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 A> 
 
ANALYSIS 
 
 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
 
 DESIGNED TO 
 
 ACCOMPANY A CHART OF THE SAME, 
 
 WORCESTER'S NOTATION, 
 
 
 COMPILED BT 
 
 L. W? LEONARD. 
 
 U , 
 
 
 KEENE: 
 GEORGE TILDEN. 
 
 1848. 
 
ft 
 
 \\^ 
 
 A>^ 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, 
 
 By GEORGE TILDEN, 
 
 In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of New Hampshire. 
 
 BTIR10TTPED BY C< C T< MO0DY, 52 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 
 
 The principal object in arranging the Chart, which this book is de- 
 signed to accompany, has been to exhibit the Notation of Mr. Worcester, 
 as contained in his dictionaries. Some of Mr. Worcester's marked letters 
 are not seen on the Chart. Being substitutes or equivalents, they were 
 not needed for the purpose of showing the elementary sounds of the lan- 
 guage. Tor the convenient reference of teachers and pupils, Mr. Wor- 
 * cester's Key is inserted in this book. It may be found, also, in the North 
 American Spelling Book, which is conformed to Worcester's Dictionary. 
 
 It was thought best to print definitions, directions, examples, &c, in 
 this form, not only because the expense would be less than if printed on 
 a chart, but because, when printed on a chart, they cannot be so distinct- 
 ly seen as to be read hy a large number of pupils standing in a class. As 
 a copy of the chart is inserted on page sixth, pupils may be referred to 
 that, if a chart is not at hand ; or if, as is sometimes the case, pupils are 
 so near sighted that they are not able to distinguish its letters. 
 
 The importance of such exercises as are practised with the aid of a 
 chart is beginning to be duly appreciated. Several valuable charts have 
 already been published. But as the learning of different systems of no- 
 tation, which are presented on these charts, has been found to create 
 confusion in the minds of pupils, who use Worcester's Dictionary, it was 
 thought to be a point of some importance to have a chart with the same 
 marks applied to the letters, that are applied in that work. Mr. Worces- 
 ter's consent to their use for this object has been obtained ; and the 
 chart has been arranged, not according to the order of the vowels and 
 consonants in the common English Alphabet, but with some exceptions, 
 according to the Phonotypic Alphabet of Pitman of England, and Messrs 
 Andrews & Boyle, publishers of a Journal, printed in phonotypes, called 
 u the Anglo Saxon." Much assistance has been derived from a treatise 
 on " Phonetics," by Z. Hauritz, from a work entitled " The Alphabet of 
 Nature," by A. J. Ellis, London, 1845, and from a work by Wm. Russell, 
 entitled, " Orthophony, or the Cultivation of the voice in Elocution," 
 which last we would commend to the notice of all persons engaged in 
 teaching the art of reading. Several other works have been consulted, 
 from some of which extracts have been made. 
 
 The compiler encourages himself in the hope that teachers, who have 
 had no experience in the use of a chart of Elementary Sounds, will, with 
 the aid of this Analysis, find no difficulty in training their pupils to ar- 
 ticulate distinctly and correctly the words of the English language. 
 However trifling this dealing with simple sounds may at first seem, yet 
 the advantage of training the ears of the young to appreciate delicate 
 shades of sound and of strengthening their organs of speech by frequent 
 practice, cannot be questioned. 
 
 Dublin, N. K, July 1, 1848. 
 
KEY 
 
 TO THE SOUNDS OF THE MARKED LETTERS. 
 VOWELS. 
 
 1. a long, . . . 
 
 2. a short, . . 
 
 3. & long before r, . 
 
 4. a Italian or grave 
 
 5. a intermediate, . 
 
 6. ft broad, . . 
 
 7. a obscure, . . . 
 
 1. e fon^, .... 
 
 2. e sZiortf, 
 
 3. & like a Zon^ before r, 
 
 4. e obtuse short, . 
 
 5. e obscure, . 
 
 1. I ftm#, . . . 
 
 2. i sAor£, . . . 
 
 3. l like long e, 
 
 4. i obtuse short, . 
 
 5. i obscure, . . 
 
 1. o long, . . . 
 
 2. o sfort, . . . 
 
 3. 8 long and close, . 
 
 4. o broad, like broad a 
 
 5. 6 like short xi, . 
 
 6. o obscure, . 
 
 1. u long, . . . 
 
 2. u sAortf, .... 
 
 3. u middle or obtuse, 
 
 4. li like 6 tn move, 
 
 5. ii obtuse short, 
 
 6. u obscure, . . 
 1. y fom#, .... 
 
 . Fate, pain, aid, player. 
 
 Fat, man, lad, carry. 
 . Fare, pair, bear, prayer. 
 
 Far, father, part, launch. 
 . Fast, branch, grasp, glass. 
 
 Fall, hall, warm, awe, laud. 
 . Liar, palace, rival, abbacy. 
 
 Mete, fear, keep, field, ceil. 
 . Met, men, sell, h£ad, fSrry. 
 
 There, where, heir. 
 . Her, herd, fern, fervid. 
 
 Brier, fuel, celery, rely. 
 . Pine, file, bind, mild, fire. 
 
 Pin fill, sit, mirror. 
 . Pique, police, marine. 
 
 Fir, sir, bird, virtue. 
 . Ruin, elixir, ability. 
 
 Note, oak, own, soul. 
 . N5t, con, 5dd, borrow. 
 
 M6ve, soon, sSup, fSSd. 
 
 Nor, form, ought, sordid. 
 . Son, done, come, money. 
 
 Actor, confess, felony. 
 . Tube, tune, duty, pure. 
 
 Tub, tun, nut, hurry. 
 . Bull, full, pull,, cushion. 
 . Rule, true, ruin, frtit. 
 
 Fur, turn, murmur, hurt. 
 . Sulphur, murmur, deputy. 
 
 Type, style, rhyme, lyre. 
 
Key. 
 
 2. y short, „ , 
 
 3. y obtuse sJwrt, 
 
 4. y obscure, 
 
 oi and oy, . • 
 ou and ow, . 
 ew like long u. 
 
 9, 9, soft like s, . , 
 4), 5, AarcZ like k, . 
 CH, fh, hard like k, 
 £H, 9I1, soft like s, 
 CH, ch, (unmarked) K£e tsh 
 
 Sylvan, symbol, lyric, lynx. 
 ; . Myrrh, myrtle, myrmidon. 
 
 . . Truly,envy,martyr,polygon. 
 , • Boil, toil boy, toy. 
 . . Bound, out, town, now. 
 Few, new, dew, jewel. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 . . Acjid, pla^d, docile, pr^ess. 
 . . Flaccid, sceptic, vaccine. 
 . . Character fhasm egho fhorus 
 
 9haise,9hevalier,9nampaign. 
 
 Charm, church, chat,chapel. 
 
 &, g, hard, £rei, give, gift, gimlet. 
 
 g, soft like j, 
 S, 5, soft, like z, . 
 x, soft or fiat, like gz, 
 TH, th, so/* or/a£, 
 
 Render, giant, rigid, logic. 
 Mu§e, choo§e, wi§e, vi§it. 
 Example, exist, exact. 
 This, thee, then, thither. 
 
 TH,th, (unmarked,) sharp, Thin, think, pith, truth. 
 
 .' ' } like shun, 
 sion, \ ' 
 
 §ion, like zhun, 
 
 . * ' > like shan, 
 cian, ) 
 
 cial, i 
 
 sial, < like shal, 
 
 tial, J 
 
 eeous, 1 
 
 cious, V like shus, 
 
 tious, J 
 
 geous, 
 
 gious, 
 
 qu, (unmarked,) like kw, 
 
 wh, (unmarked,) like hw, 
 
 ph, (unmarked,) Zi&6 f, 
 
 like jus, 
 
 Nation, notion, action. 
 Pension, mission, passion. 
 Confusion, virion, explosion. 
 Ocean. 
 
 Optician, politician. 
 Commercial, social. 
 Controversial. 
 Partial, martial nuptial. 
 Farinaceous, testaceous. 
 Capacious, ferocious. 
 Sententious, vexatious. 
 Courageous, advantageous. 
 Religious, contagious. 
 Queen, question, quill. 
 "When, while, what. 
 Phantom, phrase, seraph. 
 
6 
 
 CHART 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 
 
 WITH WORCESTER'S NOTATION. 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 ASPIRATES. 
 
 SUB-VOWELS. 
 
 1. 
 
 e 
 
 in 
 
 eat 
 
 21. 
 
 p in 
 
 V a V 
 
 22. 
 
 b in 
 
 hay 
 
 2. 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 23. 
 
 ■p u. 
 
 ?ane 
 
 24. 
 
 v " 
 
 vane 
 
 3. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ale 
 
 25. 
 
 t " 
 
 ten 
 
 26. 
 
 d " 
 
 den 
 
 4. 
 
 g 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 27. 
 
 th " 
 
 thin 
 
 28. 
 
 til" 
 
 then 
 
 5. 
 
 a 
 
 • 
 
 Mr 
 
 29. 
 
 s " 
 
 seal 
 
 30. 
 
 z " 
 
 zeal 
 
 6. 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 at 
 
 31. 
 
 eh " 
 
 ohew 
 
 32. 
 
 j " 
 
 \ew 
 
 7. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ark 
 
 33. 
 
 sh " 
 
 shun 
 
 34. 
 
 zh" 
 
 azure 
 
 8. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ash 
 
 35. 
 
 k " 
 
 qdke 
 
 36. 
 
 & " 
 
 Qate 
 
 9. 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 all 
 
 37. 
 
 h " 
 
 hen 
 
 
 
 
 10. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 fidd 
 
 38. 
 
 fcw" 
 
 when 
 
 ; 39. 
 
 w" 
 
 wen 
 
 11. 
 
 ii 
 
 a 
 
 urn 
 
 Diphthongal Sounds. 
 
 40. 
 
 1 " 
 
 kll 
 
 12. 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 up 
 
 17. 
 
 i in ice, try. 
 
 41. 
 
 r " 
 
 rare 
 
 13. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 old 
 
 18. 
 
 u " due, few, 
 
 42. 
 
 m" 
 
 maim 
 
 14. 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 obey 
 
 19. 
 
