. States, jealousy among the, 121. Stewart, Anthony, 83, 84. Stirling, Lord, 98. Stone, Thomas, 89. Stone, William, 30, 33. Stone, Captain William, 115. Strieker, John, 136. Strike, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 224. Strikes, labor, 129, Stuyvesant, Peter, 36. Susquehannough Indians, 26, 56. Swann, Thomas, 162, 197. Swedes, settlement of, 35. Talbot, George, 44,45. Taney, Roger Brooke, 165, 773, 174. Taxes, not to be laid by Parliament, 20, 44. on tea, etc.. 82. Telegraph, electric, first in America, 151. Theatre, first, in colony, 61. Thomas Wilson Sanitarium, 210. Tilghman, Edward, 82. Tilghman, Matthew, 87. Tilghman, Tench, 113. Tobacco, grown by all settlers, 70. used as money, 71. trade interfered with, 43, 44. Toleration, religious, 14, 18, 30. Toleration Act passed, 30. Tome Institute, 210. Tome, Jacob, 210. Tories, 100. Towns, early, 58. Towson, Nathan, 132. Trade, growth of, 124. of Baltimore, 124, 223. Tripoli, war with, 125. Troops, Federal : see Baltimore. Maryland, in Revolution : see Marvland. in Civil War : see Maryland. Union of Colonies, causes of. So. Union Party, Radical, 200. Conservative, 200. University of Maryland, 214. Utie, Nathaniel, 35, 36. Vikings, II. Virginia hostile to Maryland, 21. claims Kent Island, 25. disputes with, about boundary, 39. Wagner, Jacob, 131. Warren, Fort, 175. War with England, opposition to, 131. 370 INDEX Warfield, Cliarles Alexander, 83, 84. Warfield, Edwin, 205. Washington, George, 95, 103, 12:4. Washington City founded, 124. taken by the British, 136. Washington College, 214. Wasp, the cruiser, 114. Watson, William H., 153. Webster, John A., 140. Weems, Mason, case of, gj. Western lands, question of, 120. Western country, development of, 148. Whigs, 146. White, Andrew, 29. William and Mary, delay in proclaiming 4^. Williams, Otho H., 104, 105, 106, no, n'l. Wilson, Thomas, 211. Winder, William H., 135. Women of Maryland, beauty of, 61, 156, 158. patriotism of, 112. Wye Hall, 66. Wyman, William, 213. ^^^ 10 1904 ^A V^^ x^-' -'e Is' -S: ,\V ./>,- ,^:^^> ,-Js^ ^^% .^^ '^^^ :^ h/^ ^ l"^ - kt' * aX^' '^^ ,> ^^-i .* .^' ^. v^^ ^^m%,^ '^ -< a ii ■> S.^ . I r, -^ • O (>' %^^- .^' % ' ^ . . s ^ ^O V^^ ^^.