 01 " 01 
 
 I, boy, 
 
 43. 
 
 n « 
 
 nun 
 
 15. 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 2>m 
 
 20. 
 
 ou " ou£, owZ, 
 
 44. 
 
 ng" 
 
 sun<? 
 
 o 
 
 16. 
 
 A 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 pull 
 
 
 ay" ay 
 
 ! 45, 
 
 y " 
 
 y« 
 
 NOTE. — The elementary sounds in the above chart are exemplified 
 in the words annexed to the several numbers, and distinguished by 
 Roman letters with their appropriate marks. For other marked letters 
 see the Key. 
 
ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. 
 
 An Element in the science of Elocution is any simple 
 enunciated sound, of which a letter may be set down as 
 the arbitrary or visible sign. An element is the simplest 
 known form of a thing ; and the elements of language, 
 therefore, consist of the simplest possible sounds into which 
 the syllables of its words can be divided or resolved. Ele- 
 ments make syllables, syllables words, and words discourse. 
 The word pat comes upon the ear as a single impulse, 
 but it consists of three elements. In pronouncing it, the 
 lips are first pressed together, forming the element p, then 
 being opened or separated, the cavity of the mouth as- 
 sumes a particular form and the sound of a is heard, and 
 lastly, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the gums 
 of the upper front teeth, articulating the element t. 
 Thus the three simple elements, p, a, and t, form the word 
 or sound pat. By placing the element t before a, and p 
 after it, we have the word tap. By giving the a its name 
 sound a, the word becomes tape, still containing three 
 elements, t, a, p, the letter e being added in our or- 
 thography, to indicate the long, or name sound of a. 
 
 The number of elementary sounds in the English lan- 
 guage is greater than the number of letters, or visible 
 signs. The letter which we name a represents, according 
 to Mr. Worcester and some other orthoepists, six elemen- 
 tary sounds, besides having an obscure sound in most un- 
 accented syllables. It will be seen, by the chart, that the 
 letter or character a has six different marks to indicate the 
 distinct simple sounds, which it represents in different 
 words ; a, a, a, a, a, a, as in fate, fare, fat, far, fast, fall. 
 It is very important, in all cases, that the element should 
 not be confounded with the name of the letter ; for, in 
 
8 Elementary Sounds. 
 
 many instances there can be no possible connection be- 
 tween the names of the letters, and'the sounds given to 
 them in words. The names of the letters in the word tvhich, 
 are double-you, aitch, eye, see, aitch. Who could ever im- 
 agine that the sound to be uttered, after naming these 
 letters, is which? 
 
 It has often been suggested that it would be well, if, 
 in the first instance, the practice were adopted of associa- 
 ting with the form of the letter, not the name of the letter, 
 but its elementary sound. In learning to read, children 
 are much perplexed by being obliged to change the powers 
 ojp sounds of letters, while the forms remain the same. In 
 a perfect alphabet, every elementary sound would have 
 its own appropriate character or letter, and these charac- 
 ters, and no others should be employed in spelling : no 
 letter not actually sounded being admitted into a word. 
 
 The English Alphabet is not only deficient in letters to 
 indicate the elementary sounds of the language, but sev- 
 eral of its letters are superfluous. The y, as a vowel, repre- 
 senting 1 in type, 1 in hymn, and 1 or ii in myrrh is not 
 needed. Among the consonants, c is superfluous in both 
 its sounds, the one being indicated by s and the other by 
 k. G in the soft pronunciation, is equivalent to j. Q is 
 the same as k, and x is compounded of ks, as in expire, or 
 gz as in exhort. 
 
 The number of sounds given on the chart, which this 
 book is designed to accompany, is forty-five. Some of 
 them, however, as will be seen by subsequent remarks, 
 are not simple elements, for they may be analyzed and 
 shown to be compounded of more than one simple sound. 
 But as the sound of these elements, w T hen united, is not, 
 in all cases, precisely the same as when taken separately, 
 it is important to have them on a chart, which is intended 
 for practical exercises in articulation. 
 
 i 
 
Elementary Sounds. 9 
 
 " The secret of success in learning the art of delivery, 
 consists in attending to one thing at once. A good ar- 
 ticulation is an affair altogether mechanical. It requires 
 nothing more than attention and continued elementary 
 practice. It depends upon a few certain definite positions 
 of the organs of speech, and the power of varying these 
 positions with rapidity, precision, and energy. Now, 
 though every body admits this, scarcely any one attends 
 to it. Experience shows that in order to insure a good 
 articulation to persons in general, some methods must be 
 adopted not at present in general use. What should 
 these methods be ? I answer, the only sure means are a 
 series of Practical Elementary Exercises. These must 
 be practised and persevered in. If the training is 
 steadily enforced, it will be successful in ensuring to 
 young persons a distinct, forcible, and an impressive articu- 
 lation; if it be not adopted and steadily pursued, the 
 usual defects will continue. Practice, — practice upon a 
 series of elementary tables of the primitive sounds of 
 speech and of their varied combinations, is the only 
 remedy." — J. Barber. 
 
 The Elementary sounds of the English Language, as 
 exhibited on the chart, are divided into vowels, diph- 
 thongal sounds, aspirates, and sub-vowels. 
 
 A definition of these classes of sounds will be rendered 
 more intelligible, if we first consider more particularly 
 the meaning of the term articulation. According to 
 common usage, articulation, in the science of Elocution, 
 signifies distinct utterance, or exerting the organs of 
 speech with due force in dividing and distinguishing the 
 sounds of the voice. This is sufficiently accurate for 
 practical purposes. But a more exact definition, or what 
 may be called an anatomical definition of articulation, 
 is that given by Yfebster in the Introduction to his Die* 
 
10 Vowels. 
 
 tionary. "Articulation," he says, "in human speech, 
 is that jointing, juncture, or closing of the organs, which 
 precedes or follows the vowels or open sounds, and which 
 partially or totally intercepts the voice. A vowel or 
 vocal sound is formed simply by opening the mouth. In 
 strictness, therefore, a vowel is not an articulated sound. 
 Human speech, then, consists of vocal sounds separated 
 and modified by articulations of the organs. The power 
 of articulation constitutes the great difference between 
 men and brutes ; the latter being unable to articulate, 
 can utter only vocal sounds." As the word articulation 
 expresses the fact of closing the organs, Webster calls 
 consonants articulations, or considers the latter the 
 preferable term. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Vowels are vocal sounds. They are produced by some 
 action in the throat, the result of which is called voice. 
 A vowel, then, is voice modified, but not intercepted by 
 the various positions of the tongue and lips. The differ- 
 ences of vowels depend on the proportions between the 
 opening of the lips and the cavity of the mouth, which is 
 altered by the different elevations of the tongue. 
 
 DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 
 
 Two simple vocal sounds, pronounced rapidly in one 
 syllable constitute a Diphthongal Sound. These sounds 
 are sometimes called compound vowels. Dr. Rush, in his 
 Philosophy of the Human voice, calls the vowels and com- 
 pound vowels " tonic " elements, because they possess 
 the largest capacity for the prolongation of sound, and the 
 modifications of tone. Three vocal sounds in one syllable 
 constitute a triphthong. 
 
Remarks on the Voivels. 11 
 
 ASPIRATES. 
 
 Aspirates are articulated breath. They have not that 
 kind of sound called vocality. They are produced by a 
 current of the whispering breath, interrupted and modified 
 by the organs of speech. The element h, however, is not 
 articulated ; it is simply a strong emission of breath. 
 From their want of " tonic " property, Dr. Rush calls 
 these elements, " atonic." 
 
 SUB-VOWELS. 
 
 Sub-vowels are articulated with vocality. They have 
 some voice in them, but from their inferiority of tone, Dr. 
 Rush calls them " sub-tonics." The aspirates are some- 
 times called whispered, and the sub-vowels spoken 
 consonants. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE VOWELS. 
 
 The vowels on the Chart, it should be observed, are ar- 
 ranged in pairs ; first the long or full, and then the corres- 
 ponding short or stopped vowel. The first four pairs, 
 namely, e, i,-a, e,-a, a,-a, S, are formed in the middle of 
 the mouth, and may be called palatal vowels ; the next 
 two pairs, a, o,-ii, u, are formed in the throat and may be 
 called guttural vowels, — the last two pairs, o, 0,-6, u, 
 are formed by the lips, and may be called labial vowels. 
 Nos. 1 and 2 require the least opening of the mouth, 
 3 and 4 a little wider expansion, 5 and 6 still more, 7 
 and 8 more yet, 9 and 10 most of all : at Nos. 11 and 12 
 the mouth is less opened ; at 13 and 14 with the same open- 
 ing of the mouth, the lips are rounded, and at 15 and 16 
 the lips are projected or thrust forward in a tubular form. 
 In sounding the vowels, there is no application of the or- 
 gans of speech to each other, and when they have assumed 
 
12 Organic 'Formation of Vowels. 
 
 the right position or conformation, there is a continued 
 effusion of vocal sound from the beginning to the end. 
 
 ORGANIC FORMATION OF VOWELS. 
 
 No. 1, e, is formed by dilating the tongue and bringing 
 it as close to the palate as possible without touching it. 
 
 No. 2, i, is formed with the organs nearly in the same 
 position, but the voice is stopped or broken off suddenly. 
 
 No. 3, a, is formed by opening the mouth a little more 
 than in No. 1, and the tongue widening itself to the cheeks 
 is not raised so near the palate. 
 
 No* 4, e ; organs nearly in the same position, and the 
 voice stopped. 
 
 No. 5, a, is produced by a wider aperture of the mouth 
 than in No. 3, and the voice or vocal breath is not thrown 
 so far forward on the palate. 
 
 No. 6, &, is the exact short or stopped sound of 
 No. 5, requiring the same position of the organs. 
 
 No. 7, a, is produced by a still wider opening of the 
 mouth than required in No. 5, and the vocal breath thrown 
 a little farther back on the palate. 
 
 No. 8, a. This element is not recognized by many ortho- 
 epists. It is marked by Webster the same as No. 7, a in 
 ark. Walker and others mark it as No. 6, a in at. Mr. 
 Hauritz agrees with Worcester in distinguishing it from 
 the short a ; "It differs from the a in father," he says, 
 " only by being made short and quick in the utterance." 
 
 No. 9, a, is produced with the mouth open nearly in a 
 circular form, while the tongue contracts itself towards 
 the root. 
 
 No. 10, o ; organs nearly in the same position, and the 
 voice stopped. 
 
 No. 11, it. This has been well named the natural vowel, 
 for, in uttering it, the organs rest in their most easy and 
 
Organic Formation of Vbzvels. 13 
 
 unrestrained position. Mr. Hauritz says, " It is the un* 
 moulded material out of which vowels are formed, while 
 the other vowels are the same material moulded into par- 
 ticular shapes. Hence it is, that most of the other vowels 
 have a tendency to fall back into this one, wherever there 
 is not enough stress of the voice upon them to retain the 
 organs in the proper shape to mould the vowel intended. 
 Mr. Worcester," he continues, " the author of several 
 dictionaries of the English Language, has denominated 
 nearly all the vowels in unaccented syllables, indistinct ; 
 by which he means, if he had used our forms of expression, 
 that they have dropped into the natural or unmodulated 
 vowel utterance." Mr. Worcester does not mean that all 
 vowels marked as obscure or indistinct should be sounded 
 alike. [See Introduction to his Universal and Critical 
 Dictionary, pp. 10 and 11.] 
 
 No. 12, ii ; organs in nearly the same position and the 
 voice stopped. 
 
 No. 13, o, is formed by nearly the same position of 
 the organs as the a in all, but the tongue is advanced 
 a little more into the middle of the mouth, the lips are 
 protruded, and form a round aperture like the form of the 
 letter, and the voice is not so deep in the mouth. 
 
 No. 14, o. The o, with a dot underneath, is described 
 by Worcester as indicating, in many cases, " a slight or 
 unaccented long sound, as in carbonate, ebony, omit, fol- 
 io wer." This sound is nearly the same that is heard in 
 the New England pronunciation of the words whole, 
 smoke, coat, wholly, &c. The shortening of the long o, 
 in these words, is not practised by correct speakers in 
 England. But it is correct for the unaccented syllables 
 of such words as are named above, and many others, as 
 hero, solo, halo, also, opinion, polite, solicit. Mr. 
 Hauritz says, " The stopped sound of this vowel (long o) 
 
14 Compound Vowels or Diphthongs. 
 
 is heard in a common American pronunciation of the 
 words, stone, home, whole, ,coat, &c. It is the sound 
 heard in the French word bonne" 
 
 No. 15, 6, is formed by protruding the lips a little 
 more than in long o, making a smaller aperture with 
 them, and instead of swelling the voice in the middle of 
 the mouthy bringing it as forward as possible to the lips. 
 
 No. 16, u ; organs nearly in the same position and the 
 voice stopped. 
 
 COMPOUND VOWELS OR DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 No. 17, i,is compounded of the natural short vowel u, 
 in up, which is its radical, and e in eat, or the short sound 
 of e, (which is -i in it,) for its vanish. Walker makes it 
 ae ; Sheridan, ae ; Russell, ai, and Webster says, " It is 
 not possible by any character we possess to express its 
 true sound on paper. It can be learned only by the 
 ear." 
 
 No. 18, u, ew. This diphthong is composed of the 
 sounds e and 6, the former so rapidly uttered, and falling 
 so quickly into the sound of 6, that its own distinct 
 power is not heard, and thus a third sound is formed by 
 the junction of the two vowels. The radical is e, noty, 
 a consonant, and its vanish 6. Webster says, " When 
 it is pronounced yu as in union (yunion), feature (feat- 
 yur), it is anomalous, representing both a consonant and 
 a vowel." Pronounce the word due, then utter the com- 
 pound sound without the d. and the true sound will be 
 given. It is often erroneously pronounced as equivalent 
 to 66, as toon for tune, nooze for new§, pre§66m for 
 presume, &c. 
 
 No. 19, oi, 6y, or ai, ay. Some orthoepists mark the 
 first vowel of this diphthong as short, thus, o. The o, a, 
 or o is dwelt upon and distinctly heard before it is joined 
 
Compound Vowels or Diphthongs. 15 
 
 with 1 or y. For this reason it has not always been ar- 
 ranged with the elementary sounds. 
 
 No. 20, ou, 6w, or an, aw, is formed with the mouth in 
 the position of sounding o or a, but before that sound is 
 perfected, by a motion of the under jaw and lips to the po- 
 sition of sounding u or 6, the first sound 6 or a is checked 
 and blended with the latter. The enunciation of this 
 diphthong requires special care. Mr. Russel says, " The 
 local error of New England substitutes for its initial sound 
 that of a in at, or e in end ; thus, paund for pound, tawn 
 for town." The initial sound o or a is sometimes unduly 
 prolonged, causing a broad and drawling sound ; thus, 
 paw'nd for pound, taw'n for town. 
 
 Dr. Rush makes a in ale, and o in old compound vow- 
 els, or diphthongal sounds. According to him a is a 
 mixed element vanishing into the sound of e in eve, a 
 being the radical. The radical of o vanishes into 66 in 
 66ze. Mr. Ellis says, " The vowels a and o are apt to 
 be pronounced impurely in England. When the sound of 
 a is lengthened, the tongue is liable to approach gradually, 
 and almost imperceptibly, to the position requisite for the 
 pronunciation of e ; similarly, o, upon being lengthened, 
 degenerates into 6. By care and trial," he adds, " this de- 
 fective mode of speaking can be remedied." Hauritz says, 
 " that a in the English mouth, is very apt to terminate in 
 e, so as to form a diphthong ; thus, instead of " papiir," 
 we hear " paepiir," or rather " paipiir," a pronunciation 
 which, if it is recognized and fixed, and practised by good 
 speakers, is as good as any other, but which should then 
 be distinguished in printing. By a little pains taking, this 
 result may be avoided, and the " a " sound be uttered 
 long without degenerating into i. In that case, it is 
 identical with the French e, as in cafe." 
 
 Dr. Rush in his analysis of vowels considers a in all, a 
 
16 Compound Vowels or Dijihthongs. 
 
 in far, and a in an as diphthongal sounds, having a radi- 
 cal and a vanish like a and o. Mr. Russell says, " cor- 
 rect reading and appropriate singing alike forbid the 
 vanish of these sounds to be rendered apparent to the ear. 
 It is one of the acknowledged improprieties of enunciation, 
 which permits the word aive to terminate in any form ap- 
 proaching, — even in the most distant degree, — the neg- 
 ligent style of awer" " Let it be admitted," he adds, 
 " that the vanish or final portion of the sound, is but an 
 unavoidable, accidental ' vocule ' [slightly perceptible 
 sound] inseparably attached to the radical or initial sound, 
 when we utter it by itself; and it becomes, from its very 
 nature, a thing which judgment and taste w r ould alike 
 require to be sunk out of notice to the ear, in the enun- 
 ciation of syllables, or words." 
 
 There is a sound of e and i before r, when followed by 
 a consonant which is recognized by Walker, Smart, and 
 others, but it is not recognized by Worcester. Smart says, 
 " The sound of e and i in servant, mercy, virtue, irksome 
 and mirth are delicacies of pronunciation which prevail 
 only in the refined classes of society. It lies between a 
 in fair, and ii in urgent." Mr. Ellis says, " We have 
 never heard this vowel, although we have heard affected 
 purists say, servant, mercy, erksome, merth, but we re- 
 gard this pronunciation as thoroughly erroneous." The 
 general ear has not been trained to an appreciation of this 
 sound. Mr. Hauritz says, it is the sound of the French 
 eu, as in veuve, a widow. It may be obtained by pres- 
 sing the lips a little forward, in such a manner as to leave 
 to the breath a narrower passage than for the e of over, 
 and by dwelling longer upon it. 
 
 The following is a scheme of the English vowels, as ar- 
 ranged by Mr. Hauritz. He begins with the lowest, the 
 
Remarks on the Aspirates and Sub-vowels. 17 
 
 guttural vowels, proceeds to the palatal and ends with 
 the labial. 
 
 Full, ii, a, — a, a, a, e, — o, 6. 
 
 Stopped, ii, o, — a, a, e, 1, — o, u. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE ASPIRATES AND SUB-VOWELS. 
 
 Nine of the Aspirates have cognate, or related sounds, 
 called on the chart sub-vowels, numbered consecutively, 
 though placed in separate columns. The aspirates and 
 sub-vowels are commonly termed consonants ; and were 
 formerly defined as having no sound without the help of a 
 vowel, or requiring vowels to express them fully. The 
 name, consonant, (from the Latin, con and sonans, 
 sounding with,} was given from the idea that a consonant 
 could not be pronounced without a vowel, either before or 
 after it. This, however, is not the case. It is, indeed, 
 difficult to utter some of the consonants without the help 
 ox a vowel, as p, t, k, and their related or collateral sub- 
 vowels, b, d, §. But the sounds of most of them maybe 
 lengthened without destroying their quality. 
 
 Classed according to the organs employed in producing 
 them, the consonants are Labials, as p, b, f, v, m, w ; 
 Lingua-dentals, (tongue teeth,) as t, d, th, th s, z, 1, r, 
 n, y ; Palatals, as ch, j, sh, zh ; Crutturals, as k, g, h, 
 hw, ng. 
 
 Another classification has reference to the manner of 
 applying the organs in forming the consonants and to the 
 quality of their sounds. 1. Abrupts, formed by complete 
 contacts of the organs, as p, b, t, d, ch, j, k, § ; [These 
 with the exception of ch and j, equivalent to tsh and dzh, 
 have been called mutes.'] 2. Semi-vowels, formed by 
 partial contacts of the organs, as f, v, th, th, s, z, sh, zh. 
 3. Liquids, formed by slight contacts, as 1, r. 4. Nasals, 
 or Resonants, formed by complete contacts with the sound 
 
18 Organic Formation of the Consonants. 
 
 forced through the nose, as m, n, ng. 5. Ambigues, 
 doubtful consonants, or almost vowels, as, w, y, h. The 
 ambigues are sometimes called coalescents. They form a 
 link between vowels and consonants, experiencing some 
 slight modification with every vowel with which they 
 coalesce. 
 
 ORGANIC FORMATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 The most marked distinction between the aspirates and 
 sub-vowels will be found to be a sort of guttural murmur, 
 or suppressed vocal sound, which precedes the sub-vowels, 
 when we wish to pronounce them forcibly, but which does not 
 precede the aspirates. Thus, if we close the lips, and try 
 to pronounce p, no sound will be heard, but in trying to 
 pronounce b we shall find a murmuring sound from the 
 throat, which seems the commencement of the letter. 
 This reciprocal relation between the aspirates and sub-vow- 
 els should be carefully noticed. The aspirates are articu- 
 lated breath, and all the aspirates, except h, have cognate 
 corresponding sub-vowels, and these are articulated vocal 
 sounds. The position of the organs in each pair is the 
 same, with some slight differences, in their compression. 
 
 No. 21, p, is formed by closing the lips till the breath 
 is collected, and then suddenly opening them. The slight 
 sound caused by the sudden separation of the lips is the 
 aspirate p. 
 
 No. 22, b, is formed with the lips in the same position 
 but less compressed. During the compression of the 
 lips a vocal sound is heard, which ceases as soon as the 
 lips are opened. 
 
 No. 23, f, is formed by pressing the upper teeth upon 
 the under lip and expelling the breath. 
 
 No. 24, v ; organs in the same position and uttering 
 voice instead of breath. 
 
Organic 'Formation of the Consonants. 19 
 
 No. 25, t, is formed by pressing the tip of the tongue 
 against the gum of the upper front teeth, thus impeding 
 the breath, then, by a sudden withdrawal of the tongue, 
 allowing it to escape. 
 
 No. 26, d ; organs in the same position and uttering 
 voice. 
 
 No. 27, th, is formed by placing the tip of the tongue 
 against the inner surface of the upper front teeth, and 
 expelling breath. 
 
 No. 28, th, organs in the same position, but with 
 vocalized breath. 
 
 No. 29, s, is formed by pressing the tip of the tongue 
 against the gum of the upper front teeth and expelling 
 the breath so as to produce a hissing sound. No. 30, z, is 
 formed with the tongue in the above position but more 
 gently pressed against the gum, allowing the vocalized 
 breath to escape between the tongue and the gum so as to 
 produce a buzzing sound. 
 
 No. 31, ch, is formed by pressing t to sh. 
 
 No. 32, j, by pressing d to zh. 
 
 No. 33, sh, is formed with the fore part of the tongue 
 drawn further inward than in pronouncing s, elevating it 
 towards the palate, and suddenly expelling the breath. 
 
 No. 34, zh ; organs in the same position with a forcible 
 emission of vocalized breath. 
 
 No. 35, k, is formed by raising the middle of the 
 tongue towards the palate and forcibly expelling breath. 
 
 No. 36, g, is formed with the same position of the 
 organs, but with vocality instead of aspiration. 
 
 No. 37, h, is a mere breathing, and inay be uttered in 
 as many ways as there are vowels in the language. 
 
 No. 38, hw, is the vowel u aspirated, as in why, huT. 
 
 No. 39, w, is formed by protruding and contracting 
 the lips and uttering voice. " Place the lips in a position 
 
20 Organic Formation of the Consonants. 
 
 to say 66, then compress them and narrow the opening, 
 till, as they approach each other, the sound becomes 
 slightly roughened : this roughened sound is the element, 
 " w," or if the mere breath is emitted, the corresponding 
 whispered ambigue, hw." — Hauritz. 
 
 No. 40, 1, is formed by gently pressing the tip of the 
 tongue against the gum of the upper front teeth, and the 
 utterance of a vocalized sound. 
 
 No. 41, r, " As we pronounce this element," says Mr. 
 Ellis, " it is produced by the tip of the tongue vibrating 
 freely while the lower part is fixed. According to some 
 writers the tip of the tongue strikes the palate just at the 
 termination of the gum. In either case, the effect 
 of the vibration is to let the vocalized breath pass, and 
 check it alternately." R, at the beginning of a word, or 
 before a vowel is more hard or rough, as in ray, spread, 
 than at the end of a word or after a vowel, as in war, 
 farm. Mr. Russell says, " It should never, when initial, 
 extend to a prolonged trill or roll." Mr. Ellis says, " The 
 initial value of r is easy, it is the final sound in which 
 practice and instruction are most needed. It is not such 
 sentences as, ' Round the rugged rock the ragged rascals 
 ran their rural race,' which occasion most difficulty, but 
 after the vowels a, a, o, ii, as in warm, far, Lord, biir, 
 which, too often, can scarcely be distinguished from wa'm, 
 fa', Lo'd, bii'. Smart says, that r after a vowel is " a 
 sign of mere guttural vibration." Though this may be 
 the case, yet the vibration should not be omitted so as to 
 make no difference between farther and father. 
 
 No. 42, m, is formed by closing the lips as in p, and 
 emitting the voice through the nose. 
 
 No. 43, n, is formed by placing the tip of the tongue 
 against the gum of the upper front teeth, and propelling 
 the voice through the nose. 
 
Directions for using the Chart. 21 
 
 No. 44, ng, is formed with the middle of the tongue 
 pressed gently against the curtain of the palate, as in §, 
 and trying to utter the element n at the same time. 
 
 No. 45, y. " Begin by pronouncing distinctly the vow- 
 el e, and while endeavoring to continue this sound, grad- 
 ually compress or squeeze the sounding breath, between 
 the tongue and the roof of the mouth, just back of the 
 teeth, until the sound is roughened by the narrowness of 
 the aperture through which it is forced to pass, and this 
 roughened, sounding (vocalized) breath will be the ele- 
 ment y. In other words, let there be two contrary ef- 
 forts, — one to continue sounding e,and the other to close 
 the opening through which the sound passes ; the result 
 will be, that y will be heard as a distinct element, while 
 the tongue will seem to cleave to the roof of the mouth, 
 and to be forced very slightly from it by the attempt to 
 sound e." — Hauritz. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE CHART. 
 
 It may be convenient for some teachers to have a few 
 general directions for using the chart. Such as are here 
 given may be found in most of the works on elocution. 
 Attention should be particularly directed to the elemen- 
 tary sounds, actually heard in the words given as 
 examples. The same letter, with different marks, 
 stands for several sounds. Attend, therefore, to the 
 sounds of the elements. These are, in the vowels and 
 diphthongs, twenty in number. We give them here with 
 other examples. 1. e or i, as in bee, meet, scene, grieve, 
 marine. 2. i, as in pit, hid, whip, rill, sylph. 3. a or 
 ei, ey, as in vale, date, rein, they, baker. 4. e, as in 
 bell, ten, head, beg, propel. 5. a or e, as in bare, fair, 
 pear, parent, there. 6. a, as in bat, can, rap, carry, 
 cabin. 7. a, as in bark, scar, charm, garden, enlarge. 
 
22 Directions for using the Chart. 
 
 8. a, as in bask, mask, pass, pant, raft. 9. ft, or 6, as in 
 ball, for, lawyer, corner, august. 10. o, as in hod, not, 
 log, fossil, adopt. [Hemark. The vowel marked thus, o, 
 in certain words, as loss, cross, cloth, gone, &c, has, in 
 common practice, a sound between o in for, and o innSt.] 
 
 11. ii, e, i, y, as in burn, earth, virtue, myrtle, scourge, 
 
 12. u, 6, as in but, tub, run, come, done. 13. o, as in 
 bold, tone, holy, noble, wove. 14. o, as in profane, mo- 
 rose, hotel, botanic, police. 15. 6, u, as in mSve, prSve, 
 s66n, rule, cruel. 16. u, as in full, bush, cushion, book, 
 wolf. 17. I, or y, as in dice, file, time, like, type. 18. 
 u, ew, as in duty, beauty, dispute, assume, renew. 19. 
 oi, oy, as in coil, void, join, joy, alloy. 20. ou, ow, as 
 in thou, pound, renown, mountain, coward. 
 
 " The teacher should show or demonstrate the sounds 
 of the elements with his own voice. Each vocal element 
 is to be exactly sounded. Let each word by which the 
 elementary sound is illustrated on the chart, or as above, 
 or as may be selected, be pronounced in a slow manner. 
 During its pronunciation, let special notice be taken of 
 the position of the organs of speech, and of the particular 
 sound produced, as the element, which is the immediate 
 subject of description, issues from the mouth. This slow 
 pronunciation is to be repeated over and over again, until 
 the element to be illustrated is clearly distinguished by 
 the ear from the rest of the word, and the positions of the 
 organs, by which it is formed can be adopted at pleasure. 
 It is then to be pronounced alone. In this manner, all 
 the vowel elements are to be sounded, and to be sounded 
 with such a degree of energy as to come with marked 
 distinctness, force and fullness on the ear. This exercise 
 is to be continued until the pupil has acquired precision 
 and facility in uttering them all. Not many new ele- 
 
Directions for using the Chart. 23 
 
 ments should be attempted at one exercise, but the pre- 
 ceding, that have been practised, should be reviewed." 
 
 " When a class is exercised, each individual should 
 sound each element in his turn from the chart or the ex- 
 amples given above. Afterwards, the whole class should 
 sound them together in concert, the teacher requiring the 
 utmost degree of force in their utterance on the part of 
 each student, and carefully watching that there is no de- 
 viation by any one from the appropriate sound."— 
 J. Barber. 
 
 Examples for practice in the elementary sounds of the 
 vowels and diphthongs may be found in the columns of 
 words in the Spelling Book. In reading, or pronouncing 
 words, before they are put out to be spelled, the attention 
 of pupils should be directed to their elementary sounds, 
 and they should be required to utter them w T ith the care, 
 precision, and force of a lesson in enunciation. Careless 
 reading or spelling of words induces habits of indistinct- 
 ness, which it will require much subsequent effort to 
 overcome. 
 
 The consonant elements, as exhibited on the chart, and 
 in the table of consonant combinations, should receive 
 special attention, for the greatest obstacles to a distinct 
 articulation occur in the pronunciation of these. Exer- 
 cise in every kind of combination is the proper remedy 
 for indistinct utterance. All the mere directions in the 
 world, whether in books or out of them, will be of no avail 
 without practice of these elements. The articulation of 
 pupils, will, at first, be somewhat stiff and formal ; for the 
 teacher should insist on the exact pronunciation of every 
 element : but if the organs of speech are diligently and 
 perseveringly exercised in these difficult combinations, 
 they will, by degrees, acquire facility as well as precision, 
 
24 Directions for using the Chart. 
 
 grace as well as force, and in the end, distinctness and 
 ease will be united and permanently secured. 
 
 A sufficient number of examples of consonant elements, 
 uncombined, may be found in the Spelling Book. These 
 therefore, are not inserted in the table. As, in general, 
 only one example of. each combination is given, pupils or 
 teachers should select others, forming lists which will sup- 
 ply exercises for practice in their connection with the dif- 
 ferent vowel elements. For instance, examples of the 
 combination of s, k, and r, may be found in the following 
 words, screen, scrip, scrape, scrawl, scrofula, scrub, 
 scroll, scruple, — of sh and r, in shriek, shrink, shrill, 
 shroff, shrove, shrub, shroud, — d, s, and t, in didst, midst, 
 lead'st, mad'st, heard'st. 
 
 Some of the combinations, especially those formed by 
 contractions, are not often met with, yet it will be best to 
 practise them, that when they do occur, they may be ut- 
 tered without embarrassment. The Avord which conta : ns 
 an example for practice, should first be slowly enunciated, 
 and the consonant elements carefully noticed : then, the 
 combined sound of those elements should be given alone, 
 each in its pure simple sound without any regard to the 
 alphabetical name of the letters. " The ear," says Mr. 
 Russell, " should in all cases, be trained to the utmost 
 exactness and precision, in detecting and seizing the true 
 element of sound, independently of the form or combina- 
 tion of letters, by which it may be represented." 
 
 Mr. Goldsbury gives the following direction for pro- 
 nouncing the elementary sounds ; the words containing 
 compound elements should be pronounced six times, loud, 
 louder, loudest, — soft, softer, softest. The words con- 
 taining simple elements should be pronounced three times 
 only, after which the elements should be distinctly and 
 forcibly uttered, apart from the other elements of the 
 word." 
 
directions for using the Chart. 25 
 
 To render pupils familiar with the marks of Notation, 
 they should be required to apply them to words written 
 on the Black-board. Such an exercise will afford a prac- 
 tical test of their knowledge of elementary sounds as well 
 as of the system of Notation. For the best methods of 
 instruction with the use of the Black-board, teachers are 
 referred to Mr. Goidsbury's work on that subject, It 
 contains a list of " common errors in pronunciation,' 7 
 which should receive careful attention, for many are 
 not aware of the errors they commit, till they see them 
 thus pointed out. 
 
 The error of some teachers, especially female teachers, 
 has been to permit their pupils to practise the elements 
 with so little energy as to impart no additional strength 
 to the vocal organs. The degree of force should be reg- 
 ulated by the size of the room. The utmost degree of 
 force should be practised, only in the open air, or in very 
 large rooms. 
 
 Due exercise of the vocal organs is promotive of health. 
 "Were we," says Dr. Comstock, " to exercise our voices 
 a few minutes every day, according to just principles, 
 the number of deaths from pulmonary affections, especially 
 consumption, I have no doubt, would be greatly dimin- 
 ished." 
 
26 
 
 Combinations of Consonants. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS* 
 
 PI, 
 
 play. 
 
 Pt. 
 
 lift 
 
 Dndst 
 
 . hard^rtd^sL 
 
 «: 
 
 apple. 
 
 Pts. 
 
 lifts. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 dream. 
 
 Pld. 
 
 rippPd. 
 
 Ptst. 
 
 liffst. 
 
 Dz. 
 
 adds. 
 
 Pis. 
 
 appPs. 
 
 Pth. 
 
 fifth. 
 
 Dst. 
 
 midst. 
 
 5 Plsfc 
 
 crippPst. 
 
 5 Pths. 
 
 fifths. 
 
 5 Dth. 
 
 breadth. 
 
 Pldst. 
 
 crippV d'st. 
 
 Vz. 
 
 saves. 
 
 Dths. 
 
 breadths. 
 
 Pn. 
 
 sharp' n. 
 
 Vd. 
 
 saved. 
 
 Sfi 
 
 sphere. 
 
 Pnd. 
 
 sharp 1 rid. 
 
 Yst. 
 
 sav'st. 
 
 SI. 
 
 slay. 
 
 Pnz. 
 
 sharp' ns. 
 
 Vdst. 
 
 saifd'st, 
 
 u 
 
 whistle. 
 
 10 Pnst. 
 
 sharpWs^. 
 
 10 VI. 
 
 drivH. 
 
 10 Slz> 
 
 muscles. 
 
 Pndst 
 
 sharp Vc?'s£. 
 
 Viz. 
 
 drives. 
 
 Sk. 
 
 sky, school, 
 sclerotica. 
 
 Pt. 
 
 wept. 
 
 Vlst. 
 
 driv'lst. 
 
 SkL 
 
 Pts. 
 
 precepts. 
 
 Vldst. 
 
 dri v'Pd st. 
 
 Skr. 
 
 scribe. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 perhaps. 
 
 Vn. 
 
 heav'n. 
 
 Sm. 
 
 small. 
 
 15 Pst. 
 
 lapsed. 
 
 15 Vnz. 
 
 heavens. 
 
 15 Sn. 
 
 snow. 
 
 Pth. 
 
 depth. 
 
 Vnst. 
 
 leav'n'st. 
 
 Sp. 
 
 spite. 
 
 Pths. 
 
 depths. 
 
 Vnd. 
 
 leavn'd. 
 
 u 
 
 wasp. 
 
 Br. 
 
 braid. 
 
 Vndst 
 
 leavrfd^sL 
 
 Sps. 
 
 wasps. 
 
 u 
 
 sabre. 
 
 Th. 
 
 truth. 
 
 Spl. 
 
 spleen. 
 
 20 Brs. 
 
 sabres. 
 
 20 Ths. 
 
 truths. 
 
 20 Zl. 
 
 puzzle. 
 
 Bl. 
 
 blame. 
 
 Th. 
 
 Hiy. 
 
 Zlz. 
 
 puzzles. 
 
 u 
 
 able. 
 
 a 
 
 breathe. 
 
 Zlst. 
 
 pnzzVst. 
 
 Bis. 
 
 troubles. 
 
 Thz. 
 
 hreathest. 
 
 Zld. 
 
 puzzVd. 
 
 Bid. 
 
 troubled. 
 
 Thst. 
 
 breath'st. 
 
 Zldst. 
 
 puzzPd'si. 
 
 25 Blst. 
 
 troubPst. 
 
 25 Thdst 
 
 brea^A'cTsJ. 
 
 25 Zm. 
 
 chasm. 
 
 Bldst. 
 
 troubl'd'st. 
 
 Tl. 
 
 settle. 
 
 Zmz. 
 
 chas??zs. 
 
 Bs. 
 
 robs. 
 
 Tlz. 
 
 settles. 
 
 Zn. 
 
 reas'n. 
 
 Bd. 
 
 YObVd. 
 
 Tlst. 
 
 settl'st. 
 
 Znz. 
 
 reas'«s. 
 
 Bst. 
 
 robtfst. 
 
 Tldst. 
 
 settVd'st. 
 
 Znd. 
 
 Yeas'rfd. 
 
 30 Bdst. 
 
 voWd'st. 
 
 30 Tn. 
 
 whiPn. 
 
 30 Znst. 
 
 Yeashi'st. 
 
 M. 
 
 flame. 
 
 Tnz. 
 
 whifns. 
 
 Zndst 
 
 seasVcTs'. 
 
 < ; 
 
 rifle. 
 
 Tnd. 
 
 whif n'd. 
 
 Tsh-ch.cAurcA. 
 
 Pis. 
 
 trifPs. 
 
 Tnst. 
 
 vrhifn'st. 
 
 Tshst 
 
 toucJi'st. 
 
 Pld. 
 
 tri';/7d, 
 
 Tndst 
 
 whifrfcPst. 
 
 Tsht. 
 
 touched. 
 
 35 Plst. 
 
 triflst. 
 
 35 Tr. 
 
 tread. 
 
 35 Tshdst.toucAWsJ 
 
 Pldst. 
 
 triftd'st. 
 
 Ts. 
 
 hats. 
 
 Dzh,j 
 
 .judge. 
 
 Fn. 
 
 q/Yn. 
 
 Dl. 
 
 kindle. 
 
 Dzhst 
 
 . ]ud(/st. 
 
 Pnz. 
 
 deafens. 
 
 Dlz. 
 
 kindles. 
 
 Dzhdst.jiH/^'cTsf. 
 
 Pnd. 
 
 deafened. 
 
 Did. 
 
 kindPd. 
 
 Sh. 
 
 ship, wish. 
 
 40 Pnst. 
 
 deafrfst. 
 
 40 Dlst. 
 
 kindPst. 
 
 40 Shr. 
 
 shrine, 
 
 Pndst 
 
 . deafridst. 
 
 Didst. 
 
 kindPd'st. 
 
 Zh. 
 
 fusion,ran#e. 
 
 Pr. 
 
 /rail, 
 
 Dn. 
 
 harden. 
 
 Kl. 
 
 claim. 
 
 Prd. 
 
 oifrd. 
 
 Dnz. 
 
 hardens. 
 
 « 
 
 circle. 
 
 Ps. 
 
 chiefs. 
 
 Dnd. 
 
 hanfti'dL 
 
 Klz. 
 
 circles. 
 
 45 Pst. 
 
 laugWst. 
 
 45 Dnst. 
 
 harc?Vs£. 
 
 45 Kid. 
 
 bnckPd. 
 
Combinations of Consonants. 
 
 27 
 
 Knd. blackrid. 
 
 lvr. cry, cruel, 
 
 Ks. rocks j bojr. 
 
 Kst. next, seek'st. 
 
 5 Ksth. sixth. 
 
 Kstlis. sixths. 
 
 Kt. ac£, acta. 
 
 Gl. ^ad, eagle. 
 
 Glz. min^/es. 
 
 10 Gld. mingl'd. 
 
 Gist, mine's*. 
 
 Gldst. mingl'd'st. 
 
 Gd. bragfd. 
 
 Gz. di#s. 
 
 15 Gst. digg'st. 
 
 Gdst. diggd'st. 
 
 Gr. grave. 
 
 Lb. buZ6. 
 
 Lbz. bu/6s. 
 
 20 Lbd. buZ&d 
 
 Ld. ho/cZ. 
 
 Ldz. bolds. 
 
 Ldst. bold' st. 
 
 Lf. e// se// 
 
 25 Lfs. gu(/». 
 
 Lfth. twelfth. 
 
 Ldzh.lj.bu/#e. 
 
 Ldzhd. bulged. 
 
 Ldzhst. indulg'st. 
 30 Ldzhdst, indulg'd'st. 
 
 Lk. silk. 
 
 Lks. silks. 
 
 Lkt. milk'd: 
 
 Lm. elm. 
 
 35 Lmz. elms. 
 
 Lmd. whelmed. 
 
 Ln. fa/£ 7 «. 
 
 I/p. he/p. 
 
 Lps. he/ps. 
 
 40 Lpt. help'd. 
 
 Ls. else. 
 
 Lst. call'st. 
 
 Lz. ca//s. 
 
 Lt. feft. 
 45 Lts. hafrs. 
 
 Ltst. melfst. 
 
 Lv. 
 
 IiVZ. 
 
 Lvd, 
 
 Lth. 
 5 Lths. 
 
 Rb. 
 
 Rd. 
 
 Rdz. 
 
 Rf. 
 10 Rfs. 
 
 Kg. 
 
 Bgs. 
 
 Rdzh. 
 
 Rdzhd. 
 15 Rk. 
 
 Rks. 
 
 Rkt. 
 
 Rl. 
 
 Rlz. 
 20 Rid. 
 
 Rldz. 
 
 Rm. 
 
 Rmz. 
 
 Rmd. 
 25 Rmst. 
 
 Rmdst. 
 
 Rmth. 
 
 Rn. 
 
 Rnz. 
 30 Rnd. 
 
 Rndst. 
 
 Rp. 
 
 Rps. 
 
 Rpd. 
 35 Rz. 
 
 Rd. 
 
 Rst. 
 
 Rsts. 
 
 Rt. 
 40 Rts. 
 
 Rtst. 
 
 Rv. 
 
 Rvz. 
 
 Rsh. 
 45 Rth. 
 
 Rths. 
 
 solve. 
 
 solves. 
 
 solved. 
 
 bealth. 
 
 bealths. 
 
 orb. 
 
 word. 
 
 affords. 
 
 wharf. 
 
 serfs. 
 
 burgh. 
 
 icebergs. 
 
 urge. 
 
 urg'd. 
 
 bark. 
 
 barks. 
 
 barked. 
 
 burl. 
 
 burls. 
 
 burVd. 
 
 worlds. 
 
 arm. 
 
 arms. 
 
 arwUd. 
 
 armst. 
 
 arni'd'st. 
 
 warmth. 
 
 earn. 
 
 earns. 
 
 earned. 
 
 earnd'st. 
 
 harp. 
 
 harps. 
 
 Iiarp'd. 
 
 fears. 
 
 feared 
 
 fi rst. 
 
 bursas. 
 
 par*. 
 
 pares. 
 
 part'st. 
 
 cun;e. 
 
 curz'es. 
 
 harsh. 
 
 birth. 
 
 births. 
 
 Mst. doom'st. 
 
 Md. doomed. 
 
 Mdst. dooin'd'st. 
 
 Mf. nymph. 
 5 Mfs. nymphs. 
 
 Mft. triumph'd. 
 
 Mp. damp. 
 
 Mps. lamps. 
 
 Mt. temp*. 
 10 Mts tempt*. 
 
 Mtst. tempest. 
 
 Mz. comes 
 
 Mst. seeni'st. 
 
 Nd. send. 
 15 Ndz. sends. 
 
 Ndst. send'st. 
 
 Ndzh. cha/?#e. 
 
 Ns. tense. 
 
 Nt. te*tf, 
 20 Nts. tents. 
 
 Nth. tew*A. 
 
 Ngth. length. 
 
 Ngthn. strength' n. 
 
 Ngthnz. strengthens. 
 25 Ngthnd. strength'n'd. 
 
 Ngthnst. strength' ri 'st 
 
 Ngthndst. " ngtJmdst. 
 
 Nz. tens. 
 
 Nst. agai?ist 
 30 Ng. wrong. 
 
 Ngz. wrongs. 
 
 Ngd. vrrongd. 
 
 Ngst. wro?ig'st. 
 
 Ngdst. wrong d'st, 
 35 Ngk. thi/?/j. 
 
 Nkst. thinFs*. 
 
 Nght. tha?iM. 
 
 Ngkts. precirccte. 
 
 Consonants com'd with u or w. 
 
 Gw. languid. 
 
 40 Dw. dwell. 
 
 Thw. f/iwart. 
 
 Tw. twine. 
 
 Sw. sweet, suite, 
 
 Qw. quite. 
 
 45 " cwirass* 
 
28 Sounds of unaccented Vowels. 
 
 SOUNDS OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. 
 
 " Those who wish to pronounce elegantly," says Walk- 
 er, " must be particularly attentive to the unaccented 
 vowels, as a neat pronunciation of these forms one of the 
 greatest beauties of speaking." But the want of accent, 
 as Walker admits, is apt to render the sound of the unac- 
 cented vowels obscure, for he says, " The relaxation or 
 feebleness which succeeds the accent, suffers the letters 
 to slide into a somewhat different sound, a little easier to 
 the organs of pronunciation. Thus, the first a in cabbage 
 is pronounced distinctly, while the second goes into an 
 obscure sound bordering on the i short ; so that cabbage 
 and village have the a in the last syllable scarcely distin- 
 guishable from the e and i in the last syllables of college 
 and vestige. 
 
 Walker says, moreover, that " a, e, i, o, and y, coming 
 before r in a final unaccented syllable, go into an obscure 
 sound so nearly approaching to short u, that if the accent 
 were carefully kept upon the first syllables of liar. Her, 
 elixir, mayor, martyr, &c, these words, without any 
 perceptible change in the sound of the last syllable, might 
 all be written and pronounced, liur, liur, elixur, mayur, 
 martur, &c." 
 
 The same may be said of the vowels, especially e and 0, 
 before r, in unaccented syllables not final, as in miserable, 
 pilferer, consideration, valorous, memorable, &c. In 
 such accented terminations as op, ob, ot, om, on, ol, the 
 sounds nearly like short or obscure u, as in bishop, Jacob, 
 bigot, kingdom, lion, viol, In the termination el, et, es, 
 the e differs very little from short i, as in barrel, funnel, 
 ferret, gazes, taxes. 
 
 Great care should be taken that the unaccented vowels 
 be not changed into other sounds any farther than is sane- 
 
Sounds of Unaccented Vowels. 29 
 
 tioned by good usage, and on the other hand, they should 
 not be made so prominent as to render pronunciation stiff 
 and formal. The vowels a and e, before nee, nt, and 
 some other letters are too often changed into short it, as in 
 prudence, present, grievance, arrogant, tolerable, restora- 
 tive, which are pronounced as if spelled, prudunce, present, 
 grievimce, arrogimt, tolerable, restorative. The short % 
 is often heard as u in such w^ords as sensible, terrible, sen- 
 sitive ; thus, sensible, terrable, sensitive. The i in the 
 unaccented syllable di before a consonant, as in direct, 
 digest, divest, divine, divide, &c, should not in most 
 cases, be long I, but short 1 as in ill : or it should be the 
 exact short sound of long e, which is nearly the same as 
 short l. The unaccented a in such words as abate, about, 
 alone, above, &c, should not be a as in ale, but a as in 
 £sk. The final a in comma, manna, idea, hosanna, is apt 
 to be sounded like the natural vowel ii, No. 11 : the true 
 sound is that of a in ask, that is the short a of ark, a lit- 
 tle obscured. The a in the final syllables of adjectives 
 ending in ate, as immediate, temperate, and of some 
 nouns, as senate, pirate, &c, has nearly the sound of 
 short e, or what is in fact the true short sound of long a. 
 
 " The unaccented terminations in ace have the a 
 so short and obscure as to be nearly similar to the it in its, 
 thus 2ial ace j solace, menace, &c, might without any great 
 departure from their common sound, be written pallus, 
 sollus, &c, while furnace almost changes the a into i, and 
 might be written fumiss" [See Walker, prin. 91.] 
 
 Walker says, " The vowel e before I and n in the final 
 unaccented syllable, by its being sometimes suppressed 
 and sometimes not, forms one of the most puzzling difficul- 
 ties in pronunciation." And he adds, " This diversity in 
 the pronunciation of these terminations ought the more 
 carefully to be attended to, as nothing is so vulgar and 
 
30 Examples for Practice, 
 
 childish as to pronounce sivivel and heaven with the e dis- 
 tinct, or novel and cliicken with the e suppressed." The 
 pronunciation, which Walker condemns as vulgar, has 
 been gaining ground in New England of late years ; and 
 we hear heaven pronounced heav-un, and the word often, 
 in which the t and e are silent according to all diction- 
 aries, is heard with both t and e sounded. [See Remarks 
 after Phonetic Spelling.] 
 
 EXAMPLES FOE PRACTICE. 
 
 The following examples are chiefly designed for exer- 
 cises in the enunciation of the consonant elements. They 
 have been selected from various works on elocution. 
 They should be practised, a few at a time, as occasion 
 may call for them. Exercises in enunciation should not 
 be continued more than five or ten minutes, and after 
 drilling on an element or combination of elements, the 
 trial of a sentence in which it is contained will prove ad- 
 vantageous. Some of the examples are nonsense, but as 
 the principal attention is to be directed to the elements, 
 and as these nonsense-examples furnish variety which is 
 adapted to excite interest, they w r ere not rejected. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Nos. 21, 22. The public policy of the present Pope, Pius. 
 
 The Bible is the best of books : the Book of Books. 
 Nos. 23, 24. And find a fane in every sacred grove. 
 Nos. 25, 26. And oft at dawn, deep noon and evening mild. 
 Nos. 27, 28. This is the thirtieth thief that hath been thieving there. 
 Nos. 29, 30. As runs the glass, man's life doth pass. 
 Nos. 31, 32. The chanting in the church charmed the judge and jury. 
 Nos. 33, 34. She wished to shun, the delusion of pleasure. 
 Nos. 35. 36. Come, calm content. God is the giver of all good. 
 No. 37. Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone. 
 
 Nos. 38, 39. The wheel whirls while the whipper whips. 
 
 Yv'eave the warp and weave the woof. 
 No. 40, The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. 
 
 No. 41. Pap id runs the river, rushing o'er the rocks. 
 
 ~For morn is approaching your charms to restore. 
 
 
Examples for Practice* 31 
 
 No. 42. And now, methinks I hear 
 
 The music of the murmur of the stream. 
 No. 43. None knew nor need to know his name. 
 No. 44. England's king lay waking and thinking all the morning. 
 No. 45. Year af ter year the oer-ripe ear is lost. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. « 
 
 And hope enchanted smiled and waved her golden hair 
 
 And oft thy voice in dreadful thunder speaks. 
 
 And 61ew a 61ast so loud and dread. 
 
 Thou liv 1 st i — liiPst, did I say ? appeal's* in the senate. 
 5 Thou barVdst the dart by which he fell. 
 
 Fifths, sixths, sevenths, eighths, ninths, tenths, elevenths. 
 
 From the sharp .will shriek, in fear she shrank. 
 
 Mark but my fall, and thai thai ruined me. 
 Be just and fear not, 
 10 Let all the ends thou aim'st at, be thy country's. 
 
 Thy God^s and truth's : then, if thou f&Wst, O Cromwell, 
 
 Thou iaWst a blessed martyr. 
 
 We icii&lj ivish. white wiser z6'orkmen wan. 
 
 The arure sea is fining with sMps. 
 15 Crazed with carHng cares, and Allied with corroding griefs. 
 
 His zeal was blazoned from zone to zone. 
 
 The painted pomp of pleasure's proud parade, 
 
 Now low shall bow before the power of arms. 
 
 Oh holy hope, to live beyond the tomb. 
 20 I had no idea my end was so near. 
 
 Thou anoititest my head with oil. 
 
 A sense of duty induced him to maintain purity. 
 
 He was buoyed up by a consciousness of right. 
 
 Of all acts I object most to this act. 
 2b The axe is laid at the root of the tree. 
 
 Ice cream. I scream. 
 
 His cry moved me. His crime moved me. 
 
 An ice house. A nice house. 
 
 Wastes and deserts. Waste sand deserts. 
 30 To obtain either. To obtain neither. 
 
 He could pay nobody. He could pain nobody. 
 
 The finest streams through tangled forests stray. 
 
 The magistrates ought to prove it. The magistrate sought, &C. 
 
 That lasts till night That last still night. 
 35 Whoever imagined such an ocean to exist ? 
 
 Whoever imagined such a notion to exist ? 
 
 The stedfas* stout masfc stood against the severest storm. 
 
 " Exulti?zc/, trembliw#, raging, fainti??^, 
 
 Possessed beyond the muses painti/t^." 
 
32 Examples for Practice. 
 
 " Then shook the hills with thunder riv'n, 
 Then rushed the steed to battle driv'n, 
 And louder than the bolts of heav'«, 
 Far flashed the red artillery.' T 
 5 " Amidst the mists, with stoutest boasts, 
 He thrusts his fists against the posts. 
 And still insists he sees the ghosts." 
 The state was goverrad by a learn -ed governor. 
 Thou arm'dst the hand that laid thee low. 
 10 Thou wrongest thyself to write in such a case. 
 His best purposes were all /Parted. 
 " Blest comforter, come down, 
 And live and move in me. 7 ' 
 
 Mr. W. H. Day, in a work entitled " The Vocal School," 
 says, " There are several general errors in singing the 
 subtonic (sub-vowel) elements. 1, That of not articulating 
 them at all. 2, That of giving them with so little dis- 
 tinctness in connection with words that little else is heard 
 than tonic (vowel) elements. 3, That of changing and 
 separating them from the words to which they belong, so 
 that the sentiment becomes perfectly unintelligible to the 
 auditor ; or else so as completely to alter the sense." 
 " The last error," he says, is the most common, and the 
 most confusing." According to him, the above example 
 is sometimes sung as follows, 
 
 " Blest comforter come down, 
 An li van moo vm me." 
 
 The above named error is prevalent among readers as 
 well as singers. The elements t and d are very apt to be 
 suppressed. 
 
 " Ho ! ye that pant for living streams, 
 
 And pine away and die." (Liable to be read thus.) 
 
 " Ho ! ye that pan for living stream 
 
 Zan pine away an die." 
 
 " Amid a thousand snares I stand, 
 
 Upheld and guarded by thy hand." (Liable to be read thus.) 
 
 " Ami da thousan snare zi stan 
 
 Duphel dan guar ded by thy han." 
 
 " In worlds above and worlds below." (Liable to be read thus.) 
 
 " In worl zabove an worlz below." 
 
. Table of Substitutes , or Equivalents* 
 
 83 
 
 TABLE OP SI~BSTITUTES, OH EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 The elementary sounds of the English language are 
 represented in our orthography in a .great variety -of ways. 
 In consequence of this, the real elements of words are 
 seldom indicated by the letters which compose them, es- 
 pecially if we give the letters their name sound. The 
 element e is represented in twelve different ways. The 
 •letters ou represent eight different elements. Thus, not 
 only the difficulty of spelling, but of analyzing words or 
 determining their specific elements, is very much increased. 
 The following table, though full, raay not be complete. It 
 will be of service to pupils in the exercise of phonetic spel- 
 ling, or spelling by sounds. The parallel lines =, are 
 to be read, "is represented by." 
 
 - ae In Pae&n 
 s ay in quay, ffce) 
 = ea in plea 
 = ee in feel 
 = ei in conceit 
 = eo in people 
 = ey in key 
 = i in marine 
 = ie in field 
 = o.e in oesophagus 
 = ui in mosquito. 
 = e in pretty 
 = ee in been 
 = ie in sieve 
 = o in women 
 = u in busy 
 = mi in gnik 
 = y in hymn 
 = ai in fountain 
 = ei in forfeit 
 = ia in carriage 
 = oi in tortoise. 
 = ae in Gaelic 
 = m in pain 
 
 ITOWELSL 
 
 I = sl.o in gaol 
 = ay in pay 
 = aye in aye 
 = ea in great 
 = ei' in rein 
 = ey in they 
 = ue in bouquet 
 = au in gauge. 
 t= a in many 
 = ae in diaeresis 
 = ai in again 
 = ay in says 
 = ea in dead 
 = -ei in heifer 
 = ^eo in leopard 
 = ie in friend 
 = oe in Oedipus 
 = ue in guess 
 = u in busy 
 a = aa in Aaron 
 == g.i in pair 
 = ay in prayer 
 = ea in bear 
 = § in there 
 
 a = ee m ne er 
 = ei in heir 
 = ey in ey're. 
 
 a = ai in raillery 
 = ua in guarantee 
 
 & = aa in Canaan. 
 
 a = auinnaunt 
 = e in clerk ? 
 = ea in heart. 
 = ua in guard 
 
 a = aw in law 
 = awe in awe 
 = au in fraud 
 = 6 in nor 
 = eo in George 
 = oa in broad 
 = gu m bought 
 
 o = a in what 
 = au in laurel 
 = ou in cough 
 = owin knowledge. 
 
 ii = e in her 
 = ea in earn 
 
34 
 
 u = < 
 
 Table of Substitutes, or Equivalents. 
 
 r I in fir 
 
 ! u = eau in beauty 
 
 d = bd in bdellium 
 
 = ou in scourge 
 
 = eu in feud 
 
 = Id in would* 
 
 = y in myrrh. 
 
 = ew in few 
 
 th = phth in phthisis 
 
 = o in done 
 
 = ieu in adieu 
 
 s = e in acid 
 
 : oe in does 
 
 = iew in view 
 
 = sc in scene 
 
 = oo in flood 
 
 = ue in due 
 
 = sch in schism* 
 
 = on in touch 
 
 = ui in juice. 
 
 = st in thistle 
 
 = ai in Britain 
 
 j oti = ow in town. 
 
 = sw in answer 
 
 -eo in dungeon 
 : eou in gorgeous 
 : io in fashion 
 
 6i = 6y in joy 
 
 = eoi in bourgeois 
 
 = ps in psalm 
 z = s in rose 
 = c in. suffice 
 
 : oi in avoirdupois 
 
 AMBIGUESv 
 
 = cz in Czar 
 
 : qw in. bellows 
 : no in liquor. 
 
 we =u@ in mansuetu&e 
 = uee m queen 
 
 = x in XenophoB 
 ch= tchin catch 
 j = di in soldier 
 
 = §: in g:em 
 
 = an in hautboy 
 
 = ui in suite 
 
 ; eau in beau 
 : e» in yeomas 
 
 wi = ui in languid 
 wa = ua in language 
 
 = dg in judge 
 
 = chin Ipswich (ipsij 
 
 = ew in sew 
 
 we = ue in guelf 
 
 i sh= eh- in chaise 
 
 : oa in goat 
 
 woi = uoy in buoy 
 
 = e in associate 
 
 : oe in woe 
 
 wi = oi in ch©ir 
 
 = ce in ocean 
 
 : oo in door 
 
 wu =o in one 
 
 — ci in social 
 
 : ou in though 
 
 yu =fi. m use 
 
 = sci in conscien'ous 
 
 : ow in show 
 
 = eu in grandeur 
 
 = se in nauseous 
 
 : owe in owe. 
 
 = ewe in ewe 
 
 = si in pension 
 
 : oe in shoe 
 
 yu = u in future 
 
 = t in negotiate 
 
 = oeu in manoeuvre 
 
 y = i in union 
 
 = tl in nation 
 
 • oo in moon 
 
 y = j in hallelujah: 
 
 = s in sure 
 
 : ou in soup 
 
 
 zh= z in razure 
 
 : u in rule 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 = s in vision 
 
 : ue in true ' 
 
 p = gh in hiccough 
 
 = g in rouge 
 
 : ew in screw 
 
 = ph in diphthong 
 
 k = c in care* 
 
 : ui in fruit 
 
 b = p in cupboard 
 
 = eh in echa 
 
 = aou in caoutchouc 
 
 f = ph in phrase 
 
 = ck in rock 
 
 = o in wolf 
 : oo in book 
 
 = ft in often 
 = gh in enough 
 
 = Ik in walk 
 = gh in lougls 
 
 = ou in could. 
 
 = lf in half 
 v = f in of 
 
 = q in liquor 
 g = gh in ghost 
 
 ai in aisle 
 
 = ph in Stephen 
 
 ks= x in tax 
 
 ey in eying 
 
 = lv in halve 
 
 gz = x in exhort 
 
 eye in eye 
 
 t = d in faced' 
 
 h = wh in who 
 
 ei in height 
 
 = cfc in indict 
 
 hw= wh in white 
 
 ie in die 
 
 = cht in yacht 
 
 1 = Ie in bible 
 
 ui in guide 
 
 = pt in receipt 
 
 = gl in seraglio; 
 
 uy in buy 
 
 = bt in debt 
 
 = si in island! 
 
 y in type 
 
 = th in thyme 
 
 r = rh in rlyme 
 
 ye in rye. 
 
 = phth in phthisic 
 
 = rrhin catarrh 
 
 
Phonetic Spelling. 
 
 35 
 
 = rt in mortgage 
 = rps in corps 
 = wr in write 
 m = mp in tempt 
 = lm in balm 
 
 = mb in lamb 
 = mn in solemn 
 == gm in phlegm 
 = kn in knew 
 = gn in gnaw 
 
 PHONETIC SPELLING. 
 
 = pn in pneumatics 
 = mn in mnemonics 
 = nd in handsome 
 ng= n in think 
 = mp in aidecamp. 
 
 Spelling words fey the elementary sounds of the letters instead of their 
 names will prove a useful exercise. It will not be difficult for those 
 who have practised the elements till they can be executed with distinct- 
 ness and ease. The teacher should enunciate the word designed to be 
 spelled in so distinct a manner that each elementary sound of which it 
 is composed may be made evident to the ear of the pupil, or pupils, who 
 are to spell it. If a pupil mispronounces a word m his reading lesson, it 
 will enable him to correct his error, if he is required to give an analysis 
 of it. The close attention demanded for a correct analysis will be likely 
 to cause him to remember the true pronunciation. 
 
 Words. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 Words. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 cede 
 
 sed 
 
 harpoon 
 
 h a r p 6 n 
 
 reign 
 
 ran 
 
 isle 
 
 II 
 
 hedge 
 
 h 6 j 
 
 assume 
 
 a s s u m 
 
 heir 
 
 a r 
 
 anoint 
 
 6. n bl n t 
 
 knack 
 
 n & k 
 
 abound 
 
 a b oil n d 
 
 balm 
 
 bam 
 
 cousin 
 
 k H z n 
 
 glass 
 
 g 1 a s 
 
 waxen 
 
 w a k s n 
 
 wrought 
 
 rat 
 
 yarrow 
 
 y a r r o 
 
 knock 
 
 n o k 
 
 caution 
 
 k a sh ii n 
 
 surge 
 
 s ii r j 
 
 passion 
 
 p a sh ii n 
 
 once 
 
 w H n s 
 
 vizier 
 
 v I z y ii r 
 
 holy 
 
 h 6 1 i 
 
 factious 
 
 f a k sh ii s 
 
 wholly 
 
 hoin 
 
 partial 
 
 p a r sh a 1 
 
 author 
 
 a t h ii r 
 
 whitewash 
 
 hw I t w 6 sh 
 
 order 
 
 6 r d ii r 
 
 whereof 
 
 hw a r o f 
 
 breathing 
 
 b r e th I ng 
 
 supports 
 
 supports 
 
 breathless 
 
 b r 6 th 1 e s 
 
 expects 
 
 ekspgkts 
 
 junior 
 
 j u n y ur 
 
 against 
 
 agenst 
 
 bishop 
 
 b I sh u p 
 
 victuals 
 
 vHlz 
 
 nothing 
 
 n u th I ng 
 
 sumach 
 
 sh 6 m a k 
 
 often 
 
 of n 
 
 forests 
 
 forests 
 
 Christmas 
 
 k r £ s m & s 
 
 anxious 
 
 a ng k sh u s 
 
 question 
 
 kwestyiin 
 
 leisure 
 
 1 e zh ii r 
 
 usury 
 
 y u zh u r i 
 
 phenix 
 
 f e n I k s 
 
 basket 
 
 basket 
 
 forehead 
 
 fored 
 
 drunken 
 
 d r ii ng k n 
 
 engaged 
 
 6 n g a jd 
 
 attached 
 
 a t t a eh t 
 
 vitiate 
 
 v I sh i a t 
 
86 Phonetic Spelling 1 . 
 
 Remarks. In the foregoing table, the rowels in the unaccented syl- 
 lables are in most cases, marked as distinct. In enunciating whole 
 words, they will of necessity be somewhat obscured. Pupils will find 
 most difficulty in determining the sounds of unaccented vowels, and in 
 putting out a word for analysis^ teachers will be tempted to give them* 
 undue prominence. But, in cases where the vowel is nst evidently 
 changed from want of accent, the appropriate sound may be made mani- 
 fest without seeming to be ostentatiously obtruded upon the notice of 
 the ear. Walker marks the word basket with a short i in the second 
 syllable, and covet with a short i ; and of twenty-five words ending in et. 
 unaccented, selected at random — Jjfieen have it and ten, ei. and so with 
 other consonants after c in an unaccented syllable, especially 1 and n :; 
 they are more generally marked by Walker with a short i than with a 
 short e. One would think that novel and hovel should be pronounced 
 alike, but the first is respelled novel and the second hovil. All this- 
 shows that e is obscure and liable to be changed into short f in unaccen- 
 ted syllables. But the sound of short e, as before intimated, may be 
 preserved in these syllables without being made so prominent as to of- 
 fend the ear. Before n, followed by t or ce, as in present, presence, fra- 
 grant, fragrance, &c. Walker marks both a and e as short, thus e, e, 
 They are too often changed into i(, and on the other hand, sometimes are 
 uttered so distinctly as to make it appear as if the reader was practising a 
 lesson which had been imperfectly learned. The a in the unaccented 
 termination al, as in fatal, legal, &c, Walker marks as distinct, thus a, 
 but he did not mean it should be enunciated with any such distinctness 
 as is heard in the second syllables of fatality, and legality. The termina- 
 tion ess is generally pronounced like ?ss ; but it is uniformly marked by 
 Walker with a distinct short e, as in artless, calmness ; — the e should be 
 heard but not distinctly. The a in such words as contrary, necessary, 
 considerable, portable is marked by Walker as short &, but the true 
 sound is not distinct short or stopped a as in at, nor is it Jong a, as some 
 utter it ; yet it is as near long a as short a. — it is the sound which is heard 
 in the last syllable of Sunday, when it is pronounced Sun'da, instead of 
 Sun'dy. It bears nearly the same relation to a in r/le, that o in obey 
 does to o in old. Walker marks the e in piety, and the i and y in lenity 
 as long e. His notation was a bad one. His actual pronunciation, 
 probably, was the same as that which now prevails. The e, i and y are 
 pronounced not exactly short T T as ptf-% len'2-/2, but much nearer short i 
 than long e. The true sound bears the same relation to long e, that o in 
 obey does to o in old. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 inn 
 
 003 342 521 1 
 
 STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 GEORGE TILDEN, 
 
 AND FOB SALE BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 North American Spelling: Book, conformed to Worcester's 
 
 Dictionary. By Levi W. Leonard. Revised and Enlarged 
 
 Edition. 
 
 " This is a book worth writing about. It is very small and very 
 cheap, but it is still worth thousands of much larger books, and of much 
 greater pretensions."— Christian World. 
 
 " Mr. Leonard we think has succeeded wonderfully. He helps the 
 child easily along by his judicious and philosophical arrangement, shows 
 the use of the dry lists or tables of words, by easy and interesting reading 
 lessons, and does not discourage by attempting to do too much. The moral 
 tone and adaptation of his reading lessonsi also strike us as singularly 
 happy. In short, in view of all the Spelling Books we have seen, we are 
 obliged to yield this the palm."— Chronotype. 
 
 " To obviate the necessity of correcting the pronunciation once fixed, 
 and to lay the foundation of good reading, is the object of Mr. Leonard's 
 work, and it is only necessary to ask those who use it whether he has 
 succeeded or not." — Bangor Whig, 
 
 The Black-hoard. — Exercises and illustrations on the Black- 
 board. By John Goldsbury. 
 
 " We desire to commend this work to the notice of all teachers of youth 
 in our State. They will find in it no visionary theories. It is truly a 
 practical book." — Philanthropist. 
 
 " We look upon this work as extremely valuable. Its design is to point 
 out some of the uses of the Black-board in illustrating various branches 
 of Science, and to aid teachers and pupils in using it. We commend 
 it to the notice of teachers, who must have felt the want of such a 
 work." — Standard. 
 
 " We have never examined a work designed for the use of Schools, 
 with which we have been better pleased than with this." — Winchester Gaz. 
 
 Sequel to Easy L*essons.— A Selection of Reading Lessons 
 for Common Schools ; designed to be Used after Easy Lessons, Ameri- 
 can Popular Lessons, Boston Reading Lessons, &c. By Rev. Levi 
 W. Leonard, author of the Literary and Scientific Class Book. 
 05^ The first edition of four thousand copies was all sold in seven 
 months. The selections are such as will highly interest the scholar, and, 
 with few exceptions, are not found in other school books. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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